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+{"text": "Home > Philippines\nRains and Thunderstorms Due To LPA in Puerto Princesa\nPHOTO: Grabbed from PAG-ASA DOST | Manila Bulletin\nJanuary 11th, 2017 | 09:58 AM | 2216 views\nA Low Pressure Area (LPA) was seen at 165 km South of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan at 4:00 AM today, based on PAG-ASA Weather Forecast.\nNorthern and Central Luzon will be affected by Northeast Monsoon\nEastern Visayas, Bicol, Quezon Province, Aurora and Palawan will experience cloudy skies with moderate to occassionally heavy rains, as well as thunderstorms that may cause flashfloods and landslides.\nIsolated thunderstorms and cloudy skies with light to moderate rains is expected all over CARAGA, Visayas, and the rest of MIMAROPA region.\nMetro Manila, CALABARZON, Cagayan Valley, and the rest of Central Luzon will experience cloudy skies with light rains.\nWhile partly cloudy to cloudy skies with isolated light rains will prevail over the rest of Luzon.\nThe rest of Mindanao will experience partly cloudy to cloudy skies with thunderstorms or isolated rainshowers.\nModerate to rough coastal waters will prevail over Luzon and Visayas, also moderate to strong winds from the Northeast will be experienced in these areas. In other places, light to moderate winds from Southeast to East are expected.\ncourtesy of MANILA BULLETIN\nby MB Online\nIf you have any stories or news that you would like to share with the global online community, please feel free to share it with us by contacting us directly at firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "More humid air will come into the borderland today, which will increase rain chances later this evening.\nToday, we will see a south flow that will bring in increased moisture.\nThis means we will keep a slight chance of rain in the forecast for this evening and tonight.\nAlthough storm chances will not be likely in El Paso and Las Cruces, isolated to scattered storms will stay to the eastern portions of the borderland.\nAs for our temperatures today we will continue to stay about average.\nEl Paso has a forecast high of 91°, which is 4° above our average high of 87°.\nWe will keep a slight rain chances in the forecast tomorrow evening and night as well.\nMore moisture will come in over the weekend, which means our rain and storm chances will increase.\nHeavy rainfall looks to be the biggest storm threat throughout the weekend.\nTemperatures will stay in the 90s and above average throughout the rest of the week.\nRain chances will stay in the forecast throughout the first part of next week as well.\nWe look to be back in the 80s by next week as well.\nThe first official day of Fall is only 4 days away!\nStay updated with the latest conditions with your Weather Authority team on air and online.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sunny with temperatures steady or falling to near 78F. Winds S at 15 to 20 mph. Hourly Details\nPartly cloudy with isolated thunderstorms possible. High 86F. Winds S at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 30%.\nA few passing clouds. Low 77F. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nToday's High was 61°F at 11:45am when conditions were\nRain / Thunder\nRain... perhaps a rumble of thunder overnight. Low 51F. Winds NNE at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 80%. Rainfall near a half an inch.\n© 1995 -", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A small city in northwest India scored 51 degrees Celsius on 19th may 2016 afternoon, and broke the country's record for all-time hottest temperature.\n• The previous record, 50.6 degrees Celsius, was set in 1886.\n• The record was broken in Phalodi, which is just 125 miles away from the city that, up until this afternoon, claimed fame as the hottest location in India - Pachpadra.\n• April and May tend to be the hottest months in northwest India, and this year has been exceptionally so.\n• Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian at Weather Underground, posited that April's heat wave was the most intense ever observed in Southeast Asia.\n• In India it lasted for weeks - but the heat never truly dissipated, dragging on into May. Hundreds of people have died from heat-related illness.\n• Northern India and Nepal have been battling their worst wildfires in years. Officials have on occasion banned daytime cooking in an attempt to prevent accidental fires that killed nearly 100 people in late April.\n• The India Meteorological Department issued a \"severe heat wave warning\" for a huge swath of the country on Thursday, which will continue through Saturday.\n• The department expects temperatures will remain above average through at least May 27.\n• A similar period of extreme heat killed over 2,500 people in 2015.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Southwest monsoon hits Maharashtra, likely to reach Mumbai next week\nMumbai city news: The rains are expected to hit Mumbai by June 13, three days later than normalmumbai Updated: Jun 09, 2017 13:35 IST\nThe southwest monsoon made its way into the state on Thursday.\nThe regional weather bureau had predicted the entry on Wednesday. It is expected to hit Mumbai by June 13, three days later than normal.\nAccording to an official statement by the weather bureau on Thursday, the southwest monsoon has entered parts of the central Arabian Sea, coastal Karnataka, Goa and Konkan.\n“The monsoon pulse is currently over Vengurla in Sindhudurg district, north of Goa. As things stand today, there is rapid advancement and will probably reach Mumbai by June 13-14,” said Dr KJ Ramesh, director general, meteorology, India Meteorological Department (IMD). “There is rapid advancement even on the east coast because there is a cyclonic circulation over the Bay of Bengal. This will help the monsoon cover Odisha and Chhattisgarh by June 14.”\nMeanwhile, Mumbai recorded good overnight rainfall. Between 8.30 am Wednesday and 8.30am Thursday, the weather station at Santacruz, representative of the suburbs, recorded 12.4mm rain while the Colaba weather station, representative of south Mumbai, saw 28mm rain. The weather bureau predicted light to moderate rain over the next 24 hours from Thursday over both, the suburbs and south Mumbai.\nBetween Wednesday and Thursday, the maximum rainfall in the state was recorded at Vasai at 10cm, followed by Murud in Raigad district, Rahata in Ahmednagar district, Parola in Jalgaon district, all recording 7cm rain. Locations like Dahanu, Harnai and Jalgaon, recorded 5cm rain, while Panvel, Uran, Matheran, Jawahar and Rahuri recorded 4cm rain.\nLast year, the southwest monsoon arrived in Mumbai 10 days late by June 20. “Every monsoon and its advancement, is different. This year, however, owing to heating over the central peninsular, there is more availability of moisture, which is allowing the speedy advancement of the monsoon currents,” said Dr Ramesh.\nIMD officials said the southwest monsoon is likely to cover the entire central peninsular by next week. “We have issued a warning for fishermen along the Maharashtra coast not to venture into the sea owing to strong winds that are getting further intensified by the advancing southwest monsoon,” said Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, head, weather forecasting services, IMD.\nFirst Published: Jun 09, 2017 09:27 IST", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nMostly sunny with temperatures falling into the mid 60s. Winds WNW at 5 to 10 mph.\nPartly cloudy this evening, then becoming cloudy after midnight. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. Low 53F. Winds W at 5 to 10 mph.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Board committee hears sustainability update\nIn a Board of Visitors committee meeting Wednesday afternoon, University Architect David Neuman presented strategies to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent from the University’s 2009 levels.\nThe University is expected to emit 396,000 tons of greenhouse gases annually by 2025 if emissions continue at current levels. Neuman’s strategy would cut that number by 136,000 tons.\nThe University’s sustainability efforts, which began in the 1990s, have saved the University $6.7 billion in electrical costs. “Twenty percent of our carbon footprint has been avoided through our conservation efforts over the years,” Neuman said.\nStrategies for reducing greenhouse gases include cutting combined heat and power by 25 percent, but 32 percent of the future cuts were labeled “To Be Decided.” “That’s just as it says — we don’t know where it’s coming from,” Neuman said. “It’s got to come from one of the other areas.”\nMore than half of the University’s greenhouse gas emissions are from electricity, and 32 percent are a result of heating systems.\nNeuman’s presentation was the first update on sustainability to the Board since June 2011.\n“Energy conservation [is] our biggest success story right now,” he said.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Extreme Weather Summer Scorecard – How Did You Fare?\nRemember when summertime meant living was easy? Summer used to be the season of backyard barbecues, trips to the beach, and vegetable gardens full of fresh produce. Those things aren’t gone, but these days summer seems more likely to be about dealing with heat waves, Category 5 hurricanes, and wildfires.\nIt’s not just your imagination that things are getting worse. The Union of Concerned Scientists’ Danger Season Tracker reported that this summer, 96% of Americans lived through at least one extreme weather alert from the National Weather Service. Only a handful of counties in the United States went all summer without receiving a warning.\nHow did your county fare this year?\nDanger Season Report\nIf you are one of the nearly 855,000 people who live in San Francisco County, Alaska’s Aleutians East Borough, Aleutians West Census Area, Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Kodiak Island Borough, or Norton City, Virginia, congratulations on a pleasant summer. Even though San Francisco has been rated the most climate-vulnerable city in the country, they had no extreme heat, flood, fire, or storm warnings between May 1 and August 29 in 2023.\nBut if you live in any of the United States’ remaining 3,224 counties and territories, you are among the 96% of Americans who faced at least one extreme weather warning this summer. The two counties with the most warnings were in Arizona – Coconino County with 146 alerts and Mojave County with 145. Together they faced heat waves, floods, and wildfires. Although these warnings include wildfire danger, they do not include associated air quality warnings resulting from wildfire smoke. In June alone, up to one third of Americans experienced hazardous air quality from wildfires. If air quality advisories had been included in UCS report, San Francisco would have been eliminated from the list of weather winners. Wildfire smoke resulted in hazardous air quality in San Francisco during the summer. That would have left only 39,500 Americans whose summer was never impacted by extreme weather in 2023.\nThe Danger Season Tracker is updated daily and does not show historical data. But you can find your county’s extreme weather summer score using Heatmap’s interactive graphic.\nClimate change is making summer begin earlier and last longer. First and last frost dates have been shifting, and one study predicts that by 2100, summer weather could last for six months while winter will have shrunk to only two. Wildfire season in the Western states is already two months longer than it was in the 1970s.\nWeather disasters are also getting bigger. Since 1980, the average number of billion-dollar disasters after adjusting for inflation had been 8.1 per year, but during the past five years the average more than doubled to 18. By mid-September 2023, the nation eclipsed the record for the greatest number of billion-dollar natural disasters in a single year.\nThe increase is alarming. At summer’s end, 24 billion-dollar disasters had struck ther U.S., including a drought, floods, 20 severe storms – including both a tropical cyclone and a winter storm – and one wildfire that caused a billion dollars in damages. These disasters took the lives of 373 people. Two events, Tropical Storm Hilary and hailstorms in Texas, had occurred too recently for total cost calculations but were likely to be added to the list.\nWhat to Do\nScientists used to say that individual weather events could not be directly attributed to climate change. But that is no longer true. A study indicated that the temperatures reached during Portland’s 2021 heat dome were virtually impossible to account for without anthropogenic climate change. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration concluded that climate change was a factor in 18 billion-dollar disasters in 2022. The most important things that any of us can do to prevent weather-related disasters are to shrink our carbon footprint and advocate for meaningful federal climate legislation.\nBut we can and should also work to prevent damage from climate change-induced disasters. Adapting to climate change means learning about the risks specific to your region and working to create community climate resilience.\nWhen you are moving, consider the climate risks – such as sea level rise, inland flooding and drought – in your new community. Homebuyers should also consider a home’s current source of electricity or suitability for solar power and look for disaster-resilient construction.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nClear with temperatures steady near the upper teens. Winds WNW at 10 to 15 mph.\nSunny skies. Cold. High 29F. Winds NNE at 5 to 10 mph.\nMostly clear. Cold. Low 18F. Winds light and variable.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop\n© 1995 -", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Please feel free to contact me with any of your real estate questions or needs.\nFollow me on TwitterMy Tweets\nThe Beach Forecast\nMonday 03/30 0%\nSunshine and clouds mixed. High near 55F. Winds W at 10 to 20 mph.\nTuesday 03/31 20%\nA mix of clouds and sun in the morning followed by cloudy skies during the afternoon. High 57F. SSW winds at 5 to 10 mph, increasing to 10 to 20 mph.\nWednesday 04/01 0%\nA mainly sunny sky. High around 50F. Winds NNW at 10 to 20 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "San Antonio Weather Forecast for Tomorrow\nSunny, with a high near 63. South southwest wind 5 to 10 mph.\nMostly clear, with a low around 38. South wind 5 to 10 mph becoming north northeast after midnight.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Clive: Four of them.\nEmily: It's windy in fall.\nLochlan: Flowers bloom after winter from spring.\nMoshe: Plants go down when it's winter, when the snow comes.\nLochlan: Spring and summer.\nClive: Spring can't decide if it will be a rainy day or sunny day.\nLochlan: In winter, bears go to hibernate. Fall is also whacky and can't decide if it will rain or be sunny.\nLochlan: The last day of fall.\nWhile the rain took a break, we quickly left our classroom activities behind and took a walk to observe fall weather in action.\nThe children observed gray clouds moving fast in the sky, the wind in action and felt cold air on their cheeks.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sunny today, mid-60s this afternoon\nCEDAR RAPIDS, Iowa (KCRG) - Plan on a wonderful Wednesday with lots of sunshine, light wind and comfortable afternoon highs in the 60s. Lows tonight won’t be quite as cool as the past few with upper 30s to lower 40s likely. Plan on another quiet day tomorrow and as winds turn to the south, we should be a little warmer with highs well into the 60s. Some showers may develop to our west on Friday morning and if they can survive the dry air battle, we may have a few of them entering our area Friday afternoon into the evening. Whatever happens to occur looks isolated and light. This weekend, a chance of scattered storms remains in place, however, it’s important to remember that scattered means exactly that. Not everyone will receive rain this weekend. We’ll keep monitoring the trends and should be able to pin down favored times and locations as we get closer.\nCopyright 2021 KCRG. All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Partly cloudy with temperatures reaching the mid 70s. Winds light and variable. Hourly Details\nPartly cloudy skies. High around 85F. S winds shifting to W at 10 to 15 mph.\nMostly clear skies early then becoming mostly cloudy later at night. Low 69F. Winds WSW at 5 to 10 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "ALTERNATIVE ENERGY: Energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric, wind).\nBOREHOLE: Any exploratory hole drilled into the Earth or ice to gather geophysical data. Climate researchers often take ice core samples, a type of borehole, to predict atmospheric composition in earlier years.\nCARBON CYCLE: All parts (reservoirs) and fluxes of carbon. The cycle is usually thought of as four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange.\nEMISSIONS FACTOR: A unique value for scaling emissions to activity data in terms of a standard rate of emissions per unit of activity.\nGreenhouse Gas: (GHG) Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere.\nINDIRECT EMISSIONS: Indirect emissions from a building, home or business are those emissions of greenhouse gases that occur as a result of the generation of electricity used in that building.\nMETRIC TON: Common international measurement for the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions. A metric ton is equal to 2205 lbs or 1.1 short tons.\nMOUNT PINATUBO: A volcano in the Philippine Islands that erupted in 1991. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo ejected enough particulate and sulfate aerosol matter into the atmosphere to block some of the incoming solar radiation from reaching Earth’s atmosphere.\nNATURAL GAS: Underground deposits of gases consisting of 50 to 90 percent methane (CH4) and small amounts of heavier gaseous hydrocarbon compounds such as propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10).\nPARTICULATE MATTER: (PM) Very small pieces of solid or liquid matter such as particles of soot, dust, fumes, mists or aerosols.\nSENSITIVITY: The degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate variability or change.\nSINK: Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas or aerosol from the atmosphere.\nThermal Expansion: The increase in volume (and decrease in density) that results from warming water. A warming of the ocean leads to an expansion of the ocean volume, which leads to an increase in sea level.\nWASTEWATER: Water that has been used and contains dissolved or suspended waste materials.\nTerms and definitions provided here were abstracted from a glossary of terms and definitions published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Hurricanes Helene and Isaac are currently in the Atlantic Ocean and following the trail of Florence, which is about to make landfall on the east coast of the United States.\nThey are then expected to track northwards towards our shores although their exact path is not known.\nMet Eireann’s John Eagleton told the Irish Mirror that, while they are monitoring the progress of both, even if they do arrive in the the UK and Ireland, they are unlikely to bring hurricane-force winds.\nMeanwhile, the national forecaster yesterday revealed its list of storm names for 2018 to 2019 .\nThe next severe weather will be named Storm Ali to reflect our “diversity”.\nThis is the fourth year the government weather services of Britain and Ireland have combined to name disruptive systems.\nBut this is the first time officials have added names to improve race relations.\nA Met Office spokesman said: “This season’s names have been compiled from a list submitted by the public... selecting names that reflect the nations, culture and diversity.”\nThe list of 21 includes Storm Idris which may be a nod to actor Idris Elba.\nThree-day UK weather forecast\nToday (Wednesday) : Cloud and patchy rain or drizzle will affect southern England this morning but tend to slowly clear through the afternoon. It will be a generally fine day with sunny spells elsewhere, albeit with blustery showers for north-west England, west Scotland and Northern Ireland. Feeling cooler.\nTonight (Wednesday night) : Cloud and patchy rain will clear south-east England this evening. It will be fine elsewhere for much of England and Wales with plenty of late sunshine. Northern areas will be breezy, with more cloud and showers or longer spells of rain across western Scotland and Northern Ireland through the night.\nUK Outlook (Thursday and Friday) : Tomorrow will be a generally fine day across much of England and Wales after a chilly start. Western Scotland and Northern Ireland will have showers or longer spells of rain. Friday will be unsettled and breezy across northern and western areas with a lot of cloud and further outbreaks of rain.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Area Forecast Discussion\nIssued by NWS Portland, ME-- Highlight Changed Discussion --\n-- Discussion containing changed information from previous version are highlighted. --\nFXUS61 KGYX 190946 AAA\nArea Forecast Discussion...UPDATED\nNational Weather Service Gray ME\n546 AM EDT Wed Oct 19 2016\nExpect a warm day today with clearing skies as high pressure\nbuilds in from the west. This area of high pressure moves into the\nmaritimes on Thursday as low pressure developing over the Ohio\nValley tracks northeast toward northern New England by Friday.\nThis will bring a period of wet weather from late Thursday into\nSaturday. A cold front pushes through from the west on Saturday\nbringing colder weather but a return to dry conditions for the\nlatter part of the weekend into early next week.\n.NEAR TERM /UNTIL 6 PM THIS EVENING/...\n-- Changed Discussion --Cold front along with any surface convergence along the boundary\nwas almost offshore around 6 am this morning. QPF amounts have\nbeen very light. There is still some light rain mainly over the\nAugusta/Wiscasset/Rockland environs. Adjusted PoPs based on radar\nand current timing. Also adjusted temperatures and dew point\ntemperatures based on latest mesoanalysis.\nA cold front was moving through central New England this morning,\nalbeit slowly. A warm front snaked through portions of Maine and\nNew Hampshire with readings in the 70s noted over northern MA.\nThis warmth will continue to spread this morning and have kept the\nnon-nocturnal curve in place. To the northeast a cooler wedge of\nair including dense fog and drizzle was eroding from the southwest\nas mixing increases ahead of the warm front. Underneath the\ninversion temperatures are in the 50s and 60s and will continue to\nslowly tick upwards overnight.\nRain showers will come to an end this morning as the frontal\nboundaries are swept offshore. The coastal plain will clear out\nquickly with sunny skies expected. Over the higher terrain some\nupslope clouds will linger. Temperatures will vary from the lower\n60s north to near 80s near Nashua and Manchester where the\ndownslope component of the winds will be enhanced.\n-- End Changed Discussion --\n.SHORT TERM /6 PM THIS EVENING THROUGH 6 PM THURSDAY/...\nDespite clear skies tonight we will not fully realize our\nradiational cooling potential everywhere. Where winds do decrease\nenough, temperatures will drop into the 30s. The mid to upper 40s\nwill be much more likely across the forecast area however.\nCloud cover returns Thursday as another warm front lifts into the\nnortheastern states. This will spread rain cross the region and\nwill likely bring some measurable precipitation to many areas.\nHighs will be slightly cooler due with readings generally in the\nupper 50s to lower 60s.\n.LONG TERM /THURSDAY NIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY/...\nA progressive digging upper trough will move across the Ohio\nValley and Great Lakes region will allow showers to become\nwidespread Thursday night. The upper trough will continue to\ndevelop over the eastern Great Lakes Friday becoming vertically\nstacked and spawning surface cyclogenesis across the St Lawrence\nand then a redevelopment along the New England coast late Friday.\nA broad area of rain is expected for Friday. The upper trough\nwill continue to develop as it becomes negatively tilted and then\nbecomes a closed low by Friday night. As the system develops,\nmodels are indicating a strong southeast flow will develop to its\neast and will likely pick up some tropical moisture from a system\noff the southeast coast of the U.S. This may bring some soaking\nrains to the area late Friday into early Saturday. Modes in some\ndisagreement with the EURO being the wettest model.\nModels indicate the closed upper low is expected to move slowly north\nand east into the maritimes Saturday and Sunday allowing some\nlingering showers mainly in the mountains due to the unstable\ncyclonic flow. In southern areas generally dry conditions expected\nfor the weekend. Much cooler temperatures will arrive behind the\nsystem Saturday into early next week.\n.AVIATION /10Z WEDNESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY/...\nShort Term...A mixed bag of VFR to LIFR conditions are prevailing\nthis morning- mainly in ceilings that will last a few more hours\nuntil a cold front pushes offshore taking much of the moisture\nwith it. All terminals will see VFR shortly after sunrise today,\nwhich will persist through Wed night. Somewhat gusty westerly\nwinds are om tap for this afternoon.\nLong Term...Conditions become IFR Thursday night as an onshore\nflow persists in bringing in low level moisture. More substantial\nrainfall is possible on Friday and Friday night as low pressure\nmoves through the area, likely keeping conditions IFR to lifr. A\ncold front pushes east through the area Saturday morning, allowing\nclearing conditions to VFR over southern areas while in the\nmountains and foothills MVFR conditions in scattered showers will\npersist through much of the weekend.\nShort Term...SCA has been extended through noon for a few gusts\nto 25 kts as well as seas around 5-6 ft. After daybreak the higher\nseas will be confined from Cape Elizabeth eastward. We will near\nSCA conditions again on Thursday.\nLong Term...East to southeasterly wind flow ahead of low pressure\nmoving through northern New England should stay near or below\nadvisory levels, but the onshore nature of the wind will allow\nwave heights to build to over 5 FT. A cold front pushes east\nacross the waters Saturday morning, with a west to northwesterly\nflow behind it which will likely gust above 25 KT at times.\n-- Changed Discussion --ME...None.\nMARINE...Small Craft Advisory until noon EDT today for ANZ150>152-154.\n-- End Changed Discussion --", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "There was a lot of weather to talk about in September, particularly in the tropics. I’m happy to report, however, that we were able to keep our touch for forecasting across the country. Forecasts for Bellingham were pretty unified across the board, and the verified weather at the end of September was a carbon copy from one day to another, but I can claim that Victoria-Weather was able to secure the victory all by ourselves, even if it was by the narrowest of margins.\nActuals: September 29th, High 74, Low 48\nSeptember 30th, High 74, Low 48", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River Basin is drought-free according to the U.S. Drought Monitor (as of December 8, 2020). View the latest weekly U.S. Drought Monitor map.\nOur next briefing is on Tuesday, January 26, 2021 at 1pm ET.\nACF Climate Conditions and Outlooks\n- Florida and the Southeast in the midst of a sharp warming trend over the last 5+ years, especially with nighttime temperatures.\n- Record heat in Fall of 2020 and year-to-date for much of Florida, coastal Carolinas\n- Abnormally dry conditions persist over eastern Georgia, other patches developing over south Alabama and north Florida\n- Some dryness over the middle and lower ACF at 30-60 days, most of the basin above normal at 90 days\n- Active pattern to bring more rainfall to the lower ACF in the next couple of days, lesser amounts to the north\n- ”La Niña Advisory” now issued by NOAA, 100% chance of continuing through winter\n- CPC seasonal forecast favors above normal temperatures and below normal rainfall\n- Drought could develop in late winter/spring as the La Niña winter plays out\n- Alabama Office of Water Resources states no reported water availability issues, no changes to AL Drought Declaration since 9/1/2020, areas of below normal precipitation since 10/1/2020 in southern 1/3 of AL.\nReal-Time Streamflow & Forecasts\n- Real-time streamflow in the ACF basin are currently in the high to below normal range.\n- The ACF basin is currently ranked as normal flow for the 7-day average streamflow.\n- 28-day average streamflow for the Chattahoochee River are currently in the above normal range.\n- 28-day average streamflow for the Flint River are currently in the normal to above normal range.\n- Real-time groundwater levels across the ACF basin range from much above normal to much below normal, with most stations ranked in the normal range.\n- SERFC 10-day streamflow forecast - no large flow events expected\n- SERFC 1 month streamflow forecast - near normal\n- SERFC 3 month streamflow forecast - near normal\nACF Basin Reservoir Conditions\n- Inflows into the projects are normal/above normal.\n- Lanier, West Point, and W.F. George are transitioning to winter guide curve elevations, projects are operating slightly above winter pool elevations\n- The ACF system conservation storage is in Zone 1 and is forecasted to stay in Zone 1 for the next few weeks.\nLawn and Garden Moisture Index\n7-Day Rainfall Totals\n30-Day Rainfall Departures\nNOAA Seasonal Outlook (Dec - Feb)\nFlint River at Albany\n28-Day Average Streamflows\nReal-Time Groundwater Conditions\nACF Reservoir Conditions: December 4, 2020\n1-Month & 3-Month Mean Daily Streamflow Forecasts\nDavid Zierden, FSU\nTom Littlepage, ADECA OWR\nPaul Ankcorn, USGS\nTroy Ephriam, USACE-Mobile District\nJeff Dobur, SERFC\nSummary Prepared By:\nRachel McGuire, Auburn University\nGeneral Drought Information:\nDrought Impact Reporter:\nSoutheast Climate Perspectives Map:\nGeneral Climate and El Niño Information:\nStreamflow Monitoring & Forecasting:\nThe Complete Set of Briefing Slides From the ACF River Basin Drought Webinar:\nAdditional Information from the Southeast River Forecast Center:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Dear Golden Eagles,\nI am certain that most of you have checked the forecast for Virginia Beach for the period of our Reunion, but just as a reminder I have listed the local forecst for the next few days. We should see rain and thunder on Wednesday and early\non Thursday, but Friday-Sunday promise cool but fair weather.\nWeds: Rain/ Thunder 72/66\nThurs: Rain/ Thunder 75/ 65\nFri: Partly cloudy 66/ 54\nSat: Partly cloudy 66/ 55\nSun: Partly cloudy 68/55\nTravel safely. I look forward to welcoming all to Virginia Beach.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Updated Thursday 3:35 p.m.\nWorking on a half inch in the rain gauge today as the first rain in over a week brings the return of Puddle City.\nThe steady rains are done, but showers remain in the forecast for a while as a big area of low pressure swirls offshore.\nFor tonight, expect scattered showers to continue with a risk of a thunderstorm along the coast. Lows will be chilly - getting own into the mid-upper 30s.\nFriday is still looking pretty active as the low nudges closer to the coast and spreads not only showers, but cold, unstable air our way. That will allow the showers to build and gain some potency, perhaps graduating into heavy showers with some thunderstorms and small hail. In between the showers, the sun should peek out so it'll certainly be one of those \"if you don't like the weather, wait 20 minutes\" kind of days. Temperatures will max out in the mid-upper 40s, but it'll be quite chilly near 40 inside and just after those passing showers.\nShowers continue Friday night into Saturday although thunderstorms should taper off in the hours after sunset. On the other hand, temperatures will drop into the mid 30s or so meaning any showers around Saturday morning still have the chance to mix in with some wet snow, especially above a few hundred feet. No accumulations expected, aside from a brief dusting on grassy surfaces (road temperatures well above freezing) and once showers pass, temperatures will rebound quickly. Official highs should reach the mid-upper 40s by the end of the day.\nAs for moisture, showers will be decreasing through the day, rain or wet snow, as the low moves well off to our south with sunbreaks way more dominant than showers by afternoon. The air will remain weakly unstable so a rogue afternoon shower can't be ruled out -- especially near the mountains -- but looking dry in general.\nSunday and Monday will remain mostly dry as high pressure begins to build well offshore. However, that ridge won't be providing too much protection and there is a very weak system expected into southern B.C. that could toss a few light showers our way either day, especially closer to the border. So again we can't promise 100% dry days but pretty low chances of showers. Highs will rebound a bit into the low 50s.\nThe ridge nudges closer toward the middle of the week which will do a better job of making skies sunny and warming us up a bit more. Highs should warm into the upper 50s and low 60s by the end of the week.\nFollow me on Twitter @ScottSKOMO and on Facebook at Scott Sistek KOMO\nToday's Record Temperatures", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Thursday: South to southeasterly 10/15 knots. Seas: to 0.7 metres. Isolated showers increasing in the evening. Friday: South to southeasterly 10/15 knots, possibly reaching 15/20 knots at times in the evening. Seas: to 1.0 metres. Rain areas. Outlook Saturday: South to southwesterly 10/15 knots, reaching 15/20 knots at times during the morning. Outlook Sunday: Southwest 10/15 knots.Issued Thu 15:06 EST\n15:25 EST The Queensland Government is questioning whether 18,000 cattle should be allowed to use the state's stock routes.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Main / Sport / 20 day weather forecast portland or\n20 day weather forecast portland or\nPortland, OR weather forecast from studiolegaletortono.com Extended forecast in Portland, OR, OR for up to 25 days includes high temperature, RealFeel and.\nFind the most current and reliable 14 day weather forecasts, storm alerts, reports and information for Portland, OR, US with The Weather Network. -. Wed10/ Chance of a shower.\n16 °. 9°. 40%. 6SE. 9. <1mm. Thu10/ Chance of. MyForecast is a comprehensive resource for online weather forecasts and reports for over locations worldwide. You'll find detailed hour and 7- day extended forecasts, ski reports, marine forecasts and surf alerts, airport Sun, Oct Sunny.\nFeels Like: 55 °F. Humidity: 33%. Precipitation Chance: 0%. ENE. Wind: 10 mph. Oct 6 - Oct 12Oct 13 - Oct 19Oct 20 - Oct See weather overview. Portland, OR 10 Day Weather. pm PDT. Print. Day. Description, High / Low, Precip, Wind, Humidity. Tonight. OCT Cloudy. °. 20%. NNE 3 mph, 62%. studiolegaletortono.com brings you the most accurate monthly weather forecast for with 54°. 51°. 58°. 52°. 59°. 45°. 58°. 43°. 58°. 44°. 60°. 44°. 14 day weather for Portland, Oregon, United States Of America, giving an extended long range forecast outlook.\nLong range weather outlook for Portland includes 14 day forecast summary: The next . 8 / 20 mph, 63 / 62°F, 30%, mb. Portland OR 14 Day Weather Forecast - Find local Portland, Oregon 14 Day weather forecasts and current conditions for Portland, OR.\nYour best. See long range weather forecasts for the next 60 days from The Old Farmer's Almanac! Our long range forecasts can be used to make more informed decisions. 7 day, 14 day and 25 day weather forecasts for Portland. Accurate and updated regularly by Holiday Weather. Sun. Oct. Sunny. °C °F. Plan you week with the help of our day weather forecasts and weekend weather predictions for Portland, OR. Hourly weather forecast in Portland for the next 15 days: temperature, 00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, Portland, OR.\nFOX 12 Oregon Weather Forecast. Expect either steady rain or abundant showers each day. Today's hour-by-hour forecast. Fall Weather Spotter Training Schedule.\nAdditional Lat: °NLon: °WElev: 20ft. Mostly Cloudy Columbus Day: Patchy fog before noon. Otherwise Zone Area Forecast for Greater Portland Metro Area, OR · Forecast.\n7 DAY FORECAST. HOURLY. SunSunday- October 13th. , 20% . dry for the vast majority of us, but a new \"weather-maker\" is on the way into the region.\n20 F 30 F 40 F 50 F 60 F. Dew Point (°). Feels Like (°F). Temperature (°F). 0% 25 % 50% 75% % Cloud Cover (%). Chance of. Portland metro Tuesday weather: Rain chances increase into afternoon, snow levels lower 2 days ago + PNW winter weather forecast: Mild, might still be soggy Portland's high Sunday was 52 degrees, a nearly 20 degree drop from the.\nday weather forecast for Portland. %; Visibility: Good; Pressure: mb , Falling. Observation Station: Isle Of Portland (Lat: | Long: ). Patchy morning fog gives way to sunny skies for Columbus Day · Here's the latest KGW Weather forecast, covering the Portland and Vancouver metro area.\nKOIN 6 Weather Forecast 7 Day Forecast; Hourly Forecast . Portland. 53°F Broken Clouds Feels like 53°. Wind: 16 mph E; Humidity: 34%; Sunrise: AM.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Southern Idaho Weather Forecast\nCHIEF METEOROLOGIST ERIC BRILL – EVENING UPDATE Thursday, September 16th, 2021\nA red flag warning has been issued for all of Southern Idaho. Parts of the region are expected to have the warning expire on Thursday evening, but I have a feeling that a new red flag warning will be put into place until Saturday evening (which is the case for Gooding, Cassia and Twin Falls counties). While that does sound rather confusing as to who is within what, the big thing to really get out of this is that dry weather conditions and strong winds will allow any fire that is started to spread rather quickly through the weekend. Try to avoid starting any fires if you are able to, as you don’t want to be the person known to start a grassfire or wildfire!\nThursday was breezy and cooler around Southern Idaho, but warmer and not as breezy of weather conditions are expected for Friday, until some bigger changes arrive.\nThere really aren’t many (if any!) issues pertaining to the weather on Friday! Sunny skies, slightly above average temperatures and 5-15 mph winds are within the forecast. A little bit more smoke may return throughout the day, but it should not be bad at all.\nFor Saturday, expect stronger winds to return to Southern Idaho, as sustained winds will likely be in the 15-30 mph range. Temperatures will be a little bit warmer for Saturday compared to that of Friday, so there won’t be a drastic cool-down with the weather on Saturday. The winds truly are the biggest issue for the day, as partly cloudy skies are expected.\nA cold front is going to move through Southern Idaho on Sunday, which will result in quite a temperature drop when it moves through. There is still a little bit of disagreement as to what part of the day the cold front will move through Southern Idaho, but it now appears to be a late morning/early afternoon general time frame. Stronger winds will continue to be apart of the weather as well, as sustained winds will still likely be in the 15-30 mph range. There will be some showers to go along with this cold front as well, but as that cold front moves further to the southeast, it will lose some of the moisture within it. Nonetheless, the showers should help out the drought situation a little bit and the possibility is there that some snow will fall in the higher elevation locations. The lowest that rain/snow line looks to drop to is around 7,000 feet overnight Sunday into Monday. This means parts of the South Hills, Albion Mountains and mountains around the Wood River Valley could see some accumulating snow during this time frame. Of course, it isn’t like it will stick around forever, but the possibility is there for those areas to get snow. Be aware of this if you plan on driving through Galena Summit late Sunday into early Monday.\nTemperatures will likely stay below 60° for many southern Idaho towns and cities on Monday. As you can imagine, overnight lows will be seasonably chilly as well, with Tuesday morning having the coldest temperatures. I anticipate a lot of Southern Idaho to fall into the 30s for those overnight lows on Tuesday morning. Within parts of the Mini-Cassia Region and Wood River Valley as well as the Northern Magic Valley, overnight lows very well could fall into the 31-35° range. Monday morning and Wednesday morning will also be chilly starts to the day, but those given mornings should be 2-3° ‘warmer’ than Tuesday morning.\nAn area of high pressure looks to build in during the middle of next week and that should calm the weather down and warm it back up a bit. There may be another cold front by the Friday time frame, so continue to keep an eye on that as well.\nYou warm weather fans better enjoy Friday and Saturday (although the winds on Saturday aren’t ideal)! We are in for quite a roller coaster over the next 10 days!\n‘<a href=“http://www.kmvt.com/weather/alerts/” target=“_blank”><b> For the latest on all warnings and advisories in Southern Idaho click here… </b></a>\nTHURSDAY NIGHT (September 16, 2021)\nMAGIC VALLEY: Clear skies. Low: 44. Winds: Southwest to South 5-10 mph. WOOD RIVER VALLEY: Clear skies. Low: 39. Winds: Northeast 5-10 mph.\nFRIDAY (September 17th)\nMAGIC VALLEY: Sunny skies and warmer. High: 83. Winds: Northeast 5-15 mph. WOOD RIVER VALLEY: Sunny skies. High: 75. Winds: Southeast to Southwest 5-10 mph.\nMAGIC VALLEY: Partly cloudy skies. Low: 58. Winds: South 5-20 mph. WOOD RIVER VALLEY: Partly cloudy skies. Low: 45. Winds: North 5-10 mph.\nSATURDAY (September 18th)\nMAGIC VALLEY: Partly cloudy skies. It will be windy as well. High: 85. Low: 49. WOOD RIVER VALLEY: Partly cloudy skies. It will be windy as well. High: 77. Low: 44.\nSUNDAY (September 19th)\nMAGIC VALLEY: Partly sunny skies with a chance of showers and/or thunderstorms. It will be windy as well. High: 71. Low: 40. WOOD RIVER VALLEY: Mostly cloudy skies with a chance of showers and/or thunderstorms. It will be breezy as well. High: 63. Low: 35.\nMONDAY (September 20th)\nMAGIC VALLEY: Partly sunny skies with a slight chance of an AM shower or thunderstorm. It will be breezy as well. High: 59. Low: 38. WOOD RIVER VALLEY: Partly sunny skies with a slight chance of an AM shower or thunderstorm. High: 54. Low: 33.\nTUESDAY (September 21st)\nMAGIC VALLEY: Sunny skies. High: 65. Low: 41. WOOD RIVER VALLEY: Sunny skies. High: 60. Low: 37.\nWEDNESDAY (September 22nd)\nMAGIC VALLEY: Partly cloudy skies. High: 78. Low: 49. WOOD RIVER VALLEY: Partly cloudy skies. High: 68. Low: 42.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Its largest lake is so dry that China is digging deep to water crops\nAs China’s largest freshwater lake has been reduced to just 25% of its usual size by a severe drought, work crews are digging trenches to keep water flowing to one of the main rice-growing regions from the country.\nThe dramatic decline of Poyang Lake in the landlocked southeastern province of Jiangxi had also cut off irrigation channels to nearby farmlands. The teams, using excavators to dig trenches, only work after dark due to the extreme heat of the day, the official Xinhua news agency reported.\nA severe heat wave is wreaking havoc across much of southern China. High temperatures have sparked mountain fires that have forced the evacuation of 1,500 people in the southwest, and factories have been ordered to cut output as hydroelectric plants cut output amid drought conditions. Extreme heat and drought have withered crops and narrowed rivers, including the giant Yangtze, disrupting cargo traffic.\nFed by major rivers in China, Lake Poyang averages about 3,500 square kilometers (1,400 square miles) in peak season, but contracted to just 737 square kilometers (285 square miles) during the recent drought.\nAs determined by water level, the lake officially entered this year’s dry season on August 6, earlier than at any time since records began in 1951. Hydrological records prior to this date are incomplete, although it looks like the lake is at or around its lowest level. level in recent history.\nIn addition to providing water for agriculture and other uses, the lake is a major stopover for migratory birds heading south for the winter.\nChina is more accustomed to dealing with the opposite problem: seasonal rains that trigger landslides and floods every summer. Two years ago, villages and fields of rice, cotton, maize and beans around Poyang Lake were flooded after torrential rains.\nThis year, a wide swath of western and central China experienced days of temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit) in heat waves that started earlier and lasted longer than usual.\nThe heat is likely linked to human-caused climate change, although scientists have yet to do the complex calculations and computer simulations to say for sure.\n“The heat is certainly breaking records and is certainly aggravated by human-induced climate change,” said Maarten van Aalst, director of the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Center in the Netherlands. “Drought is always a bit more complex.”\nThe “truly breathtaking temperatures scorching China” are linked to a blocked jet stream – the river of air that moves weather systems around the world – said Jennifer Francis, a climatologist at the Woodwell Climate Research Center in Falmouth, Massachusetts.\nShe said an elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure hovering over western Russia is responsible for heat waves in China and Europe this year. In the case of China, the high pressure prevents cool air masses and precipitation from entering the region.\n“When hot, dry conditions stay locked in, the ground dries out and warms up more easily, further strengthening the overhead heating dome,” Francis said.\nIn the hard-hit city of Chongqing, some malls have been told to only open from 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. to save energy. Residents sought respite in the cool air-raid shelters dating back to World War II.\nThis mirrors the situation in Europe and elsewhere in the northern hemisphere, with high temperatures harming public health, food production and the environment.\nAssociated Press science writer Seth Borenstein in Washington, DC, contributed to this report.\nFor more on AP’s climate coverage, go to https://apnews.com/hub/climate-and-environment", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Swiss start-up Climeworks is working to capture CO2 from the atmosphere and recycle it into a resource. Their ambitious goal is to have zero net emissions of CO2 by using it to grow plants or make carbon-neutral fuel.\nBurning fossil fuels to meet rising energy demand has pushed carbon dioxide emissions to a record high. Can innovation save us from global warming?\nA range of technologies — loosely defined as 'geoengineering' — are being explored as responses to climate change. Yet their effectiveness, and whether they should be implemented at all, is debated among scientists.\nThe fires in Australia are a major factor in one of the biggest rises in atmospheric CO2 in 60 years, experts have said. Meanwhile, a team is trying to recover the bodies of three US firefighters killed in a plane crash.\nAtmospheric levels of planet-warming carbon dioxide have hit a record high of more than 415 parts per million. The accelerated rise of man-made greenhouse gas emissions has scientists alarmed.\n© 2020 Deutsche Welle |\nLegal notice |\n| Mobile version", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It will come as no surprise to hear some parts of the country had their wettest summer in 62 years.\nGrim figures from Met Eireann reveal the entire country was forced to endure higher than average rainfall and lower than normal temperatures this summer.\nBut things got a whole lot worse for one Irish county.\nMalin Head in Co Donegal had its wettest summer in 19 years.\nAnd just last month devastating floods brought the wettest summer day in 62 years on August 22.\nElsewhere, Newport in Co Mayo was drenched with 65 days of rain throughout June, July and August.\nHowever, in Dublin the mercury did reach record levels on June 21 in Phoenix Park when it hit 28.6C- the highest June temperature since 1961.\nBizarrely, sunshine totals were above average for the season.\nIn fact, the sunniest summer day since 2004 was recorded at Cork Airport on June 18 with almost 16 hours of sunshine.\nMet Éireann described summer 2017 as “varied and unsettled”.\nOverall, seasonal mean temperatures were slightly below average.\nThe highest temperatures of the summer were reported between June 18 to 21 and July 17 and 18.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Live video from the NBC 5 Weather Center will appear in the player above.\nThanksgiving will be chilly with occasional rain or drizzle. The most widespread rain will be in the morning, with mainly patchy drizzle in the afternoon.\nThe highest rain chances will be from DFW to the west, with lower chances to the east.\nTemperatures will be steady in the 40s throughout the day with an east breeze of 5 to 10 mph.\nAdditional showers will be possible Friday and Friday night but there will be several dry hours during that time as well. A band of showers and storms will move across parts of North Texas early Saturday. After the rain passes, sunshine will return and the remainder of the weekend will be dry.\nTemperatures will gradually warm into the 60s on Friday, and lower 70s on Saturday. Cooler air arrives for Sunday with highs in the upper 50s.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "PM Wintry Mix\nCloudy early with a wintry mix expected to move in in the afternoon. High 34F. Winds SW at 15 to 25 mph. Chance of precip 30%.\nPeriods of freezing drizzle in the evening will change to a wintry mix late. Low 27F. Winds WSW at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of precip 30%.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "MAUI BECOMES HAWAII'S SECOND\nNov. 29, 2004 — T he National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service today recognized Maui County as “TsunamiReady.” NOAA is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce.\nThe county also renewed its “StormReady” designation. The TsunamiReady and StormReady programs are voluntary preparedness programs that establish guidelines for communities to follow for readiness. Communities adopt requirements in the areas of communications, warning reception and dissemination, public outreach, awareness and administrative planning.\n“StormReady and TsunamiReady encourage communities to take a new, proactive approach to improving public awareness and local response to hazardous situations,” said Nezette Rydell, warning coordination meteorologist at the NWS Forecast Office in Honolulu. “Thanks to the efforts of Mayor Alan Arakawa, the Maui County Civil Defense Agency, and others, Maui County has established the means to better protect the public from tsunamis and severe weather threats and we have furthered our agency’s mission to protect lives and property.”\nDuring a ceremony held at the Mayor’s office in Wailuku, Rydell presented Mayor Arakawa with two special signs identifying the communities as StormReady and TsunamiReady.\n“Maui becomes only the 13th community in the nation to receive the TsunamiReady designation and the first county in Hawaii to renew the StormReady designation,” said Rydell. StormReady started in 1999 with seven communities in the Tulsa, Okla., area. There are now more than 820 StormReady communities in 47 states, including Kauai County. The StormReady and TsunamiReady recognition will be in effect for three years when the communities will go through a recertification process.\n“Every year, around 500 Americans lose their lives to severe weather and floods,” said Brig. Gen. David L. Johnson, U.S. Air Force (Ret.), director of NOAA's National Weather Service. “More than 10,000 severe thunderstorms, 2,500 floods, 1,000 tornadoes impact the United States annually, and hurricanes are a threat to the Gulf and East Coasts. Potentially deadly weather can impact every person in the country. While tsunamis are rare, they can be deadly. That’s why the National Weather Service developed the StormReady and TsunamiReady programs.”\nTo be recognized as StormReady or TsunamiReady, a community must:\n- Establish a 24-hour warning point and emergency operations center;\n- Have more than one way to receive tsunami and severe weather warnings and forecasts and to alert the public;\n- Create a system that monitors weather conditions locally;\n- Promote the importance of public readiness through community seminars;\n- Develop a formal hazardous weather plan, which includes training severe weather spotters and holding emergency exercises.\n“Maui County successfully met the readiness criteria and was approved by an advisory board made up of county emergency managers, representatives from the Hawaii State Civil Defense and the NWS,” said Rydell.\n“Educating the public about tsunamis is one of our top priorities,” said Charles “Chip” McCreery, director of the Richard H. Hagemeyer Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Ewa Beach. “The TsunamiReady program will not only complement these efforts but will also help expedite county response when a tsunami warning is issued.”\n“The StormReady and TsunamiReady programs helped us improve the warning services that the county provides,” said Arakawa. “Although Maui hasn’t suffered extreme hurricane damage like Kauai, we have had our share of other severe weather, especially flash floods. When future disasters occur, a StormReady or TsunamiReady community will be better prepared for its citizens.”\n“Just like communities, families need to be storm ready or tsunami ready by having an action plan. Through the StormReady and TsunamiReady programs, the National Weather Service plans to educate every American about what to do during natural hazard events because it is ultimately each individual’s responsibility to protect him or herself. The best warnings in the world won't save you if you don't take action when threatened by severe weather or tsunamis,” Rydell added.\nNOAA’s National Weather Service is the primary source of weather data, forecasts and warnings for the United States and its territories. NOAA’s National Weather Service operates the most advanced weather and flood warning and forecast system in the world, helping to protect lives and property and enhance the national economy.\nNOAA is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate-related events and providing environmental stewardship of our nation’s coastal and marine resources.\nDelores Clark, National Weather Service: (808) 532-6411\nRelated Web sites:\nNOAA’s National Weather Service Forecast Office Honolulu\nEditor’s Note: Logos or the StormReady and TsunamiReady programs are available online: http://www.stormready.noaa.gov/signs.htm", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Fort Wayne, IN 46801\nSnow likely. Snow accumulation up to 1 inch. Highs around 30. Northwest winds 5 to 10 mph. Chance of snow 70 percent.\nMostly cloudy with a 30 percent chance of snow through midnight...then partly cloudy after midnight. Lows 15 to 20. Northwest winds 10 to 15 mph.\nMostly sunny. Highs in the mid 20s. Northwest winds 5 to 15 mph.\nMostly clear. Lows 15 to 20. North winds 5 to 10 mph shifting to the northeast after midnight.\nPartly cloudy in the morning...then cloudy with a 40 percent chance of snow in the afternoon. Highs in the upper 20s. East winds 10 to 15 mph.\nCloudy. Snow likely and chance of freezing drizzle through midnight...then chance of freezing drizzle and snow after midnight. Lows in the mid 20s. Chance of snow 60 percent.\nOther Top Weather Headlines\nWinter weather will strike once more as a cold front rushes through the Eastern U.S., leaving everyone west of the Ohio…More >\nWinter is in full throttle mode in the West. Cold weather and snow are all on the weather…More >\nWeekend Weather Outlook: Additional bouts of winter's fury will tighten its grip on the U.S. this weekend as snow and…More >\nWeatherBug Featured Content\nYou too can help save our planet and put money back in your wallet. Learn how you can take the first steps to reduce your environmental impact, including driving green, easy ways you can conserve water, and energy saving tips. To learn more and discover the benefits of going green, visit WeatherBug’s green living section. More >\nBe Prepared, Know Before\nGet faster alerts and better forecasts from the exclusive neighborhood-level WeatherBug network.Learn More", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A SKYWARN® Spotter training session will be held on Thursday April 3, 2014 from 7-10PM at the Petersham Center School located at 31 Spring Street in Petersham, MA.\nSKYWARN® spotters are an important resource to the National Weather Service as they provide ground truth information in high impact weather events. These ground truth observations help aid in decisions in issuing watches, warnings and advisories. Not only will spotters learn how to observe the weather, they will also learn about valuable preparedness and safety tips. Trained spotters have been invaluable during weather events such as Post Tropical Storm Sandy, the February Blizzard of 2013, as well as during the Springfield Tornado. We are looking to attract as much interest as possible so we can expand our network and offer more extensive support to a greater area. Image below from www.obnoxiousbostonfan.com.\nThe effects of severe weather are felt every year by many Americans. To obtain critical weather information, NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS), part of the U.S. Department of Commerce, established SKYWARN® with partner organizations. SKYWARN® is a volunteer program with nearly 290,000 trained severe weather spotters. These volunteers help keep their local communities safe by providing timely and accurate reports of severe weather to the National Weather Service.\nAlthough SKYWARN® spotters provide essential information for all types of weather hazards, the main responsibility of a SKYWARN® spotter is to identify and describe severe local storms. In the average year, 10,000 severe thunderstorms, 5,000 floods and more than 1,000 tornadoes occur across the United States. These events threatened lives and property.\nSince the program started in the 1970s, the information provided by SKYWARN® spotters, coupled with Doppler radar technology, improved satellite and other data, has enabled NWS to issue more timely and accurate warnings for tornadoes, severe thunderstorms and flash floods.\nSKYWARN® storm spotters are part of the ranks of citizens who form the Nation’s first line of defense against severe weather. There can be no finer reward than to know that their efforts have given communities the precious gift of time–seconds and minutes that can help save lives. For more information visit www.skywarn.org.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Severe storms roll through NSWDrew Casper-Richardson, Saturday February 2, 2013 - 11:02 EDT\nOn Friday afternoon a low pressure trough crossed eastern New South Wales, bringing heavy rain, damaging wind and large hail.\nA thick line of lightning stretched all the way from the state's South Coast into southern Queensland during yesterday afternoon. These storms and some early rain on Saturday morning brought widespread totals of over 50mm from Sydney up to the Mid North Coast. For some locations, such as Woolbrook in the North West Slopes and Plains, it was the highest total in a year. The storms brought bursts of heavy rain, with 16mm falling in just 10 minutes at Nobbys Head and 12mm in the same amount of time in Campbelltown.\nRain wasn't the only feature, with numerous reports of large hail, including Mount Victoria and around Orange. Damaging wind gusts also swept through the state's east as storms rolled through. In the Hunter, Murrurundi Gap withstood a gust of 102km/h.\nThe wind and rain brought rapid temperature drops, with Tamworth plummeting 8 degrees in just 14 minutes as a storm passed overhead.\nStorms generally lost their intensity as they entered the Sydney Basin, with only 200 lightning strikes recorded. It was a very different story in the North West Slopes and Plains though. Within 200km of Gunnedah there were over 32 000 lighting strikes generated by the storms.\nThe trough has now moved off the NSW coast and has taken much of the storm activity with it. A low pressure system is developing off the Hunter coast and is continuing to send rain and gusty southerly winds ashore. Rain will be heaviest in and north of the Hunter, clearing from the south during the day.\n© Weatherzone 2013\nMore breaking news\nParts of south-east Queensland have been hit with more than 200 millimetres of rain, stranding people in flash flooding and causing schools to remain closed on Friday.\nNSW floods: SES evacuation orders and warnings for Murwillumbah and Tweed Heads areas as rescues underway\nAn evacuation order has been issued by the SES for areas around Murwillumbah, Condong and Tumbulgum, with further warnings in place for areas around Tweed Heads, as floodwaters threaten towns and properties in northern NSW.\nA number of central Queensland coal mines operated by BHP Billiton and Glencore remain shut due to torrential rain as ex-Tropical Cyclone Debbie continued to make its way through the state.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This November was the 10th coldest on record, according to the weather researchers at the West Central Research and Outreach Center in Morris.\nLower than normal temperatures occurred for the second month. The mean temperature for November was 22.7°F, which is 7.2°F below average of 29.9°F. The high temperature for the month was 52°F on November 1st. The low temperature for the month was -1°F which occurred on two days, November 18th and 20th.\nThe highest temperature recorded in November at the WCROC was 76°F on November 1, 1999. The lowest temperature recorded historically was -27°F which occurred on November 28, 1891. Precipitation for the month totaled 0.86 inches, which is 0.11 inches below average. A total of 4.2 inches of snow fell.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mainly cloudy with just occasional bright spells or glimpses of the sun likely. Frequent rainfall, especially on Saturday. With a high around 16 degrees it's mild. On Thursday a strong wind from the northeast.\n|Th Apr 27||Fr Apr 28||Sa Apr 29||Su Apr 30|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Partly cloudy skies this evening will give way to cloudy skies and rain overnight. Thunder possible. Low 66F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 80%.\nMostly cloudy. Periods of rain early. High 84F. Winds SW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 70%.\nPartly cloudy skies. Low 67F. Winds W at 10 to 15 mph.\nSun and clouds mixed with a slight chance of thunderstorms during the afternoon. High 84F. Winds WSW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 30%.\nMainly clear skies. Low 62F. Winds NNE at 5 to 10 mph.\nSunshine and clouds mixed. High near 85F. Winds ESE at 5 to 10 mph.\nVariable clouds with scattered showers and thunderstorms, mainly overnight. Low 74F. Winds S at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of rain 40%.\nScattered thunderstorms. High 82F. Winds WSW at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of rain 60%.\nScattered thunderstorms in the evening. Cloudy skies overnight. Low 52F. Winds NNW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 50%.\nSunshine and clouds mixed. High 68F. Winds NNW at 10 to 15 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Forecasters cancel warnings as Lee begins to dissipate over Maritime Canada\nBAR HARBOR, Maine — Atlantic storm Lee — which made landfall at near-hurricane strength, bringing destructive winds and torrential rains to New England and Maritime Canada — kept weakening Sunday after officials withdrew warnings and predicted the storm would disappear early this week.\nThe U.S. National Hurricane Center said Sunday morning that the post-tropical cyclone was about 135 miles west of Channel-Port Aux Basques, Newfoundland. The top sustained wind speed was 45 mph with some higher gusts expected.\n\"Gradual weakening is forecast during the next couple of days, and Lee could dissipate on Tuesday,\" the U.S. hurricane center said.\nThe sky was sunny in Maine on Sunday morning. Gov. Janet Mills suspended a state of emergency. Less than 5% of electricity customers were still without power, down from 11% by midday Saturday during the height of the storm. In Canada, 14% of Nova Scotia had no electricity, down from 27% on Saturday, with smaller numbers in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.\nThe center discontinued a tropical storm warning for the coast of Maine late Saturday. It reported late Sunday morning that all tropical storm warnings for Canada were discontinued.\nStorm surges were expected to subside on Sunday after being forecast as up to 3 feet on Saturday along coastal areas, the hurricane center said.\nFatality reported in Maine\nA 51-year-old motorist in Searsport, Maine, died Saturday after a large tree limb fell on his vehicle on U.S. Highway 1 during high winds. The limb brought down live power lines and utility workers had to cut power before removing the man, who died later at a hospital, Police Chief Brian Lunt said.\nA driver suffered minor injuries Saturday, after a tree downed by Lee went through his windshield on Route 11 in Moro Plantation, Maine, according to Maine State Police. John Yoder, 23, of Apple Creek, Ohio, attempted to stop but couldn't avoid the tree. Yoder suffered minor cuts but the other five passengers in the van were not injured. Police blamed high winds for the downed tree.\nThe storm was tracked as moving around 22 mph and expected to proceed northeast, taking the weather system across the Canadian Maritimes. Rainfall was expected to be an additional 1 inch or less for portions of eastern Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the U.S. storm center said.\nIn Bar Harbor, Maine, the touristy gateway to Acadia National Park, a whale watch vessel broke free of its mooring and crashed ashore Saturday. Authorities worked to offload 1,800 gallons of diesel fuel to prevent it from spilling into the ocean.\nLee flooded coastal roads in Nova Scotia and took ferries out of service while fanning anxiety in a region still reeling from wildfires and severe flooding this summer. The province's largest airport, Halifax Stanfield International, canceled all flights.\n\"People are exhausted,\" said Pam Lovelace, a councilor in Halifax. \"It's so much in such a small time period.\"\nHurricane-force winds extended as far as 140 miles from Lee's center, with tropical storm-force winds extending as far as 320 miles, enough to cover all of Maine and much of Maritime Canada.\nThe storm skirted some of the most waterlogged areas of Massachusetts that experienced severe flash flooding days earlier, when fast water washed out roads, caused sinkholes, damaged homes and flooded vehicles.\nIn eastern Maine, winds died down enough by late afternoon Saturday for utility workers to begin using bucket trucks to make repairs.\nThe entire region has experienced an especially wet summer, ranking second in the number of rainy days in Portland, Maine — and Lee's high winds toppled trees stressed by the rain-soaked ground in Maine, the nation's most heavily wooded state.\nCruise ships found refuge at berths in Portland, Maine, while lobstermen in Bar Harbor and elsewhere pulled traps from the water and hauled boats inland.\nBilly Bob Faulkingham, House Republican leader of the Maine Legislature, and another lobsterman survived after their boat overturned while hauling traps ahead of the storm Friday, officials said.\nThe boat's emergency locator beacon alerted authorities and the pair clung to the hull until help arrived, said Winter Harbor Police Chief Danny Mitchell. The 42-foot boat sank.\n\"They're very lucky to be alive,\" Mitchell said.\nLee shared some characteristics with 2012's Superstorm Sandy. Both storms were once-strong hurricanes that became post-tropical cyclones — cyclonic storms that have lost most of their tropical characteristics — before landfall. But Sandy caused billions of dollars in damage and was blamed for dozens of deaths in New York and New Jersey.\nLee also was not anywhere near as severe as the remnants of Hurricane Fiona, which a year ago washed houses into the ocean in eastern Canada, knocked out power to most of two provinces and swept a woman into the sea.\nDestructive hurricanes are relatively rare so far north. The Great New England Hurricane of 1938 brought gusts as high as 186 mph and sustained winds of 121 mph at Massachusetts' Blue Hill Observatory. There have been no storms that powerful in recent years.\nSeparately, Tropical Storm Nigel was strengthening and expected to become a hurricane by Monday, the U.S. hurricane center said. It appeared to pose no threats to the U.S. or Canada. It was about 990 miles northeast of the Lesser Antilles and about 1,115 miles east-southeast of Bermuda. It had maximum sustained winds of 60 mph and was moving north-northwest at 13 mph.\nCopyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|Dark clouds gather over Jagdeopath-Rukkanpura rail overbridge around 11am on Sunday. Picture by Ashok Sinha\nOvercast skies and cool winds made the perfect romantic Sunday morning for residents in the run-up to the festive season even as Bollywood heartthrob Ranbir Kapoor breezed through the city.\nThe temporary but much-needed spell of respite from last week’s sultry conditions would continue for another day or two. The rain gauge at the local Met office at Patna airport recorded 2.8mm rainfall till 8am.\nThe day was cloudy and dark with intermittent drizzle. Images from Kalpana I satellite showed convective clouds over Bihar in the morning.\nResidents were ecstatic about the cool weather. “The weather over the past few weekends was sultry forcing me to stay indoors. But today (Sunday) it was so great that I decided to take my family to Vaishali. Everyone enjoyed a lot,” said Avinash Kumar of Anandpuri.\nSonali Singh, a college student, said: “I waited for hours outside the hotel where Ranbir was scheduled to arrive. Thanks to the pleasant weather standing out in the open was not treacherous and I finally caught a glimpse of Ranbir’s blue cap.”\nWeather scientists attributed the dark clouds over Patna as a mesoscale phenomenon, a rare collection of an enormous mass of rain clouds. Hanging 400m-500m above the earth’s surface, the clouds extended across 50km-60km, qualifying for being termed as strato cumulonimbus clouds.\nThe afternoon monsoon bulletin of India Meteorological Department (IMD), Delhi, forecast rain or thundershower at a few places over the state in the next 48 hours.\nThe local Met department, however, claimed that the rain would subside by Monday. “The clouds and precipitation are spread across the state and have been caused by a cyclonic circulation in the Bay of Bengal. The weather system has caused good rainfall in Bengal and Jharkhand since Saturday,” said Ashish Sen, director, IMD, Patna.\nStrato cumulonimbus clouds, which cause a drop in the mercury column, brought down the maximum temperature from 34.2ºC on Saturday to 25.2ºC on Sunday. The wind is expected to change from moist easterly to dry westerly in seven to eight days, as monsoon 2013 bids farewell to the state.\n“The arrival of westerly winds would mark the advent of winter in Bihar,” said Sen.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Read our reports that prove the accuracy and performance of our sensors.\nCo-location with AURN stations. Prior to deployment, our sensors are co-located with AURN stations for calibration.\nVortex. In Action.\nFrom local authority to heavy industry, read how Vortex helps to solve air quality problems with precise street level data and constant visibility.\nMaintenance free air quality monitors\n- Actionable, accurate data insights\n- Hyperlocal view of air quality\n- Minimised costs and time-saving\n- Robust, reliable units", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Hottest April Day Ever\nEven in Pakistan, no stranger to blistering heat, the temperature on Monday stood out: 122.4 degrees Fahrenheit or 50.2 degrees Celsius.\nThe reading came from Nawabshah, a city of 1.1 million people in southern Pakistan, and meteorologists say it is the highest temperature ever reliably recorded, anywhere in the world, in the month of April.\nThe World Meteorological Organization keeps global temperature records, but not by month, which means Monday in Nawabshah cannot be officially confirmed as the hottest April day. But experts on extreme temperatures say it probably is.\nSee Also: Desert Romance in Rainy Season\nChristopher C. Burt, the author of “Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book” and a contributor to Weather Underground, said that 122.4 degrees, or 50.2 degrees Celsius, appeared to be the hottest reliably measured April temperature “in modern records for any location on Earth.” Only one reading might challenge it: 123.8 degrees Fahrenheit, or 51 degrees Celsius, recorded in Santa Rosa, Mexico, in April 2011. But Mr. Burt said that measurement was “questionable because the site was a regional observation site and not of first order.”\nAn official W.M.O. weather station near Santa Rosa recorded a lower temperature that day: 48.6 degrees Celsius, Maximiliano Herrera, a climatologist who maintains a large database of global temperatures, wrote in an email forwarded by Mr. Burt.\nMr. Herrera said he was aware of only two other occasions on which temperatures reached 50 degrees Celsius in April: once last year in Larkana, Pakistan, and once in 1998 in Aquismón, Mexico, although the measurement in Aquismón was also recorded at a regional site. On neither of those occasions did the temperature reach 50.2 degrees, as it did in Nawabshah on Monday.\nA large area of high pressure over the Indian Ocean, known as a heat dome, is to blame. Another heat dome brought 113.9-degree temperatures to Nawabshah in March, setting a national record for that month. Several other countries in Asia also broke their heat records for March. And temperatures will only increase as spring turns to summer.\nIntense, life-threatening heat waves have become more frequent as the climate has warmed, and Asia has been especially hard-hit. During a heat wave in April 2017, Pakistan set a record that lasted only until this Monday. One in June 2015 killed more than 1,000 people in Karachi, Pakistan’s largest city.\nWold wide, 17 of the 18 warmest years on record have occurred since 2001, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA, and the last four are the four warmest.\nThe highest temperature recognized by the World Meteorological Organization at any time of year is 134 degrees Fahrenheit (56.7 degrees Celsius), recorded in Death Valley in 1913, but the validity of that measurement has been questioned. Some prominent meteorologists, including Mr. Burt, believe that the highest reliably recorded temperature is 129.2 degrees Fahrenheit (54 degrees Celsius), reached in Death Valley in 2013 and Kuwait in 2016.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nVariable clouds with temperatures reaching the upper 40s. Winds SSE at 10 to 15 mph.\nMostly cloudy skies this evening will become partly cloudy after midnight. Low 43F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop\n© 1995 -", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Weather systems are changing more slowly during this time of the year, and when a high pressure system sits off the East Coast the result for us is gentle warm southerly breezes. The high pressure is named a Bermuda High due to its central location in the vicinity of the island nation, and the clockwise circulation brings warm air up the coastal plain. We are experiencing this now, and fortunately the fact that it happens on a weekend makes it more enjoyable still.\nOnce again, the jet stream is the reason for this tranquility. During summer months when the difference in temperature between the Polar regions and the mid latitudes is less than in winter, the jet stream changes from a more direct west to east flow and becomes a meandering wave. “Wave” may not be a term that you think about with air but just like the water waves, air is a fluid and behaves according to the same laws of physics. In this case, imagine the jet stream meandering far to the north and then far to the south as it progresses toward the east. The weather systems that are being pushed along by this wave appear to stay stationary overhead for a longer period of time than during winter’s speedy flow.\nSometimes the meandering flow can become disjointed – separated if you will – and a weather system will become isolated from the main jet stream. This is described as a “cutoff” because it is in fact cut off from the flow, and the jet separates to the north and south of it. That is the case for the upcoming week as the forecast models have a cutoff low pressure developing over the Great Lakes and moving our way. Clouds, rain and anything but summer delight for a while.\nEnjoy the perfect summer conditions while they are with us and rest assured they will return sometime.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "High °C. Rainfall is normally distributed … January. Most cities receive between 620 mm or 24 in (as in Christchurch) and 1,317 mm or 51.9 in of precipitation annually. Rainfall 30 mm. Temperature 16 °C 61 °F. New Zealand experiences a warm weather in January wherein the average temperature is about 18 degrees Celsius. The average minimum temperature (usually the minimum temperature is noted during the night) in Queenstown in January is 10.0°C (50°F). January is during the middle of New Zealand’s summer season, which makes it one of the most popular months to travel in New Zealand. Average Weather during. Auckland Weather January Averages, New Zealand. Average January temperatures. Auckland. High °F. Here are the average temperatures. There are normally 7 hours of bright sunshine each day in Auckland in January - that's 51% of daylight hours. January is in the summer in Auckland and is typically the 2nd warmest month of the year. Place. Sunshine Hours 8 hours. January (along with February) is the hottest time of year throughout the country, with highs of around 77° F (25° C) in Northland, Auckland, the Coromandel, other parts of the upper North Island, and even some parts of the South Island, such as the area around Nelson, parts of Canterbury, and parts of Central … As a result of the higher humidity percentage of the air, the summer months in New Zealand may seem especially warmer as a result of the … The capital, Wellington, is located in the southern part, in the Cook Strait, which separates the two islands and is very windy. High Temperature 22 °C 72 °F. The amount of rain in January is normal with an average of 64mm (2.5in). Low Temperature 10 °C 50 °F. This month generally has very pleasant … January is typically a warm and sunny time to be in New Zealand. Rainfall 75 mm. The Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (MetService), established as a state-owned enterprise in 1992, issues weather forecasts and official weather warnings.. Rainfall. A. Rainfall Days 12 days. Low °C. 59. Expect long days and consistent weather. The climate in Auckland during January can be summarized as warm and reasonably dry. Queenstown Weather Forecast, New Zealand Weather January Averages, New Zealand. Low °F. Temperature 20 °C 68 °F. Night Temperature 19.1 °C 66 °F. What’s the weather in New Zealand in January? Day Temperature 22.2 °C 72 °F. Daytime maximum temperatures average around 23°C (74°F), whilst at night 16°C (60°F) is normal. Low Temperature 17 °C 63 °F. Summer is cool: the average of January and February is 18 °C (64 °F). Winter is mild, the average temperature in July being 9.5 °C (49 °F). 74. High Temperature 23 °C 73 °F. New Zealand Weather in January. in Queenstown (Otago), New Zealand. Weather in New Zealand in January January is notable in New Zealand for being the warmest month of the year and typically averages the highest average temperatures annually.\nAkg K702 Vs K712 For Mixing, Dunedin Real Estate, Method Of Joints And Sections, Russian Moose Geoglyph, Philodendron Erubescens Red Emerald, Artificial White Poinsettia, Virginia Housing Grants, Is Grilled Beef Good For Weight Loss, Life Cycle Of Tomato Plant In Days,\nLatest posts by (see all)\n- new zealand weather january - Dec 2, 2020\n- 12 cliched Bengali stereotypes we are tired of - Jul 19, 2020\n- Here are 7 ideas for a perfect winter day with the family - Dec 19, 2017\n- 12 uniquely fun things to do this winter in Calcutta - Dec 16, 2017", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Predicting the weather from the calls and behaviour of the red-throated diver.\nThe rain goose or red-throated diver used to be the weather-glass [i.e. barometer] in Shetland. Its cry could predict the weather. \"Droughtowerall, droughtowerall, droughtowerall,\" predicted fine weather. \"Waarweatherandwaarweet, waarweatheranwaarweet, waarweatheranwaarweet,\" meant it would change and become wet.\nAs well as these cries, the following verse reminded people how to predict the weather from the rain goose's behaviour:\nWhen the rain goose gings tae tha hill,\nLet aa man put doon his boats an fill.\nWhen da rain goose gings tae da sea,\nLet aa man pull up his boats an flee.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Residents spend the afternoon at a cooling center at Kellogg Middle School in Portland, Oregon, during an August heat wave.\nalready kills more Americans than any other weather-related disaster, according to the National Weather Service, and climate change is making these extreme events even more dangerous.\nThe Northwest's record-breaking heat wave in June, which scientists say would have been \"\nvirtually impossible\" without human-caused climate change, for instance, killed hundreds of people in Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. When Hurricane Ida pummeled Louisiana early this month, a heat wave exacerbated the impacts of the storm.\nThe compounding consequences of extreme heat don't fall equally across communities. A\nrecent study from the University of California, San Diego, found that low-income neighborhoods and communities with high Black, Hispanic and Asian populations experience significantly more heat than wealthier and predominantly white neighborhoods.\nIt reflects an\nearlier study that traces the legacy of neighborhood redlining, the government-sanctioned effort in the 1930s to segregate people of color by denying them housing loans and insurance. While redlining was banned in the late 1960s, remnants of the discriminatory practice are still apparent.\nThe research analyzed 108 cities in the United States and found that 94% of historically redlined neighborhoods are disproportionately hotter than other areas in the same city.\nRedlined neighborhoods typically suffer the most from the\nurban heat island effect, according to the study, in which some urban areas can be up to 20 degrees hotter than neighborhoods just a few blocks away. Areas with a lot of asphalt, buildings and freeways absorb more of the sun's heat than areas with parks, rivers and tree-lined streets.\nVivek Shandas, lead author of the redlining study and professor of climate adaptation and urban policy at Portland State University, said in addition to historic planning policies, the materials used to construct buildings also play a huge role in amplifying the most severe effects of extreme heat, particularly in low-income apartment complexes.\n\"What we end up seeing, as these higher density buildings are made of materials that are often able to withstand a heavier load from the multiple floors, is that they're made out of concrete and steel, which amplifies heat,\" Shandas previously told CNN. \"So not only do we have historic planning policies that are creating a distribution of heat that's inequitable, we're also seeing the kinds of buildings that are going into historically disinvested neighborhoods are those types of buildings that retain the sun's solar radiation, and then amplify it.\"\nThe effect is striking on the walk from Manhattan's Central Park to East Harlem, says Sonal Jessel, director of policy at the Harlem-based nonprofit WE ACT for Environmental Justice.\nThe trees that dot the wealthy and predominantly white Upper East Side neighborhood begin to disappear, Jessel says. In contrast, East Harlem, a diverse and historically marginalized neighborhood, is surrounded by freeways and streets, has less tree cover and more industry.\n\"Ultimately, I describe extreme heat as such a risk-multiplier,\" Jessel told CNN. \"It's not an issue that exists in a vacuum at all, and lower-income communities or communities of color bear the brunt of all these different hardships.\"\nPortland, Oregon, and Seattle, two major cities that got scorched by the June heat wave, rank first and third, respectively, among cities with the highest proportion of households without air conditioning, according to a\nUS Census Bureau survey of 25 major metropolitan areas. Experts say those least likely to have air conditioning are the people who will endure the worst heat — historically underserved communities.\n\"And unfortunately, we're not well prepared, just generally speaking in the Pacific Northwest, for heat,\" Shandas said. \"That's where the human side of it comes up, whether people are recognizing that they're actually experiencing some level of heat stress and it might be an unfamiliar experience for them.\"\nJune Spector, a professor of environmental and occupational health sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, said heat exhaustion is one of the most common heat-related illnesses, yet many remain unaware of its symptoms.\n\"You haven't quite gotten to that point where the core body temperature has gone up, but you feel nauseous, have a headache, you feel very fatigued, and you're probably somewhat dehydrated if you've been in a really hot environment,\" Spector told CNN. \"Having that awareness is really key because you don't want to not treat that or not address that before it gets more serious.\"\nSome cities are already taking steps to tackle the ripple effects of extreme heat. In\nChicago and Philadelphia, city governments are offering financial incentives to install green roofs to cool cities and combat urban heat. In Dallas, urban green spaces are set to be built in some of the most heat-sensitive areas of the city. In Los Angeles, some streets are being painted with a grayish-white coating to prevent absorbing energy from the sun, and instead reflecting it back.\nIn New York, Jessel has been overseeing a flurry of sustainable and equitable heat action plans, implementing an initiative that focuses on heat, health and equity. A big part of that initiative is ensuring low-income renters are well equipped to deal with extreme heat while simultaneously mitigating climate change through energy-efficient buildings.\nExperts say climate change-fueled disasters are becoming a public health issue. Some, like extreme heat, are turning into\nmass casualty events. Experts such as Jessel and Spector say such plans need to be equitable to avoid the most pernicious public health impacts.\n\"It's really up to us to figure out how can we mitigate that and kind of halt climate change if possible,\" Spector said, \"but really adapt to it and figure out how we can make our communities safer for everyone.\"\nThese are the 20 most humid cities in America\nMost humid cities in America\nVapor in the air, referred to as humidity, can be both helpful and harmful. Humid air helps plants thrive, helps fend off the flu, and brings much-needed rainfall to dry areas. It also agitates allergies and asthma, while causing\na host of heat-related health problems. Shifts in humidity aren’t uncommon, and minor fluctuations can quickly turn a leisurely walk in the park into a hot, sweaty ordeal.\nSeasonal temperatures, geography, and infrastructure are all factors that make a city humid. Climate change\naffects global humidity levels in a myriad of harmful ways. Urbanization, deforestation, and a shift in irrigation practices has caused humidity to increase with consequences for cities and the people that live in them.\nTo find the most humid cities in America,\nDuradry analyzed data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Comparative Climatic Data. The Comparative Climate database uses data from land-based weather stations and contains data from the 1950s through 2018. Humidity was measured using relative humidity, defined as “a percentage measure of the amount of moisture in the air compared to the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at the same temperature and pressure.” Duradry averaged relative humidity from both morning and afternoon measurements to rank 20 American cities. Places with less than 50,000 people according to the U.S. Census were removed.\nA city’s proximity to water increases the amount of moisture in the air. Desert cities like Las Vegas have\nlow humidity levels, while their coastal counterparts—like a particularly popular vacation spot in Florida—are listed here among America’s most humid cities. Cities that see hot summers and cold winters experience the effects of added moisture in the air. In warmer temperatures, weather reports refer to the combination of air temperature and relative humidity as the “ heat index.” As the heat and relative humidity rise, they drive up the heat index, causing it to feel hotter outside.\nCities usually experience higher humidity than rural areas. In the summers, air conditioners and other machinery generate heat, while buildings absorb it. In rural areas with more greenery, heat evaporates in the evenings to keep the air cooler. Concrete in urban centers doesn’t allow for proper evaporation, leading to\nmore humidity in cities.\nKeep reading to find out which 20 cities in America experience the most humidity, and find out how and why it affects these spots in the country more than others.\n#20. Gainesville, Florida\n- Average relative humidity: 72.5%\n- Morning average: 82.3%\n- Afternoon average: 51.6%\nSurrounded by water, the Florida peninsula is frequently impacted by extreme weather conditions like hurricanes during the summer months. According to\na 2018 study by climate researchers, heat waves and intense temperatures are becoming more frequent in Florida cities, and Gainesville, in the heart of the peninsula, is no exception. Home to the University of Florida, vacationers and snowbirds are encouraged to visit cities like Gainesville during the winter months, as the temperatures dip and weather patterns become more manageable.\n#19. Green Bay, Wisconsin\n- Average relative humidity: 72.8%\n- Morning average: 76.4%\n- Afternoon average: 57.9%\nAt the entrance of the Fox River, Green Bay, Wisconsin’s humid continental climate sees severe and extreme variances in temperatures between seasons. In June 2021, the city experienced its\nearliest heat wave since 1988. With 90 F heat over five consecutive days, Green Bay has been heavily impacted by the humidity. A recent storm downed the power across Wisconsin, while a tornado was in effect in and around Green Bay in August 2021. Consistently heightened weather conditions signal a larger issue related to climate change. Home of the National Football League’s Green Bay Packers, the city is a trading and manufacturing hub in northeastern Wisconsin.\n#17. Waterloo, Iowa\n- Average relative humidity: 73%\n- Morning average: 77.8%\n- Afternoon average: 56.9%\nAbout 92 miles down the road from Dubuque is the city of Waterloo, Iowa. The city has seen the heat index rise to extreme levels, triggering the media to issue heat warnings and suggest\nways to avoid heat stroke. Iowa is the leading producer of corn in the U.S., and its corn fields have something to do with the humidity levels in its eastern cities. The amount of moisture corn releases into the atmosphere coupled with the southerly winds from the Gulf of Mexico are what make Iowa so humid. Part of Black Hawk County, Iowa’s Waterloo is home to the ever-popular Iowa Irish Fest.\n#16. Grand Forks, North Dakota\n- Average relative humidity: 73.1%\n- Morning average: 76.8%\n- Afternoon average: 58.2%\nLocated in the Red River Valley, Grand Forks, North Dakota, is a trade and agricultural center that sits along the border of Minnesota. With each snowmelt comes the North Plains’ usual wet cycle. This has been contributing to more\nfrequent floods in recent years. The warmer temperatures, wetter conditions, and climate-related factors like urbanization have caused the moisture in the air to stay put. Excess moisture has increased the relative humidity of this North Dakotan city.\n#13. Eugene, Oregon\n- Average relative humidity: 73.5%\n- Morning average: 79.4%\n- Afternoon average: 56.4%\nThe causes of humidity differ depending on whether a city is located on the West or East Coast. Nestled in the greenery of the Willamette Valley, Eugene sits on the Willamette River in the coastal state of Oregon. The West Coast can be less humid than the Eastern Seaboard, and Eugene benefits from the cooling effect of the Pacific Ocean. As far as West Coast cities go, Eugene has been able to avoid the intense weather patterns that have impacted other cities as a result of the climate crisis. However, this could change with more frequent excessive heat warnings. With rising temperatures of up to 105 F in the summer months, climate change in Oregon has had fatal consequences.\n#12. Rochester, Minnesota\n- Average relative humidity: 73.8%\n- Morning average: 76.9%\n- Afternoon average: 59.3%\nAn hour and a half down the road from Minneapolis, the city of Rochester sits in the south of Minnesota. With a humid climate, the residents of Rochester feel the intense impact of its cold winters and hot summers. Rochester has begun to see\nthe effects of climate change in significant ways. The rise in temperature has led to an increase in air vapor. While that doesn’t seem dire, when the effects of climate change beyond the Minnesota border start to spill into the state, it can become problematic. The increase in the number of wildfires that have torn through the country in recent years have undoubtedly impacted conditions in southeast Minnesota.\n#11. Baton Rouge, Louisiana\n- Average relative humidity: 73.8%\n- Morning average: 82.2%\n- Afternoon average: 54.1%\nMore humid than its eastern counterparts in Florida, Louisiana’s geography has a bearing on its humidity levels. With light summer winds and sky-high humidity, Louisiana has the most oppressive heat, according to\na 2018 Forbes report. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, has had to face the effects of a warming planet head-on in recent years. Floods, intense rainfall, and seasonal humidity have all contributed to the city’s extreme weather conditions. French for “the red stick city,” Baton Rouge is the state capital, and this southern city is home to Louisiana State University and boasts views of the winding Mississippi River.\n- Average relative humidity: 74.1%\n- Morning average: 82.6%\n- Afternoon average: 54.2%\nSurviving the devastating effects of Hurricane Harvey in 2017, followed by a flash-freeze in February 2021, Texans have experienced some of the country’s most intense weather events. The effects of climate change continue to play out in a variety of destructive ways. With efforts to combat the heat and\nofficial heat advisories, Houston is taking measures to protect its people from the health consequences of rising relative humidity. Houston is quite literally an energy capital. This Texan city is the U.S. headquarters for the energy sector and employs a significant number of employees in oil and gas.\n#9. Victoria, Texas\n- Average relative humidity: 74.6%\n- Morning average: 83.1%\n- Afternoon average: 54.6%\nBetween Houston and San Antonio, Texas, by the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, the city of Victoria is seated along the Guadalupe River. Moisture surging up from the Gulf is the primary\ncause of high humidity levels in the region. This Texan city has seen heat indexes skyrocket to triple digits in June 2021. The Guadalupe River is also a source of moisture, and causes moderate flooding. The planet’s rising temperatures have clearly had an effect on this city’s humidity levels in measurable ways.\n#8. New Orleans\n- Average relative humidity: 74.6%\n- Morning average: 80.2%\n- Afternoon average: 57.5%\nIn 2005, Hurricane Katrina wreaked havoc on the city of New Orleans and its livelihood. Climate change has caused nighttime temperatures in the summer to\nrise at alarming rates, even faster than daytime highs. Prolonged heat waves led to a relative humidity that won’t let up. With only 50% of the city above sea level, it is consistently left vulnerable to the negative effects of heat and extreme weather conditions. The site of annual Mardi Gras celebrations and the birthplace of jazz, New Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana.\n#7. Brownsville, Texas\n- Average relative humidity: 74.8%\n- Morning average: 82.8%\n- Afternoon average: 55.4%\nWhile Death Valley, Las Vegas, and Phoenix make it into the “triple-digit club” exceeding temperatures of 100 F each year, the heat is dryer than the vapor-heavy humidity in the Southern states like Texas and Louisiana. The moisture may keep the heat in the double digits, but the “feels like” temperatures tend to send the heat index over 100 F on more than one occasion in the warmer months. Brownsville is situated in South Texas along the border of Mexico, right on the western Gulf Coast. The highest\ntriple-digit temperatures it recorded were 12 days in 2019.\n#6. Corpus Christi, Texas\n- Average relative humidity: 75.2%\n- Morning average: 82.3%\n- Afternoon average: 56.5%\nIts position along the shores of Texas directly exposes Corpus Christi to tropical moisture pouring in from the Gulf of Mexico. The heat index of relative humidity combined with hot temperatures drove\nCorpus Christi’s heat index to 108 F in July 2021. Media outlets warned gardeners and people working outdoors to hydrate and take frequent breaks from the sun. The frequency of floods has been a direct result of climate change. While weather conditions continue to ravage the coast, Corpus Christi continues to sink.\n#5. Olympia, Washington\n- Average relative humidity: 75.9%\n- Morning average: 81.4%\n- Afternoon average: 58.8%\nA city in the Pacific Northwest, Olympia is flanked by lakes and forests in the state of Washington. The capital of Puget Sound, Olympia is not accustomed to the humid heat waves that most commonly blaze through the Southern and Eastern Seaboard during the summer months. However, in recent years,\nthe West Coast’s destructive wildfires have caused evacuations, power outages, and poor air quality. This has signalled a change in the climate of the region. Early in the summer of 2021, the city announced an extreme heat watch when triple-digit, record-breaking temperatures were expected. Evening temperatures failed to drop enough to cool the city down, driving up humidity with no end in sight.\n#4. Lake Charles, Louisiana\n- Average relative humidity: 76.0%\n- Morning average: 83.2%\n- Afternoon average: 57.0%\nLouisiana’s subtropical climate is enough to send heat waves coursing through the state on any given day in the summer months. Combined with the stream of warm southern winds from the Gulf of Mexico, though, the humidity can hit the roof. Tourism in coastal cities like Lake Charles extends to\nfishing and other outdoor activities. In cities like this one, the effects of climate change go beyond the obvious dangers of flooding and storms. Warmer summers can make it nearly impossible to remain outdoors, while the rising temperatures can lead to fish kills or harmful algae blooms, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency.\n#3. Galveston, Texas\n- Average relative humidity: 76.2%\n- Morning average: 76.5%\n- Afternoon average: 64.2%\nGalveston is an island city off the coast of Texas that has seen the devastating effects of intense weather patterns. It is the site of the\nGreat Galveston Storm, which tore through the coast in September 1900 and is still considered the worst hurricane in U.S. history. Island cities do tend to benefit from more moderate “maritime” temperatures compared to cities farther away from the coast. Galveston experiences high humidity in the summer months with relief in the form of thunderstorms. The island city continues to undergo a transformation due to man-made activities and natural forces, says The Center for Texas Beaches and Shores.\n#2. Port Arthur, Texas\n- Average relative humidity: 76.6%\n- Morning average: 83.4%\n- Afternoon average: 58%\neffects of climate change have caused an exodus from Port Arthur, a coastal city in Texas that has seen frequent storms, severe floods, and coastal erosion in recent years. These climate refugees fear that if they remain, their homes will be exposed to future environmental damage. In July 2021, the heat index hit 108 F, and a heat advisory was issued for this city. Its position on the coast, and the effects of Sabine Lake to the southeast of the city core, contribute to the humidity Port Arthur experiences all year long.\n#1. San Francisco\n- Average relative humidity: 77.8%\n- Morning average: 80.4%\n- Afternoon average: 63.2%\nTopping the list of the most humid cities in America is San Francisco. This coastal city in California is as humid as it gets. The iconic hovering clouds across its skyline don’t happen by accident. An excess of humidity can cause\nfog in the Bay Area as heat levels rise in the summer months. While the climate in San Francisco is typically muggy, with moisture slipping in from the Pacific Ocean, climate change has aggravated these conditions. Coastal flooding and the rise of sea levels pose a threat to shoreline cities like San Francisco, home of Silicon Valley and the Golden Gate Bridge.\nThis story originally appeared on Duradry and was produced and distributed in partnership with Stacker Studio.\n#18. Dubuque, Iowa\n- Average relative humidity: 72.8%\n- Morning average: 76.4%\n- Afternoon average: 58%\nDubuque, Iowa, sits on the eastern edge of the state of Iowa, where extreme weather conditions have become common. The river city has seen a\ntornado warning or two, and thunderstorms can generate humid air masses offering little respite from the heat in the summer months. Dubuque is situated by the Iowa-Wisconsin border along the banks of the Mississippi River. Half an hour down the road, in tiny Dyersville, cinephiles and baseball enthusiasts flock to the corn fields that were the backdrop of Kevin Costner’s “Field of Dreams.”\n#14 (tie). Daytona Beach, Florida\n- Average relative humidity: 73.3%\n- Morning average: 80%\n- Afternoon average: 55.3%\nIn the winter months, temperatures in Daytona Beach, Florida, hover around 70 F. Temperatures spike up to around 90 F in the summer months. It has been known to\nbreak heat records, placing it among the most humid cities in the country. Lauded for its sprawling sands, Daytona Beach is home to the World’s Most Famous Beach. This coastal city became a mecca for racing enthusiasts when NASCAR’s Daytona 500 picked up speed in the 1950s.\n#14 (tie). Jackson, Mississippi\n- Average relative humidity: 73.3%\n- Morning average: 82.7%\n- Afternoon average: 52.6%\nIn the interior of Mississippi, Jackson sits by the Ross Barnett Reservoir. The region is familiar with extreme weather conditions like floods and damaging thunderstorms, which occur year round, according to the National Weather Service. Summers in Mississippi come part and parcel with the heat. It’s when extreme heat kicks in that cities like Jackson see spikes in humidity levels. With deadly heat warnings, local media urge residents to\nfind ways to avoid heat-related illnesses and keep hydrated.\n™ & © 2021 Cable News Network, Inc., a WarnerMedia Company. All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of electricity accompanied by thunder which typically occurs during a thunderstorm. Volcanic activity can also cause lightning. Lightning and thunder happen because of electrostatic discharge between the cloud up there and the ground down below.\nWell, lightning causes thunder. Lightning is a discharge of electricity. A single stroke of lightning can heat the air around it to 30,000°C (54,000°F)!\nScientists are still trying to work out exactly how lightning forms, but we know it has something to do with the interactions between positive and negatively charged ions A Flash of Lightning. A few extra items to look into are: lightning phenomena, a clap of thunder, or it’s still a bit of a mystery.\nThis begs the question “Is Thunder a cause or an effect of lightning?”\nThunder starts as a shockwave from the explosively expanding lightning channel when a large current causes rapid heating. However, it is possible that you might see lightning and not hear the thunder because it was too far away. Thunder is caused by lightning.\nHere’s every weapon in Apex Legends Season 11 ranked: Triple Take, r-301rampage, flatline C. A. RVolt, r-99wingman, longbow, prowler, and more items.\nNo, it is not possible to have lightning without thunder, according to NOAA. Thunder is a direct result of lightning. Thunder is a direct result of lightning. If you see lightning but don’t hear thunder, it is because the thunder is too far away.\nHeat lightning, also known as silent lightning, summer lightning, or dry lightning (mainly used in the American Southwest; not to be confused with dry thunderstorms, which are also often called dry lightning), is a misnomer used for the faint flashes of lightning on the horizon or other.\nWhat are the effects of getting struck by lightning?\nDirect strike: People can be directly struck by lightning, which is usually fatal. Contact injury: Lightning strikes an object, like a car or metal pole, that someone is touching. Side flash: Lightning bounces off a nearby object, like a tree, onto the victim., and more items.\nYou should be thinking “What are the dangers of lightning?”\n“Lightning Down: A World War II Story of Survival, ” by Tom Writes Clavin, “He was still only twenty-two years old.” Surely, Joe Moser knew the danger of what he was doing, but he chose not to dwell on it. He went out every day and did his.\nWhat comes first, thunder, lightning, or rain?\nThe fast-moving air caused by lightning creates thunder. Rain occurs when moisture in the air collects/condenses. The total mass of each droplet increases to a point where air currents can no longer keep them suspended so they fall to the ground. Between lightning and thunder, lightning comes first, then thunder.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A warm winter weather system is currently impacting western Wyoming with the Tetons, Continental Divide, Snake River, and Yellowstone ranges receiving up to 8″ of snow above 8,500′ by Sunday morning reports NOAA.\nThe storm, which came in warm, is expected to leave cold with snow levels dropping to 6,500′ by Sunday evening. Powderchasers should look to Monday/Tuesday for possible turns on the higher elevations of the Tetons and Continental Divide.\n“Precipitation will spread south into western Wyoming late Friday afternoon and become heavy at times with over an inch of rain expected in some areas, along with high elevation snow.” – NWS Riverton\nForecasted Storm Totals\nGrand Teton Summit – 22″\nRendezvous Bowl – 12″\nTogwotee Pass – 12″\nMount Glory – 6″\nGrand Targhee – 6″\nNOAA Winter Weather Advisory\n…WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 6 PM THIS EVENING TO NOON MDT SATURDAY…\n* TIMING…SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASING SNOWFALL WILL BEGIN THIS EVENING AND CONTINUE THROUGH SATURDAY MORNING. SNOW LEVELS WILL GENERALLY BEGIN ABOVE 10500 FEET LATE THIS AFTERNOON…FALLING TO AROUND 8000 FEET THROUGH THE OVERNIGHT PERIOD. BEST ACCUMULATING SNOW OCCUR ABOVE 8500 FEET. THE SNOW WILL TAPER OFF QUICKLY BY NOON ON SATURDAY.\n* TOTAL SNOWFALL AMOUNTS…4 TO 8 INCHES ABOVE 8500 FEET.\n* WIND AND VISIBILITY…SOUTHWEST WIND 10 TO PERHAPS 20 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 25 MPH AT THE HIGHER ELEVATIONS. VISIBILITY WILL BE REDUCED TO UNDER ONE MILE OCCASIONALLY.\n* IMPACTS…HUNTERS AND OTHER OUTDOOR ENTHUSIASTS SHOULD BE PREPARED FOR WET SNOW AND COLD TEMPERATURES. HIGH ELEVATION ROADS…INCLUDING TETON AND TOGWOTEE PASSES…WILL BE SNOW OR SLUSH COVERED TONIGHT.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The energy gain by the air stream is then given by\nUsing the equation for the heat removal factor given by Eq. (3.58), Eq. (3.75) gives\nSince S = (Ta)Gt, Eq. (3.76) is essentially the same as Eq. (3.60).\nEstimate the outlet air temperature and efficiency of the collector shown in Figure 3.30 for the following collector specifications:\nTotal insolation, Gt = 890 W/m2\nEmissivity of absorber plate, ep = 0.92.\nEmissivity of back plate, eb = 0.92. Mass flow rate of air = 0.06 kg/s. Inlet air temperature, T = 50°C = 323 K.\nHere we need to start by assuming values for Tp and Tb. To save time, the correct values are selected; but in an actual situation, the solution needs to be found by iteration. The values assumed are Tp = 340 K and Tb = 334 K (these need to be within 10 K). From these two temperatures, the mean air temperature can be determined from\nfrom which t = l(Tp + Tb)(T¡ + T2) = 3|(340 + 334)(3402 + 3342) = 33?R\nThe radiation heat transfer coefficient from the absorber to the back plate is given by h r, p-g2\nFrom Tm, ^ the following properties of air can be obtained from Appendix 5:\n^ = 2.051 X 10^5 kg/m-s k = 0.029 W/m-K cp = 1008J/kg-K\nFrom fluid mechanics the hydraulic diameter of the air channel is given by D _ 41 Flow cross-sectional area\nThe Reynolds number is given by pVD _ mD 0.06 X 0.03\nTherefore, the flow is turbulent, for which the following equation applies: Nu = 0.0158(Re)08. Since Nu = (hcD)/k, the convection heat transfer coefficient is given by h = h\n0.0158(4875.5)08 = 13.625WIm2-K\nThe absorbed solar radiation is\n323 + 351K\n0.06 X 1007\nTherefore, the average air temperature is ^(351 + 323) = 337 K, which is the same as the value assumed before. If there is a difference in the two mean values, an iteration is required. This kind of problem requires just one iteration to find the correct solution by using the assumed values, which give the new mean temperature.\nWas this article helpful?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Editor's note: Take a look back into The Dallas Morning News archives.\nTexans are no strangers to the ravages of hurricane season. These powerful storms have been hitting the Texas coast for generations, searing names like Harvey and Rita into our memories. One particularly devastating hurricane, however, is known to history only by the name \"the Great Galveston Hurricane.\"\nOn Sept. 8, 1900, the powerful storm made landfall in Galveston. Residents had long feared the severe damage a strong hurricane could bring and petitioned for a seawall around the city. Dr. Isaac Cline, Galveston's chief meteorologist, wrote in The Galveston Daily News that a seawall was unnecessary, as \"it would be impossible for any cyclone to create a storm wave which could materially injure the city.\"\nDr. Cline was tragically wrong. On that horrifying day in early September, Cline's wife and unborn child numbered among the thousands of people who perished as the storm wiped out most of the island.\nThe headlines in the gallery below detail the horrors of the storm and its aftermath, when \"horror-stricken and dazed citizens [knew] not which way to turn in their affliction.\"", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Monsoon Weather Update: Heavy rains in Kerala, IMD issues red alert in Kannur, Kasaragod: The monsoon is declared to have arrived at a place when a large area receives frequent and widespread rain. Calcutta might have been receiving frequent rain over the past few days but it was pre-monsoon rain, a weather scientist said. The showers on Tuesday had shown the first signs of a shift from thunderstorms to sustained rainfall that the monsoon is associated with. Tuesday’s rainfall was accompanied by lightning but there were no gusts of wind, typical of squalls and thunderstorms of April and May.\n- Kannur and Kasaragod may experience extremely heavy rains on Tuesday\n- IMD has issued orange alert for Kozhikode, Malappuram and Wayanad\n- Administration has declared a holiday for schools in Kannur, Kasargod and Malappuram\nAccording to the India Meteorological Department (IMD) scientists, there is a 43% deficiency in monsoon rainfall all over the country as of Monday. They further added, while this is partly because the monsoon arrived after a delay of seven days, on June 8, severe cyclonic storm Vayu that started developing on June 11 disturbed the monsoon flow and affected its normal advancement.\nMonsoon is expected to advance further up north as Cyclone Vayu loses intensity paving the way for the wind system to move towards the Arabian Sea, the weatherman said on Sunday. By now, monsoon should have reached central India, including parts of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat, but it is yet to reach Maharashtra.\nAccording to the India Meteorological Department, it still remains over Mangalore, Mysore, Cuddalore over the southern peninsula and Passighat, Agartala in the northeast. The western coast – from Maharashtra to Gujarat – has been receiving rainfall due to the cyclone. Only coastal Karnataka and Kerala have received rains due to monsoon.\nVayu is expected to cross the Gujarat coast on Monday evening as a depression. This will pave the way for monsoon winds to move up towards the Arabian Sea. Monsoon made an onset over Kerala on June 8, nearly a week after its usual onset date.\nDevendra Pradhan, additional director general, IMD said, “The progress of monsoon was halted due to Cyclone Vayu. As its intensity decreases, we expect monsoon to progress in the next 2-3 days.”\nMahesh Palawat, vice-president (meteorology and climate change), Skymet, a private weather forecaster said, “This kind of delay is unusual. Monsoon onset is often delayed but after that, it progresses. This year there is a delay in both onset and stalling of monsoon. It’s a combined effect of El Nino and Vayu.”\nIn its monsoon bulletin, IMD said conditions are becoming favourable for further advance of the southwest monsoon to more parts of central Arabian Sea, Karnataka and remaining parts of Tamil Nadu. It is expected to cover more parts of central, north and south Bay, northeast India, north Bengal and Sikkim in 1-2 days.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "\"Colorado State University forecasters predicted the Atlantic hurricane season that began on Wednesday would be a busy one with 16 tropical storms and nine of those growing into hurricanes.\nThe CSU team predicted five of the storms would become 'major' hurricanes of Category 3 or stronger on the Saffir-Simpson intensity scale, with winds of 111 miles per hour or higher.\nThe forecast for the six-month hurricane season was unchanged from the CSU team's April forecast. But that would still be busier than an average season, which brings 11 storms, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes.\nSea surface temperatures in the Atlantic-Caribbean basin are warmer than normal and the El Nino oscillation had moved into a near-neutral phase, conditions that contribute to storm development, the forecasters said.\"\nJane Sutton reports for Reuters June 2, 2011.\n\"The Illustrated 2011 Hurricane Forecast\" (Mother Jones)\n\"2011 Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook\" (NOAA)\n\"2011 Hurricane Names\" (Huffington Post)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rain developing by 5pm. The rain will mix with and change to snow by early evening. Cloudy and windy. Temperatures cooling into the low to middle 30s. Winds NNE at 20 to 25 mph. About one inch of snow through 8:30pm. Hourly Details\nSnow this evening will give way to lingering snow showers late. Low 31F. Winds NNE at 10 to 20 mph. 3 to 5 inches of snow expected.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "While on Thursday clouds will dominate, the sun is most likely on Friday. But thunderstorms are likely on Thursday. The daily high falls from 26 degrees on Wednesday to 20 degrees on Friday. On Friday a fresh wind from the north.\n|Tu Oct 25||We Oct 26||Th Oct 27||Fr Oct 28|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Climate Corpus Christi – United States – Monthly averages – Corpus Christi weather averages. Average high temperature: 66.9F Average low temperature: 47.2F highest av. max temperature: 68.2F Lowest av. max temperature: 66.4F Highest av. min temperature: 48.2f lowest av. min temperature: 46.8f Highest max temperature: 102.0F Lowest max temperature: 82.0F Highest min temperature: 79.0F Lowest min temperature: 70.0F.\nPast Weather in Corpus Christi, Texas, USA – Time and Date – Corpus Christi Temperature Yesterday. Maximum temperature yesterday: 90 F (at 11:51 am) Minimum temperature yesterday: 78 F (at 12:29 pm) Average temperature yesterday: 82 F. High & Low Weather Summary for the Past Weeks\nSpecial Report: Cold Case Murder of Helen Kilgore – It was 1984 when a 13-year-old girl missing from Corpus Christi was found brutally murdered. there are new efforts underway right now to solve the cold case. \"She would have been somebody in life..\nWhat is the coldest month in Corpus Christi. – Corpus Christi’s coldest month is January when the average temperature overnight is 46.2F. In August, the warmest month, the average day time temperature rises to 93.4F. Corpus Christi has a subtropical climate with mild springs and autumns, warm winter weather and hot summers, making Corpus Christi the ideal holiday destination.\nReport: Port of Corpus Christi to become top U.S. crude oil export hub – The Port of Corpus Christi is poised to eclipse the Port of Houston as the. basin crude oil per day to the south texas waterway within the next eight to 12 months..\nCorpus Christi Weather in January – weather2visit.com – The climate in Corpus Christi during January can be summarized as mild and reasonably dry. January is in the winter in Corpus Christi and is typically the coldest month of the year. Daytime maximum temperatures average around 19C (65F), whilst at night 8C (46F) is normal.\nCorpus Christi February Weather 2019 – AccuWeather Forecast. – Get Corpus Christi, TX 78401 typical February Weather including average and record temperatures from AccuWeather.com\nCorpus Christi, Texas – Wikipedia – Corpus Christi (/ k r p s k r s t i /), colloquially Corpus (Latin: Body of Christ), is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U.S. state of Texas.The county seat of Nueces County, it also extends into Aransas, Kleberg, and San Patricio counties. It is 130 miles southeast of San Antonio.Its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay.\nWhat is the coldest month in Corpus Christi? | Nationalhomeplans – Corpus Christi’s coldest month is January when the average temperature overnight is 46.2F. In August, the warmest month, the average day time temperature rises to 93.4F. Corpus Christi has a subtropical climate with mild springs and autumns, warm winter weather and hot summers, making Corpus Christi the ideal holiday destination.\nClimate & Weather Averages in Corpus Christi, Texas, USA – Annual Weather Averages Near Corpus Christi. Averages are for Corpus Christi International Airport, which is 7 miles from Corpus Christi. Based on weather reports collected during 1985-2015.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The monsoon season in India is a time of great change and upheaval. The weather changes from hot and dry to humid and wet, and the landscape transforms from barren to lush and green. The monsoon is also a time of great danger, as floods and cyclones can cause widespread damage and loss of life.\nThe monsoon season in India is caused by the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The ITCZ is a band of low pressure that lies near the equator. During the monsoon season, the ITCZ moves northwards, bringing with it moisture from the Indian Ocean. This moisture then falls as rain over India.\nThe monsoon season in India is typically from June to September. However, the timing of the monsoon can vary from year to year. Some years, the monsoon arrives early, while other years, it arrives late. This variation can have a significant impact on agriculture and water supply in India.\nThe monsoon is a vital part of the Indian climate. It provides much-needed rain for agriculture and helps to replenish water supplies. The monsoon also helps to moderate the climate, making summers cooler and winters warmer.\nHowever, the monsoon can also be a destructive force. Floods and cyclones can cause widespread damage and loss of life. In recent years, the monsoon has become more erratic, making it more difficult to predict and prepare for.\nDespite the risks, the monsoon is a time of great beauty and wonder. The lush green countryside, the crashing waterfalls, and the refreshing rain are all a part of the magic of the monsoon season.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "WEEKLY SOUTH CAROLINA WEATHER 2011\nAugust 22, 2011 - August 28, 2011\nThe Clemson Airport, Sandy Springs, McCormick and Aiken each reported a Monday high temperature of 99 degrees. An eastward-moving frontal boundary passed through the state during the early evening hours and produced hailstones measuring 1.75 inches in diameter near Goose Creek. On Tuesday morning, Ft. Moultrie had received one of the heaviest rainfall totals with 3.00 inches. Chesnee cooled to 57 degrees. Mostly sunny weather was observed for inland South Carolina on Wednesday. At around 3:00 p.m. on Thursday, clouds within the outflow boundary of Hurricane Irene, located well offshore of southeast Florida, were entering South Carolina's Lowcountry. At 6:06 p.m., the surf water temperature at Springmaid Pier reached its highest of the season at 86.9 degrees. Showers began rotating into Cape Romain on Friday morning. At 8:00 a.m., Hurricane Irene was still a distant 315 miles south-southeast of Myrtle Beach. At 11:00 a.m., the Charleston City peninsula reported northeast winds of 30 mph, gusting to 48 mph. Winds at Folly Beach gusted to 55 mph. Breaking waves, estimated at 10 feet, produced beachfront property overwash at Edisto Beach, Fripp Island and Folly Beach. The Charleston Harbor tide gage measured an observed peak high water of 7.64 feet which was 1.73 feet above the predicted value. Further up the coast, the events highest windspeed was measured at Springmaid Pier with a gust from the north-northeast of 62 mph at 5:12 p.m. Although Hurricane Irene passed approximately 150 miles to the east of Myrtle Beach, a minimum barometric pressure value of 29.22 inches of mercury was recorded at the N Myrtle Beach Airport on August 27 at 4:00 a.m. The core of heavy rainfall was limited to the north coastal counties. The Crabtree Swamp gage, near Conway, measured 2.79 inches. The state's Saturday high temperature was 98 degrees at the Clemson and Columbia Hamilton-Owens airports. Sunny, dry conditions and middle to upper 90-degree heat ended the week. The state average temperature for the seven-day period was four degrees above normal.\nThe highest official temperature reported was 100 degrees at Johnston on August 22. The lowest official temperature reported was 55 degrees at Table Rock on August 27. The heaviest official 24-hour rainfall reported was 3.20 inches at Dillon ending at 7:00 a.m. on August 22. The state average rainfall for the period was 0.2 inches.\nWeekly Jan 1 Departure\nTotal Total from Avg\nGreer 0.00 28.74 -3.4\nAnderson 0.06 22.72 -6.5\nColumbia 0.00 27.54 -4.0\nOrangeburg 0.00 27.92 -4.9\nCharlotte, NC 0.00 29.18 1.0\nAugusta, GA 0.01 23.52 -7.0\nFlorence 0.50 21.42 -8.6\nN Myrtle Beach 3.79 23.64 -11.0\nCharleston 1.49 29.40 -5.5\nSavannah, GA 0.07 26.07 -7.7\nWeekly rainfall totals ending midnight Sunday.\n4-inch depth soil temperature: Columbia 83 degrees, Charleston 84 degrees.\nRIVERS AND SURF:\nSouth Carolina river stages were below normal. Ocean water temperatures at Springmaid Pier Myrtle Beach were reported at 83 degrees.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "TALLAHASSEE, FL (WTXL) -- Expect a chilly start to Wednesday and Thanksgiving Day, with morning temperatures in the upper 30s to lower 40s. Most spots won't even warm to the 50s until generally the 9 or 10:00 hour. Afternoon highs will warm to the lower and mid 60s under mostly clear skies.\nWith a front starting to push in from the west on Friday, moisture will start moving in ahead of it. Expect morning lows to be in the 50s with highs approaching 70 degrees. Isolated showers and storms are possible with an approaching front, with 30% coverage anticipated for the afternoon and evening. The brunt of the rain will likely hold on until overnight on Friday.\nThe wet weather may continue into Saturday morning as the front continues to push through the region. The rain may linger into the early afternoon, though there is still some uncertainty there. Depending on how fast the front moves out, rain could start to clear out as early as noon. Expect lows near 60 degrees with highs near 70 degrees under mostly cloudy skies.\nOn Sunday a new frontal system will approach from the west, though only a few showers are possible at this time (20-30% coverage). Morning lows are forecast to be in the 50s with highs in the lower 70s.\nThe daily tropics check is quiet. No active tropical cyclone exists in the Atlantic Ocean. No tropical cyclone is expected to develop in the next five days across the entire basin.\nRemember, the official end of Hurricane Season is November 20th. While storms can still form outside of the boundary of Hurricane Season, the chances for formation are much lower.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Aug 28 (Reuters) - The center of Hurricane Isaac is nearing\nthe coast of southeast Louisiana and is forecast to reach the\ncoastline during the next few hours, the U.S. National Hurricane\nCenter said in its latest bulletin on Tuesday.\n\"Some slight strengthening is possible before Isaac makes\nlandfall. Gradual weakening is expected after landfall occurs,\"\nthe Miami-based center said.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Montreal weather: Bright and cold\nA brief look at the weather forecast along with the morning traffic situation, a #thismtl picture and a daily quote\nThere is some welcome sunshine in the forecast today.\nEnvironment Canada is calling for mainly sunny conditions with a high of minus 4. The wind chill is forecast to be minus 18 in the morning and minus 9 in the afternoon.\nQuote of the day\nThe pace at which people are taking to digital technology defies our stereotypes of age, education, language and income. — Narendra Modi", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I want to first talk about Monday night. A small but potent storm system will race past the area and bring us rain generally from 7 PM Monday until 7 AM Tuesday. As colder air wraps into the backside of the storm, we could see a very brief mix of wet snow. As you can see from the maps below, temperatures will stay well above freezing, so all flakes (if any) will quickly melt on impact.\nNow to the more complicated part of the forecast. Yesterday I talked about how the computer forecasts were in fairly good agreement on the track and timing of Thursday's storm system. The only wild card was the strength of the system. Well, it is looking like the computers are slowly trending to a solution: a weak storm. I've posted below snow outlooks from three different computer forecasts. None of them have a significant snowfall in our area.\nWe still have to watch this carefully. That patch of dark blue in North Carolina and southern Virginia represents about 1 to 3\" of snow. If this storm shifts a little north, then we could have some light accumulations in central Virginia. This could cause problems for the morning commute on Friday. I encourage you to keep a close eye to the forecast through the week for the very latest information.\nNow the discussion for all the weather geeks...\nSo you are probably asking yourself: why are storms falling apart in recent weeks? I think two factors are in play: La Nina and NAO. La Nina years are typically dry and mild. This wasn't the case earlier this winter because we had a persistent -NAO. NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) is now positive, which I think is allowing La Nina to finally take over our weather pattern.\nThe map below is the overall upper-level weather pattern across the entire Northern Hemisphere (link: http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~gadomski/HEMI500/5dayloop.html). Notice the blue blob over Greenland and the Hudson Bay. This is an upper-level trough, or cold anomaly. In a -NAO pattern, it would be the opposite, a powerful ridge or blocking pattern. This allows storm systems to track up the East Coast, like what we saw earlier in the winter. We are not in this pattern any more.\nNow, can we see snow in a +NAO, La Nina pattern? Yes, it's happened before. However, unfortunately for all you snow lovers out there, the odds are stacked up against you.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "1 MSc Programs in Atmospheric Sciences in Finland 2023/2024\nAn atmospheric scientist looks at the relationships between Earth's atmosphere and the other systems it effects. The study of atmospheric sciences includes a number of subdisciplines, including aeronomy, climatology and meteorology.\nFinland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe.\nA Master of Science or MSc is a postgraduate degree typically in the fields of sciences and social sciences. MSc may be course-based, research-based, or a mixture of the two.\n- Natural Sciences\n- Atmospheric Sciences", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In the next few days, some sunny spells. Especailly on Saturday the weather is fine. A raincoat is needless this day. It's getting warmer - the temperature rises from 24 degrees on Thursday to 29 degrees on Saturday.\n|Th Sep 29||Fr Sep 30||Sa Oct 01||Su Oct 02|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Widely scattered thunderstorms developing around 3pm. Cloudy with temperatures steady or falling to near 56F. Winds S at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 30%. Hourly Details\nScattered showers and thunderstorms. High 58F. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 50%.\nPartly to mostly cloudy skies with scattered thunderstorms during the evening. Low around 40F. Winds NW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 60%.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rain on and off through the week\nGood Monday. We should continue with another warm and humid day with highs in the upper 80s and low 90s. We may see a few stray showers or storms popping up late this afternoon into this evening. The rain chance today is only 20%.\nTuesday and Wednesday we will have a trough of low pressure moving through. We will see the heaviest rainfall to our east, but we should get some on and off showers with mostly cloudy skies both days. Highs will be in the low to mid-80s.\nAnother low will develop along that trough and bring us pretty good coverage of rain and a few storms Thursday. The high will reach only 83.\nSome scattered showers and storms are likely on and off through the weekend.\nFor the latest, download the WRCB weather app. David Karnes\n- 8am... Partly Cloudy, 72\n- Noon... Partly Cloudy, 85\n- 5pm... Isolated Shower?, 91", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "EPA Proposes First Carbon Standards for Power Plants\nOn March 27, 2012 the U.S. EPA proposed the first air emissions standards for “carbon pollution�� under the Clean Air Act. These are the first New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) emissions standards issued by the EPA for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from stationary sources. The EPA contends that these NSPS rules are required under the Clean Air Act based on the Supreme Court ruling in 2007 that GHG emissions constitute air pollution, and the subsequent EPA “endangerment finding” for GHGs in 2009, resulting in regulation of GHGs under the Clean Air Act. The proposed emissions standards limit carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from new electric utility power plants to 1,000 pounds of CO2e per megawatt-hour of electricity produced (1,000 lb/MWH) for new power plants with electric generation capacities greater than 25 MW.\nThe proposed standards can be met by natural gas-fired power plants that employ the most efficient “combined cycle” configuration. However, because CO2 emissions from coal and oil combustion are significantly higher than from natural gas combustion (about 80% and 40% higher, respectively), coal-fired and oil-fired power plants will not be able to meet the proposed standard without the use of CO2 add-on pollution controls.\nUnlike other air pollution control systems, capturing CO2 emissions from a power plant is a huge undertaking because of the magnitude of the CO2 emissions compared to conventional pollutants like PM, NOx, or SO2. For every ton of carbon burned (fossil fuels are primarily carbon), more than three tons of CO2 are produced by oxidation of the carbon with air. Capturing the CO2 is extremely energy intensive and can be expected to lower the overall electric generation efficiency of a coal power plant by 8-12% due to the electric needs to operate a scrubber system. Once the CO2 is captured it needs to be compressed and piped to an underground location where it can be geologically “sequestered” without the risk of releasing CO2. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has only been used commercially in the oil and gas industry as a means of extracting oil and gas from older wells. There are no US coal power plants using CCS other than a pilot system piping CO2 to Canada oil-fields where there are some concerns about CO2 seeping back out of the ground. CCS also involves significant legal liabilities associated with injection of CO2 underground and the difficulty of obtaining permits for underground injection in many locations. In recognition of these technical/economic challenges, EPA is proposing a 30-year compliance period for new power plants.\nThe proposed carbon standards are significant because industry is concerned they will set precedent for future EPA GHG emission rulemaking. In addition, the proposed standards are based on achievable GHG emission levels for one type of fuel (i.e., natural gas) and are being imposed on power plants that combust other fuels (e.g., coal). As such, the rule appears to favor one fuel over another and may in effect mandate fuel switching, which is contrary to past EPA precedent and the commonly accepted notion that the Clean Air Act does not authorize the EPA to redefine source categories or to mandate fuel switching. Consequently, legal challenges to the proposed EPA rule are almost a certainty.\nThe current very low price of natural gas (gas is less expensive than coal on a $/Btu basis as of April 2012 for the first time ever), that has been driven in part by the large new supply of shale gas to the US market, has resulted in the announced closure of over one hundred US coal power plants (108 closures announced as of 5/3/12) for economic reasons. Recent environmental regulations promulgated by the EPA, including the Utility Mercury and Air Toxic Standard (MATS) and the 1-Hour SO2 NAAQS standard, are also contributing to the nation’s move from coal electric generation to gas and nuclear electric generation and the increased use of renewables like wind, solar, and hydro.\nFor more information on the EPA proposed carbon standards and other GHG regulations including the federal Part 98 GHG reporting rule and the Tailoring Rule, contact Liberty Environmental at 610-375-9301.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "There are no active alerts at this time.\nCloudy and damp with rain in the morning...then becoming partly cloudy. Much colder. Morning high of 44F with temps falling to near 35. Winds NNW at 15 to 25 mph. Chance of rain 100%.\nClear skies. Cold. Low 23F. Winds N at 10 to 20 mph.\nMainly sunny. High 47F. Winds E at 5 to 10 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Tuesday Afternoon Very hot conditions will persist across the area this afternoon with temperatures staying around 96 degrees. Dew points are in the mid 60’s which is making it feel a tad sticky out there, with heat index readings near 100. This is not as oppressive as we have seen at times this summer, but […]\nAuthor Archive for: Jon\nAbout Jon Parker\nThis author has yet to write their bio.Meanwhile lets just say that we are proud Jon Parker contributed a whooping 28 entries.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Temperatures could hit 90 degrees around Baltimore for the first time this year on Saturday.\nHot and humid air moved in Thursday, pushing highs into the 80s the past two days. Forecasters say Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport could hit 90 degrees Saturday afternoon.\n\"'Hot' will be the operative word for Saturday as high pressure moves off the southeast coast and pumps warm air into the Mid Atlantic,\" National Weather Service forecasters wrote. \"Heat indices will be in the low/mid 90s in the I-95 corridor, nowhere near heat advisory levels but notable for April.\"\nBaltimore typically doesn't experience 90-degree heat until May, though the heat comes earlier sometimes — record highs are in the lower 90s on most dates in April.\nThe hottest readings at the airport so far this year are 87 degrees, on the 11th and 16th of this month. The last time BWI hit 90 was Sept. 23.\nThe heat could stir some \"summerlike\" storms Saturday afternoon, forecasters said. Storms are also possible Sunday afternoon, though highs are only expected in the upper 70s then.\nA cold front is forecast to end the hot spell on Monday and bring stronger chances for storms Monday afternoon and evening.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "PITTSBURGH — Bitter cold temperatures and downright frigid wind chills will be in place Friday night into Saturday morning.\nEnjoy some sunshine Saturday and a break in the bitter temperatures. Highs will climb above freezing and wind chills won’t be as bad, making it the pick of the weekend.\nIf you want to receive alerts about weather, download our Severe Weather Team 11 app.\nA messy system will move in around sunrise Sunday, impacting the area with a mix of snow showers and the threat of a wintry mix through Monday. Snow showers will come in waves which should give crews time to catch up as they treat roads, but icy spots will still be possible.\nA period of snow should fall through early afternoon Sunday with a wintry mix of freezing rain and rain possible from I-70 south. A second wave of snow will develop late Sunday and early Monday leaving untreated roads snow covered and icy for the Monday morning commute.\nSnow totals will vary based on the eventual track and timing of this system but a general 3-to-5 inches of snow is expected through Monday. The details of this storm are still coming into focus and the forecast will change. Our entire team of meteorologists will be working through the weekend to bring you the latest updates and impacts. Check the Severe Weather Team 11 forecast often before heading out.\nCox Media Group", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sri Lanka’s fishermen in the Northern and Eastern seas have been asked to come ashore as 100 kilometres per hour wind are expected from a cyclonic storm developing in the Bay of Bengal.\n“Naval and fishing communities are warned not to venture to the sea areas extending from Puttalam to Pottuvil via Mannar, Kankasanthurai, Trincomalee and Batticaloa,” Sri Lanka’s Meteorological Department said in a red alert.\n“Those who are out at aforementioned sea regions are advised to return to coasts or moved safer areas immediately.\n“Naval and fishing communities are request to be vigilant during the activities in the sea areas extending from Puttalam to Matara via Colombo and further requested to be attentive about future advisories issued by the Department of Meteorology.”\nA depression over the Southwest Bay of Bengal about 325 kilometres north east of Trincomallee was likely to intensify into a cyclonic storm over the next 24 hours and move towards the Tamil Nadu coast, becoming a severe cyclonic storm.\nThe weather system is likely to generate 80 – 100 kmph winds over the Eastern and Northern deep and shallow seas over on November 24.\nVery strong gusty winds over 60 – 70 kmph are expected over the Eastern, Northern and Northeastern areas. Rains over 100 to 150 millimetres could be expected on November 24.\nPeople living in Eastern, Northern and North-Central provinces were also requested to be vigilant and await further reports.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today will be almost as hot as yesterday with sunny skies, but a cool-down is within sight.\nRight now the North State is trapped in between a high-pressure system to the East and a low-pressure system to the West. This is keeping our temperatures steady for today. As we go into tomorrow the high moves off and a disturbance moves through our area. This will bring decreasing temperatures, cloudier skies and the chance for thundrstorms in the mountains with a stary storm or two possible in the Valley as well. Thursday, the cloud cover will stick around but the rain chances leave the Valley. Storms could still be seen in the mountains, however, fire danger will be elevaed due to the risk of lightning-ignited fires. Due to all the cloud cover, high temperatures in the Valley will be down in the mid-to-low 90s on Wendesday and Thursday.\nOnce we go into Friday the disturbance leaves our area, but temperatures hold steady despite increased sunshine.\nBy Saturday a deeper, stronger disturbance approaches our area which will be bringing some cloud cover yet again and further decreasing our high temperatures in the upper-to-mid 80s. This will last through the weekend and cooler temperatures could still be seen at the beginning of next work week.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "ESTIMATIONS OF CARBON FOOTPRINT FROM ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWN AND PRE-LOCKDOWN IN BUTUAN CITY\nKeywords: Carbon Footprint, Carbon dioxide emission, electricity consumption, COVID-19 lockdown & pre-lockdown period, Geographic Information System (GIS), spatial distribution\nAbstract. The electricity consumption for commercial, residential, and industrial sectors is considered the primary cause of increasing carbon dioxide emissions. To calculate the carbon footprint, the researcher used Carbon Footprint Ltd. This study aims to quantify the carbon footprint associated with the consumption of electricity by sectors (residential, commercial, industrial, public buildings, and streetlights) in Butuan City during the pre-lockdown period (January and February), and then compare these with the carbon footprint calculated during the lockdown period (March and April 2020). A GIS-based approach was applied to generate the spatial distribution across the 86 barangays of Butuan City. The study findings that the carbon footprint in the lockdown period is ∼ −17% lower than the mean carbon footprint calculated for the pre-lockdown period. In absolute values, the total estimated carbon footprint during the pre-lockdown and lockdown period was ∼ 10,947 mtCo2e and ∼ 9,138 mtCo2e, respectively. Furthermore, the findings imply that the central and northern areas have the highest impact of savings on average ∼ 130 mtCo2e of greenhouse gas avoided by barangays. This research provides quantitative insight to understand the measured generated in lockdown and pre-lockdown periods.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "As if in glorious harmony with President Obama's renewed interest in climate change, a couple of articles have appeared selling the \"AGW leads to weather extremes\" story.\nAt The Conversation, the Australian website for activist academics, there is an article by Harry Blutstein of the School of Global Studies, Social Science and Planning at RMIT University.\nHurricane Sandy may or may not be a direct result of climate change, but what is certain is that the incidence of extreme climate events is increasing.\nSuch events are predicted by climate models, according to the IPCC, which has warned that “a changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration, and timing of extreme weather and climate events, and can result in unprecedented extreme weather and climate events”.\nI think the claim that extreme climate events are increasing is not one that is supported by the evidence. The article goes on report on that rather dodgy Munich Re report on extremes that appeared at the back end of last year.\nMeanwhile the New York Times is in full fire-and brimstone mode:\nMore than a 2-degree increase should be unimaginable. Yet to stop at 2 degrees, global emissions have to peak in 2016. The Carbon Tracker organization has examined fossil-fuel investments around the world (including 1,200 new coal plants) and determined that they would lead to a 6-degree world. A recent World Bank report indicates the bank cannot fulfill its development mission in a 4-degree world. Given what we know about planetary biology, 2 degrees seems nightmarish as it is.\nAnyone would think they had something to sell.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A good start to the day.\n13th April 2015\nIt was dry and cold through the night, then by mid afternoon the wind increased and became Southerly. The freezing slowly rose through the day and rain started later in the afternoon. It looks like it going to get very through Tuesday and avalanche activity is likely!\nComments on this post\nGot something to say? Leave a comment", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ten Facts about Climate Change\nDon't Want You to Know\n1. Climate has always changed, and always will. The assumption that prior to the industrial revolution the Earth had a \"stable\" climate is simply wrong. The only sensible thing to do about climate change is to prepare for it.\n2. Accurate temperature measurements made from weather balloons and satellites after about 1970 show at most minor atmospheric warming since then. In contrast, averaged ground-based thermometers record a warming of about 0.40 C over the same time period. Many scientists believe that the thermometer record is biased by the Urban Heat Island effect.\n3. Despite the expenditure of more than US$40 billion dollars on climate research since 1990, no unambiguous anthropogenic (human) signal has been identified in the global temperature pattern.\n4. Without the greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature on Earth would be -180 C rather than the equable +150 C that has nurtured the development of life.\nCarbon dioxide is a minor greenhouse gas, responsible for ~3.6% of the total greenhouse effect, of which only a miniscule 0.12% can be attributed to human activity. (Water, at ~95% of the effect, is by far the most important component in the atmosphere; what was that about hydrogen-powered cars?)\n5. On both annual (1 year) and geological (up to 100,000 year) time scales, changes in temperature PRECEDE changes in carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide therefore cannot be the primary forcing agent for temperature increase (though increasing carbon dioxide does cause a mild positive temperature feedback).\n6. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has been the main scaremonger for the global warming lobby, leading to the Kyoto Protocol. Fatally, the IPCC is a political, not scientific, body.\nHendrik Tennekes, recently retired as Director of Research at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, says that \"the IPCC review process is fatally flawed\" and that \"the IPCC wilfully ignores the paradigm shift created by the foremost meteorologist of the twentieth century, Edward Lorenz\".\n7. The Kyoto Protocol will cost up to 100 trillion dollars, will have a devastating effect on the economies of those countries that have signed it, but will deliver no significant cooling (less than .020 C by 2050).\nThe Russian Academy of Sciences says that Kyoto has no scientific basis; Andre Illarianov, senior advisor to Russian president Putin, calls Kyoto-ism \"one of the most aggressive, intrusive, destructive ideologies since the collapse of communism and fascism\". If Kyoto is a \"first step\", it is in the wrong direction.\n8. Climate change is a non-linear (chaotic) process, some parts of which are only dimly or not at all understood. No deterministic computer model will ever be able to make an accurate prediction of climate 100 years into the future.\n9. Not surprisingly, therefore, experts in computer modelling agree also that no current (or likely near-future) climate model will be able to make accurate predictions of regional climate change. Australian State Premiers please take note.\n10. The biggest untruth about human global warming is the assertion that nearly all scientists agree that it is occurring, and at a dangerous rate.\nThe reality is that almost every aspect of climate science is the subject of vigorous debate. And thousands of qualified scientists worldwide have signed declarations which (i) query the evidence for human-caused warming and (ii) support a rational scientific (not emotional) approach to its study.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "At 5 a.m. Environment Canada issued a special weather statement for:\n- Wawa – Pukaskwa Park\n- White River – Dubreuilville\n- Marathon – Schreiber\n- Manitouwadge – Hornepayne\nThere is a potential for heavy snowfall on Tuesday for areas northeast of Lake Superior. Snow is expected to intensify later tonight or early Tuesday morning and persist for much of the day. Snowfall accumulations may exceed 15 cm by Tuesday evening, particularly for areas closer to Lake Superior.\nFor Wawa, temperatures may briefly rise above the freezing mark. As a result, snowfall accumulations there may be slightly less than areas farther west as the snow may change to rain for a few hours before changing back to snow.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "To know or not to know, that is the question! Well, wouldn’t you prefer to know?\nHamlet, an ever curious hamster, is on a quest to learn new and interesting facts about the world around us. With a new subject each time, Hamlet explores intriguing facts that you may not have heard before. He’s bored of the same old facts about the same old things. You may feel like you already know everything there is to know about everything, but there’s a whole world out there for you to explore and unknown facts you may not already know! Why not shake things up with Hamlet’s curiosity and great sense of humour? Take this fun fact loaded adventure with him!\n12 Interesting Facts about Hurricanes!\n1. Hurricanes, typhoons and tropical cyclones are all names for the same phenomenon. They’re just called by different names in different ocean basins.\n2. Hurricanes are named based on a list created by the World Meteorological Organization, used on a six year rotation.\n3. If a storm is particularly destructive or deadly, the WMO will “retire” that name from official lists so it’s never used again out of respect for the families of the storm’s victims and survivors.\n4. The first hurricane that caused people to fly in it, occurred in 1943 during World War II.\n5. Hurricane Hunters fly planes into hurricanes to gather weather data.\n6. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale defines hurricane strength by categories. A Category 1 storm is the weakest hurricane with winds having speed between 74 and 95 miles per hour; while a Category 5 hurricane is the strongest with winds greater than 155 miles per hour.\n7. Hurricanes that move slowly are likely to produce more rains causing more damage by flooding, than fast moving hurricanes.\n8. The eye of the hurricane is a section at the center of the hurricane which has the calmest weather with clear skies and low winds.\n9. The eye is surrounded by an eyewall which is the deadliest part of the hurricane. It is a towering ring of thunderstroms, high wind speed and severe weather.\n10. Planet Jupiter has a hurricane which appears as a red dot on it and it has been spinning for 300 years. This hurricane is bigger than Earth itself.\n11. Hurricanes need the Coriolis Force to form – which is very weak at the Equator. This is why hurricanes can not form near Equator.\n12. The deadliest hurricane on record is the 1970 Bhola Cyclone in Bangladesh, which killed between 150,000 to 300,000 people.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Does the Amount of Air Pressure In a Volleyball Effect\nHow Far It Goes When Hit?\nDoes the amount of air pressure in a volleyball effect how far it goes when hit? Air pressure pushes against objects. People measure air pressure differently. Volleyballs can be affected by air pressure. Volleyballs are made of many different materials. This research suggests, the more air in a volleyball, the farther it will go..\nAir pressure is the push that air has against objects that it touches. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen all make up air. These gases have little molecules that are always moving. The molecules press against the surface of objects, creating pressure. This pressure has a volume and weight and takes up space. Air pressure can be affected by temperature and is greater by the amount of air held.\nAir pressure can be measured in many ways. Pressure gauges are tools that measure air pressure. Air pressure is measured by psi (pounds per square inch) in the US. Pascal, Newton, Bar and Millibar are also measurements of air pressure. 15 psi is…show more content… Air pressure affects how a ball bounces and how they move through the air. Volleyballs go farther when they have more air. Volleyballs should be inflated between 4 to 6 pounds of pressure. Volleyballs that aren't filled completely will take more energy bouncing into shape, making them not go as far. Inflating volleyballs too much can make the seams split. Putting more air in a volleyball squeezes the air inside, raising the pressure. Volleyballs not used can lose air. The amount of air pressure changes when air escapes a volleyball. Volleyballs keep their round shape from the air pressure. Volleyballs are kept inflated by the air molecules moving around inside. Different amounts of pressure in volleyballs are allowed in practice because air pressure can change in the temperature. When volleyball's are hot, air molecules move faster, making air pressure", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Night to remember\nTHE BIG Wren's night wind of 2013 will be spoken about for many years to come in West Kerry after violent storm force 11 winds battered the Dingle Peninsula.\nAccustomed as the west is to bad weather - even well-weathered locals were in awe of the force of nature as the storm began to gather force through the afternoon. As darkness fell high tides and powerful gusts saw even the large trawlers tied up at Dingle Pier bobbing around like dinghies. Indeed the wind was so strong that the rain appeared to be falling sideways.\nThe true force of the storm was felt at approximately 3am in the morning when the sound of almost deafening wind woke some local people who ventured outside to see and hear the full force of nature.\n\"It was unreal,\" said local singer and musician Muireann Nic Amhlaoibh of Dún Chaoin. \"At around 3am it was just wind and no rain so Bill [my husband] and I got up and stood out in the garden for a few minutes. It was like a jumbo jet was flying over our heads. The roar was deafening!\"\nWest Kerry was generally lucky in terms of power outages as the night progressed but some areas, including Ballyferriter, were left without electricity the following morning. This was soon restored.\nA couple of caravans in the Wine Strand area were blown over and the strong winds knocked a tree in the Burnham area which was cleared the following morning. Damage to sheds and overhead canopies was also reported.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Associated with this southerly airflow is cold air – especially in the upper atmosphere, which brings some instability with it.\nIt’s looking like showers for the east of the South Island, though these ease in the afternoon, then clear in the evening for the most part, along with cold southerlies.\nShowers about Canterbury may be heavy in the morning with a chance of hail and thunderstorms on parts of the coast, then easing.\nOtago and Southland see morning showers clear, and sunny areas develop, while winds blow from the south and then ease.\nSunny areas dominate on the West Coast along with southwesterly winds, while there’s the chance of an isolated shower about Buller later afternoon or evening.\nFor the North Island it’s a fairly wet day, but it all comes down to timing, showers for most regions could become heavy with possible thunderstorms and hail in the morning for parts of the lower North Island, before the upper North Island later in the afternoon and evening.\nAuckland and Northland mainly see garden variety showers during the day, though Auckland may see a heavy shower or two pass through overnight.\n– Aaron Wilkinson & Drew Chappell, WeatherWatch.co.nz", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Policy and goals\nThe 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development highlighted the need to regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which have a direct impact on climate change. Under the ground-breaking Kyoto Protocol, signatory countries are required to reduce their combined GHG emissions by 5.2% from 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012.\nSamsung Electronics recognizes that governments as well as companies have responsibilities to address the global challenges posed by climate change. Samsung Electronics supports global mandatory cuts of greenhouse gas emissions of at least 50% by 2050 (from 1990 levels) and mandatory domestic cuts by industrialized countries (Annex I countries of Kyoto Protocol) of at least 30% as a group by 2020. The company also calls for global greenhouse gas emissions to peak by 2015.\nTo control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions effectively, the company is building a GHG inventory for its business activities. This includes Scope 1 and 2 (direct emissions and electricity purchases from global business operations and production sites), as well as Scope 3 emissions which are other indirect emissions from product use, product transport, suppliers and employees business travel.\nFor Scope 1 and 2, the company manages and reports the GHG inventory for all global business operations and production sites with the third party verification. Also, the GHG inventory was developed for Scope 3 emissions, and the company annually collects and disclose Scope 3 emission data.\nGoals to reduce GHG emissions\nSamsung plans to reduce its GHG emissions intensity normalized by sales (metric tonnes of CO2 per KRW 100 million) by 50% until 2013 based on the level of 2008. Also, the company plans to reduce the GHG emissions by 24% compared to BAU (business as usual) by 2015 to meet the Korean government's mid-term GHG reduction target and policy.\nThe reduction target covers all production sites in Korea only, since this represents almost 90% of global GHG emissions in the company.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A cold front is bringing fiercely cold temperatures to the UK this week, with forecasters warning of a stark change to the mercury. Met Office warnings are in place over the next few days, and this weekend is on course to be cold and unsettled. An area of low pressure is tracking across the country today, with the potential for the UK to see some wintry weather.\nMaps have turned blue with the cold, with WXCharts data showing plunging temperatures across the weekend and into next week.\nMet Office Chief meteorologist Dan Suri said: “It’ll certainly feel more wintry this week, with colder weather bringing a risk of frost, ice and wintry showers.”\nTemperature maps show conditions of -8C overnight tonight in Scotland, with the south of England seeing up to 7C.\nA low-pressure system could bring a mixture of snow, sleet, rain and hail – but when exactly will it snow across Britain?\nRead More: Met Office weather warning updated: 7 inches of snow to fall – maps\nWhen will snow fall across Britain?\nMet Office snow and ice warnings are in place across parts of the UK today with more snow warnings in place on Friday.\nThe forecasters are predicting a staggering 7.8 inches (20cm) by Friday.\nThursday’s warning is for Central, Tayside and Fife, Highlands and Eilean Siar, Southwest Scotland, Lothian Borders and Strathclyde.\nCautioning of Snow showers and icy stretches this warning is in place until 12pm today.\nMr Suri said: “The risk of snow accumulating is largely confined to the northern half of the UK – mainly over higher ground in Scotland, Wales and northern England.\n“By Thursday morning parts of northwest Scotland could see 2cm of snow accumulations to low levels, with 2-5cm above 200m and up to 10cm gathering over the highest routes, leading to some travel disruption.”\nThe Met Office warns: “Frequent showers will increasingly turn to snow Wednesday night and persist into Thursday morning though these likely to fall as sleet and hail at times, mainly around coasts.\nUniversal Credit claimants could receive £25 a week for energy bills [INSIGHT]\nUK snow radar: Chart shows FIVE-DAY snow bomb batter Britain [MAPS]\nMINI urges motorists to ‘be prepared’ this winter [ANALYSIS]\n“Northwest Scotland looks most exposed to these showers with 2cm of snow accumulating by Thursday morning in places even to low levels.\n“Larger accumulations are expected at higher elevations with 2 to 5cm above 200 m and up to 10 cm over some of the highest routes.\n“Whilst the Southern Uplands is likely to see some snow over higher ground the likelihood is that only very small accumulations are expected here below 200 m.”\nOn Friday, warnings for snow are in place for Central, Tayside and Fife, Grampian, Highlands and Eilean Siar, Southwest Scotland, Lothian Borders and Strathclyde.\nThis is in place from 3am on Friday until 12pm the same day.\nThe forecasters warn of snow arriving from the east overnight on Thursday, before “briefly” settling over areas as low as 100m above sea level.\nHowever, this could increase “at higher levels” with “perhaps as much as 5.9 to 7.8 inches (15 to 20cm) above 400 m, significantly affecting higher transport routes for a time before it turns to rain.”\nWeather maps from both Netweather and WXCharts show the potential for snowfall elsewhere too.\nMet Office deputy chief meteorologist, Dan Harris said: “We’re keeping an eye on other areas where there is potential for disruptive snow – in particular central and south-east England and the hills of northern England.\n“It’ll stay cold into the weekend with rain, showers and hill snow continuing across many areas, along with overnight frosts.\n“We could also see some stubborn areas of freezing fog develop more widely, which at this time of year can persist all day.\nNetweather charts show much of the UK and Ireland covered with medium to heavy snow over the next few days.\nAccording to Netweather, Friday is the day which shows the most snow, with maps predicting snowfall across the North of England, Midlands, Wales and Scotland as well as parts of southern England.\nSource: Read Full Article", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Torrential rains and tropical-storm-force winds lashed central Florida’s east coast early Wednesday morning as a weakened Category 2 Hurricane Dorian moved north toward the eastern seaboard, according to forecasts.\nThe 105 mph winds extend up to 175 miles from the eye of the storm, the National Hurricane Center reported.\nDorian is heading north northeast at about eight miles an hour nearly parallel to the coast about 100 miles east of Daytona Beach, according to WESH-TV.\n“A tornado or two are possible near the immediate east coast of Florida during the next several hours,” a 2 a.m. update from the National Hurricane Center said.\nOfficials urged over two million people in Florida, Georgia and North and South Carolina to evacuate. Dorian is expected to come close to making landfall in Georgia and South Carolina on Thursday or Friday and could reach North Carolina and southeastern Virginia by the end of the week.\nSevere flooding is expected to occur even if the storm doesn’t make landfall.\nThe storm left more than 1,600 customers without power in Brevard County and Cocoa Beach Wednesday morning.\nDorian’s death toll rose to seven Tuesday after the hurricane battered the Bahamas for two days.\nPrime Minister Hubert Minnis said the Category 5 Dorian was the worst hurricane to ever hit the Bahamas.\nAround 45 percent of homes in Abaco and Grand Bahama were believed to be damaged or destroyed when the areas were pounded by 185 mph winds. The Grand Bahama Airport was under six feet of water Tuesday.\nFox News’ Louis Casiano contributed to this report.\nOs textos, informações e opiniões publicados neste espaço são de total responsabilidade do(a) autor(a). Logo, não correspondem, necessariamente, ao ponto de vista do Central da Pauta.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "At least 10 people have died in Syangja district in Nepal due to landslide after incessant rainfall.\n\"We have recovered ten bodies out of which nine are from the same family. One person who sustained injuries has been sent to the hospital,\" Chief District Officer Ganga Bahadur Chettri told ANI in a telephonic conversation.\nVarious parts of Nepal have witnessed extended monsoon rainfall since Monday, which is expected to continue till Saturday.\nNepal's meteorological and weather department has issued alerts for various districts about possible landslides and flash flooding due to the rainfall. (ANI)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Delta Junction July 2013\nIn July, Delta Junction had a monthly temperature of 62.1°F, 1.9°F higher than the long term normal. The coldest temperature recorded this month was 46°F on the 6th. A nice 85°F was the highest temperature for the month, occurring on the 28th. This was a new daily record, breaking the previous record of 83°F from1953 and 1919.\nPrecipitation was a mere 57% of normal, with just 1.54\" recorded, 1.14\" below the normal of 2.68\".", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "usb c female to usb a male video\nAverage temperature: Average daily (24h) temperature per month. Furthermore, unstable weather patterns affect plans for Industry, Energy Generation, and Transport throughout the region. The climate here is classified as Cwa by the Köppen-Geiger system. When to visit Malawi? The site interpolates data using weather stations that are within close proximity to your inquiry. The general height of the land gives Zambia a more pleasant climate than that experienced in most tropical countries. Source: Climates to Travel. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Ndola than in summer. Check Samoaâs latest weather forecast. Zambia has a tropical and tropical steppe climate with three distinct seasons. Zambia; Zimbabwe °Celsius °Fahrenheit. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. There are three seasons â cool and dry from May to August, hot and dry from September to November, and warm and wet from December to April. Get the latest coronavirus (COVID-19) updates for Zambia with current travel advice, statistics and online resources.. Below are average maximum temperatures at popular destinations in Zambia in January. The climate of Zambia in Central and Southern Africa is definitely tropical modified by altitude (elevation).In the Köppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west.. The nights are nice and cool and the days are cooler than in the rest of the year. Harare, Zimbabwe: Annual Weather Averages November is the hottest month in Harare with an average temperature of 22°C (72°F) and the coldest is July at 13°C (55°F) with ⦠Weather and climate affect many aspects of life in Southern Africa. Zambia LET'S EXPLORE The land of the legendary African walking safari, Victoria Falls, the wild Zambezi River,abundant wildlife,and raw wilderness,all in one friendly country. Access hourly, 10 day and 15 day forecasts along with up to the minute reports and videos from AccuWeather.com CLIMATE. In Ndola, the climate is warm and temperate. February : the rainfall is still comparatively high. Malawi is a fantastic place to visit throughout the year, depending on what you want to see and do and what climate you prefer should influence when you visit, but no matter when you visit you are guaranteed to have an amazing experience. Weather Forecast. Precipitation in Zambia averaged 81.46 mm from 1901 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 319.06 mm in December of 1962 and a record low of 0 mm in July of 1943. Zimbabwe climate â Weather follows a similar pattern to Zambia, but perhaps with a slightly shorter rainy season. With a staggering 300 days of sunshine each year, Namibia is a year-round destination, although some may prefer to avoid the heat of high summer. As much of the region relies on subsistence Agriculture for their income, accurate predictions of weather patterns are instrumental to many peopleâs livelihoods. Generally the figures highlight October is when its the hottest period and July is the coldest period of the year. Get the monthly weather forecast for Chobe, Northern, Zambia, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead. Simply click wherever you want on the map to access it. The Annual Yearly Climate of Kabwe, Zambia, Africa with Monthly and Yearly High and Low temperatures, Rainfall & Sunshine Averages. Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval. Weather and climate Best time to visit. Zanzibar climate â Slightly different weather pattern from Mozambique's climate. Precipitation in Zambia increased to 164.83 mm in December from 91.33 mm in November of 2015. Global Weather and Climate data - from current weather and hourly forecast, detailed daily and 10-day forecast to long range monthly outlook of temperature, humidity, rainfall, snowfall, daylight, sunshine, UV index, and sea temperature for locations worldwide. Weather.com brings you the most accurate monthly weather forecast for with average/record and high/low temperatures, precipitation and more. From mid-April to August it is dry in Zambia. Todays weather forecast, by the hour and long term. January : the peak of the wet season; itâs the wettest month of the year. Rain in the Namib Desert in the record rainy season of 2010/2011. Even if it is still fine with an average temperature of 25 degrees Celsius(77 degrees Fahrenheit). Zambia climate â Slightly different to Mozambique's weather pattern, with more clearly defined rains. However, the northwestern highlands are consistently cool, while the central plateau remains dry and arid all year round. And you can expect temperature highs of 32°C. See the forecast as a table or graph. Generally speaking, the weather is tropical, particularly on the coast, where heat and humidity prevail. Select a destination to see more weather parameters. Current weather in Lusaka and forecast for today, tomorrow, and next 14 days Lusaka Average Yearly Weather . ... Lusaka, Zambia Monthly Weather. Zambia is divided into three major agro-ecological regions (Regions I , II and III), which are primarily based on rainfall amount but also incorporate soils and other climatic characteristics. Average weather in Lusaka is 28 degress through the year but it can and does change. Although it is still humid with very warm evenings, the number of rain showers reduces and the amount of sunshine increases to a very respectable average of 8 hours a day. The stations are shown on the following map. Livingstone, Zambia - Travel and vacation weather averages, current conditions and forecasts. ... Zambia, Botswana and South Africa. Blessed with awe-inspiring natural wonders, an abundance of wildlife, huge water bodies and vast open spaces, Zambia offers unforgettable holidays exploring the real Africa. Weather is \"what we get\" because it's how the atmosphere is behaving now or will behave in the short-term (in the hours and days ahead). Namibia's yearly weather cycle. Semi-arid Region I includes areas of southern, eastern and western Zambia: Zambia⦠7-Day Safari (Including Serengeti) & Zanzibar Extension. The Gambia Weather in October. Chingola, Zambia Yearly Monthly Climate Weather Averages. These losses reach as high as US$7.1 billion under Zambiaâs worst rainfall scenario. #3 Zambia #4 Kenya #5 South Africa #6 Namibia #7 Uganda #8 Zimbabwe; Popular Safari Tours. Weather Atlas: Weather forecast and Climate information for cities all over the Globe. Zambia weather in January 2021. Situated just south of the equator, Tanzania is a vast country with a variable climate that depends heavily on the elevation and geography of your chosen destination. Culture, Language & Religion . Temperature chart displays the maximum, minimum and average temperature from 2008 on month by month basis. Please also visit Chingola Historical Weather, Weather widget and Weather Charts pages. Gaborone The capital, Gaborone, is located in the south-east, a short distance from the border with South Africa, and at 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) above sea level like most of the country.From October to March, the maximum temperatures are around 30 °C (86 °F) or slightly above, but moisture is higher from December to March, at the height of the rainy season. The Zambia Meteorology Department is key in climate risk management and providing weather and climate information, and is working in partnership with different agencies to ensure delivery of effective weather and climate services, however, the climate change policy and institutional framework does not prioritise meteorology. Zimbabwe climate â Similar pattern to Mozambique's weather, but with a shorter, clearer rainy season. There are many online weather sites where you can check Samoaâs weather, however, as itâs difficult to predict the weather in tropical areas, forecasts should not be taken as set in stone.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In 2020, the Clean Air Strategic Alliance (CASA) formed an ad hoc group to explore how anticipated COVID-19-related trends in emissions due to reduced transportation could inform future air quality management policy. Members noted that CASA is an ideal forum to both gather interested parties to explore this issue and share the findings with Albertans to improve air quality management and stewardship.\nThe discussions of the ad hoc group resulted in a statement of opportunity related to messaging on vehicle emissions and air quality. Subsequently, a working group scoped terms of reference for this project idea and a project team was later established in 2021 to execute set tasks. The project team’s terms of reference and final documents can be found at the bottom of this page.\nThe goal of this project was to collaboratively develop messaging that links changes in air quality associated with measures undertaken to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The messaging would aim to generate provincial awareness of the impacts that reductions in motor vehicle transportation can have on air quality, and how individuals, governments, businesses, and other Albertans can act to improve air quality.\nThe project objectives were as follows:\n- Summarize existing information on Alberta’s ambient air quality and traffic counts before and during the implementation of measures taken to reduce the spread of COVID-19.\n- Link observed air quality changes associated with measures taken to reduce the spread of COVID-19 to outcomes that are relatable to Albertans.\n- Write a project final report including performance measures and recommendations.\n- Develop a plan for communicating the work of the project team on transportation reductions due to COVID-19 and the impacts on air quality.\nTerms of Reference\nFor more information about this work, contact Project Manager Alec Carrigy at firstname.lastname@example.org.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The participation of different vegetation types within the physical climate system is investigated using a coupled atmosphere-biosphere model, CCM3-IBIS. We analyze the effects that six different vegetation biomes (tropical, boreal, and temperate forests, savanna, grassland and steppe, and shrubland/tundra) have on the climate through their role in modulating the biophysical exchanges of energy, water, and momentum between the land-surface and the atmosphere. Using CCM3-IBIS we completely remove the vegetation cover of a particular biome and compare it to a control simulation where the biome is present, thereby isolating the climatic effects of each biome. Results from the tropical and boreal forest removal simulations are in agreement with previous studies while the other simulations provide new evidence as to their contribution in forcing the climate. Removal of the temperate forest vegetation exhibits behavior characteristic of both the tropical and boreal simulations with cooling during winter and spring due to an increase in the surface albedo and warming during the summer caused by a reduction in latent cooling. Removal of the savanna vegetation exhibits behavior much like the tropical forest simulation while removal of the grassland and steppe vegetation has the largest effect over the central United States with warming and drying of the atmosphere in summer. The largest climatic effect of shrubland and tundra vegetation removal occurs in DJF in Australia and central Siberia and is due to reduced latent cooling and enhanced cold air advection, respectively. Our results show that removal of the boreal forest yields the largest temperature signal globally when either including or excluding the areas of forest removal. Globally, precipitation is most affected by removal of the savanna vegetation when including the areas of vegetation removal, while removal of the tropical forest most influences the global precipitation excluding the areas of vegetation removal.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Severe Weather Awareness Week March 24-28, 2014\nSaturday, March 22nd, 2014\nThe week of March 24-28, 2014 has been designated as Severe Weather Awareness Week in Nebraska and Iowa. This week is utilized by the public, government and businesses to raise awareness, prepare, test, and practice procedures for what we would do during a severe weather event. As long as no severe weather is expected or occurring, the statewide tornado drill will be conducted by the National Weather Service on the following date:\nWednesday, March 26th\nBetween 10 & 11 a.m. CDT\nHere is the timeline:\n1000 AM CDT….Drill begins. The Storm Prediction Center issues a Test Tornado Watch for all of Iowa and Nebraska valid until 11:00 am CDT.\n1010 AM CDT…Weather Forecast Office (WFO) in Omaha and Sioux Falls issues a TEST Tornado Warning for their Iowa and Nebraska counties.\n1100 AM CDT…Drill sequence ends.\nThis tornado drill presents an excellent opportunity for everyone at work, school, or home to practice their safety measure, and we hope all will participate.\nSevere Weather Awareness Week provides the National Weather Service with the opportunity to test communications systems that get life saving safety information out to the public.\nAcross the country, the number of tornadoes reported in 2013 totaled 942. This number was down considerably compared to the last eight years which averaged 1478 tornadoes and was the lowest number of tornadoes in the 61-year annual Storm Prediction Center dataset. For Nebraska, the 2013 tornado season was below the 30-year average of 54 with 49 tornadoes. For Iowa, the 2013 tornado season was significantly below the 1980-2013 average of 46 with 26 tornadoes. The severe weather season began March 19th with a brief landspout tornado that touched down near Shelton, NE. In April, April 8th and April 9th were active wind and hail days. The severe weather took a break and a rare and historic early May snow was reported across parts of central and eastern Nebraska on the 1st and 2nd. The severe weather season really took off May 17th-19th and also the week of May 24th-30th. Typically, June is the peak month for tornadoes, however this year the peak of 23 tornadoes in Nebraska and 8 tornadoes in Iowa occurred in May, with only 9 for Nebraska and 7 for Iowa in June. A second peak of tornadoes occurred in October with 9 in Nebraska and 11 in Iowa. Notably, the only EF4 for the year oc-curred on October 4th in Wayne.\nAs we move into spring 2014, it’s been cold and on the dry side. Spring snows, rains, and severe weather will come as the temperatures warm and seasons transi-tion. Now is the time to prepare for the inevitable severe weather, as each year brings it’s own unique challenges. The National Weather Service has declared March 24th – 28th as Severe Weather Awareness Week in Nebraska and Iowa. This week, and really the whole month, gives us the opportunity to review our severe weather plan, brush up on severe weather terms and actually participate in the statewide Tornado Warning drill on Wednesday, March 26th. Now is the time to take this opportunity to prepare, even for just a few minutes. It could cost us all in the end.\nAll the National Weather Services offices serving Nebraska encourage you to be an active participant in this year’s Severe Weather Awareness Week. Last year Wayne was hit by an EF4 tornado. Do you think the residents of that community won’t be ready for the next tornado? You can bet they will be ready. Don’t let disaster strike before you are ready. Use Severe Weather Awareness Week to make sure your area is “Weather-Ready” for whatever lies ahead.\nSocial media has grown tremendously over the last few years! Each National Weather Service office strives to have a strong presence on both Facebook and Twitter. If you would like to follow us on either, it is easy to do. Just go to the homepage of the office you want to follow and click on both logos in the upper left hand corner of the page. It is important to note that Facebook and Twitter are not the main channels for National Weather Ser-vice products, but a way to connect with our customers. We encourage you to post comments and photos of weather related events, and if you have questions, go ahead and ask away! Storm reports are more than welcome on our page, and fans can see other reports across the area as well.\nWe hope that you will find the following information useful and please stress to others the importance of tuning in to NOAA All-Hazards Weather Radio, the National Weather Service website (http://www.weather.gov/), or a local radio or television station when severe weather strikes. Emergency sirens are designed for outdoor notification and people may not receive the warning due to indoor noise or equipment malfunctions. If you have any questions about the information given here, please do not hesitate to contact us.\nDaily Public Information Statements\nDownloads and Links\nNebraska/Iowa Severe Weather Awareness Information Packet (Large Printable 3.8 MB PDF File-allow time to download)\nWeather Spotter’s Field Guide (Large .pdf file)\nThunderstorms…Tornadoes…Lightning… Nature’s Most Violent Storms ( 1.89MB .pdf file)\nCoaches & Sports Official Guide to Lightning Safety (1.4MB .pdf file)\nSky Watcher Cloud Chart (2.14MB .pdf file)\nStorms Ahead (17MB)\nTornadoes Ahead (1MB)\nFloods Ahead (.8MB)\nLightning Ahead (.9MB)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "November 28, 2020\nWashington DC Climate Report\nSolar Noon: 11:56;\nLast 72 Hours: Observations\n...THE WASHINGTON NATIONAL DC CLIMATE SUMMARY FOR NOVEMBER 27 2020...\nWEATHER ITEM OBSERVED TIME RECORD YEAR NORMAL DEPARTURE LAST\nVALUE (LST) VALUE VALUE FROM YEAR\nMAXIMUM 61 3:46 PM 75 1896 53 8 58\nMINIMUM 51 11:45 PM 14 1938 38 13 44\nAVERAGE 56 46 10 51\nYESTERDAY 0.00 1.82 1944 0.11 -0.11 0.01\nMONTH TO DATE 3.75 2.85 0.90 1.37\nSINCE SEP 1 14.14 9.97 4.17 8.28\nSINCE JAN 1 49.99 36.37 13.62 39.06\nForecast updates at 6 AM ET\nToday: Scattered sprinkles between 2pm and 5pm. Mostly cloudy, with a high near 61°. Light north wind.\nTonight: Scattered sprinkles after 8pm. Mostly cloudy, with a low around 43°. Light and variable wind.\nSaturday: Mostly sunny, with a high near 59°. Light northwest wind increasing to 5 to 10 mph in the morning. Winds could gust as high as 21 mph.\nSaturday Night: Mostly clear, with a low around 35°. Northwest wind 3 to 6 mph.\nSunday: Sunny, with a high near 57°. Light and variable wind becoming south around 6 mph in the afternoon.\nSunday Night: Rain, mainly after 2am. Low around 43°. Chance of precipitation is 90%.\nMonday: Rain before 8am, then showers after 8am. High near 62°. Chance of precipitation is 100%.\nMonday Night: Showers before 8pm. Low around 40°. Chance of precipitation is 100%.\nTuesday: Partly sunny, with a high near 47°.\nTuesday Night: Partly cloudy, with a low around 31°.\nWednesday: Mostly sunny, with a high near 45°.\nWednesday Night: Mostly clear, with a low around 31°.\nThursday: Mostly sunny, with a high near 48°.\nLatest Forecast | Forecast Archive\nTime and Date\nDiscussion updates at 4 AM ET\nArea Forecast Discussion\nNational Weather Service Baltimore MD/Washington DC\n834 PM EST Thu Nov 26 2020\nSurface high pressure will build overhead through Friday.\nA weak cold front will pass through Friday night, followed by\nhigh pressure for the weekend. Next up is a strong storm system\nmoving up from the Deep South. That is expected to move\nnortheast through the Mid Atlantic on Monday. That storm will\nstall over Ontario and remain there to our north through\n.NEAR TERM /THROUGH FRIDAY/...\nSurface high pressure will build overhead overnight through\nFriday, bringing dry conditions for most areas. Temperatures\nwill be cooler than previous days, but still above normal for\nthis time of year.\nA weak upper-level disturbance will pass through the region late\ntonight through midday Friday, and this will back the low-level\nflow a bit to be south of west. Despite limited moisture there\nshould be enough overrunning for a bkn/ovc stratus deck along\nwith a possible sprinkle.\n.SHORT TERM /FRIDAY NIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY NIGHT/...\nAnother cold front moves east across the region Friday night.\nThe only precipitation possible appears to be in Garrett Co MD\nand adjacent highlands, and that threat is from light showers or\ndrizzle late Fri night into Sat morning. At this point, kept\nthat liquid. But temps get close to freezing late Fri night\nthere. So the threat of some freezing drizzle will need to be\nmonitored. The moisture is mainly in the low levels, so any\nrainfall amount would be very small.\nOtherwise, fair weather again Saturday into Sat night with\ntemps slightly cooler again, but near or a little above normal.\n.LONG TERM /SUNDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/...\nSurface high pressure will make its way from the Ohio Valley through\nthe Mid-Atlantic region on Sunday, leading to clear skies and dry\nconditions to finish out the day. Digging trough just west of the\nGreat Lakes will move in along with a cutoff low by late Sunday\nnight. Most models have precip reaching central VA by 9z Monday\nmorning. Agreement on the center of the low pressure by 6z Sunday\nnight is starting to come to terms with around the Tennessee Valley.\nAfter that is where confidence becomes low again with respect to\npositioning of the cutoff. Nonetheless, a surge of moisture will be\ncoming up from the south Monday. This will lead to a mostly wet day\nwith some brief heavy rain potential given the environmental\nsetup. GEFS members averaging around 1.15\" PWATs for the day on\nMonday. There is a chance a line of convective showers or\nthunderstorms could form Monday. Main concern for this would be\nbrief damaging wind gusts with the storms given the chance for\nstrengthening low and mid-level wind fields. The wind potential\nis likely there if there can be enough instability to form\nstorms, which is questionable right now. Many model ensemble\nmembers have instability, many do not.\nThe heaviest batch of moisture should exit the area by late Monday\nnight. The upper level low appears to close off or come pretty close\nto doing so. This, along with the positioning of the shortwave and\nlocation relative to our CWA will dictate further impacts on the\nbackside of this system. Most models are in agreement with the\nchance for upslope snow along and west of the Allegheny Front from\nMonday night through early in the day on Wednesday. The interactions\nbetween the cutoff low, the digging trough and the shortwave will\nheavily dictate the impacts we may see. This will be an evolving\nforecast over the next few days with regards to timing, impacts and\nlocations of the system.\nTemperatures for the extended will start off in the low to mid 50s\nacross most areas Sunday before warming up a bit (given the warm\nmoist air associated with the cutoff) to near 60F. Most models are\nin agreement of a blast of cold air intruding behind the system\nMonday night into Tuesday. Temperatures along and west of the\nAllegheny Front could be below freezing for 24+ hours Monday night\ninto Tuesday night/Wednesday. A system this complex deserves a close\neye as we get closer to the time frame.\nLatest Discussion | Discussion Archive", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Wresat (Weapons Research Establishment Satellite), built within 11 months by the Australian Weapons Research Establishment, was launched by a surplus Redstone Sparta launch vehicle from Woomera into a 198 km × 1252 km orbit inclined at 83 deg. The 45 kg Australian microsatellite transmitted for 5 days. It reentered after 42 days.\nThe battery powered Wresat carried four experiments, which were derived from experiments flown on earlier australian sounding rockets:\nAs such, these sensors were predominantly for upper atmospheric research. There were sensors to measure solar radiation, specifically three wavelengths which had the greatest impact on the temperature and composition of the upper atmosphere. The same sensors could also measure the temperature of the solar atmosphere and the density of molecular oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, there was a small telescope with a lithium fluoride lens which could measure the faint ultraviolet halo (GeoCoronal) that surrounds the Earth at night.\nFor simplicity, the satellite was integrated directly into the SPARTA third stage. WRESAT was a little over two meters long and weighed approximately 72.5 kg, including the burned out rocket motor.\nThe satellite was launched on 29 November 1967 on a Redstone Sparta from Woomera into an excentric elliptical polar orbit of 198 km × 1252 km with an inclination of 83.3°. WRESAT operated for two weeks until the batteries ran out of power. WRESAT re-entered the atmosphere on 10 January 1968 after 43 days in orbit and burned up.\n|Type / Application:||Technology|\n|Operator:||Australian Weapons Research Establishment (WRE)|\n|Contractors:||Australian Weapons Research Establishment (WRE)|\n|Mass:||45 kg; 72 kg including the integrated 3rd stage|\n|Orbit:||198 km × 1252 km, 83.3°|\n|Wresat||1967-118A||29.11.1967||Wo LA-8||Redstone Sparta|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Every few days, it seems, another factor is discovered to further accelerate Climate Destabilization. Today we learned that increasing CO2 makes ice crack faster.\n... CO2 molecules may be having a more direct impact on the ice that covers our planet. Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute for Technology have shown that the material strength and fracture toughness of ice are decreased significantly under increasing concentrations of CO2 molecules, making ice caps and glaciers more vulnerable to cracking and splitting into pieces,...\nIce caps and glaciers cover seven per cent of Earth -- more than Europe and North America combined -- and are responsible for reflecting 80-90 per cent of the Sun's light rays that enter our atmosphere and maintain Earth's temperature. They are also a natural carbon sink, capturing a large amount of CO2.\n\"If ice caps and glaciers were to continue to crack and break into pieces, their surface area that is exposed to air would be significantly increased, which could lead to accelerated melting and much reduced coverage area on the Earth.\n... CO2molecules first adhere to the crack boundary of ice by forming a bond with the hydrogen atoms and then migrate through the ice in a flipping motion along the crack boundary towards the crack tip.\nThe CO2 molecules accumulate at the crack tip and constantly attack the water molecules by trying to bond to them. This leaves broken bonds behind and increases the brittleness of the ice on a macroscopic scale. [emphasis mine]\nAnother positive feedback we'd missed: we overestimated the potential of soil to store carbon.\nIt seems that any extra CO2 absorbed by plants due to higher CO2 levels isn't stored as wood. Instead it ends up being consumed by soil microbes who send the resulting CO2 right back into the air.\nResearch published in Science today found that increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere cause soil microbes to produce more carbon dioxide, accelerating climate change.\nTwo Northern Arizona University researchers led the study, which challenges previous understanding about how carbon accumulates in soil. Increased levels of CO2 accelerate plant growth, which causes more absorption of CO2 through photosynthesis.\nUntil now, the accepted belief was that carbon is then stored in wood and soil for a long time, slowing climate change. Yet this new research suggests that the extra carbon provides fuel to microorganisms in the soil whose byproducts (such as CO2) are released into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.\n\"Our findings mean that nature is not as efficient in slowing global warming as we previously thought,\" said Kees Jan van Groenigen, research fellow at the Center for Ecosystem Science and Society at NAU and lead author of the study. \"By overlooking this effect of increased CO2 on soil microbes, models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change may have overestimated the potential of soil to store carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect.\"\nRising global temperatures could increase the amount of carbon dioxide naturally released by the world's oceans, fuelling further climate change, a study suggests. Fresh insight into how the oceans can affect CO2 levels in the atmosphere shows that rising temperatures can indirectly increase the amount of the greenhouse gas emitted by the oceans.\n... a lack of iron at the ocean surface can limit the effect of other key elements in helping plankton take up carbon. This effect is magnified in the southern ocean and equatorial Pacific and coastal areas, which are known to play a crucial role in influencing levels of CO2 in the global atmosphere.\n... we were surprised by the many ways in which iron affects the CO2 given off by the oceans. If warming climates lower iron levels at the sea surface, as occurred in the past, this is bad news for the environment.\" [emphasis mine]\nWarming climate can lower iron in ocean surface water, which limits the effect of other key nutrients too, impairing phytoplankton uptake of CO2.\nMore of the greenhouse gas Nitrous oxide comes from land and ocean warming, another positive feedback to accelerate Climate Destabilization. It rose from 200 ppb to 260 ppb when the last ice age melted. As land warms, microbes produce more N2O. Low oxygen water, which we create by heating and polluting the oceans, also pumps out more N2O. We're already at 327 ppb.\n... a new study confirms that atmospheric levels of N2O rose significantly as the Earth came out of the last ice age ...\nThe analysis documented a 30 percent increase in atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations from 16,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago. This rise in N2O was caused by changes in environmental conditions in the ocean and on land, scientists say, and contributed to the warming at the end of the ice age and the melting of large ice sheets that then existed. The findings add an important new element to studies of how Earth may respond to a warming climate in the future.\nAtmospheric N2O was roughly 200 parts per billion at the peak of the ice age about 20,000 years ago then rose to 260 ppb by 10,000 years ago. As of 2014, atmospheric N2O was measured at about 327 ppb, an increase attributed primarily to agricultural influences.\n... marine and terrestrial sources contributed about equally to the overall increase of nitrous oxide concentrations ...\nMarine nitrous oxide production is linked closely to low oxygen conditions in the upper ocean and global warming is predicted to intensify the low-oxygen zones in many of the world's ocean basins. N2O also destroys ozone in the stratosphere. \"Warming makes terrestrial microbes produce more nitrous oxide,\"... [emphasis mine]\nimage source www.niwa.co.nz\nScientists discovered a land-based positive feedback affecting albedo. As evergreens grow further north in the boreal forests, they displace needle dropping larches, making the surface darker in Winter.\n\"We've identified that the boreal forest, particularly in Siberia, is converting from predominantly needle-shedding larch trees to evergreen conifers in response to warming climate,\"…\n\"This will promote additional warming and vegetation change, particularly in areas with low species diversity.\" The \"positive feedback\" cycle of warming promoting warming showed an increase of absorbed surface warming.\n\"Such changes in that vast region have the potential to affect areas outside of the region,\" Shuman noted. The Russian boreal forest sits over a tremendous repository of carbon-rich soil frozen in the permafrost. As the forest changes in species distribution from larch to evergreens, warming of the ground surface would cause decomposition of the soil, releasing huge quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere – possibly as much as 15 percent of the carbon dioxide currently in the atmosphere.\n\"This is not the scenario one would want to see,\" Shugart said. \"It potentially would increase warming on a global scale.\" [emphasis mine]\nLichen, moss and cyanobacteria absorb CO2 and nitrogen, but emit the super powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (laughing gas).\nLichens, mosses and cyanobacteria release large quantities of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), also known as laughing gas, and low quantities of methane (CH4) into the atmosphere.\nThe greenhouse effect of laughing gas is 300 times stronger than for carbon dioxide, and even methane is 30 times stronger. As the amount of nitrous oxide emitted increases at higher temperatures, the discovery is significant against the backdrop of global warming.\n... cryptogamic covers, the scientific name for the surface growth of lichens, mosses, cyanobacteria and other micro organisms, are responsible for four to nine percent of N2O from natural sources.\n“The methane emissions of cryptogamic covers were negligible on a global scale. However, the high release rates of nitrous oxide were remarkable,”...\n... N2O and CH4 emissions strongly increase from temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius,”...\n... cryptogamic covers absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the atmosphere. [emphasis mine]\nHurricane Alex in the Atlantic seemed to be an outgrowth of El Nino. It moved toward Greenland and merged with a storm there to bring unusually warm conditions to Western Greenland. There's evidence this caused melt from the Jacobshavn Glacier on January 16. Greenland's glaciers usually gain mass in Winter, so this unprecedented melt could signal a new feedback from ocean warming that we hadn't anticipated.\nThe Alex-triggered Greenland melt event released an iceberg four months earlier than usual.\nGreenland ice melt increases cloud cover, which causes more melt.\nProfessor Tristan L’Ecuyer says that his study found surface temperatures were up to three degrees higher as a result of increased cloud cover over the Greenland Ice Sheet. It does seem like the melt itself may be causing a feedback loop of its own: moisture in the air is a key component for cloud formation, which in turn traps heat in, which causes more melting, which puts more moisture in the air and allows more clouds to form. [emphasis mine]", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In July 2016, Super Typhoon Nepartak became first major storm of the season to make landfall in the northeast Pacific. The storm battered Taiwan with sustained winds of 113 knots (210 kilometers per hour), leaving more than 545,000 households without power. It then moved ashore in southeastern China after losing some of its strength. Nepartak brought torrential rain and flash flooding in the region, where 18 workers in Gutian county were trapped in an iron factory before emergency workers rescued them.\nAs it does with many major storms, NASA monitored Nepartak from above, providing immediate data for forecasters and long-term insights for scientists who study and model tropical cyclones. Beyond natural-color imagery, satellites offer several different ways to analyze the movement of heat, wind, and water.\nYou can think of the hurricane like an oversized vacuum cleaner, sucking water and heat from the surface of the ocean, said Michael Garay, a researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The warm, moist air is pulled up into the atmosphere, condensing into liquid as it cools in the atmosphere. Even higher up, that moisture freezes into ice.\nOr picture the storm as an inverted tea kettle. Instead of using energy to boil water and release steam as a kettle does, the storm releases energy as it rapidly cools down warm, moist air. In the process, it generates hurricane-force winds.\nThat’s where the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) comes in. The instrument uses nine cameras to create a snapshot of the storm over the course of seven minutes. The cameras capture information in stereo—by calculating the space between objects and using simple geometry, scientists can create a stereoscopic image. The imager functions a bit like human eyes, using information gathered from two slightly different vantage points to determine an object’s depth.\nThe images at the top of this page reveal how MISR can peer into the heart of a storm. The top left image depicts cloud heights; the middle image is a stereoscopic, natural-color view; and the top right image reveals wind speeds and directions in the atmosphere. The well-defined eye (the cloudless area at the center of the vortex) indicates that Nepartak was “pretty well-organized,” Garay said.\nThe RapidScat instrument complements MISR by giving a picture of conditions close to the ocean surface. The image above shows wind conditions as Nepartak approached Taiwan on July 8. Arrows show the direction of near-surface winds, with shades of blue indicating the range of wind speeds.\nRapidScat sends out microwave pulses that reflect off the ocean surface. Stronger winds make the water choppier, and larger waves return a stronger signal to RapidScat. From that information about the waves, scientists can derive wind speed and direction. This offers a complementary view to the one that MISR retrieves from higher in the atmosphere.\nThe Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite provides a thermal view (below) of the storm. Temperatures taken at very high altitudes at the center or eye of a hurricane can help researchers understand how hurricanes change intensity. The false-color image below was acquired on July 7.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today's high will be 91 and there's a 20 percent chance of a stray afternoon shower.\nThe rest of the week is expected to be sunny with highs around 90 and lows in the low-to-mid 70s.\nMeanwhile, Tropical Storm Gabrielle has reformed and tropical storm warnings are up for Bermuda. The forecast track shows the storm could effect parts of the northeast as it skirts along the coast in a few days.\nTropical Storm Huberto is expected to strengthen into a hurricane today but is expected to move into the central Atlantic and not be a threat to the U.S.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Seoul forecast to receive snow on Lunar New Year’s Day\nSEOUL-- Seoul and other central regions are forecast to receive up to 7 centimeters of snow on Lunar New Year's Day, the state weather agency said Sunday.\nSnowfall will begin late Monday and continue through the morning of Tuesday, or Lunar New Year's Day, in the greater Seoul area and the central Chungcheong provinces, according to the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA).\nIt will be the first time since 2013 for Seoul to receive snow on Lunar New Year's Day, it said.\nParts of the southern Jeolla and Gyeongsang provinces are also forecast to receive up to 3 cm of snow.\nTemperatures are expected to drop sharply after the snow stops, with the mercury falling to a morning low of below minus 10 degrees Celsius in the central regions starting Thursday, the KMA said.\nSource: Yonhap News Agency", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Climate change is the effect of the Global Warming. At present, there is a debate on whether or not there is in fact a global warming or just merely a climate change. The Republicans are vocal about this. Donald Trump has denied the position that there is indeed a global warming but only climate change.\nGlobal Warming is the increase of the temperature in the atmosphere due to the carbon dioxide emission. This creates a greenhouse effect in our atmosphere. For many years, many experts have warned the effects of carbon emission. In fact, there has been many attempt to reduce the emission. Kyoto Protocol was one of the agreements that catalyzed the nations to help reduce the effects of global warming.\nClimate change causes the sea level rise, global temperature rise, warming of the oceans, shrinking ice sheets, declining arctic sea ice, glacial retreat, extreme weather events, ocean acidification, decreased snow cover. Because of these, the food chain is affected. The population of the species are decreasing because either their habitat has changed or loses it. Stronger typhoons and flash floods are most likely to occur that leads to many deaths and destruction of infrastructures.\nThe denial of Donald Trump of the effects of the climate change plays a big role in the reduction of the effects of the global warming. Donald Trump is a president of the most influential nation – the United States of America. This sends a message that the fact of the global warming is not true because of the influence of USA. The denial may create a notion that the global warming is just an idea.\nThe denial of Donald Trump on the global warming may be due to two reasons: 1. Donald Trump has a business mind, and 2. To stir up discussion.\nIt has been known to everybody that Trump is a business tycoon. In fact he is one of the highly celebrated business men. He has appeared to television shows and movies due to this. His fame in the business also contributed to his winning as a president of the US. There are many businesses that are non-compliant to the carbon emission reduction because of its high cost. The airline industry, for example, are one of the most contributors to the carbon emission in the atmosphere. Without sanction from the government, the airline industry shall continue to add to the effects of the global warming. The denial of the head of state, Trump, to the global warming is giving the commercial industry the confidence to continue their carbon emission. Hence, the continuing effects of the global warming that leads to the climate change.\nOn the other hand, however, if we are to analyze the actions of Donald Trump, there is consistency to it. The denial of Donald Trump on the effects of the global warming is stirring up discussion.\nDonald Trump won the elections because of his atrocious actions. He would swear, discriminate and even act rudely to the people around him. This has created a discussion – media. The noise that Trump created throughout the world has made him the topic of every medium, especially to the social media.\nBecause of this, more people are talking about the global warming. It raises a question: is global warming really true? Experts now are more committed to prove the existence of the global warming and it affects. People are becoming more aware on the facts. This discussion may eventually lead to action towards the reduction on the effects of the global warming.\nAt the end of the day, we can never tell the purpose of Donald Trump on the denial on the global warming. But as stewards of the earth, each must learn to be aware of the changes that the environment is experiencing.\nMore useful samples & examples in", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Cloudy Saturday in Delhi\nPosted on Mar 01 2014 | IANS\nNew Delhi, March 1 : It was a chilly Saturday morning in the national capital with the minimum temperature recorded at 12 degree Celsius, average for the season. The Met Office has forecast a cloudy day ahead.\n\"Partly cloudy sky with a spell of light rain and thunder shower in some parts of the city will be recorded,\" said an official of the India Meteorological Department.\nThe maximum temperature is likely to hover around 22 degree Celsius.\nThe humidity recorded at 8.30 a.m. was 95 percent.\nThe city has received 9.7 mm rainfall since Friday, which was February's wettest day in the capital.\nThe maximum temperature recorded Friday was four notches below average at 21.3 degrees Celsius.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Did Mars once have a thick atmosphere? Could the climate on the Red Planet have supported water and possibly life in the past? These are the questions NASA hopes to answer in great detail with the newest orbiter mission to Mars. Called the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, the $485 million mission is scheduled for launch in late 2013. MAVEN is part of the Mars Scout Program, which is designed to send a series of small, low-cost, principal investigator-led missions to the Red Planet. The Phoenix Mars Lander was the first spacecraft selected in this program. “This mission will provide the first direct measurements ever taken to address key scientific questions about Mars’ evolution,” said Doug McCuistion, director of the Mars Exploration Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington.\nEvidence from orbit and the planet’s surface points to a once denser atmosphere on Mars that supported the presence of liquid water on the surface. As part of a dramatic climate change, most of the Martian atmosphere was lost. MAVEN will make definitive scientific measurements of present-day atmospheric loss that will offer clues about the planet’s history.\n“The loss of Mars’ atmosphere has been an ongoing mystery,” McCuistion said. “MAVEN will help us solve it.”\nThe science team will be led from the University of Colorado at Boulder, and its Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. The principal investigator for the mission is Bruce Jakosky from UC Boulder. “We are absolutely thrilled about this announcement,” said Jakosky. “We have an outstanding mission that will obtain fundamental science results for Mars. We have a great team and we are ready to go.”\nLockheed Martin of Littleton, Colo., will build the spacecraft based on designs from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and 2001 Mars Odyssey missions.\nMAVEN was evaluated to have the best science value and lowest implementation risk from 20 mission investigation proposals submitted in response to a NASA Announcement of Opportunity in August 2006.\nAfter arriving at Mars in the fall of 2014, MAVEN will use its propulsion system to enter an elliptical orbit ranging 90 to 3,870 miles above the planet. The spacecraft’s eight science instruments will take measurements during a full Earth year, which is roughly equivalent to half of a Martian year.\nMAVEN’s instrument suites include a remote sensing package that will determine global characteristics of the upper atmosphere, and the spacecraft will dip to an altitude of 80 miles above the planet. A particles and fields payload contains six instruments that will characterize the solar wind, upper atmosphere and the ionosphere – a layer of charged particles very high in the Martian atmosphere.\nThe third instrument suite, a Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer will measure the composition and isotopes of neutral and charged forms of gases in the Martian atmosphere\nDuring and after its primary science mission, the spacecraft may be used to provide communications relay support for robotic missions on the Martian surface.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The GOES satellites provide National Weather Service forecasters with continuous, reliable and high-quality observations of Earth’s atmosphere. They use instruments to measure the radiation emitted and reflected by the planet’s surface, water vapor, clouds and atmospheric temperatures. The GOES satellites are operated by NOAA and NASA. They are designed to operate in geostationary orbit 35,790 kilometres (22,240 miles) above the Earth. They continuously view the continental United States, the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Central America, South America and southern Canada.\nThe four GOES-R Series satellites currently in orbit, built by Lockheed Martin, have a variety of instruments that give meteorologists sharper and more defined images of severe storms, hurricanes, wildfires and other environmental events in the U.S. and the western hemisphere. They also have the ability to detect lightning in real-time.\nGOES-R series satellites are the most advanced geostationary operational environmental satellites NOAA has ever launched, and they offer scientists, forecasters and the public unprecedented images of Earth’s weather and environment. The spacecraft provide vital information on solar activity and space weather, as well as weather phenomena such as wildfires, tornadoes and severe thunderstorms.\nThese satellites help to save lives by aiding the search and rescue operations of people in distress, including those lost at sea or trapped in buildings and automobiles. The data from these satellites also supports the safe operation of military and civilian radio wave and communication systems, astronauts on the Space Station, and high-altitude aviators.\nIn addition to observing the planet and providing vital information on the Earth’s environment, the GOES-R Series satellites support scientific research in atmospheric science, numerical weather prediction models and environmental sensor design and development. They are also used to assist in space weather monitoring, and are capable of supporting specialized sensors such as the Solar X-Ray Imager on GOES-13.\nNOAA’s GOES resources page provides links to the latest imagery from all GOES satellites, along with access to historical data. It includes an online GOES-R archive that allows for downloads of selected observations. During times of significant weather or other events, NOAA’s Satellite Operations Control Center may alter the satellite’s normal schedule to provide requested coverage.\nA game of go is much simpler than chess, and yet out of its sheer simplicity great beauty arises from a complex battle of Black and White armies that span the 19 by 19-square board. Similarly, the advent of ubiquitous chess programs has revitalized the game and helped to train a generation of players who compete with the best computers. If the same is true for AlphaGo, the rise of this extraordinary system will lead to even more people exploring and enjoying this exquisite intellectual and aesthetic game for its own sake. It may also inspire a new generation to create the next great computer program, further pushing the limits of what’s possible in this most fascinating of all human pursuits.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The expiration time in the watch graphic is amended if the watch is\nreplaced, cancelled or extended.\nClick for Watch Status Reports\nURGENT - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED\nSevere Thunderstorm Watch Number 406\nNWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK\n520 PM CDT Thu Jun 23 2022\nThe NWS Storm Prediction Center has issued a\n* Severe Thunderstorm Watch for portions of\nCentral and west-central Minnesota\nNortheastern South Dakota\n* Effective this Thursday afternoon and Friday morning from 520\nPM until 100 AM CDT.\n* Primary threats include...\nScattered damaging winds and isolated significant gusts to 75\nScattered large hail and isolated very large hail events to 2\ninches in diameter possible\nSUMMARY...Several thunderstorms are forming along and south of a\nslow-moving to stationary front over parts of the watch area, and\nadditional development/merger of convection is possible through the\nevening, with potential for some localized cold-pool-driven\nclustering. Severe gusts and sporadic large hail are the main\nThe severe thunderstorm watch area is approximately along and 50\nstatute miles either side of a line from 25 miles north northwest of\nWatertown SD to 30 miles east southeast of Brainerd MN. For a\ncomplete depiction of the watch see the associated watch outline\nupdate (WOUS64 KWNS WOU6).\nREMEMBER...A Severe Thunderstorm Watch means conditions are\nfavorable for severe thunderstorms in and close to the watch area.\nPersons in these areas should be on the lookout for threatening\nweather conditions and listen for later statements and possible\nwarnings. Severe thunderstorms can and occasionally do produce\nOTHER WATCH INFORMATION...CONTINUE...WW 405...\nAVIATION...A few severe thunderstorms with hail surface and aloft to\n2 inches. Extreme turbulence and surface wind gusts to 65 knots. A\nfew cumulonimbi with maximum tops to 550. Mean storm motion vector", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Staff Correspondent bdnews24.com\nPublished: 2018-10-10 16:04:44 BdST\nBIWTA spokesman Mobarak Hossain Majumder confirmed the decision to bdnews24.com.\nA deep depression in the Bay of Bengal turned into a severe cyclonic storm and moved north-north-west towards the coasts in Andhra and Odisha in India.\nBangladesh Meteorological Department has asked the maritime ports in Chattogram, Cox's Bazar, Mongla and Payra to hoist local cautionary signal No. 4 as the sea will be rough due to the cyclone.\nThe cautionary signal 4 means the ports will be affected by the cyclone with a probable wind speed of 51kph to 61kph. Highest security measures are yet to be needed.\nThe cyclone centred 945km south-west of Chattogram port, 900km south-west of Cox’s Bazar port, 815km south-west of Mongla port and 815km south-west of Payra port on Wednesday, the Met office said in a special bulletin.\nThe maximum sustained wind speed within the 64km of the cyclone centre was about 90kph rising to 110kph in gusts and squalls.\nThe Met office has advised all fishing boats and trawlers over the north bay and deep sea to take shelter.\nCyclone Titli may intensify further and turn severe around Wednesday midnight, said the Indian Met Office. It is likely to cross the coasts in Odisha and Andhra through Gopalpur and Kalingapatnam.\nThe maximum sustained wind speed may turn 120-130kph rising to 145 kph in gusts and squalls.\nTitli may change its course a little and move towards West Bengal after its landfall and gradually weaken, the Indian Met Office said.\nIt will affect the Sundarbans, Satkhira, Bagerhat and Khulna, according to meteorologists in Bangladesh.\nThe cyclone has caused clouds clustering in the sky in Dhaka and some other parts of the country.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Sharm El Sheikh Live Weather Update - Holiday Weather\nLive weather in Sharm El Sheikh The latest and todays weather in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt updated regularly\n- SHARM EL-SHEIKH, EGYPT - Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)\nSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt - Travel and vacation weather averages, current conditions and forecasts\n- Weather in Sharm el Sheikh in June 2019: Temperature\nWeather in Sharm el Sheikh in June - Temperature, Rainfall Sunshine Check How Hot Sunny It Is Before You Book Your Next Holiday in 2019\n- The Best Time to Visit Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt for Weather . . .\nRead below for more weather and travel details Weather in Sharm el Sheikh Temperature Average temperatures in Sharm el The Best Time to Visit Sharm el Sheikh,\n- Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt 10-Day Weather Forecast - The . . .\nBe prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather com\n- Climate - Sharm El Sheikh - Climates to Travel\nClimate information for Sharm El Sheikh - weather averages, sunshine With some advice on the best time to visit\n- Best Time to Visit Sharm El-sheikh, Egypt | Weather . . .\nCheck an exclusive list of best time to visit Sharm El-sheikh Do not travel to Sharm El Sheik when its raining in Month wise Weather in Sharm El-sheikh", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "ROANOKE, Va. – Scattered showers will be with us for much of Monday morning before drying out late this afternoon. The showers will remain relatively with the best chance for steady rain east of the Blue Ridge.\nSunshine returns Tuesday with temperatures climbing back to around 60 degrees. Wednesday will start out dry, but clouds will increase through the day making way for rain chances late Wednesday and into Thursday. Thursday presents the best opportunity for widespread rain this week.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "... including targeted forecasts at the time of your arrival to each point!\nHaslemere, Surrey experiences a temperate climate year-round. During the summer months, temperatures average 19-20°C (66-68°F) while during the winter months, temperatures average between 4-5°C (39-41°F). The warmest months are usually July and August, with temperatures reaching an average of 22°C (71°F). Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, with an average of 785 mm (30.9 in) of rainfall annually. In the wintertime, snow is rare, with the occasional light dusting of snow. The amount of sunshine also varies throughout the year, with the sunniest months being May and June, with an average of 8 hours of sunshine per day.\nAs of 2020, the city population is 16826.\nThis map shows the current & 7-day weather forecast, weather alerts, and weather radar for Haslemere, Surrey.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today will be cloudy with snow or rain beginning in the morning then changing to rain near noon. There is also a risk of freezing rain early in the afternoon and a risk of a thunderstorm late in the afternoon. Rainfall amounts of 10 to 15 mm possible.\nWinds coming from the northeast at 20 km/h then increasing to 40 and gusting to 60 near noon.\nWe can expect a high of 2C with a UV index of 2 or low.\nTonight the rain will change to drizzle in the evening then to a few flurries overnight. Winds steady but becoming light near midnight. Temperature steady near plus 2C.\nDon't forget to check on the latest local gas prices, which are also listed on this page.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Scientific Forecaster Discussion\nArea forecast discussion\nNational Weather Service Newport/Morehead City NC\n1037 PM EST Wednesday Mar 4 2015\na cold front will move through eastern North Carolina from the\nnorthwest Thursday. High pressure will build in for the weekend.\nLow pressure may affect the region early next week.\nNear term /rest of tonight/...\nas of 1030 PM Wednesday...the cold front currently resides from the\nTidewater region of Virginia west-southwest to southeastern\nTennessee, slowly heading east towards eastern NC. Warm advection\non moist southwesterly flow continues tonight with areas of fog\npossible near along the coastal sections of Onslow and Carteret\ncounties. Could also experience intermittent fog along the Outer\nBanks depending on extent of boundary layer mixing. Significant\nmixing has inhibited temperatures from falling near dewpoint this\nevening and thus have removed mention of fog from inland areas.\nWinds should remain mixed enough to prevent fog formation\novernight though with dewpoints in the low 60s, cannot completely\nrule out brief fog just prior to sunrise if winds can sufficiently\nModels remain in close agreement in the short term. Mild temperatures\nwill persist overnight due to moist SW flow. Thursdays high temperatures\nwill occur early morning then fall most of the day as cold high\npressure build south over the region. Most of the area will be\ndry overnight. The exception will be the northern coastal plain\nthrough the Albemarle Sound counties and far northern Outer Banks\nwhere low chance probability of precipitation for rain will exist after midnight.\nShort term /Thursday/...\nas of 330 PM Wednesday...little change to previous forecast. Models\nclose in timing on front dropping through from the north. The\nwest-east oriented front will move through the northern Outer\nBanks & northern coastal plain shortly after daybreak reaching the\nSouth Coast early Thursday afternoon. Front will clear the entire\narea by early evening. Probability of precipitation will quickly increase to categorical\nalong and behind the front. Forecast soundings indicate precipitation\ntype will remain rain during the day. Temperatures will fall\nduring the day once the front passes and will retain appropriate\nwording in the upcoming zone package.\nLong term /Thursday night through Wednesday/...\nas of 300 PM Wednesday...good model agreement Thursday night with\nwidespread rain in wake of cold front...gradually ending as a period\nof sleet and freezing rain northwest to southeast during the night. Given warm\nantecedent conditions...only minor sleet accumulation expected\nwith a few hundredths of an inch of freezing rain accretion on\nexposed surfaces...and some slick spots possible bridges and\nOperational models continue to have some differences on\nFriday...with NAM showing redevelopment of wdsrd light\nrain/freezing rain over all of eastern NC during the day...while GFS\nand European model (ecmwf) limit precipitation to coast with temperatures near or just above 32.\nGiven model differences...continued previous low confidence forecast\nof mainly chance probability of precipitation across area with just 20% inland of Highway 17\nafter middle morning. Did increase probability of precipitation along coast S of Oregon Inlet\nto likely for rain with chance of freezing rain. Another few\nhundredths of freezing rain possible along coast.\nGusty north-NE winds expected along coast with cold air advection surge Thursday night and\ncould see wind advsy criteria mainly for Outer Banks.\nClearing and colder conditions expected Friday night...then high\npressure with moderating temperatures Sunday into Monday. Models continue to\nhave differences with next possible southern stream system Tue-Wed...and\njust covered with 20% chance of rain to indicate low forecast confidence\nat this time.\nMav guidance continues to have cold bias with min temperatures Thursday night and\nFriday night and leaned to previous forecast which is line more with met\nMOS. Coldest temperatures expected Friday night with some middle 20s inland.\nTemperatures moderating to near normal sun-Wed.\nAviation /03z Thursday through Monday/...\nshort term /through 00z Friday/...\nas of 1035 PM...VFR conditions early this evening may diminish to\nMVFR/IFR overnight if winds sufficiently diminish allowing areas\nof fog to develop and impact area taf sites. Maintained a period\nof IFR in lowered ceilings/visibilities for all taf sites between roughly\n06-12z, though this may be overly pessimistic given strong\nboundary layer mixing as of 03z. Indicated a brief MVFR period\nThursday morning ahead of the cold front then forecast soundings\nand MOS all agree on a period of IFR ceilings as winds shift\nnorth/northeast and moisture becomes trapped under the frontal\ninversion. Cold air will Chase the moisture from west to east\nThursday evening/night so could see light freezing rain/sleet late\nevening into Thursday night.\nLong term /Thursday night through Monday/...\nas of 300 PM Wednesday...sub-VFR conditions expected Thursday\nnight with widespread rain in wake of cold front...with precipitation\nchanging to period of sleet and freezing rain before ending. MVFR\nceilings likely to linger during the day Friday. Clearing expected\nFriday night with VFR prevailing rest of period. Gusty north-NE winds\n15-25 miles per hour in wake of front Thursday night into Friday.\nshort term /through Thursday/\nas of 1030 PM Wednesday...latest surface and limited buoy data\nindicate south-southwest winds 15-25 knots with seas 3-5 feet though 5-7 feet seas\nlikely for the outer fringes of the central coastal waters.\nAdjusted the marine dense fog advisory as most locations have been\nvoid of fog issues/development this evening under a strong\nsouthwesterly flow, except for the Onslow/Carteret County coast\nwhere the dense fog advisory remains in effect until Thursday\nmorning. Based on latest model data will issue gale warnings for\nall coastal waters...the Albemarle and Pamlico sounds and\nAlligator river...with small craft advisories for the remaining\nrivers. Front will drop into the northern waters shortly after\ndaybreak Thursday and reach the southern waters in the early\nafternoon. Winds will rapidly veer from southwest to north and\nincrease once the front passes.\nLong term /Thursday night through Monday/...\nas of 300 PM Wednesday...gale warnings posted for all waters\nexcept Small Craft Advisory southern rivers with high confidence in period of 25 to 35\nknots winds across area Thursday night into Friday morning due to strong cold air advection\nin wake of Arctic front. Winds will gradually diminish Friday and\nFriday night to less than 20 knots by Sat morning...but elevated seas\nwill linger outer waters into Sat morning. Lighter winds and seas\nexpected to prevail rest of weekend into Monday.\nLeaned to local nwps for seas most of period. Heights peaking 8-12\nfeet late Thursday night/early Friday.\nMarine...Small Craft Advisory from 5 PM Thursday to 10 am EST Friday\nGale Warning from 5 PM Thursday to 10 am EST Friday for amz130-\nDense fog advisory until 6 am EST Thursday for amz156-158.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Note: Select a region before finding a country.\nWindy this afternoon\nTimes of clouds and sun\nA few showers in the morning\nExpect showery weather late Thursday night through Friday morning\nA brief period of tranquil weather will occur across the United Kingdom and neighboring northern Europe during the middle of the week. more >", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "KAMPALA, Uganda (AP) — Modest reductions in air pollution can prevent the deaths of tens of thousands of infants in sub-Saharan Africa each year, according to a new scientific study that investigated the link between breathable air pollutants and premature deaths in 30 countries across the continent.\nAlthough few pollution monitoring systems exist in Africa, the researchers combined satellite-based data estimating the concentration of air pollutant particles with household health survey data on the location and timing of almost 1 million infant births — and any subsequent deaths — between 2001 and 2015.\nThere is a “robust relationship” between breathable particulate matter and infant mortality in some of the world’s poorest countries, according researchers from Stanford University and the University of California, San Diego published Wednesday in the journal Nature.\nParticulate matter, one of many air pollutants, is believed by many experts to be the most harmful to human health. The term refers to small particles suspended in the air, including dust and black carbon originating from such sources as fossil fuel and biomass burning. Air pollution contributes to the global burden of heart disease, lung cancer, as well as respiratory diseases such as asthma and pneumonia, according to the World Health Organization.\nMany people in Africa, where the process of rural electrification has been slow, still burn wood to cook or heat their homes. Other sources of pollutants may be natural, including large amounts of dust from the Sahara Desert.\nEvery 10-microgram-per-cubic-meter increase in the concentration of breathable particulate matter is associated with an increase of about 9 percent in infant mortality, an effect consistent over the 15-year study period, the study’s authors say. They also estimate that a decrease in air pollution of 5 micrograms per cubic meter across Africa might have averted around 40,000 infant deaths in 2015.\n“The principal sources of particulate matter differ across sub-Saharan Africa. As such, policies and approaches to reducing pollution may be most appropriately undertaken at the local and regional scale,” Sam Heft-Neal, one of the study’s authors, told The Associated Press. “In booming urban areas, many of the relevant technologies and policies are the same ones that have been applied in more developed economies: moving away from coal to cleaner feedstocks for electric power production, putting particulate filters on buses and trucks, and reducing traffic congestion.”\nAddressing biomass burning both in the farming fields and for cooking may require more comprehensive policies to rapidly move households up the energy ladder, he said, citing solar energy as “an excellent way to remove kerosene emissions” from homes.\nThe study also found that wealthier households were not immune from the negative effects of air pollution.\nAlthough many African governments recognize the threat to lives from air pollutants, efforts to stem pollution have often lagged behind the more practical concerns of growing economies and attracting investors to develop local industry.\nSome countries are starting to act. In the East African nation of Uganda, where cars emitting black exhaust fumes are a common sight on the roads, a draft law proposes to ban imports of vehicles older than eight years. The bill, already approved by Uganda’s cabinet, aims to curb imports of used Japanese cars that are seen as a major source of pollution in the urban areas.\nAccording to the World Health Organization, 97 percent of cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in developing countries don’t meet WHO air quality guidelines. That number decreases to 49 percent in high-income countries.\nA 2015 study published in Nature found that air pollution, mostly by breathable particulate matter, leads to 3.3 million premature deaths a year worldwide, predominantly in Asia. That study projected that by 2050 the death total would double, to about 6.6 million a year, if trends didn’t change.\n“The realities of our society are so difficult,” said Denis Akankunda Bwesigye, a fellow at Uganda’s Makerere University School of Public Health, citing the widespread use in rural areas of burning wood in the process of cooking.\nAir pollution, he said, contributes significantly to the cases of pneumonia, which kills more than 24,000 Ugandan children under the age of 5 each year, according to government figures.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It’s a very foggy start to Monday morning. A Dense Fog Advisory was in place for all of central Indiana until 10 AM. That advisory has been extended until 1 PM. Many spots this morning have seen visibility drop to a half a mile or less.\nOnce we get past the fog, it will still be a rather dreary day. Thick cloud cover will prevail through the day. A few isolated areas of drizzle or light rain will be possible at times, but much of the day will be dry.\nA warm front lifting over the region will send temperatures in the mid to upper 50s Monday afternoon. By Tuesday afternoon, this warm air will have temperatures flirting with record highs, in the mid 60s. The record for January 3rd is 65° set back in 1950.\nThe warmer air will be accompanied by a soaking rain. A few widely scattered showers will be in the area during the evening hours but most of the rain holds off until we get past midnight. Our risk for severe weather is low but an isolated strong, gusty storm can’t be ruled out. More favorable conditions for severe weather are centered over the south with portions of Arkansas and Louisiana at the highest risk.\nHeavy rain and storms will move through during the late night, early morning hours on Tuesday. By daybreak, the heaviest of the rain will be pushing to the east. Overall rainfall totals from the system are in favor of 1″ of rain or more in many locations.\nA few additional showers will be possible into Tuesday afternoon and evening, but they’ll be much more sparse in coverage. However, a broken line projected to come through during the evening could pack more of a punch with the potential for severe weather. The threat for severe storms is still low but a couple strong to severe storms will be possible.\nWe start to transition back to a more seasonal feel late in the week. Temperatures will be falling through the day on Wednesday and we’ll be back to highs in the 30s by Thursday. It’s into a January feel as we close out the week and head into the weekend.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Wednesday Cloudy. Isolated showers. Winds N/NW 25 to 35 km/h. Mostly sunny. Light winds.\nThursday Cloudy. Isolated showers, increasing to areas of rain in the afternoon, easing to isolated showers at night. Possible hail during the evening. Winds N/NW 30 to 45 km/h increasing to 40 to 60 km/h before dawn then tending W/NW 35 to 55 km/h in the early afternoon.\nFriday Partly cloudy. Gusty winds early in the morning. Possible hail until evening. Scattered showers, falling as snow above 500 metres. The chance of thunderstorms in the late morning and afternoon. Gusty winds in the afternoon. Winds W/NW 30 to 45 km/h turning SW 20 to 30 km/h in the early afternoon.\nSaturday Partly cloudy. Isolated showers tending scattered over eastern suburbs. Snow possible about the nearby hills above 600 metres in the morning. Winds W/SW 15 to 20 km/h becoming light during the afternoon.\nSunday Partly cloudy. Local early morning frost over outer suburbs. Light winds.\n||forecast||min||max||chance of rain||rain amount||frost risk||9am||3pm|\n||4||13||5%||< 1mm||Slight||NNW 12||89||NW 12||62|\n||6||12||10%||< 1mm||Nil||NNW 12||85||NW 14||63|\n||3||14||5%||< 1mm||Moderate||NNW 5||85||NW 10||54|\n||5||14||5%||< 1mm||Slight||N 16||76||NW 20||49|\n||4||13||5%||< 1mm||Slight||N 11||86||NW 16||58|\n||2||9||5%||< 1mm||Moderate||NNW 2||95||NW 3||70|\n||4||13||5%||< 1mm||Slight||N 3||83||NW 8||57|\n||3||13||5%||< 1mm||Moderate||N 16||79||NW 18||51|\n||3||14||5%||< 1mm||Moderate||NNW 11||84||NW 16||50|\n||0||13||5%||< 1mm||High||N 3||100||NNW 11||61|\n21:38 EST Tasmanians are bracing for more wild weather as the state mops up from destructive storms and flash flooding in the past two days.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This Afternoon... Cloudy with scattered snow showers. Not as cool. Near steady temperature around 30. West winds 5 to 10 mph with gusts up to 20 mph. Chance of snow 20 percent.\nSunday... Partly sunny. Cold with highs in the lower 30s. East winds around 5 mph, becoming south in the afternoon.\nMonday... Mostly cloudy. Highs around 40. West winds 5 to 10 mph.\nTuesday... Mostly cloudy. Highs in the upper 40s.\nWednesday... Mostly sunny. Cooler with highs in the mid 30s.\nThursday... Partly sunny. Highs in the mid 30s.\nFriday... A chance of snow showers in the morning. Cloudy with a chance of rain showers. Not as cool with highs in the upper 40s. Chance of precipitation 30 percent.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "GetWindDirection - Weather\nFrom Creation Kit\nRequires: SKSE 1.06.00 or above.\nMember of: Weather Script\nReturns the wind direction of the weather object.\nfloat Function GetWindDirection() native\nThe Wind Direction in degrees as specified by the weather form field.\nWeather property SkyrimCloudyMA Auto ;Filled by SkyrimCloudyMA weather form. float windDirect = SkyrimCloudyMA.GetWindDirection() Debug.Trace(\"The weather object SkyrimCloudyMA has a wind direction of \" + windDirect)\n- The value returned will always be between 0.0 and 360.0.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Laverton Weather (beta) Laverton Weather. (beta) Map View MetEye. View the current warnings for Western Australia. 16.5 °C. Lowest 10.4 °C 7:10 am. Highest 16.5 °C 12:10 pm. 0 mm of rain since 9 am . Chance of any rain: 0%. Goldfields area. Partly cloudy. The chance of frost in the northwest in the early morning. Winds westerly 15 to 25 km/h turning southwesterly 20 to 30 km/h in the morning then decreasing to 15 to 20 km/h in the late afternoon. Overnight temperatures falling to between 3 and 6 with daytime. The last 14 months of Daily Weather Observations for Laverton, Western Australia are also here on this web site: Aug 21 Jul 21 Jun 21 May 21 Apr 21 Mar 21 Feb 21 Jan 21 Dec 20 Nov 20 Oct 20 Sep 20 Aug 20 Jul 2\nLaverton Detailed Forecast (beta) Laverton Detailed Forecast. (beta) View the current warnings for Western Australia. Change location Start typing (town, city, postcode or lat/lon), then select from list below\nLatest Weather Observations for Laverton. IDW60801. Issued at 10:13 pm WST Saturday 10 July 2021 (issued every 10 minutes, with the page automatically refreshed every 10 minutes) About weather observations | Map of weather stations | Latest weather observations for WA | Other Formats. Station Details. ID: 012305. Name: LAVERTON AERO. Lat: -28.61 Possible rainfall: 0 to 2 mm. Chance of any rain: 50%. Melbourne area. Partly cloudy. Medium (50%) chance of showers, most likely later in the day. Winds northerly 25 to 35 km/h. The next routine forecast will be issued at 5:05 am EST Friday. Product derived from IDV10753 and IDV10450 . BoM weather radar, satellite and synoptic charts. Current conditions, warnings and historical record\nLaverton weather, Goldfields, WA - 7-day weather forecast and current temperature and Western Australia weather rada Laverton Wednesday Forecast. Mostly sunny. 10 °C. 19 °C. 30%. < 1mm. Laverton for Wednesday. Partly cloudy. Medium chance of showers in the far SW, becoming less likely later this evening Latest Weather Station Observations Near Laverton, WA (122.40/28.62) Rel. Humid. A cold front is moving over eastern parts of the Eucla Friday evening. A ridge is developing over remaining southern parts of the State and will drift well south of the State on Sunday. The ridge will strengthen on Monday as a high moves well to the south and a. National, state and local weather radar animation from the Bureau of Meteorology showing detailed rain coverage for the past 2 hour Laverton Airport (2km) Created with Highcharts 6.0.2. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30. 2021 June July. Total Rainfall 2021. 80mm. Daily Average 2021. 0.4mm. Wettest Day 30 May, 2021\nLaverton, originally known as British Flag, is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, and the centre of administration for the Shire of Laverton.The town of Laverton is located at the western edge of the Great Victoria Desert, 957 kilometres (595 mi) north-northeast of the state capital, Perth, and 124 kilometres (77 mi) east-northeast of the town of Leonora, with an. Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Laverton, Western Australia, Australia. Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and.\n16 °C. 5%. < 1mm. Laverton for Thursday. Partly cloudy. Slight chance of a shower in the far SW in the morning and early afternoon. Near zero chance of rain elsewhere. Gusty winds and possible hail in the early afternoon. Winds W 25 to 30 km/h tending W/SW 35 to 50 km/h in the morning then decreasing to 20 to 30 km/h in the evening Laverton.Noticeboard, Laverton, Western Australia. 981 likes · 16 talking about this. Community Notices for Laverton WA. Please note the 'WA'. We continually receive requests from people in.. Know what's coming with AccuWeather's extended daily forecasts for Laverton, Western Australia, Australia. Up to 90 days of daily highs, lows, and precipitation chances\nMon 9 Aug Goldfields. Partly cloudy. High (70%) chance of showers in the far southwest, slight (30%) chance elsewhere. Winds north to northwesterly 15 to 25 km/h tending west to northwesterly 30 to 45 km/h during the morning and early afternoon Cyclone, flooding alert in Laverton, WA. At 11.23am the Bureau of Meteorology advised of heavy rainfall of 50mm to 70mm over the past 24 hours in the Gascoyne Junction area\nSunrise / Sunset times Laverton. With first light and last light times, and a graphical view of local daylight hours Laverton Sunrise / Sunset Times, WA 6440 - WillyWeathe Climatology Station Details. Laverton Ap. 28.61°S, 122.42°E 464m AMSL. Commenced 1991. Rainfall records: 25.0 years between 1994 and 2021. Min. temperature records: 29.0 years 1991 and 2021. Max. temperature records: 29.0 years between 1991 and 2021. Some data on this site is sourced from Bureau of Meteorology About 83% of Western Australia's total population live in the 15 coastal cities and towns with temperatures recorded by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology since the year 1900. The five coastal locations in Western Australia with populations above 20,000 ( Albany , Bunbury , Busselton , Geraldton , Perth ) have been major and expanding urban.\nClimate (2010-Present) Laverton Airport (2km) Take a look at our website widgetsAvailable free! Find Out More. Strongest 3 December, 2018 137.2km/h NW; Average 2010-Present 18.2km/ Current active weather warnings for Laverton, issued by the Bureau of Meteorology. Create alerts and filter by warning category. Laverton Weather Warnings, WA 6440 - WillyWeathe Jan 2021 Average Total. 44.2. 5.6 day (s) Hottest min/max. Coldest min/max. Wettest rainfall total. Probable monthly record (for stations with ≥ 10 years of records Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps\nBurtville weather, Goldfields, WA - 7-day weather forecast and current temperature and Western Australia weather rada Latest news View all › Negative Indian Ocean Dipole is here Wednesday, July 21, 2021 | Source: Weatherzone . Australia's prospect of a wet spring continues to increase, with the Bureau of Meteorology declaring this week that a ne.. Interior for Saturday Sunny. Winds E/NE 15 to 20 km/h tending N/NE 20 to 30 km/h in the morning then decreasing to 15 to 20 km/h in the middle of the day. Overnight temperatures falling to between 2 and 5 with daytime temperatures reaching the low to mid 20s. Sunday Sunny. Winds N/NE 20 to 30 km/h. Windarra weather, Goldfields, WA - 7-day weather forecast and current temperature and Western Australia weather rada\nLaverton Weather - 7 Day Forecast, Current Conditions and Rada Western Australia's continued drenching Saturday, December 12, 2020 Heaviest rain in months for southeast QLD and northeast NSW, and more on the cards Saturday, December 12, 202 Laverton's climate is arid with high summer temperatures and low annual rainfall. Average daily maximum temperature ranges from 21 degrees Celsius in June to upwards of 38.9 degrees Celsius in January. Average daily minimum temperature ranges from 14.1 degrees Celsius in July to 31.7 degrees Celsius in January (Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), 2020) . Customer Service Representative and more on Indeed.com Full Time Jobs in Laverton WA (with Salaries) 2021 | Indeed.com Australi\nLaverton surf report updated daily. Surf forecast graph with detailed height, direction and period for swell waves Laverton Swell Forecast, WA 6440 - WillyWeathe Current and historical weather data, weather records and long term monthly averages for Laverton Airport. Temperature, wind, rain and more\nWarnings are also available through TV and Radio broadcasts, the Bureau's website at www.bom.gov.au or call 1300 659 210. The Bureau and State Emergency Service would appreciate warnings being. Severe thunderstorms in WA are likely to produce damaging winds and heavy rainfall that may lead to flash flooding and large hailstones, the Bureau of Meteorology says Climate (2010-Present) Laverton RAAF Base (1km) Take a look at our website widgetsAvailable free! Find Out More. Strongest 30 January, 2019 113km/h NNE; Average 2010-Present 16.1km/\nAverage 2021. 14.8km/h. Climate (2010-Present) Laverton RAAF Base (3km) Take a look at our website widgets Available free! Find Out More. Strongest 30 January, 2019. 113km/h NNE. Average 2010-Present . Weather satellite cloud imagery is originally processed by the BOM from the geostationary satellite Himawari-8 operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency A Bureau of Meteorology's Victorian radar glitch made it seem rain was hitting most of the state — except for the eye of the storm near Laverton. Picture: BOM. WEATHER watchers were left. Laverton Tides updated daily. Detailed forecast tide charts and tables with past and future low and high tide times Laverton Tide Times, VIC 3028 - WillyWeathe\nLaverton Ravensthorpe Gnowangerup Merredin Newdegate Deakin Telfer Marble Bar the Bureau of Meteorology. Western Australia. Climate zone map. Climate zone map: Western Australia Western Australia. Climate zone map . Table 1 NCC climate zones for thermal design: Western Australia(excluding Perth urban and surrounds) Local Government Area. Laverton Airport surf report updated daily. Surf forecast graph with detailed height, direction and period for swell waves Laverton Airport Swell Forecast, WA - WillyWeathe\nEmail: firstname.lastname@example.org. Post: P.O. Box 1174, PERTH WA 6844. All applicants will receive a confirmation receipt. Once the exemption is granted, you will be allowed to undertake certain activities involving fire during a Total Fire Ban. However, you must comply with the conditions in the exemption DFES, supporting volunteers everyday. We support over 26,000 volunteers who provide an invaluable contribution to the community performing a variety of operational, administrative and functional support roles. Learn more. I really enjoy the challenge and knowing that I am making a difference to the community The Kondinin Shire Council comprises of 7,340km2 located in the Central Eastern Wheatbelt. The three towns promote a theme representing their area. Kondinin promotes Heritage of Red Soil Riches, Karlgarin promotes Small and Proud and Hyden promotes Bush Living at its Best. The Kondinin Road Board was formed from the portions of the Roe.\nCannot retrieve contributors at this time. 1314 lines (1249 sloc) 77.3 KB Raw Blam Laverton Airport Tides updated daily. Detailed forecast tide charts and tables with past and future low and high tide times Laverton Airport Tide Times, WA - WillyWeathe Perenjori, from the Aboriginal word Perangary, meaning water hole, is situated 350 km north of Perth and 39 km south-east of Morawa in the northern agricultural region. Perenjori is one of nine government areas that make up WA's Wildflower Country and is part of the Wildflower Way Tourist Drive that runs from Dalwallinu to Geraldton Laverton Airport, WA; Coldest 10.3 °C Warburton Airfield, WA; Windiest 24.1km/h Norseman Airport, WA; Most Humid 97% Esperance Airport, WA; Least Humid 22% Laverton Airport, WA; Highest Pressure 1021.2 hPa Giles Meteorological Office, WA; Lowest Pressure 1006.6 hPa Esperance, WA; All News Australia Weather New\ncaption = Location of Laverton, Western Australia lga = Shire of Laverton postcode = 3028 est = 1900 pop = 316 (2006 census). Weather. Kalgoorlie. Balgair 11° 34°. Esperance 11° 31°. Eucla 12° 24°. Eyre 11° 34°. Forrest 11° 34°. Kalgoorlie 12° 32°. Laverton 15° 35° IT Manager jobs now available in Western Australia. Team Member, Manager, Store Manager and more on Indeed.co I worked for Australia's Bureau of Meteorology - BOM for 2 years from 1973 to 1975. I was trained in weather observation and general meteorology. I spent 1 year observing Australia's weather and 1 year observing the weather at Australia's Antarctic station at Mawson\nGold Fields is a globally diversified producer of gold with eight operating mines in Australia, Ghana, Peru & South Africa. Find out how far a dynamic and exciting career with Gold Fields can take you Showers. Possible late storm. 7 to 15°. 8 to 15mm. 100% chance. Thursday. 15 Jul. Showers easing. 5 to 14°. 2 to 5mm. 80% chance Rain Last Hour 0mm; Recorded at Laverton RAAF Base Updated 6 mins ago (1.2km away). Get an account to remove ads View More Real-Time Extremes Nation State Region. Hottest 25.9 °C Coconut Island, QLD; Coldest -1.9 °C Butlers Gorge, TAS; Windiest 66.7km/h Cape Leeuwin, WA Recreational freshwater angling guide 2020 - South-west Western Australia. March 18, 2020. Key Dates. View All Key Dates. Previous Next. Representing WA anglers. WA's sustainable fisheries standard. Sustainability scorecard\nClimate (2010-Present) Laverton RAAF Base (1km) Take a look at our website widgetsAvailable free! Find Out More. Annual Average 2010-Present 423.3mm; Monthly Average 2010-Present 38.5mm; Daily Average 2010-Present 1.3m Laverton North Tides updated daily. Detailed forecast tide charts and tables with past and future low and high tide times Laverton North Tide Times, VIC 3026 - WillyWeathe Climate (2010-Present) Laverton RAAF Base (34km) Take a look at our website widgetsAvailable free! Find Out More. Annual Average 2010-Present 425.3mm; Monthly Average 2010-Present 38.7mm; Daily Average 2010-Present 1.3m\nThe Bureau of Meteorology's Melbourne radar at Laverton in the city's west is set to go offline for six weeks for an upgrade. The radar will be offline from August 25 until early October. Oh no VIC. Melbourne. Seabrook. 1-Day 3-Day 5-Day. Wind Speed. Created with Highcharts 6.0.2. Sun 11 Jul Mon 12 Jul Tue 13 Jul Wed 14 Jul Thu 15 Jul Fri 16 Jul Sat 17 Jul. 60km/h 40km/h 20km/h. Graph Plots Open in Graphs", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Multiple U.S. severe weather outbreaks, including tornadoes, hail, and flooding, resulted in losses of more than $1 billion for public and private insurers during March, with economic costs approaching $2 billion, according to Aon’s monthly Global Catastrophe Recap report, which evaluates the impact of natural disaster events worldwide each month.\nThe most notable outbreaks – March 22-23, 24-26, and 27-28 – included severe weather across the Central and Southern U.S. A preliminary confirmed total of 122 tornadoes touched down during the month, and at least seven people were killed from tornadic events. Five of the 122 tornadoes were rated EF3 (four) or EF4 (one).\nThe severe weather was most damaging across parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, Georgia, and Tennessee, said Aon, noting that, beyond the impact of tornadoes, there were hundreds of reports of large hail and damaging straight-line winds that resulted in extensive property damage.\nThe storms also prompted significant flooding in parts of the Tennessee Valley, said the report, with at least seven reported fatalities in Tennessee alone, including some in the greater Nashville metro region, after numerous river locations swelled beyond their banks.\nLooking at other storm events during March, Aon discussed the damaging winds, thunderstorms, and flooding rains, which swept across eastern Canada and the Canadian Maritimes between March 26-29. The impacts of these storms included flash flooding in the Greater Toronto Area, shoreline flooding along the Great Lakes, ice jams and widespread wind damage. Economic and insured losses were expected to be in the tens of millions of U.S. dollars.\nMeanwhile, Windstorms Klaus and Luis, which affected parts of Western and Central Europe on March 10-13 with strong winds. Both storms caused moderate losses, with notable impacts in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, northern France and the United Kingdom. Local insurers faced with tens of thousands of claims.\nMichal Lörinc, senior catastrophe analyst for Aon’s Impact Forecasting team, said: “As we transition to the Northern Hemisphere spring months, this is typically a period where focus shifts to the severe convective storm season. However, March is still a time where notable windstorms can affect Europe, and 2021 saw a quick succession of storms Klaus and Luis that left moderate physical damage impacts. While the 2020/21 European windstorm season was not abnormally costly, it remains a peril worth closely monitoring.”\nOther worldwide natural hazard events during March include:\n- A series of frontal systems and an East Coast Low led to extensive flooding across parts of eastern Australia from March 10-24, killing at least two people. The event resulted in widespread inundation to thousands of properties and swaths of infrastructure and agriculture in New South Wales and Queensland. The Insurance Council of Australia (ICA) declared an insurance catastrophe. Approximately 36,000 claims were filed, with an estimated insured loss of A$537 million ($410 million). The overall economic loss is expected to approach $2 billion.\n- Persistent seasonal rains and severe weather continued to affect portions of western Colombia throughout the month. At least 53 weather-related fatalities have occurred since Jan. 1. A public calamity was declared in the Valle del Cauca Department due to damage to roadways, homes and crops.\n- Heavy rain affected northwestern Algeria (particularly Chlef Province) on March 6, causing flash floods that resulted in casualties and damage. More than 500 families have been affected. Local media reported that 10 people were left dead or missing.\n- Severe sand and dust storm conditions affected wide swaths of Mongolia and China from March 12-16. At least 21 people were left dead or missing, millions of livestock were killed and hundreds of yurts were destroyed in Mongolia.\nSource: Impact Forecasting/Aon\nPhotograph: Fallen trees cover the ground by weather-damaged properties in Clanton, Ala., the morning following a large outbreak of severe storms across the southeast, on Thursday, March 18, 2021. Possible tornadoes knocked down trees, toppled power lines and damaged homes in multiple locations across the state of Alabama. Photo credit: AP Photo/Vasha Hunt.\nWas this article valuable?\nHere are more articles you may enjoy.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "When temperature increases and humidity of air decreases the fog dissipates. Answer, Fog is moisture in the air condensing due to cooler ambient temperature at ground level. As the ambient temperature increases, generally due to the sun, the moisture in the fog will burn off and the fog will lift. You can't see vapor, but you can see droplets of water, droplets small enough to float in air (brownian motion). Whenever the droplets evaporate (heat, low humidity, etc) the water doesn't go anywhere but now you can see through it, thus \"no fog\".\nAs the air becomes warmer, the fog will usually dissipate.The cooks used the exhaust fan to dissipate the smoke from the kitchen fire.\"As the sun climbed higher in the morning sky, the fog dissipated and left its traces on shaded leaves.\"\nWhen the Sun's heat warms the ground and air.\nIt doesn't always... it depends on whether there's enough heat from the sun reaching the ground. Fog - is simply water vapour that's condensed into droplets. If the ground stays cold, the fog will not dissipate.\nThis happens in my '93 Honda Accord as well. Since I haven't found a real solution, I've found that if you turn the Defrost + Air Conditioner on at the same time, then the fog will quickly dissipate. The downside is that you need to drive with both the defroster and AC on at the same time; when they're turned off the fog crops back up...\nResistors dissipate energy as heat.\nDissipate means when you pull something apart or something is getting forced/pulled apart.\nThe clouds began to dissipate after the storm. He watched her anger dissipate into a profound sense of relief as the truth finally sank in.\nSmoke will dissipate faster when there is a breeze blowing.\n\"Upon detecting the menancing presence of a lioness, the gazelles were quick to dissipate.\" (Dissipate means to dispel, disperese, scatter, drive away, waste, or squander.) :)\nFog is formed in 4 different ways.radiation fogadvection fogupslope fogsteam fog\nmistFoganother name for it is fogFog.Fogvery low clouds are called stratus clouds ;PFogfogits called fog...mist, fogFOG\nHurricanes dissipate when they reach land because there is no water to strengthen them. Hurricane Ike began to dissipate as soon as it hit land and it dissipated in eastern Canada.\nThe noun forms of the verb to dissipate are dissipation, dissipator (or dissipater), and the gerund, dissipating.\nFog description is description of fog.\nto become scattered\nLondon fog : radiation fog enhanced by pollutants. Wisconsin fog : evaporation fog near water.\nFog intensity is how dense fog is. The lower the visibility, the more intense and dense the fog is.\nAntonyms for dissipate:AccumulateAppearAssembleBuildCollectGarnerGatherHoardSaveStarve\nHurricanes dissipate due to lack of water supply, cold water and stalling. There must be movement for the storm to be a hurricane.\nfog = Nebel fog = Schleier (figurative)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Srinagar: Intermittent rains lashed the plains of J&K and upper reaches received fresh snowfall on Wednesday even as the Meteorological Department predicted more precipitation in the next 24 hours.\nDue to snow accumulation, the roads to the border towns of Tangdhar, Machil, and Keran remain closed.\nAccording to the Meteorological Department, scattered to fairly widespread light or moderate rainfall and snowfall started in Kashmir, Jammu, and Ladakh late Wednesday morning that continued intermittently throughout the day.\n“The fresh precipitation is because of fresh Western Disturbance that is to affect the Western Himalayan region from today onwards,” MeT officials said here. “Such Western Disturbances, specifically the ones in winter, bring a majority of the post-monsoon and winter rains in low-lying areas and heavy snow in mountainous areas of J&K.”\nThe MeT officials said that light to moderate rain and snowfall over the higher reaches was expected to continue during the next 24 hours.\nHowever, they said, there was no forecast of any major rain or snowfall during the spell.\nThe MeT officials said that from November 12 to 16, the weather was expected to be fair to partly cloudy.\n“The snowfall and low temperature may lead to temporary disruption of surface transportation, mainly over Zojila, Jammu-Srinagar Highway, and Leh-Manali Road,” they said and urged the people that before they embark on their journeys, they should know the status of the road from the Traffic Police to avoid inconvenience.\nThe MeT officials said that in the last 24 hours till 8:30 am on Wednesday, Pahalgam received 0.5 mm of rainfall while Gulmarg amassed 2 cm of fresh snowfall.\nAbout the temperatures, they said, the summer capital Srinagar recorded a low of 5.4 degrees Celsius against 4.3 degrees Celsius the previous night, 3.6 degrees Celsius above normal.\nThe MeT officials said that Qazigund, the gateway town of Kashmir, recorded a low of 5 degrees Celsius, the same as on the previous night, 3.1 degrees Celsius above normal.\nThey said that the mercury in south Kashmir’s Pahalgam resort settled at 2.9 degrees Celsius against minus 1.6 degrees Celsius the previous night, 4 degrees Celsius above normal.\nThe MeT officials said another south Kashmir resort Kokernag recorded a low of 4.1 degrees Celsius, the same as the previous night, 1.4 degrees Celsius above normal.\nThey said that the ski resort of Gulmarg in north Kashmir’s Baramulla district recorded a low of minus 2 degrees Celsius against minus 2.6 degrees Celsius the previous night, 2.2 degrees Celsius below normal.\nThe MeT officials said that mercury in Kupwara town settled at 4.7 degrees Celsius against 2.8 degrees Celsius the previous night, 3.4 degrees Celsius above normal.\nThey said that the winter capital Jammu recorded a low of 14.6 degrees Celsius against 13.8 degrees Celsius the previous night, 0.4 degrees Celsius above normal.\nOfficials said that due to snow accumulation the roads to the border towns of Tangdhar, Machil, and Keran remained closed on Wednesday.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Reported by: Chief Meteorologist Joe Murgo\nToday was a blustery and cool day for this time of the year with a stiff northwesterly flow and clouds that were stubborn to clear. The clouds will continue to decrease this evening and later tonight will become mainly clear with lighter winds. Lows will be in the lower 30s with some spots dropping into the 20s. Thursday will start chilly then the rest of the day will be sunny to partly cloudy with a milder afternoon with highs in the lower 60s. The next front will continue to press into the region on Friday bringing another round of showers and thunderstorms. This front will stay close enough to bring the chance for showers on Saturday. With the front close by, a shower can not be ruled out either on Sunday. An upper level low pressure will stall close to the area early next week. Depending on the position of this low, we could be locked in a very cool and unsettled pattern with periods of rain Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. There is still a chance that the system will stall far enough from the area for the weather to be better, but at this point, that looks unlikely. Though we'll have a better feel on that in the days ahead.\nCopyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Multi-Network Composite Highest Resolution Upper Air Data [NCAR/EOL]\nThis data set contains a composite of the highest resolution (i.e. the \"native\" resolution) upper air sounding data from all sources for the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS). Sounding data is included from two sources: the National Weather Service (16 sites and 1438 soundings) and the NCAR/EOL ISS GAUS radiosonde site near the SOAS Centreville site in central Alabama (1 site and 105 soundings). Included are soundings from 30 May to 15 July 2013.\n|Subscribe||Subscribe to receive email when new or updated data is available.|\n|GCMD Science Keywords||\n|Begin datetime||2013-05-30 15:00:00|\n|End datetime||2013-07-15 23:59:59|\nMap data from IBCSO, IBCAO, and Global Topography.\nMaximum (North) Latitude:\nMinimum (South) Latitude:\nMinimum (West) Longitude: -97.438, Maximum (East) Longitude: -76.878\nPrimary point of contact information\nEOL Data Support <firstname.lastname@example.org>\nAdditional contact information\nCitationExample citation following ESIP guidelines:\nUCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. 2014. Multi-Network Composite Highest Resolution Upper Air Data. Version 1.0. UCAR/NCAR - Earth Observing Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/D6445JV8. Accessed 24 Mar 2023.\nToday's date is shown: please replace with the date of your most recent access.\nAdditional citation styles\nThe citation text below is from the DataCite Content Resolver service and may take a few seconds to load. The styles and locales are obtained from CrossCite, which also provides a citation formatter. See ReFindit for another alternative. Formatting is not perfect: please verify and edit before use. Today's date is shown: please replace with the date of your most recent access.\nNote that your browser may not display the above metadata links, but automatically save them as files in a folder such as \"", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today: Partly Cloudy, Cooler and Less Humid. High 82.\nTonight: Mainly Clear. Cool. Low 60.\nWednesday: Mostly Sunny and Pleasant. High 83.\nThursday: Mostly Sunny . High 84.\nFriday: Partly Cloudy. 30% Chance of Afternoon Thunderstorms. High 82.\nSaturday: Partly Cloudy. 40% Chance of Thunderstorms. High 81.\nSunday: Partly Cloudy. 40% Chance of Thunderstorms. High 82.\nMonday: Partly Cloudy. 40% Chance of Thunderstorms. High 83.\nCooler air is here, and here to stay for at least a few more days. This push of cool air is quite rare for the month of July, and is making it feel more like mid-September rather than what is typically the warmest time of the year for North Carolina.\nThe Jet Stream has plunged southward into the Carolinas. This is allowing cool, low humidity air to plunge into the Tar Heel State. We'll see our low dew points continue today, tomorrow and into early Thursday before changes take hold.\nMore moisture will begin to return to our forecast by Friday. This will increase clouds, and eventually bring back the chance of rain for Friday into the weekend. Scattered showers and even thunderstorms are a good bet those days. While it will be humid, temperatures will be held back thanks to the extra clouds and showers.\nThe normal high is 88, and the normal low is 69.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Clouds will continue to decrease from west to east as the system that brought us the snow last night pushes further to the northeast. As sunshine emerges through the second half of the day, temperatures will finally get above freezing for most. That sunnier and warmer weather will help melt away some of last night’s snow.\nA mainly clear sky and light wind for tonight will quickly allow temperatures to take a tumble. Overnight lows will bottom out in the teens and 20s across northeast Kansas.\nA partly to mostly cloudy sky for Thursday could see a few raindrops clip some northern and western areas during the afternoon and early evening. Even so, it will be even warmer as highs max out in the upper 30s and lower 40s.\nClouds increase throughout the day on Friday as some scattered rain showers become a possibility during the afternoon and evening. This will be just a rain chance as high temperatures get into the low to mid 40s for Friday.\nRain chances increase heading into Saturday morning, but some spots could see those cold raindrops mix in with some wet snowflakes and freezing rain. Aside from the northwest corner that could wake up to a wintry mix Saturday morning, most spots will contend with rain, at first.\nAs Saturday progresses, colder air is progged to start moving in from northwest to southeast. For the northwestern areas, highs may not get above the mid 30s. To the southeast, highs will get well above freezing in the 40s, to even close to 50° for the extreme southeastern corner.\nThis warmer sector ahead of the colder air could provide enough force for some embedded thunderstorms to develop within that swath of rain late in the morning into the early afternoon. However, as Saturday progresses from afternoon to evening and more of that cold air catches up, more spots will see that rain change over to freezing rain and finally snow. Winds will be breezy at times, as well, so as the snow falls, it may get easily blown around and result in lowered visibilities.\nThis forecast is still a few days out though, so the exact details will continued to be tweaked. Make sure to check back often for the latest updates from the KSNT Storm Track weather team!\nBeyond that, we catch a brief break on Sunday with sunshine and high temperatures hovering right around 40°. However, there may be another chance of snow looming to move in for Monday.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "While these may look very similar to the balloons that are launched by the National Weather Service, they certainly aren’t collecting the same type of data.\nStory continues below:\n- Albuquerque: Isotopes celebrate 11-millionth fan to attend baseball game\n- Local Sports: 8th grader wins 4th consecutive high school cross country meet\n- Crime: Man charged after San Juan County deputy-involved shooting\n- New Mexico: Hobbs baby box saves its first newborn\nThe NWS launches balloons at 92 stations across the United States twice every day to collect data within our atmosphere. While they may look like spy balloons, there are many important differences. One of them being that they are a lot smaller, and they are certainly not remote controlled.\nEach balloon is made of rubber and inflated with helium before launch. It gets inflated to about six feet wide, and then a device called a radiosonde is attached to the balloon. The radiosonde measures temperature, humidity, and pressure as it rises through the atmosphere while hanging off the bottom of the balloon. The balloon can expand to nearly 20 feet as it rises and the air pressure around it drops. As it moves with the wind, it changes location and tells the NWS about how the wind changes speed and direction above our heads.\nAccording to the NWS, balloons can stay in the air for around two hours and drift over 100 miles away, while some balloons can rise over 20 miles before popping! Once they do pop, a parachute will allow for the equipment to float back to the ground. If you happen to come across one, it even comes with its own shipping label so you can send it back to the NWS.\nData collected with the radiosonde is used to help us analyze what the atmosphere is doing and it helps models get a more accurate picture of the atmosphere at any given place from top to bottom. This integral tool is just one of many that we use to collect data that helps to make your forecast more accurate.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Scattered showers and thunderstorms developing by early afternoon. Partly cloudy with temperatures rising to near 90F, then falling. Winds SW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 55%. Hourly Details\nSunshine and clouds mixed. High 89F. Winds light and variable.\nScattered thunderstorms early, then partly cloudy after midnight. Low 66F. Winds light and variable. Chance of rain 50%.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Climate reconstructions highlight man-made destruction\nGlobal temperature reconstructions reveal warming has increased most during the last 150 years, with the main drivers being greenhouse gases and ice sheet decline.\nRising greenhouse gases and the loss of ice sheets are the main drivers of climate change, confirms new research which reconstructed the Earth’s climate since the last ice age, 24,000 years ago.\nThe study, led by the University of Arizona, created maps of global temperatures for each 200-year interval since the last ice age. It revealed a general warming trend over the last 10,000 years, with the magnitude and rate of warming reaching its highest over the last 150 years.\n\"These maps are really powerful,\" said Matthew Osman, a geosciences postdoctoral researcher at the University of Arizona. \"With them, it's possible for anyone to explore how temperatures have changed across Earth, on a very personal level. For me, being able to visualize the 24,000-year evolution of temperatures at the exact location I'm sitting today, or where I grew up, really helped ingrain a sense of just how severe climate change is today.\"\nReconstructing the past\nTo help create a more complete picture of the past, the team used two independent datasets - temperature data from marine sediments and computer simulations of climate.\nChemical signatures of marine sediments can be used to gather information about past temperatures. The chemistry of a long-dead animal's shell can be affected by changes in temperature over time, and paleoclimatologists can use these measurements as a starting point to estimate temperature in an area.\nHow has El Niño contributed to human evolution?\nThe team combined this with computer-simulated climate models, which provide temperature information based on scientists' best understanding of the physics of the climate system. This method, data assimilation, is commonly used in weather forecasting.\n\"To forecast the weather, meteorologists start with a model that reflects current weather, then add in observations such as temperature, pressure, humidity, wind direction and so on to create an updated forecast,\" said Jessica Tierney, a University of Arizona geosciences associate professor and co-author of the study published in Nature.\nThe team applied this same idea to past climate, and will continue to perfect the method to investigate climate changes even farther in the past.\n\"With this method, we are able to leverage the relative merits of each of these unique datasets to generate observationally constrained, dynamically consistent and spatially complete reconstructions of past climate change,\" Osman said.\nThe work, co-authored by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), also settled a decade-long debate in the paleoclimatology community about whether this period trended warmer or cooler.\n“One of the most important aspects of this study is it resolves differences between computer models, which showed a warming trend during the Holocene (the last 10,000 years), and temperature data from the geological record that suggested a cooling trend,” said NCAR scientist Jiang Zhu, a co-author. “Our study supports the model simulations and attributes the mismatch to the poor spatial coverage of the geological data.”\nConsequently, the scientists say they can now confirm temperature trends since that period and understand the ongoing global warming in a longer geological context.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "TRUMBULL, Conn. — Move your car: Police and road crews bracing for winter's return have issued an overnight parking ban to allow for snow removal.\nAll vehicles must be moved off town roads from 10 p.m. Thursday night until snow removal is complete. This will allow the Trumbull Public Works Department to properly clear the streets.\nRelated story: All of Fairfield County is under a weather advisory, with 3 to 5 inches of snow possible.\nA rain and snow mix will develop Thursday night, which will change to all snow by early Friday, according to the National Weather Service.\nThe winter weather advisory is in effect from 10 p.m. Thursday through 2 p.m. Friday.\nClick here to follow Daily Voice Trumbull-Monroe and receive free news updates.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "2003 Weather Year in Review\nTwenty-two tornadoes occurred across north and central Alabama which was 138% of normal, or slightly higher than the annual average of 16. All 22 tornadoes that touched down in 2003 where either F0 or F1 on the Fujita Scale. Although property damage was estimated in the millions, only 7 people suffered minor injuries. Forty-two tornadoes touched down across the state which was well above the normal of 22.\nOf the 22 tornadoes which touched down in North and Central Alabama in 2003, 11 occurred on May 7th. However, all tornadoes were weak and caused minor damage. Large hail in Alabama is not uncommon but hail up to the size of softballs was reported across central Alabama on April 25th. Supercell thunderstorms produced several long paths of hail damage. Numerous homes and automobiles suffered significant damage across several central Alabama counties on this April day.\nThe central part of the state was well above rainfall normals for 2003. The first 8 months of rainfall for Birmingham totaled 55.77 inches which was an all time record as the wettest January through August. Birmingham received a record 17.23 inches of rain in the month of May, making it the third wettest month since records began in 1895. Not only did severe weather occur on May 7th, but Birmingham International Airport observed 5.71 inches of rainfall, which became a record for this day and also the fourth wettest day ever. Numerous rivers and creeks rose out of their banks and caused historic flooding in the Birmingham metro area as well as several other locations in central Alabama. Supercell thunderstorms produced isolated rainfall amounts of 12 inches or more in a short period of time. Damage was estimated at 1 billion dollars across central Alabama.\nA cooler than normal summer resulted in no temperatures above 95 degrees in Birmingham and Anniston. In fact, Montgomery and Tuscaloosa recorded only one day with a temperature of 95 degrees and nothing above. However, the first part of November was very mild as temperature readings in the low to mid 80s were observed across north and central Alabama. Birmingham and Montgomery both recorded 3 high temperature records during the first week in November.\nThe coldest temperatures of the year were observed on January 24th. Birmingham and Anniston dipped down into the single digits with temperature readings of 7 and 8 degrees respectively. Tuscaloosa and Montgomery observed temperature readings in the teens. On March 31st, Birmingham and Montgomery observed 29 and 30 degrees respectively, becoming the only record low temperatures for these two locations in 2003.\nThe 2003 Atlantic Hurricane Season produced seven hurricanes and a total of sixteen named tropical systems. These totals were slightly above average. However, only one tropical system directly affected north and central Alabama. Tropical Storm Bill made landfall along the Louisiana Coast during the afternoon of June 30. The storm entered Terrebonne Parrish near Terrebonne Bay, west of Houma, and continued on a northeastward path. This brought the remnants of Tropical Storm Bill across central Alabama on July 1. Doppler radar estimated a large swath of 4 to 6 inch rainfall amounts across central Alabama, with isolated totals approaching 8 inches. Due to the heavy rain amounts over the previous couple of months, flash flooding was experienced in many counties. Several roadways in each county were temporarily impassable because of the high water. Numerous creeks and streams rose quickly and flowed out of their banks. In response to the saturated ground conditions and winds of 30 to 35 miles an hour, numerous trees were knocked down. Many of these trees landed on power lines causing some 19,000 customers to lose power. At least one automobile was destroyed by the falling trees and one roof was damaged. One man was rescued after he drove his vehicle into high water near Loachopoka in Lee County. A brief tornado also occurred near Pintlala in association with this tropical system.\nPreliminary numbers for severe weather in 2003:\nAdditional tornado facts and information can be found on the Alabama Tornado Database Page.\nAdditional severe weather information can be found in the Alabama Storm Data Section.\nSome specific facts for selected cities in North and Central Alabama:\nHere are the top 5 yearly records for selected cities:\nThis table compares rainfall amounts from previous years with the current year.\nThe current year's data has a green background.\nThe 30 year averages are shown just below the current year's rainfall with a yellow background.\nThis table compares average temperatures from previous years with the current year.\nThe current year's data has a green background.\nThe 30 year averages are shown just below the current year's temperatures with a yellow background.\nThe following table shows the number of days the high or low temperature was equal or above/below a given temperature.\n|Produced by Krissy Hurley and Mark Linhares.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A powerful winter storm, named Gia by The Weather Channel, pummeled parts of the Midwest on January 11 and 12, 2019, causing hundreds of road accidents, claiming lives of at least 9 people and leaving thousands stranded on roads. Gia will continue shifting east off the Carolina coast through January 13. Heavy snow will continue over portions of the Mid-Atlantic while freezing rain is expected for the western Carolinas into southern Virginia. The snow and ice will contribute to slick travel into tonight. Meanwhile, several storm systems will batter the West Coast over the next week with heavy rain, mountain snow and rough surf.\nThe storm dumped snow and ice on parts of the Midwest, causing significant traffic disruptions. Between 15 – 30 cm (6 and 12 inches) was registered from Kansas City to St. Louis and Indianapolis, the worst affected region. Some areas here received up to 41 cm (18 inches), AccuWeather senior meteorologist Alex Sosnowski reports.\nThere is a chance this storm enters the list of top five snowstorms on record for the Gateway to the West, he said.\nTraffic in St. Louis metro area was brought to a standstill, with hundreds of motorists stranded for hours and accidents reported due to snowfall and slick roads. At the same time, ice accumulations downed trees and power lines, causing power outages.\nAdam Dylewski, a St. Louis resident, told The New York Times he spent more than 3 hours on the road on Friday night after trying to get from one urgent care center to another for his job as a physician assistant. He said there were countless cars spinning their wheels, fruitlessly trying to get up modest hills, and he saw several drivers abandon their cars in search of help.\n\"It looked like I was in some sort of apocalyptic natural disaster movie where people were trying to flee,\" Dylewski said.\nAs of 14:00 local time, Saturday, January 12, the Missouri State Highway Patrol reported 3 918 calls for service, 1 790 stranded motorists, 878 vehicle crashes, 57 injuries and 4 fatalities.\nAt least 9 people died on the roads, including a state trooper in Illinois, before the storm moved out of the region, authorities said.\nMost of the snow fell on Montgomery City, MO – 51 cm (20 inches).\nAs of 17:00 UTC on January 13, there are 143 321 customers without power in North Carolina, 57 435 in Missouri, 36 583 in Virginia and 27 601 in Kansas.\nThe main weather event making headlines through the remainder of the weekend will be the ongoing winter storm across the eastern U.S., NWS forecaster Hamrick noted.\nWith the occluded over Tennessee weakening Sunday morning, a new surface low is developing near the southeast U.S. coast, and this will result in enhanced precipitation across much of the mid-Atlantic region and extending southward across the Carolinas.\nWinter storm warnings are in effect from western North Carolina to the DelMarVa region for various winter weather impacts.\nAreas across central and northern Virginia into Maryland have the potential of 13 – 26 cm (5 to 10 inches) of snow by Sunday night, with locally higher amounts possible.\nSignificant sleet and freezing rain is expected across southwest Virginia and western North Carolina, with ice accretion perhaps exceeding a quarter inch for some areas.\nThere will likely be severe disruptions to travel along with the potential for power outages, particularly for those areas that get significant icing.\nWarmer temperatures over central/eastern North Carolina and into southeast Virginia will keep this event mostly a cold rain.\nElsewhere across the continental U.S., a storm system over the eastern Pacific will approach southern California on Monday, January 14 and result in enhanced rainfall for parts of central and southern California through Monday night as a result, with some rainfall totals in the 25 – 50 mm (1 to 2 inches) range for the coastal mountain ranges.\nDry conditions are expected from the Pacific Northwest to the central U.S. with a large surface high governing the weather pattern. Most of New England should also remain dry as the winter storm stays south of that region.\nFeatured image credit: MSHP General HQ\nIf you value what we do here, create your ad-free account and support our journalism.\nYour support makes a difference\nDear valued reader,\nWe hope that our website has been a valuable resource for you.\nThe reality is that it takes a lot of time, effort, and resources to maintain and grow this website. We rely on the support of readers like you to keep providing high-quality content.\nIf you have found our website to be helpful, please consider making a contribution to help us continue to bring you the information you need. Your support means the world to us and helps us to keep doing what we love.\nSupport us by choosing your support level – Silver, Gold or Platinum. Other support options include Patreon pledges and sending us a one-off payment using PayPal.\nThank you for your consideration. Your support is greatly appreciated.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Water Cycle Helper\nBY: Annie Waite Kloe Ward\nEvaporation is the heating of a liquid and it turning it into a gas. The water gets its heat source from the sun and rises up to the sky.\nCondensation is the cooling of a gas and it turning back into a liquid. Once the heated gas reached a cool point in the atmosphere it cooled down to a liquid.\nPrecipitation is the falling of a liquid from the atmosphere. Once enough gas condensates, the cloud cant hold anymore weight so it releases the water into the atmosphere. (Also known as rain, snow, or hail)\nFiltration is the absorbing of water into the soil and filtering it after precipitation. After rain falls, precipitation, the soil takes the water in and filters it through the soil.\nTranspiration is the loosing of water through plants. After the lost of water it then evaporates and the cycle starts over from there.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Snow, Sleet and Freezing Rain\nThe Metro Area is often on the borderline between snow, sleet, freezing rain and rain when winter storms take shape. Depending on the storm track, we could see all snow, all rain or a wintry mix. This is because of the unique geography that exists in the Mid-Atlantic Region.\nThe truth is all precipitation falls from the clouds as ice crystals where temperatures are cold enough to support ice. In a \"normal\" atmosphere the temperature gets colder as you increase altitude. So in this case, the column of air that extends from the cloud to the ground remains below freezing the entire distance than the ice crystals will fall as snow. Even when surface temperatures are above freezing snow will still fall under the above circumstances. Snow is the easiest to deal with since it can be both plowed and shoveled.\nIf a portion of the column of air between the cloud and the ground is above freezing, than that presents a new host of problems. If there is a narrow column of air above freezing just above the ground, where temperatures are below freezing, than the ice crystals - or snowflakes - melt into raindrops but then freeze again when they come into contact with the ground creating freezing rain.\nIf the column of air with above freezing temperatures is higher above the ground than the flakes melt into water droplets and then refreeze into sleet before hitting the ground. Sleet can accumulate like snow, but tends to be heavier than snow because the water content is higher which suppresses accumulations. So, freezing rain falls as a liquid and freezes on contact with the ground, trees, power lines etc and sleet falls as a little ball of ice that bounces off your windshield.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Eastern Europe was struggling on Thursday to deal with the consequences of extreme heat and drought, with forest fires causing evacuations in France and Italian farmers losing up to 80% of their harvest due to severe drought.\nFirefighting planes from Greece and Sweden will arrive in France on Thursday, while other EU governments, including Germany, Poland, Austria and Romania, are also mobilizing resources to help France fight its raging forest fires, the report announced. French government.\n“Today we fully benefit from European solidarity,” Borne told reporters during a visit to the town of Hostens, in the heart of the fires in the Gironde region of southwestern France. More than half of this year’s fires occurred in the Gironde.\nA total of four planes from Greece and Sweden are expected to arrive in France today, as well as a team of 64 people and 24 vehicles from Germany, according to the Elysee Palace.\nThe Gironde fires have burned more than 6,800 hectares of forest and almost 1,100 firefighters are involved with more on the way. As of Thursday morning, 10,000 people have been evacuated from the area, according to the regional authority.\n“The conditions are particularly difficult: the vegetation and the soil are particularly dry after more than a month without rain. Scorching temperatures (40°C today) (104°F) are expected to continue through Saturday and combine with very dry air to create very severe fire outbreak risk conditions,” according to the statement.\nForest fires in France have been especially violent this summer, ravaging the southern and southwestern parts of the country and also appearing in the Normandy and Brittany regions, further north than usual.\nFires have burned 41,400 hectares in France since June 10, a big increase compared to the 2,040 hectares lost in the same period last year, the press office of the French Interior Ministry’s civil security department told CNN.\nIn Italy, farmers in some parts of the country have lost up to 80% of their harvest this year due to severe weather anomalies, the Coldretti agricultural association said on Thursday.\nThe drought has meant that the ground has been unable to absorb rain in recent storms, leading to flooding and mudslides, according to Coldretti.\nThe hail was “the most serious climatic event due to the irreversible damage it caused to crops,” the association said, adding that “in a few minutes it is capable of destroying a whole year’s work.”\nThe agricultural association estimates the damage to exceed 6 billion euros ($6.2 billion), equivalent to 10% of Italy’s annual agricultural output.\nElsewhere in the Mediterranean, Spain’s national weather agency AEMET has warned of high temperatures across Spain as the heat wave continues on the peninsula.\nHeat advisories are in effect in several parts of the country for Thursday, with the highest concentration of affected communities in the northeastern regions of Spain near the border with France.\nTemperatures are expected to rise to 40C, according to AEMET.\nMost of the country is covered by heat warnings for Friday with maximum temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius expected in the north-east and south of Spain.\nThe UK is also suffering from another week of high temperatures, with the Met Office issuing an “amber extreme heat warning” on Tuesday.\n“The extreme heat warning, which covers much of the southern half of England as well as parts of eastern Wales, will be in effect from Thursday until the end of Sunday with possible health, transport and infrastructure impacts,” Met Office said. in a sentence.\nTemperatures are expected to peak on Friday and Saturday and are “likely” to reach 30 degrees Celsius (86 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit), according to the statement.\nLeave a Comment", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "While on Tuesday clouds will dominate, the sun is most likely on Wednesday. But snow will fall on Tuesday. The temperature rises from 5 degrees on Tuesday to 9 degrees on Wednesday. On Tuesday a fresh wind from the north.\n|Mo Apr 24||Tu Apr 25||We Apr 26||Th Apr 27|\n|Nearby Forecast Locations - Faith||Distance|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It's beginning to look a lot like winter across parts of the north-central United States as a snowstorm targets millions of Americans. The wintry mix is spreading to areas much farther south, including some that typically don't pick up snow until much later in the season.\nWith this storm coming on the heels of recent winterlike weather that shattered a 115-year-old snowfall record in the Twin Cities, residents across the Plains and Upper Midwest may check their calendars twice to make sure it's still October.\nThe Washington Cascades as well as the mountains across the interior Northwest were first in line Friday as snow expanded southward from southern British Columbia. Those who attempted to travel across some of the mountain passes Friday afternoon and night -- especially on the eastern-facing slopes of the Washington Cascades and into the northern Rockies -- were faced with dangerous travel conditions as heavy, wet snow fell.\nProgressing through the nighttime hours on Friday, the snow continued to expand to the south and east, spreading into Montana, Idaho and Wyoming. On Saturday, Helena, Montana, had already reported over 20 inches of snow by 4:30 p.m. MDT. Potomac, Garnet, Montana City and Drummond were following close behind with snowfall totals ranging from 18-19 inches by 4:30 p.m.\nAs the evening persists for the mountainous area, snowfall totals of more than 2 feet will be possible, providing a hefty early-season snowpack for people itching to hit the ski slopes.\nTemperatures tumbled on Saturday to the lowest levels so far this season, and in some cases, shattered their daily records. Billings, Montana, fell to 16 degrees F on Saturday morning, breaking the previous record of 19 degrees for that day set in 1976. On Friday, Idaho Fall, Idaho, fell to 13 with a previous record of 16 set in 1980 and Casper, Wyoming, broke their previous daily record of 11 in 1984 with -5.\nSpokane, Washington, shattered its snowfall record for that day on Saturday with nearly 8 inches of snow, while the previous record was 0.2 inches in 1957.\n\"Cold air will continue to steadily march southward through the early part of the week with many areas seeing records challenged once again,\" AccuWeather Meteorologist Maxwell Gawryla said. \"As significantly below-average temperatures remain in place, many more records will likely be broken through the first half of the week.\"\nSnow continued to advance southeastward through the day on Saturday, into Wyoming, as well as the High Plains of Montana and the Dakotas, although snow totals remained lower throughout the other states.\nBlowing and drifting snow on Saturday morning led to poor visibility and snowy roads across North Central and Southwest Montana that lasted through the day, the National Weather Service warned.\nAs of 10AM, snow continues to fall across the area. This is resulting in very poor visibility and snow-covered roads. Snow should begin to dissipate across the area late this morning, but areas of blowing/drifting snow could continue to result in poor conditions through evening. pic.twitter.com/3edCgkaFEZ\n— NWS Great Falls (@NWSGreatFalls) October 24, 2020\nMinneapolis has had quite the stretch of winterlike conditions this October, with just over 8 inches of snow already observed.If the city picks up just 0.20 of an inch of snow from this storm, a new monthly snowfall record for October will be set. And the city is expected to shatter that record with 1-3 inches of new snow expected by the end of the weekend.\nIn Billings, Montana, the lowest temperature ever recorded on Oct. 25 was 18 degrees Fahrenheit set in 1997, but the high temperature on Sunday may not even reach this benchmark. This will be followed up by a low temperature on Sunday night within a few degrees of zero F.\nThe same can be said for Casper, Wyoming, with the low temperature on Sunday night expected not only to shatter the current record for the date but also come within a few ticks of the all-time lowest temperature recorded in the month of October.\nThe panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma are no strangers to snowy and icy conditions, but this impending storm system would prove to be unusual given the time of year. However, what may be even more unusual is that these locales also had an October snowstorm last year, when places like Amarillo picked up nearly a half of a foot of snow.\n\"From northeastern New Mexico to Iowa, 1-3 inches are expected,\" Gawryla said. \"Additionally, at higher elevations from central Colorado into Nebraska, significantly higher amounts of up to 6-12 inches are possible. The highest accumulations will be at the highest elevations in the Rockies.\"\nSnow and ice could cause major disruptions to the Monday morning commute all the way from Kansas City to Albuquerque.\nPortions of the drought-stricken Southwest may also get their first bouts of precipitation in weeks as the storm continues to dive southward by next Monday. Residents of Flagstaff, Arizona, could even see snowflakes fly early next week.\nThe storm's snowfall area will continue to spread out during the day on Sunday, expanding into the Plains and even portions of the Midwest. North Platte, Nebraska, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and even places as far east as Minneapolis could get snow during the day on Sunday.\nThe snow on the ground paired with a biting wind will allow AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperatures to drop to near or below zero degrees F throughout the day on Sunday from Montana to Colorado, including Denver.\nThis will make for the coldest NFL game so far this season as the Denver Broncos host the Kansas City Chiefs on Sunday afternoon. The few fans that will be in attendance due to the pandemic will want to bundle up with AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperatures forecast to plunge to near zero at times during the game.\nPlayers and the limited number of fans being permitted at Sunday's NFL football game between Kansas City and Denver will have to brace for bitterly cold, blustery and snowy conditions. The AccuWeather RealFeel® Temperature is expected to hover between a harsh 5 and 10 degrees Fahrenheit during the matchup.\nThe snow, wind and extremely cold conditions could be a major issue for crews battling the East Troublesome Fire, which has grown to become the second-largest wildfire in Colorado history. The fire is burning the northern Colorado Rockies and has forced several communities to evacuate and Rocky Mountain National Park to be closed.\nEven though the snow may help to slow the spread of the fire, it could make it even more difficult for ground crews with more than a foot of snow in the forecast for the Colorado Rockies.\nKeep checking back on AccuWeather.com and stay tuned to the AccuWeather Network on DirecTV, Frontier and Verizon Fios.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Tropical Storm Maria was upgraded to a category one hurricane force on Sunday by the US National Hurricane Center.\nThe storm is currently following roughly the same path as Irma.\nAs a result, hurricane warnings have been issued for the US and British Virgin Islands, as well as Puerto Rico.\nThey were all hit by Hurricane Irma - the category five storm which left at least 37 people dead and caused billions of dollars worth of damage - earlier this month.\nFrance has also issued a hurricane warning for its territory of Guadeloupe.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Daytime is relatively hot since temperatures get higher than 28 degrees, while the nights are much colder and there are no more than 14 degrees. Map showing location of Las Vegas (35.59393, -105.2239). With more than 300 days of sunshine every year, weather in Las Vegas is perfect for your vacation plans. The climate in Las Vegas during October can be summarized as mild and dry. The climate in Las Vegas during October can be summarized as mild and dry. On the flip side this corresponds to an average of 9.5 hours of sunshine per day. Daytime maximum temperatures average around a cool 19°C (66°F), whilst at night 1°C (34°F) is normal. Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Las Vegas, NV with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.com As such they are a valid prediction of what to expect for the weather in October 2020. On average October is the 6th wettest month of the year in Las Vegas with around 28mm 1.1 inches of rain making it a dry time to visit. The weather in Las Vegas in October varies radically. The temperature changes from a pleasant sweetness to a comfortable warmth during the hours just after daybreak. Therefore, it is recommended to pack for both warm and chilly conditions. Las Vegas Weather in October - Temperature, Rainfall & Sunshine. Daytime maximum temperatures average around a cool 19°C (66°F), whilst at night 1°C (34°F) is normal. View the latest Las Vegas weather forecast online. This post covers things to do during October in Las Vegas, including family-friendly, nighttime, and free or cheap activities. The average maximum temperature lies around 27.0°C (80.6°F). Average Weather during October in Las Vegas (Nevada), United States of America. Fold-down rain ponchos and collapsible umbrellas help you dodge the .25 inches of precipitation Vegas averages in October. Las Vegas in the Middle of October Look great, even if October weather changes like a day at the craps table. Avg Temp. This rainfall is typically spread over 5 days, although this may vary considerably. October is a dry month with an average of 5mm (0.2in) rain. The average minimum temperature (usually the minimum temperature is noted during the night) in Las Vegas in October is 15.0°C (59°F). October is in the fall / autumn in Las Vegas and is typically the 6th warmest month of the year. The weather in Las Vegas is part of what makes our town a top vacation destination. October is in the fall / autumn in Las Vegas and is typically the 6th warmest month of the year. The data used in these monthly averages covers a period of over 100 years right up until last year. Daytime is relatively hot since temperatures get higher than 28 degrees, while the nights are much colder and there are no more than 14 degrees. Check How Hot & Sunny It Is Before You Book Your Next Holiday in 2020 to Las Vegas, Nevada - USA Use the Las Vegas weather information below to plan your upcoming vacation. Then, for the rest of the day, one can enjoy the quality of the weather in Las Vegas throughout October to relax by practicing one's favorite activities. The weather in Las Vegas in October varies radically. Therefore, it is recommended to pack for both warm and chilly conditions, * The warmest temperature recorded in in October is 38°C, * The coldest temperature recorded in Las Vegas in October is 2°C, * The average rainfall in Las Vegas in October is 8 mm, Full weather report for today ››, Weather forecast for the next 14 days ››. Las Vegas at the Beginning of October.\nJennifer Hawkins House Whale Beach, West Ham Vs Tottenham Channel, Frankenstein Novel, Boogie Belgique Mr Fisher, Sagittarius Career Horoscope September 2020, Four Weddings And A Funeral Watch Online, San Francisco Wind Data, Real Wrestlers In Glow, Gmc Terrain 2017, Caspar Jopling Instagram, What About Next Week?, Browns Restaurant Oxford, Assassin's Creed 3 Vs Liberation, Car Hazard Itch, Church Membership Legal Issues, Cardiff Newspapers And Magazines, 1066: The Battle For Middle Earth Season 1 Episode 1, Tencent Ceo, Amandla Stenberg Father, Sucre Prix, Arabian Nights Stories Pdf, Waterstones Near Me, Titles And Prefixes Before Names List, Cloud 9 Aspen Playlist, Andromeda Collision, Cabins Near Shiloh Battlefield, Victorian Submarine, Kerchak Meaning,", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The following changes or enhancements were made to the mesoscale ensemble\ncomponent of the prototype MDSS:\n1) Ensemble Configuration: Updated the selection of models, the model output\nfrequency, the run schedule, and the output products. The MM5 and WRF models\nwere included in 2004. Also, FSL's Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) experimental\nmodel runs (which are separate from those RUC runs conducted by NOAA's\nNational Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)) were included.\n2) System Stability: Made changes to the scripts for the ensemble modeling system\nin order to make the software system more robust.\nMDSS Display Application\nThe following enhancements were made to the MDSS display application:\n1) Digital Values: Provided digital values to the state and route view graphics.\n2) System Reset: Added ability of the users to reset the road conditions (road snow\ndepth = 0 and chemical concentration = 0) for each route or all routes via the user\n3) RWIS Observations: Added ability to view the most current road temperature data\nfrom RWIS stations via the display interface.\n4) Dynamic Range: Added dynamic range code for the time-series parameters to\nreduce the chance of having data go out of range.\n5) Historical View: Designed a way to view recent history (~6 hrs) on the display so\nthat more than just the latest 48-hrs is viewable.\n6) Display Summary Page: Users indicated that they needed a quick-look summary\npage of weather and road variables for each forecast period for each plow route.\nSummary page products include maximum and minimum predicted air and road\ntemperatures, total new snow accumulation, and an indication of conditional\n7) Blowing Snow Potential: Created a treatment recommendation alert graphic on\ntreatment page when blowing snow conditions were likely.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "MIAMI (AP) – Forecasters say a tropical depression that has formed far out in the Atlantic Ocean is expected to strengthen into a tropical storm on Thursday.\nWhile most eyes were on Tropical Storm Isaac in the Caribbean Sea late Wednesday, the National Hurricane Center in Miami says the most recent tropical depression is about 1045 miles (1682 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde islands.\nIt has top sustained winds of 35 mph (56 kph) and is moving west-northwest at 17 mph (27 kph). It is expected to continue on that course through Friday, possibly veering east of Florida but nearing Bermuda by Monday night.\n(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "8/16/2007, 8:13 a.m. CDT\nBy ELIZABETH WHITE\nThe Associated Press\nCORPUS CHRISTI, Texas (AP) -- Tropical Storm Erin made landfall Thursday morning and brought rain to the Texas Gulf Coast even as it was downgraded to a tropical depression.\nErin came ashore at Copano Bay, about 25 miles northeast of Corpus Christi.\nThough the wind speed dropped to 35 mph, the storm was still expected to bring 3 to 6 inches of rain across much of central and southern Texas. Up to 10 inches of rain were forecast in some areas.\nThe storm did not keep customers away from the Bayside Express convenience store in Seadrift, a fishing town 60 miles northeast of Corpus Christi, said clerk Jamie Hartman.\n\"It's just raining real hard and blowing real hard,\" she said Thursday morning. \"There's not really any flooding, but I've had some people tell me that saw some trees lifted up.\"\nErin formed late Tuesday as the fifth depression of the Atlantic hurricane season and was upgraded to a tropical storm Wednesday when its maximum sustained speed hit 40 mph. The threshold for tropical storm status is 39 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Weather forecast and temperature for today - Friday, Aug 12.\n- Wind: 6mph S\n- Humidity: 73%\n- Precip. probability: 3%\n- Precipitation: 0\"\n- UV index: 0\nIn East Irvine, for the rest of Friday, a cloudless sky and mostly clear weather are expected.\nThe lowest temperature will be a pleasant 68°F (20°C).\nSunrise was at 6:11 am and sunset at 7:40 pm; the daylight lasted for 13h and 29min.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "On Sunday morning, the deepest snow at the observation stations is in Sigulda, where the height of the snow layer has increased to 38 centimeters, according to the data of the Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Center (LEGMC).\nContent will continue after the ad\nIn Saulkrasti, Cēsis, Ogre, Līvāni and Rēzekne counties, the thickness of the snow cover is 27-29 centimeters, in Rīga – 25 centimeters in the city center and 28 centimeters in Daugavgrīva, in most of the country – between 10 and 25 centimeters.\nIt has already been reported that snow thickness measurements at LEGMC observation stations are automated and performed at one point, so data from the meteorological station may not reflect the actual situation in the area. Due to the snowfall, the thickness of the snow cover is uneven, and weather stations are often located in the open, which is exposed to more wind.\nOn Sunday morning the sky is mostly cloudy, there are fewer clouds in Kurzeme and North Vidzeme. There is light snow in many parts of the country. The wind is blowing slowly to moderate from the east, northeast.\nAir temperature from -1 ..- 3 degrees in the part of Kurzeme to -8 ..- 10 degrees in the north of Vidzeme.\nCloudy morning in Riga, light snow, east wind, northeast wind 3-5 meters per second, air temperature -5 ..- 6 degrees.\nThe maximum air temperature in the middle of the day on Saturday in the LEGMC observation network was from +0.2 degrees in Liepaja to -9.4 degrees in Rūjiena.\nThe highest air temperature in Europe on December 4 was +22 degrees in the south of Spain. Lowest night air on Sunday -34 ..- 36 degrees in the north of Scandinavia and Russia.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Filters aren’t just for Instagram anymore; the Cassini orbiter snapped this wide-angle shot of Saturn using an infrared filter to help scientists get a better look at clouds in the gas giant’s atmosphere.\nThe filter used in the shot is sensitive to the wavelengths of light reflected by methane. There’s not a lot of methane in Saturn’s atmosphere, but there’s enough to effect how much light the clouds reflect. The darker areas of the image are clouds lower in Saturn’s atmosphere, and the lighter areas are clouds at higher altitudes. That data will help scientists map vertical motion in Saturn’s atmosphere.\nCassini took this image from 930,000 miles away, and the scale of the full-sized image is about 55 miles to a pixel.\nContact the author at firstname.lastname@example.org or follow her on Twitter.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Organizational-wide Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory\nSeptember 19, 2023\nPROJECT NAME: City of Muskegon Organizational-wide Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory\nDATE OF ISSUANCE: September 19, 2023\nDATE PROPOSAL DUE: October 10th, 2023\nIn April 2023, the Muskegon City Commission passed a resolution declaring the city’s commitment to climate action initiatives and to combat the impact of climate change on our community and planet. The city seeks to reduce the risks of climate change by implementing actions that save money, improve productivity, and lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The city intends to reduce its organizational GHG emissions through deliberative budget, policy, and administrative actions. The City Commission is directing an organizational-wide Greenhouse Gas Inventory to be delivered to the Commission by January 2024 which will be used by the city to set target reductions with the goal of eliminating the organization’s GHG emissions by 2040.\nTherefore, the City of Muskegon is seeking proposals from qualified firms to conduct an organizational-wide Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Results of the inventory will be used by the city to manage GHG risks and identify reduction opportunities as well as participate in voluntary or mandatory GHG programs.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The United States is one of the world’s worst emitters of carbon dioxide. A recent study conducted by three Americans found that the country’s emissions are much higher than previously thought.\nThe study, which was published in the journal Science, used satellite data to track carbon dioxide emissions from all over the world. It found that the United States emits 2.5 times more carbon dioxide than China, even though China has a population that is four times larger.\nThe study also found that the United States is responsible for about one-fifth of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. This is despite the fact that the United States only makes up about 4 percent of the global population.\nThese findings are alarming, and they underscore the need for the United States to take action to reduce its emissions. The Trump administration has been hostile to climate change mitigation efforts, but the rest of the country must continue to push for action.\nThe good news is that there are many ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Some of these include investing in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, and improving energy efficiency.\nThe United States must also do its part to help developing countries reduce their emissions. This will be crucial if we are to meet the Paris Agreement targets and avoid the worst effects of climate change.\nThe study’s authors say that the findings are a “wake-up call” and that the United States needs to do more to address its carbon dioxide emissions. We couldn’t agree more.\n- 1 What are the 3 major contributors to the rise of carbon emissions?\n- 2 What are the biggest contributors to carbon emissions in the US?\n- 3 What is the USA’s contribution to carbon emission?\n- 4 Who discovered carbon footprint?\n- 5 What are the top 3 sources of greenhouse gas emissions?\n- 6 What are the top 3 sources for methane emissions?\n- 7 What are the 5 main contributors to carbon footprint?\nWhat are the 3 major contributors to the rise of carbon emissions?\nThere are many factors that have contributed to the rise of carbon emissions, but three of the most significant are the increase in the use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and the burning of biomass.\nFossil fuels are fuels that are made from the remains of plants and animals that have been buried underground for millions of years. They include coal, oil, and natural gas, and over the past two hundred years, their use has grown exponentially. The main reason for this is that they are incredibly efficient at producing energy.\nDeforestation is the clearing of trees from an area of land. This can be done for a number of reasons, such as to make way for agriculture or to create new land. When trees are cleared, the carbon they have stored is released into the atmosphere. Deforestation is a major contributor to carbon emissions, and it is estimated that it accounts for around 20% of global emissions.\nThe burning of biomass is the burning of organic matter, such as wood, coal, or gas. This is a major contributor to carbon emissions, and it is estimated that it accounts for around 26% of global emissions. Biomass can be burned for a variety of purposes, such as to produce energy or heat, or to dispose of waste.\nWhat are the biggest contributors to carbon emissions in the US?\nThe United States is one of the biggest emitters of carbon dioxide in the world. In fact, the United States contributes about 15 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions.\nThere are a number of factors that contribute to carbon emissions in the United States. The biggest contributors are:\nThe transportation sector is the biggest contributor to carbon emissions in the United States. Cars and trucks account for the majority of emissions from the transportation sector. The production of cars and trucks, as well as the burning of gasoline and diesel, all produce carbon dioxide.\n2. Electricity Production\nElectricity production is the second biggest contributor to carbon emissions in the United States. The majority of electricity in the United States is produced by burning coal and natural gas. These fuels produce carbon dioxide when burned.\nThe industrial sector is the third biggest contributor to carbon emissions in the United States. Manufacturing and processing activities produce a lot of carbon dioxide.\nWhat is the USA’s contribution to carbon emission?\nThe United States of America is one of the world’s leading contributors to carbon emissions, with a total of 5,144 million metric tons of CO2 released into the atmosphere in 2009, according to the EPA. This figure is a result of the USA’s reliance on fossil fuels for energy production, as well as the high levels of industrialization and urbanization in the country.\nThe main sources of carbon emissions in the USA are the burning of coal and oil for electricity and transportation, respectively. The USA is the world’s largest producer and consumer of oil, and the second-largest producer of coal, after China. These fuels are responsible for the majority of the country’s carbon emissions, as well as its air pollution and climate change.\nIn addition to the emissions from burning fossil fuels, the USA also releases large amounts of CO2 from deforestation and other land-use changes. Deforestation in the USA has decreased in recent years, but remains a significant source of carbon emissions.\nThe USA has made some efforts to reduce its carbon emissions in recent years, most notably through the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and the Energy Policy Act of 2005. However, much more needs to be done to reduce the country’s reliance on fossil fuels and address the impacts of climate change.\nWho discovered carbon footprint?\nThe term “carbon footprint” was first coined in the late 1990s by British environmentalist and author, L. J. “Gus” Speth. He used it to describe the environmental impact of human activity on the planet.\nSince then, the term has become more widely used, and is now commonly used to describe the amount of greenhouse gases a person or organization produces.\nA person’s carbon footprint is measured in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) they produce. This is done by calculating the amount of CO2 emitted from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, that are used to generate energy.\nA person’s carbon footprint can also be affected by other activities, such as the manufacture of goods and the use of transportation.\nThe carbon footprint of an organization is measured in the same way as a person’s, but it also includes the CO2 emitted from the burning of fossil fuels used to generate energy for the organization’s operations.\nOrganizations can also have a carbon footprint from the manufacture of their goods and the use of transportation.\nWhat are the top 3 sources of greenhouse gas emissions?\nGreenhouse gas emissions are a leading cause of climate change, and they come from a variety of sources. Here are the top three sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States:\n1. Electricity production\nElectricity production is the number one source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. The EPA reports that in 2012, power plants accounted for 33% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. The majority of these emissions come from the burning of coal and natural gas to produce electricity.\nTransportation is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. Cars and trucks account for 28% of all emissions, and planes and trains account for another 5%. The biggest culprits here are gasoline and diesel fuel, which release carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.\nManufacturing is the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. This sector accounts for 24% of emissions, and the biggest contributors are chemicals, metals, and paper production. Many of these emissions come from the use of fossil fuels in manufacturing processes.\nWhat are the top 3 sources for methane emissions?\nMethane is the primary component of natural gas, and it is also a potent greenhouse gas. Methane emissions come from a variety of sources, and they account for a significant proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we will take a close look at the top three sources of methane emissions.\nThe first source of methane emissions is natural gas systems. Methane emissions from natural gas systems arise from leaks and venting. Leaks can occur during the production, processing, and distribution of natural gas, and venting occurs when gas is released from pipelines, compressor stations, and other facilities.\nThe second source of methane emissions is landfills. Methane emissions from landfills come from the decomposition of trash. In addition to methane, landfills also release carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen oxides.\nThe third source of methane emissions is agriculture. Methane emissions from agriculture come from a variety of sources, including livestock, manure, rice cultivation, and landfills. Livestock are the primary source of methane emissions from agriculture, and manure is the primary source of methane emissions from livestock.\nWhat are the 5 main contributors to carbon footprint?\nWhen it comes to reducing your carbon footprint, it’s important to know where you can make the biggest impact. Here are the five main contributors to carbon emissions:\nThe transportation sector is responsible for about one-quarter of all carbon emissions, making it the largest contributor to our carbon footprints. The biggest culprits are automobiles and airplanes, which account for more than half of transportation emissions.\nProducing and using energy is responsible for about one-fifth of carbon emissions. The biggest contributors are electricity generation, manufacturing, and heating and cooling buildings.\nThe food sector is responsible for about one-seventh of carbon emissions. The main contributors are raising livestock and growing crops.\nWaste accounts for about one-seventh of carbon emissions. The main contributors are landfills and incineration.\nBuildings account for about one-seventh of carbon emissions. The main contributors are heating and cooling buildings and producing construction materials.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A haze of smoke and urban pollution over Melbourne and Geelong is likely to hang around into the weekend, posing health risks for vulnerable Victorians.\nThe Environment Protection Authority says the poor air quality is a result of a build up of wood heater smoke and other pollution with no wind to blow it away.\nAnd with calm weather forecast on Saturday, the not-so-fresh air will likely stick around over the two cities.\n\"Due to weather conditions, pollution is likely to linger over the weekend,\" the EPA warned on Friday.\n\"If you are sensitive to poor air quality you should limit prolonged or heavy physical activity and where possible you should try to stay indoors.\"\nThe pollution may aggravate heart and lung conditions and cause irritated eyes, coughing and wheezing.\nChildren, pregnant women, people with existing heart and lung conditions and those over 65 are most vulnerable.\nAsthmatics are advised to carry puffers and follow asthma management plans.\nThe build up of \"PM2.5\" particles in the air is partially because more Victorians are firing up their wood heaters during the wintry weather.\nThese fine particles are up to 30 times smaller than the width of a human hair.\nIn November, nine people died and thousands were hospitalised in Victoria because of the world's worst recorded thunderstorm asthma event.\n© AAP 2017", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "India saw its hottest March in 122 years which has significantly reduced the yield of the (Rabi)harvested crop.\nWheat is a temperature-sensitive crop that requires a cool temperature, especially in March when it is at its final stage. Extreme dry and hot weather prior to wheat harvest causes a condition known as terminal-heat stress, which wilts crops. The extreme heat in March and April has increased the shriveled grain percentage from six percent set by the Food Corporation of India to 12-20 percent.\nAlso, the climate crisis due to human activity is affecting many weather systems in every region across the globe, said the landmark Code Red scientific report released in August 2021 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. India will suffer more frequent and intense heatwaves, the report by the United Nations body of climate experts predicted.\nMoreover Western disturbances, specifically the ones in winter, bring moderate to heavy rain in low-lying areas and heavy snow to mountainous areas of the Indian Subcontinent.They are the cause of most winter and pre-monsoon season rainfall across northwest India. Precipitation during the winter season has great importance in agriculture, particularly for the rabi crops.\nIn the absence of western disturbances, unfavorable weather conditions are experienced by wheat during the grain formation stage during the month of March. But the arrival of western disturbances contributes positively to grain yield by modifying the weather conditions particularly at the grain formation stage. It may contribute negatively when the intensity and duration of western disturbances increases.\nLEARNING FROM HOME/ WITHOUT CLASSES/BASICS\nCLIMATE CHANGE: Climate change refers to any change in climate over time whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. The term is commonly used interchangeably with global warming and green house effects and refers to increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that traps sun’s heat causes changes in weather pattern on a global scale.\nGreenhouse gases allow sunlight (shortwave radiation) to pass through the atmosphere freely, where it is then partially absorbed by the surface of the Earth. Greenhouse gases are able to trap heat (longwave radiation) in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth’s surface warmer than it would be if they were not present. These gases are the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. Increases in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere enhances the greenhouse effect which is creating global warming and consequently climate change.\nThe principal forcing greenhouse gases are:\nCarbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Fluorinated gases\nWestern Disturbances(WD) are low-pressure areas, extratropical storm originating ,embedded in the Westerlies, the planetary winds that blow from west to east between 30 and 60° latitude. They originate in the Mediterranean region, travel westward and enter India loaded with moisture, where the Himalayas obstruct them, causing rain and snow over northern India. The moisture in these storms usually originates over the Mediterranean sea and Atlantic Ocean. WDs are important to the development of the Rabi crop in the northern subcontinent\nThey gradually travel across the middle-east from Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan to enter the Indian sub-continent. Western Disturbances are low pressure systems, embedded in western winds (westerlies) that flow from west to the east.\nThe disturbance travels from the “western” to the eastern direction. Disturbance means an area of “disturbed” or reduced air pressure. Equilibrium exists in nature due to which the air in a region tries to normalise its pressure. In the term “extra-tropical storm”, storm refers to low pressure. “Extra-tropical” means outside the tropics. As the WD originates outside the tropical region, the word “extra-tropical” has been associated with them.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Hurricane Harvey was upgraded to a Category 4 storm on Friday.\nHarvey, which will be the first major storm to hit the U.S. since 2005, is gathering strength as it head up to the south coasts of Texas and Louisiana from the Gulf of Mexico.\nIt is expected to cause extreme damage and flooding.\nA Category 4 storm, according to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, is considered a \"major\" hurricane and has sustained winds between 130 miles per hour and 156 mph.\nThe National Hurricane Center, says a Category 4 hurricane has the potential to cause \"catastrophic damage to occur.\"\n\"Power outages will last weeks to possibly months. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months,\" the National Hurricane Center website explains.\nHarvey is expected to make landfall on Friday evening or Saturday morning.\nPresident Trump tweeted that the Huricane is \"getting much bigger and more powerful than projected.\"\nDuring the White House press briefing on Friday, homeland security adviser Tom Bossert said that Trump is prepared to use all the resources the White House has to offer to help the affected states. He also said \"now is not the time to lose faith in your government institutions.\"", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Peter Aldhous, San Francisco bureau chief\nSwollen by heavy rain and snowmelt from far upstream, the Lower Mississippi River has risen to record heights at several of the gauges put in place to monitor its levels. In the graphic below, you can explore how this year compares to previous major floods.\nRoll over the stream gauges plotted on the map to see bar charts comparing the highest recorded floods with peak levels seen both this year and in 1993, when a catastrophic flood engulfed the Upper Mississippi and Missouri River basins, causing some $15 billion in damage. The bottom graph gives the heights of the record floods seen at each gauge.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Submitted to: Meeting Proceedings\nPublication Type: Proceedings\nPublication Acceptance Date: 4/19/2005\nPublication Date: 4/19/2005\nCitation: Hatfield, J.L., Pfeiffer, R.L. 2005. Evaluation of technologies for ambient air monitoring at concentrated animal feeding operations. Proceedings of the Air Quality Meeting of Air and Waste Management Association. CD-ROM. April 19-21, San Francisco, California. Interpretive Summary:\nTechnical Abstract: Air quality surrounding concentrated animal feeding operations is becoming of increasing concern to nearby residents and regional air quality regulators. Animal feeding operations are unlike other sources of air quality constituents because of their variability in emission rate and differences in management among similar units. Studies have been conducted on the ambient ammonia concentrations from a swine feeding operation throughout the complete production cycle of grow-finish pigs. These data collected at various positions surrounding the facility showed a 10-fold variation in concentration. Additional studies on air flow surrounding this facility have shown the variation induced by orientation of the building site relative to the wind direction and speed. These observations have shown the need for improved monitoring technologies for ambient air quality surrounding animal feeding operations. An evaluation was conducted on seven different ammonia measuring systems surrounding a swine production facility and a beef cattle feeding facility. These instruments were evaluated with the number of tests to determine their accuracy, linearity, precision, response time, calibration and zero drift, interference, data completeness, and ease of use. Each of the instruments had their strengths and weaknesses when monitoring ambient air quality surrounding animal feeding operations. One of the major problems in collecting data surrounding animal operations is the location of the instrument so that a representative sample can be collected.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Summer-like temperatures take a timeout ✋\nOn Friday, it reached 95 degrees in Poughkeepsie, a new daily record high for June 2nd.\nLooking ahead, we’ll be hard-pressed to reach 80 until next weekend! The wind will blow from the north, which isn’t a warm wind direction.\nTalk about a hard right turn from Mother Nature!\n🏜️ The temperature change is one thing, but we need some rain. May was the 3rd driest May since records began in 1931 — only 1993 and 1964 were drier. The week ahead will feature some rain, but not enough to overcome the recent deficit.\nThe week will be defined by a pinwheeling disturbance in the upper atmosphere, stagnantly swirling over the Northeast.\nIt will bring cooler than average temperatures and cause afternoon showers to pop up over the region from Tuesday-Friday.\nHere’s what it looks like on the weather map:\nMonday: dry and comfortable 👍\nTuesday: similar to Monday but with a chance for an afternoon shower or thunderstorm and wildfire smoke from Canada 💨\nWednesday: like Tuesday but a little cooler\nThursday: even cooler with scattered PM showers again possible 🌦️\nFriday: similar to Thursday\nSaturday-Sunday: turning warmer, back above 80 with the shower chance likely fading 📈\nThe week of June 12th looks cooler than average to start, followed by a potentially significant warm up. Mid-to-late June will probably take a turn toward hotter temperatures, so enjoy the cooler weather while it lasts 🥵\nWinter at the beach 🤙\nMeteorological winter arrived in New Zealand and the Southern Hemisphere this past week, but you wouldn’t know it looking at these photos…\nYou wouldn’t know it by the way it feels either — temperatures have been well above average in my corner of the world due to an ongoing marine heatwave.\nThe place you are looking at is called Omaha. It’s a beach town in the northern part of the Auckland region. It was a great place to take my new drone for a spin!\n📸 For more New Zealand photography: https://www.instagram.com/bennollofficial/\nThe view from the ground didn’t disappoint either!\n🌈 New Zealand is the unofficial rainbow capital of the world thanks to the right combination of meteorological tendencies, including a low winter sun angle and frequent showers followed by plenty of sun…\nHope your week is a wave of color ✌️", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Photos by Rick Hiduk\nPreparation for the upcoming tourist season and the return of “cottagers” was apparent in the Sullivan County communities of Lake Mokoma (top) and Eagles Mere (above) on Saturday. Most clubs and attractions are set to open the weekend of May 4.\nDespite a gloomy Sunday and the chance for some wet snow (!) during the early morning hours of Monday, a great warm-up should be underway by Tuesday, with temperatures approaching 80 mid week.\nThe best news? After tonight, there are no freezing temperatures in sight!\nThe eight day forecast follows:\nSunday: showers/flurries 45/32\nMonday: partly cloudy 60/38\nTuesday: sunny 75/50\nWednesday: sunny 80/60\nThursday: pm storms 80/60\nFriday: pm storms 75/53\nSaturday: partly sunny 65/45\nSunday: partly cloudy 65/42\nThe EndlessMtnLifestyles.com weather report is based on expected conditions at approximately 1,100 ft elevation in Meshoppen Township, Wyoming County, near the center of the Endless Mountains region. Residents of river towns can generally expect slightly higher temperatures, while those at higher elevations may experience lower temperatures. Send your Weather Window photos to firstname.lastname@example.org. Try to include a good horizontal/panoramic shot.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Drought intensifies, 70% of North Dakota classified ‘D3 extreme’\nThe drought monitor report released April 8 for March 30 to April 6, indicated intensifying drought in the Dakotas. Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee are still reporting no drought stress at all.\nIn the No. 1 corn-growing state, drought conditions were unchanged from the previous week. A small amount of precipitation was recorded in the northern half of Iowa but, it wasn’t enough to put a dent in the extreme drought conditions stretching across Sioux, O’Brien, and Clay counties. About 6% of the state is suffering from severe drought.\nIn conjunction with the April 5 Crop Progress Report, Iowa State Climatologist Justin Glisan noted topsoil and subsoil moisture levels across the Hawkeye state. “Topsoil moisture levels rated 8% very short, 25% short, 64% adequate and 3% surplus. Subsoil moisture levels rated 12% very short, 29% short, 56% adequate and 3% surplus,” he reported.\nAcross the Mississippi River, in Illinois, drought expanded slightly. Lake and McHenry counties in the extreme northeastern corner of the state reported moderate drought conditions. About 17% of the state recorded abnormally dry conditions. Less than an inch of rain was recorded across the state between March 30 and April 6, according to the Iowa Environmental Mesonet.\nDrought conditions in Nebraska were unchanged. Severe drought still covers 7% of the state and is focused in the southwest region. The entire western half of the Cornhusker state is abnormally dry or worse. Less than an inch of rain was recorded across the state between March 30 and April 6, according to the Iowa Environmental Mesonet.\nThe first report of extreme drought in Minnesota came from Kittson county in the extreme northwest part of the state. Severe drought in the northwest and southwest parts of the state expanded to cover about 3% of the state’s acres. More than 30% of the state reported suffering from moderate drought.\nConditions in Kansas were unchanged from the previous week’s drought monitor report. Severe drought continues in Cheyenne, Rawlins, Hamilton, Stanton, and Morton counties. About 22% of the state is abnormally dry, or worse. All drought stress is isolated to the western third of the state.\nDrought conditions in South Dakota continued to intensify quickly. On April 6, 15% of the state was suffering from extreme drought, a jump of about 7% since the week prior. About 79% of state’s acres are classified D1 moderate drought, or worse.\nThe April 5 Crop Progress Report indicated South Dakota topsoil moisture levels rated 25% very short, 43% short, 32% adequate and 0% surplus. Subsoil moisture levels are rated 25% very short, 48% short, 27% adequate, and 0% surplus.\nOhio’s drought conditions were nearly identical to the week prior. About 16% of the state reported moderate drought conditions. The southern two-thirds of the state reported no drought conditions.\nFor the third week in a row, Missouri reported no drought conditions.\nThe April 5 Crop Progress Report indicated Missouri topsoil moisture levels rated 0% very short, 3% short, 92% adequate, and 5% surplus. Subsoil moisture levels rated 0% very short, 5% short, 90% adequate, and 5% surplus.\nDrought conditions in southeast Wisconsin intensified slightly, now rated moderate in Racine and Kenosha counties. About 90% of the state is abnormally dry.\nAcross the Great Lakes in Michigan, drought conditions continued to be relatively unchanged. Moderate drought conditions in the south continue to consume about 17% of the state’s acres.\nFor the sixth straight week, Kentucky reported no drought conditions.\nThe April 5 Crop Progress Report indicated Kentucky topsoil moisture levels rated 2% very short, 1% short, 71% adequate, and 26% surplus. Subsoil moisture levels rated 2% very short, 2% short, 73% adequate, and 23% surplus.\nExtreme drought increased to cover about 70% of the state of North Dakota, a jump of 23% in a week’s time. Almost the entire state is suffering from severe drought or worse this spring.\nThe most recent Crop Progress Report indicated North Dakota topsoil moisture levels rated 59% very short, 33% short, 8% adequate, and 0% surplus. Subsoil moisture levels rated 52% very short, 30% short, 18% adequate, and 0% surplus.\nCarie Marshall-Moore farms with her family near Rock Lake, North Dakota, in Towner county. Although it’s a bit early for fieldwork, the drought is weighing heavily on farmers and ranchers’ minds. A rancher Marhsall-Moore works with lost an entire hayfield to fire last weekend.\n“The biggest dilemma we have is applying anhydrous. We don’t want to work up the ground and lose any moisture we do have. Anhydrous is water loving, so if there is no water molecules for it to cling to it isn’t practical financially to even put it down. We’re in major limbo right now hoping for rain in the next two weeks before we have to make real decisions and get into the field,” she says.\nIn Texas, exceptional drought conditions cover about 9% of the state. Abnormally dry, or worse conditions cover about 91% of the Lone Star State.\nFor the second week in a row, Tennessee reported no drought conditions.\nSimilar to the week prior, moderate drought covers about 9% of Pennsylvania in the northwest corner of the state. About 76% of the state is free of drought stress.There was no change to drought conditions in Colorado where exceptional drought covers about 15% of the state. The entire state is abnormally dry, or worse.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Well spring began three weeks ago but the weather hasn't reflected it until now.\nStarting on Saturday and continuing through Monday Environment Canada is predicting Swift Current to have daytime highs ranging from 12 C to 15 C.\nEnvironment Canada meteorologist John Paul Cragg says that warmup will be courtesy of a system developing in Alberta and the United States.\n\"In advance of the development of the system it looks like we will have some good strong southerly winds that will bring some warm air into southwestern Saskatchewan,\" he said. \"Finally some temperatures for southwestern Saskatchewan for this time of year.\"\nThe three-day warm-up that's expected to be far from breaking records won't last long though as the system will move out by Tuesday.\n\"The northerly winds will return,\" he said. \"Temperatures will drop off quite a bit, so you're going to be back to well below average... It's going to take awhile for those temperatures to rebound, so probably not until the end of next week.\"\nStarting Tuesday as well the southwest is expected to experience rain or snow in what Cragg thinks \"could be a big system.\"\nAlthough the first week of April was record-breaking cold, Cragg believes that by the time May and June roll around we should be back to normal seasonal temperatures.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "CHARLOTTE, N.C. (WBTV) - A relatively weak cold front continues to work southeast across the Carolinas today producing light showers for the better half of the first day of the workweek.\nDuring the afternoon and evening hours rain chances will decrease giving way to partly cloudy skies by sunset. Rain-cooled air and the impacts of the frontal passage will keep highs in the low 50s today.\nOvernight temperatures will revisit the upper 30s and lower 40s for short-period ahead of highs in the mid to upper 50s under mix of sun and clouds. A passing shower can't be ruled out Tuesday around midday into the early afternoon as an upper level disturbance follows today's frontal on Tuesday, but should be mostly dry.\nTemperatures will gradually warm Wednesday and Thursday rising into the mid 60s during the afternoon hours ahead of the next cold front expected to push into the area late in the week. That front will give way to cooler temperatures a significant chance for rain going into the Friday and the first half of the weekend.\n- Meteorologist Jonathan Stacey", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Science & Policy\nAs the scientific dialogue on the degree of climate warming continues, the critical question surrounding potential global change has now become: How do we rise to the challenge of mitigating and adapting to substantial human interference of the climate system? PAOC researchers work in interdisciplinary teams to address the challenge of balancing worldwide economic growth with realistic and practical environmental stewardship.\nAs part of its collaboration with other MIT research groups, PAOC maintains an active research partnership with MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. These activities cohere around a single guiding principal: science and policy have to work together. At the core of this underlying research strategy is cutting-edge research in the global human and earth systems, and the integration of this research through consideration of: policy/management, feedback and response of the various sub-systems, innovation and technology, and the probabilities that we can assign to our knowledge in these areas – all of these are necessary ingredients to quantifying climate risk. Among the questions we seek to answer are:\n- How effective and costly would specific policy measures be in alleviating climate change?\n- What are the advantages and risks of waiting for better scientific understanding of such change?\n- How will the oceanic and terrestrial uptake of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases be affected by changing climate?\n- What nations, regions, and economic sectors are most likely to be affected?\nTo tackle such issues requires our analysis and model-development facilities to be as close to the frontier of the scientific and socio-economic disciplines addressing them as possible, while maintaining the ability to perform the types of multiple calculations that are needed in order to understand both uncertainties in the human-climate system and implications of proposed policies.\nCenters & Initiatives\nThe Climate Modeling Initiative is an open-source collaborative based at MIT which has developed a modeling infrastructure for the study of the atmosphere, ocean and climate of the Earth.\nThe Center for Global Change Science (CGCS) seeks to better understand the natural mechanisms in ocean, atmosphere and land systems that together control the Earth's climate, and to apply improved knowledge to problems of predicting climate changes. ...\nAs part of its collaboration with other MIT research groups, PAOC maintains an active research partnership with the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. The MIT Joint Program integrates natural and social science to produce analy...\nProfessor Ron Prinn's group works on incorporating the chemistry, dynamics, and physics of the atmospheres of the Earth and other planets, and the chemical evolution of atmospheres. We are also the pioneers of estimating global emissions of non-CO2 g...\nOur group research focuses on using atmospheric chemistry and integrated modeling to inform decision-making strategies on air pollution and climate change. We are currently doing work in three main areas: Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change, ...\nChien Wang's group works on various issues related to atmospheric aerosols, clouds, and tropospheric chemistry, and studies the climate impacts of aerosols and anthropogenic pollutants.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ask The Question\nMay 8, 2019, 5:56:20 AM\nThe method of heat transfer by which the sun warms the earth is A) conduction Eliminate B) convection C) radiation D) solaration\nMay 8, 2019, 9:03:35 AM\nthis would be radiation\nThe method of heat transfer by which the sun warms the earth is A) conduction Eliminate B) co...\nThe method of heat transfer by which the sun warms the earth is\nWhat is the main method of heat transfer from the core to the crust of Earth? A) conduction B)...\nSun warms the earth by Blank Space __________. Question 2 options: convection conduction el...\nThe transfer of heat by the movement of warmed gases and liquids A. radiation B. conduction C....\nEnergy from the sun reaches Earth mostly by ________. A.) conduction B.) convection C.) radi...\nWhich of the following can occur by conduction? a. transfer of heat from the sun b. transfer of...\nGlenn is heating water in a teakettle. The hotter water at the bottom of the kettle rises. The co...\nThe atmosphere is heated most by which of the following? A. Convection B. Radiation C. Wind D...\nDensity differences drive which of the heat transfers? A) Conduction B) Convection C) Radia...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "IFR and Low IFR Conditions developed over parts of Virginia and the Carolinas Piedmont Region during the morning of 28 September 2016. The screengrab below, from the Aviation Weather Center, shows the areal extent of the reduced visibilities and/or low ceilings. (The text of the IFR Sigmet is here.) Fog over southeastern Virginia is developing under multiple cloud decks associated with the convection near a front. IFR Probabiities in this region are determined by Rapid Refresh data that shows low-level saturation; the flat-looking field over that region is characteristic of model-only IFR Probability fields. Farther to the southwest, over western North Carolina, IFR Probabilities are determined by both satellite and model data; notice how pixelated the data are in that region.\nSuomi NPP overflew the eastern United States shortly after 0730 UTC, and the toggle below shows the Day Night Visible Band and the Brightness Temperature Difference field (11.45 – 3.74 ). Water-based clouds (yellow and orange in the enhancement used) are detected just to the west of cirrus and mixed-phase clouds (black in the enhancement used). The 0737 UTC IFR Probability field, at bottom, had model-data only as predictors in regions where Suomi NPP shows multiple cloud layers. Note also that the 1-km resolution of Suomi NPP is resolving the developing valley fogs in the Appalachian mountains of Ohio, West Virginia and Kentucky. There are only a few pixels in the IFR Probability field that are suggesting valley fog development — but note in the end of the animation at the top of this post that more valley pixels show IFR Probability signals. When GOES-R is flying, its superior (to GOES-13) 2-km resolution should mitigate this too-slow identification of valley fogs.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "TODAY: HIGH 49/LOW 27 Mostly Cloudy with a 20 percent chance of showers\nTOMORROW: HIGH 50/LOW 28 Sunny\nSATURDAY: HIGH 56/LOW 38 Partly Cloudy\nSUNDAY: HIGH 57/LOW 34 Partly Cloudy\nMONDAY: HIGH 63/LOW 41 Partly Cloudy\nA chilly end to the week results in a cold night tonight with highs in the upper 20’s. We’ll see more of fall-type weather starting up again next week, with a high of 63 on Monday.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "On Monday a strong cold front will move across the region bringing showers and sharply colder temperatures by afternoon. Highs will start off mainly in the 60s but fall into the 50s by afternoon. Showers will come to an end by mid afternoon but we could see some lingering precipitation into Monday evening. The day will feel definitely like Fall with winds brisk out of the northwest. Fall officially arrives late Monday night.\nOn Tuesday we start a streak of dry weather that should take us into next weekend. It will start off on the chilly side early in the week but temperatures will moderate by Thursday and become unseasonably warm by the beginning of next weekend - perhaps a touch of \"Indian Summer\".\nClearing is expected for the first part of next week along with cooler temperatures. A warm up with continued clear skies appears to be in order for the second half of next week. Our long range maps suggest a warm high pressure system dominating our weather during the time period.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Strong winds and heavy rain passed through many Eastern Carolina communities Wednesday. In Winterville a lightning strike was the big news in one neighborhood. A bolt of lightning did quite a bit of damage to a big tree. Luckily, a nearby house was spared. In Williamston, Martin County a homeowner wasn't as lucky as a lightning strike hit a house causing a fire. And in Beaufort County, strong storms caused some minor damage in the River Road area.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "IT'S HERE, STRONG WINTER STORM HAS ARRIVED...\nSnow is falling at my house in Marion, Iowa and will quickly advance east across the rest of my area through early afternoon. It will be heavy at times accompanied by gusty winds up to 30 mph. Low visibilities and snow covered roads will make for difficult travel conditions.\nThe widespread accumulating snow will eventually mix with sleet, freezing rain and even rain in the south towards evening. The mix will advance into my central counties later in the evening. North of HWY 30, most of the precipitation will remain in the form of snow, especially from HWY 20 north. Snow accumulations of 3-6\" look likely, along with ice accumulations of up to 1/4\". The greatest ice accumulations are anticipated near or just south of I-80. Locally higher amounts of snow may occur in areas where snow ratios are greater and the mix is avoided, again north of HWY 30 and especially in eastern Iowa.\nSaturday morning, very strong northwest winds gusting as high as 45 mph will lead to blowing and drifting snow resulting in greatly reduced visibility, especially in areas where there is no glaze from freezing rain or sleet. Again, this issue is most likely in the northern third of the area.\nWinter storm warnings remain in effect of much of the region north of I-80 in Iowa. The rest of my area is under a winter weather advisory.\nThe latest snowfall models are are bullish on several inches of snow. Initially the snow will be dry, especially in the northern half of the area and will exceed ratios of 10:1 for several hours. Therefore I am using the Kuchera method of snow forecasting which takes that into account. I also added the standard 10:1 ratio for comparison. I prefer the EURO Kuchera version as I think the GFS is overdoing the amount of overall precipitation. Here you go.\nThe EURO 10:1\nThe GFS 10:1\nMost of the heavier snow will be out of the south by evening and the rest of the area by late evening (10:00 pm)\nSome snow showers will redevelop later tonight and Saturday morning as the arctic air invades and again drops temperatures and squeezes out the remaining moisture. In total, most areas have a very good chance of seeing 3 to 5\" accumulations from south to north with some local spots in the north around Waterloo getting 6 to perhaps 7\" totals. That's all for now. Roll weather...TS\nLAST THING, STILL 2 SPOTS AVAILABLE FOR WEATHER SCHOOL. A GREAT BUNCH OF FOLKS COMING ALONG WITH SOME TERRIFIC CASE STUDIES YOU WILL ENJOY, ESPECIALLY 2011, THE YEAR OF THE TORNADO. AN IN DEPTH LOOK AT THE SUPER OUTBREAK OF APRIL 27TH IN ALABAMA AND THE JOPLIN TORNADO WHICH TOOK THE LIVES OF 160. YOU WANT TO LEARN WEATHER, YOU WANT TO BE HERE. GET THE DETAILS BELOW...\nTSwails.com is offering a very special and unique opportunity to learn first-hand the ins and outs of weather forecasting with one of the best meteorologists in the Midwest along with his team of expert meteorologists.\nThat’s right… You want to forecast right along with Terry Swails, well now you can. He’s teaching weather with TSwails newest program called WEATHER SCHOOL. The opening bell rings this January and you can be a member of the very first graduating class. The one-day forecasting seminar for weather enthusiasts will be held at his home in January. It’s not your typical run-of-the-mill school. There will be no tests, but Terry, Rebecca, and Nick will cram your head with so much knowledge, it’ll be spinning like a tornado before the day is over.\nYou want to know the essential online sites to use for models, radar, and the basic weather tools? DONE! You want to understand the structure of models and the role they play? DONE! You want to be able to construct forecasts from the ground up? DONE!\nWEATHER SCHOOL will be presented in a seminar-type format where you'll have the ability to ask questions and dig deep. You’ll get the scoop on data acquisition, model analysis, severe weather, and actual forecasting from the big dog himself, T. Swails. With 43 years of experience and an uncanny ability to break the science down, you’ll open the door to forecasting like never before.\nAlong with the head master T. Swails himself, meteorologists Rebecca Kopelman and Nick Stewart of KGAN TV will be there to lend their knowledge and experience to the discussion. It will be fun, informative, and factual! This is the day for you to see, feel, and experience what it’s like to be in the hot seat of a meteorologist.\nThe seminar will be held January 25th and will last from noon until 5:00pm. We have limited seating and the cost is $99 dollars per person. A catered lunch will be provided. Again..not a lot of seats so reservations with a pre-payment are required. Sorry, no refunds. If there’s enough interest, a second session will be added in early February. To register or get additional information send an email to email@example.com\nGIVE THE GIFT OF WEATHER. This might be the perfect gift for that hard to buy for person. Along with a WEATHER SCHOOL admittance voucher, TSwails will send a special greeting to your weather enthusiast if you give the gift of weather with the TSwails touch!\nWEATHER SCHOOL AGENDA:\nWELCOME AND INTRODUCTION\nPurpose: To help weather enthusiasts understand the basics of forecasting and apply the knowledge and techniques learned to construct personal forecasts.\nSession 1: DATA ACQUISITION\nThe essential on-line sites for models, observations, satellite and radar images, and general weather data.\nSession 2: ANALYSIS:\nDetermining your objective goals. Short term, intermediate, or long-term. Understanding the process of analysis and its relationship to forecasting.\nModel options and choices. What to use and when!\nThe GFS, EURO, NAM 3k, NAM 12K, Canadian, HRRR, MJO, ensembles, teleconnections, etc.\nLocating, learning, and knowing what’s essential to make a reliable forecast.\nThe art and science of model interpretation: Using and understanding model output. Its called guidance for a reason!\nLearn how to analyze key parameters such as:\nSurface and upper air data\nVorticity and energy\nWind and pressure\nSession 3: MAKING A FORECAST FROM MODEL GUIDANCE\nA simulation of the basic process using model output.\nBREAK: A 25-30 minute recess to enjoy a catered lunch…\nSession 4: SEVERE WEATHER:\nThunderstorms, tornadoes, derechoes, and squall lines.\nSoundings. What are they and why should I care?\nInstability (CAPE) vs (CIN) Critical interaction involving moisture, heating, and forcing.\nUncovering the ingredients of a severe weather set-up.\nTVS signatures. What to look for on radar.\nRole of SPC vs NWS, and your local TV station regarding the warning process.\nSimulated model driven forecast of a severe weather event/tornado outbreak\nSession 5: WINTER STORMS:\nThe key ingredients required for significant winter storm:\nHow to forecast the rain snow line.\nHow to forecast snow totals from QPF\nDetermining totals from snow ratios.\nWhat to look for at the surface and at upper levels (500 and 850mb)\nModel bias and determining the storm track\nSimulated model driven forecast of a significant Midwest winter storm\nQUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION\nAn open period for attendees to ask questions regarding relevant topics or issues discussed during the day.\nSome final words of inspiration from the events headliners\nOnce again, to reserve a spot or ask questions send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org See you when the bell rings! Roll weather...T. Swails", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "CLEANING THE AIR QUALITY SENSOR\nThe AirDoctor is designed with an air quality sensor to track the quality of your air. Over time, the sensor can become dirty and may require cleaning. The main symptom of a dirty air quality sensor is the LED air quality monitor display that remains frozen on one light color.\nThe lens of the air quality particle sensor may need to be cleaned.\n1. Power off and unplug the unit.\n2. Locate and open the air quality sensor cover located on\nthe side of the unit.\n3. Locate the lens of the air sensor located inside the air sensor.\n4. Wet one end of a cotton swab with water and wipe the lens to\nremove any debris. Then, dry the lens with the other end of the swab\nCaution: Do not scratch the lens with a hard object.\nSENSOR CLEANING MAINTENANCE\nYou may also need to use a vacuum cleaner to clear the sensor chamber.\n1.Power off and unplug unit.\n2.Locate and open the air quality sensor cover located on the side of the unit. (Fig. 1)\n3.Use a vacuum cleaner hose to suction any dust or dirt that may have accumulated inside the monitor chamber. (Fig. 2)\nArticle is closed for comments.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rosa's deluge \"may produce life-threatening flash flooding\", the hurricane center said.\nHurricane Rosa has affected south western America including California since 30 September; the storm is likely to continue until 2 October. \"Those planning to be outdoors next week should keep an eye on the weather forecast and make contingency plans\", the NWS said.\nThere was also flooding reported around Tucson.\nThat's due in part to wind currents that generally push from east to west-but also because the tropical cyclones that power hurricanes need warm water, usually over 80 degrees, while the typical temperature off SoCal coasts is closer to 75.\nThe National Weather Service says Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport has received more than 2 inches (5 centimeters) of ran so far Tuesday. They can turn otherwise calm dry washes, burn scars and urban areas with poor drainage deadly.\nAccording to the National Weather Service, the entire Phoenix area is expected to see between 1 and 2 inches (2.5-5 centimeters) of rain.\n\"This storm still has a punch, it's still unsafe\", David Roth, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service's Weather Prediction Center, told Thomson Reuters.\nPep Guardiola Vows Manchester City Will Stay On The Attack Against Liverpool\nIn those three games their possession stats were far higher than against Manchester City as the table below shows. Klopp says the losing feel can help his team focus on the challenge of beating City .\nElsewhere in the state, flash flood watches in Phoenix and other areas were set to expire later Wednesday as the storm left the region and headed for Colorado and Utah.\nUtah Gov. Gary Herbert mobilized about 200 National Guard soldiers Monday to prepare for potential flooding in areas where recent wildfires left burn scars that could increase runoff.\nFlash-flood watches remained in effect for parts of those two states.\nThe Maricopa County Flood Control District reported no immediate reports Tuesday morning of flash flooding in the county that includes most of metro Phoenix.\nAfter soaking northwestern Mexico with heavy rains as it neared the Baja California Peninsula, reportedly claiming at least one victim, Tropical Storm Rosa is expected to drench the U.S. Southwest.\nLa Plata County officials and the National Weather Service were working together to track the potential flood risk, said Butch Knowlton, director of La Plata County's Office of Emergency Management. Yuma, Arizona, the USA's driest city with only about 3.6 inches of rainfall a year, could see almost that much in the next couple of days.\nThe U.S. National Hurricane Center said Rosa should move over Baja California and Sonora, weakening and bringing 3 to 6 inches (7.5 to 15 centimeters) of rain, with its remnants expected hitting the southwestern United States on Tuesday. Isolated areas might see even more precipitation.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Location within the state of Kentucky\n|Coordinates: 37°4′33″N 82°58′54″W / 37.07583°N 82.98167°WCoordinates: 37°4′33″N 82°58′54″W / 37.07583°N 82.98167°W|\n|Elevation||1,076 ft (328 m)|\n|Time zone||Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)|\n|• Summer (DST)||EDT (UTC-4)|\n|GNIS feature ID||509072|\nThe climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate System describes the weather as humid subtropical, and uses the abbreviation Cfa.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "WATERFORD WEATHER: Thunderstorms and heavy downpours expected today as yellow warning issued\nMet Éireann has issued a Status Yellow rain warning for Waterford that is valid from 7am on Tuesday to 7am Wednesday. Heavy showers or longer spells of rain will spread northwards over Munster with isolated thunderstorms and spot flooding possible, especially in the south. Some bright or sunny intervals also. Highest temperatures of 16 to 19 degrees with moderate to fresh southeast winds.\nTonight, there will be further showers or longer spells of rain and a continued chance of spot flooding. Lowest temperatures of 12 or 13 degrees with moderate to fresh southeast winds.\nToday, heavy showers or longer spells of rain will spread northwards to all areas through the day with some isolated thunderstorms & spot flooding possible, especially in the south️️⛈️— Met Éireann (@MetEireann) September 6, 2022\nSome bright or sunny intervals also, the best of these in Ulster️\nMax temps of 16 to 20C️ pic.twitter.com/JWgJ4Wvvb9\nLow today and on Wednesday.\nSubscribe or register today to discover more from DonegalLive.ie\nBuy the e-paper of the Donegal Democrat, Donegal People's Press, Donegal Post and Inish Times here for instant access to Donegal's premier news titles.\nKeep up with the latest news from Donegal with our daily newsletter featuring the most important stories of the day delivered to your inbox every evening at 5pm.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "By Ian Berry\nCHICAGO-Snowstorms across the U.S. Plains helped ease some of the region's most extreme drought conditions, the latest U.S. Drought Monitor map showed Thursday.\nThe portion of the central and southern Plains experiencing \"exceptional\" drought, the worst category, dropped to 26.7% as of Tuesday, down from 29.1% a week earlier. The region includes Kansas, which saw two snowstorms last week. In the South region, which includes drought-plagued Oklahoma and Texas, the area in \"exceptional\" drought fell to 4.2%, down from 9.5% a week earlier. The Southeast saw an identical drop in its \"extreme\" category.\nThe Drought Monitor showed that 54.2% of the contiguous U.S. was in some level of drought, down from 55.8% a week earlier.\nThe full impact of the moisture will be seen in some areas as the snow melts, said Brian Fuchs, a climatologist at the National Drought Mitigation Center, based at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and the author of this week's map. In parts of Missouri, snows dumped the equivalent of three inches of water last week, he said.\nStill, analysts say the drought is not yet over in the central and southern Plains, which has suffered from abnormally dry weather for two years. Mr. Fuchs said the snows made no improvement in Nebraska, where most of the state is in the \"exceptional\" or \"extreme\" drought category.\nThe portion of the central and northern Plains experiencing some level of drought was unchanged at 91.3%, while drought in the central Plains and Delta region climbed slightly to 54.4%, versus 53.9% the prior week.\nWrite to Ian Berry at email@example.com", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Jump to Main Content\nRevealing the most disturbing tendency error of Zebiak–Cane model associated with El Niño predictions by nonlinear forcing singular vector approach\n- Duan, Wansuo, Zhao, Peng\n- Climate dynamics 2015 v.44 no.9-10 pp. 2351-2367\n- El Nino, climate, linear models, prediction\n- The nonlinear forcing singular vector (NFSV) approach is used to identify the most disturbing tendency error of the Zebiak–Cane model associated with El Niño predictions, which is most potential for yielding aggressively large prediction errors of El Niño events. The results show that only one NFSV exists for each of the predictions for the predetermined model El Niño events. These NFSVs cause the largest prediction error for the corresponding El Niño event in perfect initial condition scenario. It is found that the NFSVs often present large-scale zonal dipolar structures and are insensitive to the intensities of El Niño events, but are dependent on the prediction periods. In particular, the NFSVs associated with the predictions crossing through the growth phase of El Niño tend to exhibit a zonal dipolar pattern with positive anomalies in the equatorial central-western Pacific and negative anomalies in the equatorial eastern Pacific (denoted as “NFSV1”). Meanwhile, those associated with the predictions through the decaying phase of El Niño are inclined to present another zonal dipolar pattern (denoted as “NFSV2”), which is almost opposite to the NFSV1. Similarly, the linear forcing singular vectors (FSVs), which are computed based on the tangent linear model, can also be classified into two types “FSV1” and “FSV2”. We find that both FSV1 and NFSV1 often cause negative prediction errors for Niño-3 SSTA of the El Niño events, while the FSV2 and NFSV2 usually yield positive prediction errors. However, due to the effect of nonlinearities, the NFSVs usually have the western pole of the zonal dipolar pattern much farther west, and covering much broader region. The nonlinearities have a suppression effect on the growth of the prediction errors caused by the FSVs and the particular structure of the NFSVs tends to reduce such suppression effect of nonlinearities, finally making the NFSV-type tendency error yield much large prediction error for Niño-3 SSTA of El Niño events. The NFSVs, compared to the FSVs, are more applicable in describing the most disturbing tendency error of the Zebiak–Cane model since they consider the effect of nonlinearities. The NFSV-type tendency errors may provide information concerning the sensitive areas where the model errors are much more likely to yield large prediction errors for El Niño events. If the simulation skills of the states in the sensitive areas can be improved, the ENSO forecast skill may in turn be greatly increased.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "EPAWA says the same in this mornings forecast. Light snow here at the moment.Wednesday is trending colder and colder- not sure if it's to be believed but it's looking like 2-5\"+ are possible for most of the northern 1/3 of the state... followed by heavy rains, so whatever does fall will be nice and soaking wet... lovely\nI think that lower end area will all wash away with the rain coming in afterwards, northwest might get to scrape some slopI’m betting on 1-2” between 78 and 80, 2-5” 80 and north, Wednesday will have significantly more blocking and cold on the front end than this system,\nFollowed by heavy rain everywhere by 6-7pm Wednesday night. Heavy wet snot but I guess better than nothing.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The National Hurricane Centre is watching a small area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave is located over the far eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean, producing a concentrated area of showers several hundred miles west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands. Some additional development of this system is possible during the next few days while the low moves westward. Upper-level winds are expected to become less conducive for development by this weekend when the system approaches the Lesser Antilles.\nElsewhere, an area of disorganized showers and thunderstorms associated with a trough of low pressure located over the Atlantic Ocean within a few hundred miles to the south of Bermuda. Environmental conditions appear conducive for some development of this system, and a tropical depression could form before the end of the week while the system moves west-northwestward and then northward between Bermuda and the east coast of the United States. The system is then forecast to interact with a frontal system on Sunday, which would limit any additional development.\nSource (NOAA NWS NHC)\nAdvertise with the mоѕt vіѕіtеd nеwѕ ѕіtе іn Antigua!\nWe offer fully customizable and flexible digital marketing packages.\nContact us at [email protected]", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Looks like we have an active period of weather coming up over the weekend and into next week. Still a lot of details to hash out on this one, but models are picking up on not just one, but a series of storm systems that will move through the state. There looks to be a few differences between this storm and the last one we experienced including the speed, the amount of cold air to work with, but a lot are coming into agreement at least to some degree that this could be decently spread across the front range, including the foothills, Denver Metro area and Palmer Divide.\nHere’s what we know so far…\n- Strong cold front\n- Moves through late Saturday into early Sunday\n- Currently looks like 9PM – 12AM as the first bursts of cold air, with cooler air filtering in through the overnight hours and into early Sunday morning\n- A prolonged period of snow is possible throughout the day Sunday. Be aware, heavy snow is possible later in the day Sunday, we’ll try to nail down more details on the exact when and where over the next day or two\n- Additional chances for snow on Monday and late Tuesday into early Wednesday\n- A couple of different waves of energy will produce the snow\n- Most areas will struggle to reach the 30’s late on Sunday, Monday and Tuesday.\n- Low temperatures could be in the single digits to near zero for higher elevation areas and in the low teens to single digits for the Denver area\n- Wednesday also looks cold.\n- Halloween looks cool overall but models disagree on how cold. Some models show extremely cold temperatures so this will be something we have to watch for.\nA lot of the energy from this period will come from an active storm track that will swing a series of troughs from the Pacific Northwest, across the Western U.S. and eventually into Colorado. While snowfall amounts and these storms don’t look terrible impressive right now, we always have to keep an eye on storms like this. They will be powerful and depending on exactly what track they take could mean big differences in what we see.\nI’m not comfortable saying any of these storms being a “major event” as of right now, but would like to point out the potential is there. So we will have to keep an eye on them very closely.\nMorning update from the NWS:\nThe combination of upslope flow at low levels with the upper troughiness over the state and the upper level jet on top of it will generate moderate to heavy precipitation rates Sunday afternoon and Sunday night. It is possible that areas along the Front Range foothills and I-25 Urban Corridor could see snowfall accumulations in excess of 6 inches by Sunday night.\nWe’ve got enough information this morning to post a very preliminary guess at what snow looks like for this first series of storms. Keep in mind, this could change drastically over the next 24-36 hours. We will have a whole host of models coming into better range today so we should get a better idea and be able to refine snowfall totals with that information.\nRemember, it’s early so these are preliminary and WILL change over the next 24-36 hours. This is a good first shot though!\nAs our friend Billy would say, there’s more!\nAnother wave of energy moves through late Tuesday and into Wednesday. This means additional cold air and snow will filter in the area adding on to what we already have on the ground.\nSome of the models show another shot of heavy snow along the front range. So overall we will be watching a lot of things next week.\nWhat do you need to do right now?\nNothing at the moment, just realize that if you have plans on Sunday through Wednesday they may be impacted by cold and inclement weather. Snow to some degree looks likely but we don’t know exact numbers yet. Halloween looks chilly as well (for right now, it’s at the edge of the models range so accuracy is always a question) so plan on that possibility if you’re outdoors as well.\nWe will have to keep a close eye on all these waves towards the end of the weekend and into early next week. Some models show a decent shot at accumulating snow in what I’d call a “moderate” range, but because of the power of the storm systems and how close their tracks will be to an “optimal” track for big snow… they will need to be watched closely over the next 24-48 hours.\nExpect refinements to our snowfall forecast throughout the day on Friday and Saturday based on the information coming in. Stay tuned, we will keep you updated!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "OKLAHOMA CITY – Fire danger will remain a huge concern over the next several days.\nWinds pick up out of the south tomorrow at 15 to 30 mph with gusts up to 40 mph.\nThe south wind will warm temperatures to the 70s tomorrow and the 80s Thursday.\nA few showers and thunderstorms are possible in eastern Oklahoma on Friday.\nA powerful cold front will sweep across the state Saturday resulting in a strong north wind and cooler temperatures.\nScattered showers and thunderstorms are possible with the front and a few could be strong to severe.\nStay tuned for updates! Sunday will be cooler in the 50s.\nMake sure to “Spring Forward” one hour before going to bed Saturday night!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sunday 8AM Update\nOut on Pensacola Beach we have partly cloudy skies with a 20% chance of storms today. Wind is out of the south southwest blowing around 5-10 mph then then increasing throughout the day. Surf is up running in the waist to chest high range with some bigger sets. Waves will be up all day, then will drop tomorrow as winds switch offshore.\nLow @ 02:03 AM -0.21 ft. High @ 3:42 PM 1.29 ft.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Well, almost, it did a little this past Friday. Death Valley only receives 2 inches per year, mostly in the winter. In a lot of locations in this world, you can receive 2 inches of rain in less than an hour. The storm clouds gave Death Valley National Park a look I normally don’t see. The clouds and filtered sunlight produced some memorable images.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Posted at 8:52 AM on April 10, 2008\nby Julia Schrenkler\nSo, there's a major winter storm coming our way. It looks like it will rain on gardening plans, folks will have to face the wind in their finest outfits when attending events, and the storm will cover spring fever symptoms with snow.\nKeep up on the storm via Updraft, MPR's Weather blog.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|The trails of precipitation that emerge from the base of generating cells typically observed on time-height displays from vertically pointing radars. (Also called streamers.) Snow trails are also commonly observed on range-height indicator displays. Snow trails emerge from a layer of convective instability that often exists in the middle or upper troposphere in widespread storms. Small convective cells developing within this layer produce the ice crystals that then fall to lower altitudes. The base of the convectively unstable layer is called the snow- generating level. The shape and vertical extent of the streamers depend on the vertical profiles of wind and relative humidity in the layer through which the precipitation falls.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Marko Korosec is a storm chaser who puts his life in the line every time he takes pictures of supercell thunderstorms. Supercell thunderstorms are tornado-generating, hail-producing, cloud formations that may easily be mistaken as an alien invasion. Marko, who originally hails from Slovenia, took these awesome pictures during a month-long expedition into the U.S.A’s tornado alley. When not chasing superstorms, Marko also captures lightning strikes. During an interview on Daily Mail, he said: “I usually observe storms in as safe a position as possible, to avoid any dangerous conditions which could cause us damage or to the vehicle. Storm chasing usually means a lot of moving around, remaining in one position for some time and then moving when storm gets closer.”\nSee more of his work.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A network of organisations including businesses, charities, educational institutions and many others from across Southampton are forming a partnership called Southampton Clean Air Network (CAN).\nTogether this group is committed to doing what it can to reduce levels of air pollution in the city through changes in personal and organisational actions, encouraging all those who they meet and do business with to do the same, and by actively supporting each other to find ways that help to improve air quality in the city.\nThe Clean Air Network believes that Southampton CAN make a big difference to air quality! You can join the Clean Air Network here.\nCAN is co-facilitated by the Environment Centre (tEC) and Southampton City Council.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Heavy Lake Effect Snow Through Wednesday; Heavy Rain Across Hawaii\nHeavy lake effect snow will continue downwind of the Great Lakes through Wednesday morning. Expect difficult travel conditions. The cold air has finally made its way south and east, making way for near to below freezing low temperatures. Meanwhile, a low pressure system moving northwest of Hawaii will bring thunderstorms, heavy rain and flooding potential across the state Wednesday.\n|NWS Forecast for: Coastal waters from Pt. St. George to Cape Mendocino CA out 10 nm (PZZ450)|\nIssued by: National Weather Service Eureka, CA\nLast Update: 851 PM PST Tue Nov 28 2023\n|Tonight: E winds 5 kt. Waves W 5 ft at 12 seconds. Slight chance of showers. |\nWed: N winds 5 to 10 kt. Waves SW 2 ft at 8 seconds...and W 5 ft at 12 seconds.\nWed Night: NE winds 5 to 10 kt. Waves SW 3 ft at 8 seconds...and W 3 ft at 11 seconds.\nThu: SW winds 5 to 10 kt. Waves NW 5 ft at 13 seconds.\nThu Night: N winds 5 to 10 kt. Waves NW 7 ft at 12 seconds...and W 2 ft at 16 seconds.\nFri: S winds 10 to 20 kt. Waves NW 9 ft at 12 seconds.\nSat: S winds 10 kt. Waves NW 11 ft at 14 seconds.\nSun: S winds 10 to 15 kt. Waves NW 10 ft at 14 seconds...and NW 3 ft at 20 seconds.\n|Zone Forecast: Coastal waters from Pt. St. George to Cape Mendocino CA out 10 nm (PZZ450)|\nVisit your local NWS office at: https://www.weather.gov/eka", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Flood warnings remain in place for Wyandotte County as water entering the Missouri River in the Dakotas makes it way to the Kansas City area this week.\nDry conditions today will not compound local river flooding through Friday, however, water from levee breaches re-entering the river upstream may aggravate already swollen and flooding rivers and streams, according to the National Weather Service. Areas upstream from Kansas City, including St. Joseph, Missouri, Atchison, Kansas, and Leavenworth, Kansas, are continuing to flood.\nThe rivers here now are expected to crest on Saturday, according to hydrology charts. Local emergency officials have stated that no residences in Wyandotte County are expected to be flooded.\nIt was 39 degrees at 9 a.m. Thursday, with a high of 58 expected, the weather service said.\nWeekend rainfall here from a quarter-inch to a half-inch are not expected to affect flooding, according to officials.\nThe flood warning for the Missouri River above Parkville, Missouri, which includes Wyandotte County, will be in effect until Friday, March 29, according to the weather service. The river is currently in moderate flood stage, and is expected to crest on Saturday. The Wolcott levees in western Wyandotte County are at risk.\nAccording to the weather service, the river above Parkville was 30.2 feet at 8:45 p.m. Wednesday, and 30.47 feet at 7:45 a.m. Thursday. It is projected to rise to almost 33.7 feet by Saturday morning. The Wolcott levee sections could overtop at 32 feet and 32.5 feet.\nThe river above Parkville is projected to fall below flood stage on Thursday, March 28, before midnight, according to the weather service.\nWyandotte County also will be under a minor flood warning for the Kansas River at 23rd Street from Friday morning to late Sunday night, according to the weather service. This river gauge is at the east side of Kansas City, Kansas, on Kansas Avenue at the state line, connecting with Kansas City, Missouri, near the American Royal.\nAt 8:45 p.m. Wednesday, the Kansas River stage at 23rd was 31.4 feet, and it was 31.55 feet at 7:45 a.m. Thursday, with flood stage at 33 feet. The river is expected to crest at 33.7 feet by Saturday morning. At 33 feet, undeveloped woodland along the river and outside of levee protection is flooded, with no flooding expected behind the levees.\nA minor flood warning also has been issued for Wyandotte County from Friday evening to Sunday evening for the Missouri River at Kansas City, according to the weather service. This river gauge is south of the downtown Kansas City, Missouri, airport, near the City Market, and not far from the state line. It is not far from the Kaw Point area.\nThe river at this point was at 29.5 feet at 8:30 p.m. Wednesday, and 29.73 feet at 7:30 a.m. Thursday. It was projected to rise to nearly 32.2 feet by Saturday morning. At this point, flood stage is 32 feet. At 32 feet, minor flooding outside the levees occurs.\nResidents are warned not to drive through flowing water. Nearly half of all flood fatalities are vehicle related, according to the weather service. As little as 6 inches of water may cause you to lose control of your vehicle. Two feet of water will carry most vehicles away.\nFor more weather information, visit www.weather.gov/kc/.\nToday, expect sunny skies with a high near 58 and a north northwest wind of 5 to 8 mph, the weather service said.\nTonight, it will be clear, with a low of 34 and a north wind of 5 mph becoming light and variable, according to the weather service.\nFriday, it will be sunny with a high near 61, and light and variable wind becoming east northeast 5 to 7 mph in the morning, the weather service said.\nFriday night, it will be partly cloudy, with a low of 38 and an east northeast wind of 7 mph, according to the weather service.\nSaturday, showers are likely, with a 70 percent chance of precipitation mainly after 1 p.m., the weather service said. It will be mostly cloudy with a high near 56 and a southeast wind of 7 to 10 mph.\nSaturday night, there is a 60 percent chance of showers, with thunderstorms also possible after 1 a.m., according to the weather service. It will be cloudy, with a low of 48. New rainfall amounts of between a tenth and quarter-inch are possible.\nSunday, there is a 50 percent chance of showers and thunderstorms, with a high near 64, the weather service said.\nSunday night, there is a 30 percent chance of showers, with a low of 45, according to the weather service.\nMonday, there is a 40 percent chance of showers, with a high near 53, the weather service said.\nMonday night, it will be mostly cloudy, with a low of 33, according to the weather service.\nTuesday, it will be sunny, with a high near 53, the weather service said.\nTuesday night, it will be mostly clear, with a low of 40, according to the weather service.\nWednesday, it will be mostly sunny, with a high near 63, the weather service said.\nTo see an earlier story, visit http://wyandottedaily.com/flood-warnings-in-place-for-wyandotte-county-homes-not-expected-to-be-in-any-danger/.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rain and snow. Low around 32. South wind 7 to 9 mph. Chance of precipitation is 90%. Total nighttime snow accumulation of less than a half inch possible.\nRain and snow before 2pm, then rain between 2pm and 4pm, then rain and snow after 4pm. High near 36. South wind 5 to 8 mph. Chance of precipitation is 90%. New snow accumulation of less than a half inch possible.\nSnow. Low around 31. Light and variable wind becoming northwest around 6 mph after midnight. Chance of precipitation is 90%. New snow accumulation of 1 to 3 inches possible.\nAccess the Fulton Public Schools Facebook page by searching Fulton Public Schools.\nAccess the Fulton Public Schools Twitter page by searching the handle . . .\nThe Fulton Public Schools APP is powered by Parentlink. On your mobile device, go to the app store or to Google Play to download. Search for Fulton Public Schools and it's FREE! Get the latest on important dates, calendars, . . .", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today's weather in London, Tuesday June 6\nToday is expected to start cloudy with sunny spells and a minimum of 9.6°C. By the afternoon, the sky will be mostly clear with a maximum of 22.7°C. The average for the day is 14.6°C.\nTomorrow, the day will start with a clear sky and a minimum of 8.1°C. As the day progresses, it will be sunny with a maximum of 23.6°C in the afternoon. The average for the day stands at 15.5°C.\nIn the next few days, we can expect sunny days with clear skies. The maximum will range from 23.1°C to 23.6°C, while the minimum temperatures will be between 8.5°C and 9.6°C. The average temperatures will vary between 15.5°C and 15.6°C, ensuring a pleasant and comfortable environment for the coming days.\nThe best videos delivered daily\nWatch the stories that matter, right from your inbox", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A storm forming off the Northeast U.S. coast tonight will brush Nova Scotia with some snow late tonight through midday Tuesday. The highest accumulations will run along the south coast and up toward Cape Breton.\nThe storm will then take aim at Newfoundland Tuesday through Tuesday evening with significant snowfall across the southern half.\nLake-effect snow will be an issue for some as the coldest air of the season crosses the lakes. It's a very tough forecast as winds will be constantly shifting and there will also be a surface trough laying WNW to ESE from Lake Huron into New England that will also focus a band of heavier snow.\nThe map below shows the snowfall forecast valid from this evening through Tuesday. This does not include snow from earlier today. There will be additional rounds of lake-effect snow into the middle of the week.\nMy best estimate at this time is that there will be a narrow band of heavier snow setting up somewhere from the Bruce Peninsula through the Owen Sound area then to near Collingwood later tonight.\nAfter 4 a.m. or so, that band will weaken and a second lake-effect band sets up somewhere near Saugeen Shores and perhaps extending into the Hanover/Mt. Forest area into the morning then slowly shifts south toward Kincardine and over to Listowel. Under this band the snow could be quite heavy with dangerous travel conditions. Again, very tough forecast to pinpoint these bands through tomorrow.\nThe map below shows how cold it will feel (on average) during the afternoon Tuesday after you factor in the wind and other elements.\nTemperature departures (F) for Thursday morning\nMidweek clipper storm\nA classic Alberta clipper will dive southeastward Wednesday and will bring accumulating snow from northern Alberta (Wed) through southern Sask. (Wed night) into southern Manitoba (Thu). Look for a general 6-12 cm with this feature.\nThis same feature could spawn another coastal storm later in the week, perhaps leading to the possibility of significant snow from eastern New England through Nova Scotia Friday night and Saturday.\nKeep in mind, you can also follow me on twitter @BrettAWX\nComments that don't add to the conversation may be automatically or manually removed by Facebook or AccuWeather. Profanity, personal attacks, and spam will not be tolerated.\nLate-season snow for the western Prairies later this week and a look at the weekly long range pattern.\nMajor storm to inundate eastern Canada with rain and wind Thursday followed by a change to snow later Thursday night into Friday.\nMy latest thoughts on the weather pattern into next week", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "As the weather forecast looked rather bad for the rest of the week, we planned an imaging session of comet Garradd on Sunday night. We also wanted to test out some new equipment and modifications to the AstroTrac. Conditions were pretty average; temperatures around freezing, but a lot of humidity in the air caused the sky background to be very light. Not too good for comet photography. The comet was also located in the eastern part of the sky that suffers from severe light pollution from the city of Deventer. Nevertheless, the comet was easily visible in binoculars (8.5×42). We both used our AstroTrac’s with various Canon camera’s and lenses to photograph the comet. I also used the observatories 30 cm Newton telescope for some close-ups of the nucleus. When we packed up our stuff, everything was covered in a thin layer of ice.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Dreams of a white Christmas may come true in several areas of France, as - after a relatively mild and wet start to the week - winter is forecast to strike on Christmas Eve, with temperatures expected to drop by up to 10C in 24 hours.\nRain and strong winds from the north and west of the country will spread east on Monday, forecasters have said - and heavy rain will dominate in the north on Tuesday and Wednesday, and may lead to localised flooding.\nFurther south, however, conditions will appear quite spring-like, with temperatures closer to April norms than December - though winds will begin to pick-up in Mediterranean areas, bringing grey skies to the south coast.\nChristmas Eve, however, will see a sharp drop in temperatures, with winds now coming from the north, bringing rain showers to much of the country. Snow is possible even at lower altitudes in central and eastern regions.\nChristmas Day is expected to be wintry in all mountain areas, with snow and sleet widely forecast from the north to the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Temperatures are expected to rise no higher than 2 and 3C, the norm for the time of year.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A lot of meteorology can be spotted on the satellite image below (courtesy of Meteocentre.com).\nA mature depression is situated over the Baltic, whilst a long trailing cold front extends back across central Europe toward Iberia.\nThere are some speckled convective showers over the northern North Sea, whilst a small frontal system encroaches into western Britain.\nTo our west, a developing depression is sending a shield of high cloud ahead of it, advancing toward Britain associated with a strong jet stream aloft.\nThis will wind itself up into a strong storm system tonight, bringing severe gales to northern Britain.\nA cold front will advance south across Britain tomorrow, and wintry showers will follow, so the satellite image will change again as our weather remains in a changeable mood.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "11:15 AM - 11:30 AM\n[SSS10-15] Monitoring the intensity of a hurricane (typhoon) by seismic signals\nKeywords:seismic signals from tropical cyclone, Seismic noise, Hurricane and typhoon\nIn this study, we take an example of Hurricane Patricia in 2015 which was the strongest hurricane on record in the eastern North Pacific and North Atlantic basins (Kimberlain et al., 2016). We examine the nature of seismic waves that were excited as the hurricane intensified over anomalously warm waters to the south of Mexico and then reached land near Playa Cuixamala (Oct. 23, 23th hour, UTC). This landfall area was surrounded by many seismic stations from the Mexican National Seismological Service (SSN) which has broadband seismic data (STS-2 type velocity sensors).\nWe examined temporal variation of power spectral density (PSD) of seismic data for selected 32 stations using the time-frequency plots. The landfall occurred near the center of 32 stations and depending on the distance from the hurricane, we can categorize the characteristics of time-frequency plots into three types, the northern group, the central group, and the southern group. Stations in the central group recorded the time evolution of hurricane intensity most faithfully and for monitoring purposes, we should focus only on these stations. The southern group showed signals from the hurricane but it also showed strong effects of nearby coastal (trapped) waves which made it problematic for monitoring purposes. The northern group seems too far away in general as seismic signals from the hurricane became much weaker.\nThis hurricane developed from category 1 to category 5 within 24 hours on Oct. 22, 2015, while it was off the coast about 350-400 km; the data in the central group shows a rapid increase of seismic energy around 0.15 Hz (between 0.1 and 0.2 Hz) which matches with intensification of wind speeds of this hurricane. This frequency band is similar to those of secondary microseisms. The integrated power between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz shows a sudden increase of power during the first 6 hours of Oct. 22 and remains at this high level for about a day when the hurricane was the strongest. Seismic amplitudes decay from the coastal stations to the interior, suggesting (obviously) that coastal stations are critical for monitoring purposes.\nThe data in the central group showed a rapid increase of seismic energy for higher frequencies up to 1 Hz too, although the maximum energy was at about 0.15 Hz. We also noted that there were no significant changes in seismic data below 0.1 Hz.\nThese observations indicate that we should examine the frequency band from about 0.1 Hz to 0.4 Hz focusing mainly on the stations within about 500 km from the hurricane center. Since the location of hurricane is critical, seismic monitoring has to be conducted together with satellite data.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Revista Española de Salud Pública\nPrint version ISSN 1135-5727\nCAMBRA CONTIN, Koldo and ALONSO FUSTEL, Eva. The short-term impact of air pollution on the mortality. results of the EMECAM project in the metropolitan area of Bilbao. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica [online]. 1999, vol.73, n.2, pp.209-214. ISSN 1135-5727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1135-57271999000200010.\nBACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the short-term impact of air pollution with Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Total Suspended Particles (TSP), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Black Smoke (BS) on the daily number of deaths in the Metropolitan Area of Bilbao. METHODS: The EMECAM project protocol was followed. RESULTS: Increases in TSP, in both maximum hourly figures and daily averages, are significantly associated with increases in the daily number of deaths from all causes, from circulatory causes and from all causes among those older than 70. No differences between six-month periods were found. NO2 average levels were associated with daily mortality from respiratory causes in the entire period and during the warm season, and from all causes among those older than 70 in the cool months. CONCLUSIONS: TSP levels are associated with daily mortality in the Metropolitan Area of Bilbao. The relationship between NO2 and the number of deaths from respiratory causes, very high in the warm season, needs further research to assess its independence.\nKeywords : EMECAM Project; Mortality; Air pollution; Particles; Nitrogen dioxide; Poisson regression.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|Brisbane. Image from ABC news.|\nLast year was the world's wettest on record. And it ties with 2005 as the hottest year since record-keeping began. Beside the floods we're seeing in Queensland, there's flooding now in Brazil that has killed at least 430 people. There've been massive recent floods in Pakistan, California and Tennessee. Russia saw a record breaking summer heatwave and there were snowstorms across US and Europe. This is what climate change looks like.\nExperts say Queensland's flood disaster is the result of a La Nina weather pattern and global warming. The El Nina effect results in higher sea temperatures and heavy rain.\nWhen people are directly affected by something, when they feel things personally, they act. So while I was at the shop the other day and every shop-keeper mentioned the tragedy my comment is also about climate change. \"This is what climate change looks like.\"\nClick here to donate to the Queensland flood relief.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Variable clouds with temperatures steady near the upper 20s. Winds WSW at 15 to 20 mph. Hourly Details\nMostly cloudy with snow showers during the morning. High 31F. Winds WSW at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of snow 40%.\nSome clouds. Low 26F. Winds SSW at 10 to 20 mph.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Meteorologists at Freie Universität Identify Cause of Cold and Warm Periods during Winter\nNew Research on Stratospheric Warmings Highlighted in “Nature Geoscience”\n№ 13/2011 from Jan 17, 2011\nMeteorologists at Freie Universität have found a correlation between warming in the stratosphere and cold or warm winter periods. They observed that there is an increased number of stratospheric warmings, when the heat flow from the North Atlantic into the atmosphere is increased. Trends for winter temperatures can be derived from these new findings. “This could mean that in Europe there will increasingly be periods lasting several decades with predominantly colder winters alternating with periods of warmer winters,” says Semjon Schimanke, who led the research. The meteorologists expect that in the long term their research will help weather forecasters make more accurate predictions.\nThe phenomenon of stratospheric warming was first discovered in 1952 by Professor Richard Scherhag at the Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin. It appeared in the scientific literature as the “Berlin phenomenon.” In the meantime, these events are referred to as “sudden stratospheric warmings,” and 30 have been registered so far.\nOn average, sudden stratospheric warmings occur in every second winter, and they are very unevenly distributed over the observation period. Only a single stratospheric warming occurred between the winters of 1988/1989 and 1997/1998, while nine have been registered since the beginning of this millennium. So far there has been no explanation. With their new research, the meteorologists at Freie Universität have shown that the intermittent sudden stratospheric warmings are a consequence of the interaction between the North Atlantic, the troposphere, and the stratosphere. They found that an increased number of sudden stratospheric warmings occur when the heat flux from the North Atlantic into the atmosphere is increased.\nDuring the winter months in the lower polar stratosphere, which lies approximately 20 kilometers above the Earth’s surface, temperatures on average are below minus 70 degrees Celsius. The cold temperatures are combined with strong westerly winds that form the southern boundary of the so-called stratospheric polar vortex. This dominant structure is disrupted in some winters or even reversed. Under these conditions the temperatures in the lower stratosphere rise within a few days by more than 50 degrees, and the polar region is warmer than southerly latitudes. This implies a reversal in the west-east winds and the collapse of the polar vortex. Using models and observations, it was possible to show that such sudden stratospheric warmings are initially excited from the troposphere, but then also have a strong influence on tropospheric circulation.\nAfter a sudden stratospheric warming, among other things the differences in pressure between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High are reduced. This pressure difference determines the prevailing wind direction for Central Europe and thus determines whether the European winter turns cold or warm. Thus, for example, the 2009/2010 winter was characterized by a highly disturbed polar vortex, and in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere there was a severe and snowy winter.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The lines of evidence that humans are raising CO2 levels\nWhat the science says...\nEvery year humans release about 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. This is causing the Earth to warm by disrupting the biological (fast) carbon cycle, and is therefore increasing the Greenhouse Effect. Although there are large annual fluctuations in carbon dioxide, as it is exchanged back-and-forth between the atmosphere, oceans, soils, and forests, just under half of human emissions (the airborne fraction) remain in the air because the oceans, soils and forests are unable to absorb all of it. As a result, carbon dioxide has been steadily accumulating in the atmosphere.\nFigure 1 - Fraction of the total human emissions (fossil fuel burning & land use change) that remain in the: a) atmosphere, b) land vegetation and soil, c) the oceans. From Canadell (2007)\nMurry Salby, a professor at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, has an upcoming paper that attempts to pin the current rise in carbon dioxide on rising temperatures. Having listened to a podcast of a talk Salby gave at the Sydney Institute earlier this week, he demonstrates a remarkably poor understanding of the carbon cycle, and his hypothesis seems to stem from this fundamental misunderstanding.\nSalby's carbon cycle confusion\nProfessor Salby refers to a number of graphs in his talk, but I have been unable to track down copies of these, therefore we'll have to rely on what I'm able to glean from the podcast, and given it's length, I'll only address some of the more obvious mistakes. At the beginning of the talk Salby states:\n\"current CO2 values are 380pmmv\"(parts per million by volume)\nNot an encouraging start that he cites the atmospheric CO2 concentration as it was in 2005, rather than the 393 parts per million by volume (ppmv) it currently is in 2011. Not a fatal flaw of course, but not encouraging either.\n\"Net annual emission has an average increase of about 1.5ppmv per year. We're on the right planet. That's the annual average increase you just saw. But it varies between years, dramatically by over 100%. From nearly zero in some years to 3ppmv in others. Net global emission of CO2 changes independently of of the human contribution\"\nAt this point the accentuation and drama in Salby's voice make it sound as though he has stumbled onto something momentous, something no one else has noticed before. On the face of it, it seems preposterous that the army of scientists that have worked on carbon cycling over the years could have missed something so glaringly obvious. No, of course they haven't.\nAs discussed in the first paragraph of this post (and evident in Figure 1), the natural flux of CO2 in and out of natural systems varies from year-to-year. This flux is 20-30 times larger than the annual contribution by humans, but this balances out in the long-term. This variability is driven largely by El Nino and La Nina in the tropical Pacific, which shifts rainfall patterns over much of the world and is associated with warming and cooling of equatorial waters in the Pacific. The change in seawater temperature, and episodic upwelling of carbon-rich deep water, significantly affects the uptake and outgassing of CO2 from the oceans, and of course rainfall variation greatly affects plant growth.\nThe upshot is that land vegetation takes up more CO2 during La Nina, and expels more CO2 during El Nino. In the ocean, the opposite trend occurs - El Nino leads to more CO2 absorption, and La Nina is when the oceans give up more CO2 (Figure 2).\nFigure 2 - (a) time trend in the exchange of CO2 by land-based vegetation (& soil microbes) with the atmosphere. (b) same - but for exchange of CO2 by ocean with atmosphere. Red indicates El Nino and blue La Nina phase. See Keeling (1995).\nThere is simply no reason why the annual fluctuation should match the human contribution. At least Salby doesn't explain why he expects this to be the case.\nHaving now convinced himself that short-term net CO2 has nothing to do with the human contribution, Salby therefore deduces long-term net CO2 must also be unrelated to human emissions. He goes on to derive a formula for CO2 rise associated with temperature. Salby claims a good match back to 1960 but therefafter it deviates from actual CO2 measurements by 10ppmv. By 1880, prior to atmospheric CO2 sampling, he estimates atmospheric CO2 at 275ppmv with a whopping uncertainty of 220 to 330ppmv!\nIn order to explain the deviation between the surface temperature record and his calculated atmospheric CO2 level, Salby blames the surface temperature record as being unreliable. As for his calculated trend disagreeing with the ice core record for the year 1880 (i.e the CO2 in air, from that period, trapped in ice cores) he 'disses' the ice core record claiming it to be only a 'proxy'. Which is news, I'm sure, to respected ice core experts like Dr Richard Alley.\nYou will note that every time the data disagrees with Salby's 'model', he trusts his 'model' over the data. Which contravenes the 'skeptic lore' that models are worthless and must be bashed, and only data should be trusted.\nQ&A time - try not to shoot yourself in the foot!\nThe question & answer session at the end of Salby's talk throws up a few more comments that just reinforce that he has strayed into a field of science which he just simply doesn't understand. Witness:\n\"I think it's a pitfall that people look at the ice proxy of CO2 and take it literally. It's not atmospheric CO2, and I don't believe it's CO2 that was even in the atmosphere when that piece of snow was layed down\"\nThis is nonsense. Perhaps Professor Salby should have acquainted himself with glaciology research before making such comments, because CO2 from ancient air trapped in the ice cores is precisely what is measured, albeit with some uncertainty in dating some sections.\n\"CO2 after the turn of the (21st) century continued to increase, in fact if anything slightly faster, but global temperature didn't. If anything it decreased in the first decade of the 21st century. Now I'm confident the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) will come up with an explanation, in fact they've come up with several\"\nIt's here we need to back the truck up a bit. Salby's entire premise is that CO2 in the air directly dependent upon temperature - increase temperature and you increase CO2. Yet here he argues that CO2 can increase without an accompanying increase in temperature. Which contradicts his 'model'. By this time Salby is too focused on 'dissing' the IPCC to notice his own incoherency, and none of the audience picks up on this either.\nIf the curve fits\nSeasoned readers will notice similarities between this Salby claim and a Lon Hocker rebuttal here at SkS last year. But the whole premise seems to follow along the lines of other recent flawed works tendered by Roy Spencer and Craig Loehle & Nicola Scafetta. That is: find some tenuous statistical relationship between two sets of data, and use these to assert the mainstream scientific establishment is wrong. The fact that there is no physical basis for the statistical relationship, or it doesn't fit within the well-established scientific framework, or is contrary to numerous other sets of data, never seems to warrant attention by \"skeptic\" scientists. It should, because of the implications one can draw.\nSo what does this work by Salby imply, if it were true? From what I can gather from Salby's podcast, a 0.8°C change in average surface temperature is supposed to lead to about 120ppmv change in CO2. Therefore we can work backward in time to estimate what he reckons atmospheric CO2 would be at the time of the last Ice Age (glacial maximum), a time when global temperatures were about 4-6°C cooler than now . Today atmospheric CO2 is about 393ppm, so with 4°C cooling you already have a negative value for CO2 when we re-trace our steps back to the last ice age. Therefore all plant-based life on Earth must have died (and all the animals that depended on them) according to Professor Salby. And the Earth froze solid too.\nFigure 3 - the last Ice Age according to Murry Salby? Fictional image from celestiamotherlode.net\nScience - a description of reality, but YMMV\nWithout viewing Salby's calculations on the temperature/net global CO2 relationship, it's not possible to provide the 'killer blow' to his assertions; however, I don't believe that's necessary, considering the many flaws in Salby's work and fundamental reasoning.\nThe gradual increase in atmospheric CO2 is less than the total emissions of CO2 from human sources, so by elementary deduction, the excess must be going into the oceans, forests and soils, the other components of the fast carbon cycle.\nA tell-tale signature of human fossil fuel emissions is the large fraction of CO2 being driven into the oceans. According to Henry's Law, we would expect the oceans to absorb more CO2 as the air above it becomes increasingly saturated with CO2. In other words the CO2 must be coming from a source external to the fast carbon cycle. This is supported by measurements showing that CO2 is accumulating in the ocean, and is reflected in the declining oceanic pH, showing the ocean is actually gaining CO2 over the long-term, not losing it, as Salby seems to believe.\nWe also know that the world's land vegetation has increased in mass - through re-growth in forests in the Northern Hemisphere, and CO2 fertilization of tropical forests. So that is gaining carbon too, and the areas affected are so large, we would expect them to have an effect on atmospheric CO2 levels at a global scale.\nThere are a host of other problems with Salby's 'model', such as the ice core record, and where the warming came from in the first place, but there's no need to go into these details when the fundamental premise of Salby's argument is so clearly wrong.\nIntermediate rebuttal written by dana1981\nUpdate July 2015:\nHere is a related lecture-video from Denial101x - Making Sense of Climate Science Denial\nLast updated on 11 July 2015 by MichaelK. View Archives", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Regional Impacts of Climate Change\nWhile rivers west of the Cascades are primarily fed by rainfall,\nmelting mountain snow sustains rivers east of the mountains during the\ndry season, particularly the mighty Columbia Sixty percent of water\nflowing through Washington state began as melting snow.\nGlobal warming threatens to eliminate half the Northwest snowpack resource. This “is likely to be the most important of the consequences of global warming to the Northwest,” University of Washington atmospheric scientist Robert Fleagle says.\nWarmer temperatures promise to elevate freezing levels. A Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) model shows average Cascades snowline rising from its current 3,000 feet to 4,100 feet by 2050-80. The PNNL model shows the volume of water stored in Northwest snowpack shrinking 50 percent by 2050-80. In the scenario some areas near snowline see snowpack drop by up to 90 percent. Many Northwest mountain areas in the 3,000-6,000-foot range become snow-free.\nOnly 40-60 percent of today’s average March snowpack is projected to remain in most of the Cascades and interior eastside mountains of Oregon and Washington. The westside Oregon Cascades take an even harder hit — Most slopes retain 20 percent or less of current snowpack. The somewhat higher Idaho and Montana Rockies lose 30 percent of snowpack overall.\nWith less snowpack, and warmer, rainier spring months, mountains are expected to lose their snow cover earlier in the year, making for earlier runoff.\n“Streamflow is reduced at the time you need it most, in July, and August,” PNNL climate modeler L. Ruby Leung notes “The earlier melt effectively lengthens the period between the end of snowmelt and the onset of fall rains,” says Alan Hamlet, a University of Washington streamflow expert. “In hydrologic terms this is like making summer several months longer than it is now.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Help the Philippines Typhoon Relief effort\nNote: Select a region before finding a country.\n... NO WARNINGS OR ADVISORIES IN EFFECT AT 6:06PM ...\nA storm coming Sunday night has the potential to bring more snow and travel problems to Boston and New England more >\nDec 6, 2013; 4:35 PM ET\nCheck in with Evan Myers to get the latest on the ice, snow, rain and cold.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Earth has warmed in the last century and a large component of that warming has been attributed to increased anthropogenic greenhouse gases. There are also numerous processes that introduce strong, regionalized variations to the overall warming trend. However, the ability of a forcing to change the surface air temperature depends on its spatial and temporal distribution. Here we show that the efficacy of a forcing is determined by the effective heat capacity of the atmosphere, which in cold and dry climates is defined by the depth of the planetary boundary layer. This can vary by an order of magnitude on different temporal and spatial scales, and so we get a strongly amplified temperature response in shallow boundary layers. This must be accounted for to assess the efficacy of a climate forcing, and also implies that multiple climate forcings cannot be linearly combined to determine the temperature response.\nThe detection of processes that affect the surface climate is one of the fundamental tools in our understanding of climate change. The assessment of climate-forcing processes is essentially a statistical, signal-to-noise problem. The most famous example is the detection of warmer surface air temperatures (SATs) attributed to the human-induced enhanced concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide1,2. One of the challenges in the detection of climate forcing signals has been the strong spatial correlation between the strength of the surface temperature trends and the strength of natural variability3. This relation leads to an inherently low signal-to-noise ratio, regardless of the strength of temperature trends. Indeed, despite the well-established rapid warming in the Arctic4,5,6, the polar regions were the last part of the globe for which there was a successful detection and attribution of the recent warming to anthropogenic-enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations7.\nIn addition to the detection of the influence of enhanced GHGs on surface temperatures, there have been numerous studies assessing how clouds8,9,10,11,12, precipitation8,12,13 and soil moisture8,12 may have introduced some of the observed temporal and regional variations to the overall warming trend that has been seen in the latter half of the twentieth century. In all these studies, the authors have adopted the commonly accepted linear regression model for establishing the relationship between a change in a given property and the temperature response14. However, it has been established from energy-budget models of the climate that temperature changes are linearly related to changes in the surface heating, but also inversely related to the effective heat capacity of the system15,16. Thus, although a linear-model approximation may work well under constrained conditions, such as focusing on a given region or season, in more wide-reaching studies it becomes necessary to account for variations in the effective heat capacity of the atmosphere. In recent times, it has also been recognized that the atmospheric convective mixing may have a strong effect on the observed and simulated climate through modulation of the low cloud and lapse-rate feedbacks17.\nAs the effective heat capacity is defined by the volume of air through which the heat is mixed, it can be related to the depth of the atmospheric boundary layer18. If we consider the one-dimensional energy budget of the lower atmosphere, then we define the change in SAT as being linearly related to the forcing and feedbacks in the climate system, and inversely related to the effective heat capacity of the system19, such that:\nwhere Q (W m−2) is the heat flux divergence across a boundary layer of depth h (m), ρ (kg m−3) is the air density, cp (J kg−1 K−1) is the heat capacity at constant pressure and θv (K) is the virtual potential temperature that is representative of the boundary layer. Henceforth, θv is taken at a height of 2 m above the ground. If differences in the effective heat capacity of the system are relatively small, we can linearly relate any changes to the heating to a change in θv. However, if there are large variations in the effective heat capacity, we need to account for the dependency of the temperature response on the effective heat capacity. This is especially important when the effective heat capacity is small, as this can strongly magnify the strength of the SAT response to a perturbation in the surface energy budget3.\nThe hypothesis we put forward here presumes that there is essentially a decoupling of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) from the rest of the atmosphere. Such a decoupling may not be intuitive, but it is a rather natural concept, supported by numerous direct observations20,21, and indeed it is embedded in the PBL schemes of many (if not all) climate models22.\nConsider the case of the urban PBL. The urban PBL is better mixed than the PBL in the rural background due to high surface roughness in the urban environment. Nevertheless, even the urban PBL shows a rather clear top boundary, separating it from the rest of the atmosphere23,24, which can be visualized by water vapour (Fig. 1). The well-known urban heat island effect25, which in northern cities may reach up to 10 K (ref. 26), demonstrates how heat may be trapped inside the urban boundary layer.\nNow consider in this urban context, which can be so clearly visualized, the presumption that this decoupling is valid on climatological time scales. The urban heat island is highly variable in time and may appear for only a few hours in a given day. However, as the PBL effect is strongly selective and nonlinear, the average over climatological time scales is accumulating. We cannot state that the maximum effect will be observed over the time scale of 30–40 years, as addressed in this study, but over this period of time it is sufficiently large as well. Figure 2 illustrates the urban heat island, that is, the additional anthropogenic heat trapped in by the shallow PBL in Khanty–Mansiysk, according to MODIS satellite data analysis for 2000–2014. Thus, from numerous local studies, it has been firmly established that the PBL depth effect does exist. Our study here is the first to quantify this effect globally, using available data sets and models.\nDifferent climate forcing processes such as variations in solar forcing, GHGs and aerosols have different efficacies in affecting the SAT27,28,29. In this work we have demonstrated that it is the variations in the effective heat capacity of the atmosphere, defined by the PBL depth, which can explain these differences in climate forcing efficacy. We must therefore question the assumption that different climate forcings are linearly additive in nature. This work highlights the pressing need to obtain a robust physical climatology of the boundary layer depth from the observational network and to be able to simulate this climatology with global climate models, to better constrain our estimates of surface climate response to climate forcings.\nTemperature trend amplification in shallow boundary layers\nHere we have identified the relationship between the boundary layer depth and the trend in θv during the recent warming period, as seen in different re-analyses, and in two state-of-the-art global climate models (Fig. 3). There is a distinctly inverse relationship, where the strongest warming trends are found in shallow boundary layers, and correspondingly low atmospheric heat capacity. The strength of the trends decrease rapidly as we go towards deeper boundary layers and then remain relatively constant across a wide range of boundary layer depths. This amplified temperature trend in the shallowest boundary layers can also be seen in climate models with very different climatologies of the PBL depth. The Norwegian Earth System Model and Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratories Coupled Model 3 have very different climatologies of the PBL depth compared with the re-analyses (Supplementary Fig. 1); both have biases towards deeper PBLs, but they still show a significant correlation between inverse boundary layer depth and the magnitude of trends in θv (R = 0.35, P < 0.05 and R = 0.32, P < 0.05, respectively). This process where heat gets trapped in a shallow layer near the surface by stable stratification in the boundary layer has been shown to be one of the dominant causes of Arctic amplification30,31, but it also has a crucial implication for how we assess the efficacy of different forcings in affecting the SAT. Given the large differences between the climatology of the PBL depth in re-analyses and the global climate models shown here, and the controlling influence the boundary layer depth has on the surface climate32, this is clearly an area that requires more attention, especially in future model development.\nVariability in the strength of the boundary layer effect\nOwing to its varied climatology (Supplementary Fig. 2), there are some geographical differences as to when the boundary layer depth becomes important in determining the strength of temperature trends. For deep boundary layers the relationship between boundary layer depth and temperature trends is expected to be small, and it is the strength of the local forcing factors themselves, which will principally determine the variations in the rate of warming. However, in shallower boundary layers the strength of temperature trends may be expected to become increasingly dependent on the boundary layer depth. This can be seen in the correlation between the magnitude of temperature trends and the inverse boundary layer depth for different geographical regions (Fig. 4). In high-latitude continental regions such as North America, North Asia and Antarctica, where we frequently get very shallow boundary layers in autumn and winter, there is a strong correlation between inverse boundary layer depth and θv trends. Whereas in more tropical regions such as Africa, South Asia and South America, where cases of shallow boundary layers are less frequent, there is no evidence of this amplification effect.\nThere is also a strong seasonal variation in the PBL amplification effect: in the boreal spring and summer, the boundary layer is relatively deep and so the amplification effect is relatively weak. However, during the boreal autumn and winter, we can see that the PBL depth is very small over land (Supplementary Fig. 2); thus, during these periods the amplification effect of the PBL depth can become important and should be taken into account. This is why studies that have chosen to focus on the mid-latitudes during the summer seasons have had some success in demonstrating a relationship between a given forcing process and changes to the SAT9, whereas more global analysis of the same processes have shown weaker relationships8. From the ERA-Interim results, we can see that the amplification effect becomes very apparent for boundary layers less than a few hundred metres (Fig. 3). This is quite common, with PBL depths <400 m occurring >46 % of the time in ERA-Interim. This is a good indication of the fraction of time that the PBL depth becomes important in determining the strength of temperature trends.\nIncluding the boundary layer effect in signal detection\nOne way to account for the PBL depth in the analysis of climate processes is by considering the integrated temperature response within a co-variability framework (Fig. 5). In this framework, the net temperature change is proportional to the time integration of the product of the perturbations in the forcing, dQ, with the inverse boundary layer depth, h−1. In this regard, the conventional methodology is a limit of the co-variability framework, when the variations in the heat capacity can be neglected and we can directly relate perturbations in the forcing to perturbations in the surface temperature (case A, Fig. 5). This is a reasonable approximation only if that forcing is applied solely to deep or weakly varying boundary layers such as the tropical marine boundary layer17. The other limit of the co-variability framework occurs when we have a uniformly applied perturbation to the climate forcing (case B, Fig. 5). In this limit, it is the climatology of the boundary layer depth that principally determines the pattern of warming/cooling in response to a perturbation in the surface heating. The enhanced concentration of GHGs is one such example of a near-uniform perturbation in the surface heating and, as such, there is a strong relationship between the inverse boundary layer depth and the strength of temperature trends in re-analysis (Fig. 3), and both within and between global climate models32.\nHowever, in most cases it is both the PBL depth and the strength of the forcing that will be important in determining the spatial and temporal variations of climate change. In these cases, it is necessary to account for the nonlinear amplification effect of the PBL depth. Let us take the example of the influence of cloud cover on surface temperatures. We expect that an increase in cloud cover during the day will damp incoming solar radiation and thus decrease surface temperatures9. However, an increase in cloud cover at night is expected to reduce longwave cooling and hence result in warmer surface temperatures. Thus, the net effect of changes to the cloud cover on the surface climate is determined by the balance between the cooling effect of damped shortwave radiation and the warming effect of reduced longwave cooling. The cooling effect principally applies during conditions with strong surface heating (when the surface energy balance is dominated by shortwave radiation) and applies to deep PBLs, compared with the warming effect that dominates when there is a net longwave cooling and relatively shallow PBLs. Therefore, when we consider the effect of changes in cloud cover on the atmospheric heat content, rather than on the surface temperature, we expect the cooling effect to become more apparent. This can be seen in the regressions of the cloud cover anomalies, , against surface temperature anomalies, , and against normalized atmospheric heat content anomalies, (Fig. 6). If we look at the sensitivity of surface temperature to cloud cover we can see that in the high latitudes the strong winter-time warming effect of increased cloud cover dominates on the inter-annual scale and we get a strong positive relationship, whereas when we consider the effect of cloud cover on heat anomalies we find a more widespread cooling effect of increased cloud cover, even in these high-latitude continental interiors.This may be expected, as the warming effect of positive cloud cover perturbations on the surface temperature that occurs during the winter months only has a small impact on the atmospheric heat content compared with the cooling that occurs in deep PBLs in the summer months. Thus, when we account for variations in the effective heat capacity, we get a significantly stronger damping of atmospheric heat content from increased cloud cover than we found when assessing surface temperatures: the globally averaged overland temperature sensitivity to cloud cover is −12 (±17) × 10−3 K %−1, compared with a sensitivity of normalized heat content to cloud cover of −32 (± 16) × 10−3 K %−1. This marks a much clearer signal of an overall cooling effect of increased cloud cover on the surface climate.\nWhat is proposed here is essentially a way of accounting for the fact that processes such as changes to cloud cover, soil moisture and so on introduce perturbations to the heating, but what we measure is the temperature perturbation. It has been shown that we can better understand influences on the climate system by considering the heat content, rather than the temperature, of the components of the climate system33; however, the importance of spatial and temporal variations in the heat capacity have largely been neglected. This can be especially important within the diurnal cycle, when the shallow boundary layer depths at night drive strong changes to the nocturnal temperatures12, which have a strong impact on vegetation34.\nHere we have shown that by accounting for the variations in the effective heat capacity of the atmosphere we can more accurately assess how a given process influences the surface climate. This allows us to directly compare, in an apples-to-apples manner, the relative importance of different processes in determining the overall response of the climate system to perturbations in the climate forcing. This is also critical for model-model and model-observation comparisons of climate forcing processes. There is a very varied climatology of the PBL in different climate models and re-analysis (Fig. 3) (refs 32, 35, 36) and so these models can exhibit very different temperature responses, given the same change in the climate forcing.\nProcessing of re-analysis data\nWe obtained the monthly mean time series of air and dew-point temperature at a height of 2 m above the ground, boundary layer depth and sea-ice concentration from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts website for the full period of available data, 1979–2014. The air and dew-point temperature were then used to calculate the virtual potential temperature at a height of 2 m above the ground, θv. The boundary layer depth in the ERA-Interim model is calculated using an iterative bulk-Richardson method, which scans upwards from the lowest model level and interpolates between model levels to find the height at which the bulk Richardson number first exceeds the critical Richardson number, Ricr, taken to be 0.25. Although the bulk-Richardson method has been shown to work well in both stable and unstable stratification35, this definition does create some problems in tropical regions, including parts of South America, Africa and South Asia. The estimation of the boundary layer depth from different methods shows great variation in these regions of high surface humidity and strong convection, and so the ERA-Interim PBL depth is not necessarily reflective of the vertical extent of turbulent mixing36. This is likely to be the reason for the lack of a clear signal of shallow boundary layer amplification of temperature trends in these regions (Fig. 4).\nThe models used in both re-analysis and GCMs also tend to be biased towards producing deeper-than-observed boundary layers, especially under stably stratified conditions35,37. This is probably due to our limited understanding of geophysical turbulence under stable stratification and the limited applicability of current turbulence parameterization schemes to strongly, stably stratified conditions37. This bias has been shown to lead to an underestimation of the SAT response to climate forcing32.\nThe sea-ice concentration was used to define the region ‘sea ice’ in Fig. 4. The requirement for being considered over sea ice was that the minimum concentration for a location in a given month be >80% in all years.\nThe monthly mean time series of air temperature and specific humidity at a height of 2 m above the ground, the boundary layer depth and sea-ice concentration were obtained from the National Center for Atmospheric Research website. The boundary layer depth in this model is calculated in a similar way as to that in ERA-Interim, using the bulk-Richardson formulation and the same critical Richardson number.\nAnalysis of climate model data\nTo calculate the boundary layer depth in these models, we used a bulk Richardson method. This was chosen due to the limits of data availability for other methods, for example, no information on local gradients was available, which would be required for a flux-Richardson method, and the vertical resolution in these models is too coarse for any of the profile-based methods. The bulk-Richardson method has also been shown to be the most robust across a wide range of thermal stability and is consistent with the method used in the re-analyses.\nFirst, we obtained the 6-hourly resolution three-dimensional fields of the wind components, humidity and temperature, and the 3-hourly resolution surface temperature, pressure and humidity for the period 1979–2005 for Norwegian Earth System Model and Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratories Coupled Model 3 from the British Atmospheric Data Centre archive. The temperature and humidity fields were used to calculate the virtual potential temperature at each model level and at the surface using the definition , where θ is the potential temperature and M is the water–vapour mixing ratio. The thickness of each model level, Z, was calculated using a hydrostatic assumption, such that , where i is the index of the model level with the surface being i = 0, θv is the virtual potential temperature, p the pressure, Rd the dry gas constant ( 287.06 J kg−1 K−1) and g the surface gravity ( 9.807 m s−2). The geometric height of each level was then calculated by the summation of the thickness of the lower levels. The bulk Richardson number at each pressure level was calculated using the difference between that level and the surface: , where g is the surface gravity, z is the height above the surface, θv is the virtual potential temperature at height z, θvs is the virtual potential temperature at a height of 2 m above the surface and U is the wind speed at height z. We then scanned upwards from the lowest level above the surface and linearly interpolated between levels, to find the first height at which the bulk Richardson number exceeded the critical value, Ricr. We also applied a requirement that the PBL depth should be >10 m and <4 km: as this was an automated method, these constraints were necessary to avoid cases where the routine returned unphysical PBL depths.\nThe correlations given in Fig. 4 are the area-weighted spatial correlations between the monthly mean inverse boundary layer depth and the inter-annual trend in the monthly mean virtual potential temperature at a height of 2 m above the ground. The P-values were computed to test against the null hypothesis of zero correlation using a Student’s t distribution for a transformation of the correlation.\nThe regression coefficients in Fig. 6 were determined from a least-square, best-fit linear regression between the two variables under consideration. These were the cloud-cover anomalies against the anomalies in θv and the cloud cover anomalies against the normalized heat anomalies, , where is the area-weighted, climatological mean boundary layer depth. Anomalies were calculated by removing the climatological mean of each month from the time series using the full period of the data, 1979–2014.\nThe Matlab code used to generate the PBL depth and virtual potential temperature data sets discussed in this work have been archived by the authors and are available on request from the corresponding author, R.D. firstname.lastname@example.org).\nAll the model data used in this study is publicly available from the respective host institutions or archives. The ERA-Interim reanalysis data may be obtained from http://dx.doi.org/10.5065/D6CR5RD9. The CFSR reanalysis data are available from http://dx.doi.org/10.5065/D69K487J and the climate model data are available from https://esgf-data.dkrz.de/search/cmip5-dkrz/.\nHow to cite this article: Davy, R. & Esau, I. Differences in the efficacy of climate forcings explained by variations in atmospheric boundary layer depth. Nat. Commun. 7:11690 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11690 (2016).\nBarnett, T. P. et al. 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E. & Karl, T. R. Effects of clouds, soil moisture, precipitation, and water vapor on diurnal temperature range. J. Climate 12, 2451–2473 (1999).\nTang, Q. & Leng, G. Damped summer warming accompanied with cloud cover increase over Eurasia from 1982 to 2009. Eniron. Res. Lett. 7, 014004 (2012).\nCrook, J. A., Forster, P. M. & Stuber, N. Spatial patterns of modeled climate feedback and contributions to temperature response and polar amplification. J. Climate 24, 3575–3592 (2011).\nSun, B., Groisman, P. Y., Bradley, R. S. & Keimig, F. T. Temporal changes in the observed relationship between cloud cover and surface air temperature. J. Climate 13, 4341–4357 (2000).\nDavy, R., Esau, I., Chernokulsky, A., Outten, S. & Zilitinkevich, S. Diurnal asymmetry to the observed global warming. Int. J. Climatol doi:10.1002/joc.4688 (2016).\nZhou, L. et al. Spatial dependence of diurnal temperature range trends on precipitation from 1950 to 2004. Clim. Dyn. 32, 429–440 (2009).\nStone, D. A. et al. The detection and attribution of human influence on climate. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34, 1–16 (2009).\nHasselmann, K. Stochastic climate models Part 1. Theory. Tellus 28, 473–485 (1976).\nKim, K.-Y. & North, G. R. Surface temperature fluctuations in a stochastic climate model. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 18573–18580 (1991).\nSherwood, S. C., Bony, S. & Dufresne, J.-L. Spread in model climate sensitivity traced to atmospheric convective mixing. Nature 505, 37–42 (2014).\nEsau, I. & Zilitinkevich, S. On the role of the planetary boundary layer in the climate system. Adv. Sci. Res. 4, 63–69 (2010).\nHansen, J. et al. Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science 213, 957–966 (1981).\nWood, R. & Bretherton, C. S. Boundary layer depth, entrainment, and decoupling in the cloud-capped subtropical and tropical marine boundary layer. J. Climate 17, 3576–3588 (2004).\nPetäjä, T. et al. Enhanced air pollution via aerosol-boundary layer feedback in China. Sci. Rep. 6, 18998 (2016).\nMauritsen, T. et al. Tuning the climate of a global model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 4, M00A01 (2012).\nBarlow, J. F. et al. Boundary layer dynamics over London, UK, as observed using Doppler lidar during REPARTEE-II. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 2111–2125 (2011).\nWolf, T., Esau, I. & Reuder, J. Analysis of the vertical temperature structure in the Bergen valley, Norway, and its connection to pollution episodes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 10645–10662 (2014).\nZhao, L., Lee, X., Smith, R. B. & Oleson, K. Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands. Nature 511, 214–219 (2014).\nPeng, S. et al. Surface urban heat island across 419 global big cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 796–803 (2012).\nMarvel, K., Schmidt, G. A., Miller, R. L. & Nazarenko, L. S. Implications for climate sensitivity from the response to individual forcings. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 386–389 (2016).\nShindell, T. Inhomogenous forcing and transient climate sensitivity. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 274–277 (2014).\nHansen, J. et al. Efficacy of climate forcings. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D18104 (2005).\nPithan, F. & Mauritsen, T. Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models. Nat. Geosci. 7, 181–184 (2014).\nSerreze, M. C., Barrett, A. P., Stroeve, J. C., Kindig, D. N. & Holland, M. M. The emergence of surface-based Arctic amplification. The Cryosphere 3, 11–19 (2009).\nDavy, R. & Esau, I. Global climate models’ bias in surface temperature trends and variability. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 114024 (2014).\nLevitus, S. et al. Anthropogenic warming of Earth s climate system. Science 292, 267–270 (2001).\nPeng, S. et al. Asymmetric effects of daytime and night-time warming on Northern Hemisphere vegetation. Nature 501, 88–93 (2013).\nSeidel, D. J. et al. Climatology of the planetary boundary layer over the continental United States and Europe. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D17106 (2012).\nVon Engeln, A. & Teixeira, J. A planetary boundary layer height climatology derived from ECMWF re-analysis data. J. Climate 26, 6575–6590 (2013).\nHoltslag, A. A. M. et al. Stable atmospheric boundary layers and diurnal cycles: challenges for weather and climate models. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 94, 1691–1706 (2013).\nSupport for this study was provided by the Belmont Forum project Anthropogenic Heat Islands in the Arctic—Windows to the Future of the Regional Climates, Ecosystems and Society and by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research project, BASIC. We thank T. Wolf and V. Miles for supporting materials. We also thank the Environmental Modeling Center (EMC), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for providing the CFSR data, the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting for the ERA-Interim, the NorESM and GFDL modelling groups for producing model data and the Earth System Grid Foundation for archiving that data.\nThe authors declare no competing financial interests.\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nDavy, R., Esau, I. Differences in the efficacy of climate forcings explained by variations in atmospheric boundary layer depth. Nat Commun 7, 11690 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11690\nThis article is cited by\nAerosols, Clusters, Greenhouse Gases, Trace Gases and Boundary-Layer Dynamics: on Feedbacks and Interactions\nBoundary-Layer Meteorology (2023)\nScientific Reports (2022)\nImpact of anthropogenic heat emissions on meteorological parameters and air quality in Beijing using a high-resolution model simulation\nFrontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering (2022)\nDiurnal and seasonal variation of planetary boundary layer height over East Asia and its climatic change as seen in the ERA-5 reanalysis data\nSN Applied Sciences (2022)\nDiurnal asymmetry of desert amplification and its possible connections to planetary boundary layer height: a case study for the Arabian Peninsula\nClimate Dynamics (2021)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Very warm and humid with clouds and sun; breezy this afternoon with a shower or thunderstorm around\nMostly cloudy, warm and humid with a couple of showers and a thunderstorm\nRises at 6:20 AM with 14:36 of sunlight, then sets at 8:56 PM\nRises at 4:02 PM with 11:46 of moolight, then sets at 3:48 AM\nMay 20, 2013; 12:57 PM ET After last night's severe weather outbreak, conditions became more tranquil in the Plains and Midwest; however, we have just received the first severe weather report of the last few hours.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I am going to start a series of the Cloud of the Week. This series contains some information from my book The Message of the Clouds and it will cover the most useful clouds for weather forecasting.\nPannus clouds are probably my favourite cloud, not because they ar e particularly attractive but because they are extremely accurate weather forecasters. Pannus clouds are grey fragmented or wispy clouds which form below the main cloud base of precipitating clouds (clouds producing rain or snow). They form as precipitation from above moistens the air until it is so damp that these dark clouds form. They can be known as virga or fallstreaks when they are in a wispy form like the photo below.\nPannus clouds are often fragmented due to turbulent winds and they appear to rapidly move and change shape. They indicate that the clouds above are already raining and that there will be rain on the ground in the next ten minutes. These clouds increase in numbers as the rain falls until they cover the whole sky. Pannus clouds form below cumulonimbus clouds and nimbostratus clouds, although they mainly form below the latter.\nPannus clouds are useful because they almost always indicate rain in the next few minutes so if you see these clouds remember to wear the waterproofs and pack up the picnic!\nI hope you enjoyed the first cloud of the week and come back next week for more! If you would like more information on weather forecasting using this cloud and with many other clouds you might find my book The Message of the Clouds helpful. It contains all the information you need to forecast the weather yourself just by glancing up at the clouds as well as detail on how the local terrain can affect the weather. Find out more about The Message of the Clouds here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Isis made two landfalls in Mexico, one in southern Baja California as a\ntropical storm, and another near Los Mochis as a category one\nhurricane on theSaffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale.\na. Synoptic History\nA tropical wave, which on 19 August produced the tropical depression\nthat became Atlantic Hurricane Bonnie, moved westward across the Caribbean Sea from 21-24 August\nand crossed Central America on 25 August. As the wave moved into an area covered by a large lower-tropospheric\ncyclonic circulation (or, at least, cyclonic turning) covering southern Mexico and the adjacent waters, its\nforward speed slowed. A broad area of disturbed weather, associated with these atmospheric features,\npersisted over the tropical eastern north Pacific between 90W-110W from 26-29 August. A more\nlocalized area of low-level cyclonic rotation became evident on 29 August a little over 500 n mi\nsouth-southeast of Cabo San Lucas. There was little change in organization for the next day or two. On 31\nAugust, the system was characterized by two main areas of dense cloudiness located a few degrees\nnortheast and southwest of the center of circulation. By 0000 UTC 1 September, even though deep\nconvection was still not well-organized, the low-cloud circulation was sufficiently well-defined so that\nthe system could be designated as a tropical depression, centered slightly less than 300 n mi south of\nCabo San Lucas (Table 1). The overall track of this\ntropical cyclone is displayed in\nFigure 1 (16K GIF).\nAs the cyclone moved slowly northward to north-northwestward, it gradually\nintensified. Ship observations indicate that the cyclone strengthened into Tropical Storm Isis by 1800\nUTC 1 September, located about 170 n mi south of Cabo San Lucas. With a 500 mb trough, extending\nsouth-southwestward from the California/Arizona border, providing a southerly steering flow, Isis\nmoved northward at about 10 knots. Its center made a first landfall,\nover extreme southeastern Baja California, at 1200 UTC 2 September. Isis then moved slightly east of north,\nover the Gulf of California while strengthening to a 65-knot hurricane,\nan eye becoming apparent\non visible satellite imagery. The hurricane more or less maintained this strength until the center made its\nfinal landfall in Mexico at Topolobampo, close to Los Mochis, around 0300 UTC 3 September. Isis\nweakened to a tropical storm a few hours after landfall, and to a depression by 1800 UTC 3 September.\nThe system dissipated over the mountains of Mexico soon thereafter.\nb. Meteorological Statistics\nFigures 2 (11K GIF) and 3\n(11K GIF) depict the curves of minimum central sea-level\npressure and maximum one-minute average \"surface\" (10 meters above ground level) wind speed,\nrespectively, as a function of time. Also plotted are the observations on which the curves are based,\nconsisting of Dvorak-technique estimates (from TAFB, the\nSynoptic Analysis Branch, SAB, and the U.S.\nAir Force Global Weather Agency,\nAFGWC in the figures) using satellite imagery.\nIslas Marias reported south-southwesterly winds at a ten-minute average speed of\n40 knots at 0000 UTC 2 September. San Jose del Cabo reported\n270/20 knots (ten-minute average) with gusts to 40 knots at 1445 UTC\nThe following 24-hour rainfall totals were reported: 12.99 inches at Los Cabos, Baja\nCalifornia Sur; 8.86 inches in Sinaloa; and 4.72 inches in Sonora.\nTable 2 lists ship reports of 34-knot or greater winds associated with Isis.\nc. Casualty and Damage Statistics\nAccording to information provided by the government of Mexico to the\nWorld Meteorological Organization,\nIsis caused 14 deaths in Mexico, and destroyed 769 houses.\nd. Forecast and Warning Critique\nMean official track forecast errors for Isis at 12, 24, and 36 hours were 36, 79, and 87 n\nmi, respectively. Although these errors are low, there were too few cases six, four and two respectively)\nfor them to be considered statistically meaningful. In any case, the cyclone moved fairly close to the\ntrack predicted in the NHC advisories.\nThe average official absolute wind speed forecast errors were also rather low;\nnonetheless, the slight strengthening of Isis to a hurricane was not forecast.\nTable 3 lists the watches and warnings that the government of Mexico issued for their\ncountry. The center of Isis reached Baja California 15 hours after the issuance of a tropical storm\nwarning. There was only about six hours between the time of issuance of a hurricane warning on the\ncoast of mainland Mexico and the time of arrival of the center.\nTable 3. Watch and warning summary, Hurricane Isis, September, 1998.\n|1/2100||tropical storm warning issued\n||Baja California south of a Dolores to Puerto Cortez line|\n|2/0300||tropical storm warning extended\n||Baja California south of a line from Santa Rosalia to Punta Abreojos|\n|tropical storm warning issued||coast of Mexico from El Dorado to Guaymas|\n|2/2100||hurricane warning issued\n||coast of Mexico from El Dorado to Bahia Kino and east coast of Baja California from Dolores to Punta San Gabriel|\n|tropical storm warning shifted northward\n||west coast of Baja California from Puerto Cortez to Punta Eugenia |\n|3/0900||all warnings discontinued\n|hurricane warning replaced by tropical storm warning\n||coast of Mexico from Los Mochis to Guaymas|\n|3/1800||tropical storm warning discontinued\n||coast of Mexico from Los Mochis to Guaymas|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Steady snow will taper off and end around 4pm. Mostly cloudy and windy. Temperatures steady near the upper teens. Winds WSW at 15 to 20 mph. Chance of snow 70%. Additional snowfall about half an inch through 9:30pm. Hourly Details\nIntermittent snow showers, especially early. Low 17F. Winds WSW at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of snow 50%.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "« View county listSpecial Weather Statement\nIncluding the cities of Wallace, Warsaw, Kenansville, Beulaville,\nFaison, Maysville, Pollocksville, Trenton, Morehead City,\nBeaufort, Newport, Atlantic Beach, Emerald Isle, Jacksonville,\nRichlands, Swansboro, and North Topsail Beach\n436 AM EST Fri Feb 23 2018\n...AREAS OF DENSE FOG ARE OCCURING ACROSS PORTIONS OF EASTERN\nNORTH CAROLINA EARLY THIS MORNING...\nAreas of dense fog with visibilities of one half to one quarter\nof a mile are occurring across southern portions of Eastern North\nCarolina early this morning. This fog is expected to adversely\naffect the morning commute to work and school.\nMotorists are urged to slow down when traveling in areas with\nreduced visibilities. Use only low beam headlights and leave extra\ntime to reach your destination.\nThe fog is forecast to dissipate between 8 and 9 AM.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Southeastern Grand Banks: Synopsis\nTechnical Marine SynopsisIssued 10:00 AM NDT 23 August 2014 Today Tonight and Sunday At 10:00 a.m. NDT today departing low 992 mb located east of Funk\nAt 10:00 a.m. NDT today ridge located on a line northeast-southwest\nBy 10:00 a.m. NDT Sunday ridge located on a line northeast-southwest\nover western Newfoundland.\n- Date modified:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Posted: June 13, 2018 Filed under: Climate Fraud, Climate History, Climate science, Climatism, Data Tampering, Gavin Schmidt, NASA, Pseudo-Science, The Sun | Tags: Bogus Climate Consensus, Carbon Dioxide, carbon dioxide emissions, Climate Change, climate fraud, Climatism, Data Tampering, Earth Sciences, Fraud, Gavin Schmidt, Global Warming, James Hansen, Jim Bridenstine, nasa, nature, Rewriting History, Scientific Fraud, The Sun\n“HE who controls the past controls the future. He who controls the present controls the past.” – George Orwell\nBEFORE NASA climate was completely captured by the radical environmental movement and grant-gleefully sold their soul to the widely debunked “97% of scientists believe that CO2 is the climate control knob” groupthink-consensus-virus, they knew perfectly well that the sun controlled Earth’s climate.\nAND, before the new-NASA-activists rewrote climate ‘science’, the National Aeronautics Space Agency boldly (and correctly) noted that “Other important forcings of Earth’s climate system” such as “clouds, airborne particulate matter, and surface brightness [have] the capacity to exceed the warming influence of greenhouse gases and cause our world to cool.”\nFROM the above NASA article that disappeared around 2010 :\nWHAT ARE THE PRIMARY FORCINGS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM?\nThe Sun is the primary forcing of Earth’s climate system. Sunlight warms our world. Sunlight drives atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns. Sunlight powers the process of photosynthesis that plants need to grow. Sunlight causes convection which carries warmth and water vapor up into the sky where clouds form and bring rain. In short, the Sun drives almost every aspect of our world’s climate system and makes possible life as we know it.\nEarth’s orbit around and orientation toward the Sun change over spans of many thousands of years. In turn, these changing “orbital mechanics” force climate to change because they change where and how much sunlight reaches Earth. Thus, changing Earth’s exposure to sunlight forces climate to change. According to scientists’ models of Earth’s orbit and orientation toward the Sun indicate that our world should be just beginning to enter a new period of cooling — perhaps the next ice age.\nHowever, a new force for change has arisen: humans. After the industrial revolution, humans introduced increasing amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and changed the surface of the landscape to an extent great enough to influence climate on local and global scales. By driving up carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere (by about 30 percent), humans have increased its capacity to trap warmth near the surface.\nOther important forcings of Earth’s climate system include such “variables” as clouds, airborne particulate matter, and surface brightness. Each of these varying features of Earth’s environment has the capacity to exceed the warming influence of greenhouse gases and cause our world to cool. For example, increased cloudiness would give more shade to the surface while reflecting more sunlight back to space. Increased airborne particles (or “aerosols”) would scatter and reflect more sunlight back to space, thereby cooling the surface. Major volcanic eruptions (such as that of Mt. Pinatubo in 1992) can inject so much aerosol into the atmosphere that, as it spreads around the globe, it reduces sunlight and cause Earth to cool. Likewise, increasing the surface area of highly reflective surface types, such as ice sheets, reflects greater amounts of sunlight back to space and causes Earth to cool.\nScientists are using NASA satellites to monitor all of the aforementioned forcings of Earth’s climate system to better understand how they are changing over time, and how any changes in them affect climate.\nH/t @ApafarkasAgmand Read the rest of this entry »\nPosted: May 30, 2018 Filed under: Alarmism uncovered, Climate Alarmism, Climate Change, Climate History, Climate science, Climatism, CLIMATISM TOP 10 ALARMIST MYTHS, COP21, Data Tampering, Empirical Evidence, Government Grants/Funding, Govt Climate Agenda, IPCC, NASA, NOAA, Pacific Island Nations, Satellite Data, Scientific Fraud, Sea Level Rise | Tags: Acceleration, Alarmism, Climate Change, Climate Change Alarmism, Climate science, Data Fraud, Data Tampering, Fake News, Gavin Schmidt, Global Warming, Mainstream media, nasa, NOAA, Oceans, Science and Environment, Scientific Fraud, sea level rise, SLR, Tom Karl\n“CLIMATE alarmism is a gigantic fraud: it only survives by suppressing dissent and by spending tens of billions of dollars of public money every year on pseudo-scientific propaganda.” – Leo Goldstein\nCLIMATISM TOP 10 ALARMIST MYTHS – Intro\nEXCESSIVE or exaggerated alarm about a real or imagined threat is fundamental in driving the human CO2-induced\nglobal warming climate change narrative.\nTHE most popular climatic and weather-related events, as marketed by the Climate Crisis Industry, fall well within the bounds of natural variability. So, in order for such events to make the headlines, attract taxpayer funding for ‘research’, and advance the misanthropic, man-made climate change agenda, they must be accompanied by inflated language, an urgent tone, imagery of doom, and in many cases, fraudulent data.\nIN this series we take an objective/sceptical look at ten of the more popular metrics used by warming alarmists to push the CAGW (catastrophic anthropogenic global warming) narrative, testing the veracity of the all-too-often wild and alarmist claims associated with each…\n#2. SEA LEVEL RISE\n“THE Seas Are Rising”! You’ve read it, seen it and heard about it just about everywhere in conjunction with the climate change debate. However, the very statement “rising sea levels” is deceptive from the start.\nSEA-levels both rise and fall depending on where you are on the planet. Absolute sea-level varies from negative to positive to stable depending on a range of regional factors including: local vertical land motion, land use, salinity, regional ocean circulations, ocean heat content and tidal variations…\nMean Sea Level Trend\n040-081 Narvik, Norway\nMean Sea Level Trend\n050-141 Stockholm, Sweden\nMean Sea Level Trend\nRelative Sea Level Trend\nThe Battery, New York\nRelative Sea Level Trend\nLe Havre, France\nREMEMBER the “sinking” Pacific Island nations…\nTHE climate-theory-obsessed mainstream media has gleefully pawned the emotional link between climate change and ‘sinking’ tropical islands to push their man-made global warming agenda…\n“The tiny pacific island nation of Tuvalu looks set to become a victim of global warming, with the entire country predicted to be washed away in 50 years.” (BBC 2002)\nTUVALU’s plight even formed part of the basis for arguably the most hysterical fake news claim in the history of climate alarmism: the UN’s prediction that by the end of 2010, climate change would have created “50 million environmental refugees”!\nCLIMATISM, along with the climate\nsceptic “denier” community have been citing actual scientific data and empirical observations that have consistently contradicted the hysterical claims made by the mainstream media of “drowning island nations” for years…\nRelative Sea Level Trend\nFunafati B, Tuvalu\nRead the rest of this entry »\nPosted: February 9, 2018 Filed under: Alarmism Debunked, Alarmism uncovered, Alarmist media, Carbon Dioxide, Climatism, Dud predictions, Eco-Activists, Empirical Evidence, Extreme Weather, Fact Check, Global Cooling, Global Temperature, Green Agenda, Propaganda, Pseudo-Science | Tags: 2018 Winter Olympics, Alarmism, Atmosphere Cancer, Climate alarmism, Climate Change, Climatism, Data Tampering, global cooling, Global Temperature, Global Warming, Global Weirding, nature, science, Science and Environment, Temperature Data Fraud\nNiagara Falls frozen | USA Today\nRENOWNED marketing expert Seth Godin suggested in a recent interview with Business Insider that “Atmosphere Cancer” would be a far more engaging term to promote climate action, than “Global Warming” or “Climate Change”…\nThe solution to global warming then, in Godin’s playbook, comes down to simple storytelling. Instead of “letting scientists poorly tell a story with lots of qualifiers in it”, Godin says, storytellers should craft a message that resonates on a personal level.\nSeth Godin on stage at Nordic Business Forum 2018.\nSeth Godin: Here’s why storytelling solves global warming – Business Insider Nordic\nASSUMING that Godin’s insensitive term “atmosphere cancer” refers to the warming effect that human carbon dioxide emissions purportedly have on the atmosphere, let’s see what stage Godin’s cancer is at in the era of the propagandised “Hottest Year Evah“…\nSNOW IN THE SAHARA DESERT FOR THE SECOND YEAR IN A ROW\nFOR the second time in two years, winter has come once again to the dunes. In some parts of the Sahara, the snow was as deep as 15 inches. Prior to that, the Sahara had not seen snow since 1979 during the years of the ��global cooling” scare.\nMore : Sahara desert blanketed with snow for second time this year after decades without even a flake | Mirror Online\nFIRST SNOW IN 50 YEARS HITS SOUTHERN MOROCCO\nMore : Amid a warming planet, snow falls in Southern Morocco – first time in 50 years | Watts Up With That?\nRECORD SNOWFALL HITS MOSCOW\nMOSCOW saw more than half its average monthly snowfall in the space of 24 hours with 17 inches blanketing the capital by Sunday morning. At least one man was killed, several injured and about 2000 trees collapsed due to the heaviest snowfall in Moscow since the beginning of the weather records, said meteorologists.\nMore : SNOWFALL Will Become “A Very Rare And Exciting Event…” | Climatism\nDAVOS ECONOMIC / GLOBAL WARMING SUMMIT – 6 FEET OF SNOW IN 6 DAYS\nScientists Get Buried In Snow At Davos While Lecturing On Global Warming\nScientists have once again set up a mock Arctic base camp to educate world leaders about man-made global warming at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.\nClimate scientists hope their mock camp illustrates how global warming could impact the Arctic, but the “Gore effect” may make it harder to get the message across. Davos has seen frigid temperatures along with about six feet of snow in the last six days.\nClimate Scientists Buried In Snow | The Daily Caller\nEIFFEL TOWER CLOSED AS “EXCEPTIONAL” HEAVY SNOWFALL BLANKETS PARIS\nTOPSHOT – Children play in the snow covered Champ de Mars near the Eiffel tower, on February 7, 2018 in Paris, following heavy snowfall. Exceptionally heavy snowfall brought public transport in Paris and surrounding regions to a near halt on February 7, spelling misery for commuters after hundreds were forced to abandon their cars to sleep in emergency shelters overnight. / AFP / Thomas SAMSON\nEiffel Tower closed for 3rd day in a row\nEiffel Tower closed\nPeople walk through the snow covered alley of the Champ de Mars following heavy snowfall in Paris, on February 7, 2018 near the Eiffel tower. Exceptionally heavy snowfall brought public transport in Paris and surrounding regions to a near halt on February 7, spelling misery for commuters after hundreds were forced to abandon their cars to sleep in emergency shelters overnight. / AFP PHOTO / Thomas SAMSON (Photo credit should read THOMAS SAMSON/AFP/Getty Images)\nSNOW in Paris has closed the Eiffel Tower after six inches fell overnight and temperatures fell as low as -10C with adverse weather spreads across France and the UK.\nThe iconic French landmark has been closed for all visitors since Tuesday as the government struggles to cope with the “exceptional” situation.\nA spokesperson for the Interior Ministry said: “2,500 police, firefighters, gendarmes SNCF and RATP staff are mobilised around the Île-de-France region to get things back to normal as soon as possible.”\nHeavy snow is very unusual in Paris, when there is snow, it is usually a dusting.\nSnow in Paris: Eiffel Tower closed as weather freezes France today | World | News | Express.co.uk\nCOLDEST US TEMPS ON RECORD\nWomen take a selfie in front of a frozen fountain in Bryant Park, Manhattan\nTemperatures plummet to -37C as US is hit by record Arctic freeze\nTemperatures have plummeted to -37C as the US Midwest and Northeast is hit by a record Arctic blast.\nCold weather records were set from Arkansas to Maine on Thursday and the freezing air is expected to last through the weekend and reach as far south as Texas and the Florida Panhandle.\nIn New Hampshire, the cold set a record for the day of -37C on Mount Washington.\nAn investigation has been launched by the humane society after a dog was found “frozen solid” on the porch of a home in Toledo, Ohio.\nTemperatures plummet to -37C as US is hit by record Arctic freeze | SKY News\nIt’s so cold in the US that sharks are freezing to death\nIn Massachusetts, the Atlantic White Shark Conservancy found three thresher sharks washed up in Cape Cod, “stranded due to cold shock,” which can cause cardiac arrest in animals.\nThe conservancy collected tissue samples from the sharks that will be examined “once they thaw.”\n“We hauled the shark off the beach and it is currently thawing at NOAA Fisheries Service to be dissected later,” the group wrote on Facebookabout the latest shark discovery. “A true sharkcicle!”\nNIAGARA FALLS FROZEN OVER\nA couple looks out over the partially frozen American side of the Niagara Falls during sub-freezing temperatures in Niagara Falls, Ontario March 3, 2014. REUTERS/Mark Blinch (CANADA – Tags: ENVIRONMENT TRAVEL SOCIETY) ORG XMIT: MDB14\nVisitors take photographs at the brink of the Horseshoe Falls in Niagara Falls, Ontario, as cold weather continues through much of the province on Friday, Dec. 29, 2017. (Aaron Lynett/The Canadian Press via AP)\nTemperatures across the province dropped to record lows last month, as frigid air continues to hover over the region for longer than expected.\nGlobal News meteorologist Ross Hull explained that 2018 has been the coldest Jan. 1 on record in the Niagara Falls area, with temperatures dipping below -26 C.\n“That is well below average, considering the normal overnight/morning low should be closer to -7 C,” Hull said. “The high temperature on New Year’s Eve was also well below average with a daytime high close to -15 C.”\nNiagara Falls’ breathtaking winter views are the upside of this extreme cold | Globalnews.ca\nMore : Niagara Falls frozen, covered in ice seen in stunning images | USA Today\nALLIGATORS SEEN FROZEN IN NORTH CAROLINA\nAlligators seen frozen in North Carolina pond with snouts above water to survive record low temperatures\nThose visiting frozen swamps in North Carolina a few days ago would have seen a very strange sight – alligator snouts poking out of the icy ponds, with their bodies frozen below.\nAlthough the creatures were as still as if they were dead, experts have assured the public that this is simply how alligators survive in unexpectedly cold weather.\nA “bomb cyclone” hit the East Coast of the US last week, dumping snow as far south as Florida, and causing usually relatively warm and humid swamps to face icy temperatures.\nAlligators seen frozen in North Carolina pond with snouts above water to survive record low temperatures | The Telegraph\nMore : It’s so cold in the US that alligators are poking their snouts through ice to survive | ABC News\nFROZEN FLORIDA IGUANAS\nIn Florida, iguanas are freezing and falling out of trees\nMIAMI BEACH, Fla. (AP) — It’s so cold in Florida that iguanas are falling from their perches in suburban trees.\nTemperatures dipped below 40 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius) early Thursday in parts of South Florida, according to the National Weather Service in Miami.\nThat’s chilly enough to immobilize green iguanas common in Miami’s suburbs.\nIn Florida, iguanas are freezing and falling out of trees | USA Today\nMore : Fish frozen to death in South Korea – Ice Age Now\nFROZEN CROPS IN SPAIN – EU FOOD SHORTAGE\nFrozen crops mean salad days are over\nA drought and cold weather in southern Spain have caused lettuce yields to fall by a quarterFRANCISCO BONILLA/REUTERS\nBritain could be heading for a salad crisis after a cold snap in the Spanish region that produces iceberg lettuces, industry experts have warned.\nThe freeze in southern Spain has caused crops to fail and wholesale prices to soar. Importers are trying to secure alternative sources but there may not be enough to avoid shortages at supermarkets.\nLast year bad weather affected a variety of winter and summer vegetables, leading to empty shelves in British supermarkets.\nThis year the cold snap has hit the Spanish regions of Almeria, Murcia and Alicante, where much of Britain’s imported icebergs, broccoli and artichokes come from. Yields for all three crops are down by about 25 per cent.\nFrozen crops mean salad days are over | News | The Times\nTHERMOMETER BREAKS AFTER RECORDING -62C\nTemperatures have become so cold in the Siberian region of Yakutia that people’s eyelashes have started to freeze when they venture outside CREDIT: INSTAGRAM/@ANASTASIAGAV\nThermometer in world’s coldest village breaks as temperatures plunge to -62C\nThe thermometer in a remote Siberian village known as the coldest inhabited place on earth has broken as temperatures plunged to near-record depths.\nThe public device, which was installed in Oymyakon as a tourist attraction, recorded -62C, before malfunctioning this week.\nMeanwhile the Siberian Times reports that some locals had readings as low as -67C – in touching distance of the record -67.7C, which was logged in the village in February 1933.\nYet it is still some way off the coldest temperature ever recorded on the planet, which was -94.7C captured by a NASA satellite in east Antarctica in 2013.\nThermometer in world’s coldest village breaks as temperatures plunge to -62C | Telegraph\nLOWEST TEMPERATURE EVER RECORDED IN BANGLADESH\nLowest ever 2.6 degrees recorded in Tetulia\nBangladesh recorded its lowest ever temperature in history at 2.6 degrees in Tetulia, Panchagarh under the influence of a severe cold wave prevailing through the northern districts.\nIn dense fog and bitter cold, labourers go to work in Harikesh area in Kurigram Sadar. Star file photo\nBangladesh Meteorological Department’s Tetulia branch Assistant Met Officer Md Raidul Islam told our Thakurgaon correspondent the lowest ever temperature was recorded at 8:38am this morning.\nLowest temperature in Bangladesh ever 2.6 degrees recorded in Tetulia | The Daily Star\nBRUTAL COLD WRECKING SKIS AT WINTER OLYMPICS\nIt’s so cold at the Winter Olympics that skiers are being forced to throw away their expensive skis after practice runs\n- Coaches threw away skis after Wednesday’s practice runs at the Winter Olympics.\n- Cold temperatures can cause snow crystals to form sharp edges and ruin the bottom of skis.\n- Temperatures during the practice runs in the morning were in the single digits Fahrenheit.\n- Six people were recently treated for hypothermia during a concert held at the stadium that will be used for Friday’s opening ceremony.\nThe skiing events at the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, have not started yet, but the brutally cold weather is already having an adverse effect on the skiers, some of whom are being forced to throw away their skis after practice runs.\nA course worker at the Winter Olympics told Rory Carroll of Reuters that coaches were throwing skis away after practice runs on Wednesday.\n“One of the coaches said they are throwing the skis out after today,” said Craig Randell, a start-crew technician who is working his third Olympics, told Reuters. “You can’t do anything about it, but with the cold temperatures, the snow adheres to the ski base and twists it. They are turning their skis to garbage real fast.”\nBusiness Insider Singapore | BISG\nCOLDEST SUPER BOWL ON RECORD\nColdest Super Bowl ever gives fans a bone-chilling experience\nMINNEAPOLIS — A New England Patriots fan who could see her breath as she talked outside U.S. Bank Stadium before Super Bowl LII noted she would be in select company.\n“We’re going to be able to say that we went to the coldest Super Bowl ever,’’ Lisa Brown of Canton, Mass., told USA TODAY Sports.\nIt was a unique and bone-chilling experience — inside U.S. Bank Stadium, about 70 degrees. Outside, as Lisa Brown and her son, Bob, could attest, it was, well … FREEZING!\nThe temperature hovered just above zero and wind chill made it feel about minus-20 degrees.\nColdest Super Bowl ever gives fans a bone-chilling experience | USA Today\nA look at the UAH satellite-based Temperature of the Global Lower Atmosphere (the exact place where AGW is supposed to occur and be measured) for January gives a clue as to the brutally cold NH winter …\nTHE Planet Continues To Cool After An El Niño Induced String Of Warm Years\nA La Niña equatorial Pacific Ocean cooling event is making itself felt in the atmosphere, dropping average temperatures in the tropics to their lowest point since June 2012 (-0.15 C), and temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere (+0.06 C) to their coolest since April 2015 (-0.01 C), according to Dr. John Christy, director of the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) at The University of Alabama in Huntsville.\nThe drop in tropical temperatures (0.38 C) from December to January tied for the third largest one-month drop in the 470 months of satellite temperature data. The largest was 0.51 C from September to October 1991, which followed the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines. The second largest (0.41 C) was from July to August 2014.\nThe planet continues to cool after an El Niño induced string of warm years | Watts Up With That?\nTHE more accurate and comprehensive UAH satellite temps (recorded by a NASA satellite) are in stark contrast to the spuriously ‘adjusted’ “Hottest Year Evah” graphs that come out of the hockey-stick halls of the gate-keepers of global temperature – NASA, NOAA, BoM and MetOffice…\nFROM the real-world experiences evidenced in this post, which method of temperature gathering and reporting seems more accurate to you?\nSome clues :\nBASED on real-world evidence, it appears Mother Nature has either been taking massive doses of chemo to reverse her “atmosphere cancer” or Godin is merely another climate charlatan spreading a far more dangerous and real cancer – global warming alarmism based on belief, ideology and emotions, devoid of ‘science’, data and real-world observations.\nGODIN would do well sending his CV to NASA GISS whose own version of ‘story telling’ has been critical in developing the fraudulent “hottest year evah” meme.\nClimate Fraud Related :", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "LUBBOCK, TX (AP) - As we head into the weekend the rainfall amounts didn't hit the levels that we had hoped for staying mostly in the tenths of an inch.\nRain chances will linger on Saturday through late afternoon, but other than off the Caprock the amounts will likely be light to moderate at best. It's going to be another windy day, but not as bad as Friday when winds hit 53 mph in Lubbock.\nSaturday's winds will be from the north at 15-25 mph. On the other hand, Sunday's winds will be light from the north at less than 10 mph.\nDaytime temps on Saturday will range from 65-70 across the area, depending on sunshine and clouds. Fewer clouds will lead to slightly warmer temps and clouds and showers mean a little cooler during the day.\nSunday morning will likely be foggy and then the afternoon will be mostly sunny and the highs look nice at about 70 degrees.\nMonday will bring sunny and mid-70s.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "MASOMED field and airborne campaign (Camarena, Madrid, Spain, 03-19 May 2017), funded by EUFAR Transnational Access and jointly organized by the GFZ in Germany, CIEMAT and INTA in Spain, aimed at mapping soil variability and quality...\nPRE-TECT is an atmospheric experiment organized by the National Observatory of Athens aiming to advance desert dust microphysical characterization from advanced ground-based remote sensing and airborne measurements.\nAfter a lengthy period of negotiation, 8 European institutions representing 6 different countries involved in airborne environmental research have signed the necessary Statutes to constitute EUFAR as an AISBL – an international non-profit association under Belgian law. These documents will now be deposited with the Belgian courts so that EUFAR AISBL will be formally constituted early in 2018.\nPhilip Brown (Met Office, UK), the EUFAR scientific coordinator, and the EUFAR bureau published a 2-page article on EUFAR and its support to the airborne research community in the Adjacent Open Access journal, August 2017 edition.\n39 participants from 12 nations and 26 institutions participated in the EUFAR/IAMAS/IUGG/ICCP Workshop on Processing of Cloud Particle Measurements at German Aerospace Center (DLR) Oberpfaffenhofen, from 7 to 9 July 2017. Its aims were to discuss, optimize and harmonize cloud data analysis in order to augment data quality of current optical array probes employed on aircraft.\nBAUMGARDNER Darrel, MCFARQUHAR Greg, VOIGT Christiane, Aug. 04, 2017\nThe 2nd International Conference on Airborne Research for the Environment (ICARE 2017) was held at DLR - the German Aerospace Research Centre, in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich (Germany), from 10 to 13 July 2017.\nBROWN Phil, DEQUEKER-CORMONT ANNE, GERARD Elisabeth, HENRY Olivier, Aug. 01, 2017\nThe use of stratospheric aircraft has been successful in the last 15 years in terms of technical developments, achieved scientific results in various fields and community-building, and important scientific topics...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Clouds are expected to decrease today and the high temperature will be in the mid-80s, but swimmers are being urged to watch out for dangerous currents along the coast.\nThe risk of rip currents today along the Eastern Shore and Virginia Beach will be moderate, according to the National Weather Service. The risk will continue through this evening.\nEnjoy today's nice weather because we'll have a chance for showers or storms for most of the week.\nTonight will bring increasing chances for showers or storms with showers likely on Tuesday. The high will be about 81. Wednesday will include slight chances for rain or storms with a high of 83.\nThursday will be mostly sunny with a high of 85 before a more chances for storms on Friday and a high of 86.\nCindy Clayton, 757-446-2377, firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Hué Climate & Weather\nHué Climate and Weather\nHue has a tropical monsoon climate and is renowned for being the wettest city in Vietnam, having very few dry days; even during the 'dry' season between May and August there is usually some drizzle. Average annual rainfall is 110 inches (2,800mm). During the summer (June to August) temperatures average between 75°F (24°C) and 93°F (34°C), and during the winter months (December to February) temperatures average between 46°F (8°C) and 73°F (23°C).\nBecome our Hué Travel Expert\nWe are looking for contributors for our Hué travel guide. If you are a local, a regular traveller to Hué or a travel professional with time to contribute and answer occasional forum questions, please contact us.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "— Jennifer Wilson KSTP (@Jennawils) March 23, 2015\nIf you don’t have a window, Twitter, or Facebook, perhaps you don’t know that it snowed a couple inches in the Twin Cities overnight on Sunday.\nseeing the snow this morning pic.twitter.com/uYwobEEoOW\n— greta (@greta814) March 23, 2015\nAfter a couple days of near shorts weather in the past couple of weeks, we can be pretty sure that the snow isn’t going to stick around.\nWith 40s and 50s in the forecast for the next week, it’s time to make a decision. Will you shovel it? Or just let it melt?\nResults are in... and you were right! Whitney: 70% Becca: 30% Thank you for voting!0", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Those suffering from various respiratory ailments are being warned that smoke from wildfires in the southern regions of Georgia can caused adverse health effects. Department of Health and Environmental Control spokesman Jim Beasley says satellite images indicate that the smoke from Georgia is making a bee line into the Palmetto state.\nAccording to the DHEC alert, Aiken, Barnwell, Orangeburg, Lexington, Richland, and Greenwood are all likely to be affected by the smoke.\nBeasley says any person who suffers from any kind of respiratory problem should make an effort to limit their exposure to the smoke that may be in the air. Beasley says people do not need to limit their outdoor activities altogether. However, he says the smoke may irritate the eyes and respiratory system, as well as worsen chronic heart and lung diseases.\nBeasley says depending on the weather conditions, the smoke coming from Georgia could continue affecting areas of South Carolina for a while; also because of drought conditions, a number of wildfires in the state could also affect air quality periodically.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Winnipeg Weather | Manitoba Forecast | CTV News Winnipeg\nCTV News Winnipeg Skywatch Weather Blog - Thursday, August 6, 2020\nIt is a hot and humid, but otherwise uneventful weather kind of day across Manitoba. Uneventful in so much as there's little chance of convection, or thunderstorms across the province.\nThat said, heat warnings are in effect for central/northern regions including Flin Flon, The Pas, Norway House and Island Lake. Look for hot highs today and on Friday around 30C and warm overnight lows in the upper teens. A cold front will bring you some relief by the weekend.\nTemperatures will be similar in the south, in the upper 20s/low 30s, but that's not quite enough to trigger heat warnings here. Still, take precautions in this heat and humdity. Humidex values make it feel in the mid-30 today. And tonight will be very warm and mostly clear.\nFriday is potentially a different story. It will be just as hot in the south. But an approaching cold front should reach the Saskatchewan/Manitoba border by the afternoon. It could trigger thunderstorms. But they could also form in the wam sector ahead of the front. If that happens, there is the risk of susbtantial rainfall. If thunderstorms form closer to the cold front, watch out for damaging hail and winds.\nIf a line of thunderstorms does develop, they could last from Friday afternoon into the night.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "High Mountain Asia COAWST Daily 4km Regional Climate Model Simulations\nHigh Mountain Asia, HMA\nDatacenter: NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center\nCollection: ADC, GCW\nIso topic category: Not available\nThis data product contains either daily averaged or daily accumulated modeled data in the High Mountain Asia region, generated by the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Waves-Sediment Transport (COAWST) modeling system (operated as a regional climate model). These modeled data span 15 years and have been used by the NASA High Mountain Asia Team (HiMAT) to research water resource use.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "ALTHOUGH cool, rainy weather might not be your ideal choice for a long weekend, think of the hot, dry days and make the best of the lower temperatures and wet conditions forecast.\nThursday’s temperatures will be just 8 and 22°C and there will be some rain, but the humidity will be high.\nIn fact, humidity will be on the high side throughout the long weekend. Friday will be overcast with the minimum at 9°C, rising to just 15°C, and rain is possible.\nOn Saturday no rain is predicted, but it will be mostly cloudy with temperatures of 11 and 21°C.\nSunday will again be rainy with a minimum temperature of 11°C and a maximum of 23°C and on Monday the temperatures will be much the same. No rain is forecast, but it will be cloudy and humid.–", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "First snow of the season\n8:00P.M. Tuesday November 6, 2012\nSchool Forecast For:\nThursday November 8, 2012\nTwo-Hour Delay Cancellation Early Dismissal\n40% 10% 0%\nAn offshore nor'easter will bring the first snowfall of the season Wednesday night into Thursday.\nIncreasing clouds throughout the morning.\nThere is a 40% chance of light rain developing between 3PM and 7PM.\nWinds will be light and out of the northeast.\nLight rain should overspread the region by 10PM.\nRain will likely mix with, and then change to light snow by midnight.\nA breezy north wind, some gusts as high as 30 mph possible.\nThere is a 60% chance of precipitation.\nLight snow through 7AM, before tapering off or changing to light drizzle.\nThursday will remain mostly cloudy with a chance of drizzle through the morning. It will remain breezy with winds 20 mph winds. Some gusts may approch 30 mph.\nHigh temperatures will top out around 40 degrees on Wednesday, and 45 degrees on Thursday. The low temperature Wednesday night will be around 32 degrees.\nThe district will likely pick up around an inch of snow, but actual totals could ranch from half an inch to two inches. It is worth noting that the two extremes of this range, would have significantly different school impacts. Probabilities will be reassessed in the next update.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "36. The cloud is not rent –\nJob 26:8 “He bindeth up the waters in his thick clouds; and the cloud is not rent under them.” The word for cloud describes an envelope that contains water. It is reasonable to ask why it does not rend and drop what it contains.\nTake a cumulus cloud with a volume of about one cubic kilometer found about two kilometer above the ground. It is a cube one kilometer on each side. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provide some estimates of air and cloud density and weight. In the final calculations, the one cubic kilometer cumulus cloud weighs one point zero, zero three billion kilograms. However, the air also has mass, so the cloud floats because the weight of the same volume of dry air is about one point zero, zero seven billion kilograms. So, it is the lesser density of the cloud that allows it to float on the dryer and more-dense air.\nCertain conditions must occur for the vapor to condense and fall as rain. It is a finely balanced process. You are at liberty to ask how Job knows about it, and the answer is God told him, how else would he know, by scientific measurement?", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "And this is why we stay - to experience the full frontal frigidity of a Minnesota winter. The burning tickle when you inhale deeply, the refreshing ice crystals in your nostrils. When it's this cold the crime rate drops and your garbage doesn't stink. What's not to love! 2 days of pain, and then rapid recovering on Saturday.\nCompared to last winter this is turning out to be a cake-walk. There is considerable hand-wringing over today's clipper. The concern isn't falling snow but blowing snow, capable of ground blizzards over much of western Minnesota later today and tonight. Thursday and Friday will be subtle yet blunt reminders that we live in Minnesota, but a rapid rebound is likely by the weekend; a streak of 30s next week. Just a fleeting taste of the arctic...\n2 days of (minor) pain is shaping up for late week, but by the time the neighbors really start to gripe the arctic air will lift northward and a Pacific breeze will return. It's a sign of the times, a sign of a relatively easy winter for Minnesota, to date. Will it last? Probably, but it's still early to get cocky.\nAfter 6-10\"+ of heavy snow across portions of southern Minnesota Sunday with reports of lightning and thundersnow, Monday will be a much quieter and sunnier day. Highs look to be in the single digits Thursday though. Click for more. - D.J. Kayser\nMany across the southern half of the state will wake up to a wintry wonderland on Sunday, which when all is said and done could end up being close to 8 inches of plowable snow along I-90. Meanwhile, folks across the northern half of the state will be lucky to see a few flurries. Check the blog for more details. -Todd Nelson\nExpect a quiet Saturday in the Twin Cities, but snow will move in by Sunday morning. 2-4\" of snow is expected in the metro to potentially mess with your Sunday plans, but heavier amounts (5-8\") will fall across southern Minnesota. Click for more. - D.J. Kayser\nAs a weak area of low pressure continues to move southeast across Minnesota, light snow will fall Thursday Night into Friday. While amounts will be less than an inch at MSP, a second system is gearing up for Saturday Night and Sunday that could bring plowable amounts to the region. - D.J. Kayser\nSunny skies will start Thursday in the Twin Cities, but clouds will be on the increase during the day ahead of a weak system that will bring light snow to the metro Thursday night into Friday. More snow is likely as we head into Sunday. Click for more details. - D.J. Kayser\nOne benefit of cooler weather: the SUN should be visible part of today and Thursday. A quick inch is possible Friday, maybe a couple inches from a Sunday clipper. That, my friend, is as exciting as it's going to get. Check the blog for more details. -Todd Nelson", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Increasing Night Temperature Can Reduce Seed Set and Potential Yield of Tropical Rice\nAustralian Journal of Plant Physiology\n23(6) 791 - 794\nThe effect of increasing day temperature on reducing seed set in rice is well established, but little is known concerning the impact of increasing night temperature relative to constant day temperature. Recent work suggests that anticipated global warming may be uneven, with a significant increase in night compared to day temperature. Sun-lit, outdoor environment chambers were used to determine the impact of increasing night temperatures at two constant day temperatures (29/21, 29/25, 29/29ºC and 33/25, 33/29 and 33/33ºC) as well as increasing day/night temperature (29/21, 33/25 and 36/29ºC) on growth and yield of rice (cv. IR 72). Increasing daylnight temperature to 36/29ºC resulted in a significant reduction in both plant biomass and grain yield at harvest. At a constant day temperature of 29ºC, increasing night temperature did not significantly alter growth or yield; however, increasing night temperature at a day temperature of 33ºC (8 h duration) resulted in a significant decline in grain yield, primarily due to reduced seed set. The decline in grain yield at 33ºC with increasing night time temperature was similar to that observed at a daylnight temperature of 36/29ºC. Data from this experiment suggest that higher night time temperatures per se could increase the susceptibility of rice to sterility with a subsequent reduction in seed set and grain yield.\n© CSIRO 1996", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Day in Weather #3\nToday Not much to watch.\nArctic Blast is producing snow for the north US and expected to give snow from Wisconsin to Amarillo,Texas.\nCYCLONE ALCIDE UPDATE (CURRENT TIME 11:01 CENTRAL TIME)\nCyclone alcide is expected to be setting its eyes on Madagascar as of the current track.\nMadagascar is expecting a ton of rain from this system giving it possible flooding in the area.\nCalifornia Fires keep on raging and turning the Sky Orange And at least 9 have been reported dead from this incident.\nAnd also Rain from what was said to hit the south us Went north and is going to bring MORE SNOW for areas in the north US if this system goes north enough.\nWeather for today.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Baku. 14 February. The weather forecast for tomorrow will be announced in Azerbaijan.\nReport was informed in the National Hydrometeorology Department of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, on February 15, the weather will be changeable cloudy, mainly rainless in Baku and Absheron peninsula. In some places it will be foggy in the morning. South wind will blow and tonight will be replaced by northern wind.\nTemperature will be 1-4 C at night, 7-10 C in afternoon, in Baku 2-4 C at night and 8-10 C in daytime.\nAtmospheric pressure will be 772 mm mercury column and relative humidity 70-80%.\nOn February 15, the weather will be mainly rainless in Azerbaijani regions, but it will be rainy in some mountainous areas at night and in morning. Ecologists predict fog in some places. East wind will blow.\nTemperature will be 0-5 C at night, 7-12 C in afternoon, in mountains 3-8 C at night, 0-5 C in daytime.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "News > Study reduces lag between CO2 release and warming\nScientists have shed new light on one of the most important questions in climate science: the time lag between changes in temperature and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels in the past. Their findings suggest that feedbacks in the climate system – in which warming is linked to natural carbon dioxide increase, driving further warming – may operate faster than previously thought.\nIn a paper published in Climate of the Past, the researchers use Antarctic and Greenland ice cores to examine temperature and carbon dioxide changes during the largest natural climate change in Earth's recent climate history: the warming out of the last ice age. As past Antarctic temperatures increased, ocean circulation was altered and carbon dioxide - most likely from the deep Southern Ocean - escaped into the atmosphere. Previous studies had suggested that it took up to 1000 years for this to happen. But the new study, drawing on data from five separate ice cores that figure.\n\"The ice cores reveal a near-synchronous temperature and carbon dioxide increase. If there was a lag at all then it was likely no more than 400 years,\" says Dr Joel Pedro from the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, in Hobart, who led the study.\nOne of the burning issues that study raises is whether current anthropogenic warming may drive additional natural carbon dioxide increases sooner than we thought, compounding the climate change problem. Dr Pedro acknowledges that the research raises this possibility, but cautions that a firm answer on whether we need to revise thinking on the timescales of carbon cycle response to anthropogenic warming requires further research.\nDr Pedro says that there are similarities but also important differences between current climate change and the natural processes described in their research.\n\"The coupled rise in temperature and natural increase in carbon dioxide that helped end the ice age took place gradually, over about 8000 years. What we have seen since the start of the industrial revolution is a similar carbon dioxide increase occurring over only a few hundred years. This is way faster than anything in the ice core record and it's clearly human-caused. Just as the steady increase in carbon dioxide helped to melt the ice caps and warm the Earth out of the ice age, the rapid increase now in carbon dioxide is also driving up temperatures, only at a much faster rate,\" he said.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "By Zack Holden, USFS Scientist, Northern Region, Missoula, MT\nThe high late winter snowpack, warm spring temperatures and a warm, yet humid summer could have important consequences for berry production of several shrub species this summer in the region that are beloved by both people and bears.\nIn a study of interannual production of Huckleberry and Serviceberry in western Montana and Northern Idaho, we used data from several SNOTEL stations in western Montana to examine relationships between climate and huckleberry and serviceberry fruit production across the Cabinet-Yaak Grizzly Bear recovery zone. Recall that from a previous post and refereed publication, we have correlated berry productivity to maximum snow water equivalent, springtime growing degree days during and diurnal temperature range in July. Using data collected on those factors, we derive a forecast for huckleberry and serviceberry in Northern Idaho and Northwestern Montana for 2012.\nClimate observations: Climate data from two SNOTEL stations in northwestern Montana, Hawkins Lake (6450 ft el) and Banfield Mountain (5600 ft el) used in our previous study have been updated through 2012. This year both sites experienced above average (1989-2012) maximum snow water equivalent due to the wet spring and the high elevations of these stations. Despite elevated snowpack, spring temperatures were slightly above average. And finally, as mentioned in the previous post, the moist air mass in the region for month of July contributed to some of the lowest diurnal temperature ranges at the lower elevation Banfield Mountain station seen in the 24 year record at this site with only the exceptionally wet summer of 1993 having a lower diurnal temperature range.\nMinimum temperature at Banfield Mountain was above normal for 27 of the 31 days in July. This was primarily a consequence of high atmospheric humidity in July, which limited outgoing longwave radiation, resulting in relatively high nighttime minimum temperatures.\nAnecdotally, in the Ninemile valley where I live in western Montana, we have experienced almost no cold air drainage so far this year. This has been a stark contrast to the last two years, where we experienced strong inversions and cold air flows on most nights in July and August when on calm, clear nights.\nSo, what does this all mean for berry productivity this year? Past huckleberry production has been highest during cool springs with high diurnal temperature ranges. This relationship may reflect earlier than optimal flowering timing in years with warm springs and better berry development associated with higher vapor pressure deficits and clear skies.\nBecause of the warmer spring temperatures and moist air this July, our model predicts Huckleberry production of 1.20 berries per plot, 70% of the 23 year average measured berry index. The story for Serviceberry should be a bit different. The relatively high snowpack and near average spring temperatures bode well for berry production in this lower elevation species. Our model for serviceberry predicts an average of 205 berries per plot, 160% of the 22 year measured average.\nWayne Kasworm of the US Fish and Wildlife Service continues to monitor berry productivity across this region and it will be interesting to see how well our simple statistical models predict his field-based estimates of berry production this year. In addition to being useful for the efficiency and success at collecting berries, these model predictions may be helpful in understanding late summer and fall bear behavior in the region. For 2012, the models suggest that the huckleberry production may be lower than average, while the lower elevation serviceberry production should be relatively high. This could be a recipe for more bears moving into lower elevation valleys in search of food. Rural dwellers living in bear country may want to keep an eye out for bears and perhaps keep the zucchini handy.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It was a warm night by September standards with lows at only 69-74.\nForecast has tended to follow what we normally thought rather than model data in that any storms would be isolated early this morning, then increase today rather than a lot of storms overnight & drier weather today. Heavy storms with severe weather occurred overnight-early this morning in Michigan to Ontario & far northeastern Ohio.\nSo, storms with 50% coverage (on average) are likely today, followed by any storms migrating northward out of our area this evening-tonight.\nThere is a MARGINAL RISK of severe weather area-wide today.\nMost of the storms are trending north & northwest of the area Tuesday-Wednesday with very warm to hot, humid weather here with southerly winds.\nA few showers & storms are possible Thursday as the cold front moves through.\nWhat is interesting is that the ridge in the East will hold the record cold in the Plains & eastern slope of the Rockies at bay.\nMeanwhile, record heat & extreme fire danger will occur in the Far West.\nWe will finally see the cooler air come in at the end of the week with highs in the 70s.We will warm back up again above normal for latter September.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "FORECAST : Hot temperatures and dangerous heat indices continue into Thursday.\nThe heat is on across south central Kentucky and while there is relief in sight, it's not coming for several days. Highs on Thursday will once again hit the mid 90s. When you factor in the high dew points, it will create heat index values of 100 to even 105 degrees in some locations. The intense heat looks to continue through the weekend, where a Heat Advisory remains in effect for our far western counties.\nAgain, relief is in sight! Showers and storms become increasingly likely as we move through Sunday and Monday. Behind those showers, temperatures will fall back into the upper 80s for highs and upper 60s for overnight lows. Stay with the WNKY weather team for the latest forecast information.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "What are Lenticular Clouds?\nLenticular Clouds are lens-shaped clouds, and are usually formed at a very high altitude. These clouds can be divided into three categories: altocumulus standing lenticular (ACSL), cirrocumulus standing lenticular (CCSL), and stratocumulus standing lenticular (SCSL). These clouds are usually formed perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The lens shape of the cloud is often mistaken by people as a ‘UFO’ or unidentified flying object.\nNow that we know what are lenticular clouds, let us understand how is it formed. These kinds of clouds are usually found on the peak of the mountain or mountainous regions. The winds usually blow downwards. When the temperature of these winds drop below certain level, the moisture in the air condenses and forms into a lenticular cloud above the top of the mountain. However, when the temperature rises again, these clouds transform back into air moisture, and the cloud disappears. In some cases, continuous flow of such downwards waves form many layers of lenticular clouds. These are known as wave clouds.\nThese are often mistaken as UFO because the shape bears striking resemblance to a flying saucer. Sometimes, very bright color are seen near the outer edges of such lenticular clouds.\nPilots of majority of the aircrafts avoid such clouds because of the air movement near that area and the dampness of the air. However, gliders are often attracted to these clouds as they signify the perfect location of the movement of the air mass, which is all required to glide.\nThese shapes look provide a remarkable panorama for photographers and visitors. Besides, it looks really beautiful if seen from an altitude, especially from an aircraft. One can find several wallpapers of these clouds. Photographers enjoy capturing these formations into their camera. Many people who live near cold mountain regions have now become accustomed to the changes in the shape of Lenticular clouds and thay are now able to make weather predictions based on these changes.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Synoptic and dynamical characteristics of super cyclone Amphan\nKeywords:Amphan, Super cyclone, STWJ, Surface sensible heat flux, Surface latent heat flux, Genesis, ERA5\nThis study has been undertaken to find out the synoptic and dynamical conditions those have helped in the genesis and intensification of tropical cyclone Amphan. It has been found that, under favourable conditions of high SST, high energy and weak vertical shear of horizontal wind, the 200 hPa STWJ has helped in the genesis of Amphan. The weak vertical shear, the high-temperature gradient between warmer sea surface & colder atmosphere and strong upper-level divergence has increased the heat and moisture exchange between the sea surface and the atmosphere via surface heat fluxes and vertical winds and enhanced the convection and intensified the system. Abnormally high SST (on 17th May) and combined effect of strong upper-level divergence, lower level convergence and low wind shear may be the reason behind the rapid intensification of Amphan. The interaction with 400 hPa trough has also intensified Amphan. This trough and upper-level jet have guided Amphan in its trajectory.\nHow to Cite\nCopyright (c) 2021 MAUSAM\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.\nAll articles published by MAUSAM are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This permits anyone.\nAnyone is free:\n- To Share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work\n- To Remix - to adapt the work.\nUnder the following conditions:\n- Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format\n- Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Temperatures in Winnipeg will begin to climb back towards the 30s over the coming days.\nA weakening trough of low pressure will move through Winnipeg today, bringing mild temperatures and light south winds. With partly cloudy skies, the city should see a high near 27 °C. Skies will clear for the night with a low near 16 °C.\nOn Thursday, a ridge of high pressure will lie draped across southern Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan. This will bring mainly sunny skies to Winnipeg with light southerly winds. Temperatures will be a bit warmer with a high near 29 °C, but humidity levels should still be comfortable. Thursday night should see a low near 17 °C.\nFriday will be when the hot and humid weather settles back into the region. Winnipeg will see temperatures climb to a high near 32 °C and a breezy southerly wind will draw humid conditions northwards. By the end of the day, the dewpoint is forecast to reach almost 20 °C which would make for noticeably muggy conditions.\nA cold front will push eastwards across the region on Friday evening into the night. It looks likely that it will support an area of showers and thunderstorms as it moves through.\nLong Range Outlook\nThe weekend will bring more sunshine with a return to comfortable humidity levels. Both Saturday and Sunday will see high temperatures in the upper 20s.\nToday’s seasonal daytime high in Winnipeg is 26°C while the seasonal overnight low is 13°C.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "State Climatology Office - DNR Division of Ecological and Water Resources, St. Paul\nDistributed: April 8, 2022\nWhat happened in March 2022:\n- March monthly precipitation totals were generally above normal across the south and east, and below normal in the west. The wettest areas were in the eastern Twin Cities Metro area and in Cook County. There were a couple of heavy precipitation events during the month. The first was on the 5th-6th and another on the 21st-23rd and a final event on the 29th-30th. The Twin Cities International Airport saw 2.95 inches for the month or 1.27 inches above normal. An observer in Mahtomedi in Washington County saw 3.43 inches of precipitation. One of the drier locations was in west central Minnesota with Benson only seeing .08 inch or 1.42 inches short of normal. The preliminary average statewide precipitation was 1.40 inches or .09 inches below normal.\n[see: March 2022 Precipitation Total Map | March 2022 Precipitation Departure Map | March 2022 Climate Summary Table | March 2022 Percent of Normal Precipitation Map]\n- There were three main weather systems that affected the state in March 2022. The first was a messy spring storm on March 5-6 that brought a mix of freezing rain, sleet, and thunderstorms to much of Minnesota, with a quick barrage of extremely heavy snow in some areas as a final act.\n[see: Messy Spring Storm and Unusual Snow Burst, March 5-6, 2022]\n- The second event was on March 21-23 that brought steady rains to southern and eastern Minnesota, with freezing rain, sleet and heavy snow falling over the northern and northeastern parts of the state. Areas around Mankato, Rochester, and the Twin Cities received over an inch of precipitation, with a half-inch or more falling over the southeastern 60% of the state, basically south and east of a line from Worthington, to Leech Lake, to International Falls.\n[see: Wet, Slushy, and Snowy Spring Storm, March 21-23, 2022]\n- The active month of March 2022 had one more slush storm to go. On March 29-30, most of the state had received measurable precipitation, with the most falling between Mankato and the Twin Cities area, where amounts of 0.75 to 1.25 inches were common. Snowfall was most significant in the area from near Moorhead and Pelican Rapids, through Detroit Lakes and Bemidji. Here, accumulations of 4-8 inches were widespread, with 9.9 inches reported by observers near Lake Ida and Lake Park. Although the ice accumulations were not significant or damaging, many residents awoke Wednesday to find unusual ice patterns on trees, fences, and other elevated objects.\n[see: Another wet, slushy, and icy storm, March 29-30, 2022]\n- Unlike 2020 and 2021, March 2022 finished with below normal temperatures. It was the third month in a row to finish below normal with a preliminary statewide average of 27.5 degrees or 1.2 degrees below normal. Despite the fact March finished cool there was a burst of mild temperatures with 50s, 60s and even a rouge 70 degree reading during the third week of the month. The warmest temperature found was 71 degrees at Pipestone on the 21st and the coldest temperature was -29 degrees F at both Kabetogama and Tower 2S on the 12th. [see: Minnesota Climate Trends | March climate Summary Table | 2022 March Temperature Map]\nWhere we stand now:\n- Winter overstayed its welcome in early April. The snow depth map of April 7, won’t be the last as a fairly robust snowpack hangs on in the far north and northeast\n[see: MNDNR April Snow Depth Maps | NWS Snow Depth Estimation Map | Midwest Regional Climate Center Snow Depth Map]\n- The U. S. Drought Monitor map released on April 7, 2022 depicts 52% of the state with some level of drought designation. Last year at this time, 85% of the state had some level of dryness indicator. On April 7, 2022 about 43% of the state was Abnormally Dry, and 10% of the state in Moderate Drought conditions. Ample March and early April rains (and snow) has continued the gradual improvement that began in the fall of 2021. The U.S. Drought Monitor index is a blend of science and subjectivity where drought categories (Moderate, Severe, etc.) are based on several indicators.\n[see: Drought Conditions Overview]\n- The 2022 spring flood season due to snowmelt (at least so far) was fairly on the quiet side. On April 8, most rivers in the state were in the normal range, with a few areas in the west central parts of the state in the “much above normal” range. On April 8, the Red River of the North was peaking at Wahpeton in the minor flood stage and was on the rise downstream from Fargo to Pembina.\n[see: Statewide USGS Stream Flow Conditions | Central Minnesota Rivers | Southeast Minnesota Rivers | Northwest Minnesota Rivers, including the Red River\n- Water levels on most Minnesota lakes vary depending on lake and location. The benchmark lakes were ice covered in early April so water levels are preliminary. Mille Lacs was frozen down to the water sensor, so there is no current level. A preliminary Minnetonka level was at 928.55 feet on April 8, with Grays Bay Dam closed. White Bear Lake had a preliminary level of 923.67 feet on April 8. Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods were both in the median range for early April. Lake Superior was forecasted to be at 600.95 feet on April 8, two inches lower than the long term monthly average for early April and eleven inches below the level in early April 2021. Superior is forecasted to rise over the next month.\n[see: Mille Lacs Lake Water Level | Lake Minnetonka Water Level | White Bear Lake Water Level | Lake of the Woods Control Board Basin Data | Corps of Engineers Great Lakes Water Levels]\n- In its first report of the 2022 growing season, the Agricultural Statistics Service reported that topsoil moisture across Minnesota was 4 percent Very Short, 11 percent Short, 66 percent Adequate, and 19 percent Surplus. This is wetter than the same time last year. Cool and damp conditions prevented fieldwork across the state.\n[see: Agricultural Statistics Service Crop Progress and Condition]\n- The cool and wet conditions are keeping fire danger low. The potential for wildfires is currently rated by DNR Forestry as Low across the entire state. Historically, 80 percent of all wildfires in Minnesota occur during April and May.\n[see: Fire Danger Rating Map]\n- Lake ice out began in late March, and so far is running from a few days to a week behind. An April 8, many lakes south of the Twin Cities have opened up, with the smaller lakes in the Twin Cities partially covered.\n[see: 2022 Lake Ice-Out Dates | DNR Conservation Officer Reports]\n- The April precipitation outlook indicates a greater than average chances of above-normal values across all but the far western parts of the state. Through April 8, the statewide precipitation average is showing a .34 inch surplus. Normal April precipitation ranges 1.5 inches in northwest Minnesota to around three inches in southeast counties. The historical probability of measurable precipitation for any given day in April ranges from 20 percent in the far northwest to 35 percent in the southeast.\n[see: Climate Prediction Center 30-day Outlook | April Precipitation Normal Map]\n- The April temperature outlook favors equal chances for below, normal and above normal temperatures. Through April 8 the average Minnesota temperature departure was 3.6 degrees below normal. Normal April high temperatures are in the mid to upper 40s early in the month, rising to the low 60s by month's end. Early-April normal low temperatures are near 20 in the north, near 30 in the south. By month's end, low temperatures average in the mid-30s in the north, near 40 in the south.\n[see: Climate Prediction Center 30-day Outlook | April Temperature Normal Map]\n- The 90-day precipitation outlook indicates equal chances of below, normal and above normal precipitation from April-June The April through June temperature projection favors above normal conditions over all but northwest Minnesota.\n[see: Climate Prediction Center 90-day Outlook]\nFrom the author:\nThe frost left the soil on April 6 in Maplewood, just north of St. Paul and fits the progression of spring, behind 2020 and 2021 but earlier than 2018 and 2019.\n[see: Signs of Spring: Phenology ]\nUpcoming dates of note:\n- April 21: National Weather Service releases 30/90 day temperature and precipitation outlooks\nSubscribe to email announcements of the monthly posting of this product.\nPete Boulay MNDNR Climatologist", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "11 results for '0 Degree'\nImpact of California 2020 fires on atmospheric composition\nData from multiple satellites used to investigate the atmospheric impact of the extensive 2020 California fires.\nA summer of heatwaves and drought for many\nSummer 2018 in much of Europe was characterised by prolonged heatwaves, leading to droughts in some areas.\nPolar low off the coast of northern Norway\nTwo polar lows, which appeared off the coast of Norway, could be identified using ASCAT winds and satellite imagery.\nEuropean heatwaves in summer 2019\nMaximum temperature records were broken in many parts of Europe, due to heatwaves.\nHow satellites help predict Sudden Stratospheric Warming\nMet Office experts explain how how satellite data helps them predict Sudden Stratospheric Warming.\nDrought brings water shortage to parts of Italy\nFollowing an extremely dry spring causing a drought, parts of Italy suffered from water shortages in 2017.\nMonitoring volcanoes from space\nTracking the ash plume from Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland with satellite imagery.\nHurricane Ike follows Gustav and Hanna\nThe 2008 hurricane season: Ike follows close on the heels of Gustav and Hanna.\nMedicane causes storms in Italy & Greece\nTropical storm-like cyclone causing storms, severe wind and high seas over Ionian Sea, September 2020.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Earlier in the week, a rare sub-tropical storm formed in the Southern Atlantic off the coast of Brazil. Named Arani, it never threatened land. Arani is just the third storm with tropical characteristics to develop in this region since 2004.\nToday, Arani merged with another weather system and is losing its tropical characteristics. Nevertheless, as recently as yesterday, it exhibited the deep convection characteristic of tropical systems. The NASA image above illustrates cloud tops in the eastern half of the storm extending to over 40,000 feet (14 km) . The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite captured the image and also sensed rainfall rates as high as two inches per hour associated with the storm.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "November-December 1997 STORMTRACK features the Jarrell, Tx Tornado.\nThe tornado outbreak in Texas on May 27, 1997, otherwise known as the Jarrell, Texas event, made me once again think about what we know or donít know about forecasting tornadoes. I have looked at this event several times over and I am left scratching my head. Tornado outbreak? No way. Will storm cells discretely develop southwestward along a stationary boundary? No chance. And will the tornadoes that develop move southwest too, last a fairly long time, and be up to wedge status? Donít make me laugh. Once again, mom nature taught me a lesson.\nSome may say, \"Well at least you chased that day\". True, but I wasnít really serious about it. Low level wind fields were weak and any storm that moved east or northeast would have very low storm relative helicities. With all the instability around I figured lots of storms would develop. The slow moving front passed Dallas that morning and I headed southeast around 11am to keep ahead of it. A line of towering cumulus became visible as I headed southeast of downtown. I stopped and set up my satellite dish and watched The Weather Channel. The first tornado watch box was issued for northeast Texas. The box was placed south and parallel to a pseudo-warm front and extended from Dallas to near Shreveport. I was in the western part of this box in what seemed like the perfect place. At 12:30pm, the radar on The Weather Channel only showed two isolated storms developing near Longview, Texas. These \"diversion\" storms held my interest for awhile and I continued to monitor them with the false assumption that anything which developed further southwest (i.e. near Waco) would head my way! Hearing that a tornadic storm somehow popped up between Waco and Temple, I headed west only to find Interstate 20 closed due to a major traffic accident. All traffic was at a standstill for about one hour. By the time I got back to Dallas and headed south on I-35, the storm was passed Belton heading southwestward for Jarrell. It wasnít long before I heard that I-35 was closed at Salado because a highly visible tornado just off the interstate. Need I say I missed the show.\nI have studied tornado outbreak days for more than twenty years. I have seen many \"traditional\" tornado days with the classic (textbook type) Colorado low and dryline. There also have been many \"unique\" tornado days (i.e. Plainfield, IL, Jarrell, TX). Over the years, I find myself becoming less confident in my forecasts. This is because more and more \"unique\" tornado situations are being added to my data base each year. Soon, I will have more \"unique\" events than \"traditional\" events. The end result seems to be chaos!! Given this scenario, I see two possibilities for chasing: 1) chase everything on any risk day (which I canít possibly do) or 2) try to pick and choose the best chase days knowing that Iíll miss them most of the time. The moral of this story is clear: Donít give up your day job!\nII. CHASER NEWS\nThe Iowa National Weather Association Severe Storms and Doppler Radar Conference will be held 3-5 April 1998 at the Holiday Inn Des Moines Airport (where it was last year) in Des Moines, IA. More than 200 are expected to attend second annual gathering! Reserve your room at the Holiday Inn for the special rate of $65 by calling 1-800-248-4013. The subject will be tornadoes, tornadoes, tornadoes. The conference will include a storm chasers video-fest (show and tell session). Additional conference details posted at: http://www.ecity.net/~iowanwa/ Registration before January 1 is $75.00, $50 for students, and $250 for vendors (includes 10 minute presentation). Registration should be mailed to: Central Iowa NWA, Box 7512, Urbandale, IA 50322. John McLaughlin. his email: email@example.com\nThe 16th Conference on Weather Forecasting and Analysis will be held January 12-16 at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix, Arizona. Registration for this conference ranges from $120 to $315 depending on the time of registration and whether you are a member of the American Meteorological Society. Sessions on severe weather forecasting will be held on Thursday, January 15th. For more information, contact the AMS at 45 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02108, phone: 617-227-2426.\nDavid Dowell and Howie \"Cb\" Bluestein have published a paper entitled: \"The Arcadia, Oklahoma Storm of May 17, 1981: Analysis of a Supercell during Tornadogenesis\" in the October 1997 issue of Monthly Weather Review.\nIII. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR\nMarty Feely sent in excerpts of an article by Chris Olson from the Omaha World-Herald dated October 2, 1997: \"\"Paris has the Eiffel Tower. St. Louis has its Gateway Arch. Seattle has the Space Needle. Now, Robert Hogenmiller Jr., an Omaha commercial artist, proposes a 610-foot-high stainless-steel landmark for Omaha: Vortex, the Tornado Tower. The tower, at an estimated cost of $35 million, would include a restaurant, a tornado museum, a virtual-reality theater depicting a tornado, an education-conference center on tornado safety, an amusement ride to the top and observation decks with 25-mile views. At night, lasers would give the tower the illusion of spinning counter-clockwise like a tornado, said Hogenmiller, who doesn't yet have financial backing for his idea..... ' We certainly wouldn't want people to think Omaha is glorifying a tornado,' said T.J.Knight, president of Downtown Omaha, 'But once you get beyond that, the tower would be a wonderful educational and entertainment facility. í \" Wow, should we take up a collection?\nAndy Kula submitted a news report from the Des Moines, IA Register: \"A flying cow and a Doppler Radar tower are among the features to be unveiled on September 14th at a dedication ceremony for Eldora, Iowaís latest recreational area: TWISTER PARK. The 12,000 square foot area will be home to the usual jungle gyms and swings, along with unique playground equipment including a \"Dorothy\" and a flying truck. The parkís wooden structures will have the appearance of a ravaged community. The park has been financed solely through community donations. Cost: $70,000.\"\nAntonio Caridade sent in a newspaper article about a tornado in Japan from the Asahi Evening News: \"Twisters and storms hit the Kyushu region on Tuesday, October 14th, killing one person in Nagasaki Prefecture and seriously injuring two students in Fukuoka Prefecture. Hailstorms raged in Izuka, Fukuoka Prefecture, and over Saga. Meteorological officials said the unstable weather was caused by a cold front moving south. Officials said the twister began gathering force around 1:40pm on the sea about 500 meters from the town of Gonoura, Nagasaki Prefecture. The twister had grown to 400 meters in height by the time it arrived in the neighboring town of Iki. It turned over five boats and blew off the roofs of ten homes.\"\nColin McIntyre send in a newspaper article about a tornado in Alberta, Canada: \"A twister over Missawawi Lake near Lac La Biche caused $250,000 in damage, but no injuries, when it hit cottages and trailers on June 8th. (Lac La Biche is about 100 miles northeast of Edmonton, about 54.5 degrees north latitude). The tornado was on the ground for 40 seconds, but wasnít detected by radar.\"\nIV. DISCUSSIONS ON THE INTERNET ABOUT JARRELL, TEXAS\nRich Thompson (firstname.lastname@example.org) writes: \"Jarrell's been discussed quite a bit in the past few months, but not many people have tried to explain why that storm managed to produce multiple, significant tornadoes in that environment. Here's what I've noticed about this event:\n1) Vertical shear - 12z soundings from FWD (Fort Worth) and DRT (Del Rio), as well as area vertical wind profiles did not suggest a supercell shear profile (weak Bulk Richardson Number Shear, weak storm relative helicity). The local vertical wind profiles looked pretty sad even near the time of the event...though the profile probably varied more in close to the storms.\n2) Temperature/moisture profile - exceptional CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) in the 12z soundings (near 5000 J/kg unmodified), with a classic \"loaded gun\" profile. Boundary layer dewpoints ranged from 74-78 degrees Fahrenheit.\n3) Mesoscale boundaries - A north-northeast/south-southwest oriented surface boundary (weak quasi-stationary front?) across central Texas. This boundary was well-defined in surface observations and visible satellite imagery as a narrow line of cumulus. Visible imagery also suggested a gravity wave (from collapsing storms over Arkansas/Mississippi originated in Oklahoma the night before) propagating southwestward and \"intersecting\" the surface boundary near where the Jarrell storm complex initiated.\n4) Event evolution - It's my best guess that the Jarrell storm(s) did not originate as supercells, certainly not in the classic sense. Perhaps the enhanced baroclinic (horizontal) and vertical vorticity (cyclonic horizontal shear) along the surface boundary provided a source for storm scale rotation through tilting/stretching. Once rotation was established (from the bottom upward to the mid-levels), then supercell processes may have become relevant. The observed CELL motion was very slow to the south (not to be confused with mesoscale convective system motion which was south-southwest at 20-25 knots), so storm-relative flow through the troposphere would have been optimized.\nPerhaps the real importance of the storm-relative winds was to keep the new updrafts removed from developing rain cores such that the storm was not undercut by outflow prematurely from the north or northeast. I still don't think you can apply a classic conceptual model to this case, because storm motion didn't result from continuous propagation as with most long-lived, violent-hose-producing supercells (i.e., it was not just a single storm). It seems to me that any pressure perturbation effects would have helped the storm move more south-southeast (off the boundary), while the gravity wave phase speed seemed to agree well with storm motion and may have played an important role in keeping the storms on the surface boundary.\nFrom eyewitness accounts, pictures and video, it is not clear that the storm or individual tornadoes displayed supercell characteristics PRIOR to tornadogenesis (e.g., lowered, rotating wall cloud, clear slot, etc.). The tornadoes had some \"landspout\" characteristics and appeared to originate from flat updraft bases with no apparent RFD (rear flank downdraft) or precipitation nearby. Since I'm not aware of any 7000 CAPE Denver Cyclone cases, who's to say that these tornadoes weren't largely non-supercellular given the outrageous contribution from vertical stretching? I suppose it's possible that there were some mixed supercell/non-supercell processes going on, which might explain the bizarre evolution of the Jarrell tornado from what looked like a stationary, strong (maybe) landspout to a suddenly south moving multi-vortex tornado more characteristic of high-end supercells. I hope this storm doesn't become another \"Plainfield\" where everyone and his dog tries to force this event neatly into the same part of the spectrum as, say, the Red Rock/Andover supercells (the Plainfield event brought about an endless search for large storm relative helicity values, since storm relative helicity was thought to be the main player by many people at the time).\"\nErik Rasmussen (email@example.com) says: \"I had the privilege two weeks ago to give a talk at a conference of National Weather Service forecasters in Dodge City, Kansas, and to COMAP in Boulder. Here are some of the ideas from that talk and other recent discussions regarding what is and is not a supercell and a supercell tornado. First, let me say this: we need to start thinking in terms of the physical processes, and move away from semantics. I think this is true in all areas of severe storms... from spotting and chasing to research. For the sake of discussion, let's define two types of tornadoes: 1. Landspout... the rotation is supplied by concentration (convergence/stretching) of pre-existing vertical vorticity ONLY, and 2. Non-landspout... the rotation is supplied through tilting or downward transport of vorticity, implying nearby-downdrafts are fundamentally important. The landspout tornado requires an updraft to move over a pre-existing meso-circulation in the boundary layer. Not much is required of this updraft except that it be strong enough, and persist long enough, to do the convergence/stretching thing.\nThe non-landspout tornado requires a bit more. It requires pre-existing rotation aloft, at SOME scale larger than a tornado (as Gene Moore pointed out... this spans a big range of observed circulationís in real storms). It does NOT require the rotation to be pre-existing for a certain period of time; rather, at some moment it exists and is available to be moved to the boundary layer via tilting or downward advection. Further, it requires a downdraft near the initial circulation to do the tilting and/or downward transport. It requires an updraft that is strong enough, and persistent enough, to then concentrate the vorticity that has been brought to the lowest levels into a tornado, and maintain that tornado for a certain period of time. In general, I think it's becoming apparent that this process requires that the updraft not be a single pulse that then gets loaded with precip and collapses; i.e., a certain amount of storm-relative upper flow (a.k.a. deep shear) is required.\nDoes the non-landspout require a mid-level meso? No. Does it require persistent rotation for 45 minutes? 30 minutes? 20 minutes? No. It requires a source of vorticity to initiate a larger-than-tornado circulation in the lowest few kilometers; a downdraft; and an updraft associated with the circulation that can persist long enough to form and maintain the tornado. All of the foregoing is laced with my opinions, but they are informed opinions (in my opinion !), and are the subject of several investigations and articles. To me, growing understanding of the non-landspout tornado (a.k.a. supercell tornado) may require us to change our notions of what supercells are, or at least their importance to tornado formation. Further, I think that we almost certainly will need to change our operational, chase, and spotter perceptions of what is and isn't important in the tornado formation process. Essentially, any strong low-level rotation in an environment locally supportive of supercells should be viewed as potentially tornadic. On the other hand, in my opinion (!), the presence of a persistent or even long-lived mid-level mesocyclone is not of much significance to the tornado formation problem. My point in the earlier Jarrell post was that, owing to enough storm-relative UT flow in that storm, the precip and updraft were segregated, and the precipitation fell down shear, leading to a forward-flank boundary and an environment locally supportive of a tornadic supercell. This is largely speculation on my part. Many of you have looked at a lot more data. So please prove me wrong.\nRich Thompson responds: \"This entire Jarrell discussion focuses on the MECHANISM behind the Jarrell tornadic storm, and how it may have varied from the \"classic\" violent tornado producing supercell. That's not to say that Jarrell wasn't a supercell, but if the definition gets so large as to be inclusive of almost all storms that rotate (and looking at radar data nationwide MANY do rotate!), then it's of little use. From the perspective of a national forecaster, do I have to assume that a tornadic storm is possible in virtually every combination of shear and instability except for zero? The mechanisms Erik is describing seem to apply most in the run of the mill storm days where something is clearly less than ideal, thus some sort of local augmentation is necessary for tornadoes. However, by nature, these events tend to be VERY localized and affect a relatively small area. Sure, if the Jarrell storm hits a town it's devastating, but what the heck would have happened if the Kellerville/Allison storm had moved over populated areas? It seems to me that a long-lived mid-level meso gives you MORE opportunities for tornadoes, all else being equal. Also, can't the longevity of the mid-level rotation correspond to the longevity of a tornado in some cases? We know there are many environments where long-lived rotating storms fail to produce tornadoes, but many of the most important cases of violent tornado outbreaks DO consist of storms with long-lived mid-level rotation. If you're going to make the claim that mid-level mesocyclones are not terribly relevant, then I would at least like to see some evidence showing that storms with long-lived mid-level mesocyclones are in some way LESS LIKELY to produce tornadoes than other storms encountering similar local environments. Do you really believe that a long-lived supercell (even non-tornadic) that encounters an outflow boundary (just an example) is less likely to produce a significant tornado than a non-supercell storm that encounters the same conditions?\nBy the way, I've seen a summary version of the article, and the claim is that the extreme damage was a function of the open exposure and time each dwelling experienced the strongest winds. For a time period of 90-150 seconds, the engineers from Tech estimated the damage would result from winds at or below 200 mph. This estimated wind corresponds to F3. I think they may be right, and this just may be a case where Fujita's wind estimates don't account for enough factors to be practically useful.\"\nErik Rassmussen (firstname.lastname@example.org) responds to Rich Thompsons post: \"Once again, our intense focus and debate on the definition of a supercell may be somewhat unproductive. I don't have to issue watches and warnings for a living (fortunately for the public!), but I think it's still fair to say that if it rotates, it's worth some special attention. I.e., if it's a supercell by the definition of \"updraft well-correlated with rotation\", then it's probably a storm capable of producing some severe weather. I think the tornado production issue is perhaps a somewhat separate issue. I'm having a heck of a time disproving the hypothesis that local augmentation is almost always necessary. I now look back over a couple of decades of chasing and wonder if most/all of those successful chases were the result of local augmentation, and those zillions of crappie chases (on \"supercell days\") were the result of lack of augmentation. Am I crazy? Don't answer that!\nOn the brighter side, my climatology work (in agreement with a lot of good work in the past such as Jon Davies') has also shown that significant tornadoes are generally associated with a threshold combination of shear (e.g. SRH) and CAPE, so NO... as a national forecaster, I would think that not much has changed. It's just that if there's a gob'o'CAPE, and there's enough storm-relative upper flow to remove the precip from the updraft, and there's a boundary hanging around or the storm can generate one itself, then a non-landspout tornado is possible. Here, I would have to reiterate my earlier rant about a need to shift focus to the physical process of tornadogenesis, once we begin to understand it, instead of the ingredients for supercells in general. These two things are obviously not mutually exclusive, but maybe not as intimately tied as we once thought (remember when we were all told that > 50% of mesocyclones produce tornadoes?).\nI can argue the following: if there are mid-level mesocyclones, this is evidence that the environment is providing some certain threshold level of CAPE and shear (or whatever the relevant parameters are). This means that it is probably that much easier to get the local augmentation. For instance, a boundary could double the SRH locally. Or, deep shear is strong enough that storm-generated forward-flank boundaries could be effective at getting low-level rotation going. With confidence I can point you to a number of cases of NON-LANDSPOUT tornadoes in which the rotation first intensified near the ground, and then built quickly upward through the storm, followed in short order by a tornado. In these cases, I think the mid-level meso was of little significance, being a consequence of low-level processes, not the cause.\nGene Moore (email@example.com) says: \"I remember one of the most important discoveries that came out of early tornado research was the \"mid-level mesocyclone\". The fact that this circulation we were watching not only extended 25,000 feet into the storm, but it started there. What a revelation that was! Today, I fear the (radar) detection of mid-level rotation is commonly thought of as the \"beginning of a tornado\". When a radar operator sees mid-level rotation on the monitor, supercell comes to mind....does it not? In reality that mid-level mesocyclone may not be that uncommon for thunderstorms moving in a good current of (mid to upper level) westerlies. An artifact of covering the country with Doppler radarís. We now see what was always there. Mid-level rotation alone, does not make a supercell. Quite a few (isolated) thunderstorms that come off the front range contain rotation. It's probably why outflow boundaries are so important in the high country. It triggers this garden variety (high based) storm to reach below the boundary layer inversion and become a \"real supercell\". Without the connection to the low level inflow/circulation that cell is nothing more than another \"thundershower\" (its a good thing Chuck's not on this thread). Can we have a thunderstorm with a mid-level mesocyclone and not call it a supercell? That might be progress.\nIím still a fanatic on the subject of boundaries, but since the early days I have made extreme changes to my chase methods. With the exception of my old 200/300 mb rules my whole approach is different. I try to determine where the initial base of the storm will be and make my forecast for that level....that becomes my surface. I ignore what's below that. So I negate all shallow boundaries the cloud base can't \"see\". It also throws out shallow warm fronts. My favorite boundary remains the downstream outflow boundary from anvil precip. This year I had the joy of watching a cumulas-calvas (A large TCU with a small anvil, but no precip) that moved north and made contact with the forward flank downdraft of an existing cell. In fact it may be further downstream than that...I'm not sure how far the accepted FFD extends. Since that boundary is so beautifully vertical through such a tall column it really works well with an approaching updraft (from another source). Another feature that makes this boundary the best (in my estimation) is that it's hard for it to \"pulse\" like the outflow from the main convective elements of the storm. I'm talking about pulsing in both wind velocity & temperature. Since it's from the anvil the flow is smoother, more consistent. When the updraft hits that vertical wall of deep down motion a strong mesocyclone winds-up fast. Since this downdraft is not tilted with height like the storm that it originated from the mid-levels of the new updraft are forced to tilt alongside the boundary instead of over it. Sometimes this tilt increases the S-R of the new updraft. This particular case netted a couple of tornadoes.\nEd Calianese (firstname.lastname@example.org) writes: \"I'm happy to see the continued discussion of the Jarrell event - fairly extensive discussion has been occurring intermittently here in North Texas concerning this event, as it struck \"close to home\". As Lon Curtis mentioned, the storm developed in the WSFO FTW county warning area (CWA), produced several strong tornadoes with significant damage in our CWA, and later devastated several areas south of our CWA. The event stirs up interest due to its occurrence in a non-classic violent tornado setup (marginally sheared environment). While composing Storm Data for our CWA, I had the opportunity to go through the Archive IV 88D data from KGRK (Granger) several times, and discuss the event extensively with one of the individuals who saw the storm first-hand, Lon, in an effort to logically put the event together. Alan Moller and Mike Foster were also involved in some of these discussions. It was concluded that indeed most of the tornadoes that occurred were associated with a supercell thunderstorm. One tornado (a likely landspout) did developed in northern Bell County in association with a small non-rotating storm (per radar data) that formed about five miles south of the supercell. This storm was quickly \"eaten up\" by the larger complex.\nThough I agree with much of what has been stated previously regarding this \"non-classic\" event (theoretically speaking it was non-classic), I must interject the fact that the radar data was more classic than has been suggested. The storm initially formed south of KACT (Waco) and was not indicating rotation from the onset. Our first severe thunderstorm warning went out quickly after the storm developed when it still appeared to be non-severe. In fact, it had obtained a VIL (vertically integrated liquid) of only about 25 by that time (our warning forecaster warned due to his anticipation of rapid severe weather development due to the ungodly amount of instability present). Within 30 minutes, radar indicated storm-scale rotation and the first tornado warning was issued (Lon was viewing a tornado at about this time). The storm proceeded to strongly indicate supercellular characteristics on radar (very tight reflectivity gradient on the southwest flank, deep storm-scale rotation, and what I like to call a screaming eagle reflectivity appearance. I have yet to see a non-rotating storm exhibit this latter characteristic. In addition, both reflectivity and velocity data indicated the presence of a rear flank downdraft. Lastly, many of the radar indicated tornado signatures were embedded in a weaker and broader circulation. This was especially true of the actual Jarrell circulation that was embedded in a several nautical mile diameter mesocyclone and had at least 50 kt gate-to-gate shears (from KGRK) for three volume scans before Jarrell was hit (the tornado associated with this signature touched down several miles north of Jarrell).\"\nAlan Moller says: \"I see no reason to redefine \"supercells\" at the present time. It is extremely important that operational forecasters identify mid-level mesocyclonic storms (vertical vorticity of at least 10-2 sec-1 through at least 1/3 of the storm's depth, lasting for tens of minutes) as supercells - tornadoes are not the only threat from these beasts! We at Fort Worth began in 1997 to explain to advanced spotters that the \"cascade paradigm\" is not the only route (not even the most common route) for tornadogenesis, and that \"spotting\" low-level conditions under storms is of the utmost importance - especially at distances from the radar. Further, when issuing warnings I want to hear from the most knowledgeable spotters (i.e., chaser-spotters) as far as detecting low-level circulationís outside of radar range. Good chasers are the people who will understand what they are seeing. Dadgum, chasers CAN also be spotters! Lon Curtis proved that at Jarrell. Good spotters always help, but some of this stuff is rough to handle unless one has seen many storms...\nI support Ed Calienese's view (with some caution pending another look at the data), that Jarrell was a supercell. Mid-level mesocyclones/echo overhang were common, and several times small BWERs (bounded weak echo regions) were identifiable. Tornadoes generally were preceded by very strong low-level convergence along the gust front, occasionally with a low-level meso, and followed by a TVS (tornadic vortex signature) with the tornadoes. \"Landspout- like\" stretching likely figured into tornadogenesis, but the tubes would not have been so nasty without the parent supercells contributions (whatever THAT is). Granted, the \"propagation\" was a mixture of continuos/intermittent development, but (I think I recall) so were Browning's 1964 storms. Different supercells in '64 fired from individual flanking line towers associated with the first storm - with each succeeding supercell producing tornadoes. I don't have the Jarrell data at the present time, but I think someone calculated SRH's (storm relative helicities) of 100-200 m2/s2. I must admit that I would have been thinking primarily of wind/hail-filled HP storms, but knowledge of Plainfield and presence of the May 27th boundary should have keyed any forecaster with his/her salt into considering the tornado threat.\nHow many great dry line tornadic storms have we seen - away from areas of favored terrain? I'm also with Gene Moore here. If severe storms go up on boundaries ahead of the dry line, they often have better tornado potential. More examples - the 1980 Grand Island storm (thermal gradient area northeast of a sub-synoptic surface low, which was well ahead of the dry line.) The 6-13-76 Jordan Iowa event - (warm front ahead of dry line), etc. Chasers who opted for dry line were slashed by both events. When to be on the dry line?... Big dynamics, dry line bulge, pressures falling rapidly, strongly backed winds, etc.\nOn the subject of gravity waves, yes, I guess that they can initiate storms. Operationally, however, I have seen morning gravity waves, propagating through the inversion, ruin environments favorable for severe storms far more often than otherwise. These \"packets\" of gravity waves often veer low-level winds and decrease moisture convergence along boundaries. Further, how can we ever be sure that a gravity wave was necessary for storm initiation? (Granted, evidence seems pretty strong in the 5/10/85 case).\"\nGene Rhoden (email@example.com) presents some of his ideas: \"After reviewing the incredible sequence of photos taken by Lon, I must say that this event is a little more \"classic\" than what I had previously thought. Several of his photos show a tornado prior to the Prairie Dell event with what I would consider as a classic RFD (rear flank downdraft) occluding off the updraft (no doubt in my mind), even though the vortex has a cylindrical double/triple end-wall landspout \"looking\" structure. Lon's latter photos of the Prairie Dell rope show the base of the vortex holding almost stationary while the \"top\" seems to be pulled into a newly developed updraft core.\nThe vortex then appears to be stretched until it segments and the new updraft reorganizes the circulation rapidly just north-northeast of the subdivision. This looks like a type of \"hand the baton off\" possibly not completely unlike what happened with the Wichita/Andover tornado between Haysville and the Hydraulic area of town. Its simply amazing to see how the Prairie Dell \"Tight Rope\" transitioned into a maxi vortex just as it struck the subdivision (as if that was its only purpose) then rope out just south of the addition. The storm base at the time of the transition showed a rather large bowl lowering or \"pregnant appearance\" typical of rather large tornadic mesos with latter shots showing evidence of large scale RFD wrapping around the circulation as the tornado reached maximum size. I must also agree with Edís' post regarding the radar showing mesocyclonic signatures just prior to the first reported tornadoes with the storm taking on a classic \"flying eagle\" appearance. There are no storms that I know of that have had that appearance and were not classified as \"supercells\".\nI have also just reviewed the damage photos that Tim Marshall shot of the event. I must say that I was IMPRESSED! It is quite likely that with the relatively slow translation coupled with the immediate widening of the vortex over the subdivision, that extreme winds could have lasted for a couple of minutes over any one point which is evidenced by some slabs with peripheral anchor-bolts showing much caked mud on them as well as a concrete stair set in front of a former pier-and-beam house looking more like a ramp due to the amount of caked on tornado \"adobe\" mixture of hay and mud. While the time the tornado had over any given structure may have been longer than \"average\" which would have contributed to the reason why the houses were so well cleaned away, I still am quite confident that the winds in this tornado were on the order of 250 mph. I do not feel that an F-3 rating for this storm holds much merit given comparison with other storm damage surveys that I have done.\nBack to the Jarrell vortex, since nature works in a continuum of storm \"types\" without solid boundaries between our devised LP/CL/HP categories, why wouldnít there be a continuum of vortex types and for that matter of vortex development processes and combinations thereof i.e. vortex hybrids? Does all \"supercell\" tornadogenesis have to occur in the same fashion (whatever that may be) to be considered non-landspout or supercellular? Two events, the Ash Valley KS event, the first several of which most invariably were landspouts, with the \"big one\" being a \"I'm not so sure\" and the Lazbuddie II event two years ago captured in great detail photographically by NWS personnel from upstate NY show side by side transition between typical landspout processes and classic mesocyclonic processes within a short amount of time and space. These aforementioned cases and possibly others would be good initial candidates for trying speculations about vortex \"hybrids\" (if they exist).\nLon Curtis responds to Gene Rhodensí post. \"What a truly fascinating series of posts you guys are making! I've tried to stay \"on the sidelines\" in the debate over whether the Jarrell tornado produced F5 or F4 or F3 damage ... I think the ultimate resolution of the wind speed issue lies in photogrammetry, but I don't know that anyone is doing that work. With respect to the supercell or not debate, I confess that have assumed the storm was a variation between Classic and HP. After about 1800Z, I was not in a position to see the storm from a distance, I was under the updraft (except for the 1840-1900Z period when I had to cross the precip core to get back ahead of the storm). The rain-free base was huge by the time the storm was south of Belton. The separation between the RFB and precip was on the order of 3-5 miles for most of the period from 1930Z to 2045Z, except that both the Morgans Point-Lake Belton tornado and the Jarrell tornado became rain-wrapped toward the end of their cycles. One of my photos (from 0.4 miles south of the town of Jarrell, looking back north at 2032Z) shows classic supercell features (large, bowl-shaped wall cloud lowering and tail cloud extending from the precip core back toward the RFB/wall cloud), as mentioned by Gene R. I suspect that the demise of the Jarrell tornado was hastened by a fairly strong cell which developed just north and northeast of Georgetown (~12 miles S of Jarrell) as the Jarrell tornado evolved. I think this cell, which was producing +RN and hail by 2045Z, disrupted the juicy air SE of the Jarrell storm and helped cause its early demise. I think we also need to remember that the Jarrell tornado was at least the seventh tornado produced by this system, and it didn't stop producing tornadoes at Jarrell. The Cedar Park tornado was (fortunately) not as intense as either the Jarrell or the Morgans Point-Lake Belton ones, but the Lake Travis tornado was (last time I checked) credited with F4 damage.\nWilliamson County Tornadoes on May 27, 1997 by Craig A. Green, N5WEH\nThe 27th of May was to be my last day to work before my scheduled vacation which will complete the week. I had to supervise one of my stations to be installed in Austin and was halfway expecting some chance of severe weather after the Red River storms of Monday the 26th. I was surprised to find that the SPC (Storm Prediction Center) had issued a moderate risk for severe weather for central Texas and as Pamela and I packed for the Austin trip, we included our chase gear. The surface dewpoints were in the 70s with lifted indices in the -9 to -12 range for central Texas. With backing 30 to 40 knot mid-level winds from the west, sufficient shear was present for supercell development. The forcing mechanism would most likely be the weak cold front which was moving south toward the region. Additionally, the presence of weak upper troughs moving over the area would add upper air support to an already very dangerous situation!\nPamela and I drove to Austin early in the morning and kept the weather on the back burner. After lunch, the SPC issued a watch box for central Texas which included Williamson county at the extreme western end. At about 1400 local time, I logged in for some weather data on the Internet and found that some storms were beginning to fire north and NE of Austin. Having completed my mission, we started north, thinking that we could monitor NOAA radio and amateur frequencies for guidance. A quick stop at my usual place in Austin, and a quick peek at TWC (The Weather Channel) yielded two storms. One was due north of us in Bell county and the other one was in east Texas. There seemed to be no particular concern for the Bell county storm at about 1500 when we watched TWC, so I decided to head north and decide later, which is often the case.\nAs we drove North on I-35, we began to hear reports of a tornado in Bell county on the 145.15 machine and decided on the north storm. As we passed the Georgetown exits, Many Texas Department of Safety marked units (Black and Whites) passed us at over 90 MPH. We could see a dark lowering to the north over I 35 about five or six miles away and as we reached the 269 mile marker at 1535, traffic stopped on the Interstate due to DPS roadblocks. Pamela began videotaping the Jarrell tornado which was now visible about five miles up the road. Not wanting to get trapped on I-35 with what was apparently a large wedge tornado headed south towards us, I drove through the grass on the right side of the roadway to get on the northbound access road. We had escape routes to the east and south, so we drove up to a DPS road block at a crossover near the 270 mile marker. I was just about to explain our spotting/chasing posture to the officer when, directly across the highway, in a plowed field next to the southbound service road, large dust whirls began lifting and swirling off the ground at 1540. About 200 yards away a tornado was spinning up on the west side of I 35! The DPS officer glanced at he weak tornado, uttered an expletive as he entered his vehicle, and sped away southbound from his post. This of course eliminated the problem of explaining our actions, but presented another more immediate issue requiring resolution.\nWe continued up the northbound access road taping the dust tube tornado with a second eye on the big wedge bearing down on us. About 100 yards up the access road a county road slanted off to the ENE and we drove down about 1/4 of a mile out of harms way. We jumped out of the chase truck at 1542 and began our documentation of events. The dust tube was still grinding away to our WSW and I nervously glanced north. No sign of the wedge because a rain area was in the way. Back to our NE was the big rain core with what was most likely gorilla hail. We continued taping and clicking away until Pamela said Its Time To Move CRAIG!. We jumped back into the truck and sped to a 90 degree turn to the south-southeast and after about 1/2 a mile we stopped. Above us, back to the west was the parent cloud of the dust tube which had now narrowed to a skinny rope with a condensation funnel curving away 45 degree from the cloud base, extending halfway to the ground. Debris could still be seen moving on the ground below the tip of the funnel. Looking back to the SW, a new mesocyclone was forming with a growing, rotating lowering. Looking toward the NW, an immense RFD notch was visible which now extended almost to the new lowering.\nAs we continued taping, with the rain and hail bearing down on us, a large cylindrical tornado became visible from behind the rain area at the right edge of the RFD notch. The radial motion of the dying Jerrall wedge was astounding; somewhat like a white barber pole sped up ten times. The cylinder bent into an elephant trunk and as we continued our observations, a speeding utility vehicle with flashing grille lights was approaching from the NW. The emerging public servant advised us that golf ball size hail was approaching. Pamela perceived his arrival as a portent to move, so we headed down the road to a right turn back to the northbound access road of I 35. We tried to hide under a bridge crossing at mile marker 269 but the DPS officer offered to lodge me at the county caboose if I entered the on ramp. We settled for the crowded underpass at the 268 marker and found fortune with a spot on the wrong side of the road. After a ten minute stay of heavy golf balls, we were evicted by a deputy into 1/2 inch soft hail. Not wanting to join the circus in Austin with the Cedar Park tornado which we heard on the 146.94 Travis County ARES net, we departed North at about 1615.\nCENTRAL TEXAS TORNADOES: MAY 27, 1997 by Lon Curtis\nI started the day around 6:30 am with the usual review of model output from 00Z the night before, early morning forecast discussions from Texas offices, and the morning severe weather outlook. The SPC (storms prediction center) had issued a moderate risk for portions of eastern Texas, southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana, but the western edge of the moderate risk extended west into central Texas near Austin and Waco. The forecast soundings for the afternoon looked very unstable and when I ran the 09Z RUC output valid at 21Z through PC-GRIDDS, the results looked promising for deep, intense convection, but forecast winds, both surface and aloft, looked pretty weak. Instability was forecast to be extreme, with CAPES (convective available potential energies) of 4000+ j/kg and LIs (lifted indices) of -10C in central Texas by forecast time.\nMy 11Z hand-analysis of surface data placed a weak surface low on a dying cold front right at Dallas, with a trough extending southwest to near Del Rio. An outflow boundary from overnight convection in eastern Oklahoma and northeastern Texas had pushed across east Texas and was draped from Fort Polk to Conroe to College Station to the low near Dallas. Ahead of the front, surface winds were light southeasterly except in areas impacted by the outflow boundary. North of the front, winds were northerly with some evidence of a secondary front across central Oklahoma. The most striking feature on the map was an area with dewpoint temperatures 75 degrees F or better which was to the right of a Del Rio-Junction-Waco-Palacios line.\nI put on my work clothes (suit, dress shirt, tie, etc.) and went to the office. During the morning, I watched the situation evolve via internet sites. The first significant data to arrive was the 12Z soundings, which I obtained from RAP-UCAR. Del Rio was showing CAPE near 4700 j/kg and LI=-12 C (at 7am CDT!!!) while Fort Worth was CAPE near 3000 j/kg and LI almost -10 C. (I didn't look at Corpus Christi but have been told it was almost 8000 j/kg). Such extreme instability before daytime heating took effect foretold incredible instability for the afternoon hours. The 15Z SPC update of the SWO (severe weather outlook) continued a moderate risk of severe storms for portions of central Texas eastward, but noted that the relatively weak wind fields would mean that the primary threat was hail and damaging winds, with only a chance for an isolated tornado. Experience and many hours of reading research papers from AMS conference preprints told me to watch for evidence of storm deviating in the extreme from the hodograph, which suggested storm motions of ~300 degrees at 12 knots.\nMy 15Z hand-analysis placed the surface low nearer to Waco than Dallas, suggesting that it had drifted southwestward. The outflow boundary to the east was still visible on satellite imagery, as was the trough-cold front to the west. The cooler air east of the outflow boundary appeared to protrude westward to near Corsicana, northeast of Waco, creating something resembling a triple-point at Waco. I left at 11:30am for lunch so I could drop-off film shot in south central Oklahoma Sunday for processing (two tornadoes near Duncan Sunday afternoon), telling the secretary I'd be back by 1:00pm. Lunch was from Chick-Fil-A in Temple and a large cumulus tower to the north grabbed my attention and sent me home for a quick look at data. I ate the sandwich as I drove.\nThe ~12:40 SRM products off of KGRK and KFWS (thanks, Freese-Notis!) both indicated strong shear suggestive of a developing mesocylcone in the storm I'd seen visually, now located in southern McLennan County. A quick look at a local television radar showed the storm was developing a reflectivity pendant on the WNW side. I put the SRMs and the pendant each together and went to put on my jeans and then headed for McLennan County. The chase was \"on\"! Come on along! (All times are CDT.)\nAbout 1:00pm I left my house in far western Temple and traveled north on SH317 to Moody. I called the office to report I'd be a little late getting back. A severe thunderstorm watch was issued for the McLennan Co. storm at 12:50pm (\"rapidly developing thunderstorm near Woodway\"). Passing Moody, I heard the DPS dispatcher at Waco asking a trooper to check the \"back side\" of that cell near Woodway. I took FM2113, which took me right into the rear of the storm. The sky darkened. FM2113 passed through farm and ranch land broken by several small streams, and about 5 miles northeast of Moody, I came up out of a valley and around a curve and there, a mile or two in front of me, was tornado #1. After several photographs and a chance to observe the very slow motion of the storm, I crept up toward it. Additional photos are shot from ~1/2 mile away. The tornado was undercut by outflow and died. I went down Mackey Ranch Rd to see if help was needed; a mobile home was blown-away but no one was hurt. This tornado moved from ENE to WSW over a distance I would estimate to be a couple of miles. Path width was probably 75 yards or less. Reports were made to NWSFO/FTW when the tornado was spotted and when it dissipated.\nAt this point, I made one of only two mistakes in the afternoon chase which is about to evolve. Hearing a tornado warning being issued for Falls County, southeast of my location, I continued on to Hewitt and then south on IH35 toward Eddy and Falls Co. In the process, I almost missed seeing tornado #2. Approaching Eddy, it was obvious that to get back south of the storm, I'd have to punch the core, because the storm was not moving southeast, it was going almost due south. Most motorists had abandoned the Interstate as I barreled south at the speed limit or better with golf ball hail everywhere and smaller hail beginning to cover the highway. (Perhaps that explains why I've never worried about repainting the chase truck where the hood is peeling and rusting!)\nThe scanner was absolutely full of spotter and law enforcement reports of a new tornado between Moody and Troy. Passing through Troy, I took FM1237 back west toward Pendleton and SH317. Topping a hill near Pendleton, I could see tornado #2 off to the northwest. I watch for several minutes as until it became rain-wrapped and disappeared. I'm low on gasoline and I radioed the Belton Fire Dept. to watch the area near Moffat and Morgans Point for new development (southwest of the last tornado) as I stop for fuel near SH317 and SH36 just west of Temple.\nI headed on south on SH317 and while crossing from Temple into Belton, hear that a new tornado (#3) is on the ground at Morgans Point. I turn west of FM439 and from the south side of Belton Dam, shoot several photos of the large tornado that is roughly 3 miles away. I declined to cross the dam and approach the tornado for fear that a traffic accident or sightseers will obstruct my only path of escape. Instead, I repositioned to US190 at FM1670, west of Belton, in time to see that #3 is rain-wrapped. I shoot one photo with aid of a telephoto lens as it emerged from the rain and ropes-out. I radioed to the Fire Department that we will need to watch the Lake Stillhouse area for new development, and I head for Stillhouse Hollow Dam on FM1670. While crossing the dam, I glanced left and see a funnel cloud extending earthward; looking down into the valley east of the dam, I see that there was a condensation funnel forming and debris flying; tornado #4 is developing, but soon dissipated. I continued on south on FM1670, and radioed the Belton Fire Department to notify the Salado Fire Department to be particularly alert; I expected the next threat to be from near Youngsport (west of Salado on FM2484) to Salado itself.\nI passed through Salado southbound on the IH35 west side frontage road. On a hill south of Salado at the FM2268 overpass (one of my favorite 'spotting' locations), I saw a funnel cloud to me southwest. I continued south on the frontage road and about MP282 on the Interstate, just south of a rest area, stop to watch tornado #5, a thin rope-like tornado as it wandered around in a pasture about 3/4-mile away. After several minutes of observing little movement other than 'wandering', I moved-up on the tornado, eventually closing to ~0.3 mile, documenting with more photos. I realize maybe I'm getting a little bold, and retreated to the Exit 280 overpass and make several more photos, as the pencil-like tornado suddenly begins to move southward and accelerates. I take the east side service road southbound and turn my back to the tornado for about 2 minutes. Halfway to Jarrell, I stop for another quick series of photos. I am amazed ... my \"pencil\" is now a multi-vortex tornado and growing rapidly in size. (Later surveys and interviews with residents show that the \"pencil' likely dissipated as the multi-vortex tornado formed (tornado #6).\nI rush southward to Jarrell (another 2 miles or less) and notice that what looks to be most of the residents are outside watching the tornado grow and move toward their city. Just prior to observing this fact, I radioed the Belton Fire Department to have them notify the Jarrell Fire Department that a large tornado is approaching from the north. I stayed with the east side frontage road through Jarrell and take a position 0.4 mile south of the center of town. (Time 3:30pm) I begin to photograph the tornado again, now a large cone which becomes a wedge, and continue to do so until debris falling from the storm make my position untenable.\nTurning to \"flee\" (the chaser is beginning to feel like the chased), I am confronted with the sight of another tornado (#7) on the ground about 3 miles to my southwest. My last view of the Jarrell wedge was as it becomes rain-wrapped. Subsequent survey led me to believe that it was entering the Double Creek subdivision at that time. I moved south on the frontage road and about 3 miles south of Jarrell, stop to 'shoot' the large tornado as it emerged from the rain and slowly begins to rope-out. (#7 turns out to be thankfully brief.)\nI now began to get south of the parent thunderstorm, which had overtaken me near Jarrell, so that I can stay ahead of it. As I turn northwest on SH195 north of Georgetown, Bruce Haynie called from Austin (it is 3:55pm, give or take a minute) and wanted to know where I was and where he should go. I tell him to head northwest, out US183, toward Cedar Park and Liberty Hill. Bruce gets out in time to catch the next tornado at Cedar Park, but I'll let him tell that story himself. I continue to Cedar Park, hoping perhaps to get on the west side of the storm again, but to no avail. The traffic jam caused by the tornado there and the hail and rain put an end to my chase at roughly 4:30pm. I buy two beers (among the best I've ever had), and visit with the convenience store customers and clerks about the events I've just witnessed.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Warm air turns the water from rivers, lakes, and oceans into water vapor that rises into the air. That water vapor forms clouds, which contain small drops of water or ice crystals (depending on how high the cloud is and how cold it is).\nAs clouds rise higher and higher, the air gets colder and colder. When the water vapor in the cloud becomes too heavy, it falls back to the ground as rain or snow.\nTo learn more about the water cycle, visit these sites:\nSesame Workshop: Weather\nThis explanation was written for parents, who often get asked \"Why is the sky blue?\" or \"Why does it rain?\" But it's great for kids, too. Be sure to ask a parent for help with the experiment.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Observations and Large-Eddy Simulations of Entrainment in the Sheared Sahelian Boundary Layer\n- 210 Downloads\nAt the top of the planetary boundary layer, the entrainment of air, which incorporates dry and warm air from the free troposphere into the boundary layer, is a key process for exchanges with the free troposphere since it controls the growth of the boundary layer. Here, we focus on the semi-arid boundary layer where the entrainment process is analyzed using aircraft observations collected during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis experiment and large-eddy simulations. The role of the entrainment is specifically enhanced in this region where very large gradients at the planetary boundary-layer top can be found due to the presence of the moist, cold monsoon flow on which the dry, warm Harmattan flow is superimposed. A first large-eddy simulation is designed based on aircraft observations of 5 June 2006 during the transition period between dry conditions and the active monsoon phase. The simulation reproduces the boundary-layer development and dynamics observed on this day. From this specific case, sensitivity tests are carried out to cover a range of conditions observed during seven other flights made in the same transition period in order to describe the entrainment processes in detail. The combination of large-eddy simulations and observations allows us to test the parametrization of entrainment in a mixed-layer model with zero-order and first-order approximations for the entrainment zone. The latter representation of the entrainment zone gives a better fit with the conditions encountered in the Sahelian boundary layer during the transition period because large entrainment thicknesses are observed. The sensitivity study also provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution of shear stress and scalar jumps at the top of the boundary layer in the entrainment process, and to test a relevant parametrization published in the recent literature for a mixed-layer model.\nKeywordsEntrainment Large-eddy simulation Sahelian boundary layer Sheared boundary layer\nUnable to display preview. Download preview PDF.\n- Garratt JR (1992) The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 316Google Scholar\n- Lafore JP, Stein J, Asencio N, Bougeault P, Ducrocq V, Duron J, Fischer C, Héreil P, Mascart P, Redelsperger JL, Richard E, Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J (1998) The Meso-NH atmospheric simulation system. Part I: adiabatic formulation and control simulations. Ann Geophys 109: 16–90Google Scholar\n- Lebel T, Parker DJ, Flamant C, Bourlès B, Marticorena B, Mougin C, Peugeot E, Diedhiou A, Haywood JM, Ngamini JB, Polcher J, Redelsperger JL, Thorncroft CD (2010) The AMMA field campaigns: multiscale and multidisciplinary observations in the West African region. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 136: 8–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar\n- Lothon M, Couvreux F, Donier S, Guichard F, Lacarrère P, Noilhan J, Saïd F (2007) Impact of the coherent eddies on airborne measurements of vertical turbulent fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 124Google Scholar\n- Lothon M, Saïd F, Lohou F, Campistron B (2008) Observation of the diurnal cycle in the low troposphere of West Africa. Mon Weather Rev 136Google Scholar\n- Stull RB (1976) The energetics of entrainment across a density interface. J Atmos Sci 33: 1260–1267Google Scholar\n- Stull RB (1988) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, new edition, 1999. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 666Google Scholar\n- Sullivan PP, Moeng C-H, Stevens B, Lenschow DH, Mayor SD (1998) Structure of the entrainment zone capping the convective atmospheric boundary layer. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 55: 3042–3064Google Scholar\n- Tennekes H (1973) A model for the dynamics of the inversion above a convective boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 30: 538–567Google Scholar\n- Turner D, Wagner E, Wulfmeyer V, Pal S, Larry K (2010) Raman lidar observations of water vapor mixing ratio turbulence profiles in the convective boundary layer. Oral presentation, International symposium for the advanced of boundary layer remote sensing, 28–30 June 2010, ParisGoogle Scholar", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|Mo Dec 09||Tu Dec 10||We Dec 11||Th Dec 12|\n|Nearby Forecast Locations - Danmarkshavn||Distance|\n|Forecast: Danmarkshavn Region\nWhile on Tuesday it's still considerable cloudiness clouds will subsequently decrease. But snow is expected on Tuesday and Wednesday. From -9 degrees on Wednesday the daily high will go down to -15 degrees on Thursday. A fresh wind from the northwest.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nMostly cloudy and windy. Temperatures steady in the low 30s. Winds SW at 20 to 25 mph.\nCloudy. Gusty winds this evening. Low 29F. SW winds at 20 to 30 mph, diminishing to 10 to 20 mph.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop\n© 1995 -", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nMostly sunny with temperatures steady near the upper 70s. Winds SW at 5 to 10 mph.\nLots of sunshine. High around 80F. NNW winds shifting to SSW at 10 to 15 mph.\nMostly clear. Low 67F. Winds SSW at 10 to 15 mph.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Weeks without much rain, near-record warm temperatures and now gale-force winds have combined to push fire danger up across Minnesota and spur officials to issue a red-flag, fire-danger warning.\nThe warning is in effect for nearly all of Minnesota because, officials say, any small fire that usually would smolder and die could blow up under current conditions into a major conflagration.\nOutdoor fires and barbecues, smoking and even vehicle mufflers can cause sparks that will spur wildfires.\nAgricultural crops, grasses, brush and forest areas all are ripe for fire because of the seasonal change coupled with heat and wind. Gusts up to 40 mph are expected in western Minnesota and 25 mph in the Duluth area. Temperatures are expected to rise into the 80s, except near Lake Superior.\nThe warning was in effect until 7 p.m. today and is expected to be posted again Friday.\nOnly Lake and Cook counties are not included in the red-flag-warning area because winds only will gust into the 20 mph range, but officials caution it remains extremely dry in that area. The National Drought Monitor reports much of St. Louis, Lake and Cook counties are in a moderate to severe drought.\nThe Minnesota Office of Climatology reported this week that September was among the driest in recorded history across much of Minnesota, with rainfall levels at or near historic low levels\nMany of Minnesota's largest wildfires, including the Moose Lake-Cloquet fire of 1918, have occurred in autumn.\nOfficials in charge of mopping up the Pagami Creek fire in the Superior National Forest today said the dry, warm, windy conditions could cause unburned areas within the fire perimeter to burn, sending more smoke into the air. But they remain confident the fire's outer perimeter will hold with little or no growth.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Irish public are set to break out their winter woolies as experts warn of plummeting temperatures and the possibility of snow in the coming days.\nTemperatures are set to drop as low as -4C later this week, with Met Eireann predicting snow on hills and mountains in the north and west of the country.\nToday's top videos\nSTORY CONTINUES BELOW\nWednesday night will see a frosty shift in conditions with the country being urged to wrap up warm and brace themselves for minus figures.\nThe National meteorological service has warned of 'widespread frost' and 'icy patches' to come from Thursday as the weather takes a turn towards freezing point.\nTuesday will see a more mild climate, with temperatures remaining between seven and twelve degrees and light drizzle expected over south Connacht, north Munster and north Leinster.\nWednesday sports a similar situation, with slight sun and temperatures ranging from five to eight degrees. We may see some showers along the coast but that will soon switch to sleet as temperatures continue to drop.\nNighttime is where we really see temperatures reach freezing point, with figures dropping drastically from evening onwards between Tuesday and Thursday.\nThursday night specifically will see Irish households cranking up the heating and reaching for the electric blanket as temperatures reach below freezing nationwide.\n'Lowest temperatures of minus 2 to minus 4 degrees with widespread frost and some icy patches developing in light northwesterly or variable breezes.' a statement from the forecaster read.\nIreland saw snow amidst last year's February lockdown, in a recent development for the country's climate.\nLowering temperatures heading into spring have left Irish households wondering whether to pack away the winter warmers or to sit tight for another month.\nWith Met Eireann describing the forecast for the coming weeks as 'uncertain', many across the country may want to hold off on retiring the winter coat and gloves just yet.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Miami – Nearly 80 million people living in the southeastern United States are under alert this Sunday due to a severe winter storm that has already left nearly 240,000 customers without electricity and has forced the cancellation of thousands of flights.\nThe National Weather Service (NWS) forecast heavy snowfall mainly in the states of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia due to a cold front that will move throughout the day to the northeast and the lower part of the Great Lakes, until reaching Canada on Tuesday.\nThe first effects are already being felt in Georgia and North Carolina, where more than half a thousand flights have been canceled at Charlotte International Airport, or 91% of those planned, according to the FlightAware portal.RELATED\nHere are the latest surface forecast maps drawn up by @NWSWPC and your local @NWS forecast offices. Note the track of the center of low pressure of this storm…passing just west of the Susq R. This results more sleet/rain for most of eastern #PAwx than track more to the east. pic.twitter.com/u4j4aUupyk\n— NWS State College (@NWSStateCollege) January 16, 2022\nIn total, more than 2,600 flights have been canceled and hundreds more suffer delays in the country, many of which departed or arrived at Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta, the busiest in the United States for passenger traffic, and which sees this Sunday how 27% of its operations are canceled.\nIt had already been anticipated by the NWS, which had indicated that this “major” winter storm would have “significant impacts” on travel between Sunday and Monday in the eastern United States, where the heaviest snowfall is expected along the Appalachians. and frost in the Carolinas.\nThe storm has also affected the electricity supply in the region, according to the PowerOutage website, which reports on blackouts in the United States.\nIn Georgia, more than 93,000 customers are without power, a similar situation for some 89,000 in South Carolina, 26,000 in North Carolina and another 33,000 in Florida.\nThe governors of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia declared a state of emergency in advance of the storm’s arrival to facilitate the deployment of resources. Meanwhile, in Florida, the NWS issued warnings this Sunday for possible tornadoes in the center, east and south of the peninsula.\nThe extreme south of the state, including Miami, is under a tornado warning until mid-afternoon this Sunday, while in the center of the state, local media reported that one was detected in the Orlando metropolitan area.\nBecause this low pressure front not only threatens with intense snowfalls and low temperatures, but also copious rains and strong winds throughout the country’s southeastern region.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "2012 Warmest and Second Most Extreme Year On Record for the Contiguous United States\nFeb. 6, 2013 — In 2012, the contiguous United States (CONUS) average annual temperature of 55.3°F was 3.2°F above the 20th century average, and was the warmest year in the 1895-2012 period of record for the nation. The 2012 annual temperature was 1.0°F warmer than the previous record warm year of 1998. Since 1895, the CONUS has observed a long-term temperature increase of about 0.13°F per decade. Precipitation averaged across the CONUS in 2012 was 26.57 inches, which is 2.57 inches below the 20th century average. Precipitation totals in 2012 ranked as the 15th driest year on record. Over the 118-year period of record, precipitation across the CONUS has increased at a rate of about 0.16 inch per decade.\n2012 was a year of both temperature and precipitation extremes\nOn a statewide and seasonal level, 2012 was a year of both temperature and precipitation extremes for the United States. Each state in the CONUS had annual temperatures which were above average. Nineteen states, stretching from Utah to Massachusetts, had annual temperatures which were record warm. An additional 26 states had one of their 10 warmest years. Only Georgia (11th warmest year), Oregon (12th warmest), and Washington (30th warmest) had annual temperatures that were not among the ten warmest in their respective period of records. A list of the annual temperatures for each of the lower-48 states is available here. Numerous cities and towns were also record warm during 2012 and a select list of those locations is available here. Each state in the CONUS, except Washington, had at least one location experience its warmest year on record. One notable warmest year record occurred in Central Park, in New York City, which has a period of record dating back 136 years.\nMuch of the Continental US was drier\nMuch of the CONUS was drier than average for the year. Below-average precipitation totals stretched from the Intermountain West, through the Great Plains, into the Midwest and Southeast. Nebraska and Wyoming were both record dry in 2012. Nebraska's annual precipitation total of 13.04 inches was 9.78 inches below average, and Wyoming's annual precipitation total of 8.08 inches was 5.09 inches below average. New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, Georgia, and Delaware had a top ten dry year. The large area of dry conditions in 2012 resulted in a very large footprint of drought conditions, which peaked in July with about 61 percent of the CONUS in moderate-to-exceptional drought, according to the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The footprint of drought during 2012 roughly equaled the drought of the 1950s which peaked at approximately 60 percent. Wetter-than-average conditions were present for the Northwest, where Washington had its fifth wettest year on record. Washington's statewide precipitation total of 47.24 inches was 10.40 inches above average. Wetter-than-average conditions were also present across parts of the Gulf Coast and Northeast.\nSeasonal highlights in 2012 include the fourth warmest winter (December 2011-February 2012), with warmer-than-average conditions across a large portion of the country. The largest temperature departures from average were across the Northern Plains, Midwest, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast. Winter was drier than average for the East and West coasts, while the Southern Plains were wetter than average improving drought conditions across New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. The warmer and drier than average conditions resulted in the third smallest winter snow cover extent on record for the contiguous United States. Spring (March-May) was record warm for the country, with 34 states being record warm for the period.\nThe season consisted of the warmest March, fourth warmest April, and second warmest May on record. Spring precipitation was near-average for the lower-48, with the Pacific Northwest and Upper Midwest being wetter than average, while the Central Rockies and Ohio Valley were drier than average. The summer (June-August) continued the warmer-than-average trend for the contiguous U.S. with national temperatures ranking as the second warmest on record. The summer average temperature for 2012 was very close to the warmest summer (2011) and the third warmest summer (1936), with only 0.1°F separating the three.\nThe summer season consisted of the eighth warmest June, record warmest July, and 13th warmest August. Drier-than-average conditions were anchored in the central U.S. with record breaking wildfires and a drought footprint comparable to the drought episodes of the 1950s causing large-scale agriculture problems in the Midwest, Plains, and Mountain West. Autumn (September-November) temperatures were closer to average compared to the preceding three seasons, but still ranked as the 22nd warmest autumn on record. Warmer-than-average conditions were present for the West, while cooler-than-average conditions were present for the Eastern Seaboard. Precipitation totals for the nation averaged as the 22nd driest autumn on record.\nThis annual report places the temperature and precipitation averages into historical perspective, while summarizing the notable events that occurred in 2012.\nThe Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming Kindle Edition\nby David Wallace-Wells\nIt is worse, much worse, than you think. If your anxiety about global warming is dominated by fears of sea-level rise, you are barely scratching the surface of what terrors are possible. In California, wildfires now rage year-round, destroying thousands of homes. Across the US, “500-year” storms pummel communities month after month, and floods displace tens of millions annually. This is only a preview of the changes to come. And they are coming fast. Without a revolution in how billions of humans conduct their lives, parts of the Earth could become close to uninhabitable, and other parts horrifically inhospitable, as soon as the end of this century. Available On Amazon\nThe End of Ice: Bearing Witness and Finding Meaning in the Path of Climate Disruption\nby Dahr Jamail\nAfter nearly a decade overseas as a war reporter, the acclaimed journalist Dahr Jamail returned to America to renew his passion for mountaineering, only to find that the slopes he had once climbed have been irrevocably changed by climate disruption. In response, Jamail embarks on a journey to the geographical front lines of this crisis—from Alaska to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, via the Amazon rainforest—in order to discover the consequences to nature and to humans of the loss of ice. Available On Amazon\nOur Earth, Our Species, Our Selves: How to Thrive While Creating a Sustainable World\nby Ellen Moyer\nOur scarcest resource is time. With determination and action, we can implement solutions rather than sit on the sidelines suffering harmful impacts. We deserve, and can have, better health and a cleaner environment, a stable climate, healthy ecosystems, sustainable use of resources, and less need for damage control. We have so much to gain. Through science and stories, Our Earth, Our Species, Our Selves makes the case for hope, optimism, and practical solutions we can take individually and collectively to green our technology, green our economy, strengthen our democracy, and create social equality. Available On Amazon\nFrom The Publisher:\nPurchases on Amazon go to defray the cost of bringing you InnerSelf.comelf.com, MightyNatural.com, and ClimateImpactNews.com at no cost and without advertisers that track your browsing habits. Even if you click on a link but don't buy these selected products, anything else you buy in that same visit on Amazon pays us a small commission. There is no additional cost to you, so please contribute to the effort. You can also use this link to use to Amazon at any time so you can help support our efforts.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Air pollution and climate change continue to pose ongoing environmental challenges at both regional and global levels. In particular, atmospheric aerosol particles significantly impact air pollution, human health, and the global climate. However, due to the chemical complexity of aerosol particles and associated reactivity and physical properties, a comprehensive understanding of the transformation and overall impacts of atmospheric particles still needs improvement. In this talk, I will discuss the important sources and atmospheric processes that affect aerosol particle chemical composition from field measurements and laboratory studies. I will also discuss our recent mass spectrometry technique development on the “Magic” ionization, which does not use an external ionization source for the real-time surface molecular characterization of sub-micron organic particles on the fly and the detection of the labile organic peroxides, which has been problematic to detect for decades. These results provide a way forward for the molecular understanding of atmospheric organic particles and the role of organic particles in air pollution, human health, and global climate change.\nYiming Qin is an Assistant Professor in the School of Energy and Environment at the City University of Hong Kong. Prof. Qin obtained her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 2021, MPhil from The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and BSc from Shandong University, China. Before joining the CityU, she worked as Postdoc Fellow at the University of California Irvine. Prof. Qin’s research focuses on the chemical transformation of atmospheric aerosol particles and their impacts on air pollution and climate change. She uses interdisciplinary approaches to unravel the complexities of aerosol gas-particle interaction, including analytical method development, laboratory experiments, field campaigns, and machine learning. She was selected as Carnegie Mellon University Civil and Environmental Engineering Rising Star (launched at MIT) in 2022, and Seventeenth Atmospheric Chemistry Colloquium for Emerging Senior Scientists (ACCESS XVII) in 2023.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sunshine is predicted for the last few days of summer vacation.\nToday will continue to be warm with the sky clearing this evening. The overnight low will be 12 C.\nWednesday is looking clear with a few scattered clouds. The high will be 21 C and the UV index will be at 4. The low for the day will be 8 C.\nFor current weather conditions, short-term and long-term forecasts visit Northern Life's weather page at www.northernlife.ca/weather.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Winter storm prompts closings, travel warnings\nTraffic is moving smoothly - that which is on the roads - but as of 8 a.m. roads were getting slick.\nSchools across Connecticut, including all local schools, are closed and many flights out of Bradley International Airport are canceled as forecasters predict a winter storm will dump up to 14 inches of snow in the state.\nThe National Weather Service says most of Connecticut will see 6 to 12 inches of snow by Wednesday night, while eastern Connecticut will get 10 to 14 inches. Forecasters also say wind gusts of up to 35 mph in the afternoon could create hazardous driving conditions.\nMetro-North is planning extra outbound rail service out of New York from noon to 4 p.m., but significantly reduced service after 5 p.m.\nGov. M. Jodi Rell has activated a plan for staggered release times for major employers in the Hartford area, if state and other employees are allowed to leave work early.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Langmuir wave motion observed in the most intense radio sources in the sky\nThe sun routinely produces energetic electrons in its outer atmosphere that subsequently travel through interplanetary space. These electron beams generate Langmuir waves in the background plasma, producing type III radio bursts that are the brightest radio sources in the sky (Suzuki and Dulk, 1985). These solar radio bursts also provide a unique opportunity to understand particle acceleration and transport, which is important for our prediction of extreme space weather events near the Earth. However, the formation and motion of type III fine frequency structures (see Figure 1) is a puzzle, but is commonly believed to be related to plasma turbulence in the solar corona and solar wind.\nA recent work by Reid and Kontar combines a theoretical framework with kinetic simulations and high-resolution radio type III observations using the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) and quantitatively demonstrates that the fine structures are caused by the moving intense clumps of Langmuir waves in a turbulent medium. These results show how type III fine structure can be used to remotely analyze the intensity and spectrum of compressive density fluctuations, and can infer ambient temperatures in astrophysical plasma, both significantly expanding the current diagnostic potential of solar radio emission.\nThe radio fine structures (Figure 1) have a small drift in frequency caused by the motion of Langmuir wave clumps moving through space at their group velocity. Measuring this frequency drift (Figure 2) reveals the Langmuir wave group velocity, and subsequently the background thermal velocity. This new technique increases the scope of solar radio bursts to be used as a remote plasma temperature diagnostic. The observation infers a corresponding coronal plasma temperature around 1.1 MK. The radio fine structure also provides an additional way to estimate the electron beam bulk velocity, which is mostly controlled by the beam energy density.\nIn summary, the results create a framework for exploiting the diagnostic potential of radio burst fine structure to estimate plasma temperatures and density turbulence. This new potential is especially relevant given the enhanced resolution of new-age ground-based radio telescopes that are resolving much more fine structure originating from the solar corona. Moreover, the closer proximity of Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter to radio emission originating in the very high corona or solar wind, and hence higher sensitivity, allows fine structures to be detected in situ.\nMore information: Hamish A. S. Reid et al, Fine structure of type III solar radio bursts from Langmuir wave motion in turbulent plasma, Nature Astronomy (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-021-01370-8\nJournal information: Nature Astronomy\nProvided by Community of European Solar Radio Astronomers", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "THE Philippine Atmosphe-ric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Pagasa) is keeping an eye on a low pressure area with a relatively huge cloud band formation.\nThe low pressure area was moving some 440 km east of Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur on Sunday afternoon, and 230 km east of Guiwan, Eastern Samar yesterday morning.\nHannah Salvador, a weather specialist at the Pagasa station in El Salvador City, Misamis Oriental, said the low pressure area could bring more rains in Mindanao and Visayas today, including this city, Misamis Oriental, and Bukidnon.\n“Dako kaayo ang iyang cloud band niini nga LPA mao nga kini dinhi sa Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental ug Bukidnon, expected nga duna kitay light to moderate rainin the next 24 to 48 hours,” Salvador said yesterday. (nitz arancon)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Commuters are being warned of a second day of disruption with further snowfall expected in parts of Scotland.\nDozens of schools were forced to close on Monday in southern, central and eastern parts of the country, with about 9cm of snow falling in Eskdalemuir in the Borders and similar amounts in Aberdeenshire.\nAmber \"be prepared\" weather warnings from the Met Office remain in place on Tuesday for Tayside, Fife, Grampian and the Highlands.\nBorders Council said 17 schools were closed yesterday but they are set to reopen today along with others in Aberdeenshire, Angus, Perth & Kinross and Moray.\nTony Conlan, a forecaster with MeteoGroup, the weather division of the Press Association, said: \"The snow will continue intermittently through the early morning, pushing north leaving only the west of the country dry.\n\"By mid-morning the heaviest accumulations are due to be in Perthshire and Aberdeenshire, and conditions will be quite breezy with a south-easterly wind and low temperatures of -2C generally. But it will be an improving picture by Tuesday afternoon, with Aberdeen and the Highlands the only areas that could experience short snow showers.\n\"Temperatures will also begin to rise, with around 4C in the west and 2C in the east. The wind will also die down over the next few days and, by the end of the week, conditions will be reasonably mild.\"\nTransport Minister Keith Brown said commuters should continue to plan journeys carefully. He said: \"With winter well and truly taking its grip, the very latest forecasts provide a timely reminder to continue to prepare and plan accordingly before setting out. We have seen significant snowfall over the last few days across the eastern part of the country and its impact is being felt.\n\"While the trunk roads are bearing up well, many local roads are being affected. We are also seeing air services into Scotland from Heathrow being affected due to conditions in London, as well as disruption to some of our ferry services, and cross-border rail services have also been impacted.\n\"Beyond the transport network, we have also seen a number of school closures in the affected areas today, with the likelihood of more closures in affected areas tomorrow. Parents should check with their schools and councils through their usual local arrangements.\"", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Storms move in after midday\nClouds increase this morning with scattered showers and storms moving in after midday. More on and off showers continue through the night with scattered showers for Thursday. Some fog could start our day on Friday with clouds breaking up during the late morning. We brighten up for the weekend with highs in the low to mid 80s!\nToday: Increasing clouds, PM scattered storms, high near 80.\nTonight: Scattered showers, low of 68.\nThursday: Scattered rain, high of 78.\nFriday: Partly cloudy, high of 82.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Back to Mobile View\nAOL.com Search Video - Beijing Air Pollution\nSet AOL as Homepage\nFind a video\nbeijing air pollution|12|1\n1 - 12\nBeijing Air Pollution Reaches Dangerously ...\nChina's capital was blanketed by thick grey smog on Thursday, with toxic small particles registering more than two dozen times the level considered as...\nJanuary 16, 2014\nBeijing Says Its Air Pollution Improved Du...\nBeijing's municipal government says air pollution in the capital improved during the first six months of 2015.It said the concentration of tiny airbor...\nJuly 03, 2015\nBeijing Choking on 'Hazardous' Air\nBeijing's air pollution index has been over 300 for the past five days and its air quality continues to deteriorate. The WSJ's Deborah Kan speaks with...\nFebruary 24, 2014\nDelhi Ranked World's Most Air-Polluted Cit...\nThe World Health Organization released a list of the cities with the worst air pollution. Half of the top 20 are in India.\nMay 08, 2014\nAir Pollution Alert: What To Expect\nNigel Jenkins from Sussex Air, which works to improve air quality, explains what is behind today's alert and the likely effects of high air pollution.\nApril 10, 2015\nSky News UK\nAir Pollution and Your Brain\nA common type of air pollution may be linked to smaller brain volume.\nMay 07, 2015\nBeijing's Air Quality Plummets Again\nA thick grey pall hangs over Beijing's Tiananmen Square on Monday, blocking out much of the sunlight. Two weeks after air pollution in the Chinese cap...\nJanuary 28, 2013\nStudy: Beijing Babies Born Heavier During ...\nA study has found that less air pollution in Beijing during the 2008 Olympics may have led to heavier babies being born. The study's lead author, the ...\nApril 30, 2015\nWarnings as UK Hit by High Levels of Air P...\nPeople with asthma, heart problems and the elderly are being warned to reduce physical exertion as parts of Britain are hit by high levels of air poll...\nApril 10, 2015\nGina McCarthy: There's Nothing More Import...\nEPA Administrator Gina McCarthy sits down with HuffPost's Kate Sheppard to talk about ozone regulations, and why the EPA is focused on air quality, an...\nApril 21, 2015\nChina's Air Pollution Is Off the Charts\nThe smog in China is now so bad that one millionaire is manufacturing cans of air to help people breathe! No joke.\nFebruary 03, 2013\nCity Planners Are Literally Trying To Blow...\nJacqueline Howard, John Bohannon and Chris Emdin join HuffPost Live to discuss city planners trying to blow the air pollution out of Beijing.\nNovember 25, 2014\nHuffPost Live Highlights\nBack to Top\nHelp & Feedback\nAbout Our Ads\n© 2015 AOL Inc.\nAll Rights Reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "National Current Weather Forecasts\n[an error occurred while processing this directive]\nTonight: Partly cloudy and warm.\nLow: 67 Winds: S 4-8 mph\nSaturday: Hot and muggy. Chance of some rain or storms late in the day.\nHigh: 88 Winds: SW 10-20 mph\nSunday: Off and on rain through the day. Possibly some storms.\nHigh: 82 Winds: SW 5-10 mph\nOur next rain system is slowly moving into the area. We'll start off with some extra heat on Saturday with highs near 90. Heading into the later part of the day we'll see the chance for some showers. The rain chances will then stick around through the overnight and into Sunday. Showers will remain off and on then through the day Sunday and slowly taper off through early Monday.\nNext week looks active with several more chances of rain or storms with temps in the mid 80's.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mostly sunny with temperatures steady near the low 60s. Winds NE at 5 to 10 mph. Hourly Details\nSome clouds this morning will give way to generally sunny skies for the afternoon. High 68F. Winds E at 5 to 10 mph.\nClear to partly cloudy. Low 62F. Winds SE at 10 to 15 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "What are the three main climate zones of Spain?\nSome regions can very cold during the winter and extremely hot in the summers. The climate of Spain can be generally categorized according to 3 groups – Continental, Mediterranean, and Oceanic. Modest continental atmosphere is experienced in inland areas of the Peninsula such as the city of Madrid.\nWhat are the five major climates of Spain?\nIn Spain there are, broadly speaking, five types of climate: – the climate of the Atlantic coast, cool, humid and rainy; – the climate of the central plateau, quite arid and moderately continental, with relatively cold winters and hot summers (see Madrid);\nWhat is Spain average climate?\nSpain – Climate\nThe climate of Spain is extremely varied. The northern coastal regions are cool and humid, with an average annual temperature of 14° C (57° F ); temperatures at Bilbao range from an average of 10° C (50° F ) in January–March to 19° C (66° F ) during July– September.\nDoes Spain have a tropical climate?\nIn the Costa Tropical (also known as Costa de Granada or Costa Granadina), the part of the Spanish southern coast belonging to the province of Granada, the climate is Mediterranean, with mild, relatively rainy winters and hot, sunny summers. … Here is the average rainfall in Motril.\nIs Spain cold or hot?\nMost people think of Spain as an always sunny and warm country, however this does not always apply. In summer the weather is indeed sunny and warm and even hot in the interior. However this does not apply everywhere for winter months. In large parts of Spain winter months are cold and it can even snow.\nWhat is the climate and geography of Spain?\nIn fact, Spain is the most climatically diverse country in Europe. For the most part, the climate is temperate with hot summers and cold winters inland and cloudy, mild summers and cool winters along the coast. … The summers (May to September) are warm, with maximum temperatures between 24-32℃.\nDoes Spain have 4 seasons?\nSpring and Fall Spain in the spring and fall is generally temperate and ranges from warm to cool, though at times summer and winter can encroach upon the other seasons, turning four seasons into what may sometimes feel like two. Yet spring and fall are my favorite times to be in Spain.\nWhere is it cold in Spain?\nIt forms one of the three points of what’s known as the “Cold Triangle,” the other two being Albarracín and Calamocha, both in the Teruel region. The Sierra de Albarracín has the town of Griegos, famous for being one of the coldest towns in Spain.\nWhich part of Spain has the best climate?\nThe warmest area on mainland Spain is Andalucia with an average annual temperature of 16ºC. The valleys of the Sistema Iberica suffer the highest numbers of frost during the year, with places such as Calamocha and Molina de Aragon getting an average of 120 frosts per year.\nWhat is the weather like in Spain in summer?\nSpain’s interior regions generally have a continental Mediterranean climate. A relatively high elevation gives central Spain extreme temperatures, with cold winters and hot summers. Summer temperatures easily average 75 degrees. … Extreme temperatures really reach a head farther south, in the region of Andalucia.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Chilly Saturday with warmer temps on the way\nINDIANAPOLIS (WISH) — Expect a Sunny but chilly day today with warmer temperatures on the way for the end of the weekend.\nTODAY: A cold front moves through the state early today. This brings colder air across much of Indiana during the day. Temperatures in the afternoon will stay in the middle 20s. It’s going to be breezy with winds out of the northwest between 10 and 15 mph with gusts close to 30 mph possible. Skies start off partly cloudy with sunshine through much of the day.\nTONIGHT: Skies remain clear but it turns cold once again. Lows fall into the middle teens across much of the state. Lower teens likely in northern Indiana. Winds drop and switch directions out of the south.\nSUNDAY: Look for lots of sunshine as high pressure builds across much of the Great Lakes. Winds pick up a little out of the south and southwest helping to warm us up. High temperatures climb into the upper 40s near 50 for the afternoon. It won’t be as cold Sunday night with lows only falling into the upper 30s.\nMONDAY: Temperatures climb even more for Presidents Day. Highs reach the middle to upper 50s. We’ll see a dry day with partly cloudy skies.\nTUESDAY: A system moves into the Great Lakes producing a good chance of showers through the day with highs in the upper 50s.\n8DAY FORECAST: Temperatures begin to return to near normal and eventually below normal readings for the rest of the weekend and next weekend. There’s a system we’re going to be watching for Thursday and Friday. It looks like right now this may produce a wintry mix/snow event Thursday before switching over to all snow late Thursday night and into Friday morning.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Carbon Footprint Map - UK\nThe Carbon Footprint Map for the UK\nBy viewing the map you can see how much CO2 is emitted across the UK.\nThe darker colours indicate higher density of Carbon Emissions All measurements are in tonnes of CO2 source emissions per square kilometre.\n>0 - 3\n>3 - 10\n>10 - 32\n>32 - 100\n>100 - 1,995\n>1,995 - 6,500,000\nCarbon Map - London\n(other areas are available)\n\"The Carbon Map was created by AEA Energy & Environment, which compiles annual emission estimates from a large number of sources and fuels as part of the National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (NAEI) programme of work for Defra. These estimates are available down to the square kilometre level, which is the detail shown in the national and regional CO2 emission maps.\"\nMapperz - a quick post\nLabels: Businesses, Carbon, Carbon Trust, Emissons, Map, UK\nHi! I found that interesting! Can you cite some methods by which they actually map atmospheric carbon and other emissions?\nThanks in advance,\nPost a Comment", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "CHICAGO (CBS) -- Most locations will start Thursday in the 20s under a partly cloudy sky.\nHighs on Thursday afternoon will remain below average in the mid to upper 40s.\nSoutherly winds return on Friday allowing for milder temperatures. Highs return to the low 50s on Friday, mid 50s on Saturday and around 60 by Sunday.\nHighs remain in the low 60 on Monday, before falling back to the 50s for Tuesday and Wednesday thanks to increasing clouds.\nTonight: Partly cloudy. Low 29.\nThursday: Partly cloudy. High 47.\nFriday: Sunny and breezy. High 52.\nfor more features.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE\nDraw on the pictures below an H for high pressure and a L for low pressure. The higher pressure will move the toward the lower pressure, with sometimes disastrous results.\n- Air pressure above the roof is less than air pressure beneath the roof.\n- The paper rises when air is blown across its top surface.\n- Air pressure is less above the wing than below the wing.\n- The smaller sail acts as a channel that speeds up the air passing over the main sail.\n- Two toys boats are side by side. A stream of water is directed between them. The boats will draw together and collide.\n- A vaporizer forces air past the upper end of a tube, reducing the pressure. The greater atmospheric pressure outside the tube forces the liquid up into the tube where it is carried away by the stream of air.\n- A hair dryer can keep a ping pong ball trapped in the center.\n- Pressure is greater in the stationary fluid (air) than in the moving fluid (water stream). The ball is pushed by the atmosphere into the region of reduced pressure.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1\n- 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA\n- 2Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA\n- 3National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA\n- 4Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA\n- 5School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea\n- 6Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA\n- 7Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany\n- 8LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Paris, France\n- 9Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA\n- 10Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA\n- 11Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA\n- 12Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA\n- 13Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, USA\nAbstract. Realistic simulation of the Earth’s mean state climate remains a major challenge and yet it is crucial for predicting the climate system in transition. Deficiencies in models’ process representations, propagation of errors from one process to another, and associated compensating errors can often confound the interpretation and improvement of model simulations. These errors and biases can also lead to unrealistic climate projections as well as incorrect attribution of the physical mechanisms governing the past and future climate change. Here we show that a significantly improved global atmospheric simulation can be achieved by focusing on the realism of process assumptions in cloud calibration and subgrid effects using the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1). The calibration of clouds and subgrid effects informed by our understanding of physical mechanisms leads to significant improvements in clouds and precipitation climatology, reducing common and longstanding biases across cloud regimes in the model. The improved cloud fidelity in turn reduces biases in other aspects of the system. Furthermore, even though the recalibration does not change the global mean aerosol and total anthropogenic effective radiative forcings (ERFs), the sensitivity of clouds, precipitation, and surface temperature to aerosol perturbations is significantly reduced. This suggests that it is possible to achieve improvements to the historical evolution of surface temperature over EAMv1 and that precise knowledge of global mean ERFs is not enough to constrain historical or future climate change. Cloud feedbacks are also significantly reduced in the recalibrated model, suggesting that there would be a lower climate sensitivity when running as part of the fully coupled E3SM. This study also compares results from incremental changes to cloud microphysics, turbulent mixing, deep convection, and subgrid effects to understand how assumptions in the representation of these processes affect different aspects of the simulated atmosphere as well as its response to forcings. We conclude that the spectral composition and geographical distribution of the ERFs and cloud feedback as well as the fidelity of the simulated base climate state are important for constraining the climate in the past and future.\nPo-Lun Ma et al.\nStatus: final response (author comments only)\nPo-Lun Ma et al.\nPo-Lun Ma et al.\nViewed (geographical distribution)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nMostly clear with temperatures steady in the mid 60s. Winds SSE at 5 to 10 mph.\nIsolated thunderstorms this evening becoming more widespread overnight. Low 57F. Winds WSW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 80%.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Traffic moves slowly in slippery conditions along U.S. 441 Thursday, February 7, 2013, in Menasha, Wisconsin. Dan Powers/Post-Crescent Media\nA winter weather advisory from the National Weather Service will remain in effect until midnight.\nThe snow falling across the Fox Valley will continue into the evening at a rate of half an inch an hour, according to the weather service. The storm is expected to dump 2 to 4 inches of snow on the ground. Freezing drizzle could develop after the snow tapers off, and wind gusts are likely to reach up to 35 mph.\nThe weather service reports that roads will likely be snow or ice covered through tonight.\nLaw enforcement agencies in Outagamie and Calumet counties responded to about 40 crashes between 1 p.m. and 7 p.m. today.\nFriday is expected to be partly sunny with a high near 27. The temperature will drop to 9 degrees in the evening.\nThe following sporting events have been postponed:\nRipon at Freedom girls basketball game has been moved to 6 p.m. Friday\nXavier at Berlin girls basketball game has been moved to Feb. 21\nWinneconne girls junior varsity basketball game has been moved to 5:45 p.m. in the middle school gym\nWinneconne girls varsity basketball game has been moved to 5:45 p.m. in the high school gym", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Storm Malik: Woman killed by falling tree in Aberdeen\nWinds of over 100mph have been reported in some parts of Scotland, with widespread disruption to travel and power supplies.\nWeather warnings are in place across all of Scotland, northern England and parts of Northern Ireland for most of Saturday due to the high winds and rain.\n\"There are no suspicious circumstances. A report will now be sent to the Procurator Fiscal.\"\nOn Saturday morning, meteorologist for the broadcaster STV Sean Batty tweeted: \"Had an extreme gust of 147mph recorded on the Cairngorm summit an hour ago.\n\"This is an incredible strength, but still a way off from the record of 173mph recorded back in 1986.\"\nOn Saturday morning Network Rail Scotland said fallen trees had caused numerous services to be cancelled, including Inverness to Thurso, Perth to Aberdeen, Aberdeen to Dundee and Glasgow Queen Street to Oban.\nMore very strong winds are expected as another low pressure system moves across northern areas on Sunday, with some snow possible across parts of Scotland.\nAnother yellow warning for wind is in place for the northern UK from 6pm on Sunday until noon on Monday.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "STATE COLLEGE, Pa., March 15 (UPI) -- U.S. weather patterns have indicated a more promising growing season in the Midwest and Northeast this year than in 2012, AccuWeather meteorologists said.\n\"The weather pattern over much of the nation this March is vastly different than last March and will translate to a move favorable environment during the growing season ... in most areas,\" senior meteorologist Alex Sosnowski wrote.\nSosnowski said improvements would be especially pronounced in the grain-growing areas of the Midwest and fruit-growing areas of the Northeast.\nIn an AccuWeather breakdown of the spring forecast, Sosnowski wrote there would be exceptions to a national trend of increased moisture. Dry weather could still be a problem for farmers in California, Florida and Rocky Mountain states, the report said.\n\"Less-than-average snowfall this winter in the central and southern Rockies and normal to abnormal dryness this summer could result in reduced water levels on the Colorado River,\" said Jim Andrews, also a senior meteorologist.\nA shortage of snow could also affect California this year.\nWhat may have been dismal weather for some people in the winter months, could translate to a better crop season for many farmers because snowstorms raised water levels in some areas.\n\"Storms in recent months have delivered near-normal snowfall from major crop-growing areas of the lower Plains through the Midwest and in parts of the Northwest,\" Sosnowski wrote.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Showers and scattered thunderstorms. Storms should gradually end by the overnight hours. Cloudy with temperatures reaching the mid 50s. Winds S at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 60%. Hourly Details\nCloudy with a few showers. Low 56F. Winds S at 10 to 20 mph. Chance of rain 40%.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Expect a mix of sun and clouds in the days to come. Especailly on Monday sunny periods increase. An umbrella won't be needed today. It's getting colder: Up to Monday the temperature will drop slowly to -9 degrees.\n|Su Nov 23||Mo Nov 24||Tu Nov 25||We Nov 26|\n|Nearby Forecast Locations - Galich||Distance|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The main forecast challenge for this go-around will be the temps. Namely, how low do actual air temps go tonight and how low are wind chills on Wednesday morning?\nWe should see mostly clear skies overnight, with temps falling into the single digits. Given how cold we were this morning, it’s very possible we could have temps near zero by morning. What will keep us from truly bottoming out will be the stiff north winds, which are expected to continue through the night. Wind chills by morning are expected to run in the -13 to -18 degree range, so try to limit your time outdoors as much as possible, and dress in layers to preserve your body heat if you must go outside.\nDespite sunny skies for most of the day Wednesday, temps will stay cold, with highs struggling to get to 20 degrees. North winds will persist, running in the 12-18 mph range with higher gusts. Wind chills will modify from the -13 to -18 range in the morning, to near 10 by afternoon.\nOur next forecast challenge comes in the Wednesday night & Thursday timeframe, and that has to deal with a light snow chance. Right now, the GFS continues to be the most bullish model with snow chances, everyone else is on the light side. The forecast is trending toward this being a light event and right now, we’re not seeing much to change our thinking. At most, the area sees 1-1.5″ of snow by the end of the day Thursday. Lows Wednesday night, with increasing clouds, will be in the mid-single digits. Highs Thursday, upper teens to near 20.\nSkies will clear out Thursday night, with lows once again near 5. A warming trend starts Friday, with highs getting to near 30. We’ll break above freezing Saturday, and warm up from there next week.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Thirty-five counties in Minnesota have been declared disaster areas after receiving between three and six inches of rain on Thursday. The Minneapolis/St. Paul area had already seen 20.2 inches of precipitation since the beginning of the year before the latest rainfall. That's almost twice the 11.77 inches it usually gets by this point in June. There have been four 1-in-1,000-year floods since 2004, according to the Minnesota Climate Office. The Midwest in general has been hard hit, with more than 1,000 homes damaged by flooding.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "you can eat fried green tomatoes! I always ripen tomatoes on my windowsill.\ncheck out the weather forecast 'severe weather alert' online. There's a storm approaching the coast - looks very big. Looks like the whole state. Expecting high tides, 60 mph winds at the coast, heavy rain, temps at night something like 42-48 here.\nwe have a few days before it gets over here I'll bet.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Volume 5 - Volume 5\nSTUDY OF PREDICTION AND FORECAST OF AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE OF THE CITY OF CARIACICA, ESPIRITO SANTO, BRAZIL, USING THE METHOD OF TIME SERIES\nThe study of time series consists in extracting relevant periodicities in the observations, describe your behavior and make prediction. In this context, this work has the aimed to model, as well as to realize study of prediction and forecasting of the daily average temperature time series from Cariacica municipality/ES. The statistic analyze was realized in R 2.15.1 software (free software) considering 365 data monitored from January 1th to December 31th, 2012. The choice of the most appropriate model is based on the Akaike information criteria (AIC). The models tested for modeling and for forecasting showed accurate results. Among the adjusted models, the most appropriate was ARIMA (1,1,2) to prediction and forecasting daily average temperature prediction in Cariacica/ES.\nPaperID: p 1881-1895\nAuthor's Name: Wanderson de Paula Pinto, Gemael Barbosa Lima and Juliano Brás Zanetti\nVolume: Volume 5\nIssues: Volume 5\nKeywords: Time series; ARIMA; daily mean air temperature.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Your daily weather forecast for London.\nOverview for Thursday 23 September 2021:\nEarly cloud and patchy mist and fog soon thinning to leave a dry day with plenty of warm sunshine. Maximum temperature 22 °C.\nSpecial weather advisories:\nSunny intervals changing to cloudy by lunchtime.\nUVB sunburn index:\nUK Weather Warnings:\nFlood alerts in force for England.\nChance of precipitation:\nWeather data provided by the Met Office. For a detailed forecast of your area, click here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Good Morning! At Smithville, MS, the current temperature is 38 and it feels like 38. Highs will continue to range between 52 and 71 with lows between 33 and 52. There is a slight chance of rain today and tomorrow. There is a 50% chance of showers on Friday. At the Regional Rehab Center in Tupelo, MS, the current temperature is 38 and it feels like 38. Todays high is 53 and a low of 35 with a slight chance of rain. Thursdays high is 48 with a slight chance of rain.\nNow, for your Winter/Severe Weather Update for the Southeast Region. There could be winter weather potential on February 2nd. There could be severe weather potential possibly around January 28th-30th, February 1st-2nd, February 5th-6th, and on February 7th.\nHope yall are having a great Wednesday and I'll have another post tomorrow morning.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Record March temperature set at 21.2C in St Helier\nJersey enjoyed its highest temperature recorded in March on Saturday, according to the island's Met Office.\nThe 21.2C (70.2F) temperature, recorded in St Helier, beat the record of 21.1C (70F), which was set on 29 March 1965.\nA Met Office spokeswoman said Saturday was expected to be the warmest day and it was unlikely it would be broken again this month.\nThe previous record for 24 March was set in 1896, when it temperatures reached 17.8C (64F).\nTemperatures were first recorded in Jersey in 1894.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Science / Weather / Sunset: The daily disappearance of the sun below the western horizon as a result of the earth's rotation. In the United States, it is considered as that instant when the upper edge of the sun just disappears below the sea level horizon. In Great Britain, the center of the sun's disk is used instead. Time of sunset is calculated for mean sea level.\nScience / Weather / Twilight: Often called dusk, it is the evening period of waning light from the time of sunset to dark. The time of increasing light in the morning is called dawn. Twilight ends in the evening or begins in the m MORE", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "RI to get rain, with some snow mixed in\nA storm will move through the region today, but it should bring mostly rain to Rhode Island despite temperatures that plummeted overnight.\n\"A frontal system brings a period of accumulating wet snow to the high terrain locations in western and central Massachusetts and northern Connecticut this afternoon into early evening. All rain is expected elsewhere,\" the National Weather Service says in its forecast discussion.\nFor Providence, there's a chance of rain before 2 p.m., then snow is likely for between 2 and 3 p.m. before the precipitation changes back to rain. The high should reach about 41 degrees.\nAfter five days in a row of below-normal temperatures, the next four days should be close the normal high for this time of year, which is about 42 degrees.\nTuesday looks partly sunny with a high near 42.\nOn Twitter: @jgregoryperry", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "New research confirms that temperatures in the lower atmosphere are not behaving as climate models have projected—and are warming far less than expected.\nUniversally, climate models that are run with increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases produce some degree of warming at the earth’ surface, but even more warming above the surface, especially in the layer from 5,000 to 30,000 feet. Models project this warming aloft to be especially strong in the tropical half of the planet (less so for a very small region around the poles). Actual observations of temperature trends in the lower atmosphere, however, don’t confirm these model results, instead showing that warming trends in general decline with altitude.\nWhy is this important? The atmosphere is an integrated whole, and temperatures aloft are an important determinant of temperatures at the surface. If the models have this wrong upstairs, but right for the area near the surface, they’ve been pretty lucky, or, some might say, pretty “adjusted.”\nThis discrepancy in models vs. observations forms the crux of one of the major arguments against over-dependence on models for projections of future climate conditions—if the models can’t accurately portray the present, they cannot be relied upon to predict the future.\nThe hypothesis that the models are still getting it wrong is strongly supported by the new results from a research effort led by David Douglass of the University of Rochester and published in a pair of articles in Geophysical Research Letters (appearing online on July 9, 2004). Two scientists involved in this effort include Paul Knappenberger and Patrick Michaels, familiar to readers of these alerts.\nIn their first paper, Douglass and colleagues compared the temperature trends from the surface upwards through the lower atmosphere as projected by three state-of-the-art climate models with several different sets of actual temperature observations made at various heights in the atmosphere. The three climate models (Hadley CM3, DOE PCM, and GISS SI2000) were each run with the historic values of a combination of natural (solar variability, volcanic eruptions) and anthropogenic (greenhouse gases, aerosols) climate forcing agents. The results for the past two decades (the period of greatest anthropogenic influences) were compared against observations made during the same time. The observations consist of sets of radiosonde data (collected from instruments attached to weather balloons as they ascend through the atmosphere) as well as temperature data collected by satellites.\nDouglass found that while the modeled and observed trends matched well at the surface, everywhere else there was considerable discrepancy with the observations, which in many cases indicated a cooling trend, where the models predicted warming to be occurring (Figure 1).\nFigure 1. Modeled (dotted lines) and observed (solid lines) temperature trends (10-3K/decade) in the lower atmosphere during two recent decades in four different regions. While the modeled and observed trends match well at the surface, in nearly every case, the modeled trends above the surface are greater than the observed trend (source: Douglas et al., 2004a).\nThis represents clear evidence that climate models are failing to capture the actual workings of the atmosphere. Since weather systems derive their characteristics (size, strength, precipitation efficiency, etc.) largely from temperature contrasts in the atmosphere, models which fail to accurately portray observed trends there also fail to accurately portray observed weather patterns. This fact applies not only to current climate patterns, but also to the model projections of future ones.\nIn their second paper, the Douglas research team investigated whether these same set of observations could shed light on the hypothesis that the satellite measurements of temperature trends in the earth’s lower atmosphere are contaminated by temperature trends higher up in the stratosphere. Recently, Fu et al. (2004) suggested in a highly publicized paper in Nature magazine that the reason that satellite temperature measurements of the lower troposphere (as compiled by researchers at the University of Alabama-Huntsville, UAH) showed only about half the warming trend as observations collected at the earth’s surface during the past 25 years, was that in formulating the trends of the lower atmosphere, the UAH researchers failed to take into account a cooling influence from the stratosphere (the atmospheric layer just above the troposphere). Fu concluded that had the stratospheric data been properly handled, the temperature trends in the lower atmosphere would match the surface (and modeled) trends much more closely. We showed, in an earlier World Climate Reprto why this argument was not valid (see http://www.co2andclimate.org/wca/2004/wca_17a.html for details). Douglass adds more proof.\nTwo completely independent temperature measuring systems are employed to monitor temperature in the troposphere—direct observations made by thermometers carried aloft by weather balloons, and indirect observations made by satellite-borne instruments that record the temperature-dependent microwave emissions from oxygen molecules. These two datasets provide the ability to crosscheck the results against one another. When the temperature trend calculations are done thoroughly and carefully (best accounting for all known data quality issues), the results are remarkably similar—the observed warming in the lower troposphere is about half of that observed at the earth’s surface. As described in Douglass’s first paper, this result runs contrary to climate model projections.\nBut, the fact that temperature trends from weather-balloon data and from satellite data match well is not new news—we have highlighted this fact for years (e.g. http://www.co2andclimate.org/wca/2004/wca_15f.html). However, no one really knows why the lower atmospheric trends are different from the trends measured at the surface, or why the observed lower atmospheric trends differ from model projections. Fu’s suggestion that it results from unaccounted for stratospheric influences isn’t physically reasonable. Douglass’ work points to other possible causes.\nDouglass’s team focused on surface temperatures derived from the balloon-based lower atmospheric observations of temperature and moisture. They then compared the derived surface temperatures with the observed surface temperatures. They found that the trends in the surface temperatures derived from the weather balloons more closely matched the satellite temperature trends than they did the observed surface temperature trends from ground-based weather stations (Figure 2).\nSince the derived surface temperatures are largely free of local effects such as urbanization, industrialization, land-use changes, and myriad other data quality issues which plague the surface measurements (see http://www.co2andclimate.org/wca/2004/wca_18c.html for more details), Douglass concluded that these non-climatic influences likely play a large role in the discrepancy between observed surface temperature trends and observed lower atmospheric temperature trends. This also means that climate models are overestimating the warming from atmospheric composition changes. These results confirm similar work that focused only on temperatures in the United States (Kalnay and Cai, 2003, see http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/wca/2003/wca_1b.html for more details)\nFigure 2. Temperature trends by 5º latitude bands (where data were available) in three different data sets—observed surface data (red circles), derived surface data (cyan circles), satellite-based lower tropospheric data (blue circles). All of these data are mostly independent from each other. Notice how the trends from the derived surface data more closely match the trends from the satellite data than from the observed surface data (source: Douglass et al., 2004b).\nTogether, the results from these two papers provide strong evidence for three important points:\n1) The discrepancy between temperature trends measured at the earth’s surface and those measured in the earth’s lower atmosphere is real.\n2) A large part of this discrepancy is likely caused by local, non-climatic influences on surface thermometers (and not by stratospheric contamination of the lower tropospheric data).\n3) Climate models including the observed changes to known climate forcing agents (both natural and anthropogenic) are unable to replicate the observed behavior of the temperatures in the lower atmosphere. Furthermore, if local, non-climatic influences are largely responsible for the surface temperature trends, then the climate models are getting the surface trends right for the wrong reasons—indicating a failure at that level as well.\nThese findings should give pause to anyone relying on climate model results to guide their actions.\nDouglass, D.H., Pearson, B.D., Singer, S.F., 2004a. Altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature trends: Climate models versus observation. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, doi:10.1029/2004GL020103.\nDouglass, D.H., et al., 2004b. Disparity of tropospheric and surface temperature trends: new evidence. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, doi:10.1029/2004GL020212 .\nFu, Q., et al., 2004. Contribution of stratospheric cooling to satellite-inferred tropospheric temperature trends. Nature, 429, 55-58.\nKalnay, E., and Cai, M., 2003. Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature, 423, 528-531.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In the year 2029, NASA will launch a mission to fly by Venus and descend through its hostile atmosphere. The Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble Gases, Chemistry, and Imaging mission, or DAVINCI, will be the first to explore Venus via flybys and descent.\nBy June 2031, the spacecraft should have explored Venus’s stratified atmosphere and reached the earth’s climate. Scientists have been keen to measure Venus since the early 1980s, and the DAVINCI mission will be able to acquire data on the planet.\nPioneer in 1978 and Magellan in the early 1990s were the only NASA missions to visit the second planet from our sun.\nThe DAVINCI spacecraft will act as a flying chemistry lab, measuring various aspects of Venus’ atmosphere and environment as well as taking the first descent photographs of the planet’s highlands. The instruments on board the mission will also be able to scan Venus’ surface and detect the composition of the planet’s mountainous highlands.\nAccording to NASA scientists, these features, known as “tesserae,” may be analogous to continents on Earth, implying that Venus has plate tectonics.\nIn a statement, Jim Garvin, DAVINCI principal investigator from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, said, “This ensemble of chemistry, environmental, and descent imaging data will paint a picture of the layered Venus atmosphere and how it interacts with the surface in the mountains of Alpha Regio, which is twice the size of Texas.”\n“These measurements will allow us to evaluate historical aspects of the atmosphere as well as detect special rock types at the surface such as granites while also looking for tell-tale landscape features that could tell us about erosion or other formational processes,” says the researcher.\nBy detecting gases and water components in the lowest part of Venus’ atmosphere, the programme would also look at the likelihood of an ocean in the past. Venus may have been the first habitable planet in our solar system, with an ocean and climate comparable to Earth’s, but something changed it to a planet with temperatures high enough to melt lead.\nAccording to a 2019 study, Venus likely had steady temperatures and liquid water for billions of years before an event prompted profound changes on the planet. Michael Way, a physical scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Science in New York City, also coauthored a 2016 paper on Venus’s former climate and oceans.\nVenus is now a mostly dead planet, with a toxic atmosphere 90 times thicker than Earth’s and surface temperatures reaching 864 degrees Fahrenheit (462 degrees Celsius).\nDAVINCI will employ two instruments to analyse the clouds and map the highlands from orbit as it flies past Venus multiple times. It will then release a descent probe that will carry five instruments all the way to the surface.\nThe drop will take about an hour, and the probe will be protected by a thermal shield until it reaches a height of 42 miles (67 kilometres). The shield will then be discarded in order to sample and evaluate air gases. Once it clears Venus’ clouds 100,000 feet (30,500 metres) above the surface, the descending probe will take hundreds of photos.\n“The probe will touch-down in the Alpha Regio mountains but is not required to operate once it lands, as all of the required science data will be taken before reaching the surface,” said Stephanie Getty, Goddard’s deputy principle investigator. “If we survive the touchdown at about 25 miles per hour (11 meters/second), we could have up to 17-18 minutes of operations on the surface under ideal conditions.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Thursday: Northerly 15/20 knots. Seas: 1.5 metres, increasing to 2 metres offshore. Swell: Southerly below 0.5 metres. Friday: North to northwesterly 15/20 knots ahead of a southwesterly change in the late evening, reaching 30 knots offshore. Seas: 1.5/2 metres. Swell: Southerly below 0.5 metres. Outlook Saturday: Southwesterly 20/30 knots turning southerly 20/25 knots in the late morning and early afternoon. Seas: 1.5/2.5 metres. Swell: South to southeasterly below 1 metre south of Cape Byron. Outlook Sunday: Southerly 20/25 knots turning southeasterly 15/20 knots during the morning. Seas: 1.5/2.5 metres. Swell: South to southeasterly below 1 metre, increasing to 1/1.5 metres south of Cape Byron during the evening.Issued Thu 22:29 EST\n22:00 EST A 63-year-old woman has been killed by a falling tree in Launceston during a fourth day of wild weather across Tasmania.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "ATLANTIC OCEAN (WKRG) — Before Hurricane Irma wreaked havoc in Florida, News 5 was aboard the flight that helped determine the storm’s westward movement towards Tampa.\nAccording to the Hurricane Hunters of the U.S. Air Force Reserve, this was the first time a 360-degree camera was mounted in front of their windshield to provide a breathtaking view of the storm’s eye.\nWith the 360-degree perspective on platforms like Facebook and YouTube, viewers can move around their smartphone, tablet or virtual reality headset to see the pilots in the cockpit, all-the-way-around to Hurricane Irma through the windshield.\nThe video shows the dramatic moment of bursting through the eye-wall into the eye of the storm. The Hurricane Hunters navigate to find the storm’s true center, the area of lowest pressure that helps determine Irma’s forecast path.\nThe 360-degree video also goes back to the cabin of the plane, where weather officers are gathering the crucial data forecasters need to predict what the storm will do next.\nNews 5 flew with the Hurricane Hunters of the U.S. Air Force Reserve early Saturday morning, when Irma was a Category 5 storm off the coast of Cuba. It was this flight that downgraded Irma to a Category 3, and determined the storm was moving west towards Naples, Florida.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "For immediate release\nFlorida Press Office: Mark Friedlander, 904-806-7813, firstname.lastname@example.org\nST. JOHNS, Fla., Nov. 29, 2022—As the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season concludes tomorrow, it marks the seventh straight year in which at least 14 named storms formed.\nEight of the named storms became hurricanes, and two of the eight reached major hurricane (Category 3, 4, or 5) intensity. The season, which began June 1, serves as a reminder to residents living on the Gulf and East Coasts of the United States, as well as the Caribbean territories, that the dangers of high winds and floods destroying property and ending lives is real; and taking action to become more resilient is critical. Insurance is the first step toward predicting and preventing a loss.\n“As the nation’s financial first responders, insurers helped their customers recover economically from the impacts of another damaging hurricane season in 2022,” said Sean Kevelighan, CEO, Insurance Information Institute (Triple-I). “The widespread damage Florida experienced in the wake of hurricanes Ian and Nicole highlighted the importance of being financially protected from catastrophic losses and that includes having adequate levels of property insurance and flood coverage. In fact, we not only saw historic levels of flooding in coastal areas but throughout inland communities, as well.”\nThe eight hurricanes were Danielle, Earl, Fiona, Ian, Julia, Lisa, Martin, and Nicole. Fiona and Ian became major hurricanes. Hurricane Ian was the most damaging storm this season, causing devastating storm surge, high winds and flooding that led to a significant loss of life and widespread destruction throughout Florida. Ian is expected to be the one of the costliest natural disasters in the nation’s history and made landfall twice in the U.S. The first time was near Cayo Costa, Fla., on Sept. 28 as a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 150 miles per hour. Two days later, on Sept. 30, Ian made landfall again near Georgetown, S.C., as a Category 1 hurricane with sustained winds of 85 miles per hour, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Hurricane Nicole made landfall on North Hutchinson Island, Fla., on Nov. 10, as a Category 1 hurricane with sustained winds of 75 miles per hour.\n“The biggest surprise of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season was that August had no named storm activity,” said Phil Klotzbach, PhD, a research scientist in the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University (CSU) and a Triple-I non-resident scholar. “This is the first time August had no named storm activity since 1997.”\nCSU’s other notable observations about the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season included:\n- Ian is tied with five other hurricanes for the fifth strongest continental U.S. landfall on record\n- Nicole was the latest calendar year hurricane to make landfall on Florida’s East Coast on record\n- There was no named storm activity between July 3 and Aug. 31\nCatastrophes and Insurance Issues\nSpotlight On: Flood Insurance\nFacts & Statistics:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "AN ACTION plan containing a package of measures to help improve the air quality in Braunton is about to go out to public consultation.\nIt sets out North Devon Council’s ideas for tackling the pollution caused by queues of vehicles trying to get through the bottleneck in the middle of the village.\nEvery local authority has a responsibility to measure air pollution. Readings taken on the Square in Braunton recorded an annual mean concentration of 43 microgrammes of nitrogen dioxide per cubic metre, above the threshold of 40 microgrammes.\nThat led to an Air Quality Management Area being declared in the village, which meant the district council had to act.\nvia Air quality action plan is set to go out to public consultation in Braunton | This is North Devon.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Video: Scene of the deadly house collapse in Smithfield that claimed four lives\nWed, 09 Jul 2014 14:33:35 GMT —\nThis is video taken this morning at the scene in Smithfield where four houses collapsed, killing four people.\nThere is a news conference planned for Wednesday morning to update on the tragic storm that swept through the area. Teams from the National Weather Service are working to find out if a tornado caused the severe damage.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Filmed and edited By Roger Essig. June 24th 2017. Bells Beach, Victoria Australia.\nMusic by Them Crooked Vultures. ‘Spinning in the Daffodils’\n‘A vigorous polar front swept from southwest of Tasmania to Victoria’s central coast on Saturday, producing waves of more than three metres.’ -Alex Sinnott, Geelong Advertiser\n“The models are, for the most part maintaining the forecast for a peak on Saturday morning, showing a 20 to 25ft deepwater SSW swell @ 17 seconds. The storm is already generating 40 to 50 knot SW winds across polar latitudes, below WA and this fetch is on course to travel northeast towards Bass Strait throughout Thursday, setting up a captured fetch of 40 to 50 knots.\nHowever, consecutive model runs have shown a slight, but incremental downgrading in wave-potential; associated with an earlier than initially forecast weakening of the fetch, setting in from Thursday evening onwards. Note this slight downgrading is reflected in GFS, ACCESS and EC model runs. So it looks like wave-growth will cease around 600 or 700 nautical miles southwest of Bass Strait – and I think the resulting wave-decay is probably enough to cap the peak of the swell at about 8 to 10ft at Bells on Saturday morning. Further, EC runs are consistently forecasting wind-speeds a little below GFS – and this points to a further, albeit minor downgrading of wave-potential.” – Ben Macartney\n(this video has not been monetized)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Greenhouse gas emissions in Thurston County totaled over 2.9 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCO2e) in 2021 — 9.8 tons per person. Total emissions increased from 2012 to 2019, until the COVID-10 pandemic significantly changed how people live, work, and travel and brought emissions decreases. From 2010 to 2021, emissions have decreased 4.1% while per capita emissions have dropped nearly 20%. The built environment — buildings and their related energy use — are the largest source of emissions, followed by transportation. These two sectors account for approximately 90% of emissions.\nThurston Regional Planning Council\nSustainable Thurston Report Card\nThe Sustainable Thurston Report Card tracks how well the Thurston region is doing at becoming carbon neutral. The goal includes two targets for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A yellow level travel advisory has been issued for unincorporated roads in Hamilton Co, effective Wednesday morning until further notice.\nThis is the lowest level of local travel advisory and means routine travel or activities may be restricted in areas because of a hazardous situation. Individuals should use caution or avoid those areas. Unincorporated roads are those roads maintained by Hamilton Co., usually roads outside cities and towns.\nThe National Weather Service is forecasting several inches of snow on top of the rain and has issued a Winter Weather Advisory for Hamilton Co. until the afternoon of Thursday, Feb. 25. Gusty winds may increase travel difficulties.\nThe Hamilton Co. Sheriff’s Office says to do the following when driving in winter weather:\n- Reduce speeds\n- Leave extra room between vehicles\n- Make sure all windows are clear of snow and ice\n- Turn on lights to increase visibility even during the day\n- Make sure to keep an emergency kit, along with a fully charged cell phone handy.\nIn case of a slide off or crash, contact Hamilton Co. Public Safety Communications at 773-1282 or 911 for an emergency.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This week, negotiators from nearly 200 countries have gathered at the UN Climate Conference in Doha to try to hammer out an agreement on a second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol.\nOnce again, the gathering of the parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change highlights the lack of action on climate change, and the subsequent threat to the prosperity of millions. Climate change may roll back decades of development.\nSeveral reports in the last month have reached the same conclusion. First, the science is unequivocal: humans are the cause of global warming, and major changes can be observed today. Second, time for action is running out – if we don’t act, we could experience a 4°C warmer world this century, with catastrophic consequences.\nThe World Bank commissioned the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and Climate Analytics to better understand the potential impact of a 4°C warmer world on developing countries. Turn Down the Heat provides a stark picture of the state of the planet in a 4°C warmer world and the disruptive impacts on agriculture, water resources, ecosystems and human health. It also gives a snapshot of changes already observed.\nGlobal mean temperatures are about 0.8°C above pre-industrial levels. Current greenhouse gas emission pledges place the world on a trajectory for warming of well over 3°C, even if the pledges are fully met.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The instruments are as complex as the air they analyze.\\r\\n\nScientists will converge in Augusta this weekend to launch a study that could answer important questions about the local origins of air pollution.\nAugusta's air pollution problems aren't as bad as Macon's but are substantially worse than Savannah's, according to a statewide compilation of ozone level violations over the past three years.\nEfforts to overturn new federal air quality standards might delay -- but won't stop -- Augusta's pending designation as a city with polluted air, Georgia's environmental chief predicted Thursday.\nAugusta is joining forces with Macon and Columbus in seeking a special appropriation for air pollution studies in cities facing nonattainment status under the revised Clean Air Act.\nAugusta's air pollution tends to be at its worst when slow-moving winds blow from the southeast, according to preliminary findings from an experimental air monitoring study.\nAir pollution in Augusta tends to be at its worst when nearly-stagnant air blows from the southeast, according to preliminary results of a first-ever air monitoring study conducted this summer.Full story\nAugusta has spent years and millions of dollars trying to solve its pollution problems. In the end, salvation might be in the bulrushes. View the photo gallery", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Earth observation satellites in low orbit are continually buffeted by the wisps of atmosphere that remain. Predicting how much air drag a satellite can encounter is critical to the design, cost and operation of a mission - an ESA study shows how.\nEarth's atmosphere is often portrayed as a fragile, finite, thin layer of gas blanketing the planet. However, since the number of atmospheric particles decrease exponentially with altitude, there is no real boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. Even though the density of the air at satellite level is at least a billion times lower than at sea level, the speed at which satellites move in orbit is so high they can still experience drag.\nJust like sailors and airline pilots have to account for the weather in the lower layers of the atmosphere – the troposphere and stratosphere, satellite operators have to be able to predict the weather in the upper regions of the atmosphere. Understanding air density is crucial when designing a mission, for example, air density and wind affect how much fuel is consumed and the lifetime of a satellite mission. In addition, knowing what the weather is like in space is important for planning manoeuvres, predicting re-entry and assessing the risk of collision.\nThe thermosphere starts at an altitude of around 90 km. This atmospheric layer is strongly influenced by ultraviolet radiation and charged particles originating from the Sun. It is also influenced by the magnetic and electric fields that surround Earth. The weather in the thermosphere is completely unlike that experienced on the ground. Winds can reach speeds of hundreds of metres per second and air density can vary by orders of magnitude, depending on the activity of the Sun.\nThe results of a recent study commissioned by ESA's General Studies Programme have shown that accelerometers, carried on current and future Earth observation satellites, can act as space weather observatories. These instruments measure acceleration relative to 'free fall' of an object in a near-circular orbit and can also provide valuable data to improve air density models. In contrast, ESA's gravity mission GOCE, which was launched into a very low orbit in March, has accelerometers that measure the drag the spacecraft is experiencing and ion thrusters for drag compensation.\nThe 18-month study was carried out by an international team led by the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands and investigated accelerometer data from the German mission CHAMP and US-German mission GRACE. It also simulated data for ESA's Earth Explorer Swarm mission, which is due for launch in 2010. Swarm aims to improve our understanding of Earth's magnetic field including near-Earth current systems and their coupling with thermospheric density and winds.\nEelco Doornbos from the Delft University of Technology explained, \"The study involved the cooperation of European experts in upper-atmospheric physics, satellite aerodynamics, orbital mechanics, modelling and data processing. We have investigated the most accurate way possible of deriving density and wind speeds from the accelerometer data, compared the results with existing models, created improvements to these models and have made recommendations for future satellite missions.”\nHeiner Klinkrad of ESA's Space Debris Office summarised the merits of the present study, \"The modelling of aerodynamic forces requires a good knowledge of all key parameters: the total air density, the effective aerodynamic cross-section, the velocity relative to a dynamic atmosphere, and the surface-molecule interaction parameters, of which the drag coefficient is the most important. The current study uses principles that were already developed at the beginning of space flight. The current accelerometer data, however, provide drag information that is several orders of magnitude better than in those days - both in absolute magnitudes and spatial/temporal resolution. Likewise, the molecule-surface interaction and the effective aerodynamic cross-section are known much better today, so we are able to extract very reliable information on the total density and aerodynamic velocity. I believe that the current study has significantly advanced research in this area.\"\nThe results of this important study have shown that air density and wind models can be significantly improved. This can help to reduce some of the current uncertainties involved in the complex tasks of planning, developing and operating satellites in low-Earth orbit.\nFor further information please contact:\nStudy Technical Officer\nESA Mission Science Division\nTel: +31 71 5658720\nEmail: michael.kern @ esa.int\nESA General Studies Programme Manager\nTel: +33 1 5369 7623\nEmail: andres.galvez @ esa.int", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "by Scott Richter and Dr. Patrick Jones\nPeople who have lived in the Spokane area over the past few years likely noticed the air pollution caused by smoke from wildfires during summer 2021 was not as bad as most – specifically 2017 and 2020. This year, at least locally, we were spared multiple weeks of thick, yellow-brown smoke coming from fires seemingly from everywhere but the middle of the Pacific Ocean.\nDuring 2020, the combination of unprecedented fire seasons in both Oregon and California and the relatively common late summer easterly wind patterns actually sent wildfire smoke hundreds of miles east over the Pacific Ocean before turning west again and while greatly dissipated, eventually finding its way to Europe.\nAn important part of overall air quality is Particulate Matter (PM) per cubic meter. PM is defined as the solid and liquid particles found in ambient air. Spokane Trends Indicator 4.1.7 PM2.5 Concentration measures the annual average of the 24-Hour PM2.5 concentration levels based on continuous monitoring. PM2.5 measures the volume of particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter.\nExposure to elevated levels of PM2.5 can lead to increased cases of respiratory illnesses and illness-related mortality. When inhaled, PM2.5 is small enough to lodge deep into the lungs, damaging delicate lung tissue. While PM2.5 can affect anybody, people especially sensitive include those with existing heart and lung diseases, as well as pregnant women, young children, and the elderly.\nSources of PM are either directly emitted or the result of chemical reactions. Directly emitted particles can come from wood fires, power plants, and industrial facilities. Additionally, farming, agricultural burns, dust from roads, construction activities, all agitated by wind, create PM. Indirectly emitted particles, or secondary particles, are typically from chemical reactions traced to naturally occurring gasses or burning fossil fuels, whether from vehicle engines or power plants.\nSo smoke is not the only source – basically all combustion creates PM, not just wildfires.\nThe Clean Air Act of 1970 (42 U.S.C. §7401 et seq) requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to “periodically review the standards to ensure that they provide adequate health and environmental protection, and to update those standards as necessary.”\nDuring the 1997 review, EPA reduced the fine particle standard from 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) to 12.0 where it has remained through the latest completed review in 2012. According to EPA, “An area will meet the standard if the three-year average of its annual average PM2.5 concentration (at each monitoring site in the area) is less than or equal to 12.0 µg/m3.”\nCurrently, EPA is in the process of reviewing the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The review has yet to be completed so the fine particle standard of 12.0 µg/m3 for PM2.5 remains in place.\nNAAQS create thresholds for criteria air pollutants, which in addition to PM include carbon monoxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.\nLooking at the graph for Indicator 4.1.7, we can observe that at no point in the series does Spokane County have the lowest average. Spokane County is similar to Benton County, WA (Tri-Cities) and Ada County, ID (Boise). The comparison of Benton and Spokane Counties reveals more similarities than each have with Ada County. Ada County shows the two highest annual measurements in the period observed --11.95 during 2013 and 11.06 during 2007.\nThe highest annual average in Spokane County was 10.69 occurring during 2020, the year with the most recent annual data available. The lowest annual average in Spokane County was 5.08 during 2018.\nWildfire events causing widespread poor air quality are certainly part of this indicator, but keep in mind this is an annual average calculated by the daily averages. While these events can greatly impact us during the days or weeks they are occurring, major events decreasing air quality are the exception, not the rule. Additionally, the benchmark counties are close enough in proximity to Spokane County to have air quality diminished by the same wildfires.\nOver the 16-year span of this series, there has not been much of an increase. Looking at another indicator on Spokane Trends, 4.1.1 Air Quality Days, maybe a little contrary to thinking, but 2020 had the highest number of Good Air Days, 323, than any other year for Spokane County and overall for King and Pierce Counties.\nDuring the summer of 2021, Spokane set new records for total days over 100 degrees in a calendar year, total days over 90 degrees in a calendar year, all-time record high temperature, the hottest month on record based on the average of the daily high temperature, all while the nighttime low temperatures remained higher than normal. Unlike the global mean surface temperature, these data do not provide any real evidence of global warming. Yet indirectly, global warming increases the chance of elevated PM2.5 by way of an increasing risk of wildfires – both in rate and intensity.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Tropical Storm warning remained in force early Thursday as Zeta blew through the area, with “blew” being the operative word. Warning is set to expire at 11 a.m. High winds resulted in Walton County and Social Circle City Schools announcing closings a little after 6 a.m. Widespread power outages were reported and debris was reported in many roads. Walton County Fire Rescue had quite a few tree and power line down calls since about 0445, according to officials. As the winds picked up, so did the storm call volume.\nAccording to the National Weather Service, winds are expected to remain above 15 to 20 mph through most of the morning but expected to taper off by midday.\nThe National Weather Service at Peachtree City has issued a Tropical Storm Warning for the local area, including Walton and Gwinnett Counties. This is the fourth warning currently in force for the local area.\nThe following warnings are in effect.\n- Flash Flood Watch in effect from October 28, 08:00 AM EDT until October 29, 08:00 PM EDT\n- Hazardous Weather Outlook\n- Hurricane Local Statement\n- Tropical Storm Warning in effect from October 28, 11:04 AM EDT\nA Tropical Storm Warning means tropical storm-force winds are expected somewhere within this area within the next 36 hours * WIND - LATEST LOCAL FORECAST: Tropical storm force winds remain possible - Peak Wind Forecast: 20-30 mph with gusts to 40 mph - THREAT TO LIFE AND PROPERTY THAT INCLUDES TYPICAL FORECAST UNCERTAINTY IN TRACK, SIZE AND INTENSITY: Potential for wind 39 to 57 mph - The wind threat has remained nearly steady from the previous assessment. - PLAN: Plan for hazardous wind of equivalent tropical storm force. - PREPARE: Efforts to protect property should now be underway. Prepare for limited wind damage. - ACT: Act now to complete preparations before the wind becomes hazardous. - POTENTIAL IMPACTS: Limited - Damage to porches, awnings, carports, sheds, and unanchored mobile homes. Unsecured lightweight objects blown about - Many large tree limbs broken off. A few trees snapped or uprooted, but with greater numbers in places where trees are shallow rooted. Some fences and roadway signs blown over. - A few roads impassable from debris, particularly within urban or heavily wooded places. Hazardous driving conditions on bridges and other elevated roadways. - Scattered power and communications outages. FLOODING RAIN - LATEST LOCAL FORECAST: Flash Flood Watch is in effect - Peak Rainfall Amounts: Additional around 1 inch - THREAT TO LIFE AND PROPERTY THAT INCLUDES TYPICAL FORECAST UNCERTAINTY IN TRACK, SIZE AND INTENSITY: Potential for localized flooding rain - The flooding rain threat has remained nearly steady from the previous assessment. - PLAN: Emergency plans should include the potential for localized flooding from heavy rain. - PREPARE: Consider protective actions if you are in an area vulnerable to flooding. - ACT: Heed any flood watches and warnings. - POTENTIAL IMPACTS: Limited - Localized rainfall flooding may prompt a few evacuations. - Rivers and tributaries may quickly rise with swifter currents. Small streams, creeks, canals, arroyos, and ditches may become swollen and overflow in spots. - Flood waters can enter a few structures, especially in usually vulnerable spots. A few places where rapid ponding of water occurs at underpasses, low-lying spots, and poor drainage areas. Several storm drains and retention ponds become near-full and begin to overflow. Some brief road and bridge closures.\nLeave a Reply\nYou must be logged in to post a comment.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Low clouds, fog and poor visibility conditions will improve by 5am. Cloudy with temperatures steady near the low 30s. Winds N at 5 to 10 mph. Hourly Details\nBecoming partly cloudy later with any flurries or snow showers ending by noontime. Temps nearly steady in the mid 30s. Winds NW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of snow 30%.\nA mostly clear sky. Low 23F. Winds WNW at 5 to 10 mph.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Southeast OK Gets Some Relief with Heavy Rains this Week, While Northwest Still in Drought's GripThu, 10 May 2018 12:24:52 CDT\nOklahomans in the southeastern half of the state have gotten some relief this week from drought as heavy rain storms have moved through the area. However, those in the northwest part of the state are still gripped by intensely dry conditions. Unless you reside in central Oklahoma, though, any changes for the better will be rather unnoticeable, according to Oklahoma State Climatologist Gary McManus.\nAgain, little change is noted in the Drought Monitor this week, but currently it shows 23 percent of the state in exceptional drought conditions primarily concentrated along the western edge and Panhandle of the state; 34 percent under extreme drought; 42 percent remaining in severe drought; and a slight 5 percent combined decrease from last week in the abnormally dry to moderate drought rating at 53 percent and 46 percent, respectively.\nMore relief may be on the way though according to McManus, who says there will be minor chances of rain coming in the next few days into early next week. He says it is possible parts of drought-stricken Oklahoma in areas of the northwest may even receive some of that moisture if forecasted storms are realized. Meanwhile, summer temperatures are increasing and with them the fire danger, particularly in the Panhandle region.\nHave a closer look at this week’s drought monitor, by clicking here and check out McManus’ latest Mesonet Ticker newsletter, here.\nWebReadyTM Powered by WireReady® NSI\nTop Agricultural News", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "To begin with North India, a fresh Western Disturbance is over North Pakistan and adjoining Jammu and Kashmir. Its induced cyclonic circulation is over Northwest Rajasthan. A trough is extending from this circulation to South Gujarat across Rajasthan. Due to these systems, scattered rain and snow are likely over Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Isolated rain is also expected over Uttarakhand, parts of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and West Uttar Pradesh. Due to a confluence zone, scattered rain and thundershowers with isolated hailstorm are possible over eastern parts of Rajasthan.\nMoving to Central India, West Madhya Pradesh will receive rain and thundershowers with hailstorm activity. Meanwhile, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra will continue to observe dry weather and minimums may rise over these states.\nIn East/Northeast India, an anti-cyclone is marked over Odisha. Therefore, weather in Odisha and West Bengal will remain dry. Whereas, clear sky conditions will prevail over East Uttar Pradesh.\nBihar and Jharkhand will witness partly cloudy weather with chances of increase in minimum temperatures. A cyclonic circulation persists over parts of Northeast India. But due to the lack of moisture incursion, northeastern states will continue witnessing dry weather.\nLastly in South India, in the absence of any significant weather system, humid winds are expected to prevail over entire South India. Day will remain warm and sunny at most places.\nAny information taken from here should be credited to skymetweather.com", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "CASPER, Wyo. – The National Weather Service in Riverton released peak wind gusts showing the amount of punishment much of central Wyoming received on Friday.\nIn Natrona County, a gust of 83 mph was recorded at Hat Six, and an 80 mph reading at a weather station southwest of town. Both were around 7 p.m.\nThe Casper airport had a gust of 62 mph, and a gust of 75 mph was recorded in Mills.\nArticle continues below...\nGusts between 70 and 80 mph were also recorded in Lander, Buffalo and Sunlight Basin in Park County.\nThe high winds caused WYDOT to close US 20 between Casper and Moneta on Friday night due to low visibility caused by dust storms.\nUnfortunately, Natrona County remains under a high wind warning through tonight, with isolated snow showers likely. Gusts up to 65 mph are possible on Saturday.\nGusty winds will continue through the weekend and midweek, however they aren’t expected to be quite as extreme.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In the next few days, it is initially clear, on Monday though partly sunny. On Monday thunderstorms are possible. The daily high temperature near 28 degrees. On Monday a fresh wind from the south.\n|Fr May 06||Sa May 07||Su May 08||Mo May 09|\n|Nearby Forecast Locations - Greenville||Distance|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Measurement of solar radiation\nThe precise measurement of solar is important in many fields including remote sensing, meteorology, climate change, solar energy, and various aspects of agriculture. The two common methods that characterize solar radiation are the solar irradiance (or radiation) and solar insolation.\nSolar irradiance (symbol: E) is the radiometry term for the power of electromagnetic radiation at a surface, per unit area. \"Irradiance\" is used when the electromagnetic radiation is incident on the surface. The SI units for irradiance are watts per square meter (W/m2). Solar irradiance is strongly dependent on location and local weather. Irradiance measurements consist of global and/or direct radiation measurements taken periodically throughout the day.\nSolar insolation is the total amount of solar energy received at a particular location during a specified time period, often in units of W/(m2·day). While the units of solar insolation and solar irradiance are both a power density (for solar insolation the \"hours\" in the numerator are a time measurement as is the \"day\" in the denominator), solar insolation is quite different than the solar irradiance because the solar insolation is the instantaneous solar irradiance averaged over a given time period. Solar insolation is also expressed in units of MJ/m2 per year.\nActinometer is the general name for any instrument used to measure the intensity of radiant energy, particularly that of the sun. Actinometers are classified according to the quantities that they measure:\n- A pyrheliometer measures measures the intensity of direct solar radiation. It is so designed that it measures only the radiation from the sun's disk (which has an apparent diameter of ½°) and from a narrow annulus of sky of diameter 5° around the sun's disk.\n- A pyranometer measures global radiation (the combined intensity of direct solar radiation and diffuse sky radiation). It measures solar irradiance from the solid angle 2pi onto a plane surface. When mounted horizontally facing upwards it measures global solar irradiance. If it is provided with a shade that prevents beam solar radiation from reaching the receiver, it measures diffuse solar irradiance.\n- A pyrgeometer measures the effective terrestrial radiation. It measures the atmospheric infrared radiation spectrum that extends approximately from 4.5 µm to 100 µm.\nA radiometer is an instrument designed to measure the radiated electromagnetic power. When used in solar energy applications, it is usually desirable for radiometers to respond the same to equal amounts of energy at all wavelengths over the wavelength range of the radiation to be measured. Most radiometers therefore work by using a thermopile to measure the temperature rise of a sensitive element whose receiving surface is painted dull black. Instruments for measuring solar irradiance using a photovoltaic cell as the sensitive element have a non-uniform spectral response.\nAn alternative method of measuring solar radiation, which is less accurate but also less expensive, is a sunshine recorder. Sunshine recorders measure the number of hours in the day during which the sunshine is above a certain level (typically 200 mW/cm2). Data collected in this way are used to determine the solar insolation by comparing the measured number of sunshine hours to those based on calculations and including several correction factors.\n- American Meterological Scociety, Glossary of Meterology, Accessed 11 January 2008.\n- Exell, R. H. B., The Intensity of Solar Radiation, Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Accessed 10 January 2008.\n- Honsberg, Christina and Stuart Bowden, Photovoltaics CDROM Web Edition, University of Delaware, Accessed 10 January 2008.\n- Pidwirny, Michael (Lead Author); Dagmar Budikova (Topic Editor). 2007. Atmospheric effects on incoming solar radiation. In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Willis Haviland Carrier invented the first electrical air conditioner in 1902. The first air conditioners where used to cool air for industrial processing. It was not until the 1950's that residential air conditioning sales took off.\nA 19th century British scientist found out that if you use a compressor to liquify a certain gas it would chill the air when a certain amount of ammonia was allowed to evaporate. Willis Haviland Carrier used this to make the first air conditioner. Look here for more information: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_invented_the_air_conditioner", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rain has moved into the area as of 6am this morning and will become quite heavy at times especially this morning, a flash flood watch is in effect and we may get an average of 1-2 inches of rain with some higher amounts up to 4 inches. There also may be some thunderstorms that can be accompanied by some strong gusty winds. With cloudy skies and precipitation high temperatures will only reach the upper 70s but it will be humid..\nA cold front will swing through later tonight ending the rain.\nAnother preview of fall Wednesday through Friday with mostly fair skies, very low humidity and temperatures reaching 80 degrees during the day but dropping to the 50s at night.\nWeekend looks dry with slowly moderating temperatures..\nThe forecast: Today – Cloudy with showers and thunderstorms, heavy rain likely, some storms may contain strong gusty winds, high in the upper 70s.\nTonight – Scattered showers and thunderstorms till around 9pm then becoming mostly clear and much less humid, low in the low 60s.\nWednesday – Sunny, high in the upper 70s.\nThursday – Sunny, high near 80.\nFriday – Sunny, high in the low 80s.\nSaturday – Mostly sunny, high in the low 80s.\nSunday – Partly sunny, high in the low 80s.\nMonday – Mostly cloudy, high in the low 80s.\nMarine Forecast: Today – South-southeast wind to 8 knots, seas 2 feet.\nOutlook – Sub-advisory level conditions through through the weekend.\nHave a good day!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "While the weather on Sunday is still clear clouds will increase. On Tuesday some scattered showers are possible. The daily high falls from 24 degrees on Sunday to 18 degrees on Tuesday. A fresh wind from the south.\n|Sa May 25||Su May 26||Mo May 27||Tu May 28|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A research base in the Antarctic has recorded the hottest temperature ever for the continent amid rising concern about global warming (Reuters 1). World Meteorological Organization spokeswoman, Clare Nullis, said the Esperanza base recorded 18.3 degrees topping the former record of 17.5 degrees tallied in March 2015 (AP 1). The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) says the northwest region of the Antarctic Peninsula is among the fastest warming regions on Earth — nearly 3 degrees Celsius over the last half-century (AP 1). According to an annual report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) the Arctic is warming more than twice as fast as the rest of the globe. (AP 2).\nThis increase in temperature has accelerated the melting of ice sheets around the south pole, which will greatly impact the rising sea levels (Reuters 1). Animals have also been severely affected, with the population of chinstrap penguins having fallen by approximately 77% since they were last surveyed (Reuters 2). Steve Forrest, a conservation biologist, said “The declines that we’ve seen are definitely dramatic” attributing it to “less food abundance” which are “driving these populations down” (Reuters 2). The United Nations (U.N.) will soon meet to try to agree on a global ocean treaty, that will address the effects of climate change (Reuters 2).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Snow could be on the way with UK braced for cold snap as temperatures plummet\nIt might be hard to believe after the unusually hot weather we’ve seen throughout November, but snow could soon start falling in parts of the UK. According to the Met Office, parts of northern England and Scotland could see the white stuff towards the end of this week, with the Scottish highlands set for the first smatterings as temperatures drop.\nMet Office meteorologist Annie Shuttleworth said current mild conditions are expected to last around five days before the weather turns more unsettled, bringing ‘strong winds and rain’. Temperatures could plummet below 10C in northern England by tonight (Monday, November 14) with nighttime lows of 7C in Northern Ireland and 8C in Manchester by Tuesday.\nLondon and the south east of the country are more likely to see continued warm spells, with highs of 14C in London during the day. It comes after Storm Claudio brought heavy downpours to the UK followed by the hottest Armistice Day (November 11) on record.\nMs Shuttleworth said: “With average temperatures for this time of November, you can get rain falling as snow on the high grounds of Scotland as well as potentially the high ground of England and Northern Ireland. For the end of November, it generally looks like we’ll see high pressure and lots of dry and settled weather.\n“That could bring some colder nights. There are no major signals for snow but we can see frost and fog becoming a little more likely into the back end of November.”\nLong range weather forecast for the UK, according to the Met Office\nFriday, November 18 - Sunday, November 27\nUnsettled weather is likely to remain over the weekend, perhaps with the northwest seeing the wettest conditions, possibly windy for many with a chance of gales, especially in the west. These unsettled conditions are likely to remain through most of the week, however there is a chance of some short lived high pressure to start the week, bringing a low risk of patchy frost by night in the north. Rain and strong winds likely over the second weekend, especially in the west. Temperatures possibly slightly above average initially, but returning closer to average later.\nMonday, November 28 - Monday, December 12\nInto this period, conditions will possibly become more settled as high pressure moves over the UK. This should bring drier and calmer weather than that of late. But shorter periods of unsettled weather are still possible. Temperatures likely to fall back to average, perhaps below average at times, especially by night, with an increased risk of fog.\nWant to join the conversation? Please or to comment on this article.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Now, Delta looks to bear down on the northern Gulf Coast in its hazardous second act later this week with the coast of central and western Louisiana in the crosshairs.\n“Delta is expected to grow in size as it approaches the northern Gulf Coast, where there is an increasing likelihood of life-threatening storm surge and dangerous hurricane-force winds beginning Friday, particularly for portions of the Louisiana coast,” the National Hurricane Center wrote Wednesday.\nDelta may have a serious impact on some of the beleaguered parts of southwest Louisiana that were hit hard by Category 4 Laura in late August.\nOn Wednesday morning, the Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for the zone between High Island, Tex., and Grand Isle, La., which includes the zone where Laura made landfall.\nThe storm may come ashore not far from Lake Charles, where Laura caused heavy damage and cut power in some areas for weeks. Although Delta’s exact track is still coming into focus, models suggest landfall could occur in the area just southwest of Lafayette as a Category 2 or 3 hurricane.\nThe storm’s impacts will expand far beyond where its center crosses the coast.\nA storm surge watch spans from High Island to the Alabama-Florida border and includes Lake Pontchartrain and Mobile Bay. The surge could cause as much as 11 feet of inundation along the coast of central Louisiana.\nThe storm’s region of influence is expected to grow as the storm’s wind field expands before landfall. New Orleans may escape with only low-end tropical-storm-force winds, but any shift in the track eastward could increase storm effects there.\n“NOW is the time to make sure you have a plan if you live anywhere along the northern Gulf Coast,” wrote the National Weather Service in New Orleans.\nTropical-storm-force winds could arrive along the Louisiana coastline as early as late Thursday night or Friday morning.\nThough disruptive mid-level winds weakened Delta to a Category 2 before its Mexican landfall, re-intensification is likely as it moves over the warmer waters of the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. The small storm has a tight, compact circulation, making it more susceptible to quick swings in intensity.\nDelta was moving off the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula as of 2 p.m. Wednesday, heading northwest at 17 mph, emerging over the Gulf of Mexico. The storm had weakened further crossing the Yucatán, with maximum winds advertised at 100 mph. Its central air pressure had increased significantly, a sign that it is no longer lifting and evacuating air at the upper levels as efficiently as before.\nMicrowave satellite imagery indicated that Delta’s once pinhole eye had become ragged and disheveled, a much larger eye beginning to form. That’s part of the reason the winds contained in the eyewall had decreased; much like a twirling ice skater throwing out his or her arms, a radial expansion connotes a decrease in rotational velocity, or wind speed.\nWinds of 84 mph occurred in Cancun, along with a gust to 106 mph. Puerto Morelos reported sustained winds of 54 mph and a 75-mph gust behind the center. Cozumel recorded a 64-mph wind gust.\nRe-intensification over the Gulf of Mexico\nAs Delta emerges over the Gulf of Mexico on Wednesday afternoon, Delta is predicted to begin strengthening again as it encounters water temperatures between 81 and 85 degrees. The Hurricane Center projects Delta to regain Category 3 strength on Thursday, with peak winds reaching 120 mph.\nThe type of rapid intensification that occurred while Delta was over the Caribbean is less likely in the gulf, because ocean heat content — a measure of how much energy a hurricane can extract from surface ocean waters — is less. About a fifth to a quarter as much “fuel” is available, just enough for Delta to maintain its force while steadily strengthening.\nDelta will probably weaken a bit toward the coastline as it encounters slightly cooler waters over the continental shelf. At the same time, wind shear, or a change of wind speed and/or direction with height, will be increasing. That could further work against Delta.\nThat said, Delta is still forecast to make landfall in Louisiana as a dangerous Category 2 or low-end Category 3 hurricane.\nDelta will create multiple storm hazards along the northern Gulf Coast, including storm surge inundation, damaging winds, flash flooding and tornadoes.\nThe Hurricane Center is forecasting a “life-threatening” surge, or storm-driven rise in water above normally dry land at coast, over a sprawling zone from the Texas-Louisiana border to the Alabama-Florida border. The surge will be maximized just to the east of where the center crosses the coast.\nThe most probable location for landfall is somewhere along the western or central Louisiana coastline between the Calcasieu and the Atchafalaya rivers or to the southwest of Lafayette.\nThe Hurricane Center projects the greatest surge between Pecan Island and Port Fourchon, La., where waters may rise seven to 11 feet above dry land if the maximum surge coincides with high tide. But areas as far east as Mobile Bay in Alabama could see a surge of two to four feet. The storm could also push water levels up to one to three feet above normal as far west as Texas’s Galveston Bay.\nIn the area devastated by a surge of up to 17 feet during Hurricane Laura, near and just to the east of Cameron, La., the Hurricane Center projects a surge of four to seven feet.\nDestructive winds are also a concern.\nResidents between the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge and Morgan City, including those bordering Vermilion Bay, should prepare for 100-to-115-mph wind gusts near the immediate coastline. Farther inland, 85-to-95-mph gusts are likely in the Lake Arthur to Lafayette corridor.\nThe strongest winds will be found in the eyewall, or the ring of strong thunderstorms surrounding a hurricane’s eye.\nUnless the track of Delta shifts east, New Orleans will probably only see gusts in the 40-to-45-mph range, safely fringed well to the east of the core circulation.\nA widespread four to eight inches of rainfall with localized 12-inch amounts is also likely within the swath covered by Delta’s core, which right now looks to track north through central Acadiana in Louisiana. Some flash flooding is likely.\nThe slug of Delta’s rainfall will move north into the Mississippi Valley on Saturday and into the Tennessee Valley and Mid-Atlantic by Sunday.\nAs Delta comes ashore, a few tornadoes can’t be ruled out, especially east of the center into southern Mississippi and extreme west coastal Alabama.\nDelta in historical context\nDelta will be the record 10th named storm to hit U.S. soil during the 2020 hurricane season, a year whose storms have been so numerous as to exhaust the National Hurricane Center’s conventional naming list for only the second time on record. Forecasters have turned to Greek letters for names; Delta became the strongest Greek-named storm observed Tuesday.\nBetween Monday morning and Tuesday afternoon, Delta’s peak winds catapulted 110 mph from a 35-mph tropical depression to a 145-mph Category 4. Delta’s 70-mph leap in intensity in the 24 hours between Monday morning and Tuesday morning is second fastest on record for an October hurricane in the Atlantic, trailing only Wilma in 2005. That sort of rapid intensification is expected to become more common and severe in a warming world. Rapid intensification has occurred in six Atlantic storms in 2020.\nWhen Delta was upgraded to a hurricane Monday, it became the ninth to form in the Atlantic in 2020. “Only 3 other years in the satellite era (since 1966) have produced 9 or more Atlantic hurricanes by October 5: 1995, 2004, and 2005,” tweeted Phil Klotzbach, a hurricane researcher at Colorado State University.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Strong wind, snow closing roads east of Fort Collins and affecting DIA flights\nFort Collins is now included in a winter weather advisory, though travel impacts are expected to be minimal from the storm hitting Colorado, according to the National Weather Service.\nBut if you are looking to travel in any direction from the city or travel through Denver International Airport, you better be prepared.\nThe National Weather Service has issued a winter weather advisory for areas including Fort Collins, Greeley and Denver until 3 p.m. Tuesday, Dec. 13. Snow accumulation could reach 4 inches and wind gusts to 50 mph are possible in the advisory area.\nThat is in addition to a blizzard warning for much of the northeastern plains and winter weather advisory for the northern mountains, which is impacting travel.\nThis story will be updated as conditions change.\nFort Collins forecast calls for much more wind than snow\nSnowfall totals in Fort Collins remain low with a forecast of an inch or two. But wind gusts could reach 40 mph or more during the storm, which will last into Wednesday, according to the weather service.\nSnow is forecast to occur Tuesday morning through midafternoon, with patchy blowing snow possible. Any snow will be blown around by northwest wind 26 to 30 mph, gusting to 45 mph.\nSnow chances diminish throughout Tuesday into Wednesday, but the wind remains Wednesday. Wind chill will drop into the minus category Wednesday night.\nHighs will be in the 30s Tuesday and Wednesday.\nRoad closures starting to pile up on the Eastern Plains\nHighways on the Eastern Plains are most impacted. Here are major road closures, according to the Colorado Department of Transportation. For road conditions and closure updates, call 511 or visit cotrip.org/home.\n- Interstate 76 Brush to the Nebraska state line\n- Interstate 70 in both directions from Airpark Road (MP 292) to the Kansas state line\n- U.S. Highway 6 from Brush to the Nebraska state line\n- U.S. Highway 385 from Holyoke to Julesburg\n- Colorado Highway 52 from Fort Morgan to Colorado Highway 14\n- Eastbound Colorado 392 from U.S. Highway 85 to Colorado Highway 14\n- Eastbound Colorado Highway 14 from U.S. Highway 85 to Briggsdale\n- Colorado Highway 71 from Brush to the Nebraska state line\n- U.S. Highway 34 from Brush to the Nebraska state line\nDIA flight cancellations increasing\nAs of 2 p.m. Tuesday, DIA was reporting 517 flight delays and 110 cancellations, according to www.flightaware.\nDIA is just outside the blizzard warning area but is forecast to receive 2 to 5 inches or more of snow accompanied by strong wind.\nIt is advised you check with your airline carrier before heading to the airport.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rare snowfall blankets Athens as temperatures across Greece hit record lows\nWhile early morning tourists at the Acropolis were treated to a snow-globe scene, locals had to contend with roads made impassable by ice and many schools were closed in the Athens region.\nIn northern Greece, where an all-time low of -23 C was recorded in the city of Florina, highways, rail and bus services were disrupted.\nHeavy rain and snow was reported on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, which is more used to protracted periods of drought.\n© 2019 Reuters", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Although they aren’t actually made of fire or traditional rainbows, “fire rainbows” are truly a sight to behold. These stunning natural phenomena, also called iridescent clouds, form when clouds consist of water droplets that are similar in size. Through diffraction and bending of light, the clouds separate into various wavelengths and colors, resulting in an extraordinary display of color. While they’re relatively rare, the beauty of iridescent clouds is truly breathtaking.\nAstonishing Image: Gorgeous ‘Fire Rainbow’ Although these “fire rainbows” are not ablaze and have nothing to do with rainbows, they are simply breathtaking. The similarity between iridescent clouds and the colorful splendours of a rainbow is impressive. Both are created thanks to diffraction, which generates a captivating range of colors that alternate from blue to green, red, purple, and back to blue again, resulting in a remarkable, pulsating design.\nIt’s worth mentioning that even though rainbows show a range of colors, the way they are formed is not exactly the same. The process behind rainbows involves the bending of light through different mediums with varying densities like water and prisms, which results in refraction and reflection. In refraction, the light changes direction as it passes through the medium, while in reflection, the light bounces off the surface at an angle equal to its point of impact. However, diffraction scatters the light waves into a circular pattern.\nSimilar to other objects that display iridescence, such as the feathers of peacocks, the colors exhibited by iridescent clouds change based on a person’s position in relation to both the sun and the cloud. Newly formed clouds are often linked to iridescent cloud events, and the recent sighting in South Florida follows this trend. As per the Weather Channel, these clouds are known as pileus clouds and form when a thunderstorm rapidly grows and pushes air into the upper atmosphere through a layer of moisture. This process leads to the creation of a misty cloud that appears like a glittering dome atop the thunderstorm.\nIt’s important to distinguish fire rainbows from circumhorizontal arcs, which appear as stripes of color running parallel to the horizon. A stunning snapshot of this captivating natural occurrence was captured on July 31st in the South Florida skies, offering us a peek into the magical realm of iridescent clouds.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Look at this beautfiul photo showing the Earth’s shadow and the “Belt of Venus” as seen from the Black Range, New Mexico.\nThe photographer has the following comments:\nAs the sun sets the shadow of the Earth can be seen to the eastern horizon. This is the darker blue band in this photo. The Earth blocks light from reaching that region of the atmosphere, creating a shadow that we see as a deep blue. Above the shadow, the reddish light from the setting sun does illuminate the atmosphere and reflects back to our eye as a pink (blue + red). This pink band above the blue is known as the anti-twilight arc or the “Belt of Venus”.\nPhoto by Ed Mackerrow", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Long-term variation in the cloud-tracked zonal velocities at the cloud top of Venus deduced from Venus Express VMC images\nPublication date: 30 January 2013\nAuthors: T. Kouyama et al.\nJournal: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets\nCopyright: American Geophysical Union\nWe present observational evidence of the variation of the cloud-tracked zonal velocity by ~20 m/s with a timescale of a few hundred days in the southern low latitude region based on an analysis of cloud images taken by the Venus Monitoring Camera on board Venus Express. A spectral analysis suggests that the variation has a periodicity with a period of about 255 days. Although cloud features are not always passive tracers, the periodical variation of the dynamical state is a robust feature. Superposed on this long-term variation of the zonal velocity, Kelvin wave-like disturbances tend to be observed in periods of relatively slow background velocity, while Rossby wave-like disturbances tend to be observed in periods of fast background velocity. Since the momentum deposition by these waves can accelerate and decelerate the mean flow, these waves may contribute to the suggested long-term oscillation.Link to publication", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Auteur : Agence Science Presse - Maxime Bilodeau\nBluer skies, less noisy cities, very rare smog episodes. The pandemic has been good for the environment. But this doesn’t mean the climate balance will be better when the year ends, the Rumour Detector reminds us.\nThe health crisis made it possible to see a historic planet-wide reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Driven by the economic slowdown, energy demand dropped dramatically after the beginning of the Great Lockdown. That’s what we read at the end of April in a report by the International Energy Agency.\nThis international agency, attached to the OECD, forecasts an 8% reduction of GHG emissions in 2020 compared to 2019. Some more conservative estimates project a decrease of around 4% to 5.5%, which would still be unprecedented.\nThe “disappearance” of these 2.6 gigatons of CO2 from the atmosphere would be equivalent to the emissions levels observed in the 2000s. No event in a century has triggered such a sharp drop of GHG emissions. Not the global financial crisis of 2008 or even the Second World War.\nThe effects of this “COVID-19 break” have been felt all over the planet. At the end of April, an air quality improvement was noted in nine of the world’s great metropolises during the confinement measures. Fine particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres decreased by around 9% to 54%. The WHO estimates that 7 million people die every year due to exposure to fine particles contained in polluted air.\nIn Delhi, India, a 60% reduction was observed between March 23 and April 13. The local population rediscovered the peaks of the Himalayas, normally veiled by smog.\nIn another field, a significant decrease in noise pollution was reported in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of British Columbia, between January 1 and April 1. This finding was published in mid-May in a Canadian study in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Noise pollution was probably down due to the reduction of marine traffic. It would be beneficial for the health of sea mammals in that region.\nBut this good news should be tempered. The GHG emitted by humans over the past few decades haven’t disappeared overnight. Their stay in the atmosphere can be measured in decades, centuries and even millennia. In fact, even a clear, complete and highly unlikely stoppage of GHG emissions wouldn’t prevent climate warming from continuing. In 2010, the NASA Earth Observatory affirmed that such a scenario would still cause Planet Earth to warm by 0.6 degree Celsius by 2100.\nThe Breakthrough Institute, an American environmental research institute, maintains that GES concentrations in the atmosphere will remain practically unchanged in 2020. Before the pandemic, they were supposed to reach 414.2 parts per million (PPM), the Institute analyzes. With a 5% slowdown of GHG emissions this year, the concentrations would be only slightly lower, at 414 PPM.\nIf this slim difference occurs, it is too modest to influence the dynamics of the climate system, the Breakthrough Institute concludes. Remember that PPM concentrations haven’t stopped increasing since the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. Previously they were below 300 ppm. The American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimates and average increase of 1.84 PPM per year between 1979 and 2019.\nRead the second article of this series:\nThis historic reduction teaches us something about the efforts still required to fight the climate crisis.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Massive storm wreaks havoc in Western AustraliaChristian Fernsby ▼ | May 25, 2020\nA massive storm has wreaked havoc on the coastal areas of Western Australia, including the state capital Perth, dpa reported.\nWestern Australia Heavy rainfall hit parts of the coast\nTopics: storm australia\nThe strongest wind gust of 126 kilometers per hour was recorded at Cape Leeuwin in the state's south-west, the Bureau of Meteorology said today. The winds raised dust storms in some areas, according to the Bureau.\nRoofs were ripped off and trees felled as the dangerous wind swept through the state's northern coastal regions, and some 50,000 homes were without power overnight, according to local media.\nReports also said heavy rainfall hit parts of the coast, with many areas recording their highest tides of the year. ■", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "By Barbara Goldberg\nNEW YORK (Reuters) – Plunging temperatures after a wet winter storm dumped more than a foot of snow on parts of the U.S. Northeast were expected to flash freeze much of the region on Sunday and make travel dicey during the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday on Monday.\n“Any water that remains on the road will freeze into a sheet of ice and make conditions quite hazardous,” said Rich Otto, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service (NWS).\nSub-zero temperatures tied to gusting winds prompted the NWS to issue wind chill advisories and warnings for more than 10 states, from North Dakota and other parts of the central United States to East Coast metropolitan centers including Washington, New York and Boston.\nIt will be a roller-coaster ride for temperatures, with Sunday’s warm start melting overnight snow and threatening flooding in areas including southeastern Massachusetts. By evening, temperatures were expected to dive into a dangerous flash freeze.\nHigh temperatures for Monday are forecast at 17 Fahrenheit (minus 8 Celsius) for New York City, and 12 F (minus 11 C) for Boston.\n“Behind this winter storm is a lot of cold air that has been dropping south from Canada,” said Otto by telephone from College Park, Maryland. “You combine that with winds gusting between 20 and 30 miles an hour and you have pretty dangerous windchills of 10 to 30 below zero.”\nThe storm has already dropped heavy snow in Pennsylvania, although the deepest amount reported was 16 inches (41 cm) in the northern New York town of Lake Desolation, he said. It was headed for Maine, where it was expected to lay a white carpet up to 2 feet deep.\nWhile the mercury will dive in the Northeast, forecasters say it is unlikely to fall below the storm’s current low of minus 46 Fahrenheit (minus 43 Celsius) recorded in Cotton, Minnesota.\nThe wintry weather has contributed to travel disruption across the United States during a busy holiday weekend, with 1,458 flight cancellations and 989 flight delays by mid-morning on Sunday, according to FlightAware.com.\nAmtrak canceled or modified its Sunday train service from Boston to Washington and between Chicago and the East Coast.\n(Reporting by Barbara Goldberg; Editing by Lisa Shumaker)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Transit is not reporting any major problems.\nAnd then they die out a low temperature overnight about 70 and then those showers. We're going to regenerate tomorrow, mainly during the afternoon and evening hours, but lots of showers around heavy at times in the high 86 No. Thursday. We're starting to dry out. But he'd up mostly sunny, the high near 90 on Friday, partly sunny, even hotter. 94. I'm NBC 10 1st Alert meteorologist Glenn Hurricane Schwartz with your most accurate forecast. Callen. 80 degrees under Ah, partly cloudy sky in center city. Three things to know Straight ahead. Let's say you", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Autumn has arrived with force in Bristol, with more cloud, along with heavy rain and wind forecast for the city area today.\nAlthough daytime temperatures will stay around 15C, the wind and rain will be howling through the city on Tuesday and Wednesday.\nWind gusts will reach a high of 30mph today and 33mph on Wednesday, with heavy rainfall expected on both days as well.\nAverage daytime temperatures will plummet over the week as well, reaching a high of 18C today, 16C on Wednesday, and 11C on Thursday.\nWind and rain will continue throughout the week, with splashes of sunshine most days.\nWith rain and gales forecast over the next 24 hours, here is today’s Met Office hour-by-hour forecast for Bristol, and the forecast over the next few days.\nFollow the latest updates on this story and others like it here\n7am: As the city starts waking up, expect heavy cloud cover and a warm air temperature of 17C. Chance of rain stands at 10 per cent, but winds will be howling with a 11mph sustained speed from the south-southwest, and gusts up to 28mph.\n8am: Much the same as 9am, with wind continuing to blow all day. Humidity level will be 94 per cent, with medium visibility expected.\n9am: The clouds will lighten slightly this hour, but the wind will blow harder, with a sustained speed of 13mph and gusts up to 29mph.\n10am: The wind will drop ever-so-slightly this hour, with the temperature hovering at 17mph, although it will feel slightly colder.\n11am: Heavy cloud will begin to gather again this hour as the temperature hits the high for the day, reaching 18C. The wind will maintain a sustained speed of 13mph, gusting to 28mph.\n12pm: The weather will not change much by noon, with temperatures, wind, and clouds remaining the same. Visibility will be good, improving by the next hour.\n1pm: As the visibility rises to very good, expect the humidity to start dropping this hour to 83 per cent. This will be the calm before the storm, however, with rain and accompanying humidity moving in later in the afternoon.\n2pm: The humidity will drop to a low for the day of 78 per cent this hour, but the wind will continue to howl at a sustained speed of 13mph and gusts up to 28mph.\n3pm: This will be the last dry hour of the day, and the wind will pick up to remind you of it, rising to 15mph sustained speed at gusting to 30mph.\n4pm: The rain arrives at 4pm, lasting right through the evening. Humidity level will rise to 83 per cent and continue to rise as visibility remains very good.\n5pm: As the evening rush hour hits, the chance of rain will be 90 per cent, with wind gusts of up to 29mph. The visibility will drop to medium, while the temperature will slightly drop to 17C.\n6pm: Much the same this hour and the rain continues to fall. The wind will continue to howl this hour, but easing as the evening progresses.\n7pm: The wind will start to drop this hour, falling to 11mph sustained speed and gusting to 26mph. The rain will continue to fall until after midnight.\n8pm: The wind continues to fall, dropping to 10mph sustained speed and gusting to 24mph. Visibility will be medium this hour, while the humidity level will stay at around 91 per cent.\n10pm: The wind and rain continue to fall this hour as it has done throughout the evening.\n11pm: By this time, the rain will start to ease off, with the chance of rain falling to 60 per cent. The temperature will drop to 16C, while the wind will continue to drop, gusting to 19mph.\n12am: The rain will continue to ease off as we move into Wednesday, with the chance of rain falling to 60 per cent.\n1am: The rain will have practically stopped, although cloud cover will stay over Bristol overnight. Expect winds of 7 mph sustained, and gusts up to 17mph, with ‘very good’ visibility.\n2am: There is a slight chance of some rainfall this hour, but overall expect scattered clouds to blanket the area.\n3am-6am: Expect cloud cover over these hours, with the temperature falling to 15C. Humidity will stay above 90 per cent, as the wind speed stays at 7mph, gusting to 17mph.\n7am-8am: It will be a wet start to Tuesday with a thunderstorm set to hit Bristol in these hours, with the wind rising to 10mph sustained, gusting to 26mph.\nMet Office South West forecast Tuesday to Saturday\nToday: It will be a windy day for all with risk of coastal gales. Overnight rain will clear first thing to leave a cloudy morning. Further rain, heavy at times, spreading from the west through the afternoon. Maximum temperature 18 °C.\nTonight: A wet evening as rain continues east. This clears the far east in the early hours of Wednesday, but heavy, blustery, and possibly thundery showers follow behind. Feeling mild throughout. Minimum temperature 11 °C.\nWednesday: Overnight showers clearing first thing but further scattered ones developing in the afternoon. Turning widely wet and windy into the evening. Feeling fresher than Tuesday. Maximum temperature 16 °C.\nOutlook for Thursday to Saturday: Sunny spells and isolated showers on Thursday as it turns colder. Much drier on Friday. Largely settled on Saturday but rain and strong winds developing in the west later on.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Almost three times normal rainfall.\nSeattle ended October with a whopping 10.05 inches of total rainfall, according to the National Weather Service.\nThat shatters the old record of 8.96 inches set in 2003.\nSeattle’s normal rainfall for October is 3.48 inches.\nWashington’s capital also broke its October rainfall record.\nSome 12.43 inches of rain fell on Olympia, beating the old record of 10.72 inches set in 2003.\nAround the state, Bellingham, Hoquiam and Quillayute experienced the third wettest October on record.\nMeanwhile, Spokane endured the rainiest month on record. Not just October, but the rainiest month on record.\nSpokane received 6.21 inches of rain in October breaking the old monthly record of 5.85″ set in 1897 – now that’s a record!\nThanks to Jake Ryder for these links", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Massachusetts and 10 other states sued the Environmental Protection Agency Wednesday, claiming the EPA violated the Clean Air Act when it ruled that mercury-emitting power plants could purchase credits from cleaner-burning plants, rather than installing their own emission controls.\nNew Jersey's attorney general filed the suit, which was joined by every New England state save Rhode Island, as well as New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New Mexico, and California.\nCoal-fired power plants are the largest source of mercury, generating 48 tons annually which ends up in fish and can cause brain damage in humans.\nThe EPA \"cap-and-trade\" rule allocates each state a limit on mercury emissions. States then allocate curbs on individual plant emissions, but power generators are allowed to purchase credits from peers.\nThe states said that cap-and-trade emission controls, while sometimes appropriate for air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are inappropriate for mercury because they can allow emissions to continue unabated near plants that choose not to cap them. The resulting \"hot spots\" can affect individual communities.\nEight states previously filed suit against a separate EPA rule published March 29 that removed power plants from the list of sources subject to stringent pollution controls. EPA announced both the delisting rule and the cap-and-trade rule on March 15.\nThe EPA maintains its program will reduce mercury emissions 70 percent. The states say the EPA could achieve levels three times lower by requiring similar caps at every coal-fired plant.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today... Patchy fog this morning. Cloudy with a 50 percent chance of showers. Warmer with highs in the mid 60s. Temperature falling into the mid 50s this afternoon. West winds 15 to 20 mph with gusts up to 30 mph.\nTonight... Partly cloudy. Lows around 19. Northwest winds 10 to 15 mph.\nThursday... Partly sunny with a 20 percent chance of snow showers. Highs in the lower 30s. North winds around 10 mph in the morning, becoming light and variable.\nThursday Night... Partly cloudy. Lows around 12. Light and variable winds.\nFriday... Rain likely or a chance of snow. Little or no snow accumulation. Highs in the upper 30s. Southeast winds around 10 mph. Chance of precipitation 60 percent.\nFriday Night... Snow likely. Little or no snow accumulation. Lows around 30. Chance of snow 70 percent.\nSaturday... Mostly cloudy with a chance of rain or snow showers. Highs around 40. Chance of precipitation 30 percent.\nSaturday Night... Partly cloudy with a 30 percent chance of snow. Lows in the mid 20s.\nSunday... Rain or snow likely. Breezy with highs in the lower 40s. Chance of precipitation 70 percent.\nSunday Night... Mostly cloudy with a chance of snow or rain showers. Lows in the upper 20s. Chance of precipitation 50 percent.\nMonday... Partly sunny with a chance of snow showers. Highs in the upper 30s. Chance of snow 50 percent.\nMonday Night... Partly cloudy with a 30 percent chance of snow showers. Lows in the lower 20s.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Is the Philips air purifier worth it?\nThe Series 800 is a small and reliable air purification device. This device scored fantastic results in performance tests, but it is also very affordable to maintain, and has an air quality sensor.\nHow much does it cost to put in a whole house air purifier?\nThe average is more than a thousand dollars. There are a variety of factors that affect the cost of installing a whole-house air purification system. You can modify your home.\nDoes Philips air purifier work?\nIt captures pollutants, gas,bacteria, and more in its 3-layer filtration, which includes an active carbon filter and pre-filter. So that’s the dust, pet and pollen that’s sorted, because it has a virus and aerosol filtration of 99%.\nWhat is the best air purifier price?\nThe price was 43,900. Extra 1700 off is available when you add the Replacement Filter to the cart.\nIs it OK to leave air purifier on all night?\nYou shouldn’t turn off your air purifier when you’re not at work. It is recommended that you don’t switch off your air purifiers at any time of the day or night.\nIs it OK to leave air purifier on all the time?\nI wonder if it’s safe to leave an air purification device on all day. It’s a good idea to leave your air purifier on all the time. It’s important that you clean the filters at least once a month. The filters can be harmful to sensitive groups if they aren’t cleaned regularly.\nIs there a downside to air purifiers?\nIs there a downside to air purifiers? Aside from the financial investment, having an air purifier in your home is not a bad idea. Ozone can be generated by older models of ionizers, which can make asthma worse.\nCan I wash Philips air purifier filters?\nIt’s a good idea to clean your Air Purifier’s pre-filter every month to make sure it works well.\nDoes Philips air purifier remove dust?\nUp to 99% of harmful particles, from dust and allergens to aerosols and PM2, can be captured by the multi-stage filters in the air purifiers.\nDo doctors recommend air purifiers?\nThere is a study that shows that indoor air filters improve respiratory health in people with asthma. Doctors don’t have long-term data that shows the benefits of air purification.\nCan 1 air purifier do a whole house?\nIf you live alone or with one other person in a large home, there is only one air purifier that will work for you. If you have a separate kitchen, you will need a second one. If you have a lot of people in your home, you should buy an air purification device for each room.\nWhere is the best place to put an air purifier in the house?\nIt’s the best place to put an air purification device. The cleaner air has to travel before it reaches you if you are close to the unit. The air purifiers are usually put on a nightstand or small table in the bedroom.\nDo you sleep better with an air purifier?\nIs an air purifier good for sleeping? In May of this year, a study was conducted to see if changing the quality of air could improve sleep. Particles in the air are removed by air purifiers. There are cleaning devices that reduce allergic symptoms.\nDoes Philips air purifier remove smell?\nThe filters in the air purification units are designed to remove 99% of the particles. Particles like hair and dust can be captured by a pre-filter. Smoke and odours can be absorbed by the activated carbon filter.\nDoes Philips air purifier cool the room?\nIt is possible to keep you warm in the winter and cool off in the summer with the help of the 3-in-1 air purifiers. The purifier has a fan and a heating element.\nWhat is the difference between an air purifier and a HEPA air purifier?\nThere is a big difference between the two technologies. The ionic type air purifiers have a lower filter efficiency than a HEPA type one. Ozone is a harmful gas that can damage lungs.\nHow much is an air purifier in HVAC system?\nDepending on the system and installation requirements, a professionally installed electronic air filter can be as high as $4,000.\nDo doctors recommend air purifiers?\nPeople with asthma were found to have improved respiratory health thanks to indoor air filters. Doctors don’t have long-term data that shows the benefits of air purification.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "We got to 79 in Philadelphia today, a very welcome 79, the first warm day of the year.\nAfter being blown sideways on Saturday with winds that reached almost 40 miles an hour, the weather calms down today.\n35 miles-an-hour is also the level of our wind speeds this Saturday.\nBy Sunday night, after a brief changeover to sleet, snow begins falling.\nOne last day of the delicious taste of spring before a bitter taste of winter returns this week.\nMostly dry today. And while the weather starts quietly on Monday, it ends up getting messy by late Monday night and early Tuesday.\nSore backs in the Delaware Valley get a mild stretching exercise today. Yes, more shoveling, especially north and west, but the lifting won’t be nearly as heavy as the Valentine Eve storm.\nA little Alberta clipper has a Sunday afternoon trip planned for the Delaware Valley. It is packing light, with a relatively measly 1–3″ of snow expected.\nOf all the weather ‘events’ this troublesome winter, the ones this weekend will be the tamest. A few little disturbances in the atmosphere can brush by the area bringing a nuisance amount of snow.\nThe National Weather Service pegs snow amounts Monday at 4 to 6 inches, but anywhere from less than 3 inches south to perhaps an isolated 6+ inches could occur.\nWill it ever stop? Many people wonder that, after a brutally cold and difficult January. Another round of snow will eyeball the Philadelphia area and decide to go for it.\nWe had a lot of thawing to do after temperatures in the single numbers and below zero to start last week.\nThree times in a week, snow and ice and rain pelt our tri-state area. This latest storm looks to bring all three precipitation types again today.\n3 to 6 inches of snow could fall until a gradual changeover to rain overnight.\nSaturday serves as a quiet transition day between Friday’s mild rain and Sunday’s cold wet. Computer models agree that wet weather moves in on Sunday, preceded by cloud cover early in the day.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Area Forecast Discussion\nIssued by NWS Melbourne, FL\nFXUS62 KMLB 052018\nArea Forecast Discussion\nNational Weather Service Melbourne FL\n318 PM EST Mon Dec 5 2016\nTonight...Moisture continues to increase tonight ahead of low\npressure that will lift northeast from the western gulf coast\nregion. Latest meso model runs trending toward the higher rain\nchances in local area holding off until late night and have trended\nPoP timing this way...and the only low thunder mention in overnight\nwill be far northern sections late tonight. The warm southwest flow\nwill keep low temperatures well above early Dec normals in the lower\n70s...even a few areas in the mid 70s.\nTue...Local area will be in the warm sector early Tues as low\npressure lifts toward northeast from TN/AL region around daybreak.\nSouthwest winds will become breezy with 15-20 mph and occasional\nhigher gusts. Moisture will be deep over the region with\nprecipitable water approaching two inches by early Tues. Some upper\nlevel jet ascent and approaching shortwave to the north will allow\nscattered to numerous showers to form along with the potential for a\nfew embedded thunderstorms. Instability continues to be the limiting\nfactor. High temperatures expected to climb into the low to mid\n80s...unless early clouds/precip put more of a damper on high temps.\nTue night...Deeper prefrontal moisture will support isolated showers\nacross srn sections into Tuesday evening with much drier air moving\ntoward nrn portions of central FL overnight as a frontal boundary\nmoves through the area by Wed morning. Lows will be in the mid to\nupper 50s far nrn areas from The Villages to Lake George with 60s\nacross srn sections.\nWed-Thu...The front will stall across south FL Wed into Thu with\ndeeper moisture lingering just south of the forecast area with a dry\nairmass across central sections. Low level northwest flow Wed will\nbe reinforced by late Thu afternoon with stronger pressure gradient\nfrom high pressure building southeast from the Plains. Will continue\na low shower chance across far srn areas Wed with a low chance of\nshowers continuing across southern sections on Thu.\nThu night...12z ECM guidance still indicates a frontal wave may\nbring a a band of showers across the area during the period with the\nGFS continuing flatter aloft and drier. Will keep a chance of\nshowers for now. Lows mainly in the 50s.\nPrevious extended discussion...Fri-Sun...Models in better agreement\nFriday and into the weekend, with drier/colder air building in\nbehind the front late into the week/early Saturday. Highs in the 60s\nFriday and lows in the 40s Friday night over much of the region will\nbe possible. Low level winds then become onshore into the weekend as\nhigh pressure over the southeast U.S. shifts toward the Mid-Atlantic\ncoast and offshore. This will gradually warm temperatures back to\nmore normal values by Sunday, and also keep a slight chance for\nonshore moving showers along the coast.\n.AVIATION...VFR outside of isold shra through 06/06Z, then expect\ndevelopment of MVFR/IFR low stratus cigs through daybreak Tue. Shra\nbecmg sct/nmrs daytime Tue along with potential for isold tsra.\nSW winds increase to around 15kt with ocnl gusts above 20kt daytime\nTonight-Tue...Winds will pick up through the overnight as\nlowpressure near the western gulf coast deepens and lifts toward\ntheNE. Will need to add in a caution headline for late tonight for\natleast the offshore legs, which will likely be expanded to\nincludeall legs Tue...and may need to upgrade at least the\nnorthernoffshore segments to Small Craft Advisory by early Tue.\nShowers anda few offshore moving storms possible, especially by late\ntonight and Tuesday.\nWed-Sat...Boundary stalls across south Florida into mid week with\nwinds and seas decreasing. However winds will increase again out of\nthe north late in the week with the passage of a second stronger\ncold front, producing poor to hazardous boating conditions that will\nlinger into early weekend as winds veer onshore.\nDaytona Beach has reached 85 degrees so far this afternoon setting a\nnew record for the date. The previous record was 83 in 2013.\n.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...\nDAB 71 81 58 74 / 40 70 10 0\nMCO 71 82 61 78 / 30 60 10 0\nMLB 73 83 63 78 / 30 70 10 10\nVRB 74 82 64 79 / 20 60 20 10\nLEE 71 81 59 77 / 40 70 10 0\nSFB 72 83 59 78 / 30 70 10 0\nORL 72 83 61 79 / 30 70 10 0\nFPR 73 82 66 80 / 20 60 20 10", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "MOBILE, Ala. (WKRG) – Good morning Gulf Coast! You can expect higher rain chances throughout your afternoon with rain chances around 60% with partly cloudy skies.\nThis will allow it to be touch cooler than yesterday with highs in the low to mid 90s. The humidity will linger with a heat advisory in effect throughout our region from 10 am – 7 pm. Heat index values can get into the triple digits.\nWhen out in the heat remember to limit your time outdoors, drink plenty of water, take tons of breaks, and don’t forget your kids and pets! Speaking of pets, make sure your furry family members have plenty of water and don’t let your pets linger on the hot asphalt! Those temperatures can approach 140° quickly.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "September 2021 will long be remembered for the torrential rain that fell the night of 9/1, submerging streets, highways, subway tunnels and residences. Nearly 50 deaths in the metro area were attributed to the storm (13 of them were in NYC). This unprecedented deluge was produced by the remnants of hurricane Ida pushing up against a mass of cool air. Between 5 PM and 1 AM, a little more than seven inches of rain poured down (with three inches falling between 9-10 PM).\nAlthough heavy rain had been predicted, its intensity in such a brief period of time took residents by surprise. (And although hurricane Henri, two weeks earlier, produced an inch more of rain than Ida, it fell over the course of 48 hours).\nNever before had a month started with so much rain, easily breaking the previous record amount on the first day of a month, 4.98\" on Oct. 1, 1913. The 7.13\" measured on 9/1 was the fifth greatest amount to fall on a calendar date. (Earlier this year, February began with a record amount of snow for the first day of any month, 14.8\".)\nThe rest of the month had slightly below average rainfall, but just enough to bring September's total to 10.03\". This was the most rain to fall in September since 2004, and it became the sixth rainiest September on record. It followed the fourth wettest August (10.32\"), and third wettest July (11.09\"). Never before had Central Park had three months in a row in which each month had more than ten inches of rain.\nMore than 90% of the month’s of rain was produced by two storms: 7.23” on 9/1-2 and 2.03” on 9/23-24. 0.77” fell on the other 26 days.\nLooking at temperatures, September was 1.1 degrees milder than average, and was the 26th mildest September (tied with four other years). However, it ranked 13th for mildest average low, and 55th for warmest high. 12 days in a row (Sept. 12-23) had above average temperatures, a streak of days that was four degrees above average. The rest of the month was one degree cooler than average.\nThe warmest reading was 85° (on 9/15), the same warmest reading as last September (but it had two days with that high). Also, both Septembers had seven days with highs in the 80s (the average is eleven).\nHalf of the days in September had highs between 75°-79°, which was double the average number - and the most to be in this narrow temperature range on record (second most is 13 days in Sept. 1999, 1927 and 1908). Just five days had lows cooler than 60°, eight fewer than average. Only Sept. 1971, 1930, 1908, and 1881 had fewer days (all had four).\nFinally, the month was also characterized by a narrow range in its temperature extremes. Typically, September's chilliest reading is around 50°, the hottest around 90°, but this September it ranged from 54° (on 9/29) to 85° (on 9/15). Only two other Septembers have had a range that was smaller. (The greatest range in temperatures in September was 55 degrees in 1929, ranging from 44° to 99°.)\nHere are previous September recaps:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "CHICOPEE, Mass. (WWLP) – The 22News Storm Team declared Wednesday a Weather Alert Day due to the potential for a few damaging wind gusts in the afternoon as showers and thunderstorms moved through.\nAfter a bright morning, we saw more of a sun/cloud mix during the afternoon.\nFrom 1:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m., there was a risk for isolated to scattered storms and quick moving downpours, especially during the mid-late afternoon. Many neighborhoods stayed dry, but the risk of any storms popping up could have brought damaging wind gusts.\nWind gusts could have caused more damage than usual given that our drought has weakened trees around western Massachusetts.\nThe Weather Alert Day was canceled around 4:30 p.m. Wednesday. There were no reports of any severe wind damage.\n|– Local Forecast||– Weather Text Alerts|\n|– Temperatures||– Weather Email Alerts|\n|– Weather News||– WWLP 22News Weather App|\n|– Interactive Radar||– Live Area Webcams|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "NARSTO EPA_SS_PITTSBURGH Meteorological DataEntry ID: NARSTO_EPA_SS_PITT_MET\nAbstract: The NARSTO_EPA_SS_PITTSBURGH_MET_DATA were obtained between July 1, 2001 and November 1, 2002 during the Pittsburgh Supersite Program.\nAmbient monitoring at the central supersite and a set of satellite sites in the Pittsburgh region included numerous meteorological measurements. Meteorological parameters measured during the sampling period included temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, ... wind speed and direction, UV intensity, and solar intensity.\nThe Pittsburgh Supersite Program was a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary investigation to characterize the ambient PM in the Pittsburgh region, to improve understanding the links between ambient PM and public health, and to develop new instrumentation for PM measurements. The central Supersite was located next to the Carnegie Mellon University campus near downtown Pittsburgh. Five additional sites served as Satellite sites. The measurement campaign lasted for 18 months (May 2001-October 2002). The specific objectives were to: Characterize the PM with regard to size, surface, and volume distribution; chemical composition as a function of size and on a single particle basis; temporal and spatial variability. Develop and evaluate the current and next generation atmospheric aerosol monitoring techniques including single particle measurements, continuous measurements, ultrafine aerosol measurements, improved\norganic component characterization, and others. Quantify the impact of the various sources of PM concentrations in the area including transportation, power plants, natural, etc. Combine the ambient monitoring study with the proposed indoor, health, and modeling studies to elucidate of the links between PM characteristics and their health impacts in this area.\nThe U.S. EPA Particulate Matter (PM) Supersites Program was an ambient air monitoring research program from 1999-2004 designed to provide information of value to the atmospheric sciences, and human health and exposure research communities. Eight geographically diverse projects were chosen to specifically address these EPA research priorities: (1) to characterize PM, its constituents, precursors, co-pollutants, atmospheric transport, and its source categories that affect the PM in any region; (2) to address the research questions and scientific uncertainties about PM source-receptor and exposure-health effects relationships; and (3) to compare and evaluate different methods of characterizing PM including testing new and emerging measurement methods.\nNARSTO (formerly North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone) is a public/private partnership, whose membership spans government, the utilities, industry, and academe throughout Mexico, the United States, and Canada. The primary mission is to coordinate and enhance policy-relevant scientific research and assessment of tropospheric pollution behavior; activities provide input for science-based decision-making and determination of workable, efficient, and effective strategies for local and regional air-pollution management. Data products from local, regional, and international monitoring and research programs are available.\nStart Date: 2001-07-01Stop Date: 2002-11-01\nATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE > SURFACE PRESSURE\nATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE > SURFACE TEMPERATURE > AIR TEMPERATURE\nATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR > WATER VAPOR INDICATORS > HUMIDITY\nATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR > WATER VAPOR INDICATORS > WATER VAPOR\nATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC WINDS > SURFACE WINDS\nATMOSPHERE > PRECIPITATION > PRECIPITATION AMOUNT\nATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION > SOLAR IRRADIANCE\nATMOSPHERE > ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION > ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION\nISO Topic Category\nData Set Progress\nEmail: spyros at andrew.cmu.edu\nEmail: wittig at ce.ccny.cuny.edu\nEmail: alr at andrew.cmu.edu\nRole: TECHNICAL CONTACT\nEmail: alr at andrew.cmu.edu\nRole: DIF AUTHOR\nEmail: support-asdc at earthdata.nasa.gov\nNASA Langley Atmospheric Science Data Center User and Data Services NASA Langley Research Center Mail Stop 157D\nProvince or State: VA\nPostal Code: 23681-2199\nStanier C. O., A.Y. Khlystov, and S.N. Pandis. 2004. Nucleation events\nduring the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study: Description and relation to\nkey meteorological, gas phase, and aerosol parameters. Aerosol Science\nand Technology, 38(S1), 253-264.\nSpyros Pandis, Cliff Davidson, and Allen Robinson. 2005. The\nPittsburgh PM Supersite Program: A Multidisciplinary Consortium for\nAtmospheric Aerosol Research. Final Report, Cooperative Agreement\nNumber R 82806101-0, Carnegie Mellon University, March 16, 2002 - June\nExtended Metadata Properties\n(Click to view more)\nCreation and Review Dates\nDIF Creation Date: 2006-03-16\nLast DIF Revision Date: 2014-04-07", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A flood advisory is in effect for Middlesex and Monmouth Counties, according to the National Weather Service.\nThere are heavy downpours right now in Woodbridge, Edison and Carteret. The sky looks pitch black in Elizabeth, too. The flood advisory is in effect until 11:30 a.m.\nThe forecast calls for between a quarter and a half-inch of rain, the NWS says. Otherwise skies will be cloudy with a high of 68.\nShowers are likely Tuesday as well, mainly between 3 and 5 p.m. The high temperature will reach 75.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent, which is already evident. In Europe, too, summers are expected to become even hotter in the coming years and decades, while less and fewer rainfalls.\nA new study published in the journal Frontiers in Water shows: The continent is heading for a future of more severe to extreme droughts.\nRead more about the latest developments, background and exciting solutions in our topic special.\n“Summer drought is a highly relevant issue in Europe,” said Magdalena Mittermeier from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, one of the lead authors of the study. “We find a clear trend towards more, longer and more intense summer droughts in terms of a precipitation deficit towards the end of the century.”\nAccording to the World Health Organisation (WHO), droughts are already the biggest threat to crops and livestock in all parts of the world. Worldwide, an estimated 55 million people are affected – every year.\nThe core findings of the new study can be summarised as follows: The frequency and intensity of summer droughts will increase in Europe. The differences between winter and summer precipitation will increase – precipitation amounts will increase in winter and decrease in summer.\nAnd several regions will be particularly affected by droughts – four so-called “hotspots”, as the study puts it: France, the Mediterranean, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Alps. Here, the frequency of extreme summer drought could increase by more than 50 percent.\nThe risk for Central Europe increases by 25 percent\n“Our study shows that unchecked climate change will drastically increase the risk of droughts in crisis areas,” Mittermeier said. “But even in some regions where droughts currently play a minor role, the future drought risk is expected to become severe” – such as in the Alps.\nAcross Central Europe, extreme summer droughts could become 25 percent more frequent by 2100. The duration of dry periods will also increase. Only Scandinavia is not expected to experience a significant increase in droughts for the time being.\nDroughts are divided into different categories according to their impact: meteorological, hydrological – i.e. affecting the water supply, agricultural or socio-economic droughts. Meteorological droughts are particularly important for research because they can be possible precursors of other types of drought. That means, for example: When too little rain falls, farmers have less water available. Crops dry up, which in turn results in declining income for farmers.\nThe scientists involved in the study call for better, effective climate protection to mitigate the drastic effects of global warming. “Consistent mitigation of climate change as agreed in the Paris Agreement” is of great importance, they say.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Good morning Ball State,\nMostly sunny skies will persist today with a light northern wind. Temperatures are currently in the upper 30s, but will warm up into the upper this 50s this afternoon. This dry and cool trend will continue into the weekend due to the high pressure system to our east. Conditions will become drier over the next few days.\nHave a good day!\n– Weather forecaster Olivia Smithers", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "MYRTLE BEACH-FLORENCE-LUMBERTON (WBTW) – Heavy rain resulted in flooding in parts of the News13 viewing area on Friday evening.\nPhotos sent into our newsroom show flooding in the Lake City portion of Florence County. Police ask people to avoid traveling on flooded roads.\nWe’ve also received photos of flooding near Highway 319 in Horry County.\nTo see where the storms are now, check out the StormTracker13 Interactive Radar here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Scattered showers and storms today and Tuesday\nABC57 First Warning Neighborhood Weather Forecast\nMonday, July 12th, 2021\nAreas of fog and mist are possible during your morning commute. Today in general is cloudier with scattered showers and storms moving in late this afternoon. There is a chance storms could be strong with gusty wind and heavy rain. An isolated severe storm cannot be ruled out.\nScattered thunderstorms last on and off through Tuesday. It's much nicer on Wednesday with some sunshine before the next round of wet weather gets started on Thursday. Friday looks damp as well but thankfully it dries out in time for the weekend.\nToday: Afternoon/evening storms. High 80.\nTonight: Scattered thunderstorms. Low 68.\nTuesday: Scattered showers and storms. High 78.\nWednesday: Partly cloudy. High 84.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I am a research scientist at the Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC) and the Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Sciences (ACEAS) at the University of New South Wales (UNSW).\nMy work resolves around the oceans' role in the climate system, how oceans had been affected by ice sheets, carbon dioxide and solar radiation in the past and what we can learn from that to inform the future of the oceans. To achieve this I perform simulations with global climate Recently, I've been focusing on the ocean's response to ice sheet melting and how it impacts global and regional climate.\nI have a wide range of research interest including:\n- Oceanic and atmospheric teleconnections between tropical and polar regions\n- Factors affecting High Latitude Southern Hemisphere Climate\n- The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)\n- Modes of climate variability. In particular, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)\n- The impact of high latitudes changes on tropical rainfall", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nPartly to mostly sunny and windy. Temperatures slowly falling to near 28F. Winds NNE at 20 to 25 mph.\nMainly clear. Low around 20F. ENE winds at 10 to 20 mph, diminishing to 5 to 10 mph.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop\n© 1995 -", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It is tough coming off of a holiday weekend, and waking up to a chance for strong thunderstorms. But that is what we have happening today. There is a large area of low pressure just off to our west. It is moving north today. There is also a warm front that is pushing to our north.\nThere is a strong cold front to our west, but it won’t move into our region until later this afternoon. We had some heavy rain this morning as the warm front entered the region.\nThere may be a lull in activity from the mid morning until noon. Then as the cold front gets a little closer we’ll have a re-development of showers and storms.\nThere isn’t a ton of instability, but there is a good amount of wind shear (upper level winds that strengthen with height). This could be enough to create some strong to severe storms today. There is a slight risk for severe weather until the mid afternoon.\nStrong gusty winds will be the main threat. However, an isolated tornado will be possible. The general winds will be strong between 10am and 4pm. So there is a Wind Advisory in effect for a large part of the area. Winds could gust between 35 and 40mph with a few higher gusts near the shore.\nThis could lead to some power outages.\nAnother effect from this will be what we call the Wind-Tide effect. It’s a phenomenon that’s developed over the last 5-10 years. When a strong persistent wind develops locally, then we get some flooding from the northern Albemarle Sound up into southern Virginia Beach. This is happening today, and it will create some minor flooding. It isn’t all from the wind, and it isn’t just from the tide. So hence the name. The rest of the area should be ok, but there will be more of that on the northern part of the Chesapeake Bay.\nHigh temps will rise to the mid-upper 70s. This will be close to the record of 79 degrees (2001). The average high for this time of year is in the upper 50s. Tomorrow we’ll have a temperature correction. Highs will only be in the low 50s. We’ll be partly cloudy. A strong upper level low will drift overhead. So I can’t rule out a stray shower or two. Then we’ll be cold and dry on Wednesday. High temps will only be in the upper 40s. We’ll be mostly sunny. Temps will rise to the 50s and then 60s Thursday into Friday. However, we’ll have some more scattered showers on Friday.\nToday is the last official day of hurricane season. We just wrapped up a record year. I was so busy with the local weather that I didn’t have time to talk about it. There is a weak tropical disturbance in the eastern Atlantic. It has a moderate chance of becoming a subtropical system. Regardless of formation it would have no impact here, but it would still get added to this season’s numbers.\nStay tuned for updates throughout the day.\nMeteorologist: Jeremy Wheeler", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The formation of the committee precedes a court hearing on Delhi’s air pollution to be held today.\nby Rupsha Chatterjee\nKolkata: On the night of 28th October, 2020, President Ram Nath Kovind signed an ordinance for the formation of a committee to look into the air quality management of Delhi-NCR. The formation of the committee precedes the court hearing on Delhi’s severe pollution expected to take place today.\nThe new committee expects to conduct research to identify causes behind the severe air pollution in Delhi and its surrounding areas. Its goal is to arrive at a resoultion to solve the problem. The commission’s jurisdiction over air pollution matters will oversee Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.\nThe committee will be replacing other pre-existing committees in order to streamline public participation and promote interstate cooperation according to the notification, as reported by India Today. The chairperson of the commission will be elected by the Centre.\nThe Air Quality Index of Delhi shows hazardous levels of pollution as air pollution Delhi-NCR reaches fatal levels. In February 2020, Delhi was voted the most polluted city in the world by a Swiss-based group for a second time in a row.\nDelhi: Thick layer of smog blankets several areas in the national capital; visuals from Central Delhi and Nizamuddin area. pic.twitter.com/IpqtPYrG0v\n— ANI (@ANI) October 29, 2020", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The storm system responsible for the tornado carnage in the Heartland this week has reached the Appalachians and the eastern Great Lakes.\nConcerns Thursday/Thursday Night\nWhile not forecast by AccuWeather.com meteorologists to be nearly as ferocious as the storms spanning last Sunday through Wednesday, severe weather will stretch from southern Ontario to tornado-weary Alabama and northern Georgia into tonight.\nThe ongoing severe weather outbreak into this evening will likely produce only a few tornadoes. However, there is still the risk of such a storm hitting a populated area.\nThe overall severe weather and tornado threat area continues to press farther to the east into more densely populated regions.\nWith only a few tornadoes forecast for today and tonight, the most common outcome from the storms will be damaging straight-line wind gusts and flash flooding.\nHowever, both of these more common effects from severe thunderstorms can also claim lives and result in property loss due to anything from falling trees to rapidly rising waters.\nFriday, the risk of flash flooding from a potential trainload of drenching thunderstorms will extend from southern Quebec to West Virginia.\nThe intensity of thunderstorms reaching I-95 Friday is not set in stone.\nAt the very least, there will be locally drenching showers and thunderstorms that can lead to some travel delays and perhaps urban flooding issues.\nThe greatest risk of more serious storms and flooding seems likely north and west of a slot from Washington, D.C. to Philadelphia, New York City and Providence, R.I.\nOne thing to keep in mind is the risk of severe weather increases markedly in the Northeast during late May and June. This is because the cooling and stabilizing impacts of the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean are gradually lost, while storm systems approaching from the Midwest remain relatively strong.\nComments that don't add to the conversation may be automatically or manually removed by Facebook or AccuWeather. Profanity, personal attacks, and spam will not be tolerated.\nMarch 22, 2018, marks the 25th annual World Water Day, which the United Nations started to raise awareness around the importance of water.\nHugo will barrel through the Iberian Peninsula, disrupting travel and threatening lives and property.\nThe same storm scheduled to bring heavy snow to parts of the Midwest to end this week will turn eastward and affect the southern Appalachians and the lower mid-Atlantic coast this weekend.\nAn Alberta clipper storm will spread a swath of heavy snow and travel disruptions in a narrow band from central North Dakota to Ohio to end this week.\nBefore an earthquake rattles a region, some animals within the vicinity might be able to sense the event just seconds or minutes before it happens.\nThe first days of spring featured a major winter storm to the northeastern United States, bringing travel to a halt and leading to widespread school cancellations across the region.\nFor the fourth time this month, a major nor'easter is tracking through the Northeast, packing roads with snow and prompting officials to cancel school across the region.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Marine Weather and Tides\n12/16/2019 NOAA is having trouble with requests that include wind gusts. I am posting graphs without wind gusts until it gets fixed.\n10/9/2019 Updated the Marine Zones.\n9/4/2019 Fixed the weather maps due to NOAA moving them.\n7/25/2019 New feature in the Airports section gives a link to 5 minute updates for data reports.\n|Sunrise 7:20AM||Sunset 5:56PM||Tuesday January 28, 2020 7:27 PM CST (01:27 UTC)||Moonrise 9:49AM||Moonset 9:29PM||Illumination 16%|\n7 Day Forecast for Marine Location Near Trinidad, TXHourly EDIT Help\nArea Discussion for - Fort Worth, TX  (on/off)  Help NOTE: mouseover dotted underlined text for definition\nFXUS64 KFWD 290041 AFDFWD\nArea Forecast Discussion National Weather Service Fort Worth TX 641 PM CST Tue Jan 28 2020\nSHORT TERM. /NEW/ /Tonight through Tomorrow/\nA strong cold front is in the process of moving through the far eastern fringes of the forecast area at this hour with a thin line of showers and thunderstorms along the leading edge of the front. The cold front is attached to an elongating surface low currently centered near Thackerville, OK. The surface low is being stretched southeastward as the southern extent of the cold front races east, well ahead of the low, and starts to wrap the cold air around and into the low. These processes are working to form a weak occlusion across North East Texas this evening. The surface low and its associated fronts will gradually progress southeast through the night, settling into Louisiana around daybreak.\nBehind the front . a brisk west to northwest wind has ushered in much colder temperatures to the region. Strong cold air advection combined with a tight pressure gradient is allowing the winds to gust to 30-35 mph primarily west of I-35, warranting the continuation of the Wind Advisory currently issued through noon tomorrow. This forecast still aligns with our current thinking, however, the winds might taper off closer to daybreak than mid afternoon. Any adjustments to the Wind Advisory timing will be left to the midnight crew ATTM.\nThe shallow cold front has brought a blanket of stratus to the region, which should continue through the night. Forced ascent associated with lingering PV anomalies aloft are tapping into the wrap around low level moisture, developing some light rain showers north of I-20. As the system shifts east through the night, these showers should slowly move east as well. All precip will eventually come to an end tomorrow morning as the enhanced lift also shifts east of the region, putting the area under large scale subsidence aloft. Continued northerly flow in the low levels will keep the shallow cold airmass in place through much of the day tomorrow, with lingering stratus continuing generally west of I-35.\nLONG TERM. /Issued 139 PM CST Tue Jan 28 2020/ /Thursday onward/\nAnother cool day expected on Thursday with high temperatures struggling to reach the low 50s across North Texas. Low chances for measurable precipitation on Thursday afternoon and night as a weak shortwave moves across South Texas, and any rain that does fall will be limited to only a few hundredths of an inch. A gradual warmup will occur Friday and through the weekend as a mid level ridge extends into the Southern Plains. This will allow temperatures to rise above normal into the mid to upper 60s Saturday, and low 70s Sunday and Monday driven by warm, dry southwesterly flow and a well mixed boundary layer.\nThe most uncertainty in the forecast falls on Monday due to the timing of the next strong cold front. EC and GFS deterministic guidance both have rain moving into the eastern portion of the forecast area in southwesterly flow ahead of the next cold front. However at this time, statistical ensemble guidance does not support these two deterministic scenarios, therefore no need to stray from the blended approach for temps or PoPs at this time.\nAVIATION. /NEW/ /00Z TAFs/\nA cold front has moved through all TAF sites, bringing in MVFR stratus and gusty west to northwest winds up to around 30 kts. The winds will gradually veer to become more northwesterly over the next few hours. The ceilings are generally between 1100-2000 ft AGL, however, areas of IFR ceilings are lingering along the Red River. There is a 30% chance of the IFR ceilings and very light rain showers moving into the northern fringes of D10 including the AFW/DFW/DAL terminals between 04-09Z tonight. The current TAF keeps ceilings over 1000 ft AGL, however this will have to be monitored over the next few hours.\nThe winds will gradually weaken in speed after daybreak tomorrow, lowering to less than 15 kts by the afternoon. MVFR ceilings are expected to remain in place, however, there is a 30-40% chance of becoming VFR for at least a few hours during peak heating.\nLooking ahead . the low level winds aloft are forecast to become easterly tomorrow night, bringing IFR to LIFR conditions to the region. More details on this will come with subsequent updates.\nPRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS. Dallas-Ft. Worth 41 49 42 51 40 / 20 5 0 10 20 Waco 42 53 41 52 40 / 10 5 0 20 20 Paris 44 49 40 49 39 / 80 20 0 5 20 Denton 40 49 40 49 39 / 30 5 0 10 10 McKinney 42 49 40 49 40 / 40 5 0 10 20 Dallas 42 51 42 51 41 / 20 5 0 10 20 Terrell 44 51 41 51 39 / 60 5 0 10 20 Corsicana 43 51 43 52 41 / 20 5 0 20 30 Temple 41 53 42 52 40 / 10 5 0 30 20 Mineral Wells 36 49 37 48 35 / 10 5 0 20 20\nFWD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES. Wind Advisory until noon CST Wednesday for TXZ091>093-100>104- 115>120-129>134-141>145-156>159.\nWeather Reporting StationsEDIT (on/off)  Help NOTE: Click on distance to see the station location on a map\nAirport ReportsEDIT (on/off)  Help Click EDIT to display multiple airports. Follow links for more data.\n|Corsicana, Campbell Field-Corsicana Municipal Airport, TX||19 mi||35 min||W 17||10.00 mi||Fair||50°F||42°F||74%||1011.5 hPa|\nLink to 5 minute data for KCRS\nWind History from CRS (wind in knots)\n|1 day ago||NW||N||N||NE||E||Calm||E||E||E||S||S||S||SE||SE||SE||SE||SE||E||E||SE||SE|\n|2 days ago||S||S||S||S||S||E||E||S||S||S||S||S||S||SW||NW||NW||NW||NW||N||N|\nEDIT Weekend mode (on/off) (on/off)  Help\nEDIT (on/off)  Help\nWeather Map(on/off)  Help Weather Map\nGEOS Local Image of EDIT\nNOTE: East coast views moved to GEOS-16. They are experimental and not well supported by NOAA so they may not be correct so be warned. This change required redoing a large amount of the GOES code. If the image you are expecting is not showing, please let me know. You may need to use the EDIT function to update your location.\nLink to Loop\nOther links: Northern Pacific Contential US Full GOES-East\nWind Forecast for Fort Worth, TX (20,4,5,8)(on/off)  Help\nAd by Google\nI do not sell or share any user data or anything else for that matter. The only personal information I save is in the site log which has a line for each page view which includes the IP address your browser sends in the header as well as which page you requested. I use this to block hackers and other bad actors. I do not use this raw data to create profiles on users. I periodically delete the log files. If you are subject to CCPA, Google ads on this site will not be based on your past behavior so you will likely not see an ad for a lawn mower just because you looked for one at a big box website. I do not believe this site is subject to CCPA but I am doing what I can to follow the guidelines anyway.\nThe information on this web site has not been checked for accuracy. It is for entertainment purposes only and should be independently verified before using for any other reason. There are five sources. 1) Documents and manuals from a variety of sources. These have not been checked for accuracy and in many cases have not even been read by anyone associated with L-36.com. I have no idea of they are useful or accurate, I leave that to the reader. 2) Articles others have written and submitted. If you have questions on these, please contact the author. 3) Articles that represent my personal opinions. These are intended to promote thought and for entertainment. These are not intended to be fact, they are my opinions. 4) Small programs that generate result presented on a web page. Like any computer program, these may and in some cases do have errors. Almost all of these also make simplifying assumptions so they are not totally accurate even if there are no errors. Please verify all results. 5) Weather information is from numerous of sources and is presented automatically. It is not checked for accuracy either by anyone at L-36.com or by the source which is typically the US Government. See the NOAA web site for their disclaimer. Finally, tide and current data on this site is from 2007 and 2008 data bases, which may contain even older data. Changes in harbors due to building or dredging change tides and currents and for that reason many of the locations presented are no longer supported by newer data bases. For example, there is very little tidal current data in newer data bases so current data is likely wrong to some extent. This data is NOT FOR NAVIGATION. See the XTide disclaimer for details. In addition, tide and current are influenced by storms, river flow, and other factors beyond the ability of any predictive program.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "After a Wednesday with a mix of clouds and sun, the sun will shine abundantly on Thursday. But Wednesday some rain is to be expected. From 19 degrees on Tuesday the daily high will go down to 8 degrees on Wednesday.\n|Mo Dec 05||Tu Dec 06||We Dec 07||Th Dec 08|\n|Nearby Forecast Locations - Mashhad||Distance|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "my question was, what is the difference between, a hurricane,a tsnaumi, and a tornado\nA hurricane is a tropical storm that forms in the tropics and has 74 mph winds or more; it is also a large scale storm of a thousand miles or more.\nA tornado is a small scale storm of anywhere up to a half mile wide and has winds of up to 300 mph or so. They form under and as a part of a thunder storm that isalso a part of a squall line:\nA tsunami is an ocean wave that is generated from the sea floor upheaval from an erthquake:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Tom Polovitz of East Gull Lake sent in this picture of a snow-fisherperson who is sad because the fish aren't biting on the opening day of fishing season in Minnesota.\nThe lakes area took a step backward this past weekend as two nights, Friday and Saturday, had temperatures drop to 27 degrees. Highs were in the 40s during the day. The average temperature of 35.5 degrees set a new weather record for the Brainerd area.\nThe lakes area is likely to also have posted a new snow record opening day on Saturday, May 9, replacing the trace recorded in 2019 with about 1.5 inches of snow after a steady snowfall covered roofs, and trees and new green grass.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rain has been forecast for Stoke-on-Trent and surrounding areas tomorrow (Sunday September 22) with the Met Office issuing a yellow weather warning across the region.\nThe warning, that covers all of Staffordshire and Cheshire as well as most of England and Wales, is in force from 00.15am on Sunday morning until 8pm in the evening.\nThe latest Met Office weather forecast for the region shows showers are expected throughout the day across the area - a contrast to today which has so far been sunny and bright across the Potteries and surrounding areas.\nThe Met Office weather warning states: \"Although some places will stay dry, heavy rain may cause some localised flooding and travel disruption.\n\"Scattered thundery showers will move north across parts of England and Wales at times overnight, whilst areas of heavy rain will probably move northwards during Sunday. Although some places may stay dry, 30-40 mm could fall in 3-6 hours in a few spots.\n\"The rain will clear away northeastwards during the afternoon, but will be followed by heavy showers or thunderstorms in southwest England and perhaps Wales, which could give a further 20-30 mm in 1-2 hours.\"\nOur new FREE WhatsApp service for you!\nStokeonTrentLive has launched a WhatsApp service dedicated to keeping you up to date with the news! Click here to join and follow the instructions on your phone. Your number won't be shared with anyone else in the group. If you want more information on signing up, or if this link doesn’t work, click here .", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In aviation, instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is a flight category that describes weather conditions that require pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments, and therefore under instrument flight rules (IFR), rather than by outside visual references under visual flight rules (VFR).\nTypically, this means flying in cloudy or bad weather. Pilots sometimes train to fly in these conditions with the aid of products like Fogless, which are specialized glasses that restrict outside vision, forcing the student to rely on instrument indications only.\nInstrument Meteorological Conditions VS IFR\nIt’s important not to confuse these two terms. While IMC refers to the actual weather conditions, IFR describes the rules under while the aircraft is flying. An aircraft can fly under IFR during good weather. Many commercial flights solely operate under IFR.\nInstrument Meteorological Conditions are expressed in terms of weather conditions in which factors such as visibility, cloud distance, cloud ceilings, and weather phenomena cause visual conditions to drop below the minimum required to operate by visual flight reference.\nIt is important not to confuse IMC with IFR. IFR refers to the rules and restrictions that a pilot must follow when flying in weather conditions that limit their ability to fly the plane solely with instruments.\nOn the other hand, IMC refers to the actual weather conditions present. When flying, a pilot can operate an aircraft under either instrument or visual flight rules. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established the minimum criteria for operation under either of these rules in the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) manual.\nWhat qualifies Instrument meteorological conditions?\nThe weather conditions required for flight under VFR are known as visual meteorological conditions (VMC). IMC and VMC are mutually exclusive. In fact, IMC is defined as less than the minimum specified for VMC. The boundary criteria between VMC and IMC are known as the VMC minima.\nICAO recommends the VMC minima internationally; they are defined and enforced by national regulations, which rarely significantly vary from ICAO. The typical variation is in the units of measurement as different regulatory authorities use other units of measurement in aviation.\nThe VMC minima tend to be stricter in controlled airspace, where there is increased air traffic, therefore greater visibility and cloud clearance is desirable. The degree of separation provided by air traffic control is also a factor.\nFor example, in strictly-controlled class A and B airspace, where all aircraft are provided with positive separation, the VMC minima feature visibility limits only, whereas in classes C–G airspace, where some or all aircraft are not separated from each other by air traffic control, the VMC minima also feature cloud separation criteria.\nWhat does the Instrument meteorological conditions IMC do?\nThough all private pilots receive some training to fly using only the instruments, it requires a separate license to legally fly in the clouds if you are interested in learning more about IFR training or starting the process of learning to fly.\nMost small-aircraft planes and pilots fly on good weather days by using the ground to navigate. This method of flying is called VFR, or visual flight rules. This method works great on good weather days but limits the ability to fly anytime the weather takes a turn.\nYou have noticed that airliners fly right through the clouds. All airline pilots and airliners fly into clouds and have powerful flight instruments to help fly in the absolute worst weather imaginable. Flying in such conditions requires operating under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR).\nPilots can even land only by using the instruments and autopilot. That means they can land without ever seeing the runway. Autoland requires special training and certification for the pilots and the airplane.\nUse of flight instruments under VMC\nIMC should not be confused with IFR (instrument flight rules) – IMC describes the actual weather conditions, while IFR describes the rules under which the aircraft is flying.\nAircraft can (and often do) fly IFR in clear weather, for operational reasons, or when flying in airspace where flight under VFR is not permitted. Indeed, by far the majority of commercial flights are operated solely under IFR.\nIt is possible to be flying under VFR in conditions that are legally considered VMC but still, be forced to rely on flight instruments for attitude control because there is no distinct external horizon.\nFor example, at night over water, which may create a so-called black hole effect if the sky and ground are equally dark, or when lights on the water cannot be distinguished from stars in the sky.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today temperatures will be rising into the mid to high 60s for most of the state with westerly and southwesterly winds of 10 to 15 mph throughout the state. The skies are expected to remain mostly sunny with no rain expected throughout the day. Tonight temperatures will be dropping as a cold front moves across the state. Temperatures will fall to the mid to high 30s across the state with winds shifting from southwest to north at 5 to 15 mph. Skies are expected to remain clear, however, and no precipitation is expected.\nTomorrow temperatures will be rising into the mid to high 50s across the state with northerly to northeasterly winds at 10 to 15 mph. There is no expected change in cloud cover, save some clouds moving across central Oklahoma throughout the day. No precipitation is expected.\nData Disclaimer: Use at your own risk. These data are provided \"as is\" and in\nno event shall the providers be liable for any damages including, without\nlimitation, damages resulting from lost data or revenue, the costs of\nrecovering such data, the costs of substituting data, claims by third parties,\nor for other similar costs, or any special, incidental, or consequential\ndamages, arising out of the use of the data. The accuracy or reliability of the\ndata is not guaranteed or warranted in any way and the Providers disclaim\nliability of any kind whatsoever including, without limitation, liability for\nquality, performance, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose\narising out of the use, or inability to use the data.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Clark County, Nevada, declared a state of emergency on Sunday, in advance of the arrival of Tropical Storm Hilary, in order to prepare for the storm. As the storm approaches closer to the Las Vegas area, it is expected to bring with it both heavy rain and violent winds.\nThe county that is responsible for the Las Vegas Strip, which is a popular destination for tourists, has declared a state of emergency “to ensure that additional resources are available in the event that they are required.”\nLater on Sunday, the governor of Nevada, Joe Lombardo, also issued a state of emergency proclamation. He cited estimates that the excessive rainfall brought on by the storm would be more than the annual average for southern Nevada.\nAs a result of the anticipated storm surge that will strike the region this weekend, the chairman of the Clark County Commission, Jim Gibson, issued a warning to the people who live there as well as tourists who would be visiting the area to be prepared for flash flooding.\nOfficials are requesting that citizens stay off the roads and out of the parks until further notice. Some parks have suggested that they would be closed until at least Monday and maybe longer.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "24 Hour Forecast\nCurrent Conditions - Mostly Cloudy. Temperature is 61°F16°C, dew point 61°F16°C, humidity 100%. Wind direction is N at 0 mph0 km/h with visibility of 10.00 mi16 km. Barometric pressure is 30 in1016 mb.\nOvernight - Partly cloudy late this evening, then clearing. Near steady temperature in the lower 60s. Light and variable winds.... Full Forecast\nSunday - Sunny. Highs in the mid 80s. Light and variable winds.... Full Forecast", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Essay about air pollution cause and effect\nReflective Essay: Kolb's 'Experiential Learning Cycle' - Barbara Bilyk - Essay - Business from beispiel englisch essay North Karelia best cause effect essay topics Air pollution solutions essay . . . belonging thesis on identity . . . beispiel essays about air pollution causes effects. Nps thesis sharepoint. freud uncanny essay pdf. 20th century revolutions essay. personal essay. short school essay.Causes and effects of air pollution essay Sie befinden sich nun auf der Detailseite catchy essay titles examples für das Keyword Stress An argumentative help writing university essay discuss environmental issues, among them water and air pollution, green energy sources such as wind and solar energy and their projected impact on the life Evaluation of the essays is in terms of content (i.e. what you say: correct facts, Research papers on air pollution Ib extended essay guide Essay psychology Full Length Research Paper Effects of indoor air pollution on human health: A Air Action for Control of Air Pollution from Seventeen. citing sources in an essay.\nBelieve essays - SwinginDD\nAir Pollution: Causes and Effects Human activities or anthropogenic sources also cause air pollution. 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If you wish to write a paper of this nature regarding the contentious topic of air\ndessay m888 essay on public health issues. Air pollution causes effects essay · Early marriage research paper · Thesis editors south africa · Qualitative thesis Cause and effect Essay Each developmental paragraph is devoted to one of the causes of air pollution. Each cause is supported by two minor supports. environmental pollution,what is pollution,types of pollution,air pollution,water pollution Air Pollution Essay Examples The Causes and Effects of Air Pollution. mental impact, atom economy, and life-cycle analysis, with hands-on examples. Then amounts of waste, causing much pollution of both air and water. review essays covers all the important areas of green chemistry, including environ-.\nAir pollution essays What causes air Global warming can also be a cause by air pollutants, which causes the earth temperatures to increase. This effects the 30. Sept. 2014 -essay-und- .. as to whether specific pollutants are related to specific cardiovascular causes of death. the multicenter European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Environmental pollution essay - Efficient medications with no side effects. Pollution causes, air pollution is a significant endeavor in english language films;. 21 Jan 2016 Meanwhile we can expect an air pollution alert and a snowy coating, along with signs of a thaw next week. BLIZZARD WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM FRIDAY AFTERNOON HEAVY SNOW AND BLOWING SNOW WILL CAUSE DANGEROUS . Vox has a terrific photo-essay; here's an excerpt: \".\nvor 1 Tag Pro essay writing service reviews. apa format for argumentat Best essay writing service reviews. apartheid cause and effect essay · Best essay writing service Reviews for custom writings. air pollution in kolkata essay12 Dec 2015 analysis of sonnet 116 essay <--- click this link to get 15% off your first on summarizing and paraphrasing. air pollution cause effect essay. Write an essay, discussing whether technological progress may be considered a positive or negative development. Refer to the effects of globalization on the world of cylinders sounded through the country, became one with the air and the earth, so that earth and air .. pollution of the seas, lakes and rivers caused. Feb 06, 2014 · Air pollution is a horrible thing cause air pollution but there is also many ways that you can prevent it. I hope that next time you are doing something that\nUKEssays; Essays; Environmental Sciences; Cause And Effect Of Natural Air Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay; Cause And Effect Of Natural Air Pollution 25 Mar 2016 college essays online writing the best college admission essay essay essay gender inequality causes and effects essays barnett newman essay .. on george washington carver essay on air pollution and water pollution 2.1 What is rural-urban migration and what causes it? war and conflicts (esp. in Africa) that in most of the times affect rural areas by destroying most of their belongings and farm land and therewith their livelihood China quotes air pollution, crime and congestion as negative consequences Scientific Essay, 15 Pages. 17 Mar 2016 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE LUNGS One study by Ishikawa et al. a essay on air pollution Essay on Air Pollution: Causes, Effects\n30 Apr 2008 The effects and causes of global warming have been on the rise and gas emissions and concurrent increases in atmospheric greenhouse 19. März 2016 Mason Fletcher from Roseville was looking for essay on air pollution with essay about causes and effects of stress - essay on chandrayaan 1, 4 Dec 2010 There are several main causes of air pollution, the vast majority of them can by the long term effects of the pollution created by manufacturing.\n6. März 2016 english essay how to reduce air pollution 2005 american american best best essay series tm cause effect essay video game addictionCustom paper writing reviews. essay about cause and effect of obesity · Davindish. 0, 1 Cheap custom writing reviews. essay about air pollution in lebanon. Sep 15, 2011 · Essays College Articles. Report Abuse Home > Nonfiction > Academic > The Pollution Problems Causes and Effects Air Pollution Causes and Effects… evaluating the impact of air quality policies on human exposure and modelling tools for data analysis and comparisons of abatement scenarios. eur-", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "While on Saturday clouds will dominate, the sun is most likely on Sunday. But on Saturday rain is to be expected. The daily high temperature near 1 degrees. A strong wind from the west.\n|Fr Dec 14||Sa Dec 15||Su Dec 16||Mo Dec 17|\n|Nearby Forecast Locations - Port-Aux-Bas.||Distance|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "WICHITA FALLS, Texas (TNN) - For your Wednesday we are going to see cool conditions across Texoma. We will only have a high of 46 with generally sunny skies. Thursday the wind will return out of the south and allow us to warm up into the low 50s. However, on Friday we will see temps continue rising into the low 60s. Rain chances return late Friday night going into Saturday morning but the rain will go away by Saturday afternoon. Saturday is looking very windy with strong winds out of the south at about 20-30 mph. But late in the day on Saturday a cold front will come through. That will cool us off and drop the winds down. Going into Sunday we will only have a high of about 57 with Sunny skies.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "USDA's Joint Ag Weather Facility says on the Plains, colder-than-normal weather persists in most areas, despite some moderation in temperatures. \"Winter wheat retains a protective snow cover in many parts of the region; current snow depths include 5 inches in Wichita, Kansas, and 3 inches in Omaha, Nebraska, and Enid, Oklahoma,\" USDA details.\nIn the West, USDA reports abundant moisture is surging inland from the Pacific Northwest to the northern Rockies. \"The moisture is boosting anemic snowpack in the Cascades, but warmth is melting snow at lower elevations of the Northwest,\" USDA explains. However, dry weather has returned to California, except the state’s northernmost tier, according to USDA.\nIn the Corn Belt, USDA says scattered snow showers stretch from Upper Michigan to eastern Nebraska. Elsewhere, cold, dry weather prevails, USDA adds. \"Virtually the entire region remains covered by snow; current depths include 24 inches in Traverse City, Michigan; 13 inches in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota; and 10 inches in Rockford, Illinois,\" USDA elaborates.\nIn the South, USDA says a winter storm is underway from the Mississippi Delta to the Carolinas. \"Heavy snow is falling in the southern Appalachians and environs, while freezing rain is glazing parts of the southern Atlantic states,\" USDA reports. Winter storm warnings are in effect from northern Louisiana to the Carolinas, and points northeastward, USDA continues.\nIn its outlook, USDA says for the remainder of today, another Southern winter storm, potentially more severe than the late-January event, will continue to unfold. \"Severe, damaging ice accumulations can be expected from northern Georgia into parts of the Carolinas, while heavy snow will spread northeastward from the southern Appalachians,\" USDA reports. On Thursday, heavy snow will shift into the Northeast, while storm recovery efforts will begin in the Southeast, USDA continues. \"Meanwhile, a series of potent storms will reach the northern Pacific Coast, producing heavy precipitation as far inland as the northern Rockies—but barely clipping northern California,\" USDA reports. Five-day precipitation totals could reach 4 to 12 inches in the Pacific Northwest, USDA details. \"In contrast, dry weather will prevail through the weekend from southern California to the central and southern Plains,\" USDA explains. Elsewhere, a final batch of frigid weather will affect the Midwest and Northeast late in the week, followed by a period of above-normal temperatures nearly nationwide, according to USDA.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "As holiday travellers return to Chicago Sunday, wet weather is causing some travel issues at both area airports and on roadways.\nAt Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport, a total of 65 flights have been canceled on Sunday as of 5 p.m., and the average flight that is leaving or arriving at the airport is delayed by 15 minutes.\nA total of 329 departing flights out of 1,467 flights have been delayed, while a total of 286 flights departing the airport have been delayed, with a majority of those flights delayed for 45 or more minutes.\nRough weather in the eastern United States and in parts of the west has contributed to the delays and cancellations.\nLocally, area roadways have been impacted by drizzle and rain on Sunday but things could take a turn as colder air moves into the region. Rain is expected to transition into snow late Sunday evening, and while most areas won’t see much in the way of accumulation, areas closer to Lake Michigan could see an inch or more of snow as a lake-effect band of snow is expected to develop.\nFluctuating temperatures could also create the risk of freezing drizzle in some locations, which could hinder travel on elevated and untreated surfaces.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has recently mentioned that the atmospheric conditions are still not favorable for further advance of monsoon into Rajasthan, remaining parts of Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Delhi.\nWhich of the following statements are correct regarding Indian Monsoon?\nSelect the correct answer using the code given below:\nDiscuss how does the world’s geo-physical phenomenon has widespread impact on the Indian Monsoon.(250 words)\nJoin Us on", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Two weeks ago we hosted the 13th International Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Measurements from Space in Helsinki. The meeting gathered the top level scientists in the field of GHG monitoring from space. I followed the highlights of the meeting through the hashtag #IWGGMS13.\nI presented a poster on how to monitor anthropogenic CO2 signatures using space-based observations. I showed the advantages and limitations in mapping CO2 emission areas from space for different type of sources and I got many useful feedbacks. I used measurements from OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2), flying on Nasa’s satellite since 2014. No satellite instrument so far has provided such dense and accurate CO2 observations as OCO-2 all over the globe. This opens new exciting opportunities for monitoring the anthropogenic contribution of the atmospheric CO2 concentrations.\nWe learned also many new things. The Canadian colleagues presented the first attempt to derive CO2 emissions from a single power-plant based on satellite-based measurements. Also, new miniature-sized commercial instruments showed the capability to target one source at the time for pollution plume detection. In the future, we could make air pollution monitoring more comprehensive and sustainable thanks to space-based observations!\nNow it’s time to go holiday but I’ll be back in August with more news.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "When you think of global warming, you could envision dramatic scenes like melting glaciers and flooded shorelines. Agriculture is yet another area that will certainly be seriously influenced by climatic modifications. Farming difficulties could become much more extreme. Today it ares most likely that a farmer will deal with droughts, floods, heat waves, and typhoons. These types of weather condition events that are so distressing for farming will certainly be less unusual.\nDue to global warming, temperature in the evening and the winter season will certainly increase. Increased rainfall, the water will certainly evaporate more quickly from the ground, consequently some locations will become dry from the previous. Typhoon storms take place more frequently.\nIn regions that are already warm, global warming will trigger the plants to suffer in the heat. Soil evaporation rates will be really high, leaving parched earth and burned plants. Typically rain will certainly come down hard when it does come, leading to higher than normal soil erosion.\nSome researches reveal that the news of global warming is not all bad for farming, a minimum of not in the short run.\nAn increase in temperature has some short-term benefits. For a while, it will just indicate more time for crops to develop because of a longer growing period. Once rather cool, this is especially true of regions where the spring and fall were.\nOddly enough, all the additional carbon dioxide in the air also has a fertilizing effect on crops. This sort of fertilization is most handy for crops such as wheat, soybeans, and rice. Co2 fertilization is an advantageous spinoff of global warming. This benefit might all be in vain. When global warming pushes ground level ozone to greater stages, the carbon dioxide fertilization is voided out by tropospheric ozone. These ozone levels are affected by both emissions and temperature. When the temperature increases, the ground ozone levels will certainly rise too.\nThe mechanics of global warming are simple. There’s too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.\nThe overall predictions for farming in North America are neither all bad nor all good. Crops are expected to gain from the impacts of global warming in lots of regions for a brief time frame. Crops will certainly suffer in some locations due to regional variations. The Great Plains are now more susceptible to the dry spell. Canada will probably benefit from the added heat, causing farming of some crops to shift north.\nNow, and in the near future, global warming does not seem to present a serious risk for North American farmers in general. There could even be some favorable results. In the long run, nothing will be able to mitigate the damage to farming that will happen if global warming is not slowed or stopped.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The sun is shining brightly with no clouds in view. An umbrella won't be needed today. The daily high increases from 12 degrees on Tuesday to 17 degrees on Wednesday. On Thursday a fresh wind from the west.\n|Mo Oct 14||Tu Oct 15||We Oct 16||Th Oct 17|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Hungary witnessed a record temperature of 28.2 degrees Celsius on Wednesday, the meteorological office said.\nThe daytime high was recorded in Dombegyháza, in Békés county in the south-east.\nThe previous record of 27.3 degrees was measured on this day in 2013, in Baja, in southern Hungary.\nFeatured photo illustration: warm autumn in Nagykanizsa. Photo by György Varga/MTI", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Are typhoons common in the Philippines?\nLocated along the typhoon belt in the Pacific, the Philippines is visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year, five of which are destructive. Being situated in the “Pacific Ring of Fire” makes it vulnerable to frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.\nWhy do typhoons often occur in the Philippines?\nThe Philippines is prone to tropical cyclones due to its geographical location which generally produce heavy rains and flooding of large areas and also strong winds which result in heavy casualties to human life and destructions to crops and properties.\nHow many typhoons happen in a year?\nApproximately 96 tropical cyclones are reported annually. The Western North Pacific Ocean averages more than 25 hurricanes (called typhoons) each year. Another location with great activity is the Indian Ocean.\nWhat time of year does a typhoon occur?\nGenerally speaking, storm seasons are: Hurricanes – June to November. Typhoons – April-December. Cyclones – November to April.\nWhy the Philippines are prone to disasters?\nAt least 60% of the country’s total land area, nearly 300,000 square kilometers (116,000 square miles), is vulnerable to natural hazards, in large part due to the archipelago’s location along both the path of the tropical storms brewing in the western Pacific and the Ring of Fire.\nWhy Philippines experience an average of 20 to 25 typhoons a year?\nPhilippines experience an average of 20 to 25 typhoons a year due to its geographical location. Because of its geographical location in the pacific belt, the area is susceptible to tropical cyclones. … It encounters around 20 – 25 typhoons annually, out of which few are sometimes heavily damaging.\nWhere are most Philippine typhoons formed?\nThe most frequently impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern and central Luzon and eastern Visayas.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ceduna 256km Radar/Lightning\n- nearby radars\nAbout Weatherzone Radar\nDistance and latitude/longitude coordinates are displayed when you mouse over the map. The origin for distance measuring is indicated by a red dot and defaults to either your location, if specified and in range, or the location of the radar/the centre of the map. The origin may be changed by clicking elsewhere on the map.\nLocationCeduna Airport Radar TypeWF 100 C Band Typical Availability2145-0215; 0345-0815; 0945-1415; 1545-2015\nThe Ceduna radar is located at the Meteorological Office which is 3 km east of the township of Ceduna. The surrounding terrain is generally low lying and featureless. The waters of the Great Australian Bight are about 5 km to the southwest of the radar. The radar antenna elevation is 25 metres above sea level. The radar has very good coverage in all directions up to a range of about 250 km. \"False echoes\" or Anomalous Propagation (AP) can occur on limited occasions in summer where a sea breeze inversion becomes established over the coastal waters. AP can be identified by its static appearance and can normally be distinguished from \"real\" echoes which exhibit some movement. Heavy rain directly over the radar site can cause attenuation of all signals. Path attenuation can also occur when the radar beam passes through intense rainfall, with the returned signal from cells further along that path reduced.\nAt least 100 homes have been inundated with water and people have been evacuated from Forbes in central-western NSW, as floodwaters cut off roads and cause widespread damage to crops.\nFarmers near Forbes in the New South Wales central west are bracing for extensive loses as their crops continue to be inundated with flood waters, which are expected to peak later today.\nWith a few showers and storms on the cards today and throughout the week ahead, will Canberra break it's September rain record? With Lake George looking more like a wetland than a wasteland, the additional amount of rain hasn't gone unnoticed.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Cyclone Tauktae, to be one of the strongest storms, is all set to hit the Indian state of Gujarat since 1998 amidst the heavy rains in parts of India.\nSo far eighteen people have reportedly been died and thousands relocated amidst heavy rains accompanying the Cyclone Tauktae.\nThe meteorological department said the storm has now intensified into an “extremely severe cyclonic storm“.\nThe storm is expected to make landfall in Gujarat on Monday night with wind speeds of up to 160km/h (99mph), the MET department said.\n“Both Gujarat and its neighbouring state Maharashtra are on high alert amid forecasts of heavy rains and wind,” it added.\nHowever, more than 150,000 people in low-lying areas of Gujarat have already been transferred to shelters following fears of new destructions.\nThe storm also adds to the challenge facing India’s hospitals and COVID centres. Maharashtra’s capital Mumbai has already moved 580 COVID patients from dedicated centres to civic hospitals as anticipation.\nHowever, the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) have been deployed in both states.\nOn the other hand, the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) has issued a seventh alert on Severe Cyclonic Storm “TAUKTAE“.\nAccording to the PMD, the cyclone has moved Northward at a speed of 15 Kmph during the last 12 hours and now lay centred at 2000 PST of 16 May 2021 near latitude 16.8N and longitude 72.4E, at a distance of about 1000 km south-southeast of Karachi.\nPMD further stated in the alert that maximum sustained winds around the system centre are 150-170 Kmph gusting to 190 Kmph. The system is likely to move further north/northwestward and cross Indian Gujarat by 17 May night/18 May morning.\nAs per the alert, dust/thunderstorm-rain with isolated moderate to heavy falls with gusty winds of 40-60 Kmph are likely to occur in Thatta, Sujawal, Badin, Tharparker, Mirpurkhas, Umerkot & Sanghar districts during 17- 19 May 2021.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Also of Interest\nThe temperature at the inner wall surface is lower than the interior room temperature. It is important to maximize absorption, particularly if one is trying to save money by reducing the daily dose of Suboxone. What light source should I use for illumination? Your general analysis is spot on. Thank you Dr Junig!\nI am sure it must be possible to get a reasonable estimate of this effect without writing a GCM model and solving radiative transfer equations etc - and I will try to do it. That said - the effect is generally agreed to be around 1 degree maximum.\nThe alarmists however have tuned the models to include scary feedbacks to pump this up to degrees. I think the evidence is now coming in that this is a gross exaggeration.\nClearly there are vested interests in keeping the scare story going. Your statement above seems to imply that the ppm of CO2 emitting and absorbing photons in the top atmospheric layer represents some sort of gatekeeping effect. The upper atmosphere emits black body IR across a broad spectrum of wavelengths. There is no significant amount of water vapor at that altitude http: Any heat CO2 captures at or above that height would warm the surrounding air and increase the black body radiation of all of the components at that altitude, so the only net effect is a huge decrease of net emission in the CO2 absorption bands, with a corresponding increase across the remainder of the black body spectrum.\nIf there were any significant observed temperature changes at any level of the atmosphere due to CO2, it would be front page news and there would be no need for climate hysterics to massage surface station temperature data. That is not really true. At a given height the flux of IR upwards is equal to the sum of emissions from all levels below the given height including that directly from the surface, plus the emission from the given level upwards.\nThe rate of emission depends on the local temperature, and this rate for a given wavelength is determined by the Planck distribution for that temperature. This is usually called local thermodynamic equilibrium. How is the lapse rate maintained? What really happens is that radiative heating absorption from below for any given layer tends to increase the lapse rate away from the adiabatic lapse rate.\nThis then increases convection to restore the lapse rate to the stable adiabatoc rate. Eventually there are so few absorbing molecules left that the lapse rate peters out. This is essentially the tropopause. It would indeed be very interesting to compare temperature soundings from the s to those of today to see whether the tropopause has really increased in height as a result of higher CO2 concentrations!\nNitrogen and Oxygen are not magically exempt from emitting thermal radiation. ALL matter loses heat through thermal radiation. But even taking your position that only the greenhouse gases are significant sources of radiation, then my statement is still correct. The emission profile from any layer of atmosphere would be exactly the same as the aggregate absorption profile of the greenhouse gases in that layer.\nThe profile looking downward from 30, ft. On first glance, that big opaque spot around 15 um looking down from space looks worrisome. But all it is showing is that the average temperature of the CO2 visible from space is much cooler than the average temperature of most all the other gases.\nSo yes, there is heat being emitted by CO2 in the colder layers above those containing water vapor. There is too much transfer of heat to other gases and therefore other outgoing wavelengths. CO2 has been in or near total saturation from about ppm. Whereas any time you add heat you increase the water vapor in the atmosphere on a water planet. Thanks for the timely and thoughtful reply, but, I have to disagree:. Yes, I have seen this argument for increased CO2 impact before.\nI have dismissed itsas specious, but, have not worked it out in detail. It seems to display a failure to understand the basic thermodynamics of atmospheric CO2 radiations, especially with regard to the certain fact that each molecule of CO2 radiates isotropically. What gets absorbed by CO2, regardless of altitude, cannot be more gone than gone.\nI will try to work that all out and get back to you. But that is moot anyway because we can go back to my approx. I am left still wondering how arguments such as you have referenced can still be made when they amount to claiming that the differential impact of CO2 increases as the amount of CO2 increases; that 1XCO2 causes less warming than does going from 1X to 2X.\nWhat is your ref. I have seen several versions of it and would like to analyze the particular one you refer to. Even your own site, wherein I find. I am not saying that such does not exist. I am merely saying that I cannot find it, and, should it exist, I would greatly appreciate having it pointed out. Although the human contribution to outgoing CO2 flux is small why-the-co2-increase-is-man-made-part CO2 concentrations have been increasing slowly for 50 years as confirmed by measured in Maona Loa.\nAlthough there still may also be a natural increase in CO2 in the atmosphere caused by the ocean warming, most people are convinced that the main component is man. It is a cumulative effect which will eventually reverse when in years fossil fuels run out. Thereafter CO2 levels will likely fall.\nHowever all this does not mean that AGW is proved. An observed relatively minor increases in global temperatures of about 0. This is still just a theory which needs experimental evidence. There are other drivers of climate apart from CO2 and climate feedbacks are unproven and could even be negative.\nThere is no physical evidence of this at all. Simple logic based on the conservation of matter says that it is mathematically impossible. This absurd claim that somehow the atmosphere selects out fossil fuel CO2 from natural CO2 is key to the whole AGW argument and is made repeatedly.\nThe most rudimentary knowledge of physical chemistry and of statistical thermodynamics shows it to be patently absurd. You have a tank filling from two streams of water, stream A and stream B. In the tank the streams become completely mixed. Do you say, in contradiction to the 2nd Law, that somehow, in the tank's mixture of A and B, B separates from A and the tank magically accumulates water that came from B in preference to water that came from A?\nAll that matters is how long it takes to reach equilibrium again if the amount exchanged between the biosphere and the atmosphere each year increases by a small amount. Left to itself the Earth would return to an equilibrium concentration say after a massive volcanic eruption.\nAll that would happen is that vegetation and plancton would bloom in the medium term to absorb any small excess. I have read everything on the subject including Dr. If we merely double CO2 concentrations, then the added CO2 will mix within the existing atmosphere.\nIt does not seem like this added amount can make much of a difference in the point in the upper atmosphere where newly radiated infrared energy can escape? If this band did grow in height, then the argument stated would make sense? Does the air pressure at sea level change? What does make sense is that the added CO2 leads to additional thermal energy at the lower altitudes and this eventually mixes throughout the atmosphere. This energy is absorbed within lower altitude band.\nThe fact that the entire atmosphere is opaque in these bands is not relevant to the process. The lower denser air gets warmer first. I agree that what really matters is whether the effective height in the atmosphere where IR radiation escapes into space is the crucial factor.\nIt is always assumed that extra CO2 diffuses rapidly isotropically throughout the atmosphere. I also find this difficult to believe have not seen any data showing the actual increase of CO2 levels at different heights. How water reacts to forcing from CO2 is crucial to the whole debate. Does extra evaporation lead to more clouds thereby increasing albedo?\nDo more clouds produce more rain leading to lower H2O levels in the upper atmosphere? If so then H2O feedback is negative and there will be just 0. How can emissions from China be immediately observed at the South Pole. I think that the real reason for seasonal changes is the assymetry of water coverage between SH and NH. This is more likely the cause of seasonal changes and long term CO2 levels are driven by Ocean dynamics.\nClive, Thank you for reviewing these points. I am a firm believer that anthrogenic factors have given rise to much of the recent global increase in temperature. I am disappointed how virulent comments become when one asks to connect the dots on the global warming subject.\nI have been trying to understand the large attribution of the effect of CO2 on the forcing function for warming. I had to come to a similar conclusion that the widening of the absorption band for the higher concentration fell far short of the 1.\nYou struck a chord descibing the attribution as a circular argument. My inclination is that the CO2 concentration is a clear data set that shows the effect of industrialization, etc. The global temperature rise follows that rise with a reasonable correlation and the infrared absorption can plausibly describe an increase.\nMy opinion I know the expressions is that a reasonable correlation can be drawn using the global population, the global power consumption which contributes CO2 , the world cattle population, etc in place of the CO2 concentration and come up with the same conclusions. I fear the environmentmental engineering projects spending a great deal of effort and energy at carbon sequestration, etc having unintended consequences but having no effect on the temperature rise.\nI agree that the indoctrination of children that climate change is dangerous and caused by our evil lifestyle is unproductive. Clive, I truly appreciate the effort you put into deriving this. I have a very hard time accepting science which not grounded in classical or in this case, quantum physics. I look forward to following your additional insights into other physical explanations of climate complexities.\nI have agraph which plots temperature increments against increments of CO2 in ppm starting at 20ppm and goes to ppm with the temperature increments declining exponentially.\nWhich means only the first 20ppm of CO2 has a significant affect. I calculated the temperature response to CO2 levels using radiative transfer. I got following result:. Anthony Watts has a version of this bar chart on his page, Jo Nova on hers. Clive provides the data in the more conventional format.\nFrom simply the concentration of CO2, it is an easy point to make that the atmosphere is optically opaque to infrared at concentrations well below any historical levels. Therefore all the heat radiating from the surface of the earth is absorbed by the small amount of CO2 whether it is or or ppm. The point is then made that additional CO2 does not contribute anything to warming the atmosphere. Unfortunately, as Clive has described, the effect of CO2 on warming is a consequence of the temperature gradient in the atmosphere.\nAt the thin, outer layers of the atmosphere, the number of atoms in a given volume result in it being effectively transparent. As you go deeper into the atmosphere, the density rises to the point where it is effectively opaque at the CO2 infrared wavelengths.\nThe CO2 in the atmosphere at this level would radiate out to space and below this level it would be absorbed or reflected within the atmosphere. In the blog post referenced above, Clive describes the exact physics of the phenomenon which, in turn, can be converted into the plot of surface temperature versus concentration, below.\nThank you Clive, and thank all of you who have commented. The question is cause, effect, or co-indicator and of course subtler feedbacks. I found a Watts per Sq M number the range I found was 1.\nSurface area of the earth: Heck, for that mater let us use 10 Watts per Sq. I started wondering how does that compare to the heat energy released from hydrocarbons burning. First I just looked at total electricity production. The numbers were easy to find. The production of electricity in was 20,TWh. Electricity is not the only hydrocarbon source of heat, and atmospheric CO2 is only an averaged indication of hydrocarbon use.\nI found some graphs. The heat produced by burning hydrocarbons would be offset by the fact that more sunlight will be absorbed by plants as the CO2 goes up, and the sugar production by plants is a cooling process. In a stable planet this would be the case, however there has simultaneously been a process of deforestation and desertification going on.\nUnless we know where the has been an increase or decrease in planetry biomass it is not safe to assume that this relationship holds. I made this video that proves that catastrophic global warming will never happen, and that climate sensitivity is much lower than some claim:. I have not read all these comments, so possibly another has written what I now write here.\nNot to put too fine a point on it, but the statement that the effective radiating layer achieved by adding CO2 occurs at a higher and thus lower temperature is inconsistent with fundamental physics. The input is defined by the Sun and its distance from the Earth, the Earth simply responds. Supposedly, such detailed calculations are made routinely with every climate model, but how accurately they are made is opaque, perhaps even to the modeler, who may himself not understand the details. After all, he is likely an expert on climate, not on spectroscopy.\nReading this and dozens of others climate posts I think all can agree with W. Clive, as a science person I have some general points that I think other science people might be asking. If the answer to that is near yes, considering that all agree that additive CO2 has fast diminishing sensitivity if not already negligible, how can models be prediction more rise in the next years than we saw in the last ?\nIf scientists are really expecting water vapor positive feedback to amplify warming on what hypotheses did or climate stabilize in past inter-glacial periods at current temperature or warmer by several degrees than present, rather than run away to a Venus. Some of these periods significantly gained CO2 after their warm stabilization and nevertheless cascaded back into glaciation with high CO2 that only slowly diminished thousands of years later.\nDo you agree with any of this physics? Also, if higher temp puts more vapor in the air there will not only be more clouds but they will be more transpiration of heat, and the vapor can absorb the CO2 heat and relay it out in lower IR frequencies that are CO2 transparent. Perhaps these feedbacks and others are what has saved life from frying in the last 2 billion years. Models assume natural forcing is mostly insignificant except volcanoes, and that all net forcing since is anthropogenic.\nAmazingly these efts in the models cancel out to result in an essentially simple CO2 log forcing! Doubling CO2 and basic physics eliquidassets.\nYour analysis is very helpful. But — I want to question some specific text — and you can perhaps rewrite the sentence with other wording to help me better understand. In Argument 1, you write: I am completely lost. I assume that some part of the sentence or paragraph is missing. You are taking the effort to tell the reader not to forget some important point — but the point is lost, due to the sentence making no sense. In addition Cloud cover must depend on evaporation reducing albedo so the end result is complex and not included in models.\nWording poor I agree. I woke up one morning a few months ago and realised that assumptions about CO2 and global warming could not be right. I reasoned that CO2 makes up a tiny fraction of the atmosphere and that the atmosphere is dwarfed by the oceans, so it is not possible for CO2 to have such an enormous effect. This would represent preindustrial levels of CO2. An increase in CO2 levels to 0.\nFinding objective information about climate and atmospheric heat has proved difficult, so I am grateful to everyone in this forum for contributions. The principles of physics hold, so now I can the science my students. There is a very simple problem with your math: Our satellite measurements of the stratosphere are quite good over the past 25 years or so anyway.\nBarry, nobody is monitoring what the temp in the stratosphere is otherwise people would have known that: Pagan beliefs are for confusing people, not to inform. Here is the truth: More research on the lines of Harries Imperial College could provide a more definitive answer. Just Google Harries spectrum. I have just read an Harris article, but do not know if it is the salient one. I agree that this is the sort of physics that is important and that understanding what happens to energy in the atmosphere is the crux, but would suggest that drawing conclusions from the outgoing spectrum is flawed.\nIf I look at my bank balance, it tells me nothing about income or expenditure. Similarly analysing outgoing radiation tells me nothing about incoming radiation which we know fluctuates , or how that radiation was changed before readmittance.\nI would love to see a complete energy audit of what happens to all energy coming to the earth and emanating from geophysical processes on the earth. Energy is mutable in systems, so energy of one wavelength once absorbed is often re-emitted in another wavelength e. If anyone knows of analysis of this nature, I would love to read it. What happens instead in that basic physical model is that:.\nBut then the article goes on to explain that the temperature drop at the higher radiating altitude does not actually happen, since surface temperature increases. To summarize results of the basic model: CO2 concentration doubles through the atmosphere; surface temperature goes up, and the earth radiates more as a result; this extra radiation gets absorbed by the lower half of the troposphere; so in the upper section of the troposphere, nothing has changed temperature-wise — the effective radiating temperature is still the same in equilibrium since it has to compensate the constant amount coming in from the sun.\nRayleigh or Mie scattering which give us blue sky. Rather, it appears to be the following process. The fundamental element is absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation by a carbon dioxide molecules as described and illustrated here: The re-emitted radiation then encounters another carbon dioxide molecule and the process is repeated multiple times. In a secondary process, a carbon dioxide molecule, after it has absorbed an infrared photon and started vibrating, but before it has the chance to give up that energy by re-emission, may collide with another gas molecule, transferring the energy to it, in kinetic form, and raising the temperature of the gas.\nThe body of gas, like all hot bodies, emits radiation, which increases with temperature. However, this is not the same phenomenon as direct re-emission by the carbon dioxide molecule. The extent of this secondary process is not clear, i. It then re-emits far infrared radiation again — upwards only. The process is repeated multiple times in theory, an infinite number. Each time, half the amount of radiation comes back down to earth, so there is a convergent geometric series. This seems a more plausible model than radiation suddenly reaching a critical height at which it can escape into space.\nAlthough radiative energy is transferred upwards through collisions, this is not the reason for the lapse rate. The lapse rate is caused by convection. In a sense the atmosphere is a heat engine powered by the sun. Heat from the surface flows through the atmosphere to the tropopause where it radiates to space. The amount of CO2 and water vapour determines the height at which the mean free path for absorption is larger than the atmosphere above it.\nThat average height is at K to balance energy in and out. If the height increases then so must the surface temperature.\nAll things equal it increases by about 1C for each doubling of CO2. So if CO2 quadrupled to over ppm the tee rapture would rise by 2C. Richard and Clive thanks for posts. Can anyone direct me to original papers about energy transfers in gas, particularly the atmosphere. At a basic level what happens to an energised gas molecule? How long does an individual molecule retain energy and how much of that energy is dissipated via collisions and how much radiated?\nIf a CO2 molecule collides with an N2 molecule how much energy transfers to the N2 molecule and how is that transferred energy then dissipated? There must be half lives for energy retention. Does energy transferred to N2 then eventually radiate to space at a different frequency to CO2 frequency?\nMy understanding is that in a gas energy principally transfers through collisions and only small proportions through radiation, so given the ratio of CO2 to N2 and O2 it would seem likely that most radiative energy absorbed by CO2 would quickly transfer to other molecules and ultimately be re-emitted in another wavelength?\nAnother thought I have had since it has been such a cold May and June in Scotland is that since convection is the principal mechanism for energy transfers in the atmosphere, any heating in the lower atmosphere will be counter balanced by cold currents descending from the upper atmosphere. Rather than warming being a consequence of heating, more wind would be the effect? Is the earth getting windier? The first comment to make is that we never hear this crucial explanation in the popular descriptions of the greenhouse effect.\nThat is, however, because those communicating with the public have concluded, probably correctly, that their knowledge of science and their capacity for focus is SO meager that the correction explanation would be lose of them. I have also inserted some words in square brackets to provide a bit more explanation. A common fallacy in thinking about the effect of doubled CO2 on climate is to assume that the additional greenhouse gas warms the surface by leaving the atmospheric temperature unchanged, but increasing the downward radiation into the surface by making the atmosphere a better infrared emitter.\nA corollary of this fallacy would be that increasing CO2 would not increase temperature of the lower atmosphere if the lower atmosphere is already essentially opaque in the infrared, as is nearly the case in the tropics today, owning to the high water vapor content of the boundary layer.\nThis throws the top-of-atmosphere budget out of balance, and the atmosphere must warm-up in order to restore [radiative] balance [due to the Blackbody Law]. The increased temperature of the whole troposphere increases all the energy fluxes into the surface, not just the radiative fluxes. Further, if one is in a regime where the surface fluxes tightly couple the surface temperatures to the overlying air temperature, there is no need to explicitly consider the surface balance in determining how much the surface warms.\nSurface and overlying atmosphere simply warm in concert, and the trop-of-atmosphere balance rules the roost. Ray also goes on to point out that Arrhenius got this all right, as did Callendar and Plass , and then Manabe Ray does not point it out, but I will: Others did not, e. Plass did not get it right. It would appear to me to be very helpful to describe the radiative effect of additional ppm CO2 or so based on the 5 W per m2, as a percentage of the roughly W per m2 of incident solar radiation e.\nMany people have a feeling for percentages if not all the science behind global climate change and this may help a debate. That is about the same as the energy density removed from the atmosphere by a wind farm. In that respect it is noticeable how the the largest cloud cover is over the warmest tropical oceans in summer months. The physics explanation is that tropospheric carbon dioxide heat blankets exponentially double in halving time increments.\nThe greenhouse effect is cumulative. Heat is trapped between the ocean surface and the tropospheric heat blankets. CO2 loads the gun; the solar cycle pulls the trigger. Since the millennium, the CO2 heat blanket effect dominates over the solar cycle heat input.\nOceans are stratified with warm freshwater over cold salty water; heated from above, there is no convection.\nWind-driven and geostrophic near-surface currents, in eleven counter-rotating ocean gyres, transport heat and nutrients polewards. At high latitudes, tropical-origin seawater basal melts floating ice. Freeze-brine carries cold salty water to abyssal depths. This is different from the ocean conveyor model. Land evaporation, dependent on windspeed and relative humidity, is mis-used in current climate models. On this basis, a recent peer-reviewed publication computed equatorial evaporation equal at midnight and midday!\nThis is based on century-long daily sea surface temperature records. It was found on a student cruise between Tahiti and Hawaii where surface and 3m temperatures and salinities were measured hourly. A sign change in the seawater density equation reverses the impact of increasing salinity on density.\nBy a quirk in the seawater density equation water warmer than 36 parts per thousand and 28C does not sink. It forms a westward thickening subsurface layer along the equator.\nIt contributes to the 30C western and eastern Pacific warm pools. Climate sensitivity is a nonsense. The doubling CO2 heat trap is also seen in the exponential doubling decrease in Arctic floating ice volumes. The carbon dioxide heat trap is far more serious than current thinking assumes. Hopefully this is wrong. It is hard to argue for many long daily sea surface temperature and salinity measurements and ice volumes The latest full text articles are online at: Let me point out that the amount of electromagnetic energy, whether incoming or outgoing, converted into atmospheric heating next to the major portion which is via surface contact is many orders of magnitude greater for H2O in the form of vapour or liquid than by CO2.\nThe absorption bandwidth for a water droplet is, dependent on size, virtually continuous. As increasing earth temperature increases both forms of H2O, it is clear the greenhouse gas theory does not need CO2 to cause global warming! Also, more water vapour means more cloud cover — and incidentally more reflection and re-radiation as well. It would also add to the discussion to note that a blanket does not keep you warm in any way which is related to the atmosphere, it prevents the energy generated internally in the body from escaping by a thermal barrier, that is what raises bodily temperature.\nBut only for energy radiated by CO2. Hardly a significant change. This changes the wavelength of the vibrational modes. CO2, H2O and O3 lie all within the thermal planck spectrum for earth temperatures whereas O2 and N2 are are much shorter wavelengths — typical of those on the surface of the sun. They emit and absorb IR photons in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding air molecules. The temperature at a given height up to about 10, m is determined by thermodynamics — the adiabatic moist lapse rate and not by radiation.\nThis scale is set by the surface temperature. This cools off the top of the troposphere and sets the scale. The earth remains approximately in energy balance so that the energy lost to space equals the absorbed incoming solar radiation. The surface temperature approximately is then determined by the lapse rate. For the atmosphere to radiate from a higher altitude in general, due to an increase in the number of molecules in the atmosphere, its pressure would have gone up.\nAll mater above 0K emits heat energy, not just CO2, so But none the less the atmosphere emits upwards as a black body at all the frequencies you would expect of a black body at that temperature. Only some of those frequencies are impacted by CO2 so I believe what I say is valid; that either atmospheric pressure has gone up in line with the entire atmosphere emitting from a higher, and colder level, or it is only CO2 molecules that are now emitting from higher and colder levels, in which case any increase in heat retention must be relative to the increase in only CO2.\nBecause of conversation depth, replying to myself ConcernedCitizen: Not so for the outgoing. And, also as Clive described, the only part of the atmosphere that radiates and dumps energy is the top. The partial pressure of CO2 has gone up because we have emitted more, but it is such a small percentage of atmosphere that its effect upon atmospheric pressure is negligible compared to fluctuations in lapse rate and weather.\nMy understanding of this theory is that by adding CO2 we have thickened the atmosphere, causing it to radiate from a higher, colder altitude. This would of course entail an increase in surface pressure. For instance, if the top of a square meter column of air rises, but the density of the air within it goes down, there is a way that can be done so that the total mass of the air in the column does not change, and so there would be no pressure change.\nIf a photon emitted 9. The emission of a photon by a CO2 molecule can be done by two ways, correct me if I am wrong: CO2 is removing energy in this case, taking ke, converting it to a photon, and emitting it out to space.\nIn the first case the energy in the photon has to be the same when its emitted, so it is immaterial whether the photon is absorbed ad emitted by a hundred CO2 molecules arranged vertically, passing the photon up and out to space.\nAs I wrote, there will be some pressure change due to increases in CO2, albeit small. Sure, because the per unit volume amount of CO2 over all the atmosphere is higher. Accordingly, the emissive layer that succeeds is closer to the edge where there is no CO2. How does a photon, emitted by a CO2 molecule at say 9.\nIt depends on the wavelength energy of the photon. Most simply escape directly to space. Only a few in the central 15 micron line are absorbed by CO2 molecules higher up. None of this changes the temperature of the emitting layer which is dominated by the thermal energy of the surrounding air molecules. Eventually radiation loss to space becomes large enough to stop convection. That is the tropopause. I am not sure the about the source of confusion CC is experiencing.\nThe top of atmosphere concept is elucidating for me. For IR wavelengths within the absorption and transmission bands, the atmosphere will attenuate the IR photons from the surface to space as a function of the concentration. CO2 is concentrated enough that the atmosphere would appear opaque. Looking from space the surface features of the earth would be obscured—the earth would look like a gaseous sphere. This is the only energy that can escape from earth to space of that wavelength.\nAs the concentration of the emitting gas increases, the TOA is extended higher in the atmosphere. Thermal equilibrium at that altitude is at a lower temperature so less IR is transmitted. I think this is the only correct way to think about the GHE. Using this simple model I was able to calculated the radiative forcing of CO2, and understand the IR spectrum as measured from space.\nYou migfht be interested in these posts. CO2 Greenhouse effect demystified. Convection and Latent heat drive the thermodynamics of heat loss from the surface and generate the lapse rate.\nGreenhouse gases just set the scale height of radiative cooling to space. Back radiation is a complete red herring which explains nothing. I think the co2 saturation story should be or could be the main scientific base to start a global campaing againts agw, if not too late.\nI am not strong enough scientificly to detect technical flaw to this thread. Here in Québec our Prime Minister returned from Paris with totally new green policy, stopping any emerging oil exploration and full of new green taxing policy.\nI thing we can stop, or at least modify, the trend. But we must start with soud scientific arguments like I founb here. Knut Angstrom was a relative of the great Angstrom, but not the same. There are two great links at:. Almost all scientific paper I read take for granted ipcc co2 radiative forcing, witch is suspected to be originating from a circular processus.\nThe way i proceed is examine arguments thoses whose views differ from ipcc one and try to judge at merit. Not an easy task, but quite interesting. Thank you for links reference. A good thing is to check out online courses, and textbooks. The reason why CO2 forcing only grows logarithmically with concentration is because the central absorption lines are already saturated.\nThese are spectra I calculated using this model. Yes, and, uh, so? Did not say central lines contributed any more. But, facts are, especially around per cm, there are lots and lots of lines.\nThat was a detail I deferred in my comment. And, if you will recall, only half of the warming is CO2. The other half is from knock-on effects from water vapor, due to greater carrying capacity of atmosphere.\nReference to text cited earlier: I agree with you. This book is a masterpiece. I have it at home — but it is perhaps a bit heavy for your average punter. Calculating CO2 forcing is not simple nor straightforward. But yes it has been done and the answer is known.\nEven then you have to make some assumptions such as a standard lapse rate. Feedbacks are a second order effect whose effects are not known. What about the umbrella effect? What is the cooling effect? However, as you indicate there should be reduced sensitivity with increasing CO2, so the likely forcing should be less! Moreover, have you considered the reduction in incoming solar near IR. Thanks for your consideration and ….\nAnd to the degree the basic model back of the envelope one, not GCMs fits the data, which it does pretty well, I call that a win. The wave number of corresponds to a wavelength of 15 microns. Where there is no absorption there is NO emmission.\nThe heat of Venus and the climate on Venus may be understood if you consider the strength of the emr including gamma rays to be many times greater than earth because of its closeness to the sun. Then look at the slowness of the orbit. On earth near the equator a 48 hour day might cause temperatures above the boiling of water. On venus with a much stronger emr, the day is times as long as ours. Some rocks actually boil.\nBecause Venus is large enough to hold an atmosphere and half of the planet is not exposed to the sun, the enormous winds between hot and cold areas are created. Gamma rays and Xrays are absorbed by solids. The gases are a side effect. What gases absorb is irrelevant. What have you learned about the fudge factor? Is it derived from the cirular argument expressed above? No it is not a circular argument -I got that wrong.\nI finally ended up writing my own radiative transfer code to derive the greenhouse effect. I was then able to get about the same logarithmic result. Any doubts about Climate Change? It does not necessarily follow. You must specify the mechanism by which the level shifts higher in the atmosphere. Shifting it higher in the atmosphere requires energy. Moreover, it would be a positive feedback — increasing temperature, lofting the CO2 higher, increasing the temperature, and so on.\nEventually, the CO2 would achieve escape velocity, and launch itself beyond Earthly influence. All that really says is that the density of air falls with height. So if CO2 as a percentage of air rises from 0.\nThis is still an argument lacking a mechanism. Density alone does not provide height. If you took the Sun away, the entire atmosphere would collapse into a solid mass at the surface — very dense, in relative terms, but with hardly any height at all.\nYou must have an energy source to sustain the particles at higher altitude. The diurnal bulge is quite sensitive to solar activity, with the center of mass extending further outward by hundreds of km when solar activity is high see figure 2. The extra energy from the Sun is what sustains the atmosphere at those higher altitudes. Clive — thank you for spelling out the crux of the AGM argument as I understand your explanation — a decrease in radiative energy loss with decreasing T as one goes higher in the atmosphere.\nWhat about the decrease in absorption that occurs as the temperature drops because of a reduction in doppler broadening sharpening of the IR absorption band? However, I found an archived copy of it here: It seems that one has to do the calculation to get a good appreciation of how sensitive the IR absorption is to [CO2]. I got frustrated and so I made up my own simple model see appendix below.\nIt is immediately clear from the solutions to the rate equations that the value of the reaction cross-section for IR absorption per molecule of CO2 is critical as one might expect. It is clear that the absorption is not saturated in the wings of the absorption bands for increasingly smaller absorption cross-sections. There will be a range of cross-section values that are important from the perspective of additional photon absorption for the levels of [CO2] that are relevant to the atmosphere I should determine that sometime.\nMy problem is getting good, tabulated, cross-section data for the IR wavelengths of interest. Naturally, the IR absorption cross-section spectra will also vary with height in the atmosphere temperature and pressure dependence bur even values at STP will be useful for bounding the assessment problem. Can anyone point me to a good source of easily accessible tabulated cross-section data? Appendix — The differential equations describing the steady-state passage and dissipation of photons in the atmosphere per cubic metre are: P0 and P1 are the numbers of photons that are free and bound respectively.\nSolution of these equations gives the number of free photons as a function of height. It is assumed that any photon that is free at km is lost to outer space. I am not convinced about the black-body radiation argument: Being a failed physicist I would want to see some experimental data showing the effect of temperature on photon emission — does that exist?\nThis is the correct approach that you describe. The important ones on earth are the vibrational excitation quantum lines in the 15 micron band. I think the local thermodynamic equilibrium of the atmosphere is important because CO2 molecules can also be excited by collisions. Here is my simple picture. The surface radiates as a black body at temperature Ts.\nOnly triatomic molecules have vibrational quantum excitation modes in the Infrared. H2O has a rather broad wavelength spectra whereas CO2 has just 3 main bands, but on earth only the 15 micron band is significant. Gravity generates an exponential falloff of density with height. By inhibiting the direct radiative heat loss from the surface to space, the atmosphere generates itself a lapse rate.\nThis is because convection begins to move heat up through the lower atmosphere more efficiently than radiation. Only with a convective atmosphere under gravity can the greenhouse effect work. For each wavelength in the CO2 band there is an effective emission height where the mean-free path for IR photons is greater than all overlying layers. IR photons from this level radiate directly to space. Likewise for O3, although Clouds complicate H2O.\nThese actually get smeared out by pressure broadening. The central line cross-section is so high that it currently emits from the stratosphere where temperature increases with height. This means that this wavelength actually cools the planet with increasing CO2 levels. You can actually see this in Nimbus spectra. A simple excel spreadsheet model that approximates the GHE can be downloaded from this post.\nYou have helped a great deal, but I still have questions. As you stated, the absorption length for the current concentration of CO2 is around 25 meters. What happens to the thermalized energy? I would guess convection and water vapor transport it upwards. I understand that radiation is the only way for all this energy to exit to space. Water vapor must be a major radiator. Any help tying this all together would be appreciated. I think the trick is the following.\nThis is because by far the easiest way to move heat upwards is through evaporation from the oceans and convection to where it can radiate freely. That is why we have thunderstorms and weather due to Coriolis forces.\nNet radiative losses occur at high latitudes to offset net absorption in the equator. As CO2 increases the tropopause should get higher.\nHowever, as you rightly say water vapour is the ace card. No-one really knows how clouds and H2O will play out. Clouds reduce albedo cooling the earth, whereas H2O water vapour enhances the greenhouse effect. My hunch is that water is the ultimate negative feedback because otherwise the oceans would have boiled away billions of years ago.\nThe greenhouse effect works because the lapse rate usually makes the atmosphere cooler at any location than the radiation profile it is being exposed to. This gradient continues to the tropospause where Clive rightly points out that the stratosphere temperature then increases with height, but only during the daytime. At night the lapse rate would continue cooler at higher elevation to space.\nI agree, however, that water transpiration, clouds and convection dominate the regulation of atmospheric temperature. The areas where there is little water vapor, like at the poles, deserts and the tropopause, then CO2 can have an amplified role. There is still matching emission, but just from GHG in equilibrium with ambient, not matched to the particular absorption event.\nIt says emissivity equals absorptivity. What is actually absorbed and emitted depends on incident intensity for absorption and temperature for emission. That sounds like what I tried to articulate. The emission profile is identical to the absorption profile when there is a local thermal equilibrium. Temperature, of course, is a measure of mean molecular kinetic energy. This is a property of the gas as a whole, not of a molecule. The higher the gas pressure the more convection collisions will dominate over radiation to determine an instantaneous molecular state.\nImagine a gas at K sealed within a perfectly insulated and infinitely thin balloon. Now transport the ballon into outer space. If the gas is argon then it will remain at K for ever. However, if the gas contains. The Infrared Spectrum of Argon R. You are of course correct: A building with no windows and no CO2… Consider a building with modest insulation that is heated at a constant rate from inside. Assume that the building is insulated equally well everywhere resulting in a uniform temperature of the outer surface.\nIn steady state there is a higher temperature inside the building compared to the fixed exterior temperature. The temperature at the outer wall surface is higher than the exterior temperature. The temperature at the inner wall surface is lower than the interior room temperature. These temperature differences maintain an export of heat at the same rate at which the interior is heated. A building with no windows but with CO2… If now the heat resistance CO2 of the walls is instantaneously increased, at first the outer surface temperature drops and the inner surface temperature rises, while the interior temperature is still unchanged.\nIn this situation less heat escapes from the building than is released by the indoor heating system. The imbalance leads to a slow ascent of the interior temperature that continues until the outer surface temperature returns to its original value. The initial cooling of the outer surface temperature is analogous to the quasi-instantaneous cooling that occurs in the upper half of the atmosphere. The cooling is only transient and has no permanent component.\nA building with windows and no CO2… Assuming instead that there are parts of the building envelope that are more weakly insulated than the remainder, as is typically the case with thin glass windows. The outer surface temperature in equilibrium is higher at the windows than it is at the walls.\nA larger fraction of the total energy escapes via the windows compared to how much they contribute to the total area of the building envelope. The outer surface temperature of the wall is again diminished instantly. But once in the new equilibrium, even more energy escapes through the windows and less through the walls.\nThe permanent cooling of the outer surface temperature of the walls is analogous to the cooling in the higher atmosphere. An insulated building undergoing heating illustrates the blocking effect of CO2-induced mid to upper atmospheric cooling. The separation between walls and windows physically is analogous to the separation into opaque and transparent radiation bands spectrally, and energy transfer as heat conduction in the walls of a building is analogous to radiation in the atmosphere.\nAn analogy for the blocking effect from … http: Clive, perhaps you have found another reference to the one you linked to in your Feb 4, explanation of radiative forcing If you cannot find another source with the same equation, and since the one you cited no longer exists, then what basis for the equation you cited can you use to substantiate its validity and foundation? I have thus since then stored on my computer the actual authors, their university or research institutes, dates of information provided and the basis of references the authors use.\nThough more time consuming and tedious on my part I at least have my original source to refer to if data or basis is questioned or if I find future reason to question or compare it with other sources I find later. You have a dead link on this page: All of that energy has to escape back out to space. The only place for it to escape is back out through the atmosphere.\nHeat flow between the surface of the earth and the top of the atmosphere is related to the temperature difference between those points, and also dependent on the raidative resistance of the air layer between them. The atmosphere has high radiative resistance due to greenhouse gasses. So the temperature inside the lower atmosphere has to rise to keep the heat flowing out through the top at the same rate it is coming in — creating a large temperature drop across the 10 miles of atmosphere.\nThat results in a lapse rate of temperature, i. Without the atmosphere, the heat would simply escape by raidating directly to space, and the temperature of the surface would be lower.\nThe outside of a panel of glass of a greenhouse is hot to touch and even hotter on the inside. The atmosphere is not thin and solid like glass. It is thick, compressible and convective like gas. Climate is a long term average of many short term cyclical processes and that makes it hard to assign cause to effect. Doubling CO2 and basic physics — Climate Collections. Is there a source for the length of the free path for other re-radiating gases, for example H2O?\nThe number 25m is for CO2 near the surface, and is just an average value over the 15 micron emission. The CO2 molecule gets thermally excited into s of quantum vibrational modes. These then decay emitting a photon. Those moving upwards are absorbed by other CO2 molecules and the process is repeated until the air becomes so thin that for a given wavelength the photon escapes into space carrying energy. This is the effective emission height for that wavelength.\nI calculated this here in this post: H2O is more complicated and there is a wide band of emission frequencies. It is a much more effective greenhouse gas, but most water vapour is in the lower atmosphere. There is also the complexity of evaporation latent heat , cloud formation etc. Water vapour also changes the lapse rate reducing CO2 greenhouse effect.\nThe full effects of H2O on the climate are still not fully understood! Hello Clive, thanks for your answer. The following paper finds a free path for a photon before absorption by CO2 at the surface of Because of the high density of water vapor at surface level, the free path for water vapor must be much shorter.\nIn an absorbance experiment, light is attenuated not only by the solution, but also by the solvent and reflections from every interface in the light path.\nIn the case of a cuvette-based measurement, the appropriate reference would be the cuvette filled with just the solvent. Ensure that no dust or fingerprints are on the transmitting surfaces, as these will add scatter and absorbance signatures of their own.\nIf the sample is in a buffer solution, the reference must be the buffer solution with no sample present. In dual beam spectrophotometers, the reference solution would be placed in a reference slot for direct comparison for the duration of the experiment. When using an Ocean Optics spectrometer, you simply store a reference spectrum and then replace the cuvette with the sample to be measured.\nThe software takes care of subtracting the reference spectrum, as well as applying any other correction factors that are selected. It is a good idea to look at the reference solution periodically as a gauge of system drift. Drift can be caused by lamp intensity variations, changes in temperature, or even changes in the reference solution depending on the chemistry.\nIt takes very little time to take a new dark and a new reference measurement, so it is good practice to do so frequently while making measurements. Do I need an absorbance standard? Absorbance standards are used to verify the accuracy and consistency of response of an absorbance system relative to NIST-traceable standards.\nThis is required as part of quality control procedures in biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, as well as the food and beverage, petrochemical, semiconductor, and pulp and paper industries. Neutral density filters can be used for the same purpose, but do not assess factors like staff ability to prepare stock solutions, liquid and cuvette handling procedures, or the quality of cuvettes being used.\nThey are provided with absorbance charts for each solution, collected using NIST-calibrated instruments. Why is stray light important? Stray light refers to any light that reaches the detector via scattering. This can include light that did not travel through the sample, or photons of the wrong wavelength hitting a pixel. Stray light has many sources, including ambient light that leaks into the instrument, light that bypasses the sample like light that gets wave-guided through a cuvette wall , higher-order diffraction from the grating, and scattering from optical surfaces inside the spectrometer.\nEven when a spectrophotometer is designed to minimize stray light effects, there is a physical limit imposed by the zero-order scattering of the grating.\nFortunately the stray light of an instrument can be measured and a correction applied in software. Stray light I s always appears as additional signal in both the sample I and reference I 0 measurement in the absorbance equation:. When the absorbance equals zero, like when the reference solution is inserted as the sample, the stray light terms cancel out.\nAs absorbance increases, I decreases and stray light begins to affect the absorbance value, reducing it from the true value. At very low light levels, the stray light, I s , approaches or exceeds the transmitted light, I , and becomes the dominant term. At this point, it becomes the limiting factor for the absorbance that can be measured. When the stray light of a system is quantified, it is usually expressed as a percentage of the reference value. Our spectrometer models with the lowest stray light are the Torus 0.\nAs shown in the figure below, absorbance readings in the 0. Since stray light is a property of both the spectrometer and of the light source used, it must be characterized at the system level. One method is to measure absorbance using a highly concentrated sample. For example, if the concentrated sample is known to have an absorbance near 5, then the light reaching the detector would be reduced by a factor of 10, Any light measured above this level could be considered stray light.\nA longpass filter can also be used, as these are designed to block by 5 or more orders of magnitude at the shorter wavelengths. When using an Ocean Optics spectrometer, the stray light value can be entered into the software and then scaled and subtracted from all other readings.\nNote that stray light varies with wavelength. Near infrared wavelengths often contribute more than others to stray light, so using a shortpass filter prior to the spectrometer may help to reduce the amount of stray light reaching the spectrometer detector. Reducing stray light can also be as simple as turning off the tungsten halogen light source when working at wavelengths covered by the deuterium portion of the light source, or using a bandpass filter to limit the light source to illumination over only the wavelength range of interest.\nHow do I use Beer's Law to calculate concentration or extinction coefficient? This can also help to remove errors that are particular to the experiment, the equipment, or the particular set of samples being studied. First, carefully prepare a series of standard solutions for which the concentrations are known, and then measure their absorption as a function of wavelength.\nFor most compounds, there is typically at least one wavelength where the sample absorption peaks. Choose one of these wavelengths to monitor and create your calibration curve.\nAs an example, the graph below shows the calibration curve for calcium dipicolinic acid in deionized water. Measurements were taken at nm, the wavelength of maximum absorbance for this sample.\nThe reference was pure deionized water. Using this graph, the concentrations of unknown samples can easily be calculated using the slope of the line. Similarly, the extinction coefficient can be determined if the other parameters are known. For the most accurate results, it is best to use ten or more data points evenly distributed over the desired interpolation range.\nFour points does not a calibration make! Using a calibration curve conveniently eliminates the need to know the extinction coefficient or exact pathlength. This is handy, because very few chemicals come with a molar absorptivity curve for the exact solvent being used. It also allows the use of a sample holder of unknown pathlength, provided it is used consistently.\nIf the calibration curve turns out to be non-linear, it can still be used by fitting a polynomial function to the data. Interpolations have the potential to be just as accurate as those from a linear calibration curve, as accuracy is dependent on the quality of the curve fit, not the shape of the line.\nDeviations from linearity may indicate chemistry that is occurring within the sample, including, but not limited to, other species and changing equilibrium conditions. So before a nonlinear calibration curve is used, it is a good idea to verify the result using a fresh set of standard solutions.\nAll calibrations will be non-linear if a wide enough range of concentrations are used due to stray light and of limitations in the instrument. The detector measures the numbers of photons striking the detector during the integration time. Those photons arrive randomly, and the random variation in how many photons strike the detector is equal to the square root of the number of photons an effect called shot noise. At high absorbance values, the number of photons reaching the detector is low and the signal-to-noise is relatively poor.\nAt low absorbance values, there are plenty of photons and higher signal-to-noise. However, the uncertainty in measuring the percent transmission dominates the error in the measured absorbance value. In other words, the spectrometer is not as sensitive to small changes in absorbance concentration when absorbance is already low. The ideal range to work in is from about 0. By adjusting the concentration of the samples through dilution, by choosing cuvettes of different pathlength, or both, the absorbance values measured can be adjusted to be in this range to get the most accurate results.\nWhat's the difference between relative and absolute absorbance? If the illumination is diffuse, there will be a variety of paths taken through the cuvette, resulting in an average pathlength for the combined cuvette and system that differs from the specified length of the cuvette being used. Uncollimated light through a sample. Collimated light through a sample. If diffuse illumination is combined with collimated detection using a lens for light gathering , the result is a relative absorbance measurement.\nThat is, the absorbance reading for a specific sample will depend on the specific instrument used. Our direct-attach and integrated cuvette holders provide diffuse illumination to the cuvette via light focused directly from a bulb. Transmission dip probes and flow cells are also relative absorbance sampling optics. Collimated illumination combined with collimated detection results in absolute absorbance measurements, which are independent of the instrument used to make the measurement.\nAny of our cuvette holders which use a fiber and collimating lens combination provide collimated illumination, as the light exiting the fiber does so with a well-defined range of angles, allowing proper collimation. Be aware, however, that making adjustments to the position of the collimating lens in these cuvette holders will affect collimation of the incident light.\nRelative absorbance systems work very well for determining concentration when used with a calibration curve. They are not suitable, however, for determining extinction coefficients, as the exact optical pathlength is not known.\nAbsolute absorbance sampling optics:. How do I take the best dark measurement? When taking a dark measurement, it is best to block the light at the light source if possible. Turning the light source off and then on again will throw the light source out of thermal equilibrium and require a new reference measurement. Alternatively, many cuvette holders have a filter slot where the light can be blocked.\nPaper, even cardboard, can be deceptively transmitting, and it only takes a very low level of light to affect a measurement. How do I take the best reference measurement? To take the best reference measurement, first allow the light source to come to thermal equilibrium this can take up to 30 minutes in some cases.\nEnsure that all surfaces of the cuvette are clean and clear of fingerprints, dust, and dirt. Fill the cuvette with the exact solvent or buffer solution to be used for the sample, and check for bubbles. It is especially important to check for bubbles if using a transmission dip probe or flow cell, as they are prone to this source of error, particularly at the shorter path lengths. Keep boxcar width to approximately the same value as the pixel resolution of the spectrometer, otherwise it can affect the spectral resolution.\nOnce the reference has been acquired, go into transmission mode and take a look at the resulting spectrum. Wavelength regions with more noise indicate the wavelengths at which accuracy will be the least for the sample measurement typically the shortest and longest wavelengths.\nHow do I make repeatable measurements? In any measurement that is made relative to a reference, the enemy is instability. Temperature changes or heating in the light source can cause the reference or dark measurement to change slightly, affecting all data. How do I measure very low concentrations or low absorbance? At low absorbance values, the uncertainty in measuring the percent transmission may be as large as the attenuation created by the sample.\nThis makes it very hard to get an accurate absorbance reading for dilute or low attenuation samples. First, ensure that the wavelength of peak attenuation for the sample is being monitored. Then, increase the pathlength of the sample cell until the absorbance readings are in the sweet spot of 0. Alternatively, concentrate the sample prior to measurement or use less solvent for sample preparation.\nIf the amount of sample available is limited or precious, try using our SpectroPipetter. How do I measure very high concentrations or high absorbance? At high absorbance values, the signal reaching the detector is very low, and signal-to-noise is limited by the shot noise of the detector.\nThe effect of stray light also increases at higher absorbance values, reducing the perceived absorbance from its true value see section on stray light for more information. Using a spectrometer that has been specifically designed for low stray light can improve the accuracy of high absorbance measurements considerably.\nThe stray light of a system is usually expressed as a percentage of the reference value. Stray light is instrument-dependent, so once measured for a specific system, it can be corrected in the software. This also improves the accuracy of high absorbance measurements significantly. Stray light correction is highly recommended for any measurements above 2 absorbance units, and can even improve accuracy for lower measurements. When possible, it is best to reduce the pathlength of the system or dilute the sample to bring measurements into the 0.\nWe also offer ultrashort path flow cells, including adjustable pathlength micro flow cells for process applications. Is there an easy way to make kinetics measurements in the software?\nThe strip chart feature allows you to select the spectrometer, spectrum type absorbance vs. This can then be easily imported into Excel for analysis. Should I correct for electrical dark? Think carefully about whether you want to turn on electrical dark correction. Dark current levels tend to vary slightly over time due to temperature variations, and the electrical dark correction option will keep the offset dark levels stable for a longer period of time.\nThis correction does add noise, however, as it is a subtraction calculation. It would not be advisable for very low absorbance measurements.\nSo consider your environment, absorbance value and the amount of temperature variation you typically see. Should I use the non-linearity correction? Non-linearity correction improves the accuracy of the spectral shape, but also adds more noise to your original signal.\nThe error is somewhat subtle and usually smaller than the experimental errors associated with handling liquid reagents.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Australian Summary: Troughs in the east and west are generating showers and thunderstorms across WA, QLD and NSW, some severe. A high is causing any showers from the south to gradually clear. Low pressure is bringing thundery showers to the tropics.\nWindy with showers\nRadar, Satellite, Synoptic\nCity Now Min Max AucklandShowers 20°C 19°C 27°C BeijingCloudy -3°C -6°C 3°C BrasiliaMostly sunny 25°C 18°C 29°C Buenos AiresMostly cloudy 26°C 21°C 31°C Cape TownSunny 26°C 15°C 25°C LagosThunderstorms 33°C 24°C 33°C LondonMostly cloudy 6°C -2°C 3°C Los AngelesFog then sunny 11°C 12°C 22°C City Now Min Max Mexico CityIncreasing sunshine - 9°C 20°C MoscowRain and snow 1°C -1°C 0°C New DelhiFog then sunny - 8°C 21°C New YorkPossible shower -3°C -1°C 3°C SingaporeShowers 26°C 24°C 31°C TokyoMostly sunny - 1°C 9°C VancouverRain 6°C 5°C 8°C\nWarnings for Australia\nThe Australian provides the Australia Weather Forecast including local state and national weather forecasts and UV, radar, satellite images for Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, Darwin and Hobart. Additional Australia Weather News, World Weather, Tropical Cyclone and other Weather Warnings is also provided.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "El Niño is the warm phase of the ENSO (“El Niño Southern Oscillation”), a meteorological event defined by prolonged warming in the Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures. This year’s event is currently affecting the countries of the Latin American Pacific basin, and could be the worst since 1950, due to the impact of the climate change.\nEl Niño 2015: climate change in Latin America\nEl Niño is a flow of currents originating as a result of Earth’s rotation and the weakening of the trade winds from the east, which guide the large surface oceanic currents.\nEl Niño has been brewing in the Pacific since May 2015, affecting Latin American countries severely. Its more notable consequences include droughts, affecting Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico and Central America, strong rainfall in Argentina, Northern Peru and Southern Chile and the increase of wildfires in areas of Brazil.\nAccording to the El Niño strengthening forecast issued by the World Meteorological Organization, the current El Niño event is on track to be one of the three strongest since 1950 (1972/1973, 1982/1983 y 1997/1998). The event could also peak between November 2015 and January 2016, persisting through May.\n“The current El Niño is the strongest for more than 15 years,” said WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud.\n“Severe droughts and devastating flooding being experienced throughout the tropics and sub-tropical zones bear the hallmarks of this El Niño, which is the strongest for more than 15 years,” said WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud.\nEl Nino phenomenon: major impact on a number of Latin American countries\nPeru, and especially its agricultural sector, is one of the regions bearing the most severe impact from El Niño. The climatological event has driven BBVA Research to downgrade its growth forecasts for the Peruvian economy in 2016 to 2.8%, one percentage point below its previous forecast, 3.8%.\nLess than normal rainfall has already lead to severe droughts across vast regions of Venezuela and Northern Colombia. The agricultural industry is usually one of the hardest hit by weather conditions, and this is reflected in a drop of land productivity, which results in significant increases in the price of food, according to the report presented by the Bank of the Republic.\nEl Nino phenomenon: general impact in South America\n- Losses in agricultural and fishing industries. Adverse impact on production and exports.\n- Power generation limitations.\n- Wildfires increase in certain areas.\n- River flow reductions.\n- Lower atmospheric pressure.\n- Tropical storms.\n- Environmental conditions change for marine ecosystems.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Can’t fault the weather settings this morning in Sydney. Absolutely spot on in every metric – bar one. Swell is out of the SE at about a metre at 9 seconds. So, it’s not quite flat. Sets at Dee Why beach were in the knee to waist high plus range. They’re coming in at a leisurely frequency though. You’ll want to be in a chilled out mood and on your float-iest water toy.\nTo the extent it matters, the tide’s hitting low at around 0920.\nOutlook for the next few days is for small to flat – particularly tomorrow – and then around midweek the models say we could start to see some solid east swell develop on Sydney’s stretch of the east coast. This is all academic for you correspondent as come next weekend, he expects to be in the high desert of SE California celebrating his Dad’s 91st birthday. Expect one or two postcards from Cali over the next couple weeks…\nGo well with your Saturday one and all!\nWeather Situation from Australian Bureau of Meteorology: A strong high pressure system centred over southeast New South Wales extends a ridge over most of the state. Later on Saturday a cold front is forced to the south of Australia due to the strength of the high, however the southern-most parts of the coast may see a brief southerly developing behind an associated trough. The high will move slowly towards New Zealand over the next few days, but a strong ridge remains over the state. A trough will begin to develop off the north coast later on Sunday or early Monday in the easterlies along the north of the ridge.\nForecast for Saturday until midnight\nNorth to northwesterly about 10 knots tending north to northeasterly 10 to 15 knots during the afternoon.\nBelow 1 metre.\nSoutheasterly about 1 metre.\nSunday 15 April\nNortherly 10 to 15 knots becoming variable below 10 knots during the morning.\nBelow 1 metre.\nEasterly up to 1 metre.\nMonday 16 April\nSoutherly 10 to 15 knots turning southeasterly 15 to 20 knots during the morning.\nBelow 1 metre increasing to 1 to 1.5 metres during the afternoon.\nEasterly 0.5 metres.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Another Arctic blast in the forecast\nUpdated 10:46 am, Monday, December 2, 2013\nSAN ANTONIO — Clouds and patchy fog Monday morning will clear and the high will hit about 80 degrees in Bexar County, according to the National Weather Service.\nFinish raking your leaves and putting up your holiday lights before Thursday, because another Arctic blast will drop temperatures and possibly bring freezing rain this weekend, according to the National Weather Service.\nThe weather will remain sunny and warm through Wednesday before temperatures fall Thursday, which will also see showers, according to Jon Zeitler, science and operations officer in the Austin-San Antonio office of the National Weather Service. Temperatures will drop to the lower 60s on Thursday in Bexar County and the upper 50s in the Hill Country, according to the National Weather Service.\nFriday through Sunday will be colder still, and another shot of cold air early next week will keep temperatures below normal through mid-month, according to Zeitler. Saturday appears to be the coldest day, with highs in the lower 40s in Bexar County and in the upper 30s in the Hill Country.\nAn upper low Friday night through Saturday night will likely bring freezing rain to the Hill Country and Edwards Plateau. The National Weather Service is not predicting freezing rain for metropolitan San Antonio, but warns of thin layers of ice on bridges and other elevated surfaces.\n- Police: Teens shot in bungled robbery attempt near S.A. mallmysa\n- SAPD: Woman foils burglary attempt by attacking suspectmysa\n- Star Wars light show at a home in San AntonioKRIV\n- Fire rips through West Side home\n- Police: Woman killed in head-on collision with drunk drivermysa\n- Stumpy's Hatchet House of San Antoniomysa\n- 200-lbs. Mastiff punctures man's arterymysa\n- 'Walking Dead' podcast 8.8: How It's Gotta Bemysa\n- Vino Vino for StarChefs eventFox7\n- Democratic Land Commissioner candidate Miguel Suazopremiummysa\nResidents might want to remove water from hoses and irrigation systems during the warm period early this week to prevent damage from freezing, according to Zeitler.\nfirstname.lastname@example.org Twitter: @AliaAtSAEN", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Fascinating Interactive Global Warming MapLeave a comment\nMarch 5, 2017 by Chris Kite\nYale developed this interactive global warming map to show what people’s response to surveys.\nThe key to me is how few people think global warming will personally impact them. This, in a nut shell, is why so many refuse to take action. Selfishness rules in our country.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The air we breathe and our health\nAtmospheric pollution in Barcelona affects the entire population's health every day, though not necessarily in the same way. Children, the elderly and people with health problems, particularly those with asthma or heart or pulmonary disease, suffer more than everyone else from the effects of pollution. Numerous scientific studies show a direct link between exposure to atmospheric pollution and poorer health, both in the short- and long-term. Polluted air causes lung cancer, has clear effects on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, contributes to the onset of asthma add diabetes, inhibits foetal growth, delays the development of the brain and pulmonary function in children and shortens life expectancy.\nRespiratory and cardiovascular problems\nShort-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can irritate people's eyes and respiratory systems. The main effects of long-term exposure can be delayed lung development in children, bronchitis in asthmatic children and the appearance of chronic respiratory and cerebrovascular diseases in adults. In particular, suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) affect the respiratory tract and cardiovascular system. Long-term exposure to particles in relatively low concentrations, which are normal in urban environments, can affect the lungs and even cause cancer. The finer the particle the more dangerous it is to our health, as it penetrates as far as the inside of the circulatory system and enters the bloodstream.\nDelayed brain development in children\nChildren are one of the population groups worst affected by atmospheric pollution in Barcelona. As newborns and pre-school-age children have a relatively higher rate of breathing, they inhale more atmospheric pollution and, moreover, their lungs and immune system are still not fully developed. According to studies, air pollution levels double during the times of day when children start and finish school. Air pollution can alter the brain's connectivity and delay its development in children, as shown in several research studies conducted by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal).\nDelayed foetal growth\nExposure to atmospheric pollution starts before birth. Very fine particles pass from the lungs to the blood and can cross the placenta and reach the foetus. There is clear evidence that exposure to atmospheric pollution during pregnancy has a negative effect on foetal growth. It is estimated that keeping atmospheric-pollution levels in Barcelona under the threshold recommended by the World Health Organisation could prevent as many as 198 cases of underweight births and 68 cases of premature births every year.\nShortened life expectancy\nLong-term exposure to atmospheric pollution is associated with a life expectancy of the population that is several months shorter than usual . It is estimated that keeping atmospheric-pollution levels in Barcelona under the threshold recommended by the World Health Organisation could prevent 659 cases of premature deaths every year.\nScientific studies show that atmospheric pollution harms our health, even when the levels do not exceed the thresholds established under European legislation. On the other hand, it has also been shown that improving air quality improves the population's health.\nRecommendations for sports activities\nDuring days when air pollution is especially high, it also has short-term effects on people with chronic respiratory illnesses and heart disease. Such episodes may cause these individuals to experience a worsening in their symptoms as well as a rise in cardiorespiratory-related hospital emergencies and admissions and mortality rates. Where atmospheric pollution is very high, the general population may experience irritation to their throat or eyes and coughing.\nThe Barcelona Public Health Agency\nThe Department of Environmental Health at the Barcelona Public Health Agency (ASPB), which has an Atmospheric Pollution Analysis Centre in the city, publishes an assessment report every year on air quality and its development over the years, for each of the regulated pollutants measured at the various stations on the city's atmospheric-pollution monitoring and forecast network. You can also find further information on the effects of nitrogen oxides and suspended particles on our health..\nSee the Barcelona Public Health Agency report for 2015.\nSee the Barcelona Public Health Agency report for 2016\nSee the Barcelona Public Health Agency report for 2017", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "By now, you’ve likely seen countless pictures of the Super Blood Wolf Moon from a few nights ago. The Outer Banks was fortunate to have clear skies the night of the spectacular celestial event. Twiddy & Company’s photographer Melissa Mattingly braved the sub-freezing temperatures to photograph the lunar eclipse on the evening of January 20-21, 2019.\nWhen we say sub-freezing, we mean temperatures in the low 20’s and windy. An arctic blast arrived on the Outer Banks on Sunday afternoon, with the temperatures plummeting from the mid 60’s to the low 20’s within a few hours. By Outer Banks standards, that’s cold, y’all!\nMelissa ventured to the Bodie Island Lighthouse in South Nags Head to film 2019’s first major astronomical event. Her photos of the Super Blood Wolf Moon do not disappoint!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "People who have ever lived near the coast or an ocean may have experienced a hurricane. Hurricanes are very large storms that swirl with a very low pressure at their center. The lower the air pressure, the faster the winds blow in toward the center of the storm building force. When the winds reach a point of 75 miles per hour it is classified as a hurricane. They can easily grow to more than 400 miles in diameter.\nWhen hurricanes form, the only way to find out information about them, that can be used to predict the behavioral patterns of additional hurricanes, is to go into the eye of the storm and measure its behavior. However, it is dangerous and only a few are able to do the work. Those that go into the storms are called hurricane hunters.\nWinds blow up to 125 miles an hour, rain comes down in flood-like manner causing the streets to look like rivers, huge waves pound against the shores, and warnings are given to stay indoors. That is the perfect conditions for the hurricane hunters to go to work. They get into a specially equipped airplane and fly directly into the storm. These planes can withstand winds up to 300 miles per hour. As the planes enter the storm it passes through bands of howling winds, blinding rain and thunderstorms. The ride gets very bumpy. Often they cannot read the instruments because the plane is shaking so much. The rain gets so loud that they cannot hear each other talk and the plane is struck by lightning.\nMost hurricane hunters are meteorologists too. This allows them to measure from within the storm the air pressure, temperature and wind speeds. From that information they are able to predict the path of the hurricane. These same measurements can be taken from outside of the storm, but the most helpful information comes from within the storm itself.\nHurricanes winds swirl around in the eye of the storm. The eye is a calm area in the center of the storm. As the airplane flies through the eye, a crew member will drop a device called a dropsonde from the plane. This is a small tube with an attached parachute. The tube contains measuring instruments and a radio transmitter. As the dropsonde falls towards the sea, it transmits weather data back up to the airplane. Crew members send this information to the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. There the scientists use the information to determine the strength of the hurricane and predict the direction it is traveling. From this information they are able to warn others to evacuate homes near coastal areas and move to safer areas inland.\nHurricane hunters brave some of the roughest weather that exists. To get all the information needed to study storms and track them for information it is often necessary to travel through each hurricane several times before they gather enough information. Some flights last more than 11 hours, but hurricane hunters know their hard work will save lives.\nThe job of a hurricane hunter is dangerous and vital to measure the eye of the storm. By doing so they are able to gather the measurements needed to track and predict not only the current storm they are flying into, but also are able to predict the behavior patterns of future hurricanes. When winds are blowing, rain is falling, and waves are crashing, most people head inside to safety, but the hurricane hunter does just the opposite; they enter a special plane and fly directly into the center of the storm.\nScience Reading Comprehension Topics\nI Furnish Myself with Many Things - The Journal: It Blows a Most ...\nTo link to this Hurricane Hunters page, copy the following code to your site:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Our third nor’easter in 10 days will start Monday afternoon. It will not be a big storm, but this could be a South Jersey special.\nThere have been plenty of questions with this system, especially since computer models have made this forecast an “evolving” situation.\nHere are six answers to help you plan out your Monday and Tuesday.\nAnother one? Did we know we would have so many storms in a row?\nYep, another one. March has been roaring and roaring. You can thank the jet stream for this, which helps determine the storm track. It has been sitting right off the Jersey Shore practically since March started.\nI have been mentioning since mid-February that early March was looking colder and stormier. Two long-range forecast tools, the NAO and the AO, have shown that this time period would be colder and stormy.\nSo what is the timing for this storm?\nPrecipitation will break out as rain Monday afternoon, between 1 and 4 p.m. Rain will flip to snow just after the evening commute home. The storm will be most intense Monday night, but it will get out quick. It will be all snow when it ends Tuesday morning, stopping by the morning commute.\nOur shores are weary. Will there be issues?\nUnfortunately, yes. For most, though, problems will thankfully be limited. Minor flood stage is expected during the high tides Tuesday, especially during the morning. Move your cars if your street flooded Wednesday. Locally, back bays will be higher. After this passes, strong northwest winds will blow the water out Wednesday.\nWhat about power outages?\nBattered from the previous two storms, weak power lines can come down in the heavy, wet snow. Overall, though, problems will be limited.\nHow much snow will we actually see?\nIn general, I believe 2 to 4 inches of snow will fall over South Jersey. There are two exceptions, in southern Cape May County and western Cumberland County, where a coating to 2 inches should fall.\nWill I need bread and milk?\nSave your money for Irish soda bread on St. Patrick’s Day. The snow will melt quickly Tuesday.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Atmospheric rivers made visible by clouds, the ribbons of water vapor known as atmospheric rivers can extend thousands of miles from the tropics to the western USA. They provide the fuel for the massive rainstorms and subsequent floods along the U.S. West Coast. The one that’s fueling the storms this week stretches some 5,000 miles, all the way from Asia. Though beneficial for water supplies in the western USA, these events can wreak havoc on travel, bring deadly mudslides and cause catastrophic damage to life and property, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said.\nArticle from USA Today, October 19, 2017", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The direct injection of carbon dioxide deep into the ocean has been suggested as one method to help control rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and mitigate the effects of global warming. But, because the atmosphere interacts with the oceans, the net uptake of carbon dioxide and the oceans' sequestration capacity could be affected by climate change.\n\"Through a number of physical and chemical interactive mechanisms, the ocean circulation could change and affect the retention time of carbon dioxide injected into the deep ocean, thereby indirectly altering oceanic carbon storage and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration,\" said Atul Jain, a professor of atmospheric sciences. \"Where the carbon dioxide is injected turns out to be a very important issue.\"\nDeveloped by Jain and graduate student Long Cao, the Integrated Science Assessment Model is a coupled climate-ocean-terrestrial biosphere-carbon cycle model that allows extensive exploration of key physical and chemical interactions among individual components of the Earth system, as well as among carbon cycle, climate change and ocean circulation.\n\"A good understanding of climate change, ocean circulation, the ocean carbon cycle and feedback mechanisms is crucial for a reliable projection of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and resultant climate change,\" Jain said. The model is described in the September issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research -- Oceans.\nUsing the model, Jain and Cao studied the effectiveness of oceanic carbon sequestration by the direct injection of carbon dioxide at different locations and depths.\nThey found that climate change has a big impact on the oceans' ability to store carbon dioxide. The effect was most pronounced in the\nSource:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|Title||Mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants slows sea-level rise|\n|Publication Type||Journal Article|\n|Year of Publication||2013|\n|Authors||Hu AX, Xu Y.Y, Tebaldi C., Washington W.M, Ramanathan V|\n|Journal||Nature Climate Change|\n|Type of Article||Article|\nUnder present growth rates of greenhouse gas and black carbon aerosol emissions, global mean temperatures can warm by as much as 2 degrees C from pre-industrial temperatures by about 2050(1,2). Mitigation of the four short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), methane, tropospheric ozone, hydrofluorocarbons and black carbon, has been shown to reduce the warming trend by about 50% (refs 1,2) by 2050. Here we focus on the potential impact of this SLCP mitigation on global sea-level rise (SLR). The temperature projections under various SLCP scenarios simulated by an energy-balance climate model(1) are integrated with a semi-empirical SLR model(3), derived from past trends in temperatures and SLR, to simulate future trends in SLR. A coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model(4) is also used to estimate SLR trends due to just the ocean thermal expansion. Our results show that SLCP mitigation can have significant effects on SLR. It can decrease the SLR rate by 24-50% and reduce the cumulative SLR by 22-42% by 2100. If the SLCP mitigation is delayed by 25 years, the warming from pre-industrial temperature exceeds 2 degrees C by 2050 and the impact of mitigation actions on SLR is reduced by about a third.\n|Short Title||Nat. Clim. Chang.|\nMitigation of short-lived climate pollutants (methane, tropospheric ozone, hydrofluorocarbons, and black carbon) will not only reduce the overall global warming trend, but also decrease the rate of sea level rise. However, the benefit of mitigating those pollutants is reduced by about a third if the mitigation is delayed 25 years.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "ZCZC MIATCDAT3 ALL\nTTAA00 KNHC DDHHMM\nHurricane Lee Discussion Number 42\nNWS National Hurricane Center Miami FL AL132023\n500 PM AST Fri Sep 15 2023\nLee remains a very large hurricane over the western Atlantic. ASCAT\ndata from this morning showed the wind field expanding, with the\nhurricane-force winds around 100 miles and tropical-storm-force\nwinds more than 300 miles outward from the center. New data from\nthe Air Force Hurricane Hunters indicate that the core winds remain\nsteady with an intensity of 70 kt. Lee continues to be an\nasymmetric hurricane with most of the convection on the north side\nof the system.\nThe hurricane continues to wobble around, but it is generally moving\nnorthward at 17 kt during the last 12-18 hours on the western side\nof a subtropical ridge. Lee will continue to move northward around\nthe same speed until it makes landfall in Atlantic Canada in\napproximately 24 to 30 hours. Once Lee makes landfall, it is still\nexpected to accelerate to the northeast as it moves in the flow on\nthe east side of an approaching trough. The models remain in quite\ngood agreement, and the NHC track forecast was only slightly\nshifted to the left to follow the new guidance through landfall.\nOtherwise, no significant changes were made.\nSoutherly vertical wind shear and dry air continue eroding deep\nconvection on Lee's south side. These environmental conditions will\npersist while Lee moves over sharply cooler waters when it crosses\nthe north wall of the Gulf Stream during the next day or so.\nTherefore, gradual weakening is forecast and Lee will likely become\na strong extratropical cyclone around the time it makes landfall.\nThe NHC intensity forecast is slightly lower than the previous one\nand continues to be fairly close to the GFS model. However, Lee is\nexpected to remain a very large and dangerous system over the next\ncouple of days.\n1. Hurricane conditions are possible across portions southern New\nBrunswick, and much of Nova Scotia on Saturday within the Hurricane\nWatch area. Tropical storm conditions and coastal flooding are\nexpected to begin in southern New England within the Tropical Storm\nWarning area this evening, and spread northward along the coast of\nNew England and over portions of Atlantic Canada through Saturday.\nThese conditions are likely to lead to downed trees and potential\n2. Heavy rainfall from Lee could produce localized urban and small\nstream flooding in portions of eastern Maine, New Brunswick and\nwestern Nova Scotia Saturday.\nFORECAST POSITIONS AND MAX WINDS\nINIT 15/2100Z 37.9N 66.7W 70 KT 80 MPH\n12H 16/0600Z 40.5N 66.5W 70 KT 80 MPH\n24H 16/1800Z 43.5N 66.3W 60 KT 70 MPH\n36H 17/0600Z 46.2N 64.7W 45 KT 50 MPH...POST-TROP/EXTRATROP\n48H 17/1800Z 49.0N 60.9W 40 KT 45 MPH...POST-TROP/EXTRATROP\n60H 18/0600Z 51.7N 54.4W 40 KT 45 MPH...POST-TROP/EXTRATROP\n72H 18/1800Z 53.9N 47.1W 35 KT 40 MPH...POST-TROP/EXTRATROP\nForecaster A Reinhart/Cangialosi", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Saturday Midnight Upate\nAll watches and warnings have ended in the Brazos Valley. The severe weather concern has moved east of the area.\nThe 7pm update is out from the Storm Prediction Center regarding Friday evening's severe weather potential. Here is what is important to note:\n• All modes of severe weather remain possible. Damaging wind is the top concern, but a tornado concern not ruled out\n• Significant 2\"+ hail risk has been removed\n• Significant EF2+ tornado risk has been removed\n• Significant 70mph+ wind gust risk remains over the area.\nAs of 7:30pm, Scattered rain to a few rumbles of thunder have developed across Milam and Robertson Counties. The main line of thunderstorms continues to near and slide over the I-35 corridor.\nWe're watching for isolated, discrete cells to form ahead of the cold front / line of storms expected tonight. Hi-resolution model data has kept that activity to the north of our area throughout the day, but we'll be monitoring for that isolated tornado potential ahead of the front's arrival.\nA WATCH means conditions are favorable for producing severe storms, NOT that the threat is imminent.\nFriday midday update: The forecast remains relatively consistent in both timing and our potential impacts heading into tonight.\nThe chance for severe weather has increased to our north and east, but we're still likely in a waiting game for more impactful weather until later this evening, unless we can see isolated storm development later this afternoon. As of right now, that doesn't look overly likely, but we'll be watching for storms any time after noon.\nNoon run of the HRRR Forecast for what the radar may look like this evening in the Brazos Valley.— Shel Winkley (@KBTXShel) January 10, 2020\n8pm - 2am window holding as the reasonable window for stormy weather & possible severe concerns.\nCurrent expectation for arrival in #bcstx: 9-10pm pic.twitter.com/ORWHKsmcrN\nFriday will bring a busy and rough day of weather to Texas.\nAs southerly winds scream through the east side of the state over the next 18 to 24 hours, unstable, humid air from the Gulf of Mexico continues to feed a severe weather threat ahead of the weekend.\nThe early morning update from the Storm Prediction Center spreads a MODERATE (4 out of 5) Risk for severe weather across North and Northeast Texas. That risk clips the far northern reaches of Leon and Houston Counties; from Buffalo to Crockett and points north.\nThe rest of the Brazos Valley remains under an ENHANCED (3 our of 5) Risk for severe weather. Here is how each type of severe weather breaks down inside of that risk:\n• Tornado: 5% Risk\n• Wind: 30% Risk for most. 45% for North-Northeast Leon & Houston Co. (10%+ Risk for gusts exceeding 75mph in that area as well)\n• Hail: 30% Risk. Lee and Milam Counties closer to a 10% risk for hail larger than 2\" (size of an egg)\nLocally, most of the daytime hours of Friday are expected to be tame. Passing showers and drizzle will race through the Brazos Valley on a strong south wind blowing through at 15 to 25mph, with gusts upwards of 30mph+ at times.\nBy late afternoon, supercell thunderstorms are anticipated to develop west of I-35 near Austin to the Metroplex by 2 to 4pm. Those storms will then congeal into a line of storms, cross I-35, reaching the western Brazos Valley by 7-8pm.\nMain storm window locally: 8pm Friday - 2am Saturday\nDamaging wind in excess of 50mph to 70mph will be the greatest concern as storms move through over this 6 hour period. Severe storms embedded in this line could occasionally create a large hail and tornado threat.\nFriday is a day to be aware of the weather around you, starting in the afternoon hours. Be sure to have multiple ways to receive watches and warnings and keep cell phones charged -- especially through the evening hours.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In the next few days, some sunny spells. Especailly on Friday the weather is fine. On Saturday there will be showers. With a high around 27 degrees it's summerly warm. On Thursday a strong wind from the north.\n|Th Oct 17||Fr Oct 18||Sa Oct 19||Su Oct 20|", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "PORTLAND, Ore. — Freezing temperatures and leftover snow from Sunday night caused treacherous, icy conditions for Monday morning travelers in the Portland metro area, particularly in Washington County.\nMost of the region got a break from the falling snow Monday morning, but KGW meteorologist Rod Hill said more snow is expected overnight and another snowy, icy commute looms Tuesday morning as temperatures will again dip below freezing.\nIn Beaverton, the Washington County Sheriff's Office reported Monday morning that a crash involving several vehicles closed Southwest Grabhorn Road, south of Farmington Road. WCSO officials said nobody was injured.\nKGW photographer Eric Patterson checked in with a couple of drivers who slid off the road on Southwest 175th Avenue, just south of Rigert Road in Beaverton. One was able to get out of the skid but the other needed their car to be towed.\nWashington County is requiring chains or snow tires in snow zones on Southwest 175th Avenue between Scholls Ferry Road and Rigert Road; on Barnes Road, from 118th Avenue east to the county line; and on Cornell Road, from Cedar Hills Boulevard east to the county line.\nOutside the metro area, all eastbound lanes of Interstate 84 were shut down briefly Monday morning at Frontage Road near Multnomah Falls because of a jackknifed semi. The freeway reopened around 10 a.m., Corbett Fire reported.\nMany city and county offices closed or are operating on reduced hours Monday, and many schools, which are closed this week for the holiday break, closed their facilities for activities, including athletic practices. See all the closures and delays.\nTriMet reported that some bus lines, including 18 (Hillsdale), 51 (Vista) and 63 (Washington Park/Arlington) were canceled Monday morning due to the weather. Other buses were operating with chains and using drop-down chains, which can be deployed on a temporary basis when needed. TriMet said the weather did not impact the MAX or LIFT paratransit systems or the WES commuter rail service Monday morning. Travelers should consult trimet.org/alerts for the latest updates before trying to take a bus or train.\nTemperatures may rise above freezing Monday afternoon, allowing some snow melt, Hill said. Another round of snow is expected to arrive Monday night and continue into Tuesday morning, with 1 to 3 inches of snow expected and temperatures dropping below freezing.\nHill said Tuesday afternoon into Wednesday should be dry with the coldest temperatures of the week. \"Wednesday morning could see valley numbers in the teens, although most locations will likely stay above 20 degrees,\" Hill said.\nA weather front is expected to arrive Thursday, which could produce an icy mix, though Hill cautioned that Thursday's forecast is uncertain. At this time, Friday looks dry for New Year's Eve and warmer temperatures and rain are expected Saturday with some sunshine on Sunday, Hill said.\nWATCH: KGW Headlines on Demand", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Cool morning for a nice ride\nWoke up this morning after some more rains overnight. Temperatures had dropped down considerably. The clouds – especially in the north had covered the sky and there was a light breeze. Changing up my routine, took the motorbike out early in the morning. It felt a bit chilly above 50mph. Great temperatures for riding!!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This custom report includes 14 separate weather parameters, including sea-state conditions and ability to set custom thresholds for your vessel(s).\nOur offshore asset-based report offers a more granular look at the weather forecast for the following 48 hours in two-hour time increments. Plan. Protect. Profit.\nQuickly assess threats for onshore locations over the following 7 days, including wind, hail, and tornado potential with our most popular weather planner.\nWeatherOps issues regularly scheduled tropical updates throughout the active season. This tool helps operators by highlighting actions to secure vessels.\nWeatherOps provides track and intensity forecasts for tropical features we consider likely to develop into cyclones as well as forecasts for named storms.\nOur forecast team monitors your business concerns and locations anywhere on the globe. If we determine a threat is possible, a WeatherOps forecaster issues an alert.\nWeatherOps' automated systems and data streams provide real-time lightning proximity alerting including “all-clear” notifications for point and areal locations.\nWeatherOps automatically filters and sends National Weather Service Watches, Warnings, and Advisories specific to an asset, all in just seconds.\nAccess WeatherOps information for all assets from a single screen no matter where you are with our companion app available on the App Store & Google Play.\nWeatherOps weather forecasts allow vessel personnel to customize weather parameter thresholds to ensure safe operations.\nQuickly identify weather risks for all of your vessels or offshore assets with this color-coded threat matrix. Available in 2, 6, 12, and 24 hr increments.\nThis valuable tool allows users to choose a location, date and time period, then receive a map and list of lightning strikes that occurred.\nAn assessment of potential tropical impacts for single or multiple vessels in one report that provides guidnce regarding arrival of storm-related conditions.\nTwice per week during the Atlantic tropical season, WeatherOps issues a long-range threat outlook to outlines potential development.\nAn assessment of tropical cyclone impacts as well as timing of forecasted winds in relation to a vessel's proximity and unique shut-down plan.\nManage users, assets, and events, customize forecasts and asset-based alerts, set product and alert distribution, view maps and report archives.\nNot quite sure about your decision? Our MetWatch service provides access to a meteorologist any time of day. This is the best way to ensure safety.\nAccurate, detailed oceanographic data that meets the specific needs of shipping and offshore interests. TideTech data drops right into WeatherOps.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "- Weather records were set Friday in New York, New Jersey and CT as the area experienced unseasonably warm temperatures.\nA day beating a record high, though uncommon, is something the National Weather Service always looks for, Lipton said.\nFriday was the warmest it has ever gotten since records were first kept, National Weather Service meteorologist Alan Dunham said.\nBy midday, Boston had also hit 71 - also a record.\nFriday's temperatures set a record.\nFlyBe aircraft veers off runway after landing gear failure\nThe incident took place following the flight's arrival at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport on Thursday afternoon. Airports across the United Kingdom have been affected as Storm Doris batters the country with heavy winds.\nJohn Boehner says swift Obamacare repeal, replace is just 'happy talk'\nHowever, Boehner's comments are in direct contradiction to what current House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) has signaled. Boehner said the talk in November about lightning-fast passage a new health care framework was wildly optimistic.\nBoston Celtics Trade Rumors: Pacers' superstar Paul George is desirable\nWe'll probably hear rumblings of offers that were turned down and perhaps even some deals that got \"close\" (whatever that means). Rival GMs are speculating over what moves the Celtics may or may not make (since it could impact the moves that they can make).\nIn Buffalo, 70-degree temperatures broke the February 24 record shortly before 1 p.m., according to the NWS office at Buffalo International Airport.\nTemperatures reached 68 degrees, the National Weather Service announced Friday. That beat the previous record of 65, which was set in 1990.\nA strong cold front, potentially accompanied by storms, is predicted to pass on Saturday evening.\nEarlier in the day, Boston had also reached its peak February temperature, hitting 71 degrees.\nTo put that 1906 date in perspective, it was a time when Theodore Roosevelt was president. This month, the average high has been 43 and average low, 25.3 degrees. At the time, local news included an inquiry into reports of fish being dynamited in the Niagara River, the newspaper says.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "(KMOV) – The St. Louis area got some much-deserved spring-like temperatures on Friday, according to News 4 Meteorologist Kent Ehrhardt.\nTemperatures Monday morning started off in the mid- to upper-20s with mostly clear conditions.\nBut those numbers quickly rose, reaching about 52 degrees by Noon.\nBy 3 p.m., temperatures will get to a high of 62 degrees (no, that was not a typo).\nBut as we’ve seen many times this winter, the numbers will drop Friday night into the mid-30s.\nOn Saturday, we’ll get some scattered rain with a chance for some snow mixing in at times.\n“The snow should melt on relative warm ground, no accumulation expected,” said Ehrhardt.\nSaturday’s high will be around 46 degrees. Sunday will be a bit warmer, with a high of around 50.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "– Lane Simonds:\nThe fact that humans contribute to the warming of our planet is nothing new. Scientists have been telling us about the human-climate change connection for years, but now they can say for certain that we are responsible for “drought”.\nThanks to human fingerprinting, which is a relatively new technique in climate science, experts have been able to determine that human behavior has had a long-standing influence on precipitation. A study published in Nature Climate Change separates natural and human influences by looking at various factors, including use of fossil fuels and polluting aerosols verses natural swings in the Earth’s climate, as well as volcanic eruptions.\nRainfall and drought patterns\nWorking with climate models, scientists looked for human fingerprints on global rainfall and drought patterns between the years 1860 and 2019. What they discovered is a connection between human-produced greenhouse gases and wet-dry patterns. They could see the human fingerprints worldwide beginning in 1950.\nAs the World Economic Forum recently reported, manmade sulfate aerosols have a role in driving environmental change. There have been large decreases in rainfall in areas such as central Asia, eastern China and Indonesia, as well as US states, like California. However, the scientists determined that aerosols are only part of the picture. There is also a human fingerprint linked to the Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ, which is a belt of low pressure that circles the Earth near the equator. It dictates rainfall patterns for a lot of the tropics. The researchers found that human influences have had an impact on the movement of the ITCZ. Up until the 1980’s, use of aerosols was the offender. After 1980 pollution regulations reduced some of the manmade aerosol emissions in North America and Europe. As a result, the ITCZ shifted back northward bringing less rainfall to the western part of the world and more to Sahal, the ecoclimatic zone in Africa.\nThe human-fingerprinting study should not come as a surprise, after all countless studies have suggested that mankind is largely responsible for the state of our planet. In fact, a few years ago a study published in Climate Dynamics found that humans are responsible for all observed global warming since the mid-20th century. Another example is NASA. The agency has documented a wide range of evidence that our behavior has contributed to shrinking glaciers, accelerated sea level rise, shifts in plant and animal ranges and intense heat waves.\nThe study involving human fingerprinting helps explain the changes in drought pattern over the last century. As a part of the mounting evidence that humans contribute to global warming, we can only hope that the study gives climate change naysayers cause to pause and consider reshaping their lifestyle habits.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This was taken on the morning of November 14 2012 during a total solar eclipse, only some parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory got to see the full Total Solar Eclipse, unfortunately here in Perth, Western Australia we only got to see a partial eclipse as the sun was rising, the sun was bellow the horizon during the maximum part of the eclipse, and by time the sun came up, the moon was already moving out of the path of the sun.\nWhat I saw here in Perth, Western Australia only lasted about 15 minutes, and the best part was the 5 minutes as the sun came up. Luckily the cloud cleared shortly before sunrise, as we had overcast skies throughout the night.\nThis photo was taken just as the sun was rising and was the best view we got of the solar eclipse here in Western Australia.\nCanon 60D and 70-300 IS L.\nViewed 102 times.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Most parts of the country will be facing a harsh summer season with above normal temperatures this year, while Maharashtra is expected to be one of the states to witness maximum number of heat waves from April to June this year, said Director General of Meteorology, IMD, Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, during his address on Saturday regarding “Updated outlook for the hot weather season (April, May & June 2023)”.\nBased on IMD’s forecast, it is expected that, most parts of the country are expected to experience above-normal maximum temperatures during the hot weather season this year along with several heat waves in most states of the country which fall in the Central, East and Northwest regions.\nMinimum temperature to go above normal\nStates like Maharashtra, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana are among the Indian states that are likely to witness a significantly higher number of heatwaves from April to June this year.\n\"A significantly higher number of heatwave days are predicted however, the country is also set to likely receive normal rainfall in April,” said IMD Director General Mrutyunjay Mahapatra. Normal to above-normal minimum temperatures are very likely over most parts of the country, barring some areas in northeast and northwest India and isolated pockets of the peninsular region, the IMD said.\nPrecipitation levels to go up in northwest\nThe IMD also predicted normal to above normal precipitation over most parts of northwest, central and peninsular regions, while below-normal rainfall is predicted in east and northeast India this year.\nNarrowing down further, in regards to Mumbai’s weather between April to June, Colaba IMD official, Sushma Nair said that as the city falls in the Konkan belt, the probability of heatwaves in Mumbai in the coming months is less. “The heatwaves predicted over Maharashtra are most likely for Central and Vidarbha region in the state, meanwhile the moisture in the air over Mumbai will start increasing from April which will increase the hot-humid climate in the summer season,” said the official.\nHigh temperatures were expected in March\nHigh temperature degrees were mostly expected in the month of March for Mumbai, therefore the chances for the temperature to go above 39 degrees Celsius in the coming months is less, added the official.\nOn Saturday, Santacruz witnessed a minimum temperature of 22.0 degrees Celsius and a maximum of 31.6 degrees Celsius, with 71% relative humidity. Colaba experienced a minimum temperature of 24.1 degrees Celsius and a maximum of 31.4 degrees Celsius, with 73% relative humidity.\n(To receive our E-paper on WhatsApp daily, please click here. To receive it on Telegram, please click here. We permit sharing of the paper's PDF on WhatsApp and other social media platforms.)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "|Wind||SE 0 mph|\nMenu of Text Products for the Hawaiian Islands and the Tropical Pacific/Atlantic Oceans:|\nNarrow the Menu List|\nSelect Time Limit: 12 hours | 24 hours | 48 hours | 72 hours | No time limit\nSelect Product Type: All | Routine Bulletins/FCSTS | Warnings/Watches/Advisories | HAWN Weather | Tropical | Marine | Aviation | Daily Obs | Special\nHawaiian Islands Synoptic Discussion and Guidance |\nFXHW60 PHFO 220707\nArea Forecast Discussion\nNational Weather Service Honolulu HI\n830 PM HST Sun Jul 21 2019\nA trough of low pressure will pass by a few hundred miles to the\nsouth of the islands during the next couple of days, spreading\nclouds and showers from southeast to northwest across the island\nchain through Tuesday. Drier weather and decreasing cloud cover is\nexpected by Wednesday. Moderate to locally breezy trades and typical\nwindward and mauka showers with the occasional leeward spillover for\nthe smaller islands will then prevail into next weekend.\nPersistent surface high pressure far north coupled with a trough of\nlow pressure passing south of the islands are bringing moderate to\nlocally breezy trade winds to the islands this evening into early\nMonday morning. There is also an upper level low northwest of the\narea. It would be typical trade wind weather for the islands if not\nfor the upper level feature as well as the low level trough.\nMoisture from the passing trough reached the Big Island earlier.\nMeanwhile, airmass in the island vicinity is somewhat unstable due\nto the present of that upper level low. Hence, thunderstorms did\ndevelop over the Big Island earlier Sunday afternoon. Looks like\nmuch of the unstable weather may just clip the extreme southern Big\nIsland with a slight chance of thunderstorm and locally heavy rain,\nwhile rest of the islands will see trade wind weather, with some\nenhanced showers affecting mainly windward and mountain areas. Winds\nwill be strong enough to carry some clouds and showers to the lee\nareas of the smaller islands through early Monday morning.\nThis trough of low pressure will move almost parallel to the islands\nthrough Tuesday. Thus, it will stay south of the main Hawaiian\nislands. But then, moisture associated with this system will be\nspreading northwest. In the mean time, the aforementioned upper\nlevel low will be shifting east but still providing some airmass\ninstability to the area. Therefore, still expect much of the\nunsettled weather will remain south and west of the islands Monday.\nThe only exception is the Big Island, where atmospheric conditions\nwill be unstable and moist enough to see a slight chance of\nthunderstorms during Monday afternoon and evening. Rest of the\nislands may also see an increase in clouds and showers.\nThe upper level low will be far west enough by Tuesday for more\nstable atmospheric conditions to spread from the east, though Kauai\nweather may still be under the influence of the low. Latest forecast\nsolutions have the bulk of the moisture just southwest of Kauai.\nThus unsettled weather may still affect western and southern coastal\nwaters of Kauai Tuesday. Rest of the islands will see a return of\nthe typical trade wind weather, with passing low clouds and showers\naffecting mainly windward and mountain areas.\nLatest GFS indicated a trough may deepen just northwest of the\nislands by the middle of the week, with high pressure current far\nnorth of the area moving to the northeast. Forecast solutions also\nshow high pressure aloft moving to near the islands over later part\nof the week. Looks like the islands will see seasonal trade wind\nweather for the most part by then, though wind direction may turn\nslight southeast due to that possible deepening trough to the\nA high will remain nearly stationary far north of the main Hawaiian\nislands as a trough passes southwest of the area. The pressure\ngradient between these systems will maintain locally strong east\nwinds over the area. AIRMET TANGO is in effect for moderate\nturbulence below 8,000ft and this AIRMET will likely continue\nClouds and showers that developed over the slopes of the Big Island\nand Maui Sunday afternoon will gradually dissipate. The low level\nwinds will carry scattered to broken low clouds over east sections\nof the smaller islands. Isolated MVFR ceilings are possible over\nthese areas tonight, but we don't expect the ceilings to be\nextensive enough to require AIRMET SIERRA for MTN OBSC.\nAn area of layered clouds and isolated thunderstorms associated with\nthe trough passing southwest of the area lies just south of the Big\nIsland of Hawaii. These clouds are expected to remains offshore\novernight, but moisture from this system may fuel heavy showers and\nisolated thunderstorms over the Big Island Monday afternoon. AIRMET\nSIERRA may be needed for MTN OBSC.\nFresh to locally strong easterly trades will continue through the\nweek as high pressure remains north of the area and weak low\npressure passes to the south. Stronger winds will remain across the\ntypically windier locations from Maui County to the Big Island due\nto terrain accelerations. The current Small Craft Advisory through\nMonday night will likely be extended into the week.\nHeavy showers and a few thunderstorms will remain a possibility\nacross the waters around South Point of the Big Island overnight\ninto Monday, then over the leeward waters of the smaller islands\nMonday through Tuesday night as the aforementioned area of low\npressure to the south tracks northwestward.\nRough surf will continue along east facing shores due to strong\nonshore trades. A slight downward trend is expected for a brief\nperiod Monday through Tuesday as upstream trades relax. A slight\nuptick is expected once again Wednesday into Thursday as upstream\nSurf along south facing shores will remain small through tonight,\nthen trend up late Monday through midweek out of the south-southwest\ndue to a recent system that passed near the Tasman Sea. Heights\nshould remain below advisory levels as this swell moves through and\npeaks Tuesday. A south-southeast long-period swell associated with a\nrecent compact gale southeast of the Tuamotus will be possible\nThursday night through Friday. Surf will rise along exposed shores\nbut should remain below advisory levels.\nSmall Craft Advisory until 6 PM HST Monday for Maalaea Bay-\nPailolo Channel-Alenuihaha Channel-Big Island Leeward Waters-Big\nIsland Southeast Waters.\nBulletins, Forecasts and Observations are courtesy of Honolulu National Weather Service Forecast Office", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Excessive heat warnings and heat advisories likely late this weekend into next week.\nWill we hit 100°? I think there's a decent chance it happens, but let's not focus on that. The heat index may exceed 110°. With football practice, band, etc, this is a major concern for EVERYONE.\nThe upcoming heat is NOT record breaking and is very typical in Arkansas. However, we must always remember heat is the number 1 weather related killer. We want to get through this heat without anyone getting hurt. Please take care of yourself and your neighbors!\nFor the actual air temperature to hit 100°, we look for 3 things: complete sunshine, a ridge of high pressure centered on our region, and a dry ground. The ground may have dried up enough for it to happen. The ridge of high pressure will flex its muscles over the region starting Sunday, then move slowly westward by Wednesday. It will cool down a little, but probably not much at that time.\nI hope the models are wrong, but it's looking likely we'll see some serious heat and humidity. Nothing unusual and nothing record breaking, but you don't need that to cause problems. Take care.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Gale force winds and bands of heavy rain are expected to buffet the country this week bringing possible surface flooding and damage to trees and powerlines.\nA front moving up from the South Island tomorrow would bring a spell of strong winds and heavy rain with it.\nMetService said from Wednesday a strong disturbed westerly flow would affect the country bringing the foul weather.\nIt was a similar situation to last weekend, MetService meteorologist Angus Hines said.\n\"A number of severe weather watches and warnings have been issued this morning to reflect the weather that is coming in the next couple of days.\"\nA front would sweep east across the North Island early in the morning on Wednesday.\nThere was moderate confidence, a 40 per cent chance, of heavy rain from Kapiti northwards, and moderate confidence that northwest gales would be severe early morning from Wellington to the central North Island high country and the ranges of Gisborne and the eastern Bay of Plenty.\nOn Thursday another front was expected to sweep east on to the country.\nThere was a high confidence, 60 per cent chance, in heavy rain in Westland and Fiordland and a moderate confidence in the west from Taranaki southwards.\nOn Friday a strong westerly flow affected the North Island and there was moderate confidence in severe westerly gales there.\nA heavy rain warning was in place for the Canterbury High Country until 8pm tomorrow, and for Westland until 6pm tomorrow.\nA warning was also in place for Fiordland and the headwaters of Otago rivers and lakes until early afternoon on Tuesday.\nStreams and rivers could rise rapidly and surface flooding a slips were possible in the rain, Hines said.\nA strong wind warning was in place for Wellington and Marlborough to 11pm Tuesday and in place for Canterbury High Country until 5pm Tuesday.\nThat wind could be hazardous to motorcycles and high-sided vehicles and damage to trees and powerlines was possible, Hines said.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sunny, Windy & Seasonable This Afternoon\nMonday’s Forecast High: 66°F, Tonight’s Forecast Low: 48°F\nAfter a cool, fall weekend, temperatures will be more seasonable today. Plenty of sunshine this afternoon with highs in the mid 60s. Winds are strong out of the south with gusts in the 30-40 mph range.\nClear to partly cloudy tonight, and not as cold. Lows will fall into the mid to upper 40s, which is where we should be for this time of the year.\nTemperatures will warm even more Tuesday. Winds will still be breezy, but not as strong as today. Partly sunny tomorrow with highs in the low 70s.\nThere will be a very slight chance of a shower Tuesday night as a cool front moves through the Upper Midwest.\nBehind the cool front, temperatures will be a few degrees cooler for Wednesday and Thursday. Highs will top out in the upper 60s to 70 degrees.\nWinds will shift back out of the south and increase on Friday. These strong winds paired with sunshine will help temperatures warm well above average into the mid to upper 70s.\nWarmer than average for the weekend with sunshine. Our next chance of rain arrives early next week.\nEnjoy your day! –Michelle Poedel", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "2”-5” of snow fell today. While that doesn’t sound like a lot, the impact for this storm was higher because of the cold air!\nWith temperatures in the teens, every snowflake that fell accumulated on the roads. With the peak of the storm hitting during rush hour, numerous roads became congested and snow covered. But that’s over now! Snow is winding down. Shoveling aside, we get a prolonged break from the snow.\nWith this recent cold and snowy pattern, you would think a white Christmas was a given this year. Not so fast. A warming trend is underway that will slowly chip away at the snow on the ground. Wednesday will be partly to mostly sunny with high temperatures in the mid and upper 30s. 40s are likely Friday and Saturday. The warm up peaks Sunday with highs in the 50s and periods of rain. Temperatures will get back to average around Christmas time but little (or no) snow cover will remain.\nTonight: Lingering flurry. Low: Teens.\nTomorrow: Partly to mostly sunny, breezy. Not as cold as recent days. High temperatures in the middle to upper 30s.\nThursday: Partly cloudy, a bit milder. High temperatures in the upper 30s inland, lower 40s for the shoreline.\nFriday: Increasing clouds, noticeably milder. Chance for showers late in the day or at night. High temperatures in the middle 40s.\nSaturday: Early showers followed by some clearing. Showers redeveloping at night. High temperatures in the middle 40s inland, upper 40s for the shoreline.\nSunday: Periods of rain, foggy and very warm! High temperatures in the 50s statewide.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Well, I am going to have to eat some crow.\nBack in early October, I unwisely predicted there would be 18 Category 4 or 5 hurricanes globally in the year 2007. At the time, there had been 14. Since then there has only been one more the incredibly devastating Cyclone Sidr bringing the global total to 15. And with the year almost out, at this point I don't see any chance of not being wrong in my prediction.\nIn fact and as we'll see barring some sudden dramatic tropical eruption, 2007 is going to turn out to be a below-average year for overall global intense hurricane activity. That's not to say there weren't some serious hotspots particularly the North and South Indian Ocean basins. But for anyone convinced that global warming is causing an increase in the intensity of the average hurricane, it's hard to make the case that 2007 serves as a data point in your favor.\nTo see that, though, let's first survey the total storm activity in all the major hurricane basins. My source for this data is Unisys Weather, but I have made a few corrections in places where that data seem incorrect (e.g., Cyclone Indlala is only listed as a tropical storm by Unisys when in fact it was a Category 4).\nIn the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, where storms are tracked by the U.S. National Hurricane Center, I counted all storms that were given names (which occurs once the storms reach maximum sustained wind speeds of 35 knots 40 mph or higher, the cutoff for Tropical Storm status). For other basins, where there are multiple measurements used in classifying storms and multiple monitoring agencies, I am counting all storms in the Unisys database that had a maximum sustained wind speed of 35 knots or higher.\nThat process leaves you with the following numbers, as of Dec. 19, 2007:\nTropical Storm Tracks, 2007 Northwest Pacific Basin Unisys Weather\nWhat can we read into these numbers?\nWell, first off, the average total number of storms per year is generally in the 80-90 range, so there's nothing particularly noteworthy about 2007 in that respect.\nHowever, when you come to the total number Category 4 and 5 storms, it's another story entirely. Here, the average per year is 17, and the record in one year is 25. By these lights, 2007 is definitely a below average year.\nGranted, 2004, 2005, and 2006 were all above average, with 23, 22, and 19 Category 4 and 5 storms, respectively. So 2007 may just be a quiet anomaly. Moreover, there were a number of borderline Category 3/Category 4 storms this year, which might have been bumped up a category had they occurred in the Atlantic region.\nBut nevertheless, the official 15 storm total which, to be sure, could increase by the end of the year, but probably not by more than one storm at the absolute most clearly does not help the argument that global warming is intensifying hurricanes.\nNext week I will go more in depth, and look in more detail at some of the most remarkable and troubling storms of 2007.\nEnter your city or zip code to get your local temperature and air quality and find local green food and recycling resources near you.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Fishermen cautioned of rough seas\nDecember 3, 2019 02:55 pm\nDue to the low-level atmospheric disturbance to the south of Sri Lanka, showery and windy condition is expected to enhance over south-eastern and southern sea areas, the Met. Department said.\nAccordingly, active clouds can develop in the deep and shallow sea areas off the coast extending from Galle to Pottuvil via Hambanthota.\nTherefore, the possibility for heavy thundershowers and sudden roughness, associated with sudden increase of wind speed up to 70-80 kmph in the above given sea areas is high.\nNaval and fishing communities are requested to be vigilant in this regard, the department said issuing a special advisory for rough seas.\nFor Land areas:\nDue to the low-level atmospheric disturbance in the vicinity of Sri Lanka (south of Sri Lanka),prevailing showery condition is expected to enhance over Northern, Eastern, North-central, Uva and Central provinces from tonight, particularly during December 04 and 05.\nVery heavy showers above 150 mm are likely at some places in Trincomalee, Batticaloa, Ampara, Mullaitivu, Nuwara-Eliya, Badulla and Monaragala districts.\nHeavy showers above 100 mm are likely at some places in North-Central, Sabaragamuva, Southern and Western provinces and in Matale, Kandy, Jaffna, Mannar, Kilonochchi and Vavuniya districts. (Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Galle, Matara, Hambanthota, Kegalle, Ratnapura, Gampaha, Colombo and Kalutara).\nGeneral public is kindly requested to take adequate precautions to minimize damages caused by temporary localized strong winds and lightning during thundershowers.\nFairly strong gusty winds up to 55 kmph can be expected over the island particularly in North-Western, Southern, Central, Uva and North-Central provinces.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "I have always been a big fan of statistics, especially after I took that valuable course back in my college days at Rutgers University.\nI saw this press release from the Ohio State University in regards to statisticians using statistical analysis of different climate models in order to estimate projections of temperature changes and certainty for the years 2021 to 2070 across North America.\n\"One of the criticisms from climate-change skeptics is that different climate models give different results, so they argue that they don't know what to believe,\" says Noel Cressie, professor of statistics and director of Ohio State's Program in Spatial Statistics and Environmental Statistics. \"We wanted to develop a way to determine the likelihood of different outcomes, and combine them into a consensus climate projection. We show that there are shared conclusions upon which scientists can agree with some certainty, and we are able to statistically quantify that certainty.\"\nUsing regional climate models' temperature values from 1971 to 2000 in addition to their projections for 2041 to 2070, the research team estimated that average land temperatures across North America will rise around 4.5 degrees F or 2.5 degrees C by 2070.\nThrough this analysis, the team also determined that there is a 97.5% probability that average temperatures will rise by at least 3.6 degrees F or 2.0 degrees C over a large area of North America by 2070. You can see those maps right here.\nNo surprise, the northeast part of North America in Canada is projected to see the greatest increase in temperatures over the winter with a rise of about 10.7 degrees F or 6.0 degrees C by 2070 as sea ice continues to diminish, allowing more of the sun's energy to be absorbed, instead of reflected back to space.\nAlso from the OSU release.......\nCressie cautioned that this first study is based on a combination of a small number of models. Nevertheless, he continued, the statistical computations are scalable to a larger number of models. The study shows that climate models can indeed be combined to achieve consensus, and the certainty of that consensus can be quantified.\nMuch more in depth discussion about this research can be found on the statisticians' website.\nHow did November 2014 rank in terms of global surface temperature?\nGlobal extreme temperature anomalies are rising faster than average temperature anomalies.\nPeople's perceptions of global warming are influenced most by their political orientation and not by actual changes in climate.\nCurrent record-breaking sea surface temperatures indicate that the 14-year pause in ocean warming has ended, according to a new study.\nWill 2014 end up as the warmest year on record?\nNew research tries show a better way of understanding what happens to the Earth under climate change.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "AN ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AEROSOL PARTICLES DURING PRECIPITATION\nKeywords:Atmospheric aerosols, Biomass, Classification rule, Multinomial model, Precipitation, Severity index\nAfrica is one of the sources of biomass burning emissions. It is estimated that about 6 million tons of fuel per day is consumed in the southern hemisphere. Biomass burning has an important contribution on aerosol particle concentrations in the atmosphere. Efforts have been made to conduct research in Gaborone to monitor the concentration of atmospheric aerosols in atmosphere. These studies were mainly confined to measurement of concentration of aerosols and establishing a relation with determinants such as carbon dioxide concentration, biomass burning, and precipitation among others. However, very little seems to have been done in relating the empirical data to a mathematical model or to study quantitatively the impact of precipitation on the concentration of aerosols larger than 0.3?m in the atmosphere. In this paper we provide an objective criterion for classifying measurements on concentration of atmospheric aerosol particles and build a mathematical model that helps us to understand variations in weekly aerosol concentrations in terms of their severity. We also construct an index of severity which when applied to different seasons under the study period indicates that precipitation significantly scavenges atmospheric aerosols.\nInternational Journal of Environment\nVolume-4, Issue-3, June-August 2015\nHow to Cite\nThe author(s) acknowledge that the manuscript submitted is his/her/their own original work; all authors participated in the work in a substantive way and are prepared to take public responsibility for the work; all authors have seen and approved the manuscript as submitted; the manuscript has not been published and is not being submitted or considered for publication elsewhere; the text, illustrations, and any other materials included in the manuscript do not infringe(plagiarism) upon any existing copyright or other rights of anyone.\nNotwithstanding the above, the Contributor(s) or, if applicable the Contributor’s Employer, retain(s) all proprietary rights other than copyright, such as Patent rights; to use, free of charge, all parts of this article for the author’s future works in books, lectures, classroom teaching or oral presentations; the right to reproduce the article for their own purposes provided the copies are not offered for sale.\nThe copyright to the contribution identified is transferred to IJE.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Air temperatures at Baltimore Washington International Airport in\nMarch and April fluctuated mostly between 50-80 degrees F with frequent rain events.\nAccording to the National Weather Service, this was the wettest April since 1983. The\nmaximum daily air temperature then warmed steadily from 51 degrees F (April 27) to 92\ndegrees F (May 7 and 8) with very little rain.\n- CBOS data is used with permission of Dr. William\nBoicourt, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point\nLaboratory in Cambridge, MD.\n- Prorocentrum minimum data is provided courtesy of Walt Butler, Maryland Department\nof Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD.\ntemperatures in the Bay rose gradually in March and in April 2000 according\nto data collected by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental\nScience at the Chesapeake Bay Observing System (CBOS) buoy.\nAlgal samples are collected biweekly by the\nMaryland Department of Natural Resources field office during this time of\nyear and showed a gradual increase in the density of\nminimum from 106 cells/milliliter on March 7 to 3551 cells/milliliter\non April 18. The sunny, warmer weather in late April and early May generated\na steep rise in the surface water temperature. The temperature rise\ncoincided with the significant bloom of Prorocentrum to 57,000\ncells/milliliter in the lower Patuxent River on May 4. Other bloom areas\nobserved in early May were recorded by Richard Lacouture and the Academy of\nNatural Sciences and included the lower Potomac River and the mid Bay region\nsouth of the Bay Bridge (See distribution maps above, published courtesy of\nthe Academy of Natural Sciences, St. Leonard, MD).\nFor more information, please contact\nPeter Tango at (410) 260-8651.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "7 Day Forecast\nMonday: Cloudy and windy with periods of rain early. High 62F. Winds SSW at 25 to 35 mph. Chance of rain 70%.\nMonday night: Windy during the evening. Showers developing after midnight. Low 46F. Winds SW at 20 to 30 mph. Chance of rain 40%.\nTuesday: Windy with times of sun and clouds. Highs in the low 60s and lows in the low 40s.\nWednesday: Mostly cloudy. Highs in the upper 50s and lows in the mid 40s.\nThursday: Mainly cloudy and rainy. Highs in the low 50s and lows in the mid 40s.\nFriday: Showers ending by midday. Highs in the upper 50s and lows in the mid 40s.\nSaturday : Mix of sun and clouds. Highs in the mid 60s and lows in the mid 40s.\nSunday: Windy with thunderstorms. A few storms may be severe. High 81F. Winds S at 20 to 30 mph. Chance of rain 50%.\nSunday night: Scattered thunderstorms early, then mainly cloudy overnight with thunderstorms likely. Low 58F. Winds S at 15 to 25 mph. Chance of rain 80%.\nLocal Weather Radar\nS 15 mph", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Reports from India are pointing to an intense Indian monsoon this year [Indian monsoon death toll soars], saying \"the rain on Tuesday was the heaviest recorded in a single day in India... More than 65cm (26 inches) fell in Mumbai.\"\nI just wanted to post this article as yet another reminder that global climate change doesn't just affect the temperature. As global warming progresses, it is extremely likely that regional monsoons will be affected (in different ways in different regions). Similarly, some studies suggest the intensity of monsoons, droughts, tropical and midlatitude cyclones will all be larger in a warmer climate, or at least that variability will increase.\nThis matters for more than forecasting weather. People's lives are at stake, especially for the millions of people (most of them poor, despite places like Malibu) who live in low-lying coastal areas that are impacted by seasonal inclement weather. In places like Mumbai (and Malibu, I suppose), severe weather events can cost millions of dollars in damages, affecting local and non-local economies. Climate change has far-reaching consequences, as you knew already.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sneaky Warm and a Bit Too Dry: April 2008 Overview\nNew Jersey State Climatologist\nCenter for Environmental Prediction, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences/NJAES, Rutgers University\nMay 2, 2008\nIts cool, damp conclusion may have convinced many that there wasn't much of a surplus of heat or a dearth of precipitation in April; however it proved to be a mild, dry month. April temperatures averaged 53.0°, or 2.5° above the long-term average, making this the 12th warmest April since 1895 (see table below). Having the last four days come in below average was enough to knock it from the top 10. This is the 5th consecutive month of below average temperatures and makes 10 of the past 12 on the warm side of the ledger.\nThe warmest afternoon was the 18th, when temperatures were in the 80s statewide (even High Point), with the exception of coastal areas where temperatures stayed in the 60s. The 18th saw a diurnal temperature range of 51° in Hillsborough (Somerset County: max 87°, min 36°), while on the coast, Harvey Cedars' range was 11° (Ocean County: max 61°, min 50°). The morning of the 3rd was by far the coldest, with some northwest and Pinelands valleys in the mid teens and all but the immediate coast below freezing.\nWhat was on its way to be a very dry month proved to be only a moderately dry one thanks to a general statewide soaking on the 28th (though as has been commonplace for the past year, the south didn't prove quite as wet as the north). Monthly precipitation totaled 3.08\", or 0.85\" below normal, making this the 44th driest on record. Without the rain on the 28th, the ranking would have been knocking on the door of the top 10 driest. But as seen with the temperatures, it takes a full month of observations and every day counts. Other days with notable precipitation in April include the 3rd-4th and 11th-12th. There was no measurable snow in the state during the month.\n12 warmest Aprils across NJ since 1895:\nPast Climate Summaries", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "3 contents match your search.\nPublish Date: 1 November 2016\nIt is the integration of meteorological service delivery for land transport that will be the biggest challenge for National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs). The land transport network is much...\nPublish Date: 3 November 2016\nThe World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) serves as a fundamental basis for international climate research. The process represents a remarkable technical and scientific coordination effort across dozens of climate modelling centres, involving some 1 000 or more researchers.\nPublish Date: 4 November 2016\n“Investments made in women and girls are great multipliers of development progress,” said WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas, who recently joined the ranks of the Geneva Gender Champions with a commitment...", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "What is PM10?\n“PM”, Particulate Matter, is not a single pollutant, but refers to a complex mixture of solids and aerosols of varying shape, size, and chemical composition and may contain many chemical species like organic compounds, inorganic ions, metallic compounds, elementary carbon, etc. So, these atmospheric particles are defined by their diameter for air quality regulatory purposes.\nThe inhalable particles that are less than or equal to 10 micrometers in diameter are collectively known as PM10, they tend to settle as they are heavier. Once released, they stay in the air for minutes or hours and travel as little as 100 meters to 50 kilometers. Also, examples of such coarse particles include construction dust, pollen, mold, etc.\nParticulate matter PM10 is either directly emitted from a source (primary PM) or is formed through the chemical reactions of gases such as oxides of sulfur (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), organic compounds, etc. in the atmosphere (secondary PM). Whereas, the natural sources of particulate matter are wind-blown dust from open land, pollen, spores, mold, dirt, soil erosion, and forest fires. Meanwhile, anthropogenic sources of PM10 include:\n- Burning fossil fuels such as gasoline, oil, diesel, or wood,\n- Also, waste-burning activities\n- Dust emitted from unpaved and also the paved roads\n- Crushing and grinding of rocks\n- Also, uncontrolled construction activities\n- Dust from factories, agriculture, and also from landfills\n- Emissions from energy supply and industrial processes\n- Metal and steel production as well as the reloading of bulk material\n- Also, wear and tear of brakes and tires of vehicles\n- Also, organic compounds released from industrial processes and motor vehicle exhaust\nPermissible levels of PM10\nThe breakpoint concentrations describing the quality of air based on the PM10 concentrations for different countries are given below. In India, the daily average PM10 levels of up to 100 μg/m3 are considered satisfactory. The Air quality guidelines by the World Health Organization suggest a 24-hr mean of 50 μg/m3.\nBreakpoints of PM10 (μg/m3)\nTable: Breakpoints of PM10 (μg/m3)\n|India (24-hr)||US (24-hr)||China (24-hr)||EU (8-hr)|\n|AQI Category||Breakpoint concentration||AQI Category||Breakpoint concentration||AQI Category||Breakpoint concentration||AQI Category||Breakpoint concentration|\n|Moderately polluted||250||Unhealthy for sensitive||250||Lightly Polluted||250||Medium||50|\n|Very Poor||430||Very Unhealthy||420||Heavily Polluted||420||Very high||100+|\nHealth & Environmental Impact of PM10\nThe potential of particulate matter to affect human health depends directly on the size of particulate matter. The particles with < 10μm diameter generally pass through the nose and throat and enter the lung. PM10, although less of an immediate health concern than PM2.5 due to its size, is still small enough to pass through the nose and throat and enter the lungs.\nWhen inhaled, PM10 deposits on the surface of the airways in the upper region of the lung, inducing tissue damage, and lung inflammation. It can irritate the nose, throat, and even eyes, short-term exposure to PM10 aggravates already present respiratory diseases such as asthma while long-term exposure can affect respiratory mortality. Sensitive groups of people such as children, elderly with chronic heart or lung disease, or people suffering from asthma are more susceptible to adverse health effects of particulate exposure.\nThe major environmental impacts of PM10 pollution are visibility reduction and deposition. Whereas, high levels of PM10 cause visible air pollution affecting the aesthetics of the surrounding environment. Additionally, the settling of the air-borne PM10 on plants, soil, and water ecosystems has harmful effects on them. The metal and organic compounds reduce plant growth and yield while the deposition of PM into water bodies affects its quality and clarity.\nAtmospheric particles also affect the heating and cooling of the atmosphere. Some components of PM such as black carbon promote climate warming while some components such as sulfates and nitrates have cooling properties.\nPossible corrective measures\nThe primary step is PM10 monitoring to identify the areas with high particulate levels or areas where air quality does not meet the PM10 national standards, In addition to this, the following corrective measures can be taken:\n- Limit outdoor activities and close windows and vents during times of high air pollution.\n- Avoid keeping your vehicle idle for so long.\n- Avoid areas with traffic congestions, construction activities, or unpaved roads, breathing such polluted air daily also leads to health effects in the long run.\n- Also, eliminate the use of the fireplace, wood stove, gas-powered lawn, or garden equipment.\n- And also eliminate the open burning of leaves, trash, or other materials\nMeasurement methods of PM10 monitoring\nDifferent working principles for particulate matter monitoring in the ambient environment are Gravimetric, TOEM, Beta Attenuation (BAM), and also Laser scattering\nHigh-volume Gravimetric Method\nThe PM10 monitors based on the gravimetric principle take in the ambient air for 24 hours at a constant flow rate through a size-selective inlet that only allows particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm or less to pass through. Also, the collection of the particulate matter is on a pre-weighed filter at constant temperature and humidity conditions. Then after the 24-hour sampling period, the filter is conditioned again under the same temperature-humidity conditions and reweighted. Therefore, The difference in the weight corresponds to the mass collected on the filter, which along with the known flow rate, sampling period, and the total volume of the air sampled is used to calculate the PM10 concentration.\nTapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TOEM)\nIt is a proprietary system for particulate matter monitoring, subsequently, the PM10 monitors based on TOEM determine the PM10 concentration by continuously weighing the particulates deposited on the filter attached to a hollow tapered element that oscillates in an applied electric field. Also, the oscillating frequency decreases with the accumulation of particulates on the filters. As a result thermal mass flow controllers constantly control and measure the flowrate of the PM10 monitor which along with the mass concentration, temperature, and other factors is used to continuously calculate the PM10 concentrations.\nBeta Attenuation Monitor (BAM)\nThe PM10 monitoring based on the BAM principle measures the particle mass density using beta radiation attenuation, the particulates in the ambient air drawn into the PM10 monitor are deposited on a paper-band filter and exposed to beta rays (i.e. electrons with energies in the 0.01 to 0.1 MeV range) which get attenuated as a function of the particulate mass. As a result, the beta count reduces with an increase in the PM10 mass and is recorded by the detector and converted to concentration.\nThe PM10 monitor based on the physical principle of light scattering, also known as optical particle counter (OPC), measures dust particles illuminated by laser light at a 90° angle. Whereas, the light scattered from each particle is collected at approximately 90° by a mirror and detected by a photo-diode. This signal is then fed into a multi-channel size classifier where a pulse height analyzer is used to classify each pulse that is proportional to the particle size. As a result, the counts in the channel corresponding to PM10 are converted to the concentration of PM10.\nAmong all the above principles of PM10 monitoring, PM monitors based on laser scattering are typically found to be preferred for ambient air monitoring because they yield quick and accurate measurements and are inexpensive in cor\nOizom’s working principle for PM10 monitoring\nOizom’s DUSTROID is an online particulate monitoring system that measures the concentration of various particulate sizes ranging from 1 micron to 100 microns such as PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and PM100 in the ambient air. Our PM sensor works on the principle of laser scattering hence, the active sampling-powered sensor-based air quality monitor DUSTROID is deployed across several cities, campuses, and universities. They are also used for drawing actionable insights to tackle the rise in ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Also, refer to case studies on air pollution for more information.\n5 reasons why PM10 monitoring is important:\n- PM10 is a complex mixture of solids and aerosols of very small size that can easily pass through the nose and throat and also penetrate the lungs.\n- Particulate matter is emitted into the atmosphere from processes such as combustion processes, cruising or grinding of rocks, and resuspension of dust and dirt from roads, soil, etc. They also form in the atmosphere from various chemical reactions of other air pollutants such as NOx and SOx.\n- When inhaled, it irritates the eyes, nose, throat, and airways and can also lead to aggravation of respiratory diseases.\n- PM10 monitoring is an efficient way to detect high concentrations of particulate matter and also prevent high-level exposures.\n- Real-time monitoring of PM10 levels helps in calculating the air quality index to deliver health advisories as well as formulating an action plan to meet standards.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This science of weather... Simplified.\nFargo, ND Forecast\nLows level off around 40 under clear skies. Winds turning southwest 8 to 15mph.\nLots of sunshine with a high of 72. Southerly winds 10-15mph.\nThursday Night 53°\nClear skies and quiet with overnight lows approaching 53. Winds out of the south 8 to 15mph.\nFriday 80° Low 56°\nMainly sunny skies and calm with daytime highs approaching 80. Southerly winds 10-20mph.\nSaturday 64° Low 40°\nChance for scattered showers, otherwise a blend of clouds and sun. Highs around 64, winds becoming southwest 10-15mph.\nSunday 63° Low 43°\nPartly cloudy skies with daytime highs approaching 63.\nMonday 58° Low 38°\nCloudy skies with a few peeks of sun with a chance for scattered rain showers. Highs level off around 58.\nTuesday 53° Low 33°\nA blend of clouds and sun with a chance for scattered rain showers. Daytime highs approaching 53.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "CORPUS CHRISTI, Texas — Happy Fri-yay Coastal Bend!\nFriday will be warm, humid, and partly sunny; tonight is a different story as showers and storms move into the forecast. You can expect highs to reach the upper 80s once again, feeling like the 90s to near triple digits! A mix of sun and clouds will be more in favor of sunshine this afternoon.\nAfter sunset, storms will be brewing out west in the Brush Country. These storm will head our way through the later evening hours and throughout our Saturday. Storms will dump heavy rainfall over all of South Texas (including the Valley to San Antonio, to Houston) and excessive rainfall will pose a flood threat. For this reason, an Areal Flood Watch is in effect tonight until Saturday at 7 p.m. Saturday's storms could be severe, so stay weather aware! Expect rainfall ranges from 2-4 inches along the Coastal To more than 6 inches out in the I-35 corridor.\nStay dry and stay safe!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Summerside (Wellington) - Air Quality Health Index\n- Enjoy your usual outdoor activities.\n- Find out if you are at risk\n- Ideal air quality for outdoor activities.\nPeople with heart and lung conditions are most affected by air pollution.\nTo find out if you are at risk, consult the health guide, or your physician.\nVisit the national AQHI Web site to learn more about the AQHI.\nPeople with respiratory or cardiovascular disease are more sensitive to air pollution because their illnesses increase its impact on their health.\nThe AQHI is an initiative between Environment Canada, Health Canada, the Prince Edward Island Department of Environment, Labour and Justice, and the Prince Edward Island Department of Health and Wellness in partnership with the Prince Edward Island Lung Association.\n- Date modified:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Clear & Seasonably Cool Tonight, Areas of Fog Possible Late -Bill Graul\nFog Could Again Impact the AM Commute on Wednesday\nTonight’s Forecast Low: 61F / Wednesday’s Forecast High: 87F…\nIt’s another really nice summer evening for outdoor plans. It will be clear tonight with seasonably cool lows in the 50s for most, but likely around 60F in La Crosse. Dew points will be a bit higher tonight, making it feel a little muggy… but not bad for this time of year.\nWinds will be light, which could again lead to areas of fog late tonight into Wednesday morning… especially in the river valleys. Keep in mind this could impact the Wednesday morning commute for some of you.\nAny fog that develops will quickly mix out by about 9 a.m. or so… then expect sunny to partly cloudy skies. It will be warmer Wednesday with highs in the 82-87F range, and a bit more humid too. A weak boundary will bring a small chance (only 10-20% at best) for an isolated shower or sprinkles in spots Wednesday evening.\nThursday and Friday will be a bit cooler with a mix of clouds and sun. Expect highs in the upper 70s to low 80s, with lower humidity as well.\nLooking Ahead… Warmer and more humid for the weekend with highs in the 80s. Small chance of t-showers on Saturday, with Sunday looking mainly dry. A bit better chance for scattered showers and t-storms next Monday, then Tuesday and Wednesday look dry at this time. Highs will be in the low-mid 80s Monday, then upper 70s to around 80F Tuesday and Wednesday.\nHave a great Tuesday night! -Meteorologist Bill Graul\nCOPYRIGHT 2022 BY NEWS 8 NOW/NEWS 8000. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS MATERIAL MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED, BROADCAST, REWRITTEN OR REDISTRIBUTED.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Panerathon returns this weekend, and runners and walkers from all over the area will head to downtown Youngstown on Sunday to participate in this year’s event.\nThe forecast for this year’s Panerathon is looking much better than the conditions participants experienced during last year’s race.\nLast year, the event was held on a cool, cloudy, and at times rainy day across the area. This year, the weather will be warmer, drier, and sunnier.\nSunday is looking great with partly sunny skies and dry conditions.\nSunday morning will begin with temperatures in the upper 50s and low 60s. Temperatures will quickly climb into the low to mid-70s by the start of the race. Temperatures will climb into the upper 80s for afternoon highs.\nWinds will be light and out of the south.\nKeep up with the forecast here.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Weather Notebook For June 8, 2018\nAccording to Fulton’s weather observer, the area received no precipitation on June 7.\nThe monthly total is 0.63-inch.\nThe total for the year is 16.76 inches.\nPartly sunny and comfortably warm today. High about 75.\nPartly cloudy and mild tonight. Low near 50.\nWarm with a mix of sun and clouds on Saturday. High in the mid 70s.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "144 flood warnings in UK after more rain in 24 hours than in whole month\nAs of Sunday morning 144 flood warnings and alerts were in place mostly in England and Wales as forecasters warned of more rain in the coming days.\nSome showers will be heavy and thundery with hail and sleet, and more snow could fall over hills.\nTravellers have faced widespread disruption after train lines and roads were flooded, while West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service was called in to rescue vehicles trapped in flood waters after streams burst their banks.\nAs of Sunday morning, there were 38 flood warnings and 71 alerts in England, mainly in the north and west.\nWales had issued six warnings and 28 alerts, while one warning was in place in Scotland for Peebles in the Scottish Borders. ■", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Delhi's air quality in 'poor' category with AQI 235\nThe air quality in the national capital on Wednesday morning was in the 'poor' category with the overall air quality index (AQI) touching 235, according to the \"System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research (SAFAR)\".\nSeveral areas in the national capital, including Delhi University, Pusa, Lodhi Road and Indira Gandhi International Airport (Terminal 3) recorded air quality in the 'poor' category with an AQI of 262, 249, 228, and 215 respectively.\nThe air quality at IIT-Delhi was, however, in the moderate category with AQI at 176.\nThe PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels were recorded at 101 in the 'poor' category and 192 in the 'moderate' category respectively.\nThe SAFAR in its bulletin said that AQI is likely to improve on February 19 and 20 due to high wind speed and strong dispersion.\n\"The AQI today indicates 'Lower end of Poor'. Low wind speed for the next three days (February 16, 17, and 18) is likely to reduce ventilation, and the AQI is expected to worsen to 'upper end of poor' or 'lower end of very poor',\" it said.\nThe AQI in Noida (Uttar Pradesh) is in the 'poor' category with AQI at 273 and in Gurugram (Haryana) in the 'moderate' category with AQI at 148.\nAs per the government agencies, AQI between zero and 50 is considered 'good', 51 and 100 'satisfactory', 101 and 200 'moderate', 201 and 300 'poor', 301 and 400 'very poor', and 401 and 500 'severe'.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "BOZEMAN – A pattern change is coming to Montana beginning Wednesday with a blast of snow and cold start Thursday.\nHigh-pressure over the Pacific NW has diverted the Polar Jet Stream up into the Gulf of Alaska and dropping down through Alberta Canada into Montana. This will open the door for colder air to sink southward by the end of the week into the weekend. Temperatures will be slightly colder than normal this weekend but at this time we are not expecting extremely cold below zero conditions.\nSeveral Pacific storms following the jet stream will add increasing moisture in the northerly flow aloft beginning Thursday with widespread snow likely by Friday. Snow accumulations are likely for both lower valleys and higher mountains thus plan on wintry travel conditions beginning Thursday afternoon through Saturday morning.\nOther impacts from the pattern change will be increasing surface winds east of the divide. Along the Rocky Mountain front down into the Upper Yellowstone region near Livingston peak wind gusts 60 to 70 mph are possible.\nThere are High Wind Warnings and Wind Advisories up for central Montana tonight through Wednesday evening.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "She’s not a hurricane yet, but TS Hermine might become one before making landfall tonight. Florida’s west coast is expected to get 15+ inches of rain. Then the storm will move up the east coast over Labor Day weekend. Source: weather.com\nI haven’t written much about hurricanes on here because there hasn’t been much activity near me. There’s currently a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico that is expected to make landfall over Belize and the Yucatan peninsula tomorrow.\nThe center of Earl was located about 150 miles east of Belize City, Belize, as Wednesday evening, with maximum sustained winds around 75 mph. Earl’s forward speed had slowed over the past 24-48 hours, moving west at 14 mph. Source: weather.com\nEarl isn’t expected to affect the US.\nPerhaps the best reason we haven’t had any storms is because of high pressure “bubbles” sitting over Texas and surrounding states. It’s believed that El Nino is the cause: shifting the jet stream far north and allowing high pressure fronts to stay put over the southwest US.\n(CNN) Hurricane Patricia — the strongest hurricane ever recorded — weakened slightly Friday as it barreled closer to Mexico’s Pacific coast, with sustained winds decreasing to 190 mph and gusts to 235 mph, the National Hurricane Center said in its latest advisory.\nWe’re getting ready for the rain storm of rain storms. Hurricane Ike in 2008 was the last big storm to flood this area; Patricia could be 2 times as bad. Local weatherman is predicting 3-5 inches, but the national weatherman made it look like 12 inches. Only time will tell. We may be locked in for 2 days or it might be just some rain.\nUPDATE 10-24-2015 10:00\nMore then half of Texas is in for a sizable amount of rain over the next couple of days.\nIt was just 4 years ago that Texas was facing the worst drought in over 100 years. This year we’ve had above average rain fall. It’s making a dent in the drought.\n“Human nature only remembers the near term, and we quickly forget we’ve been in drought for years. One wet spring won’t get us out of it.” A quote from Brian Fuchs. Source: The Scoop Blog with Dallas Morning News\nSometimes it feels like feast or famine.\nMost of the lakes around here are closed or partially closed due to flooding. Memorial Day will be a wash out for Lake Somerville.\nI guess we’ll see how long this lasts.\nThis storm forced a change in plans for the Republican National Convention. The RNC was scheduled to open on Monday in Tampa, Florida, when Isaac turned north and started running parallel to Florida’s west coast. They delayed the start of the RNC until Tuesday, August 28, 2012.\nSeveral news sources are saying that Isaac is cutting a path through the Gulf of Mexico that’s eerily similar to the catastrophic Hurricane Katrina, which devastated New Orleans and the region nearly seven years ago to the day.\nIsaac’s potential landfall as a Category 2 hurricane as early as Tuesday prompted evacuations along a wide area of the Gulf Coast and sent people out to stock up on staples. As of 5 p.m. EDT Monday, Isaac remained a tropical storm with top sustained winds of 70 mph. Its center was about 255 miles southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River, and it was moving northwest at 12 mph. Source: Fox News\nUPDATE: Hurricane Isaac\nAs of this afternoon, Texas A&M Aggies postponed this weekend’s football game with Louisiana Tech until October 13. It is best that people don’t travel to Ruston, LA (north central Louisiana), with Isaac approaching.\nIsaac, a massive storm spanning nearly 200 miles from its center, made landfall at about 6:45 p.m. near the mouth of the Mississippi River. But it was zeroing in on New Orleans, about 90 miles to the northwest, turning streets famous for all-hours celebrations into ghost boulevards. Source: Fox News.\nTexas isn’t the only place affected by heat and drought.\nAugust was yet another busy month for global weather extremes. Highlights included record-busting heat and drought (again) in the south-central portions of the U.S.A. The climatological summer of June-August was the 2nd warmest since accurate measurements began in 1895. An intense heat wave also affected southern Europe in mid-month. Severe tropical storms lashed the eastern seaboard of the USA (Irene) and the Philippines and Japan. Torrential rains caused devastating flooding and landslides in Nigeria and Uganda. But the 2nd most important extreme weather story (2nd to the USA heat wave and drought) was the record cold wave and blizzard that hit New Zealand on August 14-15. Source: Weather Extremes : August 2011 Global Weather Extremes Summary : Weather Underground.\nThis drought and summer-heat is still going, and may continue until summer 2012. It did cool off last week though – lows in the mid-50’s, highs in the low 90’s – but we’ve only seen 1 inch of rain since August 1. That cool off is 2 weeks ahead of schedule. Usually we have a cool spell during the 3rd week of September.\nSince January 1, state and local firefighters and crews from across the country have battled 18,887 wildfires over more than 3.5 million acres in Texas, according to state officials. Source: More wildfires erupt in Texas as it faces worst dry spell since 1895 – CNN.com.\nBack in June I reported about Global Weirding and the number of counties in exceptional drought. Well, as expected, the trend continued into September. As of September 6, 81% of counties are in exceptional drought – the worst on the Drought Monitor’s scale.\nSee how fast wildfire spreads – Texas Parks and Wildlife\nAlmost two years after the drought of 2009, Texas is worse off than ever before. This summer, there are almost 4 times as many counties experiencing “exceptional” drought than in 2009 and almost 2 times as many than in 2006.\nJust how hot is it? On May 25 – 27 days before the start of summer – we reached 100° F in Brazos county! If that’s a trend, I expect 45 – 60 days of 100+ degree days this summer. That is insane hot!\nTo our relief, it has rained and we got maybe 1/2 inch the last two nights. That will probably prolong the grass’ life another week or two. Check back in September, Texas might be in Dust Bowl 2.0. Meanwhile, crops and livestock are holding on for dear life.\nTo compound the trouble – or as a result of drought – Texas has experienced the worst fires ever too. More than 2 million acres have burned and it is only June – we have at least 90 days of dry, hot conditions ahead.\nThe tinder-dry conditions in Texas have spawned thousands of wildfires that have killed two firefighters, scorched about 2.3 million acres and destroyed about 400 homes since November. Source: Severe drought in Texas worst in map’s history | Star-Telegram\nNow it seems with every major earthquake, (in theory) our days are getting shorter.\nRichard Gross, of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, calculations indicate that by changing the distribution of Earth’s mass, the Japanese earthquake should have caused Earth to rotate a bit faster, shortening the length of the day by about 1.8 microseconds. “Earthquakes change the Earth”\nI wonder what the effects of a faster-spinning planet are to people? Will we get stronger, taller? Will the weather get more violent because of magnetic pole changes?\nThe No.3 nuclear reactor of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant at Minamisoma is seen burning after a blast following an earthquake and tsunami in this handout satellite image taken March 14, 2011.\nJapanese engineers worked through the night to lay a 1.5 km (one mile) electricity cable to a crippled nuclear power plant in the hope of restarting pumps desperately needed to pour cold water on overheating fuel rods and avert a catastrophe. (Reuters)\nSeveral sources have said that there was radioactive material released into the atmosphere, but they differ on just how much. They also differ on the severity of the disaster. Some say best case like Three Mile Island, worst case Chernobyl. Tokyo is less than 200 miles south of the plant and they afraid of radiation – levels spiked to 10 times normal a few days after the earthquake.\n[6:28 a.m. ET Thursday, 7:28 p.m. Thursday in Tokyo] Japan’s National Police Agency reported at 6 p.m. Thursday (5 a.m. ET) that 5,457 people are confirmed dead; 9,508 have been reported missing; and 2,409 were injured following last week’s 9.0-magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami. (CNN)\nA week after the earthquake and they are still fighting fires, trying to prevent total core meltdown to at least 3 of the 6 reactors at Daiichi, and trying to limit radiation release/exposure. The whole world has rushed to Japan’s aid.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nClear with temperatures falling into the upper 50s. Winds NNW at 5 to 10 mph.\nA few clouds early, otherwise mostly sunny. High 84F. Winds NNW at 5 to 10 mph.\nClear to partly cloudy. Low 56F. Winds NW at 5 to 10 mph.\nGet Weather Notifications on Your Desktop", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The latest weather alert from the Icelandic Met Office presents a difficult picture for the entirety of North Iceland, but conditions should mercifully improve by early tomorrow morning.\nFrom the northern shore of Snæfellsnes, over the Westfjords, and across the entire northern coast of Iceland to the northeastern tip, one forecast prevails: gale force winds coming in from the north at speeds from 15 to 23 metres per second.\nThis is challenging enough to contend with in itself, especially if one is driving near mountains, where gusts are considerably stronger. However, as there is already plenty of snow on the ground in the region and, in some cases, more snowfall being forecast, poor visibility and deteriorating road conditions can also be expected.\nFortunately, these conditions are only predicted to persist until very early tomorrow morning, at which time it will likely clear up enough to make road travel safe again.\nBuy subscriptions, t-shirts and more from our shop right here!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Wildfires to impact air quality in the Midwest\n(ABC 6 News) – Smoke from wildfires in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho is expected to catch some upper-level winds, known as a jet stream.\nThis jet stream will guide the smoke toward our area. As the smoke gets farther away from the fires, it will become less and less dangerous for our health, but that’s not all.\nNick Witcraft is an air quality forecaster with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. He lists another reason. “We’ll probably have some pretty sunsets over the next few days, you know the deep red sunsets.”\nThe smoke in the sky will decrease the brightness of the sun, giving it a more red/orange color to the visible eye. Some smoke is already up in the air over our area. If you’re worried about being affected by the smoke, it will only impact a select few. Witcraft mentions who it will impact.\n“Extremely sensitive people. We don’t expect a repeat of last Summer when we had the major occursion of smoke.”\nIf you have asthma or other respiratory problems, take it easy if you start to cough or have shortness of breath.\nAlso, northern Minnesota is expected to be impacted more than southeastern Minnesota.\nFriday and Saturday are the big days to watch out for in our area. We’re expected to see the peak of the smoke immediately behind an incoming cold front.\nAccording to airnow.gov, the air quality index should be 150 or more before it affects the general public; whereas we will not even hit 100 this time around. We will see a gradual improvement in air quality heading into next week.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Today we will have a rather cloudy day with showers around. There could also be some rumbles of thunder at times. High temperatures today will be in the upper 70s to lower 80s. Winds today will be from the south between ten to fifteen miles an hour. Tonight temperatures will dip into the 60s. Tonight the sky will slowly celar.\nTuesday we will have a mostly sunny sky. High temperatures on Tuesday will be in the mid to upper 80s. Winds on Tuesday will be from the west between five to ten miles an hour. Tuesday night temperatures will fall into the 60s. Wednesday we will have a mix of clouds and sunshine. Winds on Wednesday will be from the southwest between five to ten miles an hour. This will usher in warm air. High temperatures will soar into the upper 80s to lower 90s. Late Wednesday into Thursday morning there could be a few showers and thunderstorms. Temperatures Wednesday night will be in the lower to mid 70s.\nThursday we will have times of clouds and sunshine. High temperatures on Thursday will be in the mid to upper 80s. Winds on Thursday will be from the west between ten to fifteen miles an hour. Thursday night temperatures will be in the 60s. Friday there will be a partly sunny sky. Our high temperatures on Friday will be in the mid to upper 80s. Friday night temperatures will fall into the mid to upper 60s.\nSaturday we will have a sunny to partly cloudy day. High temperatures on Saturday will be in the mid to upper 80s. Saturday night temperatures will fall into the 60s. Sunday there will be clouds mixing with some sunshine along with a shower or thunderstorm. High temperatures on Sunday will be in the mid 80s. Sunday night temperatures will dip into the 60s. Monday we will have a shower early and then clouds break. High temperatures on Monday will be in the 80s.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Friday August 20 2021\nHeavy rain has been falling overnight and this morning. Some of the bands have been very slow moving or even stalled. The bulk of our rain will be this morning, but more showers and storms will make a return this afternoon and Saturday.\nTropical Storm Henri will turn up the coast and become a hurricane. The path may hit New England, but still impact our weather and waves on Delmarva beaches.\nFlash Flood Watch/Warning\nWatch until Noon; Warning for Frederick County\nRadar Simulation —> slider\n8 AM to Midnight\nMorning Surface Weather\nThis is part of a frontal boundary that is stuck here as Tropical Storm Henri (‘ahn Ree’) makes a turn up the east coast.\nHenri is expected to become a Hurricane and make landfall on New England.\nBeaches: Rip Currents and periodic storms will make this a weekend to watch but not go in the water.\nForecast Track From The National Hurricane Center\nThe trend to the west now pushed a landfall on Rhode Island on Sunday.\nWave Animation (ECMWF Model)\nThe highest waves will be well offshore from Delmarva, but will create Rip Currents. The path of the storm is expected to make landfall on Rhode Island or Massachusetts.\nRip Currents will be a concern for a few days. Some improvement in the sky is expected on Sunday.\nWeather Almanac: Climate Data\nTODAY August 20\nNormal Low in Baltimore: 65ºF\nRecord 49ºF in 1998\nNormal High in Baltimore: 85ºF\nRecord 105º F 1983\n7 Day Forecast\nThe notion of a wet weekend will actually be scattered storms. This will all be subject to how close or far Henri passes by.\nThe 90s will return next week.\nMaryland Trek Gear\nMaryland Trek 8 Says THANK YOU!\nRunning Total Raised $111,996\nDuring 329 Miles From Wisp To Ocean City\nTo Honor Kids In Cancer Treatment and Support FREE Programs At Just In Power Kids\nSunshine State Of Mind\nI am done with the cold and snow (for the season). I am embracing my wife’s mantra of Sunshine State of Mind.\nThis was designed by Shannon Berk and we will be wearing it through spring and to the beach.\nDouble Benefit: Proceeds will be split between our nonprofit Just In Power Kids and the development of my new weather website. That has been scheduled to be ready to launch in May.\n14 Local Maryland Pages (and York PA)\nWe have made a page for Maryland Weather which gives you the current conditions for 14 present area locations.\nPlease share your thoughts, best weather pics/video, or just keep in touch via social media\nFacebook: Justin Berk, Meteorologist", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A Weaker But Still Dangerous Hurricane Dorian Makes Landfall On North Carolina’s Outer Banks\nThis Beasley Best Community of Caring report urges you to donate to efforts to help the Bahamas after the devastation of Hurricane Dorian. Read more below and please consider donating to Red Cross efforts HERE.\nAfter causing major damage in the Bahamas, Hurricane Dorian has made landfall in North Carolina. On Friday (Sept. 6), Dorian, now a Category 1 storm with 90 mph hurricane force-winds, made landfall over Cape Hatteras, N.C. in the Outer Banks, according to the New York Times. After missing Florida and Georgia, Cape Hatteras marks Dorian’s first landfall on U.S. mainland.\nWhile Dorian has lost strength in recent days, the Associated Press warns that the storm is still dangerous. On Thursday, North Carolina experienced 15 tornados, according to CBS News. North Carolina’s coast is already getting battered by torrential rain and the barrier islands are facing “historic water levels.”\nThe storm surge on the Outer Banks could reach the heights of a one-story building, according to forecasters. “Do not let your guard down,” Dare County emergency managers warned those who chose to ride out the storm, per the AP.\nDorian is expected to remain a hurricane as it moves up the U.S. east coast this weekend, but its hurricane-force winds are not expected to reach land. The Weather Channel reported that a tropical storm warning has been issued for southeast Massachusetts. Hurricane warnings have also been issued for parts of Canada.\nEarlier this week, the storm brought devastating damage to the Bahamas, killing at least 30 people and demolishing countless homes. AP reported that at least four people in the southeast have died in preparation of the storm.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "As fire weather conditions rise across the Southwest, truckers may run into road closures, low visibility due to smoke, and a high risk of rollovers.\nMost of the large wildfires are in New Mexico — five of them, according to the Inciweb interactive map. Sections of at least 12 state highways are still closed due to these fires, especially in the Santa Fe and Las Vegas areas.\nMuch of the Southwest, from California to Texas, has been stuck in a long-term drought, making areas prone to wildfires. Periods of windy conditions have fanned flames out of control at times, especially in New Mexico.\nThe largest wildfire in the country is the Hermits Peak fire near Las Vegas, New Mexico. As of Sunday night, it had grown to more than 176,000 acres and was 43% contained. Crews made containment progress over the weekend, but they will have to battle high winds again early this week.\nThe National Weather Service is forecasting gusts of 60 to 70 mph Monday, and possibly Tuesday, for many parts of New Mexico, Colorado, northern Arizona and southern Nevada. Isolated spots could see gusts up to 80 or 90 mph.\nDaytime humidity will be extremely low, less than 10% in many places, adding to the chances that new fires may pop up.\nFire weather conditions will spread into the Plains too, mainly in northern and western Texas, western Oklahoma and western Kansas. Wind gusts won’t be as strong as in the Southwest — 40 to 50 mph — but this is enough to cause issues. Thunderstorms will likely hit these areas Tuesday, so lightning strikes could spark fires.\nThe NWS has issued red flag warnings, high wind warnings and wind advisories across all the areas previously mentioned.\nBesides the possibility of reduced visibility due to smoke and blowing dust, drivers will face a high risk of rollovers because of the winds.\nMajor lanes of concern\n- Interstate 10 from Tucson, Arizona, to Fort Stockton, Texas.\n- Interstate 20 in Texas from Abilene to the I-10 junction.\n- Interstate 25 from Las Cruces, New Mexico, to Denver.\n- Interstate 40 from Needles, California, to Amarillo, Texas.\n- Interstate 70 from Denver to Hays, Kansas.\nClick here for more FreightWaves articles by Nick Austin.\nYou might also like:\nPilot’s near-death experience spawns weather app for truckers\nTrucker named Highway Angel for rescuing family after rollover\nWeather tales from the road: Trucker’s storm encounters no joke\nFuture of Supply Chain\nJUNE 21-22, 2023 • CLEVELAND, OH • IN-PERSON EVENT\nThe greatest minds in the transportation, logistics and supply chain industries will share insights, predict future trends and showcase emerging technology the FreightWaves way–with engaging discussions, rapid-fire demos, interactive sponsor kiosks and more.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Correction: Numerical simulation of a heavy rainfall event over Mindanao, Philippines, on 03 May 2017: mesoscale convective systems under weak large-scale forcing\nGeoscience Letters volume 10, Article number: 31 (2023)\nCorrection : Geoscience Letters (2023) 10:23 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-023-00277-8\nFollowing publication of the original article (Lagare et al. 2023), the authors would like to correct the errors in Figs. 5 and 9 labels and some references.\nIt has been corrected in this correction.\nThe original article has been updated.\nBañares EN, Narisma G, Simpas JBB, Cruz FT, Lorenzo GRH, Cambaliza MOL, Coronel RC (2021) Seasonal and diurnal variations of observed convective rain events in Metro Manila, Philippines. Atmos Res 258:105646.\nDu Y, Chen G, Han B, Bai L, Li M (2020) Convection initiation and growth at the coast of south China. Part II: effects of the terrain, coastline, and cold pools. Mon Weather Rev 148(2):3871–3892.\nDu Y, Chen G, Han B, Mai C, Bai L, Li M (2020) Convection initiation and growth at the coast of south China. Part I: effect of the marine boundary layer jet. Mon Weather Rev 148(1):3847–3869.\nFeng Z, Hagos S, Rowe AK, Burleyson CD, Martini MN, de Szoeke SP (2015) Mechanisms of convective cloud organization by cold pools over trop ical warm ocean during the AMIE/DYNAMO field campaign. J Adv Model Earth Syst 7(2):357–381.\nHersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P, Hirahara S, Horányi A, Muñoz-Sabater J, Nicolas J, Peubey C, Radu R, Schepers D et al. (2020) The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc 146(730):1999–2049.\nKawashima M, Fujiyoshi Y, Ohi M, Mori S, Sakurai N, Abe Y, Harjupa W, Syamsudin F, Yamanaka MD (2011) Case study of an intense wind event associated with a mesoscale convective system in west Sumatera during the HARIMAU2006 campaign. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 89:239–257.\nKeenan T, Rutledge S, Carbone R, Wilson J, Takahashi T, May P, Tapper N, Platt M, Hacker J, Sekelsky S et al. (2000) The Maritime Continent—Thunderstorm Experiment (MCTEX): overview and some results. Bull Am Meteor Soc 81(10):2433–2456.\nMori S, Jun-Ichi H, Tauhid YI, Yamanaka MD, Okamoto N, Murata F, Sakurai N, Hashiguchi H, Sribimawati T (2004) Diurnal land-sea rainfall peak migration over Sumatera island, Indonesian Maritime Continent, observed by TRMM satellite and intensive Rawinsonde soundings. Mon Weather Re v 132(8):2021–2039.\nQian J-H (2008) Why precipitation is mostly concentrated over islands in the Maritime Continent. J Atmos Sci 65(4):1428–1441.\nTolentino JT, Bagtasa G (2021) Calibration of Kain–Fritsch cumulus scheme in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over western Luzon, Philippines. Meteorol Atmos Phys 133(3):771–780.\nYulihastin E, Hadi TW, Abdillah MR, Fauziah IR, Ningsih NS (2022) Propagation of convective systems associated with early morning precipitation and different northerly background winds over Western Java. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser III 1:1\nZhang Q-H, Lau K-H, Kuo Y-H, Chen S-J (2003) A numerical study of a mesoscale convective system over the Taiwan Strait. Mon Weather Rev 131 (6):1150–1170.\nLagare C, Yamazaki T, Ito J (2023) Numerical simulation of a heavy rainfall event over Mindanao, Philippines, on 03 May 2017: mesoscale convective systems under weak large-scale forcing. Geosci Lett 10:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-023-00277-8\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nAbout this article\nCite this article\nLagare, C., Yamazaki, T. & Ito, J. Correction: Numerical simulation of a heavy rainfall event over Mindanao, Philippines, on 03 May 2017: mesoscale convective systems under weak large-scale forcing. Geosci. Lett. 10, 31 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-023-00284-9", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Weather Blog: Weekend rain chance looming\nThank you for stopping by the Weather Watch 12 blog! A gorgeous stretch of fall weather continues across the Midwest through Friday. In today's blog we discuss a rain threat this weekend and look ahead to clues of the new LRC weather pattern.\nLet's start by fast forwarding to the end of the work week. Wednesday and Thursday will bring suntastic weather conditions to Wisconsin with highs inland in the low to mid 70s, and lakeshore areas staying in the 60s.\nHigh pressure(big blue H) on the map below will keep us dry and sunny today and Thursday. This high slips east and is located near New England at 7am Friday morning. The map below also shows a cold front entering the upper Midwest. This front will signal the next chance of rain for southeastern Wisconsin.\nIf you have outdoor plans this weekend make sure to have a plan 'B' ready on Saturday. As of this writing the best chance for showers or thunderstorms will be Saturday afternoon or evening. The band of showers looks to be fairly narrow, and would not last all day.\nThe GFS computer model(one of many we use) shows total rainfall between 7am and 7pm in a narrow band from the U.P. of Michigan south through southeast Wisconsin. The darker green shade over Milwaukee represents rainfall of 0.25\" to 0.50\".\nThe band of showers looks to develop near Madison and move east. Right now rain cannot be ruled out for the Badgers homecoming game at 2:30pm, but hopefully the rain will miss Madison or move east by kickoff.\nFinally, I want to provide a quick LRC update to those following along with the new weather pattern. Remember, the weather pattern that sets up from roughly October 1 through November will cycle and repeat through next summer. Each trough or storm system holds clues to the type of winter we may have in Wisconsin.\nOne important clue was the large storm system that brought severe weather and a blizzard to the Midwest and Plains this past weekend. The 500mb map below shows the position of the upper level low pressure area on Sunday, October 6. Keep in mind using the LRC we look for the trough axis. In the case below the trough axis would run from say International Falls, MN south to north Texas.\nIf a long term long, long wave trough sets up over the Midwest it may mean an active winter for some. Keep in mind this was just one part of the pattern and we need to see how the next 4-6 weeks play out before making the winter forecast.\nFor the latest weather information watch WISN 12 News, and for updates throughout the day follow me on Twitter @jnelsonweather\nHave a great day!", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Winter Storm Electra will bring more snow, heavy for some, this weekend.\nRain showers early with overcast skies later in the day. High near 40F. Winds NNW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 80%.\nMainly cloudy. Low around 25F. Winds NNW at 10 to 15 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Weekend storm could be a doozy\nTravel could be \"difficult to impossible\" this weekend in the Red River Valley, the National Weather Service said Thursday as a major winter storm threatened to dump sleet, freezing rain and 8 to 14 inches of snow on the region.\nSenior meteorologist Dave Kellenbenz said the prolonged storm will start tonight and continue on and off through Monday morning.\nAre you a newspaper subscriber but you don't have a Digital Access account yet? https://secure.forumcomm.com/?publisher_ID=40&event=subscriber/lookup.\nYou will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Email us at email@example.com and we can help you.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "#2: Hurricane Beulah (1967): 115 Tornadoes\nPath of Hurricane Beulah in September 1967.\nHurricane Beulah produced 115 tornadoes in southern Texas over a three-day period from Sept. 19-22, 1967.\nThe worst damage occurred in the community of Sweet Home in Lavaca County, according to a paper written on Beulah's tornadoes in 1970. Four of the five deaths occurred in this location.\nBeulah also packed damaging winds, storm surge flooding and torrential rainfall that caused widespread flooding in southern Texas.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "There’s a freezing rain warning in effect in and around Burk’s Falls and South River. Environment Canada says a warm front will move into the region from the south tonight causing two to six hours of freezing rain. Up to five millimeters of ice will accumulate. The freezing rain should end sometime overnight. This could cause for some really slippery conditions on the roads and highways. The weather agency says you should also prepare for power outages if you live in the area.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Editori șef / Editors-in -chief: Gavril Pandi şi Florin Moldovan\nEditori Executivi / Executive Editors: Gheorghe Şerban, Adina Croitoru, Răzvan Bătinaş, Csaba Horváth, Iulian Holobâcă, Blanka Bartók\nAir and water. Components of the environment\n21-22 Martie 2014, Cluj-Napoca, România\n“The subject chosen by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to celebrate the World Meteorological Day in 2014 proves once again the constant effort of this organization to get involved actively in the life of human society. The young people of today are those who will benefit of the great progress achieved in the field of understanding and forecasting of the weather and climate evolution. At the same time, taking into account the present evolution of the Earth climate\ntowards Global Warming, it is necessary for the young generation to know as much as possible about the complexity of the climatic system, including the issue of climate change.\nIn his message, delivered on the occasion of the World Meteorological Day 2014, Michel Jarraud, Secretary-General of WMO, underlines that nowadays there are approximately one billion people aged between 15 and 24. About 85% of them live in developing countries, facing a variety of problems. Therefore, the Secretary- General of WMO says in his message: „…Yet many young people still suffer from poverty and discrimination, inequality and exploitation; many of them still lack access to education, health and other basic services. These problems are exacerbated by the hazards of climate change and extreme weather, which characterize the lives of young people today and will have an even greater impact in the decades to come. Atmosphere and ocean temperatures continue to increase, ice caps and glaciers around the world are steadily declining, sea level is rising and a number of extreme weather and climate events are becoming more frequent and/or more intense”. (Florin Moldovan)\nNu există recenzii până acum.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Alex Kubicek started Understory after he received a master’s degree in atmospheric science. His lifelong passion of weather drove him to create awarding winning curriculum for Weather and Climate 101 at UW-Madison, receive “Outstanding M.S. Thesis” for his work on cloud microphysics and hail formation and now revolutionize the weather space with next generation weather stations. Kubicek has led Understory through an accelerator program, a hardware seed stage, an institutional seed financing of $2 million led by True Ventures and a Series A financing of $7.5 million, led by 4490 Ventures and with strategic participation by Monsanto.\nUnderstory is a weather data analytics company that builds, deploys and harvests data to provide companies with empirical ground-truth weather data. Unlike any other solution, Understory deploys dense ground-based weather stations with technologically advanced sensors that detect and deliver 3,000-plus measurements per second. The heart of Understory’s solution is the weather station, which features a revolutionary design that is much more responsive and reliable than current weather stations. The weather station behaves like a dedicated scientist taking real-time measurements out in the field for weather events, including hail, wind, rain, as well as recording temperature, barometric pressure, humidity and derived measurements such as wind chill, heat index, sea level pressure and wind gusts. The station combines sensors that detect and report weather data on a second-by-second basis. It is the only type of weather station that delivers real-time data on the size of hailstone impacts. The ability to measure hail, wind and rain without any moving station parts in real time is what makes the weather station revolutionary. The temperature, pressure, and humidity instruments are standard technologies that have been integrated with onboard electronics for data management.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It’s going to be another beautiful day in the South Bay.\nIn fact, the entire week is expected to be mostly sunny with temperatures in the high 70s and low 80s, according to the National Weather Service. Today in San Jose, forecasters predict a high of 79 degrees, with an overnight low around 56.\nIt will cool down a few degrees as the week progresses, according to the weather service, then warm up again in time for the weekend. Saturday, highs in the low to mid-80s are predicted.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Tuesday, 23 February 2021\nBelgium’s temperature day record was broken for the third day in a row on Tuesday, weatherman David Dehenauw announced on Twitter.\nWith 16.5 degrees, today is the warmest 23 February since 1990, when it was 16.3 degrees.\n16,5 degrés à Uccle maintenant. Nouveau record journalier. Celui de 1990 (16,3) est battu. Résultat définitif connu en fin d’après-midi.\n— David Dehenauw (@DDehenauw) February 23, 2021\nYesterday’s temperature also beat the record from 1990, with 16.6 degrees being measured, compared to 16.3 degrees. Sunday, meanwhile, beat the record for 21 February by 3.3 degrees, beating a record from 1946.\nThe warm weather is expected to continue until Friday, when maximum temperatures are expected to drop down to 10 degrees.\nThe Brussels Times", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Heat waves threaten the survival of trees\nToday’s Video of the Day comes from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and features a look at how trees are affected by short-term extreme heat waves.\nClimate change is projected to bring an increase in extreme weather and heat waves across the globe. According to the new research, entire trees are affected by the severe heat from leaf to root, and prolonged exposure can even threaten their overall health and survival.\nVideo Credit: Jenny Woodbery/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy\nFind more related articlesEnvironment Category", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Good afternoon everyone!\nAnalysis of global models this morning indicate models have backed off on development in the Caribbean Sea, with the exception of the CMC GGEM. The CMC indicates a closed low, then depression south of Jamaica taking shape around Nov. 04 2013. Albeit this is the only model now showing any type of development, I cannot safely rule this out, based on the current wind shear forecast that shows upper level winds beginning to become more conducive for development in the eastern Caribbean in about 72 hours, with a fairly developed upper level anticyclone moving westward as time advances in the forecast period. This would also coincide with a brief return of an upward motion phase of the MJO, reaching its peak in about 4-5 days in Octant 1 based on the GFS and ECMWF MJO Multivariate Index forecast.\nGFS MODELS MULTIVARIATE INDEX FORECAST\nSatellite loop imagery doesn’t really indicate anything of any organization this afternoon, which would tend to cause a bit of skepticism on my part and to the layperson. However, upon processing the various areas that MAY be a potential trigger for development, the area in the far eastern Atlantic seems too far east to slide into the central Caribbean for development, and the area of clouds near 8.0N;47.0W does not appear to have any vorticity. My thought on this is, if one watches the current satellite loop carefully, a large area of cyclonic turning is noted over extreme northern South America near 10.0N;65.0W. This would be associated at the extreme southern portion of a trof axis that extends into the ITCZ.\nCATL SATELLITE LOOP IMAGERY\nAnalysis of current and forecast steering layers maps indicate a weakness in the subtropical ridging north of the Leeward Islands which appears to be enough, in that this area may be moving north of due west. Further into the forecast in about 48 hours, the upward projection of the steering noted in the current layer mean shifts west and becomes more pronounced toward the central Caribbean, as a deep layer trof sets up off the Eastern Seaboard. Based on these factors, I do have the tendency to believe the area mentioned could very well be the trigger for possible development in about 4-5 days.\nI will continue to monitor the Caribbean Sea over the next 96 hours.\nThe SPC in Norman, OK. has indicated a SLIGHT risk of severe thunderstorms from the SRN PLNS NEWD INTO THE MID MS VLY/ARKLATEX…\nNumerous MCD’s (Mesoscale Convective Discussion) have been issued, and further watches may be necessary.\nAnalysis of various model output from F5 DATA Severe Weather software indicates the severe threat from now to early evening should be within the red outlined areas.\nThe SPC has designated the most at risk area for possible tornado activity to be in SE TX, albeit based on some parameters analyzed, an isolated tornado cannot be ruled out in KS or MO in the outlined red area.\nResidents in the risk area should monitor NOAA Weather Radio, and use the NWS Hazard and Warnings map posted here for statements and warnings from local NWS offices.\nNWS HAZARDS AND WARNINGS MAP (CLICK ON YOUR AREA OF INTEREST)\nNWS DOPPLER RADAR\nA SLIGHT risk for severe weather has been designated by the SPC for tomorrow, in which a higher probability of severe weather appears to exist, and will be addressed as tomorrows day 1 outlook.\nSPC DAY 2 CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK\nHave a blessed evening!\nT. F. “STORM” WALSH III\nGMCS, USCG (ret)\nMETEOROLOGIST / HURRICANE SPECIALIST\nMEMBER WEST CENTRAL FL AMS\nCERTIFIED SKYWARN OFFICIAL STORM SPOTTER (advanced)", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "From the S at 29 mph\nin ( HPa)\nObserved at: Anderson Municipal Airport, 2:48 pm EDT.\nAnderson Weather Forecast\nA chance of showers and thunderstorms, then showers likely and possibly a thunderstorm after 4am. Cloudy, with a low around 72. South wind around 15 mph, with gusts as high as 22 mph. Chance of precipitation is 60%. New rainfall amounts between a quarter and half of an inch possible.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Ahmedabad, Jul 1 (UNI) Weather office today issued heavy to very heavy rainfall warning for parts of Saurashtra and South Gujarat during the next 36 hours.\nIn its bulletin, it said moderate to rather heavy rainfall is likely in all districts of Gujarat during the next 24 hours.\nHeavy rains lashed Ahmedabad and other parts of the state this evening.\nAccording to the forecast issued by the Indian Meteorology Department IMD, the offshore trough, responsible for rainfall in coastal parts, has been extended from Gujarat coast to Kerala coast with embedded cyclonic circulation over northeast Arabian Sea and under this scenario, widespread heavy to very heavy rainfall is likely over south Gujarat and Saurashtra region, during the next 48 hours.\nMeanwhile, the state fire department has also geared up for the monsoon season and have been conducting drills on the banks of Sabarmati river here.\nFire department has got 10 new boats for rescue operations from the Gujarat Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA), which are being tested and will be sent to different districts. These are special boats, which will be used for rescue operations.\nUNI MP-HT OBB SLD RK2131", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Researchers constantly study new ways to help weather forecasters utilize the vast amount of data provided by the nation’s Doppler radar network.\nTag: radar research\nNSSL engineer named NOAA Employee of the Month\nNSSL lead electrical and electronics engineer Allen Zahrai has been named the NOAA-wide September 2010 Employee of the month.\nNSSL taps community to make precipitation reports\nThe Winter Precipitation Identification Near the Ground (W-PING) project invites public observations of winter precipitation from volunteers within a 90-mile radius of Norman, Okla. Go to http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/winter/", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Clear skies. Low 76F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph.\nSunny skies. High 102F. Winds WNW at 10 to 20 mph.\nClear skies. Low 74F. W winds shifting to S at 10 to 15 mph.\nSunny. High 102F. Winds WNW at 10 to 15 mph.\nClear skies. Low around 75F. WNW winds shifting to S at 10 to 15 mph.\nSunshine. High around 105F. Winds NNE at 10 to 15 mph.\nMainly clear. Low 78F. Winds ESE at 10 to 15 mph.\nScattered clouds with the possibility of an isolated thunderstorm developing during the afternoon. High 101F. Winds E at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 30%.\nScattered thunderstorms during the evening, then partly cloudy overnight. Low 77F. Winds ESE at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 40%.\nSunshine and clouds mixed. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. High 96F. Winds E at 10 to 15 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Take the weather with me:\nAM Clouds / PM Sun\nMorning clouds will give way to sunshine for the afternoon. High 63F. Winds S at 15 to 25 mph.\nClear skies with a few passing clouds. Low 47F. Winds SSW at 10 to 20 mph.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Last week’s forecast didn’t turn out exactly as forecast, but the cold air did finally arrive; it just took a couple of extra days to show up. As we’ve seen several times this winter, warm Pacific air won out over colder arctic air, at least for a little while. The main systems developed as expected but the second low, which was to help usher in the colder air, ended up being pushed farther north by the mild air, which delayed the arrival of the cold air.\nThis forecast period will start off with plenty of sunshine and relatively cold air as a couple of areas of arctic high pressure slowly slide southeast across our region. The cold weather looks to stick around until about Thursday, with daytime highs in the -10 to -14 C range and overnight lows in the -18 to -24 C range. By Friday the high will have moved off to our southeast and we’ll see a southerly flow of milder air begin. Along with the milder air, we’ll see increasing clouds with maybe the odd flurry. These clouds look like they’ll stick around all weekend as warm and cold air battle each other for dominance.\nFor the most part, it looks like we should stay on the warm side of this battle, with daytime highs expected to be around -4 C and overnight lows around -10 C. Early next week the weather models show a large area of low pressure developing over the western U.S. This low is then forecast to move toward southern Manitoba by Wednesday or Thursday. Confidence in this storm system is low. Should it develop, we’ll see plenty of warm air move in ahead of it, with rain or showers developing by Wednesday. As colder air works into the system the rain will change to snow, with the best chances of significant snow being over western regions.\nUsual temperature range for this period: Highs, -12 to 0 C; lows, -25 to -8 C.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "International Workshop on Satellite Analysis of Tropical Cyclones II (IWSATC-II), Report and Recommendations: final report\nAndrew Burton ; Christopher Velden\nEvent: International Workshop on Satellite Analysis of Tropical Cyclones II (IWSATC-II) (17 - 19 February 2016; Honolulu, Hawaii, United States)Published by: WMO ; 2016\nIn this report, we summarize the reported changes in TC satellite analysis techniques since IWSATC-I (2011) and highlight the continued development of existing objective analysis methods as well as the emergence of new algorithms.\nFormat: Digital (Free)\nTags: Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP) ; Tropical cyclone ; Satellite Add tag", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "(1:00PM - 4/29/19) Multiple disturbances pushing through the region this upcoming week will bring several rounds of rain and t'storms to the state, leading to high rainfall totals and flood potential.\nA large area of heavy rain and t'storms pushed across much of Northern and Central Illinois from last night into this morning. Widespread rainfall totals of 1-3\" occurred across much of Northern and portions of Central Illinois with this first main round. Some flooding has also been seen in some areas.\nWith a frontal boundary lingering in the region, multiple disturbances moving through, and high moisture content...Additional periods of heavy rain and t'storms are likely. A second organized and widespread period of heavy rain and t'storms is likely across the state Tuesday morning through Wednesday morning. Upwards of 1-4\" of additional rainfall is likely with this second round activity, with highest totals across portions of Northern and Central Illinois. A third period of more organized heavy rain and t'storms is possible Wednesday night into Thursday afternoon. Upwards of 1-3\" of rain is likely with this third round of activity, with highest totals across portions of Central and Southern Illinois.\nFinal rainfall totals during this whole multi-day period will likely range upwards of 2-6\" in the main axis across portions of Northern and Central Illinois, with totals in excess of at least 1\" across just about the whole state. Given it has been overall wet the past few months across portions of the state, combined with the expected heavy rainfall totals, widespread moderate to major flood potential is likely.\nBelow is our updated TAM flood forecast.\nPlease consider becoming a Patreon as a way to say thanks and support us for what we do! www.patreon.com/user?u=16598980\nTo receive text alerts via our in-telligent groups text ISC to 900900\nLeave a Reply.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Deluge inundates Oklahoma City with third-wettest day in its history\nEven though the severe weather season started off slow for much of the Midwest, May has been quite active for severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, and torrential rains. On May 6, severe thunderstorms formed across the heart of Tornado Alley from southern Nebraska, south through Kansas, Oklahoma, and into northern Texas. According to the AP, twelve people were injured in the resulting tornadoes across the Plains (preliminary reports were of 65 tornadoes), with officers twice having to evacuate the airport in Oklahoma City.\nOn May 6, 2015, heavy rain swept across Oklahoma City. These radar images show light rain in pale blue, moderate rain in medium blue, and very heavy rain in purple. Climate.gov animation by Hunter Alen, based on National Weather Service data.\nBut tornadoes were not the only worry. In just 24 hours on May 6, slow-moving thunderstorms dropped an astounding 7.10 inches of rain at Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City. On average, the city gets 4.65 inches in the whole month of May. Between 7 and 8 p.m.—just one hour—3.04 inches of rain came down. Rainfall totals estimated from radar data even exceeded eight inches to the west of the city. In total, the rains made May 6 the wettest day on record for May and the third wettest day overall in Oklahoma City, according to records that go to 1891.\nThe resulting flash flooding was so bad that, for the first time in the city’s history, the National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency. According to the AP, a spokeswoman for Emergency Medical Services Authority in Oklahoma City said that water rescues occurred “all over” Oklahoma City during the event. Fire department divers were even called upon to rescue drivers trapped in their cars by high waters.\nIn the Great Plains during tornado season, deluges of rain are not “uncommon.” Most people have been deafened by the overwhelming din of torrential rain from a thunderstorm pounding against a windowpane. In other words, occasional heavy, heavy rains are a normal part of the region’s climate. Even with that said, this event was rare.\nHow do climate scientists describe and rank these extreme events?\nUsing the historical rainfall record for Oklahoma City, which dates back to 1891, we can see that receiving 7.10 inches of rain in just 24 hours is likely to occur just once every 25 years or so. In fact, only four days previously in history have reported over seven inches of rain in one day at Will Rogers World Airport.\nThe 3.04 inches of rain that fell between 7-8 p.m. were also a once-in-25- year event. (For comparison, events where over 3 inches of rain fall in 24 hours usually occur once every year or two.) And when that much water falls from the sky that fast, there is no place for all of that water to go. The end result was the substantial flooding across Oklahoma City.\nIn addition to simply ranking the total rainfall that has ever fallen over certain spans of time—the wettest hour, day, week on record—climate scientists also use a location’s historical record to describe the frequency with which events of a given magnitude are likely to occur. The bigger the event, the larger the average recurrence interval (e.g. the longer it takes for a rainfall total to repeat itself).\nFor instance, one inch of rain is more likely to fall on any given day than ten inches. The ten inch event would have a higher recurrence interval (1 in 200 years for Oklahoma City) while the one inch event could occur ten days each year. In Oklahoma City’s case, an event of the magnitude recently seen (7.10 inches in one day) recurs on average every 25 years. Or said in another way, every year there is a 4% (1 in 25) chance of an event with that magnitude occurring.\nBut scientists can also use the historical record to declare an event a 1-in-100- or 1-in-500-year event. How can anyone say that when we only have a centuries worth of observations (124 years, in the case of Oklahoma City, for example)? What kind of hocus pocus is this? Well stay tuned. I’ll get into that in my next post.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Abstract The relationships have been examined between the presence or absence of cumulus clouds and 3rd quarter fine particle sulfur concentrations in St Louis. An association between the presence of cumulus clouds with SO 2 conversions in droplets and incrementally higher fine particle sulfur concentrations can be demonstrated. However, diurnal patterns of fine particle sulfur concentrations in the presence of cumulus clouds are not consistent with local contributions from sulfate formation in cumulus clouds. Morning fog often occurs on the same days on which cumulus clouds form later. Reactions of SO 2 in fog droplets appear to make a contribution, but do not account for the major part of the increments in fine particle sulfur concentrations associated with cumulus clouds. The variations in fine particle sulfur concentrations observed can be explained if a substantial part of the sulfate formed in cumulus is transported upwards from the planetary boundary layer into the lower free troposphere. Subsequent multiday regional scale horizontal transport with concurrent gradual vertical transport of sulfate down to the surface would be consistent with the observed results.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "AUSTIN, Texas - Big weather changes are coming! Today will be the last Spring-like day for at least two weeks.\nWe have a series of cold fronts taking aim at Texas in the coming days. The first one will arrive on Friday and it means business.\nToday the front does not come into play and it will remain partly to mostly cloudy, warm and humid with highs in the low 80s. Tonight after a clear evening the clouds will make a comeback late keeping lows in the 60s.\nTurning rainy, stormy, colder, and breezy tomorrow with the strongest cold front of the season arriving.\nThe future rain totals and severe weather threat have gone up a little.\nTrack your local forecast for the Austin area quickly with the free FOX 7 WAPP. The design gives you radar, hourly, and 7-day weather information just by scrolling. Our weather alerts will warn you early and help you stay safe during storms.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A frontal system will usher in much colder air late Saturday evening so temperatures will take a tumble overnight and with winds expected to diminish after Midnight, we are looking at potentially our coldest morning of the season on Sunday. Most locations should reach the low and mid-30s for early morning lows, so a Freeze Warning is out for all of Kentuckiana until 10 AM Eastern Sunday morning. How much the winds stay up overnight will be the key to the frost development and it appears the best chances for frost or freezing conditions will be in the sheltered valley areas. Cover those tender plants up or bring them inside if possible just to be on the safe side.\nSunday looks beautiful but cool with sunshine and highs struggling to get into the low 50s for afternoon highs. Expect milder air into the new week with highs back into the low and mid-60s. A dry cold front will move through and knock temperatures down into the upper 50s for the mid-week but we'll recover into the 60s by the end of the week. The 7 day forecast essentially looks high and dry so enjoy the pleasantly cool fall weather to come!\n►Download the WHAS11 News App and get weather alerts on your phone.Click/Tap here to download for iPhone or Android\nOr, if you love weather photography, join our Kentucky/Indiana Cloud Watchers Facebook group.\nTONIGHT: Clear and cold. Patchy frost/freeze early Sunday morning. Low: 34. Wind: NW 15-20 mph.\nSUNDAY: Mostly sunny and cool. High 52. Wind: NW 5-10 mph.\nFollow the WHAS11 First Alert Storm Team on Social Media:\nChief Meteorologist Ben Pine:\nMeteorologist Jared Heil\nMeteorologist T.G. Shuck\nMeteorologist Kaitlynn Fish\nMeteorologist Reed Yadon", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Current climate: December 2017\nDecember 2017 was characterised by higher than normal sea level pressure over New Zealand and the surrounding seas. This pressure setup, consistent with La Niña conditions, resulted in long periods of dry, settled, and very warm weather across the country throughout the month.\nBelow normal (50-79% of normal) or well below normal (<50% of normal) rainfall was commonplace for large swaths of New Zealand in December, a product of the higher than normal sea level pressure entrenched across the country. In fact, a large number of locations observed either their lowest or near-lowest December rainfall on record.\nTemperatures were well above average (>1.20°C of average) nearly everywhere in New Zealand. Isolated above average (0.51-1.20°C of average) temperatures were observed in Gisborne, inland Hawke’s Bay, and a small area of the Far North.\nAs of 1 January, soils were significantly drier than normal for the time of year across a large portion of the North Island, Tasman and northern West Coast, interior Canterbury, and much of Southland and interior Otago. Soil moisture was slightly below normal to near normal for much of coastal Canterbury and Otago. Meanwhile, near normal to above normal soil moisture was observed along the east coast of the North Island, coastal Marlborough, and Westland to Fiordland.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "It's no good blaming the weather for pollution\nIt's that air pollution blame game again. Less rain and stronger sunshine are the reasons given by the Environmental Protection Department for Hong Kong's increased pollution levels during the first three months of the year. In recent years, we have also been told that dust clouds, climatic systems or factories in Guangdong are responsible. But let us be clear - it is us and no one else behind the bad air.\nA department spokesman said earlier this week as yet another batch of poor figures were released that dry weather meant pollutants would stay in the air longer. Less cloud cover caused solar radiation, which formed photochemical smog. These reasons may go a way to explaining why the air pollution index was at a 'very high' level for about a third of the period. They do not answer the question of how the pollution got there in the first place, though.\nMeteorology is not required to answer it. It is caused by emissions from our vehicles, vessels and fossil fuel-burning power stations. Weather patterns can blow bad air our way, as last year, when dust from northern deserts choked our skies. In past decades, when Guangdong truly deserved the tag 'factory of the world', the polluted air from furnace smokestacks certainly did waft our way with the right conditions. At street level and for most of the time above our heads, though, the unhealthy air we breathe is our own making.\nThere has been progress. Government rules, guidelines and incentives have meant a marked decrease in some pollutants. But others are rising. The quarterly figures show that levels of roadside nitrogen dioxide from vehicle emissions, which can cause respiratory problems like asthma and bronchitis, went up 21 per cent. No wonder air quality in areas where traffic is heaviest and most congested, Central, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok, was worst.\nWe have got the ways and means to improve our air and make it safer. Laws and better standards will make all the difference. The existing voluntary schemes clearly do not work. Ignoring the causes and putting the blame on the weather is not a solution.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Thunderstorms in the area tomorrow evening through Monday afternoon Details >\nMay 24, 2013; 11:57 AM ET United States travel weather forecast\nSevere weather and drenching downpours will affect parts of the Plains and Midwest over the Memorial Day Weekend.\n\"This pup was literally singing when he saw his family,\" Michelle Karolicki, relocation program manager of the Central Oklahoma Humane Society, said about a reunion that took place on Thursday.\nShort-Range Weather forecast overview for the South Central United States\nThe High Plains and portions of Texas will become the targets of spotty, but violent storms Friday evening.\n\"We can and must do more relative to severe weather,\" AccuWeather CEO Barry Myers testified on Thursday, May 23, 2013, during a hearing called Restoring U.S. Leadership in Weather Forecasting.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Good Sunday to one and all. We’re putting the wraps on a gorgeous late February weekend here in the bluegrass state. Be sure to get out there and soak up the nice stuff we have out there today, a prolonged blast of winter is just around the corner.\nTemps today will make a run at 50 degrees under mostly sunny skies. This will make for one heck of a nice day to get outside and enjoy.\nLow pressure will wrap up across the plains states later Monday and this will send an increase in clouds our way. Some late day showers and thunderstorms will be possible on a gusty southwesterly wind. Those winds will REALLY crank Monday night into Tuesday as the low works our way.\nThis storm is being pushed by some serious cold air:\nTuesday is the day of change as the cold air surges in. Rain will mix with snow later in the day and that snow will become pretty widespread for the middle and end of the week:\nThat is one strong northwesterly flow and I suspect much of the state may be covered in snow before the week is over. Temps will fall each day from Wednesday into the weekend, when highs may not make it out of the 20s. Gusty winds will make it feel even colder than that.\nThat pattern is likely to persist into the first full week of March.\nHave a great Sunday and take care.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Good Morning, Guelph! It’s Friday, the 12th of June today. Beautiful and sunny today for the Royal City. Gas Prices, Weather, UV index, the Pollen Report and Traffic below.\nCloudy for the earning morning hours, then sunny for the rest of the day. A cooler high of 16C. The humidity will sit at 72%. A 0% chance of precipitation through the day. Sunset today at 9:01pm.\nThe UV index today will be 8, or Very High\n- Extra precautions required – unprotected skin will be damaged and can burn quickly\n- Avoid the sun between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. and take full precautions – seek shade, cover up, wear a hat, sunglasses and sunscreen\nClear skies tonight. A low of 4C. Sunrise tomorrow at 5:38am.\nSeasonal allergies are in the ‘very high’ count, meaning any allergens are sitting at more than 200 particles per meter cubed of air tested.\nLocal Gas Prices\nGas prices are up this morning. Prices are sitting at an average of 99.4¢ per litre. Use the map below to find the cheapest gas near you:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Get the monthly weather forecast for Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead Hamburg Weather August Averages, Germany. Temperature 16.75 °C 62 °F. High Temperature 21.6 °C 71 °F. Low Temperature 11.9 °C 53 °F. Sunshine Hours 6 hours. Rainfall 70 mm. Rainfall Days 11 days. Sea Temperature 19.40653667 °C 67 °F\nGet the monthly weather forecast for Hamburg, NY, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead Daytime temperatures usually reach 22°C in Hamburg in August, falling to 12°C at night. How sunny is it in Hamburg in August? There are normally 7 hours of bright sunshine each day in Hamburg in August - that's 46% of daylight hours. Does it rain in Hamburg in August Weather ☀ ⛅ Hamburg ☀ ⛅ August ☀ ⛅ Information on temperature, sunshine hours, water temperature & rainfall in August for Hamburg The average sea surface temperature in August 2020 for Hamburg was 71.1°F.The maximum and minimum values were 69.4°F and 73.2°F respectively In august in Hamburg, the climate is wet (with 1.7in of rainfall over 10 days). The weather is better from the previous month since in july it receives an average of 2in of precipitation over 13 days. The climate enjoyable here august. The high seasonal norm is 74°F\nHamburg Weather Forecasts. Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weatherreports, maps & tropical weather conditions for the Hamburg area Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Hamburg, NY. Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and weekend Hamburg 14 Day Extended Forecast. Weather Today Weather Hourly 14 Day Forecast Yesterday/Past Weather Climate (Averages) Currently: 72 °F. Passing clouds. (Weather station: Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel, Germany). See more current weather\nKnow what's coming with AccuWeather's extended daily forecasts for Hamburg, NY. Up to 90 days of daily highs, lows, and precipitation chances Weather Forecast Hamburg: Weather forecast in August. Want to organise your holiday inHamburg Take a look at the weather forecast without delay! To help you prepare for your trip, Easyvoyage brings you the tourist weather comfort index. This innovative weather prediction service combines a range of indicators extrapolating the weather. The Old Farmer's Almanac Long Range Weather Forecasts show deviations from normal temperatures and precipitation amounts, based on 30-year rolling averages gathered by government meteorological agencies, specifically NOAA and Environment Canada. The averages from 1981 to 2010 are the latest available data; these numbers are updated every 10 years.. Weather.com brings you the most accurate monthly weather forecast for Hamburg, NY with average/record and high/low temperatures, precipitation and more\nBy the time July and August arrive in Hamburg, daytime temperatures average 21°C / 70°F and do climb to more than 25°C / 77°F. However, whilst temperatures rise at this time of the year, so do the levels of rainfall, although even the heaviest showers and wettest weather rarely spoils the day for long , turning warm: Aug 6-12: T-storms, then sunny, cool: Aug 13-1\nIn summer Hamburg has a few days with tropical temperatures. Here are some average weather facts we collected from our historical climate data: During the month of June, July and August you are most likely to experience good weather with pleasant average temperatures that fall between 20 degrees Celsius (68°F) and 25 degrees Celsius (77°F) Germany Weather in August: While the average high dips a degree this month it's likely to feel just as hot as July if not hotter due to the humidity, and it's one of the rainier months of the year as well, with an average of 62mm of precipitation over 13 days. Bring that lightweight summer clothing along with a light waterproof jacket now. Current weather in Hamburg and forecast for today, tomorrow, and next 14 day Calculations of sunrise and sunset in Hamburg - Hamburg - Germany for July 2021. Generic astronomy calculator to calculate times for sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset for many cities, with daylight saving time and time zones taken in account Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Hamburg, AR with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.co\nThe month of August in Hamburg experiences essentially constant cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy remaining about 29% throughout Hamburg, Germany: Annual Weather Averages. July is the hottest month in Hamburg with an average temperature of 16.8°C (62°F) and the coldest is January at 0.25°C (32°F) with the most daily sunshine hours at 8 in June. The wettest month is July with an average of 82mm of rain The climate here is mild, and generally warm and temperate. The rainfall in Hamburg is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month. This location is classified as Cfb by Köppen and Geiger. In Hamburg, the average annual temperature is 8.5 °C. The rainfall here averages 738 mm Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Hamburg, Germany with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.co What's better than dining or drinking al fresco in beautiful weather? Hamburg has plenty of spots for outdoor beers and bites. COVID-19 Face Masks Obligatory in Certain Areas. In certain areas, wearing a face mask is obligatory for all persons in public streets, squares and parks at certain times\nThe Latest News and Updates in Hamburg brought to you by the team at News 4 Buffalo: Erie County Fair to reopen at full capacity this August Hamburg / 4 Get the iOS Weather app. Get the. Culture, street festivals & concerts Events in Hamburg Whether it's art, music or theatre - experience the Hamburg you want to see. You'll find events with your favourite artist on the date you want! Experience the cultural diversity of Hamburg's cultural scene and the many events here and in the metropolitan region. Discover no Hamburg does not get a lot of sun, especially from November to February, when the sun rarely shines. It goes a bit better from May to August, when the weather is variable, and between one disturbance and another, the sun can come out\nAbout Hamburg. Second only to Berlin in size and population, the city of Hamburg is home to one of the biggest harbors in Europe. A stroll along its many waterways and canals illustrates why it has been called the Venice of the North. Don't miss a trip to the local fish market (Fischmarkt), the Merchants District (marked by its imposing red. The Hamburg Passenger lists are a unique source for genealogical research as well as the study of the history of emigration and immigration. The lists include approximately 5 million records of individuals, approximately 80% of whom were destined for the United States. Ca. 475,000 traveled to South America, ca. 214,000 to Canada, ca. 100,000 to. Hamburg Weather July Averages, Germany. Temperature 16.8 °C 62 °F. High Temperature 21.4 °C 71 °F. Low Temperature 12.2 °C 54 °F. Sunshine Hours 7 hours. Rainfall 82 mm. Rainfall Days 12 days. Sea Temperature 18.63816 °C 66 °F. July Weather in Berlin in august 2021. The weather in Berlin in august comes from statistical datas on the past years. You can view the weather statistics the entire month, but also by using the tabs for the beginning, the middle and the end of the month\nThe OFFICIAL English-language website for the city of Hamburg, Germany! Discover things to do, world-famous sights, upcoming events and fun activities for all kinds of weather. Get to know the local culture, history and government Today's and tonight's Buffalo, NY weather forecast, weather conditions and Doppler radar from The Weather Channel and Weather.co August is the warmest month and sees an average high of just 22°C (72°F), while winter is cold (although it is also getting milder with less snowfall due to global warming). The daily mean in January is 1°C (34°F). For more information, see the weather in Hamburg and the best time to go guide\nHamburg is also a venomous reptile show. All the venomous animals are clearly identified and properly sealed inside their enclosure. These animals are for the advanced hobbyist and require extensive protocol, safety measures, along with checks and balances Tropical Storm Elsa is forecast to pass near the Florida Keys early Tuesday. There is an increasing risk of tropical storm conditions, storm surge and heavy rainfall on Monday. The risk may then expand northward over the Florida Peninsula Tuesday night into Wednesday. Meanwhile, excessive heat and critical fire weather conditions will persist. June 28th Microburst / Straight Line Wind Damage Confirmed Near New Providence in Union County New Jersey. July 18th Severe Event. July 29th Rain Event. July 31st-August 1st Rain Event. Aug 10th EF-0 Tornado Confirmed near North Haven in New Haven County, Connecticut and Mattituck in Suffolk County, New York Weather. June 2021 numbers are in and it was a hot one for Buffalo! Autumn Lewandowski 5:56 PM, Jun 30, 2021 . National. Portland records hottest day ever amid Northwest scorcher Buffalo, NY Weather. Buffalo, NY. Weather. Here is your temperature trend for the next 14 Days. To see the daily forecast, scroll to the table below\nWeather Atlas: Weather forecast and Climate information for cities all over the Globe. Global Weather and Climate data - from current weather and hourly forecast, detailed daily and 10-day forecast to long range monthly outlook of temperature, humidity, rainfall, snowfall, daylight, sunshine, UV index, and sea temperature for locations worldwide July and August are the warmest months of the year, with frequent thunderstorms and temperatures reaching well into the mid-70s Fahrenheit (24 degrees C). Early fall is cool and sunny before cold, foggy weather rolls in as the precursor to winter The National Weather Service Forecast Office in New York, NY provides official forecasts and warnings for New York City, Long Island, the Lower Hudson Valley of New York, Northeastern New Jersey, Southern Connecticut and the surrounding Coastal Waters\nSat Jul 24 Hamburg Museum Rummage Sale Annual Hamburg Museum Rummage Sale, Saturday July 24, 9-3 pm. Rain date is July 31. All proceeds benefit the Museum located at 7225 Stone St. in the village. PassageWeather specialises in Sailing Weather Forecasts. PassageWeather was developed out of the need for accurate, reliable and easy to use weather information and forecasts. We provide 7-day Wind, Wave and Weather Forecasts to help sailors with their passage planning and weather routing. Both before and during deliveries, ocean races. ('Weather' August 2004) R MetS 1881 (Summer/ Autumn) Snow & frost in June in Scotland, with young grouse dying in large numbers. June, July & August were very cold, and snow fell on August 12th. Harvest began in the second week of October in wet, cold weather, and much of the harvest (corn) had to be brought in green.\nHamburg. The Port of Hamburg is a large port in Germany. See below for a live map of ship positions in Hamburg, schedules for vessels arriving (port calls), the list of ships currently in port, a company register and a local weather forecast. Hamburg's LOCODE is DEHAM 2.3 mph on day 04 at time 16:38. Maximum gust speed. 6.9 mph from 328 ° (NNW) on day 04 at time 21:18. Maximum heat index. 73.4°F on day 04 at time 13:56. Click here to toggle the 24 Hour Graph of this day. Average and Extremes for Month of July 2021 up to day 4. Average temperature. 61.6°F Weather forecasts, current radar, hour by hour forecasts and meteorologist discussions for Allentown, Bethlehem, Reading, and Philadelphi All Ship Passenger Lists for 1923 Available at the Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives. Listing Includes Date Voyage Began, Steamship Line, Vessel, Passenger Class and Route Find vacation rentals, cabins, beach houses, unique homes and experiences around the world - all made possible by hosts on Airbnb\nCity Hall In Hamburg Arkansas Closed Tull August 3rd. Effective August 3rd our lobby will be closed to the public to help prevent the spread of COVID-19. Water bill payments should be paid by mail, online, over the phone or left in either one of our drop off locations. To reach the Water Department, call 870.853.5279, ext. 2 August 15: Carnival of Cultures, Berlin (smaller celebration for 2021) August 18-22: Weindorf wine festival, Rothenburg ob der Tauber. August 19-23: Sandkerwa Bavarian folk festival, Bamberg. August 26-30: Wine festival, Cochem. August 27-29 (iffy for 2021): Museumsuferfest, Frankfurt (music, food, culture This is the Cunard Queen Mary 2 Transatlantic cruise 2021-2022 schedule of all one-way and round-trip Atlantic Ocean crossings. It shows all departures from New York, Southampton-London, and Hamburg as dates and prices per person. RMS Queen Mary 2 Transatlantic crossings are part of the Cunard Line's regular Atlantic Ocean crossing service between the UK and the USA (London/Southampton and. Current drive time alerts and incidents. Cameras provided by PennDOT Dist. 5 and the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission these constantly updated cameras give viewers images of Lehigh Valley, Berks.\n2021 Hamburg JH Track Schedule. Printable Schedule Date Meet Location Start Time Tuesday, April 13, 2021 Stanton 4pm Thursday, April 15, 2021 Griswold 4pm Monday, April 19, 2021 . . . read more Autumn in Germany. Season of withering begins only in October. During September all numerous parks and less numerous greenwoods save their verdure. Average day temperature drops to 17-18 °C (62-64 °F). Same time average night temperature drops to 10 °C (50 °F). Autumn is the rainiest season in Germany Local Forecast Office More Local Wx 3 Day History Mobile Weather Hourly Weather Forecast. Extended Forecast for Harrisburg PA Flash Flood Watch until July 13, 02:00am. Severe T-storm Watch until July 12, 11:00pm. Severe T-storm Warning until July 12, 04:45pm. Click here for hazard details and duration 5. Reeperbahn, Hamburg. Europe's largest club festival and the German equivalent of SXSW, Reeperbahn is a music festival spread out the beautiful northern port city of Hamburg. Instead of being held in one dedicated location, the majority of bars, clubs, and music venues throughout the city host upwards of 800 concerts over the course of four.\nHamburg Historical Society P <1953:4:30-5:7> Hamburg Town Historian F <1952:9:18-1959:1:15> Erie County herald. Published 19uu-1952 : Weekly. OCLC 29811633 Continued by: Blasdell-frontier herald. Buffalo & Erie County Public Librar Father shot and killed by 18-year-old son in Brighton. Brett Kast. 4:51 PM, Jun 21, 2021. Livingston County Tide tables and solunar charts for Hamburg (St. Pauli): high tides and low tides, surf reports, sun and moon rising and setting times, lunar phase, fish activity and weather conditions in Hamburg (St. Pauli)\nConnecticut River - Hamburg Cove weather forecast issued today at 9:07 am. Next forecast at approx. 10:07 am. 1-Day 3-Day 5-Day Graph Plots Open in Graph Browse the most recent Hamburg, New York obituaries and condolences. Celebrate and remember the lives we have lost in Hamburg, New York June 19, 2021. Califon's All MOPAR Show - To Benefit the Califon Veterans Memorial, Saturday, June 19, 2021 - 9:00 AM to 2:00 PM, Rain date Sunday, June 20, 2021. Califon Island Park, 130 Bank Street, Califon, NJ 07830. Winners will be announced at 1:30 PM. Express Check-in with pre-registration", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Some long term weather forecasts are predicting freezing conditions in the run up to Christmas - but others disagree and say they can't predict with a reliable rate of accuracy.\nFollowing Storm Barra and Arwen, some forecasters are predicting UK is set to be hit with more rain, strong winds from December 14.\nAnd weather maps from WXCharts suggest show could fall across Northern Scotland from tonight and possibly into Friday morning, the Mirror reports.\nHowever, the Met Office is predicting more settled conditions and that the chances of snow across Leicestershire from now until January 7 are limited.\nThe Met Office's short term forecast, which is said to be more reliable, is predicting temperatures at an average 6°C in Leicestershire through Friday and into Saturday - before the mercury rises to around 12°C on Sunday and 11°C on Monday.\nAnd its longer range forecast, which the Met Office warns is not as reliable as \"the chaotic nature of the atmosphere starts to come into play\" is predicting cloud and rain for the UK from Tuesday, although it is likely to be drier in central and eastern locations.\nAnd in the run up to Christmas, temperatures are predicted by the Met Office to remain mild and settled - even potentially above average for the time of year, so for those dreaming of a white Christmas, there might not be a lot of hope.\nThe forecast from now until December 23, which covers the whole of the country, currently states: \"Generally unsettled throughout the period, with cloud and outbreaks of rain clearing eastwards at first.\n\"Perhaps some frost in the north, but then rain and strong winds likely following from the west.\n\"Looking to be drier for many central and eastern locations, with some potentially heavy rain arriving to northern and western areas at times, accompanied by a risk of gales.\n\"The best chance of drier and brighter conditions in the east.\n\"Temperatures are looking to be rather mild throughout.\n\"Towards the end of the period, settled conditions may develop, however the north and west perhaps experiencing some longer spells of rain. Temperatures likely remaining rather mild, though a risk of frost is possible during some colder interludes.\"\nWXCharts' forecast however makes a stronger prediction for chilly temperatures than the Met Office, showing a freezing weather system hitting the UK from December 19, due to air moving south from the Arctic and Scandinavia.\nIt predicts the whole of Scotland, Wales, northern and central parts of England turn a shade of light blue on weather maps, meaning sub-zero temperatures for the evening of December 19 with the north of the country worst affected, in a contrast to the Met Office's prediction.\nThe Met Office explained that it is extremely difficult to predict the weather reliably for more than five days into the future.\nIt says: \"When looking at forecasts beyond five days into the future the chaotic nature of the atmosphere starts to come into play - small events currently over the Atlantic can have potentially significant impacts on our weather in the UK in several days' time.\n\"Therefore whilst we can still forecast the general feel of the weather to a relatively high level of accuracy using our ensemble models, it becomes harder to offer local detail to as high a level of accuracy as our shorter range forecasts. For this reason our text forecasts for 5 days and beyond are written on the scale of the UK as a whole.\n\"Our long range forecast (which is updated on a daily basis) provides an indication of how the weather might change, or be different from normal, (i.e. warmer, colder, wetter, drier) across the whole UK.\n\"Met Office meteorologists consider output from a range of weather models when writing these forecasts. These models include those from the Met Office as well as models from other global forecasting centres such as the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF).\nTherefore, the long term forecast should always be taken with a pinch of salt.\nHowever, for the period over Christmas and New Year and on until January 6, the Met Office is predicting settled conditions.\nIt states: \"Heading into the Christmas period, widespread settled conditions are likely.\n\"Temperatures perhaps close to or slightly above average for this time of year, however some colder interludes may bring a risk of frost at times.\n\"The last week of December and into early January is looking to remain settled, with an increasing chance of frost and fog during clearer spells for Christmas and towards New Year.\"\nKeep up with the latest news with our email alerts directly to your inbox. Sign up here", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Tuesday’s early-morning storms that swept through northeast Indiana and left two people dead included five confirmed tornadoes, the National Weather Service said Thursday.\nThe weather service’s regional office in Syracuse issued a report Thursday on the storms that said tornadoes touched down in Kosciusko, LaGrange, Noble, Wabash and Whitley counties.\nThe weather service said an EF-1 tornado touched down in the far-northern Kosciusko County town of Gravelton at the Elkhart County line. The tornado, which had a maximum wind speed of 95 mph, was on the ground for two minutes and traveled a little more than a half mile, damaging a barn and knocking down or snapping about 20 trees, one into a home.\nAn EF-0 tornado, with top winds of 80 mph, hit near Milford in Kosciusko County and destroyed a large metal barn, the weather service said.\nAnother EF-1 tornado touched down first in northwest Wabash County, then was on the ground about seven minutes as it entered southern Kosciusko.\nThat 150-yard-wide tornado had winds of 100 mph, the weather service said, and destroyed structures and uprooted numerous trees.\nIn Whitley County, an EF-1 tornado with top winds of 100 mph briefly touched down near South Whitley.\nThe tornado in LaGrange County, the weather service said, was an EF-1 (top speed 95 mph) that touched down just on U.S. 20 and briefly entered the western side of the city of LaGrange.\nThe tornadoes and straight-line winds associated with the line of storms also knocked out power to about 150,000 northern Indiana residents, many of whom might not have their lights turned back on until Saturday.\nMore than 20,000 homes and businesses remained without power late Thursday, mostly in the South Bend area. Northern Indiana is mainly served by Northern Indiana Public Service Co. and Indiana-Michigan Power.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mundane monsoon season: Near normal rainfall; wet winter predicted\nPRESCOTT - Northern Arizona is back to normal, according to a National Weather Service about the 2015 monsoon, June 15-Sept. 30.\n\"It was a typical monsoon in that it was variable across the area,\" Weather Service forecaster Justin Johndrow said.\nHe said in 2013 and 2014, monsoons were a lot wetter, though a typical monsoon this year meant enough moisture in Arizona's high country.\n\"The fact that most areas were close to normal, it kept it from drying out over the region,\" Johndrow said.\nThe monitoring station at Prescott Municipal Airport observed precipitation of 7.54 inches for the season. That's more than 1 inch above normal, and compared to annual totals dating back to 1948, this year ranks as the 22nd wettest.\nBut it was a different story at Weather Service satellite monitoring station at the Sundog Wastewater Treatment Plant.\nTotal precipitation at the Sundog plant totaled 4.78 inches for the season, more than 3 inches below normal. Among records starting in 1898, this was the 16th driest, as recorded at the wastewater plant.\nJohndrow said that type of variability is what's expected for a typical monsoon.\n\"It probably came down to a couple of days when a storm hit that northern area,\" he said.\nLooking across the region, many areas in Yavapai County reported near-normal rainfall.\nBagdad recorded 5.40 inches, Chino Valley 6.23 inches and Cottonwood 5.37 inches - all three within 1 percent of normal.\nJerome was down 11 percent at 6.52 inches and Seligman was 3 percent below normal at 5.40 inches.\nThe near-normal rainfall is further reflected in the weekly drought summaries produced at the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.\nWhile most of Arizona remains in moderate drought conditions, no areas of the state saw worsening of drought conditions, and some areas saw improvement since mid-June.\nClimatologists downgraded drought severity from severe to moderate for the Grand Canyon and parts of northern Coconino and Mohave counties. Similar improvements occurred in southeast Arizona and the White Mountains, including Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, eastern Pima, and southern Apache and Navajo counties.\nJohndrow said the overall drought situation has yet to be seen, as weather and climate experts are still expecting a strong El Niño year.\n\"For Arizona and New Mexico, an El Niño event means increased probability of receiving above-average winter precipitation, generally between October and March,\" Ben McMahan and Michael Crimmins at the Climate Assessment for the Southwest at University of Arizona wrote in an explanation about the weather phenomenon posted to CLIMAS website in late September.\nMcMahan and Crimmins said there is variability in El Niño events, though \"there is no guarantee that any given El Niño event will lead to wetter than average conditions.\"\nThey said based on predictions at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Center, \"The best chances for observing above-average winter precipitation cover all of Arizona and New Mexico, but are slightly better for the southern half of each state.\"\nFollow reporter Les Bowen on Twitter @NewsyLesBowen. Reach him at 928-445-3333, ext. 1110, or 928-830-9305.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Everywhere you look, extreme weather. Weather the likes of which even meteorologists and other experts say they have never seen before.\nWhat’s perhaps more remarkable is that we know why all of this is happening: Our changing climate. As the Earth warms, more extreme weather becomes more of the rule rather than its exception.\n“Glaciers started melting and Congress waited.\n“Fires started burning and Congress waited.\n“People started dying and Congress waited.\n“Now our cities are underwater, wildfires are raging, and temperatures are at record highs.\n“Congress can no longer wait to pass a Green New Deal.”\nThat politicians like Hochul and Bush were even talking about climate change in the midst of its effects suggests some progress — that at least some politicians have made the connection between the extreme weather we are experiencing and the warming climate.\nBush’s tweet raises a simple but deeply important question: Is this the moment when we, as a country, start to take climate change seriously? Or is this, like so many other scenes of extreme weather in recent years, simply written off or ignored because the solutions are too politically painful?\nFor a long time, the political reality of climate went something like this: The effects of our warming planet were too far away for any politician — or the average person — to worry about them. Sure, at some point in the long-distant future we, as a society, would need to make some changes in regard to our energy consumption and our broader lifestyle, but it wans’t urgent. It was something that, maybe, our kids’ kids’ kids would need to worry about.\nThe events of the last few days put the lie to those assumptions. Yes, climate change will continue to worsen unless actions are taken — and quickly. But, we don’t have to wait to see the impact of a warming climate. The record flooding in New York is climate change. The massive Caldor Fire is climate change. The rapid intensification of Hurricane Ida leading to yet another major hurricane wrecking Louisiana is climate change.\nThis is all factually true. There is no debate within the scientific community that we are currently living through the first major impacts of the warming planet — and that, unless critical changes are made, and soon, things will get significantly worse.\nPolling is mixed on just how much of that message has gotten through to Americans.\nWhen it comes to making changes to bring about the changes required to curb our climate crisis, the public is significantly more divided. A slim majority (51%) said that in the next 50 years “major” lifestyle changes will be necessary to “address problems from climate change.” Meanwhile, 46% believe that “new technology” will be developed over the next 50 years that will handle the growing problem of climate change.\nThat disconnect between acknowledging climate change is a problem and grasping the need to make at-times drastic changes in how we live in the world has long been a source of frustration for those focused on the threat posed by the Earth’s warming.\nThe sad reality is this: It may take extreme events impacting millions and millions of American personally — and costing peoples’ lives — before the proper urgency about climate change is reached.\nIs this that moment? For the sake of the people who died amid the flooding and storms, we can hope so.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Monsoon may revive from next week: IMD forecast\nMonsoon could not advance for the last one week because of weak flow, but circulation is likely to improve during the weekend, IMD says in latest weather forecast\nNew Delhi: After remaining subdued for more than a week, the southwest monsoon is expected to revive, before moving towards north India after 24 June. In its latest weather forecast, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said the southwest monsoon could not advance for the last one week because of weak flow. However, the monsoon circulation is likely to improve during the weekend.\nAccording to the IMD, it will then advance over the remaining parts of Assam, some more parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal and some parts of Jharkhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, between 23 and 25 June.\nThe early onset of the monsoon over Kerala had raised hopes for early rains over the north-western states, but the monsoon weakened around 13 June. Part of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and some parts of Gujarat, where the monsoon would have normally arrived around 15 June, remained rain-deficit. Now, the onset of the monsoon over central and north states could be delayed.\nThe IMD said monsoon circulation is expected to improve with the movement of the active phase of Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) to west Equatorial Indian Ocean and adjoining Arabian Sea over the next two or three days. “Some positive changes have begun to occur, but we would get a clear picture in the next two days,” said A.K. Srivastav, head, climate monitoring and analysis group, IMD Pune.\nCyclonic circulations are also likely to develop over east India, which will strengthen the easterlies over the Gangetic plains.\n“To help the propagation of monsoon, there has to be sustained activity in north-eastern part of Bay of Bengal. The active phase of MJO over the Indian Ocean is critical as it positively impacts monsoon and winds have to be strong,” said associate professor Sridhar Balasubramanian, a meteorology expert from IIT Bombay.\nMonsoon rainfall, which was 19% surplus until 13 June, reduced to a deficit of 4% as on 19 June. However, the subdued phase was not entirely dry, as heavy rainfall activity continued along the western coast and parts of north-eastern states.\n- SC asks Kerala govt to provide security to two women who entered Sabarimala\n- Delhi, Gurgaon air show presence of alarming levels of heavy metals: Report\n- DGCA imposes restrictions on IndiGo, GoAir in operating P&W engines-powered A320 neo planes\n- Supreme Court gets two new judges\n- Dense fog disrupts flight operations at Delhi airport\nEditor's Picks »\n- What to expect from Q3 results of IndiGo, SpiceJet, Jet Airways\n- Forget privatisation, govt has hugged its banks tighter\n- Flat profit, rising debt are growing worries for Reliance\n- Q3 results: HUL growth off a high base shows it’s on a roll\n- DCB Bank Q3 results: Small loans give big pain as farm, mortgages lift delinquencies", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Climate change discovery: Changing global temperatures may have been the cause of human extinction in the past\nClimate change shock: US CDC warns of brain-eating amoeba disease moving into US as result of rising temperatures\nClimate change: Rising temperatures may have caused the collapse of civilizations along central Asia\nClimate change: NASA study warns sea level rise by 15 inches if rate of carbon emissions continue\nClimate change continues to become a concern as animals in the polar regions are slowly losing their homes, with carbon emissions playing a part in the warming temperatures. A NASA study has revealed the dire result of the current rate in carbon emissions to the climate.\nA study spanning six years of analyzing climate models found that should the current rate of carbon emissions continue, the sea levels will experience a rise by a drastic 15 inches. The findings were published in the journal Cryosphere and the predictions are in line with the estimates given by the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change back in 2019.\nThe most recent results were from the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison project led by the Goddard Space Flight Center at NASA.\nAccording to project leader Sophie Nowicki of the University of Buffalo, “One of the biggest uncertainties when it comes to how much sea levels will rise in the future is how much the ice sheets will contribute. And how much the ice sheets will contribute is really dependent on what the climate will do.”\nTheir study found that under the current amount of carbon emissions, the region of West Antarctica will be hit the worst, suffering a significant loss of ice. The ice that would melt would cause sea levels to rise up by 7.1 inches or 18 centimeters by 2100. The 2019 report predicted that Greenland’s ice loss would lead to a sea level rise by 3.1 to 10.6 inche or eight to 27 centimeters.\nThe United States’ West Coast is experiencing wildfires over the recent weeks, but satellite images from NASA reveal that another force of nature is set on ravaging another part of the country. From wild fires to hurricanes in the form of Hurricane Sally have made a landfall with wind speeds of up to 85 miles per hour.\nA few other hurricanes are seen over the Atlantic ocean as well as the images have shown. Hurricanes Paulette, Teddy, and Karina are seen converging in the body of water. Luckily, NASA revealed that Hurricane Paulette will not pose a threat on land and noted that it is unusual for these natural threats to be present in one photo.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Lead Forecaster Daniel Crawley\nGood Sunday evening to everyone, hope your weekend has been a good one. An upper low that we have been tracking for over a week now is finally falling apart and will lift out of the region tonight and on Monday. It has brought humid and unsettled weather to the region, we have seen a decent coverage of daily storms since Friday.\nWe will have one more day of stormy weather as heat and humidity will persist. Looking below at the 500mb height anomalies, a trough over the Great Lakes Region will go negative tilt. This will result in a severe weather episode for the Mid-Atlantic and New England States. This will slide east as we go into Tuesday bringing drier and cooler air temporarily into the Carolinas.\nMonday’s storms again could be a bit more feisty as there are more dynamics in play. The Storm Prediction Center has issued a Marginal Risk (Level 1 of 5) of Severe Weather for Monday across Western North Carolina.\nHere’s a look at the FutureCast Radar through Tuesday morning. As you can see, a line of thunderstorms may form near the Southern Appalachians early in the afternoon hours and moving southeast through the rest of the day. Any severe weather threat for Western North Carolina will end by sunset.\nA slight cooldown is possible for Tuesday as northwest winds push in cooler, less humid air. However that will be quickly replaced by what looks to be the first heat wave of the season for mid to late week. Full 7-Day Forecast details can be found by clicking on the button…", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "High winds and heavy rains brought more misery to the Eastern Seaboard Thursday, a day after a squall line thundered across the South and produced widespread flooding, tornadoes and violent storms that leveled homes and killed at least two people.\nThe National Weather Service issued watches and warnings predicting damaging winds, flooding and perhaps even more tornadoes as the storm system pushed toward the Atlantic.\nMajor cities including Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York were lashed by gusts of up to 60 mph Thursday, strong enough to topple trees and bring down power lines. The accompanying storms could bring up to an inch of rain per hour and lead to flash flooding, the weather service said.\nEven stronger winds, gusting to 65 mph, were predicted for Boston and parts of New England.\nNearly 430,000 homes and businesses were without electricity following the storm Thursday, about half of them in Massachusetts, according to National Grid and Western Mass. The rest of the outages were spread throughout the Northeast and included nearly 74,000 customers in Connecticut, 74,000 in Rhode Island and 37,000 in New Jersey, according to local utility providers.\nTraffic delays were also in effect due to the windy conditions. Some flights to Newark International Airport were delayed more than two and a half hours and flights going to LaGuardia Airport in New York were delayed a little more than an hour, according to the FAA.\nOn Wednesday, eight different states confirmed tornadoes: Georgia, Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, Mississippi and Indiana.\nThe hardest-hit area was Adairsville, Ga., where a tornado ripped through Interstate 75, overturning cars and destroying homes and businesses.\n“The sky was swirling,” Theresa Chitwood, who owns the Adairsville Travel Plaza, told the Associated Press.\nAnthony Raines, 51, was killed when a tree crashed down on his mobile home, crushing him in his bed, Bartow County Coroner Joel Guyton told the Associated Press. Nine other people were hospitalized for minor injuries, authorities said.\nAnother death reported from the storms was in Tennessee, where a tree fell Tuesday onto a storage shed a man had taken shelter in.\nThe Adairsville Supermarket, a 55,000-square-foot staple in the town since 1958, was reduced to a massive pile of rubble, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported. Only a few people were inside at the time of destruction, but all of them managed to escape unscathed, the store’s owner Dilip Patel told the newspaper.\nAcross the street, a hotel was also a nearly-flattened pile of rubble and most of the roof was gone.\n“It was like you just opened it up with a can opener,” Trish Cooper, a hotel guest, told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. “You could just see everything.”\nThe storms were largely caused by a mass of cold air and high winds colliding with warm, wet air from the Gulf of Mexico that brought balmy temperatures to much of the East and Midwest.\nAs the cold air takes hold, a return to winter proper follows suit.\nWinter storm warnings were in effect Thursday in Colorado, Wyoming and Montana, while parts of the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest hunkered down under wind chills predicted to dip as low as 55 degrees below zero in North Dakota.\n\"Dangerous wind chills of 20-50 degrees below zero are possible for the Dakotas and Minnesota,\" Weather Channel meteorologist Kevin Roth said.\nIn more populous areas, including the Twin Cities, wind chills had potential to reach minus 40 degrees, the weather service said.\nThose in the Upper Midwest who escape the worst of the wind chills still won’t have it easy. Forecasters warned of heavy lake-effect snows from Wisconsin to Western New York.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Florida started stacking sandbags as Tropical Storm Hermine intensified Thursday afternoon.\nIn a 1 p.m. update, National Hurricane Center forecasters said Hermine’s sustained winds increased to 70 mph, just shy of a Category 1 hurricane, with tropical storm force winds now expected to spread further south. The storm was located 135 miles southwest of Apalachicola and moving north, northeast at 14 mph. Tropical storm force winds extended 185 miles to the northeast and southeast from the storm’s east side.\nNorth Florida could begin feeling hurricane conditions Thursday night, forecasters said, with a storm surge possibly pushing water as high as eight feet in parts of the Panhandle. Thursday afternoon, the Florida Highway Patrol closed the Skyway bridge as winds picked up, the Bradenton Herald reported. Mandatory evacuations in coastal neighborhoods were also ordered as water started to creep across roads.\nOn its current track, Hermine is expected to come ashore in the state’s Big Bend with hurricane strength winds possibly reaching 75 mph. A large swath of the coast is already seeing a foot of surge from the storm.\nA hurricane warning was expanded earlier Thursday to include Tallahassee, and now stretches from the Suwanee River to Mexico Beach, south of Panama City. A tropical storm warning covered the Panhandle and was extended Thursday afternoon to include the Tampa and St. Petersburg area and south along the east coast to the Volusia and Flagler county lines.\nAlready Hermine was generating big waves, with some buoys recording heights recording over 16 feet.\nUp and down the coast, residents in low-lying neighborhoods began boarding up and stockpiling supplies.\n“We expect a lot of trees down and as wet as it’s been lately, it’s going to be ugly,” Wakulla County Sheriff’s Office Maj. Trey Morrison told the Weather Channel. Between 5,000 and 7,000 people have been ordered to leave their homes in the county.\nIn tiny, flood-prone Cedar Key, swamped last year by Tropical Storm Colin, city workers had trouble keeping up with requests for sandbags.\n“This building right here is pretty safe and pretty strong so I think it will be all right,” said Jordon Keeton, who piled up sandbags to protect new equipment in his waterfront restaurant.\nAbout a dozen shops boarded up windows. Outside his business, Joe Allen painted “Bring it on, Hermine,” in big black letters, but admitted he’s nervous.\n“You can never fully protect yourself from nature,” he said.\nHermine could push ashore a dangerous surge that, if it arrives at high tide, has the potential to trigger widespread flooding. Weather Underground meteorologist Jeff Masters reported up to a foot of surge had already spread across the coast from Naples to New Orleans. On Thursday, water levels at Cedar Key reached two feet, he said.\nStorm surge warnings were issued for much of the region, with water levels predicted to reach up to eight feet in some areas of the Panhandle and up to four feet in Tampa Bay.\nThe storm, which pounded Cuba with 20 inches of rain over the weekend, is expected to dump five to ten inches on northwest Florida and southern Georgia Friday. Some areas could get as much as 20 inches, forecasters said. Tornadoes are also possible as the storm plows across North Florida Friday.\nOnce Hermine crosses inland, forecasters expect it to weaken but computer models show strong winds continuing east of the storm’s center.\nIn a morning press conference, Gov. Rick Scott warned people living in evacuation areas to heed orders and not delay leaving. Scott closed state offices in 51 counties, including Tallahassee where thousands of state employees work and which has not taken a direct hit from a hurricane in three decades. Schools in six coastal counties also closed. Florida A&M and Florida State University also canceled classes. The state also closed parks and campgrounds in North and Central Florida.\n“We’re going to see big storm surge. A lot of rain. A lot of flooding,” Scott said. “You have got to take this seriously.”\nDespite calls for rain in Central Florida, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has no plans to increase water flushed from Lake Okeechobee. Over the winter, record rain triggered releases that coated the St. Lucie River and Indian River Lagoon with toxic, slimy algae. State water managers began moving water from the Kissimmee basin to make more room earlier this week. But Thursday,the Corps’ acting Operations Division Chief Candida Bronson said the lake was rising at a manageable level.\nIf Hermine arrives as a hurricane, it will be the state’s first since Wilma in 2005, ending a decade-long streak. While better formed and much stronger than Hermine, Wilma likewise pushed across the Gulf of Mexico, landing just south of Marco Island before plowing across the state for more than four hours and emerging near Jupiter.\nThe Associated Press contributed to this report.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "An incredible photo captured the moment a snow storm swept across London bringing an icy blizzard in its path.\nLondoners were amazed as the city was hit by epic snow fall that blanketed buildings and roads on Tuesday.\nBut the wintry weather was short-lived as brilliant sunshine returned within minutes to melt the flakes away.\nPeople shared images of the bizarre weather on social media as the same views appeared transformed from winter scenes to sunny cityscapes in just five minutes.\nThe storm hit London at around 2.15pm, bringing heavy snow flurries and grey skies.\nMartin Tooth posted a picture of the storm rolling in on Twitter.\nHe wrote: “Just witnessed snow storm sweep into central London from the east with impressive speed.”\nAnd as the capital was caught in the downpour, Londoners excitedly shared pictures of the “snowmageddon”.\nShrangi-La London at the Shard shared a video of the storm rushing along the River Thames, obscuring Tower Bridge from view.\nBut the storm quickly passed, and people posted compare and contrast images as a remarkable clear, sunny sky returned by 2.45pm.\nJournalist Oliver Varney said: “Bizarre weather today! View from The Shard at 2.30pm and 2.45pm.”\nAnd Jordon-Lee wrote: “The change in weather in literally five minutes… #londonsnow #beastfromtheeast #uksnow.”\nThe UK’s big freeze has claimed three lives in a road crash and caused major travel disruption across the south east.\nScores of schools around the UK have also been forced to close due to the adverse weather conditions.\nEarlier on Tuesday Trafalgar Square’s famous fountain froze over in the wintry conditions.\nAmber warnings of snow have been issued by the Met Office for north east, central and south eastern England on Tuesday, and eastern Scotland on Wednesday.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "London enveloped in light rain with temperatures of 15°C - Saturday October 28\nand live on Freeview channel 276\nIn the morning, London will experience a mild temperature of 12°C with no expected rainfall. The afternoon will bring a slight increase in temperature to 14°C, accompanied by scattered showers.\nTomorrow morning, the temperature will remain steady at 12°C with some rainfall. The afternoon will maintain the same temperature, but the scattered showers will continue.\nOver the next few days, London will experience a consistent temperature range, with a minimum of 12°C and a maximum of 13°C. The trend of scattered showers will persist throughout this period.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Presentation #505.01 in the session “Extrasolar Planets: Terrestrial Planets”.\nIn the near future, ground based spectrometers on the Extremely Large class of telescopes will be able to detect exoplanet atmosphere with unprecedented resolution. These tools are favorable for biosignature detection since high resolution spectra allow for characterization of atmospheric constituents. One of the most well known potential biosignature gases is oxygen since it is produced in high levels by photosynthesis. However, planetary processes such as ocean loss can also generate large amounts of atmospheric oxygen leading to potential false positive characterization. Here we show that O2-O2 collisionally induced absorption at O2 bands can be used to differentiated between a photosynthetic biosphere and a high oxygen atmosphere produced by ocean loss.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Friday, August 2, 2013\nWeekly Hydro-meteorological Report, 1 August, 2013\nMonitoring and Prediction\nRainfall was quite heavy in June in the Southern half of Sri Lanka, and July is predicted to be lower although with wetter Southwestern regions in the next week. Compared to the rest of the island, the coastal belts of Galle to Gampaha is likely to receive heavier rainfall on coming three days (2nd, 3rd and 4th of August). Ongoing rainfall shall decrease further. Rainfall is not predicted till 5th August. Rainfall shall increase gradually during 5th-12th August. Significant rainfall events are not expected during next week period (2nd-12th August).\nDownload Full Report\nWeekly Monitoring:Rainfall ranged between 5-165 mm during 23rd-29th July 2013. Maximum rainfall observed for small regions in Ampara district on 26th July. However, entire country was wet during 23rd-26th compared to 27th-29th.\nMonthly Monitoring:Southern half of the Sri Lanka received an above average rainfall during the month of June. The entire country received less than 15 mm of daily rainfall, with Ratnapura district receiving the highest rainfall during the month (14 mm/day).\n7-day prediction:Southwestern regions of the island shall receive 55-65 mm of rainfall and shall spread northeastward in a reducing manner during 31st July-6th August 2013.\nIMD WRF Model Forecast & IRI forecast:For 2nd, 3rd & 4th of August, IMD WRF model predicts less than 36 mm of rainfall for Galle to Gampaha, Kegalle and Ratnapura districts it shall spread towards nearby regions in a reducing manner. NOAA model predicts dry condition for the entire country during 29th July-3rd August.\n1 Month Prediction:Overall- Ongoing rainfall shall decrease further. Rainfall is not predicted till 5th August. Rainfall shall increase gradually during 5th-12th August. Significant rainfall events are not expected during next week period (2nd-12th August). However, the amount of rainfall shall be lower than the observed rainfall on month of June 2013. Western Slopes – The rainfall pattern persisting in the entire country shall be observed in this region. Western Coast – Rainfall is not predicted till 10th August. Eastern Slopes– Decreasing trend of the rainfall shall persist till 4th August. Thereafter rainfall shall vary with different rates (below 4 mm/day) till 10th. Eastern Coast – The rainfall shall decrease till 9th and it shall increase during 9th-12th. Northern region- Existing rainfall shall decrease till 3rd and thereafter it shall increase gradually till 11th. Southern Region- The rainfall is not predicted during 1st-2nd, 3rd-6th and 8th-9th. In-between rainfall shall not considerable. After 9th rainfall is likely to be increase.\nSeasonal Prediction:As per IRI Multi Model Probability Forecast issued on July 2013; for August 2013 to October 2013, there is a 50-70% probability for temperature to be above normal in the country while the rainfall is to be climatological.\nPACIFIC SEAS STATE July 18, 2013 :During June through early July the observed ENSO conditions remained neutral. Most of the ENSO prediction models indicate a continuation of neutral ENSO through the remainder of 2013. However a few (mainly statistical) models call for cooling towards borderline or weak La-Nina conditions for northern autumn into winter. While a few others (mainly dynamical) forecast developing El-Nino conditions during this same time frame.\nINDIAN OCEAN STATE :The sea surface temperature of Bengal Bay Sri Lanka was cold during 21st-27th July 2013.\nMJO STATE :MJO is neutral and not influences Sri Lanka rainfall.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "what is a gdu in farming\nGrowing Degree Days\nPeople also ask\nWhat is the difference between GDD and GDU?\nGrowing Degree Days and GDUs refer to the same calculation based on air temperature. In the case of corn, the equation is: GDD or GDU = (Daily Maximum Air Temperature + Daily Minimum Temperature)/2 鈥?50.\nHow do you calculate GDU for corn?\nGDD or GDU = (Daily Maximum Air Temperature + Daily Minimum Temperature)/2 鈥?50. When the maximum air temperature is greater than 86F, we set the value at 86 in the equation as the growth rate of corn does not increase beyond 86F.\nWhat is the difference between the custom GDU layer and individual GDU?\nCustom GDU Layer Total GDUs Since To Date Normal Versus Normal Forecast (+14 Days) Accumulated GDUs Degree Units Individual GDUs Degree Units\nWhat are growing degree days (GDD)?\nGrowing Degree Days (GDD), also known as Growing Degree Units (GDU), are a way researchers and growers can estimate the development of plants and insects during a growing season. By using data calculated from air temperatures, the 鈥渉eat units鈥?can more accurately reflect growth stages than the calendar method.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The ratio of record highs to lows is likely to increase dramatically in coming decades if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to climb.\n\"Climate change is making itself felt in terms of day-to-day weather in the United States,\" says Gerald Meehl, a researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the lead author of the study. \"The ways these records are being broken show how our climate is already shifting.\"\nThe study, by authors at NCAR, Climate Central, The Weather Channel, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).\nIf temperatures were not warming, the number of record daily highs and lows being set each year would be approximately even.\nInstead, for the period from January 1, 2000, to September 30, 2009, the continental United States set 291,237 record highs and 142,420 record lows, as the country experienced unusually mild winter weather and intense summer heat waves.\nA record daily high means that temperatures were warmer on a given day than on that same date throughout a weather station's history.\nThe authors used a quality control process to ensure the reliability of data from thousands of weather stations across the country, while looking at data over the past six decades to capture longer-term trends.\nThis decade's warming was more pronounced in the western United States, where the ratio was more than two to one, than in the eastern United States, where the ratio was about one-and-a-half to one.\nThe study also found that the two-to-one ratio across the country as a whole could be attributed more to a comparatively small number of record lows than to a large number of record highs.\nThis indicates that much of the nation's warming is occurring at night, when temperatures are dipping less often to record lows.\nThis finding is consistent with years of climate model research showing that higher overnight lows should be expected with climate change.\nIn addition to surveying actual temperatures in recent decades, Meehl and his co-authors turned to a sophisticated computer model of global climate to determine how record high and low temperatures are likely to change during the course of this century.The modeling results indicate that, if nations continue to increase their emissions of greenhouse gases in a \"business as usual\" scenario, the U.S. ratio of daily record high to record low temperatures would increase to about 20-to-1 by mid-century and 50-to-1 by 2100.\nThe model used for the study, the NCAR-based Community Climate System Model, correctly captured the trend toward warmer average temperatures and the greater warming in the West, but overstated the ratio of record highs to record lows in recent years.\nHowever, the model results are important because they show that, in all likely scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions, record daily highs should increasingly outpace record lows over time.\n\"If the climate weren't changing, you would expect the number of temperature records to diminish significantly over time,\" says Claudia Tebaldi, a statistician with Climate Central who is one of the paper's co-authors.\n\"As you measure the high and low daily temperatures each year, it normally becomes more difficult to break a record after a number of years. But as the average temperatures continue to rise this century, we will keep setting more record highs.\"\nThe study team focused on weather stations that have been operating since 1950. They found that the ratio of record daily high to record daily low temperatures slightly exceeded one to one in the 1950s, dipped below that level in the 1960s and 1970s, and has risen since the 1980s.\nThe results reflect changes in U.S. average temperatures, which rose in the 1950s, stabilized in the 1960s, and then began a warming trend in the late 1970s.\nEven in the first nine months of this year, when the United States cooled somewhat after a string of unusually warm years, the ratio of record daily high to record daily low temperatures was more than three to two.Despite the increasing number of record highs, there will still be occasional periods of record cold, Meehl notes.\nThe study team analyzed several million daily high and low temperature readings taken over the span of six decades at about 1,800 weather stations across the country, thereby ensuring ample data for statistically significant results.\nThe readings, collected at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climatic Data Center, undergo a quality control process at the data center that looks for such potential problems as missing data as well as inconsistent readings caused by changes in thermometers, station locations, or other factors.\nMeehl and his colleagues then used temperature simulations from the Community Climate System Model to compute daily record highs and lows under current and future atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.\nThe study was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), NCAR's sponsor, and by the Department of Energy and Climate Central.Title:\nClaudia Tebaldi: Climate Central, Princeton, N.J., USA;\nGuy Walton: The Weather Channel, Atlanta, GA, USA;\nDavid Easterling: National Climate Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA.Contact information for the authors:\nPeter Weiss | American Geophysical Union\nModeling magma to find copper\n13.01.2017 | Université de Genève\nWhat makes erionite carcinogenic?\n13.01.2017 | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena\nAmong the general public, solar thermal energy is currently associated with dark blue, rectangular collectors on building roofs. Technologies are needed for aesthetically high quality architecture which offer the architect more room for manoeuvre when it comes to low- and plus-energy buildings. With the “ArKol” project, researchers at Fraunhofer ISE together with partners are currently developing two façade collectors for solar thermal energy generation, which permit a high degree of design flexibility: a strip collector for opaque façade sections and a solar thermal blind for transparent sections. The current state of the two developments will be presented at the BAU 2017 trade fair.\nAs part of the “ArKol – development of architecturally highly integrated façade collectors with heat pipes” project, Fraunhofer ISE together with its partners...\nAt TU Wien, an alternative for resource intensive formwork for the construction of concrete domes was developed. It is now used in a test dome for the Austrian Federal Railways Infrastructure (ÖBB Infrastruktur).\nConcrete shells are efficient structures, but not very resource efficient. The formwork for the construction of concrete domes alone requires a high amount of...\nMany pathogens use certain sugar compounds from their host to help conceal themselves against the immune system. Scientists at the University of Bonn have now, in cooperation with researchers at the University of York in the United Kingdom, analyzed the dynamics of a bacterial molecule that is involved in this process. They demonstrate that the protein grabs onto the sugar molecule with a Pac Man-like chewing motion and holds it until it can be used. Their results could help design therapeutics that could make the protein poorer at grabbing and holding and hence compromise the pathogen in the host. The study has now been published in “Biophysical Journal”.\nThe cells of the mouth, nose and intestinal mucosa produce large quantities of a chemical called sialic acid. Many bacteria possess a special transport system...\nUMD, NOAA collaboration demonstrates suitability of in-orbit datasets for weather satellite calibration\n\"Traffic and weather, together on the hour!\" blasts your local radio station, while your smartphone knows the weather halfway across the world. A network of...\nFiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) are frequently used in the aeronautic and automobile industry. However, the repair of workpieces made of these composite materials is often less profitable than exchanging the part. In order to increase the lifetime of FRP parts and to make them more eco-efficient, the Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH) and the Apodius GmbH want to combine a new measuring device for fiber layer orientation with an innovative laser-based repair process.\nDefects in FRP pieces may be production or operation-related. Whether or not repair is cost-effective depends on the geometry of the defective area, the tools...\n10.01.2017 | Event News\n09.01.2017 | Event News\n05.01.2017 | Event News\n16.01.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering\n16.01.2017 | Information Technology\n16.01.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "32 days without real rain in France, a new historic record\nMetropolitan France has not experienced any real rain for 32 days, the longest meteorological drought ever recorded, which should however end on Wednesday with the return of some precipitation, we learned from Météo -France.\nFrom January 21 to February 21, the total aggregate rainfall on mainland France was less than 1 mm every day, i.e. “the longest series since the start of measurements in 1959”, said the public body.\nThe episode is all the more worrying as it occurs in winter, a period of crucial groundwater recharge, in a context of chronic rainfall deficit since August 2021 and after an exceptional drought and heat waves in 2022, illustrating the consequences of the global warming.\nThis consecutive series now exceeds that of the year 2020, which occurred for 31 days between March 17 and April 16, in the midst of the first Covid-19 confinement .\nThe passage on Wednesday of a low rainfall area, arriving from the west of the country, should however put an end to it, without however fueling optimism: “the month of February 2023 should end with a rainfall deficit of more than 50% , thus becoming one of the driest February months ever recorded”, has already forecast Météo-France.\nThis record is part of a long-term meteorological drought, since “since August 2021, all months have had a rain deficit with the exception of December 2021, June 2022 and September 2022”, according to Météo-France.\n“In addition to the lack of rain, it has been warmer than normal in France for twelve months in a row”, and “February could be the thirteenth of this unprecedented series” since the first reliable data from 1947, adds the national forecasting service.\n“France is on alert”, acknowledged Wednesday the Minister of Ecological Transition Christophe Béchu on Franceinfo, on the front line to face the tensions already observable on the use water.\n“We are about 2 months late in terms of filling” groundwater tables, added the minister, who will bring together prefects on Monday to “take restrictive measures that are soft from March to avoid ending up in catastrophic arbitration situations” as summer approaches.\nDepartments are already suffering: the Pyrénées-Orientales have been on drought alert continuously since June and the majority of the Var, in turn placed on drought alert on Friday.< /p>", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "DELTA (SOYBEANS/COTTON): Spotty showers carry from the holiday weekend into the middle of this week, but amounts are generally low. The showers are helpful where they occur, but the reduction in temperatures was more significant as recent heat has been very stressful for developing cotton and soybeans. Heat will return this week, which will be concerning for crops in areas that are getting missed by the showers. A front over the upcoming weekend provides some hope for meaningful showers.\nPACIFIC NORTHWEST (WHEAT): With good soil moisture in the region, near to slightly above normal temperatures are welcome. However, no significant showers are forecast for the next couple of weeks. No showers combined with temperatures well above normal next week mean good conditions will be decreasing.\nBRAZIL (CORN/WHEAT): Favorable weather continues for both corn harvest and wheat development overall. Periods of showers will move through Rio Grande do Sul this week, while dryness continues further north. Some wheat in other states could see some stress developing.\nARGENTINA (WHEAT): Dry conditions continue in the country’s wheat regions in the south, unfavorable for establishment. A few showers may move through at times, but amounts are likely to be very low and soil moisture continues to slowly decline.\nCANADIAN PRAIRIES (LIVESTOCK/WHEAT/CANOLA): Western areas have seen increases in soil moisture that have been very favorable while eastern areas remain too wet. More systems this week will keep the region’s shower chances active.\nConditions will continue to be mixed for a while, favoring the west over the east, including with temperatures.\nEUROPE (WHEAT/CORN): Concerns remain for eastern Europe spring crops due to the current heat wave, but showers and more normal temperatures later this week offer a break from the stress. These showers in eastern Europe this week may interrupt the harvest of winter wheat and other winter grains. Long-term dryness is still a concern across the west as precipitation looks to be sparse or nonexistent this week and next week. Farther south, Spain and Italy remain too hot and dry for summer crops nearing reproduction.\nBLACK SEA (WINTER WHEAT/CORN/SUNFLOWERS): Showers are becoming very isolated and the hotter and drier conditions are causing more concerns for corn and sunflowers. The weather will be more favorable for maturing winter wheat and harvest, however, as that starts up soon. A system for the upcoming weekend looks to provide showers and a temporary break in the heat, but the benefits may be limited.\nAUSTRALIA (WINTER WHEAT/CANOLA): Despite some recent dryness, the country’s growing regions are still on track for an excellent wheat and canola crop this season. After the rain last week, the northeast will see mainly dry conditions for the next several days. Later this week and parts of next week frontal systems will bring a chance of showers to the southwest and southeast.\nMidwest (corn, soybeans and winter wheat)\nWest: Isolated to scattered showers. Temperatures above normal.\nEast: Mostly dry south and isolated to scattered showers north. Temperatures above normal.\nWest: Periods of isolated to scattered showers through Saturday. Temperatures above to near normal through Saturday.\nEast: Periods of isolated to scattered showers through Saturday. Temperatures above normal through Friday, near to above normal Saturday.\n6- to 10-day outlook: 6 to 10 day outlook: Mostly dry east and isolated to scattered showers west Sunday. Mostly dry to isolated showers Monday-Thursday.\nTemperatures near normal Sunday-Thursday.\nCentral and Southern Plains (winter wheat/corn/livestock)\nSummary: Mostly dry to isolated showers. Temperatures above normal.\nForecast: Periods of isolated to scattered showers through Friday, mostly north. Partly dry to isolated showers Saturday. Temperatures above normal through Saturday.\n6- to 10-day outlook: Mostly dry to isolated showers Sunday-Monday. Isolated to scattered showers Tuesday-Thursday, mostly north. Temperatures above normal Sunday-Tuesday, near to above normal Wednesday-Thursday.\nMississippi Delta (winter wheat/soybeans/cotton)\nSummary: Isolated showers. Temperatures near normal.\nForecast: Isolated showers Tuesday-Wednesday. Mostly dry to isolated showers Thursday-Saturday. Temperatures close to above normal through Wednesday, above normal Thursday-Saturday.\n6- to 10-day outlook: Isolated showers Sunday-Monday. Partly dry Tuesday.\nIsolated showers Wednesday-Thursday. Temperatures close to above normal Sunday-Thursday.\nBrazil Soybeans and Corn…\nRio Grande do Sul and Parana…\nSummary: Isolated showers far south otherwise mostly dry. Temperatures above normal.\nForecast: Isolated showers far south Tuesday-Wednesday. Isolated showers south Thursday-Saturday. Temperatures above normal Tuesday-Saturday.\nMato Grosso, MGDS and southern Goias…\nSummary: Mostly dry. Temperatures close to above normal.\nForecast: Mostly dry through Saturday. Temperatures close to above normal through Saturday.\nDarren Miller can be reached at email@example.com\n(c) Copyright 2022 DTN, LLC. All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "GoAmazon field campaign straddled natural, urban environments in Brazil\nA study recently published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) untangled the long-standing mystery of aerosol particle formation at high altitudes in the tropics. The study used data from the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/15) field campaign, managed by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility.\n“One of the world’s largest reservoirs of aerosol particles is the high-altitude tropics.”\nAerosols serve as “seeds” from which clouds and, ultimately, rain form. “One of the world’s largest reservoirs of aerosol particles,” according to co-author Jerome Fast, “is the high-altitude tropics.” It was unclear how exactly such high concentrations of aerosols form above the Amazon Basin until lead author Bin Zhao and his team addressed the question in their study. The multi-institutional team found that naturally occurring emissions from the rainforest are driving the production of the particles.\nThe U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric System Research (ASR) funded this work via the Integrated Cloud, Land-Surface, and Aerosol System Study (ICLASS) Scientific Focus Area. Zhao and Fast, the principal investigator for ICLASS, are at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Washington state.\nGoAmazon took place near the city of Manaus, Brazil, in the heart of the Amazon, from January 2014 through November 2015. The campaign sought to understand the effects of cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions on aerosol and cloud life cycles in this tropical region. The Amazon is home to half of Earth’s tropical forests, thousands of miles of rivers, and 1 in 10 known species on the planet, making it a focal point of concerns about earth system changes.\nThe Finer Details\nZhao’s team investigated mechanisms of new particle formation to deduce the sources of ultrafine particles found in high concentrations in the Amazon free troposphere. Zhao explains that “ultrafine particles are considered to be no larger than about 100 nanometers,” or 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair.\nThe team’s study integrated laboratory measurements, chemical transport modeling, and field measurements, especially ARM ground-based and aerial data from GoAmazon.\nNew particle formation from organic compounds (i.e., oxidation products of biogenic material released by trees) is, as Fast says, “the most complicated and least understood component of particle formation.” The team developed a comprehensive model representation of both temperature-dependent formation chemistry and thermodynamics of extremely low volatility organic compounds (compounds that more easily remain in the particle phase) to account for their roles in new particle formation.\nThe study revealed new particle formation by means of organic compounds as the main pathway for the large number of aerosols observed at high altitudes above the Amazon, where organic compounds facilitate the formation of new particles.\nDuring GoAmazon, the ARM Mobile Facility’s proximity to the heavily populated city of Manaus allowed for measurements of both the pristine Amazon environment and the city-polluted environment to be recorded. Zhao’s team leveraged this to establish a baseline for aerosol profiles observed during pristine, or preindustrial-like, conditions that are unique to the Amazon. This finding could help scientists begin to answer one of the biggest questions in earth system science: How much impact does human activity have on the Earth’s natural systems?\nARM is a DOE Office of Science user facility operated by nine DOE national laboratories.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This weekend will bring the hottest day of the year so far, with temperatures set to reach a sizzling 31C (87.8F) on Saturday.\nOn Friday, the mercury will begin to creep up to the high 20s. And the continued hot spell shows no sign of ending as temperatures will settle around the mid-20s well into next week.\nThe Met Office issued a heat health alert, saying: \"Heatwaves can be dangerous, especially for the very young, very old or those with chronic diseases.\"\nThe NHS Choices website says temperatures of around 30C (86F) lasting for at least two days and the night in between can have a significant effect on people's health.\nTom Tobler, a forecaster with MeteoGroup, said Saturday's weather was very likely to beat the year's high of 29.7C reached in Bournemouth last Sunday.\n\"It's certainly going to be a very hot weekend with lots of sunshine,\" he said. \"Temperatures are predicted to reach at least 31C on Saturday, which will make it the hottest day of the year so far.\n\"Temperatures will drop a few degrees on Sunday into next week but we can't see any sign of the hot weather changing over the next week. It's been a very hot start to July, and it's likely to last a while longer, for the next one or two weeks.\"\nThe north of the UK has seen the highest temperatures over the past few days, with the hottest place Castlederg in Northern Ireland, which reached 28.8C on Thursday.\nBut the heat will start to spread south, where it has been cooler, leaving behind relatively low temperatures of 20C (68F) to 22C (71.6F) in Northern Ireland and Scotland.\nYorkshire is likely to be the hottest area on Friday, before the south welcomes the top highs on Saturday. The heat could lead to a few local thunderstorms in the east.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "8.2.5 Aerosol Modelling and Atmospheric Chemistry\nClimate simulations including atmospheric aerosols with chemical transport have greatly improved since the TAR. Simulated global aerosol distributions are better compared with observations, especially satellite data (e.g., Advanced Very High Resolution Radar (AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectance (POLDER), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)), the ground-based network (Aerosol Robotic Network; AERONET) and many measurement campaigns (e.g., Chin et al., 2002; Takemura et al., 2002). The global Aerosol Model Intercomparison project, AeroCom, has also been initiated in order to improve understanding of uncertainties of model estimates, and to reduce them (Kinne et al., 2003). These comparisons, combined with cloud observations, should result in improved confidence in the estimation of the aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcing (e.g., Ghan et al., 2001a,b; Lohmann and Lesins, 2002; Takemura et al., 2005). Interactive aerosol sub-component models have been incorporated in some of the climate models used in Chapter 10 (HadGEM1 and MIROC). Some models also include indirect aerosol effects (e.g., Takemura et al., 2005); however, the formulation of these processes is still the subject of much research.\nInteractive atmospheric chemistry components are not generally included in the models used in this report. However, CCSM3 includes the modification of greenhouse gas concentrations by chemical processes and conversion of sulphur dioxide and dimethyl sulphide to sulphur aerosols.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "There is a wealth of data available on the World Wide Web about our planet,\nour solar system, and the universe. The following links allow the users\nto access some of the data sites available to the public.\nScientists can now study climate change in far more detail with powerful new computer software released by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colo. The Community Earth System...Read more", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Revellers heading to Reading, Creamfields in Cheshire and London’s Notting Hill Carnival all face a drenching\nWeather forecasters have predicted heavy downpours as torrential rain sweeps the country.\nRevellers heading to Reading, Creamfields in Cheshire and London’s Notting Hill Carnival all face a drenching.\nThe Met Office issued a 24-hour severe weather warning, forecasting a month’s worth of rain would fall in some areas.\nThunderstorms will dump up to an inch of rain an hour in the Midlands and there will be persistent rain in the north.\nWeathermen said there will be showers in the east tomorrow and a washout on Monday. The Environment Agency warned there could be flooding.\nAnd it could be a slow getaway on the roads, according to the High-ways Agency.\nIt said almost 200 miles of roadworks are due to be completed over the weekend.\nAbout 1.8million Brits are fleeing the wet weather, with Spain, Turkey and Greece the most popular bank holiday destinations.\nEurostar trains will carry 60,000 passengers departing for the Continent this weekend and ferry services are also predicted to be busy.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "A quick snow shower is moving through the area this morning, causing some slick spots on the roads and a slow commute.\nBecause the roads are so cold, the snow is having no problem sticking. The good news is any snow will end quickly this morning and skies will clear this afternoon. Accumulations will run from a coating to an inch.\nAs milder air moves north, a band of strong winds will affect Cape Cod and the Islands. The National Weather Service has issued a wind advisory for the north and south shore, but a high wind warning for Cape Cod and the Islands.\nIn the warning areas, winds could gust to 50 or even 60 miles per hour and this may cause some scattered power outages and tree damage.\nThe winds will diminish later this afternoon and evening.\nAfter the system passes out to sea, sunshine will return and be the dominant weather feature this weekend. It’s going to be chilly, but not the extreme cold we saw Thursday.\nHighs on Saturday will be chillier than Sunday, and by Monday, most areas should reach above freezing for the first time in a week.\nGoing into the start of next week, weather patterns continue to show no signs of impending storms. But, there are some signs of changes late next week or next weekend. Of course, this is quite far away, but it’s what I am watching.\nIf you are hoping for a big snowstorm, you’ll have to wait until the second half of the month at the earliest.\nFriday: Snow showers likely this morning then clearing and not as cold. Windy with highs near 30 degrees.\nFriday night: Clear, with a low between 10-16.\nSaturday: Sunny and blustery. Cold with highs in the lower 20s.\nSunday: Partly sunny, with a high near 30 degrees.\nMonday: A chance of snow showers and highs in the mid 30s.\nTuesday: Mostly sunny, with a high around 32 degrees.\nYou can follow David’s weather updates on Twitter at @growingwisdom.\nThis article was originally published on January 09, 2015.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Huygens probe landed in a damp lake bed fed by fluvial channels, indicative of past rainfall. Such washes, interspersed with vast dunes, are typical of Titan's tropical landscape. Yet, Cassini-Huygens measurements reveal a highly stable tropical atmosphere devoid of deep convective storms, and the formation of washes in dune fields is not understood. Here we examine the effects of seasonal variations in humidity, surface heating, and dynamical forcing on the stability of Titan's troposphere. We find that during the probe landing, the middle troposphere was weakly unstable to convection, consistent with the tenuous cloud detected at 21 km. Yet the tropical atmosphere, at any season, is too stable to produce deep convective storms. Convection in the tropics remains weak and confined to altitudes below ∼30 km, unless the humidity is increased below 9 km altitude. Solar heating is insufficient to significantly humidify the tropical atmosphere. The large polar lakes are seasonably stable, and the methane column abundance measured by Huygens typical of the tropical atmosphere. Our study indicates the presence of distinct polar and equatorial climates. It also suggests that fluvial features in the tropics do not result from recent seasonal rainstorms, and thereby supports other origins such as geological seepage, cryovolcanism, or a wetter climate in the past.\n- Individual (Titan)-radiative transfer\n- Planets and satellites\nASJC Scopus subject areas\n- Astronomy and Astrophysics\n- Space and Planetary Science", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Since the beginning of March, only 21 mm of rain has been recorded at Toronto's Pearson International Airport, far below the 99.1 mm that normally falls during that time frame.\nAs a result, waterways that are typically full of spring runoff are drying up.\nIn fact, water levels at Black Creek in Toronto are so low that you can actually walk across its sand and gravel bed.\n\"This is the same location that was hit hard in the August 19, 2005 storm when the river rose and took out the bridge,\" says camera operator Mark Rozitis.\nThe lack of moisture is impacting farmers across the country as many depend on Mother Nature to provide.\nA system moving into the region is set to bring a bit of rain on Thursday afternoon, but it may not be the moisture some have been waiting for.\n\"Less than 15 mm of rain is likely for much of southern Ontario through Friday,\" says Dayna Vettese, a meteorologist at The Weather Network. \"So it's definitely not a complete washout for the region.\"\nMeanwhile, heavy snow continues to pile up in northern Ontario with another 5-10 cm expected on Friday.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Eom, H.; Yun, J.H.; Jeong, C.K.; Seo, J.W., and You, S.H., 2014. Introduction to KMA operational forecasting system for rip current.\nA rip current, commonly referred to simply as a rip, is a strong channel of sea water flowing seaward from the near the shore, typically through the surf line. Rip currents can be found on the Haeundae Beach every year and make a very large number of rescues each year (106 in 2009, 144 in 2010 and 220 in 2012). The main reasons that it is present on the Haeundae Beach are the geographical factor, wide surf zone and mild slope, and meteorological factor, seasonal southern wind and normal waves. When waves travel normal from deep to shallow water, there is a greater than normal transport of wave energy into a surf zone which may result in an elevated rip current risk. Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) developed a rip current forecast system that considers bathymetric and meteorological effect through Research and Development program. The system is based on high resolution topography and uses wave direction, height and period of incident wave, tidal elevation and wind condition for operating. And boundary conditions are obtained by the Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) and Coastal Wave Prediction System (CWW3), a weather forecasting system of the KMA. The rip current forecast system predicts a daily 72-hour current field. Additionally forecasters analyze hourly conditions which are wave height, wave period, wave direction and wind direction and then support cooperation organizations with a rip current information (safe, advisory, warning and danger). Recently rip currents also occur on Yangyang (Naksan Beach), Jeju island (Jungmun Saekdal Beach). Therefore we plan to extend the prediction areas by applying the forecast system to Naksan and Jungmun.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Considering that that time the environment has absent by means of some drastic adjustments but, the most alter viewed in the environment has been inside of the very last 100 several years.\nThe purpose at the rear of this modify has been human evolution and the changes we have had industrial [�]Global Warming also referred to as weather change is the raise in larger temperature of the Earth. Also, because the volume of the human created greenhouse gases absorbing warmth from the sun and then sustaining it within just the atmosphere. The leads to of World-wide Warming is a quite really serious environmental situation, with surplus launch of Carbon Dioxide into [�]INTRODUCTION Global warming is outlined as temperature boost environment huge thanks to eco-friendly household gases emission and induce deletion to ozone layer [one].\nIt predominantly occurred because of to the buing of gas, Green household gases involve chloro- fluorocarbon (CFC), carbon dioxide, nitrous dioxide, methane, sulphur dioxide. Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxides are the significant gases that [�]Global Warming is a phenomenon that the human race is creating. Some people do not feel that this is an precise incidence � researchers have proven having said that, that our planet’s temperature is rising. The following are some causes of world wide warming:Increased air pollution Enhanced CO2 emissions Buing of fossil fuels.\nThis is why govements are making an attempt to carry out environmentally friendly electrical power resources � hydroelectric dams, wind-farms, and photo voltaic panels, for instance. This is a writing my admission essay village essay help argument essays on video games person solution to inteational warming that is proving powerful. You can obtain essay illustrations of global warming on our web site.\nThe outcomes of global warming could likely be catastrophic in the very long-phrase. We have detailed some of the conces below:Melting of polar icecaps Sea levels mounting Destruction of wildlife habitats Droughts and weak crop harvests. As the polar icecaps and glacier cut down in dimensions, the extra water naturally leads to sea concentrations to rise.\nThis could guide to lower-lying places of land flooding or becoming submerged about time. We are also causing destruction to our wildlife and their habitats. Polar Bears, for instance, have fewer time to hunt and find foods as ice fields soften previously in the calendar year.\nSo that you can make an impression and assistance change our long term, we have many matters and essay on inteational warming illustrations. Our essays about world wide warming will give you perception into this hugely important subject matter. Global Warming also named weather transform is the enhance in larger temperature of the Earth. Also, for the reason that the volume of the human produced greenhouse gases absorbing warmth from the sun and then sustaining it within just the atmosphere. The brings about of Worldwide Warming is a pretty critical environmental difficulty, with surplus launch of Carbon Dioxide into the air we the individuals and any life form breath in.\nThere are two distinct categories which is a single of the numerous triggers of world warming. The “pure” and “human influences”. Just one of quite a few of human influences are things like mining, the deforestation, and industrial revolution. The buing of fossil fuels is one particular of the primary sources of CO2 emissions in the Unites States (World wide Warming Science, 2017).\nWith factories and manufacturing vegetation buing fossil fuels like making coal into ability and oil. Considering the fact that the nineties, there has been increases in CO2 in the environment ( US Environmental Safety Agency, 2016). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an unique “Worldwide Warming Also Identified as Climate Alter” essay for you whith a fifteen% discounted. There are a lot of harmful outcomes of inteational warming.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "LPA in Cagayan to induce thunderstorms, rains\nMore News from Frances Mangosing\nMore News from INQUIRER.net\nMANILA, Philippines – A low-pressure area shifted to Cagayan while the southwest monsoon continued to affect the western section Luzon Thursday afternoon, the state weather bureau said.\n“Batanes, Calayan and Babuyan group of islands will experience cloudy skies with moderate to occasionally heavy rainshowers and thunderstorms which may trigger flashfloods and landslides,” the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration said.\nThe low-pressure area was last observed 40 kilometers west of Calayan Island in Cagayan.\nFernando Cada, weather forecaster, told INQUIRER.net that the LPA is on its way out of the Philippines, but might merge with tropical storm Jolina (international name Jedia), which is already outside the Philippine area of responsibility and is heading towards Vietnam. It will still enhance the southwest monsoon.\nA cloud cluster, which could develop into a low pressure area, was also seen over east of Mindanao, Cada said, adding that the said area is a breeding ground for LPAs.\nMeanwhile, Metro Manila, the rest of Luzon, Western Visayas and Caraga region will have cloudy skies with light to moderate rainshowers and thunderstorms. The rest of the country will be partly cloudy to cloudy with isolated rainshowers or thunderstorms.\nModerate to strong winds blowing from the southwest to south will prevail over the western section of Luzon and its coastal waters will be moderate to rough. Elsewhere, winds will be moderate to occasionally strong coming from the south with moderate to occasionally rough seas.\nGet Inquirer updates while on the go, add us on these apps:\nDisclaimer: The comments uploaded on this site do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of management and owner of INQUIRER.net. We reserve the right to exclude comments that we deem to be inconsistent with our editorial standards.\nTo subscribe to the Philippine Daily Inquirer newspaper in the Philippines, call +63 2 896-6000 for Metro Manila and Metro Cebu or email your subscription request here.\nFactual errors? Contact the Philippine Daily Inquirer's day desk. Believe this article violates journalistic ethics? Contact the Inquirer's Reader's Advocate. Or write The Readers' Advocate:\nc/o Philippine Daily Inquirer Chino Roces Avenue corner Yague and Mascardo Streets, Makati City,Metro Manila, Philippines Or fax nos. +63 2 8974793 to 94", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "This series of visualizations show the annual Arctic sea ice minimum from 1979 to 2015. The decrease in Arctic sea ice over time is shown in an animation and a graph plotted simultaneously, but can be parsed so that the change in sea ice area can be shown without the graph.\nThis video provides an overview of how computer models work. It explains the process of data assimilation, which is necessary to ensure that models are tied to reality. The video includes a discussion of weather models using the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) model and climate models using the MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications) technique.\nThis is an interactive webtool that allows the user to choose a state or country and both assess how climate has changed over time and project what future changes are predicted to occur in a given area.\nThese graphs show carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. The graphs display recent measurements as well as historical long term measurements. The related website summarizes in graphs the recent monthly CO2, the full CO2 Record, the annual Mean CO2 Growth Rate, and gives links to detailed CO2 data for this location, which is one of the most important CO2 tracking sites in the world.\nThis video features research conducted at University of Colorado's Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, which studies isotopes of hydrogen trapped in ice cores to understand climate changes in the past.\nC-Learn is a simplified version of the C-ROADS simulator. Its primary purpose is to help users understand the long-term climate effects (CO2 concentrations, global temperature, sea level rise) of various customized actions to reduce fossil fuel CO2 emissions, reduce deforestation, and grow more trees. Students can ask multiple, customized what-if questions and understand why the system reacts as it does.\nThis data viewing tool from NOAA is highly engaging and offers nearly instant access to dozens of datasets about Earth. Users select from atmosphere, ocean, land, cryosphere, and climate, and drill down from there into more detailed categories.\nThis is a figure from the 2007 IPCC Assessment Report 4 on atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide over the last 10,000 years (large panels) and since 1750 (inset panels).", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "HONOLULU (AP) — Hurricane Hector has weakened to a category 3 storm with maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (195 kph) as it passes south of Hawaii’s Big Island.\nA tropical storm warning was in place Wednesday for the Big Island with gusty winds, rain and dangerous surf possible. High surf is also expected on the eastern shores of Maui.\nThe eye of the storm is expected to pass about 150 miles south of the Big Island.\nHurricane force winds can extent up to 35 miles (55 km) from the center and tropical storm-force winds up to 105 miles (165 km).\nMost Read Nation & World Stories\n- Colin Powell dies, trailblazing general stained by Iraq\n- Ted Cruz called an Australian vaccine mandate 'tyranny.' Then came the stinging response\n- A heart-stopping moment: How a mild case of COVID changed this man's life\n- Moderna vs. Pfizer: Both knockouts, but one seems to have the edge\n- Sports on TV & radio: Local listings for Seattle games and events\nThe National Weather Service says the system will continue to weaken in the coming days as it moves westward.\nHawaii County officials declared a precautionary state of emergency ahead of the storm.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "BOZEMAN – Deeper layer of monsoonal moisture is lifting from the South into SW Montana for the second day in a row but this time the area of concern will be east of I-15.\nSunday slow moving monsoon thunderstorms produced localized pockets of heavy rain and a few flash flood warnings were issued. Reports of a half an inch to three quarters of an inch of rain were observed over SW Montana west of I-15. That might sound good, but the rainfall was isolated and not widespread.\nMonday that plume of moisture is drifting slowly to the east. This is the same setup as Sunday, but the slow-moving thunderstorms are most likely east of I-15.\nThe National Weather Service has a FLASH FLOOD WATCH up through midnight tonight for most of SW Montana. This means slow moving thunderstorms capable of producing heavy rain may result in flash flooding. Including debris flows in burn scar areas.\nWithin the watch area look for flash flood warnings. This upgrade to a warning means flash flooding is occurring and could threaten property and life.\nStarting Tuesday this wonderful monsoonal moisture will be exiting the region and we should see a return of dry and warm to hot weather return. This will also bring back more wildfire smoke so look for worsening air quality conditions.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Sunshine returns today but temps won’t warm up this afternoon. Highs today will once again only climb to near 50 this afternoon, after a cold start. High pressure to our south on Wednesday will help warm us up to near 60. Highs climb a little more on Thursday ahead of a cold front, back to the low to mid 60s.\nClouds will build in on Thursday as a cold front pushes showers into the area. rain will continue into the evening before gradually tapering off into the overnight.\nThe cold front could stall off shore and bring the showers back on Friday as the cold air arrives.\nWe could start Friday with a wintry mix. Highs will only reach the mid 30s inland, upper 30s along the coast so the wintry mix will stick around for much of the day. The mix could switch to all snow in the evening and into the overnight as temps drop back below freezing. It’s still too early to talk about the potential for accumulation.\nToday, sunny and chilly. Highs near 50.\nTonight, clear and cold. Lows: 28-30 inland, 34-36 beaches.\nWednesday, mostly sunny and warmer. Highs near 60.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Spring has blossomed into life today as strong westerly winds lift temperatures up and down New Zealand.\nThe Radio Network’s head weather analyst Philip Duncan says the mercury has reached into the lower 20s right up the country’s east coast. “In Napier, Hastings and Gisborne the temperature is currently around 20 degrees, while in the South Island the famous nor’wester has kicked in with Timaru currently on 22 degrees and Christchurch, Oamaru and Dunedin all reaching 20 today”.\nDuncan says overnight gales of 100km/h blasted inland Southland and says today those gales have shifted further north. “Castlepoint is currently getting gusts to hurricane force, about 130km/h while inland Hawke’s Bay is getting gusts over gale force at around 80km/h”.\n“The reason for the strong winds is a depression centred over Southland pushing against an anticyclone centred over Northland. The two systems are relatively close”.\nDuncan says winds will ease in the North on Sunday but a return to gales is expected in the lower South Island early on Monday. “Strong westerlies are a definite sign that Spring has now arrived”.\nINTERNATIONAL WEATHER CENTRE – 3 Major tropical storms on the go: Mexico and Japan on alert.\nAll eyes are back in the Caribbean as Tropical Depression 6 gathers strength. The depression is expected to officially become Tropical Storm Felix within the next 36 hours. Forecasters believe Felix will reach Category 2 hurricane status before making landfall. The potential hurricane is expected to track further south than Dean however forecasters warn he could make landfall in the same part of eastern Mexico. Not only that, but the area for potential landfall stretches as far north as the Mexico/Texas border.\nIt’s not just Mexico’s east coast that has forecasters on alert. Tropical Storm Henriette in the eastern Pacific is expected to hit Mexico’s west coast with flooding rains over the next couple of days.\nAnd in the western Pacific, Japan could be bracing itself for a destructive storm. Typhoon Fitow is gathering strength and could make a direct hit to central Japan the middle of this week.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "CLEVELAND - There have been NO hurricanes in the Atlantic Basin, the Caribbean, or the Gulf of Mexico this season. Zero. The season, which began on June 1, did produce 5 named tropical storms. But this season has been slow so far.\nOn average, the first hurricane forms by Aug. 10. The second one normally forms by Aug. 28. As of Friday, the National Hurricane Center was watching two weak disturbances in the Gulf of Mexico. They are forecasting only a 10% chance of tropical storm development from those two systems in the next few days. Elsewhere in the Atlantic, tropical storm or hurricane formation is not expected for the next 5 days. That gets us pretty close to September.\nKeep in mind, the Atlantic Hurricane Season peaks on or around September 10. There have been 25 other years since the 1850s where the first hurricane developed on or after September 1. The latest first hurricane in any Atlantic Hurricane season developed on October 8, 1905.\nBut, forecasters warn not to be complacent. Officials at the National Hurricane Center say that conditions are becoming favorable for tropical storm and hurricane development. They are still predicting a season with an above normal amount of named storms. They expect 13 to 19 named storms of tropical storm strength (winds of 39 mph or higher). Out of those storms, the NHC predicts 6 to 9 will become hurricanes (winds 74 mph or higher). they also say 3 to 5 storms will become major hurricanes (Category 3, 4, or 5 with winds of at least 111+ mph).\nAre hurricanes increasing in numbers or intensity? The US Government uses a metric called the Accumulated Cyclone Energy Index (ACE). Notice the ACE Index below shows global tropical cyclone energy. The current ACE number is 7.8. Normally by late August its about 17. So, we are running about 55-percent below the normal for this time of year in the Atlantic. Also note that global tropical cyclone energy is up slightly from its recent 34-year minimum. Globally, cyclone energy is well below its peak from the from the 1990s and early 2000's.\nRemaining storm names to be assigned this year in 2013 are Fernand, Gabrielle, Humberto, Ingrid, Jerry, Karen, Lorenzo, Melissa, Nestor, Olga, Pablo, Rebekah, Sebastien, Tanya, Van and Wendy. Hurricane Season officially ends November 30.\nCopyright 2013 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.\nWith temperatures in the mid to upper-fifties Wednesday, NewsChannel5 forecasters warned that this was the last day this week to get outside chores done before another chill sets in.\nThanksgiving weather varies wildly here in northern Ohio.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Petrol, Diesel Cars, Bikes Banned In New Delhi! Only CNG, Electric Vehicles Allowed\nIn an effort to tackle the emergency situation created by rampant air pollution in the city, only CNG and electric vehicles will be allowed entry into Delhi.\nThe order is to be followed from 27 November till 3 December.\nIn this period, entry of any other kind of vehicles will remain banned except for trucks providing essential services.\nSchools To Reopen Soon\nState environment minister Gopal Rai said that schools, colleges, and educational institutions in the national capital will also remain shut till 29 November.\nA ‘pollution lockdown’ was imposed on 13 November under which schools were closed for physical classes for a week and had to be conducted online.\nGovt Offices To Reopen\nAll government offices in the city will open from 29 November and the staff have been advised to use public transport.\nSpecial buses will be deployed for them in areas where most employees come from such as Nimri Colony, Gulabi Bagh and Timarpur.\nThese developments come after the Supreme Court said that the air quality crisis demands a scientific study.\nSC Orders Scientific Study\nIt also suggested advanced measures to be taken based on statistical models on wind patterns before the situation worsens.\nCulprits suggested to be behind the air quality crisis are change in wind direction, stubble burning and bursting of firecrackers.\nA model must be prepared for different seasons since Delhi does not observe the same weather throughout the year.\nA scientific analysis must be made on these seasons, causes of pollution and expected wind direction.\nAll these measures have to be taken in advance to ensure that the situation does not deteriorate and that citizens do not suffer due to poor or severe air quality.\nAQI between zero and 50 is considered ‘good’, 51 and 100 ‘satisfactory’, 101 and 200 ‘moderate’, 201 and 300 ‘poor’, 301 and 400 ‘very poor’, and 401 and 500 ‘severe’.\nThe court advised restrictions to be eased only when the pollution level becomes 100.\nThe Air Quality Index (AQI) improved from the “very poor” to the “poor” category thanks to strong surface winds that swept through the city on Wednesday.\nBut the figure remains at 280.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "(Via @NWSIndianapolis.) A weak cold front is scheduled to approach the region late tomorrow night with a chance of showers and storms. The best chance is places south and west of Indianapolis. Slightly cooler temperatures should then follow for the remainder of the week! #INwx https://t.co/pelj7OZLYf\nMy Huge Radar has real-time weather tracking, current temperatures, and severe weather watches and warnings. Get detailed Indiana conditions by clicking here. Follow these links to get my forecasts for Lafayette, Muncie, Hendricks County, and Hamilton County. Need a second opinion? Click here for central Indiana National Weather Service forecasts.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Precipitation is another facet of the hydrosphere that impacts climates. Clouds, rain, snow, sleet, and hail are all part of the hydrosphere. Most water vapor that becomes precipitation is evaporated from the oceans, though smaller amounts also come from rivers, lakes, soil, and vegetation. The amount of precipitation an area receives greatly determines its climate. Desert areas receive very little precipitation, whereas rainforests receive a great deal of precipitation. In general, low pressure areas receive more precipitation while high pressure areas receive less precipitation. Another way that the lithosphere affects climate is its impact on precipitation levels. The shape of the lithosphere has a big influence on which areas receive precipitation. Look at Figure 4.3.2; the map shows precipitation levels in the US. Use the legend to find the areas that receive the most rain. On the east side of the country, notice how far inland the precipitation levels remain relatively high. Now look at the western side of the country. The northwest coast receives a significant amount of rain, but the pattern does not extend very far inland. What do you think explains this? One large factor is the mountainous nature of the western US.\nDeserts are often caused by the orographic effect, which is the cooling effect that happens when air is forced to rise so that it can go over a mountain. As the air rises, the water vapor condenses and precipitation occurs. This means all of the water gets dumped on one side of the mountain, creating a humid environment, and by the time the air reaches the other side of the mountain it no longer has any water vapor left in it. This creates a desert.\nLook at Figure 4.3.2 again. Notice how there is a dividing line down the continent where the dry desert air meets the humid air coming up from the Gulf of Mexico. The terrain across the central plains slopes downward from the Rocky Mountains towards the east. This slope makes a nice corridor for the dry air coming off the mountains to flow east. To the south, the Gulf of Mexico produces moist air that flows north. When the dry and moist air meet, a boundary line forms. It is along this line that a perfect environment sometimes exists for the creation of tornadoes. The area is often called Tornado Alley. There are more tornados in the US than anywhere else in the world because it has the right combination of terrain, water, and wind currents.\nThis climate is found in the mountains of the midlatitudes. The highland climates are cool to cold, depending on the altitude; the higher the altitude, the colder the temperature. The highlands have the same seasons and the same wet and dry periods as the general area that they are located in. For instance, the mountains in desert areas receive little rain, and the mountains in humid areas receive a lot of rain. When it is winter in Utah, it is winter in the High Uintas (a wilderness area southeast of Salt Lake City), and when it is summer in Utah the temperature warms up in the High Uintas. Highland climates are found in the high elevations of the Rocky Mountains, the Andean mountain range in South America, the Alps in Europe, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa, the Himalayans in Tibet, and Mt. Fuji in Japan.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The National Building Research Organization (NBRO) yesterday (6) issued a landslide warning to four districts for the next 24 hours.\nSources at the NBRO stated that the warnings were issued to landslide prone areas such as the Galle, Matara, Ratnapura and Kalutara Districts. The NBRO warned that landslides may occur if the rains persist.\nMeanwhile, the Meteorological Department has warned of heavy showers, rough seas and strong winds, for the next eight hours. The Met Department attributed this to active clouds in the Southern sea. Wind speed can rise up to 80 kmph over sea areas off the coast, extending from Colombo to Pottuvil via Galle and Hambantota. Naval and fishing communities are requested to be vigilant about this. Showers over 100 mm are expected in the Southern, Western, Sabaragamuwa and Central Provinces.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "River levels in the Twin Cities are expected to rise another 6 inches or so and should remain well below flood stage throughout Minneapolis and St. Paul as they crest midweek, KARE 11 reports.\nThe situation is much more dire in Aitkin, Minn., roughly 85 miles west of Duluth.\nThe Mississippi River near Aitkin is expected to continue to rise to near 18.4 feet by early afternoon Tuesday, then begin to fall, reported the National Weather Service of Duluth, the Brainerd Dispatch reports. That's about 6 feet about flood stage.\nMayor Gary Tibbitts says the sewage plant and power transfer station have been sandbagged, the Associated Press reports.\nThe Dispatch has video of flooding there:", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Researchers Konstantin Arnscheidt and Daniel Rothman of the famous Massachusetts Institute of Technology have now been able to show this. They evaluated data documenting global temperature over the past 66 million years. These ancient climate records include ice cores from Antarctica and the chemistry of prehistoric marine fossils, which tell us a lot about what Earth’s atmosphere was like in the distant past.\n“This entire study is only possible because there have been great strides in improving the accuracy of deep-sea temperature records,” she said. He said Arnscheidt. “Now we have data going back 66 million years, with data points separated by thousands of years at most.”\nConnect and release\nDuring the analysis, a pattern emerged from the data indicating the occurrence of feedback loops that allow the Earth to maintain climate within a certain range of fluctuations over the long term. Despite very different influences, some of which had a significant effect on the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, these stabilizing mechanisms ensured that conditions always remained within the range that would allow life.\nFor example, a very long time ago, the Sun was less powerful than it is today, and only an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide produced enough greenhouse effects to prevent the planet from becoming a giant ice ball. However, much of the carbon was then pulled out of the air by silicate weathering. On the other hand, large volcanic eruptions caused the concentration to rise again and again. In addition, there are many other influences that have a regulatory effect, so although there were obvious climatic changes, they did not threaten life as a whole.\nHowever, feedback loops operate over longer periods of time. So it is in keeping with climate changes that occur naturally and take thousands of years to complete. In this respect, they have no effect on man-made changes in the global climate, which have caused temperatures to rise dramatically in a matter of decades.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "More than one in three Americans live in areas with unhealthy levels of air pollution, according to a recent report by the American Lung Association. The State of the Air 2023 analyzed particle and ozone pollution nationwide.\nAlmost 36 percent of Americans (119.6 million people) live in areas with failing grades for ozone or particle pollution levels. Around half a million more people lived in counties that earned an “F” for unhealthy increases in particulate air pollution. That is more than in any of the last eight reports. Seven of the 25 cities ranking high for fine particulate pollution posted their highest-ever average number of days with unhealthy levels. Nearly 18.8 Americans live in counties where year-round particle pollution levels do not meet the national air quality standard.\nThere is some good news. The number of Americans living in counties with failing grades for ozone decreased by over 19 million this year. A total of 39 counties in 23 states move off the “F” grade list. Eight states completely left the list. The number of counties with an “A” increased by 26 percent. There are 17.6 million fewer people living in counties with particle or ozone pollution than last year’s report due to decreasing ozone levels in many areas in the nation. Yet, it is not all good news. The number of people living in counties with failing grades for particle pollution was 63.7 million, the most reported under the national standard. Fewer counties got an F for ozone smog–less than any in the history of the State of the Air.\nAir Pollution: East vs. West\nThere is a big divide between Eastern and Western cities regarding air pollution. In 2004, when short-term particle pollution was added to the report, 44 of the 106 counties with failing grades in the West. This year, all but eight of the 111 counties with an “F” are in the West. The results are similar for year-round particle pollution. In 2004, 20 of the 22 counties with a failing grade were in the West. In 2023, all of the 17 failing counties are in the West.\nMost cities on the most ozone-polluted list were in the West and the Southwest. California had the most cities on the list. The rest of the cities were in the Southwest except New York, Chicago, and Hartford. Those three cities were the only ones on the list east of the Mississippi River. Over the past seven reports, nearly all cities on the list are in the West, with a few in the East.\nOnly two cities on the short-term particle pollution list were not in the West. Cities in California’s Central Valley topped the list, with Bakersfield and Visalia tied for the number two spot and Fresno in the second spot. The average number of days cities ranked the worst 25 experienced high short-term particle pollution levels increased by almost two days.\nClimate change is the reason for the disparity between the East and West, which caused higher summer temperatures and drought. Wildfires in the West also contribute to the increase in air pollution. The three years covered by this year’s report ranked among the hottest years on record globally.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "We have been reading about drastic weather conditions all around the world. Scientists are attributing this sudden climate change to global warming. There have been instances of heavy rain and thunderstorms, causing floods and havoc in many parts of the world. Rising average temperatures globally has seen more volume of rain during heavy downpours. This is due to the fact that warmer air can contain more moisture. If greenhouse gases continue to be released into the atmosphere, scientists predict that heavy precipitation events can increase in excess of 40%, resulting in heavy floods. Let’s take a detailed look at the link between climate change and floods:\nEver thought of living in a floating home that could potentially safeguard you when the river bursts its banks? Well, although the idea sounds too much of an innovation, some ingenious researchers and designers have actually added a tinge of realism to the whole idea. Pretty interestingly, a team of creative designers recently sketched out an avant garde Amphibious Housing technology project for a residential development which helps protect people from the ever increasing risk of flood in Thamesmead.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Rain followed by colder weather for your Thanksgiving.\nCAPE GIRARDEAU, Mo. (KFVS) - Good Wednesday Evening Heartland. We saw cloudy skies with very windy conditions across the Heartland today. The winds will relax some tonight but still impact our temperatures this evening. Readings will remain in the 50s later this evening falling to the upper 40s and lower 50s early on Thanksgiving.\nFor your Thanksgiving, we will start off with rain as a cold front moves across the Heartland. Behind this front the winds will turn out of the northwest bringing much colder air into the area. Highs will occur early tomorrow morning with temperatures falling into the upper 30s to upper 40s late in the day. The wind chill will be falling into the lower 30s by the late afternoon hours.\nCopyright 2021 KFVS. All rights reserved.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "If you're planning to travel to or through the East-Central Idaho mountains this Mother's Day weekend, prepare for snow: up to 20 inches of snow may fall in the high passes this weekend, according to the National Weather Service.\nMost mountain towns will be below snow level, but Challis, Salmon and Stanley could see a dusting of snow, said Dave Groenert, meteorologist at the Weather Service in Boise. Snow levels will be above 7,000 feet.\nNo snow in the forecast for the Treasure Valley, but it's expected to be a cool, wet weekend.\nThe high temperature Friday in Boise is expected to top out at about 63, well below the normal of 70.\n\"There's a chance this afternoon of some showers, possibly thunderstorms,\" Groenert said. \"If we get rain or thunderstorms it will come out of the east or northeast. That's not typical but in the spring time we get these storms.\"\nFriday will be blustery, too, with wind gusts of 30 to 35 miles per hour.\nTemperatures in Boise will warm a bit through the weekend, and the winds will calm. Forecasters say highs will reach 66 on Saturday and 68 on Sunday. There's about a 30 percent chance of rain both days.\nKaty Moeller: 208-377-6413", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Flash flood warning issued for Adams County and Concordia Parish\nNATCHEZ – The National Weather Service in Jackson has issued a flash flood warning for Adams County.\nLocals are advised to seek protection and avoid driving over high water, the alert states.\n“At 5:49 a.m., doppler radar indicated very heavy rain across the warned area,” the alert states. “Up to three inches of rain has already fallen. … Flash flooding is expected to begin shortly.\n“Some locations that may experience flooding include Natchez, Bude, McCall Creek, Hamburg, Kingston, Garden City, Sibley, Little Springs, Cranfield, Kirby, New Hope, Roxie and Meadville. … Additional rainfall amounts of one to three inches are possible in the warned area.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Three weather systems are hitting different parts of the country’s landmass, according to a forecast issued by the state weather bureau Wednesday morning.\nSamuel Duran, weather specialist, said that the northeast monsoon is prevailing over Northern and Central Luzon, while the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is affecting the Mindanao area.\nThe eastern side of the Northern Luzon is affected by the shear line or the tail-end of frontal system.\n“Iyan ‘yong boundary o hangganan ng dalawang klase ng air masses na nagdadala ng paulan lalong-lalo na sa eastern section ng Northern Luzon,” he said.\nThe Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) raised a gale warning over waters due to the prevailing northeast monsoon or amihan.\nIt is raised over waters of Batanes, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan, and Isabela.\n“Kaya pinapayuhan natin ang mga kababayan nating mangingisda na iwasan pumalaot diyan dahil maalon hanggang sa napakaalon ng ating karagatan. Umaabot sa 4.5 meters,” he said.\nThe waters surrounding the province of Palawan are moderate to rough and slight to moderate levels.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Mid-Continent South Region\nHeavy rain on December 5 caused rises on the san bernard River in southeastern Texas.\nRains on December 22-23 caused minor to moderate flooding in parts of Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Affected rivers included the Neches, Sabine, Trinity Rivers and Attoyac Bayou in Texas, the Little and Poteau rivers in Oklahoma, and the Osage River in Missouri.\nSoutheast Atlantic Region\nIntermittent heavy rains from December 12-16 over parts of Florida caused some moderate flooding. Rivers affected included the Peace, Manatee, Myakka and St. Mary's Rivers.\nTorrential rains hit west central florida from December 24-27. Rainfall totals were over 7 inches in many areas with totals over 5 inches generally found across the area. This rainfall aggravated existing high water conditions in many rivers. Evacuations were necessary in Pinellas County, Florida. Kissimmee, Florida, had several homes flooded. Rivers in this area remained high through the end of December.\nRainfall of up to 5 inches was reported in east central Georgia on December 24 causing widespread urban and small stream flooding. Many rivers were pushed over flood stage by this rainfall including the Flint, Ogeechee, Ohoopee, Savannah, and Ocmulgee Rivers. These rivers were still above flood stage on December 31.\nOn December 17, heavy rains from a series of frontal systems hit coastal Washington and Oregon. The Skokomish River in washington and the Tualatin River in Oregon both rose above flood stage.\nSouthern california was hit by heavy showers on December 18. Flash flooding was experienced in local areas of Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and Ventura Counties.\nThree of the four index stations in Alaska had normal flows during December. The Little Susitna River near Palmer, Alaska, was below normal.\nBoth the streamflow index stations in Puerto Rico were below normal. The Rio Grande de Manati at Highway 2 near Manati, Puerto Rico set a new December minimum monthly mean with only 59.1 cubic feet per second.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "2015 Severe Weather Awareness Week\n2015 Severe Weather Awareness Week is February 2-6. The goal of the 2015 Severe Weather Awareness Week campaign is to promote preparedness by all Floridians for all types of hazards.\nIn recognition of Severe Weather Awareness Week in Florida, the Florida Division of Emergency Management (FDEM) and its partners with host events at elementary schools across the state celebrating the winners of this year’s Severe Weather Awareness Week poster contest.\nVoting will also continue in the Video PSA Contest. To vote visit the Kids Get A Plan Facebook page, www.facebook.com/KidsGetAPlan. The finalist videos are available under the “video” section under 2015 Severe Weather Awareness Week Video PSA Finalists. Floridians can vote for their favorite by “liking” the video on the page. Voting will be open through February 13.\nA Statewide Tornado Drill will be held on Wednesday, February 4 at 10:10 am. FDEM encourages all state agencies, county officials, and elected officials to take this opportunity to educate employees, family and friends about what to do in case of severe weather.\nContest Announcement of Winners and Finalists\nThe focus on Monday, February 2 is Lightning\nWith an average of 1.4 million cloud-to-ground lightning strikes each year, no other state in the country experiences more lightning strikes than Florida. The key to remaining safe from a lightning strike is to keep an eye to the sky and watch for darkening skies on the horizon along with distant rumbles of thunder. Being outside is never safe during a thunderstorm. If you can hear thunder, then you are close enough to be struck by lightning! Always remember, When Thunder Roars, Go Indoors!\nThe focus on Tuesday, February 3 is Marine Hazards and Rip Currents\nFair weather and fine seas treat Florida beachgoers to very agreeable conditions most of the time. However, weather and water can change rapidly. Dangerous rip currents, waves, lightning, and waterspouts are among the marine hazards facing anyone who enjoys Florida’s beaches. Rip currents can pull unprepared swimmers away from shore and into deeper offshore waters. Always check beach warning flags before swimming and remember, if caught in a rip current, Don’t Fight, Swim Left or Right!\nThe focus on Wednesday, February 4 is Tornadoes and Thunderstorms\nFlorida has more thunderstorms than anywhere else in the United States. All thunderstorms are considered dangerous because they contain lightning and can also produce damaging winds, heavy rain which may cause flooding, tornadoes and hail. Florida tornadoes come in all shapes and sizes, and can occur year-round, although most occur in the summer during the afternoon. It is important to know be aware of weather forecasts for your area and know what you would do in the event of a Severe Thunderstorm or Tornado Watch or Warning.\nThe National Weather Service and the Florida Division of Emergency Management will conduct the Statewide Tornado Drill at 10:10 a.m. Eastern Time (9:10 a.m. Central Time), on Wednesday, February 4, 2015.\nFloridians are asked to consider themselves under a tornado watch during the morning of February 4. A Tornado Watch means that you should closely monitor the weather and be prepared to go to a safe place in the event of a tornado warning. Once the drill begins you should consider yourself in a Tornado Warning. A Tornado Warning means that a tornado has been sighted or has been picked up on radar in your area. This means that you need to take shelter immediately in a safe sturdy structure. Even if you do not participate in the morning drill, all schools, families and businesses are encouraged to talk about their tornado safety plan that day.\nThe focus on Thursday, February 5 is Hurricanes and Flooding\nThe Atlantic hurricane season officially begins on June 1st and continues through November 30th. Although the number of tropical storms and hurricanes typically peaks during August and September, it is important to remember that Florida can be impacted by tropical weather systems any time during the six-month-long season. Hurricanes and tropical storms can bring dangerous weather, including strong winds, storm surge and coastal flooding, flooding from heavy rain, inland flooding and tornadoes. Be sure to have a family and business disaster plan and emergency supply kit to be prepared!\nThe focus on Friday, February 6 is Temperature Extremes and Wildfires\nFlorida sees a peak of activity beginning in January and continuing until the onset of more frequent rain during the wet season, usually in June. However, wildfires can occur at any time of year. A typical year in Florida will see over 4,600 fires burn nearly 110,000 acres of land. Florida is also home to a wide variety of temperatures that can reach dangerous levels. Always take necessary precautions if you will be exposed to extreme temperatures. Pay attention to fire weather warnings, know what you should do to make your home Firewise, and NEVER play with matches!\nFebruary 2, 2015 9:41", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The issue of verifying the compliance with the requirements for accuracy measurements carried out by means of the automatic analyzer monitoring the condition of atmospheric air is discussed. A measurement model in which dimensionless coefficients reflecting the influence of various factors on the analyzer readings is proposed. The standard and expanded uncertainties in measurements of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide in the air when using the automatic gas analyzer have been evaluated.\nаir, automatic analyzer, the mass concentration of carbon monoxide, the mass concentration of sulfur dioxide, measurement uncertainty, uncertainty budget\n\"Otsenyvanye neopredelennosty yzmerenyi, vыpolniaemыkh avtomatycheskym analyzatorom atmosfernoho vozdukha\" [Evaluation of uncertainty in measurements made with automatic air analyzer],\nInformation Processing Systems,", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "After a record 22 billion-dollar disasters in 2020, it's time to make US disaster policy more effective and equitable – here's how\nBy A.R. Siders, Assistant Professor, Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware\nAllison Reilly, Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland\nDeb Niemeier, Clark Distinguished Chair and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland\nNOAA released its list of climate and weather disasters that cost the nation more than $1 billion each. Like many climate and weather events this past year, it shattered the record.\nRead complete article\n© The Conversation\n- Friday, January 8, 2021", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Join the Conversation\nTo find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs\nWHO-HD forecast: When to expect storms on Friday\nFriday's forecast calls for partly sunny skies and a high of 90 and a low of 70. Expect storms, possibly strong, to move into central Iowa on Friday evening. Cloudy conditions and storms expected Saturday before forecast clears up on Sunday.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Another week of up and down temperatures with more rain chances ahead\nMon evening forecast – Feb 19, 2024\nINDIANAPOLIS (WISH) — Abundant sunshine and 40 degree weather made a difference today in melting a good amount of Friday’s snow. Expect this warmup to persist into midweek.\nRain chances will increase going into the second half of the workweek with another shot of cooler air to follow.\nMonday night: Expect skies to stay mostly clear tonight, which will give way to a cold night as lows will drop into the mid 20s.\nTuesday: After a cold start to Tuesday, we’ll find ourselves warming up into the upper 40s to low 50s. It will also be another bright day for us as well with winds staying light out of the south.\nWednesday: The warmest day of the workweek arrives on Wednesday with cloud cover and winds both expected to increase. Wind gusts at times will be up to 20-25 MPH. These winds will help push our temperatures into the upper 50s with some areas south potentially hitting the 60s.\nThe increased cloud cover will precede our next weather system. There is the chance for some showers Wednesday night.\n8-Day Forecast: Best chance for rain this week will come in on Thursday. A few rumbles of thunder are even possible on Thursday south of Indy, but severe weather is not expected at this time. Thursday will also be another breezy day with highs in the mid 50s. Cooler air will sink in by Friday as highs fall into the mid to upper 40s. This cooldown will be very short lived as temperatures rebound once again going into the final few days of February next week. Temperature outlooks have been consistently showing a good shot for above normal temperatures going into the end of this month. We may also work in more rain next week too.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Bremen has a moderate oceanic climate due to its proximity to the North Sea coast and temperate maritime air masses that move in with the predominantly westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. However, periods in which continental air masses predominate may occur at any time of the year and can lead to heat waves in the summer and prolonged periods of frost in the winter. In general though, extremes are rare in Bremen and temperatures below −15 °C (5.0 °F) and above 35 °C (95.0 °F) occur only once every couple of years. The record high temperature was 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) on 9 August 1992, while the official record low temperature was −23.6 °C (−10.5 °F) on 13 February 1940. On 13 October 2018, Bremen recorded its warmest October day on record with 28.6 °C (83.4 °F). However, the astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers reported to have measured −27,3 °C on 23. January 1823. Being at some distance from the main North Sea, Bremen still has a somewhat wider temperature range than Bremerhaven that is located on the mouth of Weser.\nAverage temperatures have risen continually over the last decades, leading to a 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) rise in the mean annual temperature between 1961–90 and 1981–2010 reference periods. As in most parts of Germany, the year 2014 has been the warmest year on record averaging 11.1 °C (52.0 °F), making Bremen the second-warmest German state after Berlin in 2014. While Bremen is located in the comparatively cloudy northwestern part of Germany, there has been a significant increase in average sunshine hours over the last decades, especially in the months of April, May, and July, causing the annual mean to rise by 62 hours between the two reference periods mentioned above. This trend has continued over the last 10 years, which average 1614 hours of sunshine, a good 130 hours more than in the international reference period of 1961–90. Nevertheless, especially the winters remain extremely gloomy by international standards with December averaging hardly more than one hour of sunshine (out of 7 astronomically possible) per day, a feature that Bremen shares with most of Germany and its neighbouring countries, though.\nPrecipitation is distributed fairly even around the year with a small peak in summer mainly due to convective precipitation, i.e. showers and thunderstorms. Snowfall and the period of snow cover are variable; whereas in some years, hardly any snow accumulation occurs, there has recently been a series of unusually snowy winters, peaking in the record year 2010 counting 84 days with a snow cover. Nevertheless, snow accumulation of more than 20 centimetres (8 in) remains exceptional, the record being 68 centimetres (26.8 in) of snow on 18 February 1979.\nThe warmest months in Bremen are June, July, and August, with average high temperatures of 20.2 to 22.6 °C (68.4 to 72.7 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with average low temperatures of −1.1 to 0.3 °C (30.0 to 32.5 °F). Typical of its maritime location, autumn tends to remain mild well into October, while spring arrives later than in the southwestern parts of the country.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Particulate Pollution Test Apparatus\nIf you want to show how well your product protects hair from particulate pollution, then you may consider performing an anti-pollution test.\nOur anti-pollution test for UV and gaseous pollution uses a custom-built chamber that is able to pass a fixed amount of ozone pollution over the surface of the hair. The chamber has a UV-transparent lid, and is placed inside a solar simulator (Q-Sun), to test the combined effects of gaseous pollution and sunlight. In a typical test pollution levels and sunlight levels are exaggerated. The effects of pollution damage can be measured using differential scanning calorimetry and dry combing.\nFor more information please contact:\nSEM images of particulate pollution on the hair surface. In this experiment the anti-pollution system reduced deposition of particles.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Better Air 91 - Victory\nOut of stockThis item is currently out of stock\nThe Better Air 91 pollution masks help protect against gas based pollution, such as smells, benzene and formaldehyde, particle pollution such as PM2.5, pollen or smoke and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Ideal for cyclists, people in at risk groups for respiratory disease or anyone living in urban environments with high air pollution levels such as China or India.\nNo return, No exchange allowed on this product.\nTags: better air 91", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Planetary engineering projects to cool the planet could backfire quite spectacularly: a new model shows that a “sulphate sunshade” would punch huge holes through the ozone layer above the Arctic.\nTo make matters worse, it would also delay the full recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole by up to 70 years.\nPumping tiny sulphate particles into the atmosphere to create a sunshield that would keep the planet cool was first suggested as a solution to global warming by Edward Teller, a physicist was best known for his involvement in the development of the hydrogen bomb.\nSimone Tilmes of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado, US, used computer models to see how a sulphate sunshade would affect the ozone layer, which protects us from harmful UV rays. She says it could have “a drastic impact”.\nTilmes modelled two different scenarios: one in which “large” particles measuring 0.43 microns in diameter are used, and one where the particles are two-and-a-half times smaller.\nSulphate particles catalyse the breakdown of ozone molecules by chlorine atoms. Western economies have almost entirely stopped using chlorine-based coolants called CFCs, thanks to the Montreal Protocol. However, such substances are increasingly being used in Asia and the atmosphere is still full of CFCs emitted during the 20th century.\nIn January 2008, researchers described how much of each type of sulphate particle would need to be injected into the stratosphere in order to compensate for a doubling in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (Geophysical Research Letters, DOI: 10.1029/2007GL032179). Tilmes used these volumes in her computer models.\nShe found that injections of small particles over the next 20 years could thin the wintertime ozone layer over the Arctic by between 22 and 76%. Large particles, which would have less of a cooling effect, according to previous research, would still reduce Arctic ozone by 15 to 50% during the winter.\nIn the Antarctic, the injections would delay the recovery of the existing ozone hole by 30 to 70 years.\nA thinner ozone layer – popularly known as an ozone “hole” – lets more UV rays through, which can cause an increase in the incidence of various cancers. According to NASA, a 1% decrease in the ozone layer can cause an estimated 2% increase in UV-B irradiation, leading to a 4% increase in basal carcinomas – the most common form of skin cancer.\nIn 2007, Ken Caldeira of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the US found that if a sulphate sunshield were deployed and then removed – for instance because of a change in governments – the effects of global warming after the removal would be far worse than before the sunshield.\nCaldeira has also found that a sunshade could cause severe drought.\nJournal reference: Science (DOI: 10.1126/science.1153966)\nClimate Change – Want to know more about global warming – the science, impacts and political debate? Visit our continually updated special report.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "East of England braces for remnants of Storm Brendan\n- Credit: Getty Images/iStockphoto\nThe Met Office has issued a yellow warning for Tuesday as Storm Brendan approaches.\nThe storm - named by the Irish Met Office - will mostly affect the west of the UK today before moving eastward.\nHeavy rain will come on Tuesday afternoon and there will be gales in the evening across the East of England. A yellow weather warning has been issued with rain expected to last overnight.\nMet Office chief meteorologist Frank Saunders said: \"The UK and Ireland will turn increasingly windy on Monday, as Storm Brendan approaches, and there'll also be some heavy rain.\n\"As Storm Brendan moves eastwards, strong winds will also develop across eastern parts of the UK, particularly northeast Scotland where there is also a wind warning in place.\"\nHe added that the rest of the week \"looks like it's going to stay very unsettled, with the potential for further disruptive weather in places\".\nToday it should just be windy and mild, with some spells of rain.\n- 1 Nottingham man wanted in connection with Welwyn Garden City offences\n- 2 Remembering WGC stalwart Robert Robinson\n- 3 Man 'broke in and tried to steal car' in Potters Bar\n- 4 VOTE: Which is your favourite chip shop in all of Hertfordshire?\n- 5 7 great places to get a bottomless brunch in Hertfordshire\n- 6 Grade II Hatfield hotel refurbishment continues\n- 7 Jobs created as new entertainment centre opens in Hatfield\n- 8 Rent this Welwyn townhouse with River Mimram views for £2,400pcm\n- 9 Ariana Grande and Cynthia Erivo’s Wicked movies to be filmed at new Sky Studios Elstree in Hertfordshire\n- 10 Liam Gallagher and sons star in new Sky special '48 Hours at Rockfield' ahead of Knebworth Park return\nTuesday's persistent rain, according to the Met Office, will clear on Wednesday with dry and sunny conditions becoming the norm by Thursday.\nPlease see metoffice.gov.uk for more information.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Powerful Cyclone May Devastate Fiji\nA powerful cyclone is nearing the Fiji islands in the South Pacific with winds gusts up to 145 miles per hour.\nThe Category 3 storm, “Tropical cyclone Thomas” is expected to land on Tuesday just north of Fiji’s capital of Suva.\nThousands of people have been evacuated from the path of the cyclone. According to the Telegraph.co.uk:\nAn estimated five thousand people have fled their homes to take refuge in 90 hurricane-proof buildings in the northern part of Fiji’s second-largest island Vanua Levu.\nThe storm is expected to intensify in the next 48 hours. Hotels and resorts have been vacated as people flee one the most powerful storms this year.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "You are here\nCold U.S. weather a growing market concern\nCold weather, not drought, is becoming a major concern amongst traders for US weather forecasts in the near term. The unprecedented cold weather as we enter the planting season has left much of the country under snowbanks that typically have drying soils this time of year. A major snowstorm over the weekend dumped a foot of snow over large areas of the central and eastern corn belt (including parts of ILL, IND, OH, KY, and TN) that will further delay the start of spring's work.\nThis is starting to become the story of the 2013 US grain crop, with the unseasonably cold weather leaving the US ill prepared to start the spring's work. Pro Ag would not be surprised to translate this cold weather into a late start for all spring's work across the US, with planting likely to be delayed in the first few weeks of the planting progress report (once it begins to come out). As of today, the cold weather is forecast to continue into the next 2 weeks, which will become prime planting for some of the southern US states.\nThis could result in quite a shift in terms of the marketplace, as last fall the major concern was drought, with most of the country locked in the drought last October. However, the drought is a distant memory for much of the central and eastern corn belt, with only the western corn belt and HRW wheat belt still seeing some impacts of that drought.\nHowever, the cold and relatively wet weather recently has melted even some of those concerns away. It's just hard to develop a drought when temps are 10-15 degrees below normal!\nWe are coming on the third week of consistently cold temperatures across the US growing region, and we still have cold temps forecast for the coming 2 week period as well. That is having an impact on the spring outlook, with less corn acres likely as we encounter planting delays, and potentially more soybean acres than the report due out next week might indicate (which was a survey as of March 1 - before the cold snap began).\nThis cold weather, if it translates into late planting, could reduce the yield potential of grains (especially corn) and the acreage of corn if the delays continue into April - the prime planting month for corn. If we plant less than normal corn during April, that means the 'trend' yields forecast for corn country may not happen. And the entire expected acreage of corn may shift somewhat into soybeans. So the late planting is most bullish the corn market.\nHowever, the late planting in 2013 might not translate into bullish news for all commodities. Wheat might benefit from cold temps into late spring as it means wheat (a cool season crop) will be allowed to develop in cool temps (recall soil moisture is also in deficit yet in many winter wheat states). The combination of cool weather and seasonable precip amounts could improve winter wheat prospects considerably.\nSoybean acreage also could rise due to a cold spring, as any acreage not planted to corn on time could rotate to soybeans. There is still time for the later planting season to come around to better planting conditions, so the soybean crop could still produce trend yields or better with the right combination of rain and heat during summer.\nSo the weather this spring so far is likely bullish corn prices, but more neutral to bearish for wheat and soybeans. Of course, it is still early but so far the weather is lining up to create a more friendly atmosphere for new crop corn prices, and potentially a more bearish atmosphere for wheat and soybeans. Will long corn/short wheat spreads work in the near term? That might be likely as long as the weather remains cool and wet to start the spring!\nThis material has been prepared by a sales or trading employee or agent of Progressive Ag Marketing, Inc. and is, or is in the nature of, a solicitation. This material is not a research report prepared by Progressive Ag Marketing's Research Department. By accepting this communication, you agree that you are an experienced user of the futures markets, capable of making independent trading decisions, and agree that you are not, and will not, rely solely on this communication in making trading decisions.\nDISTRIBUTION IN SOME JURISDICTIONS MAY BE PROHIBITED OR RESTRICTED BY LAW. PERSONS IN POSSESSION OF THIS COMMUNICATION INDIRECTLY SHOULD INFORM THEMSELVES ABOUT AND OBSERVE ANY SUCH PROHIBITION OR RESTRICTIONS. TO THE EXTENT THAT YOU HAVE RECEIVED THIS COMMUNICATION INDIRECTLY AND SOLICITATIONS ARE PROHIBITED IN YOUR JURISDICTION WITHOUT REGISTRATION, THE MARKET COMMENTARY IN THIS COMMUNICATION SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED A SOLICITATION.\nThe risk of loss in trading futures and/or options is substantial and each investor and/or trader must consider whether this is a suitable investment. Past performance, whether actual or indicated by simulated historical tests of strategies, is not indicative of future results. Trading advice is based on information taken from trades and statistical services and other sources that Progressive Ag Marketing believes are reliable. We do not guarantee that such information is accurate or complete and it should not be relied upon as such. Trading advice reflects our good faith judgment at a specific time and is subject to change without notice. There is no guarantee that advice we give will result in profitable trades.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Weather latest: Schools to open fully tomorrow, but be aware of potential flooding\nThe region is slowly returning to normal after last week's snow storms, but Scottish Borders Council has urged the public to prepare themselves for further disruption.\nHere’s an update as to what you can expect in the next few days...\nIt is anticipated that all schools will be open as normal tomorrow (Tuesday), however, some rural school transport may be affected by local conditions.\nA Yellow (be aware) weather warning for snow and ice is valid until 11.55pm today. Following that, a Yellow weather warning comes into force for rain and snow, which runs until 9pm on Tuesday.\nFurther snow showers are expected over higher ground, with rain and sleet at lower levels, where slightly higher temperatures will also bringing a thaw.\nDue to the significant volumes of snow across the region, a thaw at lower levels combined with rainfall of up to 25mm, will likely result in surface water flooding.\nAll domestic waste collections were suspended on Monday, with staff continuing to assist with snow clearance.\nBin collections missed during the adverse weather will be picked up on the next scheduled collection day.\nExcess bagged waste will be collected at this time.\nExcess recycling can be presented except in black bin bags, with clear recycling bags available from SBC Contact Centres.\nWinter maintenance operations were out on primary routes this morning and through the afternoon are working on secondary routes, prioritising school transport routes where possible.\nOngoing efforts are being made to clear the remaining roads which are blocked by snow, however, due to the volume of snow this is proving time consuming, with snow blowers required in some instances.\nTracey Logan, the council’s chief executive, said: “While we continue to deal with snow clearance, we are now preparing for the potential for flooding, ensuring sandbag stores are stocked and checking flood grilles, for example.\n“There is a degree of uncertainty about the volume of rain we may see during Tuesday morning and early afternoon, and combined with the risk of large quantities of melting snow at lower levels, there is a real risk of surface water flooding.\n“We are also closely monitoring local river levels, as they, too, may be impacted depending on at what height and where the thaw occurs.\n“This all brings new challenges for our staff and our communities, and I’d urge residents to make sure they are appropriately prepared.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Nice…For Now!March 11th, 2013 at 7:36 am by Jeremy Wheeler under Weather\nWe had a great weekend with a lot of sunshine. There were a few problems with overwash on the Outer Banks. Also, it stayed a little cool along the beaches with easterly winds. But overall it was great. Today we are expecting a nice southerly breeze (10-15mph). This will help to boost the high temps into the 60s for just about everybody. High pressure will also provide some sunshine, but clouds will try to increase from the west.\nThe rain showers will move in tonight ahead of the cold front. Tomorrow we’ll see rain showers on and off for most of the day. It should be light to moderate, but it is possible that we could sneak in a couple of thunderstorms tomorrow afternoon. That would give us a few spots of heavier showers. We expect a little more than a half inch of rain, but several cities will see up to an inch. At least it will stay warm tomorrow with highs in the low/mid 60s.\nThe cooler weather will steadily seep in Wednesday into Thursday. In fact, we will see highs back in the upper 40s again by Thursday. We’ll try to warm things up by the weekend (mid 50s), but a back door cold front may cool things down again on Sunday.\nFinally, the ocean should be settling down a little bit today. The tides should be going down as well. So we should be good in that regard. There shouldn’t be as much overwash over the Outer Banks, but it should be at a minimum if it hasn’t stopped already.\nMeteorologist: Jeremy Wheeler", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The MET Office has warned that mercury is expected to rise to 40°C in the metropolis today, with a moderate heatwave likely to grip the city.\nAccording to Chief Meteorological Officer Sardar Sarfraz, due to the suspension of sea breeze, a mild heatwave is likely to grip the city and its outskirts over the next two days.\n“The latest meteorological data analysis indicates no significant change in surface wind flow over Karachi so far, so no heatwave condition was observed on Monday,” Sarfraz said. “However, over the next two days, Karachiites may experience heatwave conditions with maximum temperature in the 40-42°C range.”\nSarfaraz added the mercury touched 38°C in Karachi on Monday, though the Met Office had predicted a moderate heatwave in the city from May 17. He added that as no change of wind flow had occurred in the city, the temperature remained less than 40°C, but due to high humidity, which was 62%, it felt like the temperature was very high.\nExperts have warned, that keeping in view the heatwave warning, people should avoid going outside between 11am and 4pm, as the temperature and high humidity can result in sunstroke, especially to those who are elderly and fasting.\n“These days, most people have been fasting, so they can’t drink water during the day. In these circumstances, people who’re fasting should remain indoors to avoid fluid loss and the resulting dehydration,” senior physician Dr Khurram Nizami said.\n“Hot and humid weather can be very dangerous for people who are elderly or have weak immunity, and especially those who are also fasting,” he added.\nThe city administration has said they have also asked tertiary-care health facilities to make arrangements to deal with any emergency in view of a moderate heatwave.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Always wanted to know your tropical cyclones from your typhoons? Your tornadoes from your twisters? It might be simpler than you think.\nCharacteristics, Heavy winds, floods, storm surge, a lot of rain, tornadoes , Heavy. A tropical cyclone is one in which the . Technically, a cyclone is any kind of circular wind storm. What is the difference between cyclone , hurricane , tornado and twister?\nIn the Philipines, it is called typhoon. A powerful typhoon hit the Philippines on Friday before heading toward Vietnam. Learn the difference between hurricanes , cyclones and typhoons.\nHurricanes , cyclones and typhoons are all tropical storms. They are all the same thing but are given different names depending on where they . Geography and the country with the purview of tracking the storm. Discover how thunderstorms, tornadoes , and hurricanes differ with this.\nThese rainbands can produce heavy bursts of rain and win as well as tornadoes. Both storms are tropical cyclones and differ only in their location.\nTyphoon and hurricane are names for the same storm. Cumulus clouds in fair weather. V Yellowstone praská zem, supervulkán sa zobúdza. Tornado Facts Infographic – ABCNews – ABC News.\nThe answer is simple: a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane , a typhoon or a cyclone depending on the ocean basin in which it forms. From rainbows and sunsets to lightning and tornadoes , the winning . Tornadoes and hurricanes appear to be similar in their general structure. Both are characterized by extremely strong horizontal winds swirling around the center , . Commonly referred to as hurricanes in the eastern Pacific, north Atlantic, .", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Area Forecast Discussion\nIssued by NWS Caribou, ME-- Highlight Changed Discussion --\n-- Discussion containing changed information from previous version are highlighted. --\nFXUS61 KCAR 230529\nArea Forecast Discussion\nNational Weather Service Caribou ME\n129 AM EDT Sun Apr 23 2017\nA trough of low pressure will cross the area this evening. High\npressure builds from the southwest late tonight into Sunday. A\nweak cold front will move through the region Sunday night. High\npressure returns Monday into Tuesday.\n.NEAR TERM /THROUGH TODAY/...\n130 am update...\nNo chgs needed at this time. Temps are holding nearly steady and\nlow clds along with areas of fog are enveloping CWA as winds go\ncalm. Showers hv mvd into New Brunswick as expected.\nOrgnl Disc: Low pressure is moving south of the Gulf of Maine\nand well south of Nova Scotia. As it moves eastward, an inverted\ntrough extends to the northwest towards a decaying low in\nQuebec. As this inverted trough and associated upper level\ntrough cross this afternoon and evening, it will cause continued\nlight rain, drizzle and snow. The snow will be mostly in higher\nterrain and is not expected to accumulate...especially since\nmost of the precip will have fallen by nightfall. With lower\nlevels saturated, drizzle continuing, and light winds, fog will\ntend to thicken and become more widespread later in the evening.\nTemperatures will only fall a degree or two overnight from this\nafternoon`s readings. The fog and low level moisture will\nslowly erode during the course of Sunday. A southwest wind will\ncommence later in the morning towards midday and accelerate\nclearing. With a warming air mass ahead of the cold front,\ntemperatures will quickly shoot into the 50s and a few 60F\nreadings are possible towards southern Penobscot County on\n.SHORT TERM /TONIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY/...\nA cold front pushing into the CWA Sun night will bring some rain\nshowers to the Crown of Maine, but precip is expected to fizzle\nbefore it moves south of the Katahdin region. The surface\nboundary will push south to Bangor by sunrise, and to the coast\nby around 8am, if not a bit earlier. However, that`s about as\nfar as the front gets before it stalls near the coast during the\nday Mon, then weakens and dissipates Mon night.\nThe next system will approach from the Southeastern US, with\nprecip spreading into the CWA from south to north Tues afternoon\nand evening. Given that this system is associated with a 500mb\ncut-off low, it`s not surprising that there are some timing\ndifferences between the models. The CMC was the fastest, while\nthe ECMWF was on the slower side. The GFS was in the middle, but\nsomewhat skewed toward the ECMWF solution. The forecast for\nnorthward advance of the POPs was weighted more toward those two\n.LONG TERM /TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY/...\nThe Low will continue to advance northeast Tue night through\nWed, and is likely to cross Cape Cod Wed eve or night, then move\nacross the CWA Wed night or early Thu AM. The heaviest, most\nwidespread rain appears likely between 00z Wed and 00z Thu. As\nthe sfc low approaches Maine, the upper-level feature will begin\nto weaken and get absorbed into the broader flow, and upper-\nlevel ridging following right on the heels of the sfc low may\nlead to a fairly quick end to precip as the sfc low passes.\nS`ly winds on Thu may push temps above normal, though mostly\ncloudy skies appear likely to persist as the next system\napproaches from the west. This system, a weakening front, may\nbring some rain to the area, but there are disagreements on\ntiming. The GFS would bring rain in Thu eve and night, but the\nECMWF and CMC both hold off toward sunrise Fri. Regardless, POPs\nwere kept under 50 pct at this point, and as the front weakens,\nprecip may dissipate during the day Fri. There are hints of\nanother system impacting us Fri night into Sat, but as of now\nthere is significant model discrepancy regarding the timing and\nform of both the upper-level flow and sfc features.\n.AVIATION /06Z SUNDAY THROUGH THURSDAY/...\nNEAR TERM: IFR/LIFR expected all terminals until 12z this\nmorning. After this time winds will slowly increase and allow\ncigs to lift and fog to begin to dissipate. MVFR expected after\nmid-morning for northern terminals and after 12z at BGR and BHB.\nExpect southern sites will be VFR after 19z while northern\nterminals will hang onto MVFR a little longer. FVE may\nexperience MVFR last several hours of TAF valid time as showers\nmove in from the north along cold front.\nSHORT TERM: Some MVFR to psbl IFR CIGs are likely with the front\nfor KPQI to KFVE between 00z and 09z Mon. Areas of IFR vsby and\nCIGs are likely to develop with fog for KBHB and KBGR between\n06z and 12z Mon, and could linger a little longer for KBHB\ndepending on the timing of frontal passage. Otherwise, a return\nto VFR conditions expected Mon afternoon and night. Mid-level\nclouds spread south to north during the day Tue, with MVFR\nconditions developing Tue eve as rain spreads north. MVFR to\nIFR conditions are expected Wed into Wed evening with areas of\nheavy rain. Expect clearing late Wed night into Thu.\nNEAR TERM: Rain, drizzle and reduced visibility can be expected\nthrough this evening. Seas will slowly decrease from 4 to 5 feet\ntowards around 2 feet by later Sunday. Winds will also tend to\ndecrease through the period as high pressure builds.\nSHORT TERM: Gusty SW winds expected Sun night and may approach\nSCA criteria, then drop off sharply Mon AM. Some areas of dense\nfog are also possible overnight into the morning hours.\nModerate E-NE`ly breezes with freshening gusts are on order Mon\nnight and Tue, approaching SCA levels. Seas will build toward\nSCA levels later Tuesday, as well.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office 6 (MGB-6) issued a landslide and flood advisory to the local government units in coordination with the field offices (PENROs and CENROs) of the DENR Regional Office 6 and the Department of the Interior and Local Government here in Region 6.\nIn the advisory, MGB-6 warns that the Low Pressure Area and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) may trigger landslides and floods in the areas of Western Visayas classified as susceptible to landslide and flood based on the Geohazard Maps (1:10,000 scale). Roads and bridges prone to landslide and flood hazards may also be closed if necessary based on actual conditions on the ground.\nMGB-6 refers to the Weather Advisory No. 1 and Thunderstorm Advisory No. 19 issued by PAGASA-DOST at 4:00 PM on May 3, 2020. “The Low-Pressure Area was estimated based on available data in the vicinity of Marihatag, Surigao del Sur or at 60 km Northeast of Hinatuan, Surigao Del Sur (8.8°N, 126.0°E) embedded along the ITCZ affecting Mindanao. The combined effect of the LPA and ITCZ will bring scattered light to moderate with occasional heavy rains over Mindanao, Visayas, and Bicol Region.”\n“Moderate to occasionally heavy rain showers with lightning and strong winds due to thunderstorms are expected over Negros Occidental (Calatrava, San Carlos City and Toboso) which may persist within 1 to 2 hours and may affect nearby areas. However, these weather conditions may persist in all of Western Visayas,” PAGASA said.\n“Residents of the aforementioned areas, especially those living in areas identified to be highyl susceptible to flooding and rain-induced landslides, are advised to take appropriate actions, coordinate with the local disaster risk reduction and management offices, and continue monitoring for updates, especially the Thunderstorm/Rainfall Advisories and Heavy Rainfall Warnings to be issued by PAGAS Regional Services Divisions.”", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "In climatology, the degree to which a point on the earth's surface is in all respects subject to the influence of a landmass; the opposite of oceanicity (or oceanity). Continentality usually refers to climate and its immediate consequences. Usually, it is measured by the range of temperature, either the daily range or the difference between the average temperatures of the warmest and coldest months. Since the latter increases with the latitude, a convenient measure is the annual range of temperature divided by the sine of the latitude. In another form, the difference between January and July mean temperatures at a station is divided by the difference between the January and July means for the whole circle of latitude. An index of continentality, or coefficient of continentality, , has been formulated by V. Conrad as follows: where is the difference between the mean temperature (°C) of the warmest and coldest months and φ is the latitude of the place in question. Conrad, V., 1946: Methods in Climatology, Harvard University Press, 296–300.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "WGN Morning News\nWGN TV Schedule\nMan of the People\nSee complete forecast\nSevere weather alert\nWeekend will be both warm and cool\nPosted 6:07 PM, October 12, 2017, by\nUpdates at Chicago Weather Center\n2 in custody after lengthy police standoff in Antioch\nIllinois residents fleeing state for financial reasons\nWGN Friday Trivia Special\nChicago’s upcoming Memorial Day weekend to be the warmest Sat/Sun period in 8 months—temps 22-degrees higher than a week ago; back-to-back 90-degree highs possible—the first May 90s in 5 years; a few isolated t-storms can’t be ruled out\nDoes the volcanic eruption in Hawaii affect our weather here in Chicago?\nWhite Sox roll Indians 11-1\nWarm weather for the weekend\nShowers this weekend and a warm and stormy week to follow\nCooler weekend but then a big warm up\nTemps rise into the weekend, then go back down\nWeekend snow possible, warm-up coming next week\nMild weekend, warm-up on the way\nMike Janssen named WGN News weekend weather forecaster\nSnow expected in parts of Chicago area, then a warm up\nApril snow causes slick roads, crashes during AM commute\nCooler weekend but warm up comes late next week\nAsk Tom Why\nHistorically, who has better opening day weather, Cubs or Sox?\nAnother round of showers expected tonight\nDays of rain brings flooding to Chicago area\nSend to Email Address\nYour Email Address\nPost was not sent - check your email addresses!\nEmail check failed, please try again\nSorry, your blog cannot share posts by email.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Weather and Range Technology\nWeather Capabilities / Services\nKSC has developed and utilizes the latest technology to predict and understand weather constraints related to ground operations and launch to protect personnel and flight hardware. Additionally Kennedy has advanced radar capability to monitor launch vehicle dynamics, flight performance, and debris events during launch, ascent, and landing.\nA two phase lightning policy was implemented in mid-1990’s saving KSC in excess of $1M annually in lost down time.\n- 50 MHz Doppler radar wind profiler\n- Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) system\n- Upgraded lightning launch commit criteria to increase launch availability and improve safety\n- Real-time launch tracking of vehicle radar signature, staging dynamics, debris events, and plume signature\n- Radar data to identify release site, reconstruct trajectory, dimensions (less than 0.5 in^2) and material composition of liberated debris\n- Relative in-flight motion, bending, and flexure detection within the vehicle stack (includes wings, tail, and engines)\n- Applied Meteorology Unit\n- Weather Data Archive\n- Wind, temperature, and humidity measurements on three lightning protection towers at LC-39B\n- Portable hail detection and sizing equipment (10 to 20+ mm)\n- High resolution C-Band wide-band, coherent radar\n- Two X-Band Weibel Doppler radars (portable) – offshore & down range operations\n- Advanced software tools for ascent or orbital object analysis\n- Detected and tracked astronaut tool bag lost during STS-126 EVA\n- Successful ARES I-X relative in-flight motion detection of 0.2 to 0.4 inche\nEastern Range and Kennedy Space Center Meteorological Products/Services\nTo provide maximum launch availability, climatological data is available and within 10 days of launch, model data can be utilized to adjust launch times.\nThe Eastern Range (ER) has the highest launch rates in the US. ER forecasters have extensive experience in supporting daily operations and launch over a wide range of weather situations.\nMeteorological DataKSC/ER have most comprehensive instrumentation suite for assuring safe operations and launch, while providing for maximum launch and operational availability. Readily accessible weather data for investigative analysis and problem resolution. Unique data sets include wind profiling radars up to 60 kft, array of electric field sensors, array of wind sensors, lightning sensors, lightning video capture and more.\nForecast SupportFacility-specific forecasts, watches and warnings ensure safe operations and rapid return to operations after hazardous conditions have moved out of the area.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "The southeastern United States may face the return of severe weather, including tornadoes, next week.\nThe same winter storm threatening to spread disruptive snow and rain across the East could also trigger severe thunderstorms.\nWhile the exact track and strength of the storm will determine the extent of the severe weather danger, areas from the central Gulf Coast to Florida and the coastal Carolinas are on alert for potentially violent thunderstorms.\nThe danger should unfold generally from west to east from Monday night to Wednesday.\nSome of the same communities at risk are still cleaning up from the damage left behind in the wake of the damaging thunderstorms and tornadoes from earlier this week.\nThe strongest thunderstorms next week will be capable of producing damaging winds, hail, downpours and tornadoes.\n\"The threat of a few tornadoes looks highest across southern Georgia and northeastern Florida Tuesday afternoon and evening,\" AccuWeather Enterprise Solutions Storm Warning Meteorologist Alex Avalos said.\nResidents should also use the preceding quiet weather to review severe weather preparedness tips, especially with more severe weather outbreaks to follow this spring.", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "Slovakia might experience the first heatwave of 2021 in the coming days.\nHigh temperatures exceeding 30 degrees Celsius are expected in some places on June 15 (Tuesday) and June 16 (Wednesday). They should last until the end of the week.\n“We can gradually expect very hot and dry weather, and there might be the first tropical day on Tuesday,” the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ) said, as quoted by the TASR newswire.\nApart from tropical days, meteorologists forecast tropical nights, when temperatures are expected to exceed 20 degrees Celsius.\nStill, the SHMÚ issued a first-level warning against low morning temperatures for central Slovakia and some northern districts of western Slovakia for June 15.\nHot June is no exception\nThe temperatures in Slovakia rose significantly in early June, with temperatures reaching the long-term average of the years 1981-2010.\n“Besides high temperatures, the weather is dry since the precipitation from the first days of June could not compensate for the high vaporisation during this period,” SHMÚ commented, as quoted by TASR.\nThough more intensive heat waves are expected in July and August, extremely high June temperatures are nothing extraordinary. The hot weather might be especially unpleasant during nights when the air does not cool down enough, according to meteorologists.\n14. Jun 2021 at 11:11 | Compiled by Spectator staff", "label": "Yes"}
+{"text": "mix down dust in the wind\nby EnterpriseLady • January 16, 2012\nListen to track:\nAbout mix down dust in the wind:\nMy version of Dust In the Wind by kansas.. I was learning to use the mixer a bit .. hope U like it...\n|Statistics for this mp3:|\n|Last 7 days||Total|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "One of the major pollution problems of large cities is disposal of.\nLand Soil Pollution\nEnvironmental Environment Pollution\nEssay On Air Pollution\nFarming Rural SettlementPollution Essay 5 (200 words) Pollution has become a major environmental issue as it has created lots of health hazards to the people and animals of any age group.\nLand Pollution Effects\nAn Essay in Hindi On Water PollutionThe dictionary definition of pollution is to make air, water, soil, etc. dangerously dirty and not.Majestic essay about land pollution cause and effect draws out.\nEnvironmental PollutionLand pollution thesis statement Cokestained blousejesus arent watching each expounds english essays reading her ir infrared.\nEnvironmental Pollution EssayThe major types of environmental pollution are air pollution, water.Environmental pollution is the biggest menace to the human race on this planet today.\nPollution during Industrial RevolutionThis essay will give an overview of the sources as well as the.\nHow Humans Affect the Environment Photo EssayEnvironmental Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful pollutants into the environment.\nThis response shows marginal what can we do to help reduce air pollution essay competence in writing,. councils and governments can help prevent land pollution,...\nEssay On Noise PollutionLand Pollution Essay In Gujarati Pdf But then my friends assured me that I can trust your website.Study causes, pollutants, garbage, landfills, trash, and facts.\nThe three main pollution that happen in Malaysia are air pollution, water pollution and land.The three main pollution that happen in Malaysia are air pollution, water pollution and land pollution.Come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays.\nEffects of Land Pollution Land Pollution Facts By Sarabeth Asaff The effects of land pollution can be found everywhere.Land is getting heavily polluted now-a-days by toxic materials and dangerous micro-organisms which enter the air, water and the food chain.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, year round.\nCurrent and Forecast Conditions\nBe prepared! Always check the weather forecast, Medano Creek conditions and forecast flow, Medano Pass Primitive Road conditions, and any alerts before your visit. Plan ahead for conditions to expect each month of the year.\nThe Visitor Center is open every day of the year except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day.\nPiñon Flats Campground is open April through October each year (closed November through March). Car camping is not permitted in the national park or preserve during these winter months. A few area campgrounds are open throughout the year. The Medano Pass Primitive Road (high clearance 4WD) is open for driving and camping late spring through fall, as road conditions permit. Backpacking is available year round, but you must be prepared for snow and frigid nighttime temperatures in winter, and potential spring and summer storms that can bring high winds or lightning and rain. Check the weather forecast before you visit!\nLast updated: June 12, 2023", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "RAIN OF LIGHT\n– A public space acknowledging rain as the author of architecture.\nThe way we perceive rain affects our conception of the city. In Gothenburg where it rains frequently, rain is often perceived as dark, gloomy and cold, unlike bright, sunny weather. People tend to avoid rain and seek shelter from it or stay inside. Walls and roofs are built up in response to the weather and our connection to the outside world is lost. During the rainy days the use of public space is reduced.\nThis thesis explores how to increase the use of public space by using rain as an element of design. This proposal allows to embrace the rain and the discomfort of it to create a better connection to nature in an urban context. It aims to highlight different aspects of rain and encourages the sensation of the weather to contradict the negative perception of it. This is best presented trough a public pavilion where people can take shelter and experience the rainfall at the same time. By constructing a pavilion that is responsive to the weather the resulting architecture can embody the site fully and create a closer relationship to the nature in an urban context.\nTo read more about the project download the booklet and abstract below.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Georgetown, CO Sept. 22--It's snow time! Loveland Ski Area in Colorado will begin making snow this Friday, September 24, due to a recent cold front that has hit the region.\nOvernight lows in the 20's and several inches of snow in the higher elevations, have combined to create the ideal conditions needed for Loveland to fire up their new \"Lenko-Original Snow\" fully automated snow guns. \"For the past two weeks or so, the nighttime temperatures have been hovering around the freezing level,\" said Kevin Wright of Loveland Ski Area. \"We hope the temperatures stay around freezing so we can make as much snow as possible.\"\nThe six new snow guns are capable of making 25-percent more snow than a conventional gun using the same amount of water. The guns are computer controlled, so they can run without human assistance. The guns turn on-and-off and adjust both water and air pressure levels in response to the outside temperature and humidity.\n\"We think the new guns will increase our snowmaking capability,\" continued Wright. \"With the perfect weather conditions and the guns producing more snow, we hope to open up earlier with more snow than usual.\"\nLast year, Loveland opened in the third week of October, with a base of about a foot. This year, Loveland hopes to open in the first or second week in October with a deeper base.\nThe ski area will offer their discounted season passes until opening day, so call 800-736-3SKI for more information.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Airborne Tactical Advantage Company LLC (ATAC) announced today that it has been selected to provide Eglin Air Force Base with adversary air live training under the Combat Air Forces (CAF) Contracted Air Support (CAS) program. Under the award, worth up to $92 million, ATAC will provide adversary air live training to F-22 and F-35 pilots at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The award provides for over 1,100 sorties per year for up to 4.5 years, which will be provided by ATAC’s fleet of Mirage F1 fighter aircraft and is expected to commence by January 2021. ATAC’s flight operations at Holloman AFB are scheduled to commence this month and at Luke AFB by the end of this year.\nThe award is the last of an initial round of 6 operating locations (OLs) the Air Force has selected under the CAF CAS program, with the Air Force stating its intention to eventually contract for such services at up to 22 OLs: 12 for adversary air and 10 for contracted close air support (CCAS). ATAC has now been selected for three of those adversary air OLs: Eglin Air Force Base, FL, Holloman Air Force Base, NM, and Luke Air Force Base, AZ. Additionally, ATAC was selected to provide CCAS training for U.S. Air Force Special Operations Command Joint Terminal Air Controllers (JTACs) under the same program.\nATAC is the global leader of tactical airborne training, having pioneered much of what are now contracted air services industry standards with a fleet of over 90 aircraft, over 65,000 flight hours, and 20 years of operating experience. ATAC has provided a wide range of contracted air support capabilities to the U.S. Department of Defense in locations world-wide, including the Continental United States, Hawaii and the Western Pacific region. ATAC has helped train crews from the U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force and U.S. Marine Corps and regularly operates out of as many as 25 different air bases per year. ATAC provides the highest quality live training to squadrons, Air Wings, and Battle Groups.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The United States and its allies staged 29 air strikes on Islamic State targets in Syria and Iraq in the latest round of daily attacks, the Combined Joint Task Force said on Thursday.\nIn Iraq, the coalition conducted 17 air strikes near Tikrit, where Iraqi forces have mounted an offensive to try to oust Islamic State militants from the city. Seven air strikes were conducted against Islamic State targets in other parts of Iraq.\nIn Syria, four air strikes hit Islamic State positions near the city of Kobani and one strike hit near Raqqa.\nThe air strikes occurred between Wednesday and Thursday mornings.\nReporting by Eric Beech; Editing by Sandra Maler", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Your Shopping Cart is empty.\nGive it purpose - fill it with water filters, air filters, refrigerator filters, and more.\nThe GeneralAire 4785 is the correct replacement air proving switch for the following air cleaner models:\nThe GeneralAire G8-0217 Cleaner Air Proving Switch is a replacement collecting cell for the GeneralAire Grill Mount Air Cleaner. The GeneralAire G8-0217 air proving switch is installed next to the 24V transformer of your GA52F32 electronic air cleaner. The GeneralAire 4785 air proving switch is a vital electronic component of your air cleaner model and is an OEM replacement part.\nGeneralAire G8-0400 Air Cleaner Collecting Cell specifications:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Global Thermostat has partnered with a multinational industrial gas and engineering company. GT’s unprecedented on-site, air capture technology makes us an attractive addition to CO2 providers. The industrial gas sector is concerned with producing large quantities of pure gases that are commonly used in industry, which is precisely what GT’s technology is meant for. Additionally, the demand for CO2 is on the rise due to the innovation surrounding uses for CO2. Relatively recent research from the University of Delaware has converted carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, which is a gas that has many industrial applications as well.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The States of Matter\nThe Respiratory System\n|Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure in the gaseous phase in contact with the liquid. In other words, the number of molecules of gas dissolved in solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.|\nHenry's law helps to predict the amount of each gas which will go into solution. However, different gases have different solubilities which a constant of proportionality in the law takes into account.\nThe MCAT loves straightforward questions on Henry's Law because it is one of those physical science principles directly applicable to medical education. Henry's Law is crucial to the understanding of gas exchange in the lungs. Blood entering the lungs contains more carbon dioxide than would correspond to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air, so carbon dioxide gas leaves the blood and enters the lungs. The opposite situation applies to oxygen gas, so oxygen leaves the alveolar air to enter the blood.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Science Fair Project Encyclopedia\nThird Air Force\nThird Air Force was established in 1940 as the Southeast Air District to provide air defence for that part of continental United States, it also provided air defense and conducted combat training for personnel of newly formed units in World War II. After the war it served Tactical Air Command, then inactivated.\nCommands During World War II\n- II Air Support Command 1942-43\n- III Air Support Command 1943\n- III Bomber Command 1941-46\n- III Fighter Command 1941-46\n- III Reconnaissance Command 1942-46\n- III Tactical Air Command 1942-45\nThe Third Air Force returned to active service in 1951 as one of the tactical air forces of U.S. Air Forces Europe, the other being the Sixteenth Air Force based at Aviano AB , Italy. The 3rd Air Force is based at RAF Mildenhall in the United Kingdom.\n- 100th Aerial Refueling Wing - RAF Mildenhall\nThe contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Nike Air Max 2090\nMixing the past with the future, Nike's new Air Max 2090 takes inspiration from the iconic Air Max 90 - the tab on the heel is the most obvious one. Sitting on top of an Air Max 200 heel unit, the translucent-layered Ice Blue upper ic coupled with Volt accents on a white midsole.\nMax Air Cushioning\nStyle Code: CT7695-400\nColourway: Ice Blue/Laser Orange/White/Black", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "When water boils its temperature increases?\nWhen water boils its temperature remains constant. It is because of latent heat. The heat given to the system is spared for phase transition of water. The heat given to the system is absorbed as latent heat.\nWhen water boils its temperature a remains the same B first increases and then decreases C decreases D increases?\nSo, during phase change there is no increase or decrease in temperature and the heat supplies is use as latent heat of vaporization. Option (C) is correct. Therefore, the temperature remains same when water boils.\nWhat happens to temperature of water while it is boiling?\nWhen boiling occurs, the more energetic molecules change to a gas, spread out, and form bubbles. These rise to the surface and enter the atmosphere. … Therefore the temperature of the liquid remains constant during boiling. For example, water will remain at 100ºC while boiling.\nWhen you boil water Why does the level of liquid decrease?\nThe vapor pressure of a liquid lowers the amount of pressure exerted on the liquid by the atmosphere. As a result, liquids with high vapor pressures have lower boiling points.\nCan water boil at 200 degrees?\nSea Level: Water boils at 212 degrees F. and simmers at 190 degrees F. … Simmer– 185 to 200 degrees F.\nIs steam hotter than boiling water?\nThe steam is no hotter than the water but it contains more usable heat energy per gram, and it can release that heat as it encounters a cooler medium and makes the phase-change back to water.\nWhy doesn’t the temperature of water change when it boils?\nAt the boiling point, temperature no longer rises with heat added because the energy is once again being used to break intermolecular bonds. Once all water has been boiled to steam, the temperature will continue to rise linearly as heat is added.\nWhen water boils its temperature class 9?\nAt an atmospheric pressure of exactly 760mm Hg (1 atm), the temperature at which a liquid boils is called the normal boiling point of the liquid. For water, the vapour pressure reaches the standard atmospheric pressure of 1 atmosphere at 100°C. So the normal boiling point of water is 100°C (212°F or 373K).\nWhy is the constant temperature of boiling water on a hot stove evidence that boiling is a cooling process?\nIt gives kinetic energy to molecules and water molecules start moving faster and converted to vapor phase with rise in a temperature to boiling point. The atmospheric pressure, here allows the vapors to condense again and change into water (liquid phase). This is the evidence that the boiling is a cooling process.\nWhat happens to the powder when water starts to boil?\nAnswer Professional Verified\nThe liquid turns into gas when a water temperature reaches it boiling point. And if the fluid has any powder on it, the powder molecules will mix up to the water and the water will take the color and taste of the powder.\nWhat is the temperature of boiling water after 2 minutes?\nAfter boiling a cup of water, I recorded its temperature every minute for thirty minutes.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Prime Minister is to be asked to intervene to save Plymouth City Airport, even if that means nationalising it to stop it from being redeveloped.\nCouncillors today voted overwhelmingly in favour of calls to make it a national asset. The vote came at the end of a special debate prompted by the biggest petition in the city's history.\nHere's our Plymouth Correspondent Jonathan Gibson:\nMore top news\nA chilly, even frosty start to the morning, expect showers at lunchtime - some heavy and a cutting wind.\nIt'll be a frosty start to Tuesday morning with showers and hail later, but some sunny spells.\nIt's going to be a frosty start to Tuesday morning with showers and hail expected later in the day.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "There will be\n4.87 mm more rainfall in Sydney than in Townsville\nover the next ten days.\nThe weather is expected to be\n22°C cooler than\nif the weather forecasters have predicted correctly!\nThe days of the week where direct flights between Townsville and Sydney are currently available\nare Sun., Mon., Tue., Wed., Thu., Fri. and Sat.\nWhich airlines fly from Townsville to Sydney?\nOur recent data shows 6\ncurrently operating direct flights from Townsville to Sydney\n, including Hong Kong Airlines, Etihad Airways, Qantas Airways.\nThere have been\n8 users looking for flights to Sydney from Townsville\nin the past thirty days.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "1. Non-metal atoms combine to make\n1 of 10\nOther questions in this quiz\n2. How were the oceans formed?\n- the first atmosphere cooled and water vapour condensed\n- it rained and filled where the oceans are now\n3. Coal is a carbon. In a plentiful air supply it burns to form .....\n- carbon dioxide\n4. Elements are made of\n5. In a limited supply of air Coal burns to form...\n- Carbon Monoxide\n- Carbon Dioxide\nSimilar Chemistry resources:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "HAMDEN, Conn. (WTNH) - United States Senator Chris Murphy will be taking a firsthand look at the storm damage in Hamden on Wednesday afternoon.\nIt has been two weeks since severe storms and a tornado tore through the town, but people are still trying to clean up the debris.\nSenator Murphy is urging any homeowner affected by the storm to report the cost for both insured and uninsured damages as soon as possible.\nThat's because he and other lawmakers are pushing for a federal disaster declaration to get financial help from the Federal Emergency Management Agency.\nHe is expected to tour the storm damage at 1:30 p.m. on Wednesday in Hamden.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "ED C3P1825 18X25X1 CRBN MED 3-PAK\nThe X7323 Dynamic Air Cleaner media filters works with the X7322 Dynamic Air Cleaner. click here to learn more about the Dynamic Air Cleaner X7322.\nDynamic Air Cleaners make your home cleaner, healthier and safer for you and your family! Dynamic Air Cleaners turn your central heating and cooling system into a high efficiency air cleaning system. It will remove sub-micron particles and other contaminants that most filters miss. The Dynamic Air Cleaners will capture over 97% of particles .3 microns in size including pollen, mold spores, bacteria, odors and smoke.\nDynamic Air Cleaners install into the filter tracks in your current air handler. This eliminates the need for costly duct work modifications. Dynamic Air Cleaners provide safe, quiet, dependable operation for your family.\n|Brand||Dynamic Air Cleaner|\n|Dimensions (Inches)||18 x 25|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Latitude and longitude are imaginary lines drawn on maps for the purpose of easily locating any place on Earth. Any place can be identified by a given set of latitude and longitude coordinates. Both are measured in degrees.\nThe latitude is measured as the distance in the north or south direction of the Equator. The North Pole has a latitude of 90 degrees N (north), while that of the South Pole is 90 degrees S (south). On the other hand, the longitude is measured as the distance in the east or west direction of the Prime Meridian (an imaginary line that runs from north to south and passes through Greenwich, England). The longitudes extend up to 180 degrees E (east) or 180 degrees W (west).\nDo note that both the latitude and longitude are imaginary lines and present us with the means of locating any place.\nOne can find the latitude and longitude of any place by using a number of online links available from NASA and other websites.\nHope this helps.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A little over a week ago, we were wishing we had more snow. It wasn’t that we lacked snow depth; we groomed for the first time on November 4, and we’ve had skiable snow ever since. But it was getting to be old snow. The snow had survived a few warmish days, had been tilled up and packed down numerous times, and it didn’t have that sparkly look and feel that a new fresh snow has.\nAs they say, be careful what you wish for.\nNew snow is not a problem anymore. We received over 8 inches of snow over 48 hours early in the week, followed by 3 1/2 more inches on Friday, and a good 10 inches on Saturday night.\nGroomers were out right way Sunday morning and the trails are in excellent shape.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "East winds, East winds is home to what many consider the island’s finest beach shared only by a small number of like-minded travelers. guests at east winds can expect. Home page | east winds school of t'ai chi ch'uan, Based in the east neuk of fife, east winds provides training in traditional yang family t’ai chi ch'uan as taught by yang zhen ji (the second son of yang cheng-fu).. East winds symphonic band | a community band based in the, Based in the eastern suburbs of pittsburgh, pa, the east winds symphonic band performs a variety of music arranged for concert band, including symphonies, marches and.\nGulf winds east home, Your gulf winds east townhome is just steps away from the beach, and only a short distance from world class dining, entertainment, and shopping.. Traditional chinese medicine & herbs | east earth trade winds, East earth sells the best traditional chinese herbs and ancient oriental medicine online. our store has alternative herbal remedies for sale in bulk.. East wind | long island event venue & catering, Long island's premier luxury destination. welcome to east wind, long island’s premier north shore luxury destination. for over twenty years we have.\nEast wind - wikipedia, An east wind is a wind that originates in the east and blows west. this wind is referenced as symbolism in mythology, poetry and literature.. Trade winds central inn | tulsa hotels | trade winds tulsa, Trade winds central inn has 165 hotel rooms, exercise room, swiming pool, room service, elephant run restaurant and club, banquet facillities, conference rooms, local. East wind condos in ponce inlet florida, Vacation at east wind condominiums in beautiful ponce inlet florida! menu. home; south tower; north tower; off season specials; area attractions.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "CORESTA Meeting, Smoke Science/Product Technology, 2013, Seville, ST 54; TSRC, Tob. Sci. Res. Conf., 2013, 67, abstr. 81.\nAir flow, turbulence and smoke yields. The unexpected consequences of machine design.\nCerulean, Milton Keynes, U.K.\nAn important but little understood factor in the determination of mainstream smoke yield is the impact of air flows during the smoking process. Although the ambient air velocities surrounding cigarettes in an analytical smoking machine during the...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cardinals cruise past MIT in NCAA opening round\nA monster heat wave is gripping much of the nation, producing dangerously high temperatures from the midwest to the northeast. The National Weather Service has issued heat alerts in 21 states. Sally Kidd reports from Washington.\nThree bangs. Four shots. Nine witnesses. \"Blade Runner\" Oscar Pistorius has been on trial for a week, charged with the murder of his girlfriend, model Reeva Steenkamp.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Air Barrier NS-A250-HP is an elastomeric coating for Industrial, Commercial and Residential Air barrier applications. Air Barrier NS-A250-HP has an A1 classification for wind load. It protects the substrate from air-leakage and moisture while remaining breathable, thus allowing for any trapped moisture or condensation to escape. Air Barrier NS-A250-HP is UV stable, eco-friendly, and safe to use. It is a highly versatile elastomeric coating that is cold-applied using a spray system. With its unsurpassed ability to expand and contract, it can easily withstand all weather conditions.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "UV Air Purifiers: Not All They’re Cracked Up to Be\nBy G Clark\nUV air purifiers are one prime example of a product that fails to achieve what it sets out to do - and that might even make the air in your home more hazardous. While there are many great products on the market today that clean the air and improve indoor air quality remarkably well, there are just as many that fall far short of their promise. Clean, breathable air is a hot topic nowadays. Retailers and marketers are definitely aware of this fact, and many of them are trying to cash in on the health craze that's been prompted by the revelation that dirty air can have serious repercussions for one's health and well being.\nUV Air Purifiers: What Are They?\nAccording to the University of Pennsylvania Environmental Health and Safety department, UV air purifiers fall short of actually providing health benefits for the people who use them. UV air purifiers use ultraviolet rays of light to neutralize biological contaminants. There is no question whatsoever that ultraviolet light can, indeed, destroy many offensive microbes. UV light can destroy things like dust mites, mold spores and other types of bacteria. Therefore, UV air purifiers are marketed and advertised as doing exactly that; when people use these machines, they think the air in their home is getting cleaner - but it's not.\nUV Air Purifiers Problems\nThere's no question that ultraviolet light can neutralize and destroy many types of bacteria and other contaminants - as long as it's given an ample amount of time to do so. The problem with UV air purifiers, though, is that they run the air through far too quickly and the UV light doesn't get enough time to really perform its task. The air gets circulated in, is briefly zapped, and is circulated back out again - usually with the same levels of contaminants as it had in the first place. If you use a UV air purifier, you're not really making a dramatic impact on the indoor air quality of your home.\nUV Air Purifiers Potential Dangers\nAs if their ineffectiveness wasn't concerning enough, certain studies have shown that UV air purifiers may actually make the air in your home less healthy than it was in the first place. How? By introducing harmful ozone to it. Indeed, it appears that ozone is often a byproduct of the process behind which UV air purifiers work. Considering that, then, it seems that while a small percentage of bacteria is eliminated, it's being replaced with ozone which can seriously jeopardize your health.\nHEPA Air Purifiers: A Smart Alternative to UV Air Purifiers\nThe report issued by the University of Pennsylvania clearly notes that unless a UV air purifier includes a filter and a fan, it is basically useless. This same report states that by a wide margin, HEPA air purifiers are the most effective way to make the air in your home clean. HEPA filters are the gold standard of air purification systems today, and HEPA air purifiers are head and shoulders above UV air purifiers. HEPA technology genuinely removes up to 99.97% of airborne contaminants, making the air in your home wonderfully safe and much healthier to boot. Unlike UV air purifiers, HEPA air purifiers do not produce any harmful byproducts like ozone. The whole purpose of buying an air purifier is to make the air in your home safe and clean, so it makes sense to use a product that will actually do that.\nBuy a HEPA Air Purifier from Clean Air Plus\nAtClean Air Plus, we don't carry UV air purifiers because we know that they don't work. Our main objective is to provide the best, most effective products for creating clean, healthy air in the home. Therefore, we only sell premium quality air purification systems that help people achieve that goal - and then some. We stock a huge array of different machines, so that there is bound to be something that is perfect for your home. Investing in a HEPA air purifier from Clean Air Plus - whether it's from Austin Air, IQAir or Amaircare - is an investment in quality, and far better than throwing your cash away on a UV air purifier.\nAs soon as your new HEPA air purifier arrives, you and your family can begin enjoying all of the health benefits associated with breathing clean, pure air. At Clean Air Plus, we pride ourselves on only selling the most top of the line equipment; we do the research so that you don't have to, and everything we sell is state of the art. Don't buy a UV air purifier;invest in a HEPA air purifier from Clean Air Plus today.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Smog Check – Test Only\nMay 4, 2018\nWarm Weather Comes The High Desert, What Does Your Vehicle Need?\nThe warm weather of the summer season can have a harsh impact on your vehicle if it’s not maintained properly. Before the weather warms up, let\nDo you like it?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Good morning. It is 59 degrees and cloudy here in the Upper Hudson Valley, the forecast predicts rain and temperatures around 70 degrees this afternoon. The long range forecast shows rain right through Thursday. It's the summer of rain.\nAt 9:15 a.m. ET DOW futures are -21 and the price of oil per barrel is down. The market is poised to open modestly lower.\nBig week on the political front, as usual, as we learn more about Trump-Russia on Wednesday and Thursday. We look forward to Comey's testimony on Thursday. I suspect it will be both damning and reserved. There will be enough information to wet our suspicions but not enough to bring down the hammer. I could be wrong.\nCNN: Gulf diplomatic spat; London attack; Apple developers conference by Ivana Kottasová", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "How to use a medical air disinfection machine to be effective?\nUsed indexes If you want to know the good effect of the equipment SUI, it is best to see the data comparison. The important data of the SUI is the CADR value, which refers to the output of the air per hour. When buying, buyers will say, but generally don’t care too much. You need to know the index. You may wish to see what the appearance of the CADR value is. This is the key indicator of the performance of the medical air disinfectioner.\nLocation The central role of the medical air disinfection in the room is left. Don’t rely on walls or other things, and don’t put it too close to your body.\nSerious air pollution causes the window to turn off When air pollution is severe, when the doors and windows are closed, the medical air disinfectioner can better ensure the purification effect in a closed environment, because it mainly uses a fan to inhale indoor air, purify the equipment through filtering equipment, and discharge fresh air in the left rear.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The day falls dour and dreary.\neffacing winter’s palimpsest,\nprevails upon the weary,\nwell depriving us of any rest.\nThe chill air, still and eerie,\nthe startled trees lift up their arms;\nwhile lonesome, high, and leery,\none far falcon keens the world’s alarms.\nThe circling clouds enfold us,\nand the whispering rain descends:\nbut no hour can ever hold us,\nand every winter ends.\n–25 April, 2020", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This is yet another photo of the truly wonderful orange sunset.\nUploaded: Dec 18, 2016\nTags: Sunset, forest, bright, orange, evening, mountains, pine, tree\nA pine tree in front of the red sunset\nGorgeous colours of sunset over the field\nSunset over the dark forest.\nGorgeous sunset taken on a cold winter day\nChristmas sunset in bright orange shade\nAmazing bright red sunset over the forest\nVibrant colours of a beautiful orange sunset\nBeautiful bright red sunset on a cold winter day after Christmas\nPrisma App Filters AI art - #Geturban\nAutumn HDR Photo\nAgree. It is wonderful", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "It was pouring rain for the morning and then foggy the rest of the day. There weren’t many people on the mountain because of the weather and it was the Tuesday after MLK.\nWe took a few pics, filmed some video, and hit some sweet jumps. Matt crashed big time holding the camera, but he was ok.\nBlue Mountain was really fun and with normal weather conditions it would be a great place to ski, snowboard, and play!\nIf you live in Pennsylvania definitely check it out!\nMatt – That…. was a close one", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Home Air Ventilation, Broan Air Exchanger Air Exchange For Basement Broan Ae60 Balanced Indoor Quality Unit Air Exchanger 160 185 Cfm: awesome broan air exchanger\nPublished at January 27th, 2018 05:13:21 AM by Giordano\nTagged as residential air exchanger object or broan air exchanger filters discussion as well as fresh air systems for homes topic, broan air exchanger parts discussion or broan air exchanger wall control discussion with broan air exchanger controls subject plus Home Air Ventilation, So don't forget to check out the main article in awesome broan air exchanger\n© 2018 skepticrant.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "New Year’s day marks the half way point in the bee’s winter (October thru March). Only 3 months to go before a few nectar sources begin occurring. Something to look forward to. On warm days in late February the bees may be out and about looking for early season pollen from maple trees.\nThe lowest temperature in the ECWBA area so far this winter will occur tomorrow morning when the low is expected to be 7﮿F. Based on my bee log this winter has been warmer than last year. By this time last winter several -10﮿F days and one -14﮿F day had already occurred. These warmer conditions should help with the overall winter survival.\nMore trivia. My records show that eight below 0﮿F nights occurred in January and February last year. Most hives succumb during late January and early February. Well fed and mite free hives, however, won’t have any problem with below zero temperatures. Pre -varroa University of Wisconsin data shows bees can withstand several -40F nights if well fed.\nWith today’s bright sunshine a few bees ventured forth. Apparently, the combination of direct sun and reflected sunshine off the snow warm the hive entrance. Unfortunately, the ambient air temperature is still too cold. Most bees venturing out soon chill and are seen lying in the snow.\nLast night's snow has blocked the lower entrance to the hive. NO PROBLEM, the bees in my hives have an upper entrance. The silver gap you see is the mouse guard, not a wide open entrance.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This climb is in 106 logbooks, and on 2 wishlists.\nClear of snow and cloud until just before the summit of An Cabar. The ridge to GLM was hard ice and neve, with cloud reducing visibility. Tail wind out and then strong wind on return. 5hrs Car to car. BelleVedere - 10/Jan/14 with James S", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "From portable and towable air compressors to air drills, air staplers, and air hammers, we have the air equipment you need, all sourced from top-tier manufacturers to your local United Rentals store. Air compressors provide efficiency, economy and productivity. Smaller portable air compressors are ideal for compact jobsites. Air equipment — drills and hammers for construction or demo jobs, along with general air tools — are designed to reduce air consumption without reducing power, so you can run multiple tools with one compressor unit.\nWhat size air compressor do I need for air tools?\nThe amount of PSI needed for air tools depends on whether the air compressor is portable or stationary as well as the size of the air tool. On average, air tools used with portable air compressors typically require 0 to 5 cubic feet per minute (CFM) at 70 to 90 PSI, and tools connected to stationary air compressor systems typically exceed 10 CFM at 100 to 120 PSI. Learn more with What Size Air Compressor Do I Need?\nCan I run my electric compressor on a generator?\nTo safely run an electric compressor on a generator, you'll need to pair the generator size to the size of air compressor you have. To choose the best generator for your needs, you’ll want to consider wattage, decibel rating and fuel source.\nHow often does the oil need to be changed?\nIt depends on the type of air compressor you have. For rotary air compressors, you should change the oil every 7,000-8,000 hours. The reciprocating air compressor requires oil changes every three months.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Get a view of the breathtaking Göreme Valley in Cappadocia from the air with this scenic hot air balloon experience. Begin your morning by flying above the fairy chimneys and wonderous caves that bring character to the city of Cappadocia. Up in the air you will have opportunities to snap pictures and get a panoramic view, as the winds take you in the direction that it pleases.\nWhat is included:\n- Hotel pick-up and drop-off to and from the location of flight\n- Professional Pilot\n- Great picture taking opportunities", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Compare Airfare & Find Cheap Flights On Insel Air (7I)\nDid You Know?\nThe most popular hub airport for Insel Air is Hato, Curacao.\nInsel Air largest plane has 164 seats.\nInsel Air flies over 146 flights internationally per week.\nInsel Air has 2 flights each week from Luis Munoz Marin International San Juan, United States.\nThe smallest plane that Insel Air flies has 18 seats.\nThe shortest flight on Insel Air is 46 miles from Curacao to Bonaire.\nThe shortest flight on Insel Air is 00:15 hours from Valencia to Curacao.\nInsel Air has 69 flights each week from Curacao.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "From The Saratoga Special, reprinted with permissionName of the Day\nPoetic (sixth race). By Nureyev. Now that's good.\"They must do a lot of walking in Ireland.\"\nJocks' agent Vic Gilardi as bloodstock agent Mike Ryan walked past\nSunday: Partly cloudy with scattered thunderstorms. High near 79F. Winds mostly southeast less than 5 mph. Chance of precipitation 50 percent.Sunday night: Variably cloudy with showers and thunderstorms. Low near 66F. Calm winds. Chance of precipitation 60 percent.Monday (24 hours): Partly cloudy. Skies becoming clear late. Highs in the low 80s and lows in the upper 50s.Tuesday (24 hours): Sunny. Highs in the upper 70s and lows in the upper 50s.Wednesday (24 hours): Sunny. Highs in the low 80s and lows in the upper 50s.Contact Sean Clancy via e-mail at email@example.com or telephone at 518-581-1947.\nMost Popular Stories\n- Podcast: Eclipse Awards 2013: Older Divisions\n- Flashback Likely Pick Among Malibu Probables\n- Storms Eye and Europe to Bearfoot Farms\n- Valenzuela Expects Healthy Santa Anita Meet\n- Digging Deeper into Breeders' Cup Lasix Study\n- Native Diver Monument Moving to Del Mar\n- Brown Enters Pleuven, Request in Dania Beach\n- Stretch Out No Problem for Unbeaten Samraat\n- Rice Plots Spots for Palace; Gravesend Next\n- GII Winner Forty Tales Retires to Sequel NY", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Part of Angkor Wat's allure is its role as the largest temple in a complex of ruins that make up a literal lost city in the middle of the Cambodian jungle. That tropical rainforest's climate is as much a part of the experience of Angkor as the ruins are. The steamy, sticky climate is as bad or worse than the most sweltering summer weather in Louisiana or Florida. Compensating for that oppressive climate is a key element in any visit to Angkor Wat.\nThe monsoons in Cambodia last from May to October. A visitor to Siem Reap at this time can expect a torrential late morning or early afternoon downpour on most days, lasting for one or two hours. Even in the wettest months, though, it doesn't rain every day, and after the daily storm, the overcast skies often break into a moderately sunny, partly cloudy day. The monsoons bring the hottest, most humid weather of the year to Siem Reap, with daytime highs from the upper 80s to the mid-90s Fahrenheit. The high heat and humidity make visiting the forested ruins of Angkor during this period akin to standing in a steam bath.\nMonsoon Season Planning\nBecause it rains almost every day during the monsoons, visitors to Angkor Wat must pack rain gear and dress appropriately. The intensity of the rain makes an umbrella only partially effective, and rain jackets are too hot for the local climate, so a light poncho or something similar is the best choice. Unless you can find adequate shelter during the daily downpour, your shoes will be soaked, so quick-drying sandals are a sensible footwear choice.\nVisitors should carry bottled water and guard against dehydration and heat stroke. You might also want to rise early and start your day in the Angkor archaeological park when it opens to take advantage of the relatively cooler morning hours.\nDry Season Climate\nThe dry season in Cambodia runs from November to April. The temperatures are the same as during the wet season, peaking with daytime highs in the mid-90s in April. The difference is that the humidity is somewhat lower, and it rains much less frequently. November still sees roughly nine rainy days, as the monsoons draw to a close, but January sees on average only one day of rain. The results are clear skies and with them strong tropical sun.\nDry Season Planning\nEven during the dry season, the weather is still hot and humid by American standards, so dehydration and heat-related illnesses remain a serious hazard. Visitors to Angkor Wat must still carry bottled water with them at all times. The strong sun adds the risk of sunburn into the equation. Visitors should wear sun hats, and either apply sunblock to their forearms and other exposed parts or wear light, loose clothing that covers most of their bodies.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- March 21, 2023\n- Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team\n- Category: DPN Topics\nSubject : Geography\n- Equinox today (March 21) marks the end of winter in northern and summer in southern hemisphere.\nAbout Equinoxes (Vernal & Autumnal)\n- The word equinox is derived from two Latin words – aequus (equal) and nox (night).\n- There are only two times of the year when the Earth’s axis is tilted neither toward nor away from the sun, which results in a nearly equal amount of daylight and darkness at all latitudes. These events are referred to as Equinoxes.\n- The equinoxes happen in March (about March 21) and September (about September 23) on these days the Sun is exactly above the Equator\n- The equator and places near the equator experience nearly 12 hours of the day and 12 hours of the night.\n- The phenomenon occurs due to the Earth’s axial tilt, or the angle by which the planet is tilted relative to the Sun.\n- The imaginary axis of our planet is not straight up and down but is tilted by 23.5 degrees.\n- This is why different regions of the Earth experience different measures of sunlight.\n- The days become a little longer at the higher latitudes (those at a distance from the equator) because it takes the sun longer to rise and set.\n- The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with seasons, harvests and livelihood.\n- Therefore, many cultures celebrate various combinations of the solstices, the equinoxes, and the midpoints between them, leading to various holidays arising around these events.\nSolstices (Summer & Winter)\n- The two solstices happen in June (20 or 21) and December (21 or 22). These are the days when the Sun’s path in the sky is the farthest north or south from the Equator.\n- In the Northern Hemisphere, the June solstice marks the start of summer, this is when the North Pole is tilted closest to the Sun, and the Sun’s rays are directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer.\n- The summer solstice occurs when the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer which is located at 23.5° latitude North and for every place north of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun is at its highest point in the sky and this is the longest day of the year.\n- The winter solstice marks the shortest day and longest night of the year, it occurs when the sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn, which is located at 23.5° south of the equator.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Alfonso Pablo Rosabal Edit Profile\nBachelor of Science, Civil Engineering, United States Air Force Academy, 1993; postgraduate, Boston University, since 1994.\nSecond in command Lieutenant, United States Air Force, 1993; advanced through grades to Lieutenant, United States Air Force, 1995; software program manager, ESC/École Normale Supérieure, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts, since 1993.\nCounselor Big Brothers Program, Hanscom Air Force Base, since 1994. Member United States Air Force Academy Association of Graduates, Hanscom Company Grade Officers Council, Harley Owner's Group.\nMarried Michelle Renee Heitz, March 26, 1994.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Vortex Tube is a low cost, reliable, maintenance free way to provide cooling to a wide variety of industrial spot cooling problems.\nThere are two (2) popular uses for the Vortex Tubes. One is to spot cool a warm item as fast as possible. The other is to chill an item to as low a temperature as possible. Because these are very different requirements, different Vortex Tube configurations exist to handle each.\nFor those applications of spot cooling, we recommend the 3200 series of Vortex Tubes. They are designed to be most efficient at providing maximum refrigeration, which is a function of high cold air flow rate and moderate temperature differential of the cold air to the warm item.\nAnd for those applications of chilling an item to a very low temperature at low flow rate , we recommend the 3400 series of Vortex Tubes. They are designed to be most efficient at providing maximum cold air temperatures, but with a lower cold air flow rate.\nAn important parameter for the Vortex Tubes is the Cold Fraction. By adjusting the hot valve on a vortex tube, the amount of air that is discharged through the cold end changes. When expressed as a percentage of the total compressed air that is supplied to the vortex tube, we get the Cold Fraction. For example, if the hot valve is adjusted so that for every 10 parts of compressed air supplied, we get 7 parts of cold air, then we have a 70% Cold Fraction. When you know the Cold fraction setting and the compressed air supply pressure, you can use the Vortex Tube Performance tables and get the cold air discharge temperature.\nUsing the table below left, at 100 PSIG compressed air pressure and a 70% Cold Fraction, we can expect the cold air discharge temperature drop to be 71°F. With 70 ° compressed air temperature, the cold air will be at -1°F.\nThe 3200 series of Vortex Tubes are for use in the 50-80% Cold Fraction range, and the model 3400 series is designed for use in the 20-50% Cold Fraction ranges, to maximize the performance of each.\nIn summary, the selection of the Vortex Tube that best meets the application needs is based on the desired cold air flow rate, and the temperature of air desired. Once these are known, using the tables can provide the information needed to select the best option.\nFor those applications where we are unsure what will work best, we offer the EXAIR Cooling Kits, that include a Vortex Tube (small, medium, or large) and an array of Generators, to allow the configuration of the full range of Vortex Tubes within each size family.\n- Model 3908 – Small Vortex Tube Cooling Kit – build models 3202, 3204, 3208, and 3402, 3404, 3408\n- Model 3930 – Medium Vortex Tube Cooling Kit – build models 3210, 3215, 3225, 3230, 3240, and 3410, 3415, 3425, 3430, 3440\n- Model 3998 – Large Vortex Tube Cooling Kit – build models 3250, 3275, 3298, 3299, and models 3450, 3475, 3498, 3499\nIf you have questions about Vortex Tubes or any of the 16 different EXAIR Intelligent Compressed Air® Product lines, feel free to contact EXAIR and myself or any of our Application Engineers can help you determine the best solution.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Peak Bloom & Blooming Period\nWhen is peak bloom?\nThe peak bloom date is defined as the day when 70% of the Yoshino Cherry (Prunus x yedoensis) blossoms are open. Peak bloom varies annually depending on weather conditions. The most likely time to reach peak bloom is between the last week of March and the first week of April. Extraordinary warm or cool temperatures have resulted in peak bloom as early as March 15 (1990) and as late as April 18 (1958).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Why do some countries have more than one time zone?\nAs earth rotates different parts of the earth receive sunlight or darkness, giving us day and night. As your location on earth rotates into sunlight the sun rises. Since different parts of the earth enter and exit daylight at different times we need different time zones\nJoin Alexa Answers\nHelp make Alexa smarter and share your knowledge with the worldLEARN MORE", "label": "No"}
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+{"text": "Air Movers, or air horns, are used wherever there is a need to disperse fumes, move air into confined spaces, cool men working in elevated temperature conditions, or cool machinery or products with a blast of directed air. Common applications are found in refineries, chemical plants, utilities and congeneration units, metal fabrication plants, paper and pulp plants, shipyards, the marine industry and the steel industry.\nTexas Pneumatic air movers have been tested at an independent laboratory. The free flow ratings listed are based on tests to AMCA Standard 210. Under identical testing situations, Texas Pneumatic air movers equaled or exceeded the air flow of competitively manufactured air movers.\nFeatures of Texas Pneumatic Air Movers", "label": "No"}
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+{"text": "SALE BEGINS IN\nGET INVOLVED & JOIN THE PLANES CLOUD ICO DISCUSSION!\nPlanes Cloud contains two important sectors: dissolution cloud table and accessible cloud data trade. It breaks in a lot of cloud data trades and apply situations, where donation with cloud data is truly compensated by equitable wise settlement to the whole jobholders. Cloud data trade is performed by ground-level API network over the cloud table and consolidate site. For making distributed, high- availability, impervious to blackout cloud table for all analytical cloud data, Planes Cloud forms eco scheme when depot holders are motivated for hiring their abilities to cloud data holders. Planes Cloud functions in the course when a customary distant cloud table, let to ask cloud data, refresh or remove with holding access covertly among you and persons accredited by you.\nStart: 9th September 2017\nEnd: 1st October 2017\nWhitepaper: Read whitepaper\nRole of Token: PST token is intended to perform Planes Cloud contributions, it is marketable.\nProduct Status: ICO\nTeam Leads: Randolph Foston – CEO\nToken Symbol: PST\nWhere to Buy token: Planes Cloud Website", "label": "No"}
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+{"text": "3 UK Sports Slide-Tackling the Climate Crisis\nWhat do golf, cricket, and football all have in common? Climate change.\nClimate change is having different impacts in different parts of the world. While a lot has been reported on it, few give attention to the specific societal changes occurring because of the climate crisis.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Follow us on:\nNews, Weather & Travel\nThis image appears in the gallery:Snowy Snaps\nNot the weather for bouncing around.\nSee the full gallery: Snowy Snaps\nSee more Music News", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "NZDUSD stays above 200 hour MA2 min read\nThree hourly bars closing above 200 hour MA\nThe move to the upside today saw the price eventually break back above its 100 day moving average at 0.71631 and 100 hour moving average currently at 0.71874. The move back below the 100 hour moving average would tilt the short term bias back to the downside.\nThe last technical break has seen the price move back above its 200 hour moving average at 0.72037 (green line in the chart above). The last three hourly bars have closed above that 200 hour moving average level. Stay above is more bullish. Move below and the pair is back between its 200 hour moving average and 100 hour moving average at 0.71874 (green and blue lines). Buyers and sellers would be back to battling it out for control.\nOn more upside momentum, the next upside target comes in at 0.72209 (swing low from April 29), and then 0.72293 (swing highs from April 20 and again on April 27). Above those levels, and traders will be targeting 0.72424 which was the swing high from April 26.\nFor now, buyers are more in control above the 100 and 200 hour moving averages. Move below be more bearish. Stay above and traders would look toward the recent swing high levels as the next topside targets.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Armstrong 1-LDC series Air Trap is special design for low pressure Compressed Air lines. The working condition of Air Trap can be easily seen via clear poly bowl.\nArmstrong Air Trap 213 BVSW series is Inverted Bucket design with enlarged vent and scrub wire to cater heavy oil and dirt in compressed air Receiver or Pipelines.\nJl. Pinangsia Timur No.44\nJakarta 11110, Indonesia\nMon to Fri, 8 am to 4.30 pm\nSat - Sun\nfirstname.lastname@example.org+62 21 6902756, 6902761, 6900591", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Seat Belts / Air Bags Problems\nWe don't have a lot of Chery E5 seat belts / air bags problems on file — feel free to add yours here. The most common E5 seat belts / air bags problems occur at 22,000 miles. Click on a year below.\n- Worst Seat Belts / Air Bags Problems\n- air bags did not deploy 2014 Chery E5", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Daerah Beaufort Hotels from RM160\nSearch over 1 million properties and 550 airlines worldwide\nFree cancellation on most hotels. Because flexibility matters.\nVisiting Beaufort District\nThose travelling to Beaufort District are sure to enjoy the sights to see and things to do. There are 3 hotels and other accommodation options in the surrounding area.\nDressing for Beaufort District\n- Between January and March, daytime temperatures average 32°C, whilst night-time temperatures stay around 25°C\n- From April to June, the average is 32°C during the day and 25°C at night\n- July to September sees average temperatures of 32°C during the day and 25°C at night\n- Between October and December, you can expect 31°C as the daytime average and 24°C as the night-time average\n- About 58 millimetres of rain falls on Beaufort District each year\n- April and March are usually the hottest months averaging 32°F, while October and September are usually the coldest with an average temperature of 25°F", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Your cart is currently empty!\n- 7 watt UV-C lamp\nEliminates micro-organisms from indoor air\nCombined with the oxidation filter, the EOLIS Air Manager UV-C lamp(s) remove VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), gases and fumes found in indoor spaces. Turning on the UV-C lamps activates the oxidation function (which can be activated and deactivated as desired via the touchscreen of EOLIS Air Manager). A UV-C lamp have a germicidal effect to disinfect the air inside the room. For continuous operation, a UV-C lamp has a lifetime of about 1 to 2 years.\nThis accessory is compatible with the air purifiers EOLIS Air Manager 600, 600S (1 lamp), 1200 and 1200S (2 lamps).\nDiscover all the features and functionalities of the EOLIS Air Manager professional air purifiers.\nTrained in the latest technologies related to indoor air quality and NatéoSanté solutions, our distribution partners near you will be able to advise you to best meet your needs.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Mini Canvas Print\nGerald Dawavendewa (Hopi & Cherokee)\nWith rain clouds approaching, a frog reaches out to a dragonfly, intent on a meal. Frogs are associated with the rainy season as desert frogs (Scaphiopus couchii) hibernate waiting for the summer rain. The frogs croaking their mating call as they rise with the rain is also a reminder of the return of life-giving moisture to a desert.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Mixer and Blender Cooling - SIAD Società Italiana Acetilene e Derivati\nMixer and blender cooling header\nMixer and blender cooling\nThe heat created during mixing and blending processes, for example during meat grinding, can produce undesired effects such as accelerated bacteria growth, flavour loss, shorter shelf-life and oily appearance.\nThe solution to these problems is precise temperature control during the grinding process and this can be achieved by using either carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen.\nSIAD has used its experience in carbon dioxide and nitrogen applications to develop effective systems which eliminate heat during the mixing processes. For fast and cost efficient on-site cooling, SIAD provides carbon dioxide snow dispensers which can be adapted to virtually any equipment where temperature control is vital.\nCarbon dioxide chilling has been used for many years in a variety of applications in the baking industry, where speed of chilling together with precise temperature control is important.\nCarbon dioxide snow or liquid nitrogen not only preserve the integrity of ingredients such as butter and fats during the production of dough, but also eliminate greasiness while retaining elasticity, thus allowing the products to rise in a consistly uniform manner over time.\nOne of the biggest problems facing meat processors is the heat produced during processing, especially in the mixing and grinding cycles, and its adverse effects.\nThe use of carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen helps to control product quality through more accurate temperature control and to retain the natural colour of the meat, as well as the right level of humidity during the entire working process.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Corian - rain Cloud. I couldnt bring myself to put marble in the kitchen -- I…\nHow Corian Rain Cloud (countertop) compares to real marble (sample laying on top)\nCorian rain cloud countertop, cast iron, under-mounted sink\nDanks and Honey: Solid Surface Recap Rain cloud\ncountertops: corian rain cloud. Again... I am curious about this Corian Rain Cloud.\ncorian rain cloud - looks like carrara marble, easier to care for!\nCorian rain cloud...use for kitchen countertops and backsplash?\nWho knew?? Corian Rain Cloud countertops are a dead ringer for Carrera marble! Just click through to read The Army Mom's experience with it.\nRain Cloud by DuPont Corian\nCorian® Rain Cloud", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "It’s likely that during this time there will be\n3 inches more rain in Miami than in Killeen-Fort Hood\nOver the next ten days, Miami (91°F) is expected to be\n5°F cooler than\nKilleen-Fort Hood (97°F).\nThere are currently no days where direct flights are available for this route.\nWhich airlines fly from Killeen-Fort Hood to Miami?\nCurrently, our data suggests that\nno airlines fly from Killeen-Fort Hood to Miami directly.\nSo far this month,\nyou are the only user to search for flights from Killeen-Fort Hood to Miami.\nHow many flights depart from Killeen Fort Hood Regional to Miami on average per day?On average 0 flights depart from Killeen Fort Hood Regional to Miami per day.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Make Rain more Efficient\nAlright so rain is pretty laggy on realms/servers. The rain particles are handled serverside, which is completely unnecessary. surely the syncing of rain particles between clients can't be that important, so why not make the rain completely clientside. The only serverside parts would be the values controlling intensity and stuff, and the lightning/mob spawning. It would significantly help with realm hosting, and make it so that realm owners don't have to turn off rain just to get decent performance.\nPlease sign in to leave a comment.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Flyway Mississippi Flyway Flyway Location North Name Matt Ward Date 11/22/15 Specific Location N.W. Illinois Weather Condition Cold and snowy. Summary I'm pleasantly surprised at the amount of ducks and geese that have moved into Illinois. Thursday with falling temps and high winds it made the hunting conditions tough but there was nonstop migrating ducks moving into illinois as soon as it was light enough to see. Friday brought colder temps and more ducks ahead of the nasty storm that dumped almost a foot of snow over much of the upper Midwest. Mallards are starting to hit the corn fields with the cold temps and snow dabbling alone is not enough food for them. Snow stopped midday Saturday and the hunting contuniued to get better with plenty of divers on the river. Species seen or harvested, mallards gadwal, green wing teal, ring necks, hooded mergansers, buffleheads. I expect ducks will continue to trickle into illinois with temps staying steady in the mid to upper 30's from now until Thanksgiving.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Software engineers from Sanders, a Lockheed Martin company in Nashua, N.H., have delivered Version 2.2 of the Air Force Mission Support System (AFMSS) core software to the U.S. Air Force Electronic Systems Center at Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass., as part of the effort to make the core software Year 2000 (Y2K) compliant. AFMSS helps aircrews plan missions and report mission results. Air Force officials plan to ship Version 2.2 systems to operational units early next year. The new software will replace Version 2.0, currently deployed worldwide, and 2.1, which Air Force Special Operations Forces crews use now. J.R.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "It’s likely that during this time there will be\n0.22 inch less rain in Fort Lauderdale than in Atlantic City\nDuring the next 10 days, the weather in Fort Lauderdale is expected to be\n19.6°F warmer than\nAtlantic City (64.6°F).\nSun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri and Sat are the days when direct flights are available.\nWhich airlines fly from Atlantic City to Fort Lauderdale?\nOur recent data shows 1\ncurrently operating direct flights from Atlantic City to Fort Lauderdale\n, Spirit Airlines.\nThere have been\n339 users looking for flights to Fort Lauderdale from Atlantic City\nin the past thirty days.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Forecast more >\nA good coverage of rain can be expected tonight into Friday as a rather strong upper level disturbance moves in from the west. Some of the rains Friday will be locally heavy with the potential for 1-2 inches of rain in some spots. Drier and cooler air will take over Friday night into Sunday.\nGunmen hold up jewelry store near Galleria\nHOUSTON – by KHOU 11 News and www.khou.com\nThere were some terrifying moments Thursday morning for employees and customers of a jewelry store just west of the Galleria area.\nTwo suspects held up Nazar’s Fine Jewelry in the 5800 block of Westheimer around noon. They reportedly fired shots inside the store.\nOne of the suspects was lying on the ground in front of the store when Air 11 flew over the scene. He was taken away in an ambulance for unknown injuries.\nIt’s not clear if anyone else was hurt.\nCheck back for more details on this developing story.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "1.Product Introduction of the Sullair air filter 02250155-691 02250155-692\nThe air filter element is composed of an air filter assembly and a filter element, and the external connection is connected to the air intake valve of the air compressor through a joint and a threaded pipe, thereby filtering impurities such as dust, particles and the like into the air. Different air compressor models can choose the air filter to be installed according to the amount of air intake.\n2.The picture of the Sullair air filter 02250155-691 02250155-692\n3.OEM Replacement Filters\nSee our Filter Element Cross Reference Interchange to find the AYATER equivalent to an OEM filter element.\nAll manufacturers' descriptions, names and part numbers are for reference only. All trade names referenced are the trademarks, service marks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. AYATER does not claim to produce other manufacturer's filter and/or strainer elements.\n4.Part number of the Sullair 02250155-691 02250155-692\n5.Product Testing of the Sullair 02250155-691 02250155-692\n6.Deliver and Shipping of the Sullair 02250155-691 02250155-692\n7.Cooperative customers of the Sullair 02250155-691 02250155-692", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "New, more compact and lighter version.\nUsed to evacuate air in the cylinder quickly, which increases cylinder speed.\n• Temperature 0-80°C (32°-176°F)\n• Max. pressure 12 bar (1200 KPa)\n• Min. pressure 0.5 bar (50 KPa)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Home Air Ventilation, Air Exchanger Humidity Should Air Exchanger Run All The Time Lennox Pure Air Purification: amazing air exchanger humidity\nPublished at February 19th, 2018 06:12:27 AM by Giordano\nLabelled as residential air exchanger area of interest also should air exchanger run all the time discussion, what is an air exchanger subject as well as air exchanger settings winter subject and venmar air exchanger winter setting object and air exchanger canada object and Home Air Ventilation, So don't forget to check out the main article in amazing air exchanger humidity\n© 2018 skepticrant.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Green and Clean Air Solutions\nGreen and Clean Air Solutions offers duct cleaning, air duct cleaning and heat duct cleaning for Sonoma County and neighboring areas. Among the cities it services for air duct cleaning are Santa Rosa, Novato, Healdsburg, Sonoma, Forestville and Cloverdale. The air duct cleaning is environmentally safe and will result in cleaner air for your entire home.\nHours: Mon-Fri: 9:00am-5:00pm\nContact: Green and Clean Air Solutions\nNovato -94947, CA, United States\nPhone: (707) 296-7022", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Snowy Valley is a live wallpaper that simulates a winter environment in real time.\n-Clouds and fog flowing into the distance\n-Flying birds and planes\n-Floating air balloons\n-Parallax effects when moving the homescreen\n-Low CPU usage\n-Numerous color temperatures (no 24 hour time...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|The weather has turned sharply cooler with long stretches of clouds and rain of late, so this was a well-timed break! 4172 was formerly WSOR 4003.\nMadison, WI Map\nAuthor: Andre Wehrle\n|| This picture is part of album: Ex-C&NW Tracks Around Madison", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Weather Announcements for Monday, January 25th, 2016\nST. CLOUD -- We have some weather related announcements for today (Monday) January 25th, 2016:\n-- The Stearns County 4-H Federation meeting is cancelled for tonight (Monday).\nIf you have a weather related announcement, call our cancellations line at (320) 257-7191, and leave a message.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "16×20 acrylic on canvas, silver frame\nThis painting was inspired by the amazing colors of the sky one evening when the sky and clouds formed in dramatic color above the golden tones of the marsh.\nLocal pickup items will be available at:\nArt on the Square\n420 Nexton Square Dr.\nSummerville, SC 29486\n© 2022 Alexandra Kassing. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "At Bardi Heating, Cooling & Plumbing, we have decades of experience in indoor air quality in Suwanee, GA. Poor air quality is present in most homes today that don’t have an IAQ system. This is a surprise to many homeowners. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the air inside your home could be 5 times more polluted than the air outside. By taking action today by arranging indoor air quality testing, you could prevent many of the health conditions that poor air quality can cause. We’ll carry out a thorough test of your home environment to see which contaminants are present and which of our systems will be the best fit to eliminate them. From our UV light systems to our air purifiers, we offer a wide selection of high-performance systems and would be delighted to provide you with an estimate.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Title: SNOW SCENE NEAR MY HOUSE\nSize: App. 5x7\nMedium: Watercolor on 140lb. Watercolor paper.\nThought this little snow scene might be appropriate for today. It's long sleeve weather this morning so it will be a few snow scenes this week.\nI do hope you like what I do.\nComments and /or remarks are welcome.\nPlease watch the Picasso tribute as it unfolds for the Oct. 25 completion.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "May natural gas is seen opening 4 cents lower Wednesday morning at $1.91 as traders discount near-term weather forecasts and see follow-through selling in the wake of Tuesday’s 4-cent loss. Overnight oil markets rose.\nIn spite of supportive weather conditions, analysts are pointing to Tuesday’s failure as a sign that the market is going to need much more help than weather can offer if it is going to punch through $2.00.\n“The natural gas futures market came under selling pressure on Tuesday after failing to clear Monday’s price high, calling attention to the limited support of cooler than normal temperatures that will boost late-season heating demand over the coming week,” said Tim Evans of Citi Futures Perspective in closing comments.\nShort-term traders suggested that a quick bail by recent longs playing the run higher may have also prompted May’s demise, but Evans was looking at traders exiting ahead of Thursday’s Energy Information Administration (EIA) storage report. Evans said the early consensus is running at a 5 to 10 Bcf injection, “with a bearish comparison with the 19 Bcf five-year average net withdrawal for the date.”\nEvans forecasts a build of 13 Bcf, and if his data is correct, the current year-on-five-year surplus of 843 Bcf would fall to 799 Bcf by April 15. “With the surplus ending the forecast period at a lower level than it started, we see this as confirming the market will become at least somewhat tighter on a seasonally adjusted basis than it has been. This gives the market at least a chance to move higher, although it may not be enough to wedge the price above $2.00.”\nEvans recommends standing aside the market until a low-risk opportunity can be identified.\nMay futures may be discounting any significant weather impact, but spot traders in eastern markets will have some active weather and cooler temperatures to deal with.\nThe National Weather Service reported Wednesday morning that “a low-pressure system will move across the upper Midwest and Great Lakes today, bringing rain and snow to those regions.\n“In its wake, another round of cold temperatures will invade areas from the Midwest to the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast. Scattered rain and snow showers will persist across the Midwest and Great Lakes on Thursday as colder air moves in, and the same will hold true for the eastern U.S. on Thursday night and Friday. While temperatures will remain 5 to 10 degrees below average today across the East, the colder air mass arriving behind this front will result in temperatures 10 to 20 degrees below average for Thursday and Friday across a wide area from the Midwest to the Mid-Atlantic.”\nIn overnight Globex trading May crude oil gained 89 cents to $36.78/bbl and May RBOB gasoline rose a penny to $1.3860/gal.\n© 2020 Natural Gas Intelligence. All rights reserved.\nISSN © 1532-1231 | ISSN © 2577-9877 |", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cheap flights from Comox to Calgary - YQQ to YYC (Swap)\nCalgary > North America to Calgary > Canada > Comox\nComox to Calgary travel facts.\n- The distance between Comox (YQQ) and Calgary (YYC) is approximately 785 kilometres or 488 miles.\n- Direct flights between Comox and Calgary take approximately 1 hours 24 minutes or 785 kilometres.\n- WestJet has direct flights from Comox to Calgary.\n- 1 airline flies directly between Calgary and Comox.\n- Pacific Coastal Airline and Air Canada fly between Calgary and Comox with a stopover in Vancouver.\n- Pacific Coastal Airline operates Comox to Vancouver on SF3 SH6 BE1, whilst Air Canada has flights from Vancouver to Calgary on E90 319 320 321.\n- WestJet fly one stop between Calgary and Comox via Edmonton.\n- Go to the Calgary Travel Guide\nCheap flights from Comox, Canada to Calgary, Canada.\nHistorical Rates - A Guide Only.\nCheap International Flights to Calgary, Canada\n|Vancouver to Calgary|| Air Canada, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, WestJet, Japan Airlines, Asiana Airlines, Air Transat||$307|\n|Victoria to Calgary|| Air Canada, WestJet|\n|Abbotsford to Calgary|| WestJet|\n|Seattle to Calgary|| Alaska Airlines|\n|Kamloops to Calgary|| WestJet, Air Canada|\n|Kelowna to Calgary|| WestJet, Air Canada|\n|Castlegar to Calgary|| Air Canada|\n|Cranbrook to Calgary|| Air Canada|\n|Grande Prairie to Calgary|| WestJet, Air Canada|\n|Lethbridge to Calgary|| Air Canada|\n|San Francisco to Calgary|| Continental Airlines, Continental Airlines, Air Canada, United Airlines||$286|\n|Medicine Hat to Calgary|| Air Canada|\n|Edmonton Intl to Calgary|| Air Canada, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, WestJet|\n|Fort McMurray to Calgary|| Air Canada, WestJet|\nCheap International Flights from Calgary, Canada\nCompare Comox to Calgary flights\non other airlines and air ticket routes.\n|Calgary to Vancouver|| Air Canada, WestJet, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Air Transat, Asiana Airlines|\n|Calgary to Seattle|| Alaska Airlines|\n|Calgary to San Francisco|| Air Canada, United Airlines|\n|Calgary to Edmonton Intl|| Air Canada, WestJet, Air North Charter - Canada|\n|Calgary to Salt Lake City|| Delta Air Lines|\n|Calgary to Los Angeles|| American Airlines, Air Canada, WestJet, Continental Airlines, Continental Airlines, United Airlines|\n|Calgary to Las Vegas|| United Airlines, Air Canada, WestJet|\n|Calgary to San Diego|| WestJet, American Airlines|\nAirlines flying from Comox to Calgary (YQQ to YYC)\nComox to Calgary airlines include United Airlines, WestJet.\nWhat other cities can I fly from Comox to Canada?\nWinnipeg, Quebec, Halifax, Edmonton Intl, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, Calgary, Vancouver,\nand many others. Available all year round, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. One\nway and return economy class, business class and first class fares.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Indoor Air Quality solutions\nDid you know that you can control the indoor air quality of your home? If you suffer from allergies or asthma, you may be interested in one of our indoor air quality solutions. Advanced HVAC offers many products such as air purifiers, humidifiers, Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRV), and Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERV) that can drastically increase the indoor quality in your home.\nHeat Recovery Ventilators (HRV)\nAn HRV is a device that provides an efficient air exchange which uses the current indoor hot air to heat the cold outdoor fresh air being introduced into your home. In the winter months, the HRV also acts as a dehumidifier which helps reduce condensation buildup on windows and increases comfort.\nEnergy Recovery Ventilators (ERV)\nAn ERV has greater humidity control. Unlike the HRV, an ERV can be used year round to introduce fresh air into your home. An ERV prevents hot humid air from outside entering your home during the summer while still introducing fresh air.\nAt Advanced HVAC, we are proud to provide Venmar heat recovery ventilators and energy recover ventilators.\nMany people are concerned with the air quality in their home. With modern home construction methods, these air-tight homes create stale air environments. Air purifiers provide fresh air by removing impurities from the air in your home. These devices are ideal for asthma and allergy sufferers. They remove dust, dirt, pollen, mold, pet dander, and much more. Air purifiers can also assist in removing second-hand smoke in your home.\nTo ensure the effective removal of all the above mentioned contaminants, you’ll have to regularly change the air purifier’s filter. Advanced HVAC offers a selection of the best filters available and can provide advice on the frequency with which the filters should be changed.\nAdvanced HVAC offers many high quality lines, especially General air filters to increase your homes overall air quality and comfort.\nAdvanced HVAC has everything you need to breathe easy at home.\nFill out the form below to get a quote.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Lena Sanver uses landscape photography to playfully propose a Fifth Season:\n“Where I live we have five seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn and greyumn.”\nIs it between fall and winter?\nIn continental climates and where precipitation is low, it often feels like the transitions between seasons are different from the storybook norms. In north central Alberta, spring lasts about a week – winter changes so rapidly into summer. Plants come suddenly into bloom as the cold temperatures of winter rise and long hours of sunlight in the high latitude allows plants to flourish.\n-Rob Shields (Univ. of Alberta)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cheap Air Max Tailwind, WMNS Nike Air Max Tailwind 7, Cheap Nike Air Max Tailwind Sneakers for Sale 2017, Welcome to buy cheap Air Max Tailwind Online. we offer Cheapest Authentic Real Nike Air Max Tailwind Running Shoes Outlet Online, Find Men's Nike Air Max Running Shoes at Nike.com. . Nike Air Max Tailwind 8 . The combination of the mesh upper and Max Air technology creates a running . Cheapest Air Max Tailwind Sale for Mens Womens and Runners, Top quality Fake Replica Nike Air Max Tailwind Wholesale from China, enjoy more 58% discount off here, and get free shipping with Nike originals box. 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+{"text": "Camping in the snow is a great adventure for dedicated year-round campers. Winter and snow camping can be enjoyable if you are prepared for the weather and have essential winter camping gear. Whether you are snowshoeing, or skiing into a backcountry camp, or camping in a snowstorm at the campground, winter camping in the snow is peaceful and quiet.\n|Backcountry Snow Camping||Mount Ritter Snow Camp||Backcountry Splitboarding||Snow Camping in the Mountains|\n|Snow Camping Dogs||Snow Campers||Snowy Tent||Snowy Window|\n|Snowy Campground||Snow Camping Trailer||Winter Camping in a Pop-up||Monica Snow Camping|\n- Graphic Index\n- Text Index", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Pressure Booster\nThe principle of air booster pump is to produce high hydraulic pressure of small area piston by using low pressure of large area piston. The air booster pump is used in the working environment where the original air pressure system needs to increase the pressure. It can increase the air pressure of the working system to 2-5 times, only the compressed air in the working system can be used as the air source. The pump is suitable for single air source pressurization. ATO provides professional high-quality gas booster pumps as follows, which will describe their advantages and disadvantages.\nAdvantages of Air Pressure Booster\n- Energy saving is remarkable: the biggest feature of ATO air pressurizer is energy saving. Compared with the air pressure booster, the air booster pump only needs to provide driving air source, and does not need to consume electricity to help the user plant save costs. At the same time, when the air booster pump reaches the predetermined pressure, it will stop working automatically, and the consumption will be zero.\n- Stable air pressure: because the pneumatic air booster pump adopts single air control non-equilibrium gas distribution valve to realize the reciprocating movement of the pump, it can start slowly, and can adjust the response quickly in the case of large fluctuation of gas consumption. This is our company pneumatic booster pump non-polar regulation of high-quality performance.\n- Low operating noise: compared with ordinary high-pressure compressed air compressor, air pressurizer has small vibration and low noise, and is suitable for more occasions.\n- Price: compared with the expensive high-pressure compressed air compressor before, pneumatic air booster pump can be said to help customers reduce more than half of the cost.\n- Can achieve constant pressure air supply: pneumatic air booster pump can work in a wide range of exhaust volume. According to the actual gas consumption, the real-time automatic adjustment, control the exhaust gas. How much gas is used to produce, and when the gas consumption is low, it can also make the air booster pump sleep automatically, greatly reducing the energy loss.\n- Maintenance is simple and maintenance cost is low: in most cases if the air-driven air booster pump can not work normally, it is basically a problem with the sealing ring. As long as the new sealing ring is replaced, it can work normally. Even the international high sealing ring, compared with a pneumatic booster pump, the price is very low.\n- Flexible application: air pressurizer has various models, which can be selected according to the proportion and flow of pressurization required by customers. At this point, saisent will try to help the customer.\n- Volume and weight: light weight, small volume, easy to carry\nWow, there are so many advantages of the air booster pump. But it is not to be ignored that the air booster pump has some disadvantages. Let's look at the following:\nDisadvantages of Air Pressure Booster\n- Flow: the air booster pump may provide relatively low flow compared to the electric booster pump. When the customer factory actually needs a large air supply flow and the actual situation of the factory does not support multiple parallel pneumatic booster pumps to build a parallel pneumatic booster system, the intention of both parties cannot be reached.\n- Need to drive air source: what does the pneumatic air booster pump mean? That is to say, it is driven by gas, that is to say, it needs a certain air source to work, which may not be available for some customers.\n- Gas consumption: the gas consumption is mainly determined by the reciprocating times per minute of the piston of the driving cylinder of the booster pump. In case of inconvenient supply pressure, the reciprocating times of the pump depend on the large or small discharge gas pressure. The cessant booster pump does not work properly when the air supply provided by the customer's factory is not enough to drive the air-driven air booster pump.\n- The common problem of pneumatic booster pump: air pressure booster is a device for pressurization and pressure regulation of \"air\" medium, and mixing of other gases is not recommended. If other gases need to be pressurized and stabilized, it is recommended to purchase another gas booster pump such as nitrogen booster pump, hydrogen booster pump, oxygen booster pump, etc, otherwise, the purity of gas may be affected.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Alternative Title: Acadian Forest\nLearn about this topic in these articles:\nNorth American flora and fauna\nAlso known as the Acadian forest in Canada, the Eastern Upland forest covers much of the central and northern Appalachians and New England; there, polar continental air is pronounced, while elevation modifies the tropical maritime winds. The growing season ranges from 90 to 120 days, and winter cold brings subzero temperatures. The forest, therefore, consists of fast-growing evergreen softwood...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- 455 Fenton Lake Rd., Jemez Springs, NM 87025, USA\nA popular year-round retreat surrounded by beautiful ponderosa pine forests, Fenton Lake State Park features a cross-country ski and biathlon trail and wheelchair accessible fishing platforms. Elevation: 7,900\nLatitude/Longitude: 35.875337 , -106.743754\nCamping Season: Open year-round\n- swimming pool\n- lp gas\n- modem connection\n- sewer hookups\n- other swimming\n- cable tv\n- dump station\n- recreation hall\n- group area\n- phone hookups\nFenton Lake State Park is 33 miles northwest of San Ysidro via NM highways 4 and 126\nThursday 03/23/2017 50%\nChance of Rain\nWindy with showers developing this afternoon. High 57F. Winds SW at 25 to 35 mph. Chance of rain 50%. Winds could occasionally gust over 40 mph.\nFriday 03/24/2017 10%\nSun and a few clouds with gusty winds. High near 60F. Winds NW at 25 to 35 mph. Winds could occasionally gust over 50 mph.\nSaturday 03/25/2017 0%\nA mix of clouds and sun in the morning followed by cloudy skies during the afternoon. High 64F. Winds S at 10 to 15 mph.\nSunday 03/26/2017 10%\nSunshine and clouds mixed. High 59F. Winds WNW at 15 to 25 mph. Winds could occasionally gust over 40 mph.\nMonday 03/27/2017 0%\nSunshine and some clouds. High 64F. Winds SSW at 10 to 15 mph.\nTell your friends\nPlease login to add your review.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "That is a potential problem, but I don't see it as a serious one. These things reach equilibrium pretty slowly, over a couple of hours, or so. So, unless there is a steady stream of CO2 mist bubbles gathering under the \"horn\" of the device, then dumping their remaining CO2 into the air gap, all that should happen is that the indicator will \"overshoot\" the true CO2 value, but settle down to an accurate reading eventually. If the ppm of CO2 in the bulb of the device is above that in the water, the CO2 will migrate back to the tank water.I thought of a situation where these drop checkers could potentially indicate a higher concentration of CO2 than is in the tank, when using a CO2 mist application.\nSuppose the mist bubbles accumulate a little pocket of CO2 in the air chamber of the drop checker. If these bubbles are accumulating faster than they can dissolve, there will be an artificially higher concentration of CO2 in that little air pocket than in the rest of the tank. Since the little chamber of water in the drop checker is very small, the CO2 levels will become in equilibrium with the air pocket a lot faster than with the tank.\nA way to test this hypothesis would be to surround the drop checker with a shield that prevents the mist bubbles from entering the chamber and seeing if the indicated CO2 level changes.\nI think the problem can best be avoided by choosing a good location to mount the device - where there is good water circulation, and at the opposite end of the tank from any mist generation. Those CO2 micro bubbles can't exist for very long in the water, before the CO2 diffuses into the water, leaving a microbubble of other gases. So, I suspect that most of the bubbles are \"inert\" by the time they are swirling around the opposite end of the tank.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tuesday 13 March 2012: Lenten Rose\nAfter our almost non-existent winter, Spring is coming early this year, which is going to be helped on by unseasonably high temperatures this coming week - with highs in the 70s F and overnight lows in the 50s (which should be the normal high!). However, the sun took its time to put in its appearance today - it was almost noon before it finally broke up the cloud cover. So I left it until late morning before I went walking at Spring Grove cemetery and arboretum, where there were numerous signs of Spring bursting into bloom, including the lovely Lenten rose.\nOne year ago: Spring forward!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Macon Speedway features a 1/5 mile high banked dirt oval. Macon Speedway is north of Macon, Illinois.\nNew: 1997-01-13 Last Updated: 2005-04-02\n347 N Wiles St\nMacon, IL 62544\nClick on the box below for more detailed weather information, including a forecast for the next several days.\nYou may also wish to try using the Yahoo! Search as it may produce current news items.\nTravel north from Macon on US 51. At Andrews Street, turn west for 4 blocks, and then turn south on Wiles.\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Authorization file contains user attribute default records. Each record defines which IBM® Connect:Direct® features the user can access for each node.\nIndividual users can access the User Authorization screen to display information about their own authorization record. The following table describes the User Authorization file maintenance commands:\n|INSERT USER||Inserts a User record in the Authorization file.|\n|UPDATE USER||Updates a User record in the Authorization file.|\n|DELETE USER||Deletes a User record from the Authorization file.|\n|SELECT USER||Selects a User record from the Authorization file.|\nYou can execute these commands through the batch interface, the Interactive user interface (IUI), or the operator interface.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Air Purifiers: Reviews, comparisons and prices ... organizations that test air purifiers thoroughly, performance varies ... Be aware that while air-purifier manufacturers often tout testing data in their ... Calutech Blue Ultraviolet Air Purifier UV air purifier now microprocessor controlled and 100% fully electronic. ... Purification Benefits Of Shower Water Filters Educational Info on Air Quality ... Hunter Fan - Air Purifiers Thank goodness for Hunter air purifiers. They capture 99.97% airborne particles. Browse Our Air Purifiers. Read More on How to Select an Air Purifier ... Blueair Offers a variety of air purification solutions. Air Purifier - UV air purifiers for Indoor Pollution Manufacturers of advanced air purifier products to help reduce mold, bacteria, viruses, VOCs, odors, and more.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Where to Snowboard\nProfiles of snowboard resorts, including mountain statistics, lift, lesson, and lodging information, information on getting there, and links to current resort snow and weather conditions.\n- Eastern U.S. Snowboard Resort Profiles\n- Western U.S. Snowboard Resort Profiles\n- 2008/2009 Snowboard Resort Improvements\nSnow Reports and Weather\nCurrent resort snow condition reports, lift and trail status information, weather conditions and forecasts, and links to resort webcams.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Lebanese International University - Sana'a\nAn introduction session to cloud and cloud computing.\nWhat's the cloud?What's cloud computing and its types?\nWhat's the cloud?\nWhat's cloud computing and its types?\nTechnical Team Leader\nTechnical Team VP\nNon-Technical Team Leader\nNon-Technical Team VP\nTechnical Team member\nTechnical team member\nTechnical Team Member\nNon-Technical Team Member\nNon-Technical Team member\nYour message has been successfully sent.\nThis event will start on Nov 18, 5:00 PM (+03)\nRefresh 15 minutes before to join.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Asphaltene is the heaviest fraction of crude oil. Changes in pressure, temperature and composition can result in the destabilization and precipitation of asphaltene. In order to predict the phase behavior of asphaltene mixture, it is important to determine the reversibility of asphaltene precipitation process. In this paper the effect of temperature and crude oil nature on the reversibility of asphaltene precipitation has been studied. Asphaltene precipitation and re-dissolution has been investigated at temperatures 25°C, 65ºC and 95°C for two different crude oils. Results showed that asphaltene precipitation decreases with temperature increase. Results indicated that asphaltene precipitation is a partially reversible process with respect to temperature change. According to the results asphaltene precipitation is more reversible with respect to temperature change for crude oil A than crude oil B. The aromatic portion of asphaltene molecule is responsible for asphaltene aggregation and precipitation. Therfore, for asphaltene A with lower aromatic portion, the strength of attraction forces between asphaltene molecules is lower and asphaltene precipitation is more reversible.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "My 2002 blows warm air when the rpm goes down significantly (when I don't clutch)\nHeatstrips could be on with ac\nThe rear air conditioner of a Sienna will begin to blow warm air if the vent is incorrectly set. This will cause warm air to enter the vents rather than air conditioned air.\ngas leak or wrong wiring\nA bad alternator will cause a battery to go bad. It does not have an effect on the air conditioner.\nAn air conditioner blows out heat\nIf you mean how an air conditioner that goes in a window will blow warm air outside then that is because an air conditioner basically takes in air from outside and pulls out the cold air which then blows into your house then the warm air is released back outside.\nI don't think it blows warm air... but if your talking about the part thats stays outside it blows warm air thats in your home and the part inside \"replaces\" the warm air with cool air..\nwhy does ac blow warm air? why does ac blow warm air?\nmost of the time its because not enough air flow thru the condensor---clean rad &cond\n1999 E320 air conditioner work on first and second speed, after 3rd blow warm air. AKINOHD@YAHOO.COM\nif the heater does not blow out warm air change the setting.\nCompressor not operating.\nIt's out of freon or refrigerant.\nYour AC is not working. Common causes are: lack of freon broken belt compressor failed\ndiagram for 1999 chev subarban air conditioner\nThe air of your Chevy trailblazer 2004 blow out of the front vents when the air conditioner is on because the air condition is faulty and it needs repair.\nHmmm, because it should?\nIf it does blow just not cold air you should see if it needs to be recharged\nthe function is to blow the hot air from outside to cool air in side\nyou would need to add freon\nIt is just a simple fan blowing over a coil.\nBad blower resistor? Bad low speed relay? Bad switch?\nheater on at idle and will not blow warm air. when moving it blows the warm air from the vents. what will cause this\nYou have to get it recharged. you have no freeon left which makes the cold air\nAsked By Wiki User\nAsked By Wiki User", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Card Set Information\nChapter Glossary Terms\nChapter 1 Glossary terms\nall the interacting parts of a biological community and its environment.\nan ecosystem that is capable of withstanding pressure and giving support to a variety of organisms.\nthe living parts of an ecosystem.\nthe non-living parts of an ecosystem.\nthe hard part of earth's surface.\nall the water found on Earth,including lakes,oceans,and ground water.\nthe layer of gases above Earth's surface.\nthe regions of Earth where living organisms exists.\na chemical that is essential to living things and is cycled through ecosystems.\na process in which nutrient levels in aquatic ecosystems increase, leading to and increase in the populations of primary producers.\na process that changes solar energy into chemical energy.\na category of organisms that is defined by how the organisms gain their energy.\nthe total mass of living organisms in a defined group or area.\na measure of the amount of energy or biomass transferred from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level.\nthe process in which an organism ingests materials, especially toxins, faster than it eliminates them.\na process in which the concentration of ingested toxins increases as it moves from one trophic level to the next.\nA process that rereleases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates,in the presence of oxygen.\na process that releases energy from organic molecules, especially carbohydrates, in the absence of oxygen.\nan atmospheric gas that prevents heat from leaving the atmosphere, thus increasing the temperature of the atmosphere.\nthe warming of Earth as a result of greenhouse gases, which trap some of the energy that would otherwise leave Earth.\nrain,snow,or fog that is unnaturally acidic due to the gases in the atmosphere that react with water to form acids.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cheap Flights from Bronnoysund to Stavanger, Norway - BNN to SVG\nDid You Know?\nThere are 122 flights from Bronnoysund, NO to Stavanger per week.\nWideroe has 61 connecting flights between Bronnoysund, NO and Stavanger.\nYou must make at least 2 connections to fly from Bronnoysund, NO to Stavanger.\n2,379 seats are available per week to fly from Bronnoysund, NO to Stavanger.\nCheap Domestic Flights to Stavanger - SVG\nDelta, United, US Airways\nShenzhen, China Southern, China Eastern, Sichuan, Hainan, Air China\nAmerican, US Airways, United, Delta\nFrontier, American, United, Delta, US Airways\nAlaska, Hawaiian, United, US Airways, Delta\nAirTran, JetBlue, United, Delta, American, US Airways\nAirTran, JetBlue, American, US Airways, Delta, United\nCheap International Flights to Stavanger - SVG\nAir France, airBaltic, SAS, KLM, Lufthansa\nBritish Airways, Etihad, Aeroflot, Malaysia, Air France, Lufthansa, KLM\nLufthansa, SAS, Singapore, Etihad, British Airways, Air France, KLM, Thai\nCathay, China Eastern, Vietnam, China Southern, Singapore, Air France, Korean\nSouth African, Lufthansa, Royal Air Maroc, Turkish, KLM, Kenya, Brussels, Air France, Ethiopian\nLufthansa, Air France, Alitalia, KLM, Swiss, Austrian, Finnair\nEgyptair, Etihad, Emirates, Lufthansa, flydubai, Qatar, Air France, KLM, Turkish, Gulf Air, Saudi Arabian\nCaribbean, Copa, Cayman, American, Delta\nEmirates, Qatar, Ethiopian, Saudi Arabian, Etihad, flynas, Srilankan, Philippine, Jet Airways, Turkish\nAirTran, Avianca, American, US Airways, Delta, United, Air Canada, JetBlue, Copa\nAsiana, Qantas, US Airways, China Southern, Air China, Air Canada, China Eastern, China Airlines, JAL, Malaysia, Delta, United, American, Virgin Australia\nKenya, Turkish, Air France, Camair-Co, Lufthansa, Brussels, Royal Air Maroc\nJAL, Jet Airways, China Southern, Qatar, Turkish, Hainan, Delta, Lufthansa, Air France, All Nippon, American, United, China Airlines, Air Canada, Etihad, British Airways, Malaysia, Qantas, China Eastern, US Airways, Cathay, KLM, Asiana\nAustrian, Lufthansa, Swiss, Air France, Alitalia, KLM\nAir France, Air India, Singapore, Jet Airways, Qatar, China Eastern, Cathay, United, Emirates\nDelta, Air Canada, American, Air Caraibes, Air France", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Canary in the coalmine: Norwegian attitudes towards climate change and extreme long-haul air travel to Aotearoa/New Zealand.\nAviation has been identified as a rapidly growing contributor to CO2 emissions. This article reports on a research project that explored Norwegian attitudes towards climate change, particularly as they relate to extreme long-haul air travel to Aotearoa/New Zealand.\nTourism Management Volume 32, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 98–105 James E.S. Higham, Scott A. Cohen1", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Continuing our top 10 ranges, today, we will introduce you one of the most interesting topics which is called top 10 tallest buildings around the…\nThe shortest day of 2011 will be Thursday, December 22. The winter solstice will occur at 12:30 a.m. EST (05:30 GMT), when the sun will be passing over the Tropic of Capricorn. Solstice is a staying of the sun‘s apparent motion over the latitudes of the Earth. During summer solstice, the sun stops its northward motion and begins heading south. While during winter solstice, it turns north. Sun crosses the equator at the vernal equinox, passing into the Northern Hemisphere on March 20, at 1:14 a.m. EDT (or on March 19 for those living in the Mountain and Pacific Time Zones). Every year on June 20, the altitude of the midday sun is lowering and its direct rays are migrating to the south.\nOn those summer days, the sun‘s altitude above the horizon at noontime is 47 degrees higher than it is now. From ancient times people were following the motion of the sun. At that time people were thinking that the sun machinery might break down someday, and the sun would continue southward, never to return. The lowering of the sun was causing fear and wonder. When the ancients saw the sun stop and slowly climb to a higher midday location, they were expecting the spring is getting back. Many cultures of the world had sun solstice celebrations. In Persia, the solstice marked the birthday of Mithra, the Sun King. In ancient times, Dec. 25 was the date of the great Roman festival of Saturnalia, which celebrated around the time of the winter sun solstice. And in 275 A.D., the Roman Emperor, Aurelian, commemorated a feast day coinciding with the winter solstice: Die Natalis Invicti Solis (“The Birthday of the Unconquered Sun“).\nNASA Leads Study of Arctic Ozone Layer\nMoon Shadow Creates Waves in Earth Atmosphere\nToshiba Camera Detect Radiation Hotspots\nSolar Paint Turns Any Surface Into Solar Cell\nResearchers Discovered Microbial Oasis Beneath Atacama Desert\nAstronomers are witnessing Planet Forming Inside Gas Cloud Surrounding the Star HD 10056\nAmericans Become More Anxious This Year than 2017, Politics Is One of the Reasons\nScientists Name the Largest Bird Ever as Vorombe Titan", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "28 Feb 2012\nThe bazaar is closed, but the cult needs members…\n24 Feb 2012\nNumber station broadcast 4/12\n21 Feb 2012\nWhat is a Hacker? (with puppets!)\n17 Feb 2012\nNumber station broadcast 3/12\n12 Feb 2012\nMake, DARPA and the line in the sand, #2\nLibrary Bazaar is now closed and the blog has moved here.\nThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.\nSite Admin | Theme by Niyaz\nLibrary Bazaar : Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Natural gas futures are edging lower for second straight session on Wednesday as the latest mid-term weather forecasts predicted the current brutal cold spell would fade before the end of February and temperatures would return to more seasonal level thereafter.\nNatural Gas Intelligence (NGI) also reported that “spot gas prices were mixed as the Arctic air bringing snow and freezing rain to the central United States was to begin penetrating farther south and east.” NGI’s Spot Gas National Average slid 19.0 cents to $3.795.\nAt 12:17 GMT, March natural gas futures are trading $2.795, down $0.040 or -1.41%.\nShort-Term Weather Outlook\nAccording to NatGasWeather for February 9 – 15, “Frigid air will stall across the northern and central U.S. into the weekend with highs of only -0s to 30s and lows of -20s to 20s for strong demand. Areas of light rain and snow will occur along a sharp temperature gradient between frigid air over the northern U.S. and much warmer conditions over the southern U.S. where highs from South Texas to the Mid-Atlantic Coast will be in the 70s and 80s. Frigid air over the Midwest will dive down the Southern Plains and into Texas Wednesday, then spread eastward Thursday to Sunday with lows of -0s to 30s for very strong national demand. Overall, high demand through Thursday, then very high Friday to Tuesday.”\nMid-Term Weather Outlook\nBeyond next week, though, the weather models have struggled to determine whether the frigid air would remain in place. The Global Forecast System model was milder overnight for the February 21 -24 period, only to flip back a bit colder in the midday run. It gained back 8-9 of the 14 heating degree days it lost, according to NatGasWeather.\n“Bulls have to be frustrated recent bullish weather trends get little to no reaction higher, while bearish trends induce rapid selling,” the forecaster said.\nEIA Short-Term Energy Outlook\nIn the latest Short-term Energy Outlook released Tuesday, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) pegged storage gas inventories at the end of March sitting at 1.8 Tcf, which is roughly in line with the five-year average. The agency also projected that Henry Hub spot prices would average $2.95 in 2021, which is up from the 2020 average of $2.03.\nContinued growth in liquefied natural gas exports and in domestic natural gas consumption outside of the electric power sector, as well as relatively flat production, are seen contributing to Henry Hub spot prices rising to an average of $3.27 in 2022.\nThe current price action suggests the more bearish undertone in the market is likely because the upcoming rush of cold polar air already has been priced into the market. After all, it has been showing up in the forecasts for more than a week. What’s changed is the cold weather into the end of the month and early March.\nThe daily chart indicates that a failure of support at $2.794 will be a sign of weakness. The main trend will change to down on a move through $2.734 with $2.663 to $2.570 the next likely target zone.\nA sustained move over $2.794 will signal the return of buyers, but don’t expect the rally to resume unless they can overcome $2.918 with conviction.\nFor a look at all of today’s economic events, check out our economic calendar.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tag: Air India\nHow Air India went into a nosedive\nLink Legal advised Air India in its strategic disinvestment\nTata Group wins competitive bid for acquiring entire company including wholly-owned subsidiary Air India Express and 50% stake in Air India SATS\nWhat ails Air India\nAir India defies Coronaviris threat: will continue flights to China\nAlready have a WordPress.com account? Log in now.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This morning the sun put on a show at Bierstadt Lake. The wind even took a break, allowing for a mirror like reflection on the water. There was also a light fog drifting over the lake as the sun rose and illuminated the peaks of the Continental Divide. I'm not sure that it could be much more beautiful than this. Photo © copyright by Rocky Mountain National Park.com.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Buns 'n coffee.\nWell we even had rain at 3.30 a.m. and from the runes randomly drawn from the Met Officer's sack it seems as if the heatwave is over. Indeed Eleanor, of this Parish, came to see our garden before it gets flattened by the forecast wind. So it appears as if Mrs Heddle has upset the Gods.\nMore planting activity in the tunnel and CMC picked the last of this year's asparagus crop.\nThen it was a PB at bun eating.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Evaporation happens when a liquid turns into a vapour without necessarily reaching a boiling point. This investigation allows pupils to see what factors affect the rate of evaporation of propanone.\nEquipment required (per set):\n- Microscope slide\n- Propanone (highly flammable)\n- Pipettes or droppers\n- Used matchstick\nPupils investigate what factors increase or aid evaporation of the propanone. A drop of propanone is placed on the microscope slide and one of a number of conditions is applied while the pupil measures the time it takes. Results are taken and pupils use the data to decide which method is more effective.\nConditions may include:\n- Spread the propanol over the slide with a used matchstick\n- Blow warm air over the surface\n- Fan cool air over the surface\n- Warm the slide (in hands)\n- Cool the slide (pre cool the slide in a fridge or on ice)\nThe above conditions can be applied singly or combined for more variation.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This experiment was carried out to confirm the relationship between the dry matter production of rice plants and water temperature, under various air temperature and light intensity conditions.\nThe following results were obtained :\n1. The rate of dry matter production was increased as the air temperature and light intensity increased, and high water temperature, 33℃, was more favorable temperature for dry matter production under any air temperature and light intensity condition in this experiment.\n2. Water temperature was ascertained to have effectiveness on dry matter distribution. The rice plants grown under high water temperature had higher leaf blade distribution rate, higher specific leaf area (F/B), and larger leaf area.\n3. Dry matter distribution was also affected by light intensity, but those gradients between 33℃ and 23℃ water temperature were kept under various light intensities.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "With the air filter assembly off should my e420 stall or idle\nsmoothly? I remember a while ago time ago removing my air filter\nassembly when changing air filters then trying to start engine and it\nkept stalling, but recently I pulled air assembly off and car starts\nand idles normal...maybe a defective air mass sensor?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Most Fun Winter Solstice Celebrations Around the World\nFor thousands of years, people all over the world have celebrated the winter solstice. This astronomical phenomenon occurs in the Northern Hemisphere on Dec. 21 or 22 and in the Southern Hemisphere on June 20 or 21. It marks the day that the sun reaches its southern-most position as seen from Earth, which results in the shortest day and longest night of the year.\nThe term “solstice” is derived from the Latin word solstitium, which translates to “the Sun stands still.” At this time the sun appears to stand still at the Tropic of Capricorn, shining directly overhead at noon, and then reverses its direction. During the December solstice, the Northern Hemisphere is leaning mostly away from the sun. In fact, the National Weather Service explains that seasons are not caused by how close the Earth is to the sun, but rather how the Earth is tilted.\nMany ancient cultures, from Europe to the Americas, developed customs and rituals to revel in the journey toward summer’s long, warm days. Click here to see some of the most fun winter solstice celebrations around the world.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What is the best month to go to Cappadocia?\nPeak season for Cappadocia is July and August, when temperatures can easily clear 32°C. Visit either side for cooler weather, and clearer trails and skies. The best time to visit Cappadocia is unquestionably outside of the hot and dry summer months of July and August.\nIs Turkey hot in March?\nJanuary, February and March are fairly cold months in Turkey, although temperatures do warm up by March. Because of the low temperatures this is a quiet time to visit Turkey, so you are likely to have the sites more or less to yourself.\nDoes it rain a lot in Cappadocia?\nGenerally speaking, Cappadocia’s is a dry climate, do not expect much humidity. Look for some winds in the spring and some fog in the late fall. Rain in the summer is a rarity but not uncommon in the fall and spring with a few snowfalls each winter. The hot air balloons fly up to 330 days per year!\nWhat is Turkey like in March?\nTurkey weather in March\n|Temperature March||10.8°C | 51.4°F||Precipitation / Rainfall March|\n|Temperature March max.||16°C | 60.8°F||Water Temperature March|\n|Temperature March min.||5.6°C | 42.1°F|\nIs Cappadocia good in March?\nCappadocia is definitely worth visiting, and beginning of March is not so bad. People do come here all year round and still enjoy it! I’ve been hiking in December-January-February, it was a bit cold but still enjoyable. March should be much better!\nIs March best time to visit Cappadocia?\nVisiting Cappadocia in Winter The months of December to March is one of the best time to visit Cappadocia Turkey as it turns into a winter wonderland. Despite the cool temperatures, there are also fewer people visiting tourist spots, and prices tend to drop during this season.\nWhat is the hottest country in March?\nOn average, some of the hottest places to visit in March are:\n- Cancun (34.2 °C)\n- Phuket (33.3 °C)\n- Barbados (29.7 °C)\n- Dominican Republic (29.3 °C)\n- Cuba (27.5 °C)\n- Cape Verde (25.7 °C)\n- Fuerteventura (22.5 °C)\n- Tenerife (22.3 °C)\nIs it good to visit Cappadocia in March?\nMarch in Cappadocia seems to bring more wind to the region than any other month of the year. Some days can be cloudy, other days can be clear blue skies and the weather in Cappadocia can change dramatically in this month, so if you are looking at March as the best time to visit Cappadocia, keep that in mind.\nIs there snow in Cappadocia in March?\nThe weather in Cappadocia in March is very cold with Temperatures between 28°F and 50°F. Cappadocia should expect an average of 15 to 22 days of rain, so be sure to bring along a waterproof jacket to stay dry this month! Cappadocia is going to experience quite a number of days of snow during March.\nDoes it snow in Cappadocia in March?\nThe average minimum temperature (usually the minimum temperature is noted during the night) in Cappadocia in March is -1.0°C (30.2°F). The amount of rain/snow in March is normal with an average of 42mm (1.7in). Bring a thick blanket because during the night it can cool down to temperatures below freezing.\nHow many days do you need in Cappadocia?\nCappadocia is a beautiful region that we loved visiting on our Turkey itinerary. You need at least 2 days to see the main highlights of Cappadocia, allowing for 2 mornings to take the balloon ride in case there are cancellations for weather. Staying for longer will allow you to get a lot more out of Cappadocia.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In order to understand mechanisms influencing DOC sources and export we investigate DOC quality parameters. Our goal is to identify differences in DOC and its mobilization processes between steep hillslopes and riparian zones and between different precipitation events. We hypothesize that different antecedent hydrological conditions and the topographical position influence sources of DOC and mobilization processes.\nMaterial and Methods\nWe continuously measured absorption from 200 to 750 nm via UV-Vis spectrometry at two sampling sites at a small stream (riparian zone and steep hillslope). We used the absorption values to investigate the ratio of A254 and A365 and the specific DOC concentration normalized UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) during three large precipitation events with different antecedent hydrological conditions.\nThe A254/A365 ratio values usually fluctuated between 2 and 5. However, the variation of the ratio values was more pronounced during the event following dry hydrological conditions than the one following wet hydrological conditions and less pronounced at the hillslopes than at the riparian zone. SUVA254 values at the steep hillslope sampling site were close to 3 L/(mg m) and did not vary greatly during rain events. This stands in contrast to the riparian zone sampling site where SUVA254 values reached 12 L/(mg m) and showed a clear variation during precipitation events. This variation was also more pronounced during the precipitation event following dry hydrological conditions than the one following wet hydrological conditions.\nThe change of DOC quality parameters during events indicates a change of DOC sources or flowpaths. Our results suggest that mechanisms influencing the mobilization of DOC differ between the riparian zone and the hillslopes. Furthermore, hydrological preconditions seem to influence the composition of DOC reaching the stream.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Most of the systems in the gas supply system are powered by electricity, and the air compressor consumes more than 90% of the total power of the gas supply system. 's gas supply system efficiency according to the survey, most of the plants are low, there is a device does not match, the \"big horse-drawn cart\" phenomenon, line loss is big, system leakage and improper system control.\n1.1 Energy saving principle of variable frequency conversion\nThe use of variable frequency speed regulation system can solve the energy waste problem of the gas supply system. The system is composed of pressure sensor, PLC, PID, frequency converter, etc., which can be used to regulate the speed of motor. Variable frequency speed regulation system with the output pressure as the object, by the pressure sensor to measure the feedback signal to the PID regulator compared with preset pressure for a given signal, after the PID of the integrated signal receiving frequency converter input side, given that according to the amount of pressure changes in the size decide the working frequency of the motor and rotational speed, and realize automatic adjustment. System have dormancy control function, when the low efficiency of air-jet loom drive, gas, air compressor discharge time is long, cause energy waste, this paragraph of time the implementation of dormancy control can obtain good energy saving effect. The process is: if the weaving workshop drive efficiency is low, the gas consumption is very small; the frequency of the frequency of the frequency of the frequency of the frequency decrease is greater. When it is reduced to 20Hz (the minimum operating frequency of the preset converter is 20Hz), the air compressor side pressure will gradually increase if the air volume of the loom is still not raised. When the preset value is raised, the pressure sensor gives the pressure signal of the pipeline to PLC, which compares the pressure signal measured by the pressure sensor. If higher than the preset value, the PLC gives a signal to the multi-function end of the inverter, so that the inverter will sleep, and the output frequency will drop to 0, the motor will stop running, and the system will be in a state of energy saving. If the pressure signal is lower than the preset value, the inverter is entered into the PID closed-loop operation stage by hibernation state.\nBecause the inverter control air compressor is based on the demand of hollow air quantity, it reduces the idle time and the power saving effect is obvious. Handan Shengmian textile co., LTD., with the implementation of the conversion of the frequency conversion, the annual power saving can be 8.4 x 105kW • h.\n1.2 reasonable control of pressure drop\nAny transmission will have pressure drop, the key is how to properly control the pressure drop to reduce energy consumption. The data showed that the power consumption increased by 0.3% ~ 0.5% when the pressure drop increased by 0.01 MPa. Air compressor power produced by every year because of the pressure drop is very big, oil separator, precision filter, dryer is a major part of the pressure drop increases, the timely replacement of oil separator, precision filter, regular cleaning dryer air passage though would increase the cost of some material, but are very effective at reducing pressure drop.\n1.3 reasonable selection of air compressor\nAir compressor exhaust, outlet pressure has a direct influence on energy consumption, so the requirement on the premise of meet the gas supply pressure, accurate calculation process of gas pressure loss, choose suitable air compressor exhaust pressure, in order to avoid unnecessary pressure, reduce energy consumption. Efficiency and than it is worth noting that the power is to measure the performance of the air compressor energy saving level is very important indicators, selection to select high efficiency, lower than the power of the air compressor . Reasonable choose the number of air compressor, make its in high load and high performance region, at the same time considering the regional climate conditions and water conditions to determine the suitable air compressor cooling way, reduce the energy consumption and improving the efficiency of the air compressor .\nIn addition, the improvement of air compressor room temperature can improve the efficiency of air compressor. Experiments show that the environment temperature every 11 ℃, compression efficiency by 3%, as a result, the air compressor plant working environment temperature control for energy saving is also cannot be ignored.\n1.4 air aspirating pretreatment\nUnder the same conditions, the compressed wet air is more than the expansion work done by the compressed air, and the larger the relative humidity, the larger the energy consumption of air compressor is. Using compressed air pretreatment equipment, removing moisture and dust in the air in advance can improve the efficiency of air compressor, reduce the resistance of drying filter, and reduce energy consumption .", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "ITW Vortec cold air guns, available from Knight Pneumatics , offer optimal spot cooling qualities for machining operations.\nCold air guns use filtered compressed air and vortex tube technology to produce sub zero air for industrial spot cooling. This kind of cold air machining eliminates mist coolants and heat related parts growth, while improving tool life, parts tolerance, and surface finish quality.\nITW Vortec cold air guns are versatile spot cooling devices, used in a variety of industrial processes, as well as fabrication, assembly, and packaging applications. The most popular applications involve cooling during the machining of metals, plastics, wood, rubber, ceramics and other materials.\nThese spot cooling devices provide effective cooling for most dry machining operations, allowing an increase in feed rates and an extended tool life. With no moving parts to wear out, the internal vortex tube converts factory compressed air into a sub zero air stream at temperatures as low as -34.4°C.\nITW Vortec cold air gun models include the adjustable cold air gun, Vortec's most popular and versatile model; the mini cold air gun, with close positioning on grinding operations; the Thread Guard cold air gun, that keeps sewing needles cool to reduce breakage and thread burning; and the hot air gun, that performs spot pre-heating of parts and processes without the use of electricity.\nThe key features and benefits of ITW Vortec cold air guns include:\n- elimination of mess, expense and safety concerns of using mist coolants\n- avoids secondary parts cleaning after machining\n- increases dry machining speed up to 36%\n- extends tool life up to 50%\n- low pressure air output helps clear chips and dust.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What are the longest waves in the EM spectrum ?\nWhat kind of waves are all of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum ?\nWhich waves have the shortest wavelengths?\nWhat can we use Infra Red (IR) for?\nWhat order do the waves in visible light come in?\nWhat are radio waves used for?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Delta Air Lines has canceled another 100 flights Thursday.\nThe cancellations include early morning flights in Atlanta as well as flights in other Southeast cities hit by bad weather including Charlotte, Raleigh/Durham and southern Virginia, according to Atlanta-based Delta spokesman Morgan Durrant.\nThat comes after Delta canceled about 520 flights Wednesday, the vast majority of those Atlanta flights. The airport advised travelers to check their flight status before heading to the airport.\nThe winter storm that dumped more than a half-foot of snow across parts of north Georgia Wednesday and overnight has moved out of the state. While metro Atlanta interstates are wet but mostly ice-free, roads in far northern suburbs were still covered with ice and snow early Thursday morning. Full story.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Nozawa Snow Report, Nozawa Onsen Ski Report\nWelcome to the Nozawa Snow Report, Nozawa Onsen Ski Report which updates snow, weather and ski conditions direct from Nozawa Onsen Ski Resort in Nozawa Onsen Village, Japan regularly. In our Nozawa snow reports you will find the latest snowfall, weather conditions, current temperature, some great Nozawa Onsen snow pictures and even some of the happenings around the village.\nOur Nozawa Snow Reports run from the start of the Japan ski season in mid-December usually until sometime in March or even April (depending on snow conditions). Generally January and February are the best months for skiing in Nozawa Onsen although it’s not unusual to have awesome powder conditions in December or March, or even April! For more information on the area check out our main site, The Nozawa Onsen Guide at https://nozawa-onsen.com. Also make sure to check in our great range of Nozawa Accommodation with the best online selection available of ryokan, budget accommodation, apartments, pension, lodges and many others.\nDon’t forget to check out our friends at Nozawa Holidays who have something to suit every budget.\nCurrent Nozawa Onsen weather forecast\nIt’s the weekend with snow tonight Welcome to Nozawa snow report, we woke up to a bit of sunshine and scattered cloud this morning, this is forecast to develop into light snow by this evening. It looks like this will be the same for Sunday. We have great condition on piste at the moment so […]\nFirst light! Good morning everyone, it looks like we will have another blue bird day, then clouds are predicted rolling in this evening, so grab your cameras and get some great shots from the top of the mountain. The clouds should deliver light snow tonight and then light to moderate snow tomorrow and on Sunday. […]\nFebruary keeps on delivering! Good morning everyone, we had 12cm during the day yesterday and 3cm over night, there is a chance of light snow today and tomorrow. The forecast for the weekend looks good for a moderate dump of snow which should add to the 365cm base we have at the moment. The quality […]\nWe woke up to snowfall again! (10cm overnight) It’s always a good sign when the road to the Gondola is covered with snow in the morning. It seems we are on a snowfall, sunshine, snowfall, sunshine, snowfall, sunshine repeat patten of weather at the moment as we have sunshine predicted for tomorrow and then snow […]\n6cm overnight… More to come tonight! We woke up to snow today and the snow should continue throughout the day and tomorrow with the heaviest fall at night. We’ll see the sun on Thursday at this stage and more snow coming over the weekend. We’re looking at a good end to February and fingers crossed […]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Freon Cascade Refrigerator for Liquid Air Plant Precooler\nAn air liquefier, which employs a Joule-Thomson expansion, consists of the parts illustrated schematically in Figure 1. Leaving the compressor at high pressure and room temperature, air passes through heat exchanger 1 and then enters a refrigerator evaporator where its temperature is reduced. Temperature reduction is accomplished by bringing the air into thermal contact with a refrigerant liquid boiling at reduced pressure. Next, the air passes through another heat exchanger 2 and arrives at the throttling valve V, where it is expanded to atmospheric pressure. Passage through the valve is accompanied by another drop in temperature during the initial or start-up period. The cold air returning through heat exchangers 1 and 2 is made to cool the incoming warm air by thermal contact. In an ideal plant, this warmed gas arrives at the compressor in its original state, the cycle being completed. Sufficient refrigerative effect is produced in the above manner, to lower the air temperature accumulatively at the throttle valve, so that eventually a portion of it will condense after expansion and be withdrawn from the system, Under this circumstance, a fraction x of the incoming air is liquefied while the balance, 1 — x is used to cool the incoming stream.\nKeywordsHeat Exchanger Thermal Contact Liquefaction Rate Refrigerant Liquid Cascade Method\nUnable to display preview. Download preview PDF.\n- 1.B. F. Dodge, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1944).Google Scholar\n- 2.W. H. Keesom, On the Economy of the Cascade Process for the Liquefaction of Gases, Comm, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab., Univ. of Leiden, Suppl. No. 76a (1933).Google Scholar\n- 3.M. Ruhemann, The Separation of Gases, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England (1940).Google Scholar", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "passionate:1. Marked or swayed by strong sexual-desire .\nSYNONYMS, QUASI-SYNONYMS AND RELATED TERMS: ache-for ; all-hot-and-bothered ; all-steamed-up ; all-worked-up ; amorous ; antsy; ardent; aroused; blazing; burning ; climactically excited; concupiscent ; covetousness; crave for; cream-for ; desire strongly; desirous; dripping-for-it ; eager; erotic ; estrous; excited; fervent ; fervid ; fiery; fired-up ; flaming ; flash-groove ; flash-in-the-pants ; fuckish ; full-of-beans ; full-of-fuck ; full-of-gism ; geared(-up) ; goatish ; hanker(ing); hard (up); have (a) fever; have-a-hard-on-for someone; have-a-lech ; have-the-hots ; have-the-hots-for someone; have-the-urge-to-merge ; heated; horny ; hot ; hot-and-bothered ; hot as a three-dollar pistol ; hot-as-a-firecracker ; hot-assed ; hot-blooded; hot-in-the-ass ; hot-in-the-biscuit ; hot-in-the-tail ; hot-to-trot ; humpy ; hunger-for ; hunky ; impassioned ; impetuous; in-a-sweat ; in-heat ; in-season ; inflamed ; inspired; itching ; itchy ; jacked-up ; juicy ; lascivious ; letch-after ; letching for; lewd ; libidinous; long-for ; lubricious ; lust-after ; lust for; lustful ; lusty ; moved by passion ; pashy ; pashful ; passional ; passionate; perfervid ; pine (for); prurient ; quickened; rammy; randy ; red-hot ; rooty ; rousing; rutting ; ruttish ; rutty ; salacious ; sensual (craving); sexotic ; sexual-desire ; sexy ; sizzling ; steamed-(up) ; steamy ; stimulated; stirring; strong desire ; sultry; sweet-tooth ; thirsty ; torrid; turned-on ; urge; warm; wet ; wet-and-willing ; white-hot; wild (about); wired(-up); wistful; worked-up ; yearning; yen ; yenny ; zealous.\nSEE ALSO: blue-balls ; cream-one's-pants (or jeans); hot-nuts ; hot-rocks ; love-nuts .\n2. Having, capable of, affected by, or dominated by powerful emotions. This term implies great vehemence and often violence and wasteful diffusion of emotion.\n3. Easily aroused to anger.\n4. Enthusiastic, ardent. Adverb: passionately.\nSee Also: amour fou, Chimaropia, fervid, frigidity, full of gism, funk, hickey, hot as a firecracker, itching, MLA, pashful, pashy, petting, rusty, soul kiss, soul kissing, sweet-hot, tongue kissing, wet kissing\nLink to this page:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Your Shopping Cart is empty.\nGive it purpose - fill it with water filters, air filters, refrigerator filters, and more.\nThe Filters Fast MERV 8 Odor Killer 2\" (6-Pack) is the perfect replacement air filter to eliminate pet odors, gases, smoke odors, cigarette odors and other contaminants from your indoor air. The Odor Killer uses Gray Matter, which is an activated granular carbon material imbedded between two sheets of MERV 8 filter media. This pleated air filter removes far more than just odors, unlike standard activated carbon odor filters or charcoal odor filters do. The Odor Killer air filter's charcoal air filtration is an effective option for restaurants, bars, hair and beauty salons, gyms, health clubs, vet offices, doctor offices, hospitals and more.\nThe Odor Killer air filter is a MERV 8 filter which is certified to ASHRAE 52, and will drastically remove pollen, dust, mold, mildew, pet dander and other allergens from the indoor air that you breathe. The Odor Killer air filter also captures harmful VOC's (Volatile Organic Compounds), which are emitted by building materials, cleaning supplies, furniture, copiers, printers, craft materials and more. Sick Building Syndrome is caused by high levels of VOCs, because VOC levels are usually much higher indoors than outdoors. This occurs when VOCs do not fully dissipate in today's air-tight structures.\nFilters Fast Odor Killer Air Filter Specifications:\nFilters Fast Odor Killer Air Filters are available in the following sizes:\nNominal Size Actual Size\n10x20x2 Air Filter 9.5x19.5x1.75\n12x20x2 Air Filter 11.81x19.81x1.75\n12x24x2 Air Filter 11.81x23.81x1.75\n14x20x2 Air Filter 13.56x19.56x1.75\n14x25x2 Air Filter 13.56x24.56x1.75\n15x20x2 Air Filter 14.56x19.56x1.75\n16x20x2 Air Filter 15.56x19.56x1.75\n16x24x2 Air Filter 15.5x23.5x1.75\n16x25x2 Air Filter 15.56x24.56x1.75\n18x24x2 Air Filter 17.5x23.5x1.75\n18x25x2 Air Filter 17.5x24.5x1.75\n20x20x2 Air Filter 19.56x19.56x1.75\n20x24x2 Air Filter 19.37x23.37x1.75\n20x25x2 Air Filter 19.56x24.56x1.75\n20x30x2 Air Filter 19.62x29.62x1.75\n24x24x2 Air Filter 23.81x23.81x1.75\n24x30x2 Air Filter 23.5x29.5x1.75\n25x25x2 Air Filter 24.5x24.5x1.75\n25x28x2 Air Filter 24.5x24.5x1.75\nFilters Fast Odor Killer Filters should be maintained regularly for peak efficiency and optimum results. It is recommended that filters are replaced every 3-6 months, depending on use.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "looking at getting a madstad for my 12 RG. im 5'6\". was looking at the 11inch. ive read lots here about most wanting the 13inch. whats thoughts for my size? also how does rain affect the ride with the wind and rain going behind? I ride rain lots. thanx guys.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Rainbow arc curling in the sky weaving a tapestry of colorful shades.\nHeaven bliss gaining expression,\nAs the cloud forms myriad thoughts like smoke screen in the blurred lines of poetry.\nRainy weather altered the atmosphere as\none gazes at the sky and white clouds to find solace and soothe the heart.\nThe child prams on its tiny legs,\nkissing the cup of the tiny face with wet palms.\nA stroke of divinity as the writer gazes at the sky and rain lashing in the atmosphere,\nseeking inspiration to create characters that stay forever in imagination.\nNature, in its fury, carry elements of bliss,\nonly a pure heart can feel and feed into thoughts.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Influence of particles size and concentration in particles cloud radiation by Mie Theory\nThe effects of mean diameter of particles and of particles concentration, for particles cloud, on the radiative heat flux have been analyzed by a mathematical model. The mathematical model for the radiation of particulate media on the surrounding walls, for 3-D rectangular geometry has been developed. The model is based on the Hottel-Cohen Zone Method for the analysis of radiative heat transfer. Total View Factors for radiative exchange have been evaluated by the Monte Carlo Method. Mic Theory has been used for the determination of the radiative properties of particles cloud in the enclosure. Parameters defining the radiative properties by Mie equations arch particles shape, mean diameter of particles, complex refractive index of particles material, density of material, particles concentration and the wavelength of incident radiation. The particles considered have been of spherical shape, In the zone method, the enclosure and its surrounding surfaces are divided into a number of volume... and surface zones, each of which is assumed to have uniform properties. A radiative energy balance is written on each zone giving the net radiative heat transfer between that zone and every other volume and surface zone in the system. The Monte Carlo Method is based an probability and statistics. The concept of energy bundles is introduced to simulate the actual physical process of radiation. A statistically meaningful number of energy bundles are followed from initial points of emission through randomly determined paths until the final points of absorption on the system. The mathematical and physical background of the interaction between incident radiation and a single solid particle is the solution of Maxwells wave equations. Gustav Mic solved Maxwell,s wave equations with the appropriate boundary conditions for single cylindrical and spherical particles and the resulting equations are called the Mic equations. The main objectives of the study are: To link numerically Hottel-Cohen zone method and Monte Carlo Method with Mie equations and to create an original 3-D computer code for the prediction of heat flux distribution. Using the code, as the results, the distribution of net radiative heat flux on the surfaces of a cube have been predicted for various values of mean diameter of particles and of particles concentration. The parametric study has been carried out keeping constant: complex refractive index of particles material and density of material. The wavelength of incident radiation was varied as well. It has been concluded, inter alia, that the larger is the mass concentration of particles the higher is the radiative heat flux transferred to the surfaces. The influence of particles diameter on the heat flux is not straight forward and it depends on the wavelength of incident radiation.\nSource:Strojniski vestnik = Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2001, 47, 8, 417-423\n- ASME-ZSITS International Thermal Science Seminar, Jun 11-14, 2000, Bled, Slovenia", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Korean Air introduced a new B777-300ER aircraft from Boeing of the U.S. on May 14. The aircraft is the 200th Boeing-made aircraft that Korean Air has introduced.\nThe B777-300ER plane alone is the 25th aircraft and the largest number of operational aircraft owned by Korean Air.\nStarting with the B707-3B5C aircraft in 1971, Korean Air has introduced a total of 200 Boeing aircraft over the past 48 years. Korean Air currently has 119 Boeing aircraft.\nThe B777-300ER aircraft, which was introduced this time, began operations on the Incheon-Fukuoka route by wrapping the phrase \"200th AIRCRAFT\" in front of the fuselage marking the 200th Boeing aircraft, and will also be deployed in San Francisco, Osaka and Hanoi routes.\nThe B777-300ER aircraft, first introduced in 2009 by Korean Air in Korea, is a 291-seat medium-sized aircraft, which reduces carbon dioxide emissions by about 26 percent and reduces noise levels further than conventional aircraft due to improved fuel efficiency.\nIt also offers a more comfortable cabin atmosphere with up to 21 types of LED color lighting, depending on flight stage and in-flight service stage.\nMeanwhile, Korean Air currently operates in 124 cities in 44 countries with 168 aircraft, including 119 Boeing planes and 49 Airbus planes.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Air Cleaners – Breathe Better, Feel Better\nSometimes, feeling better is as simple as breathing better air. The air we breathe into our bodies is as important as the food and beverages we put into our bodies. Air cleaners and air purifiers improve air quality, which can greatly improve overall health as poor quality ranks among the most significant factors on general health. These highly important systems take care of indoor air pollutants and ventilate a home with clean air. Let the knowledgeable team at JayDan Services help improve the air quality in your home or office by installing a pure air cleaning system.\nDo You Need An Air Cleaner?\nIf your area suffers from undesirable weather conditions or high levels of contaminants contained in the outdoor air, an air cleaning system can remove unwanted pollutants from indoor air.\nSome air cleaning devices are designed to be installed in the duct work of a home’s central heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system to clean the air in the entire house. Portable room air cleaners can be used to clean the air in a single room, but they are not intended for whole-house filtration. This is where is becomes important to have a professionally installed air cleaning system.\nJayDan Services Lives Where You Live\nWho knows the quality of the outside air better than your trusted neighbors at JayDan Services? No one of course. We have lived in the Bucks County area for decades and know the challenges that our neighbors face with air quality and shifting weather patterns in townships such as Newtown, New Hope, Yardley, Upper Makefield and Lower Makefield. Give us a call at (215) 595-5187.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Redneck weather station! Put on your laughing goggles!!\nView Original Size\n× Share with friend\nOn a road trip near Sault Sainte Marie (Ontario, Canada) we came across Canada's most advanced weather monitoring station. This is SOOOOO REDNECK...\n\"This was a fuckup on a Canadian TV station that proves that Canada IS hell.\"\nThis weather really shafts us.\nGet oota here with that scoondrel behaviour!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Smoking vector fine Free vector 378.21KB\nFile size: 378.21KB File type: Encapsulated PostScript eps ( .eps ) vector illustration graphic art design format Author:\nLicence: Free for non commercial use only. . Please check author page for more information.\nno, smoking, no smoking, are not allowed to smoke, prohibiting Lin, are not allowed to Lin, the police Wen\nShutterStock.com 10% off on monthly subscription plans with coupon code AFD10\nPopular tags: fine smoking fog symphony elegant cool abstract air aroma backdrop background beam black blue blur burning busy clear clip art color colored\nfine smoking symphony smoke fine vector symphony smoke fine vector smoking fine smoking fine smoke fine vector smoke fine fine smoke smoke fine art smoke cloud no smoking no smoking sign cartoon smoke smoke background stop smoking red smoke black smoke smoking area smoke skull food smoke car smoke smoking weed blue smoke fire smoke smoke circle ice smoke traffic fine colored smoke people smoking smoking pipe volcano smoke yellow smoke smoke ring train smoke smoke pattern smoke heart green smoke", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "To locate stars in the sky, we use a system of coordinates similar to the one we use to locate places on earth.\nLocations in the sky are expressed in a similar way. The equivalent of latitude is called declination, and the equivalent of longitude is called right ascension.\nThe reference for declination is the celestial equator. This is a line in the sky directly over the earth\\'s equator. It is exactly half way between the north celestial pole (the point in the sky directly over the earth\\'s North Pole) and the south celestial pole. As in latitude, declination is measured in degrees, from 0° at the celestial equator to +90° at the north celestial pole and -90° at the south celestial pole (Plus and minus signs are used instead of N and S).\nRight ascension is a little more complicated than longitude. The reference for this measurement is a line from the north celestial pole to the south celestial pole, passing through the vernal equinox.\nAs the earth orbits the sun, the sun seems to move among the stars. It seems to follow a path in the sky called the ecliptic. Because the earth is tilted on its axis, the ecliptic crosses the celestial equator at two points, called the equinox points. The sun is at one of these crossing points in March. This point in the sky is called the spring, or vernal, equinox. This crossing point then is part of the reference line for right ascension. By the way, the other point is called the fall, or autumnal, equinox point.\nUnlike longitude, which measures halfway around in each direction, right ascension measures all the way around in one direction, toward the east. Also, instead of measuring in degrees, right ascension uses units called hours of right ascension. Each hour is 15 degrees wide.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We know that the earth's orbit is gradually becoming closer to the sun, inevitably reaching a stage where it will collide with our star. Why shouldn't the moon behave in the same manner? Why is the moon actually moving away from the pull of the earth every year? I have come to think that it simply has to do with the mass of the earth compared to the mass of the sun. Hence why the moon is moving away from the earth and the earth is moving closer to the sun. But which law do we apply to predict such behaviour? Can Newton's or Einstein's law of gravity mathematically predict this? Could anyone quote the formula involved?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "JW Fusion Quiet Power Air Pump 700\nThe Fusion Air Pump 700 is extremely quiet, but still manages to regulate air flow to create a constant powerful output. This patented air pump features an electronic air control knob for quiet and precise air flow!\nUp to 15 air-operated ornaments, filters and airstones can be used on the model 700 air pump. There are two output valves.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hot Air Balloon Rides in North Carolina\n- a few places you can fly in NC.\nHot Air Balloon Festivals\n- List of Balloon events with dates.\nHot Air Balloon Information\n- History of ballooning - how it works - list of balloon sites.\nHot Air Ballooning\n- More great information about ballooning and information about hot air balloon rides and how to get involved.\nBelow are some photos of hot air balloon rides", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Grand Teton Sunrise\n$ 85.00 – $ 100.00\nOn our last day in the Grand Tetons, we awoke to clear skies. The temperature this morning was minus 16, so the set up and the photography was done efficiently, because it was too cold to stay outside very long. However, the fog rising above the river and the crystal clear skies as a backdrop made this a beautiful vista.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A new birder\nAs the weather changed from mild to freezing rain, the winter birds arrived looking for shelter and food.\nThe first central Oklahoma hard freeze was on the 13th. Then two storms hit on the 22nd and 24th with arctic temperatures, rain, sleet, and snow. Along with the colder weather swimmers, birds of prey and sparrows are\nContinue reading November 2013", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A long-awaited system of movable floodgates is starting to protect the city from the highest tides.\nAfter a planning and construction process that spanned decades, a flood control system in Venice is now regularly protecting the low-lying city from high water. Satellites caught a rare glimpse of the system in action during a high-water storm event in November 2021.\nThe system—Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico (MOSE)—includes 78 submerged barrier gates that are normally tucked into the seafloor. When weather forecasts show damaging floods (above 130 centimeters or 4.3 feet) are imminent, operators rotate the gates upward to form a temporary seawall that rises above the water surface. As shown by the Landsat and Sentinel-2 images on this page, the seawall prevents water from the Adriatic Sea from flowing through key inlets into or out of the shallow lagoon that surrounds Venice.\nOn the afternoon of November 3, 2021, the flood gates were raised as a storm brewed in the Adriatic Sea. At the time, forecasters warned that water levels might rise 140 centimeters above normal when high tide peaked and strong sirocco winds battered the Venetian coast. Water at that level is enough to flood 60 percent of the city, including the iconic St. Mark’s Square, the lowest part of the city.\nContinue reading at NASA Earth Observatory\nImage via NASA Earth Observatory", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Air Jordan 11 “History of Flight” first came to light in 2010 as part of a rare Air Jordan “History of Flight” Collection. The Air Jordan 11 silhouette from the pack was built with a White mesh upper and matching patent leather overlays. The laces are colored Black with Red hitting the luxury inner liner (similar to the Air Jordan 11 Anniversary) sitting atop a Red translucent outsole.\nWith the Air Jordan 11 “Pantone” set to release this Holiday 2014, how many of you would like to see the Air Jordan 11 “History of Flight” release in the near future? Let us know your thoughts and where these rank from the rest of the Air Jordan 11 colorways in the comment section below.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Example of contents: need for tropical rain forests and their products; land use in tropical rain forest areas; tropical forest ecosystems; spatial variety of tropical rain forests and forest lands; suitability of tropical forests for relevant use.\nThere are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product!\nYour orders support book donation projects\nI have never been so pleased with the quality of service.\nSearch and browse over 110,000 wildlife and science products\nMulti-currency. Secure worldwide shipping\nWildlife, science and conservation since 1985", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Despite the benefit of recent Belg rains and anticipated above average rainfall in many regions the coming months, recovery of livelihoods will not be spontaneous, nor can it be expected without concerted assistance. Belg rainfall did not cover all regions equally, and although rainfall in southern pastoral areas was forecast to be near average for the Deyir (Oct-Dec), rainfall is below average to date. Below-average rainfall in eastern Oromia, southern Tigray, eastern Amhara and northern SNNPR has led to reduced production prospects.\nTo improve household food security and nutrition outcomes, the agriculture sector highlights the need to continue assistance for core-breeding and milking livestock; including resilience and key sustainable livelihood activities, supplementary animal feed/fodder production and densification, animal health services and crop interventions. The 2018 planting window has already passed, but prevention and mitigation activities for the next planting season would help to avoid long-term dependency on humanitarian assistance.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "On this website we recommend many pictures abaout Lightning Mcqueen Stencil that we have collected from various sites Coloring Pages, and of course what we recommend is the most excellent of picture for Lightning Mcqueen Stencil. If you like the picture on our website, please do not hesitate to visit again and get inspiration from our website.\nAnd if you want to see more images more we recommend the gallery below, you can see the picture as a reference design from your Lightning Mcqueen Stencil.\nThank you for seeing gallery of Lightning Mcqueen Stencil, we would be very happy if you come back.\nSimilar Keyword Lightning Mcqueen Stencil : free lightning mcqueen pumpkin stencil, lightning mcqueen cake stencil, lightning mcqueen pumpkin stencil, lightning mcqueen pumpkin stencil printable, lightning mcqueen stencil, lightning mcqueen stencil for a pumpkin, lightning mcqueen stencil printable, lightning mcqueen stencil pumpkin, lightning mcqueen wall stencil, printable lightning mcqueen stencils, and more.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In this whitepaper you'll find:\nGuidance from the Google Cloud Adoption Framework to determine where you are on your cloud journey today and where you’d like to be.\nActionable programs, informed by Google’s experience working with enterprise customers, that can help you plan your cloud migration.\nYou'll also learn:\n- How to plan your cloud migration with the Adoption Framework\n- Which four capabilities to hone to drive successful cloud adoption\n- What cloud maturity is and how to measure yours\n- How to take cloud maturity to the next level with actionable objectives", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Is sulfur combustible?\nSulfur dust suspended in air ignites easily, and can cause an explosion in confined areas. May be ignited by friction, static electricity, heat, sparks, or flames. Toxic gases will form upon combustion. Bulk/solid forms burn only at moderate rate, whereas dust burns with explosive violence.\nJoin Alexa Answers\nHelp make Alexa smarter and share your knowledge with the worldLEARN MORE", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Expired air is a combination of dead space air and alveolar air; its overall composition is therefore determined by (1) the amount of the expired air that is dead space air and (2) the amount that is alveolar air. Figure 39-6 shows the progressive changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures in the expired air during the course of expiration. The first portion of this air, the dead space air from the respiratory passageways, is typical humidified air, as shown in Table 39-1.Then,pro-gressively more and more alveolar air becomes mixed with the dead space air until all the dead space air has finally been washed out and nothing but alveolar air is expired at the end of expiration. Therefore, the method of collecting alveolar air for study is simply to collect a sample of the last portion of the expired air after forceful expiration has removed all the dead space air.\nNormal expired air, containing both dead space air and alveolar air, has gas concentrations and partial pressures approximately as shown in Table 39-1—that is, concentrations between those of alveolar air and humidified atmospheric air.\nWas this article helpful?\nThis ebook provides an introductory explanation of the workings of the human body, with an effort to draw connections between the body systems and explain their interdependencies. A framework for the book is homeostasis and how the body maintains balance within each system. This is intended as a first introduction to physiology for a college-level course.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Adorned with a shaded pastel blue coat that looks like it was made from the clouds themselves is the proud unicorn stallion Nimbus. He is named after the multi-hued clouds that bring rain or snow which gain their darker color from being heavy with water droplets. These clouds blanket the sky as the weather system moves in.\nNimbus has a gleaming metallic coat that allows him to perfectly blend into the tumultuous sky. His shaded gold mane and tail stream behind him glittering with the colors of sunlight that appear after a storm.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Middleby Marshall Commercial Conveyor Oven\nThe Middleby Marshalls are a series of conveyer ovens that allow the user full control of the air flow in the baking chamber, resulting in optimal results in cooking product. Our impingement ovens bake both faster and at a lower temperature than other ovens. Patented vertical columns of hot air move heat aerodynamically instead of using high temperatures. The streams of hot air remove the boundary layers of cool heavy air which tend to insulate the product.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Trion Air Bear Supreme 1400 Comp Air Filters 2-Pk\nYou Save: 14%\nThe Trion AB-51625-8 compatible filter is made by Best Air Pro and replaces the following Trion Air Bear air filters:\n- Air Bear 1400 - 255649-103\n- Air Bear 1400 - 229990-103\n- Air Bear 2000 - 255649-102\nThe 3-Pack Trion Air Bear Supreme 1400 compatible air filters is made by Best Air Pro and offers OEM quality filtration for less money. The filter fit all types of central forced-air systems that require a 16\" x 25\" x 5\" air filter. The actual size of these filters is 15 5/8\" x 24 1/8\" x 4 7/8\".\nThese Trion Air Bear compatible furnace filters are made of a polypropylene and polyethylene blended electrostatic filtration media that is deep pleated. These pleats capture dust, pollen, and other particulates from the air before they adhere to the coils of the system. This media air cleaner has a MERV 8 rating. Comes in a value 2-pack.\nTrion Air Bear Supreme 1400 Comp Air Filters 2-Pk Product Reviews :Write a review\n- Not reviewed yet", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "At this time of year, it’s likely that there will be\n2 inches less rainfall in Chicago than in New Haven\nThe weather in Chicago for the next ten days will be 77°F - that’s\n2°F warmer than\nthere have been no direct flights available between New Haven and Chicago.\nWhich airlines fly from New Haven to Chicago?\nOur recent data shows 0\ncurrently operating direct flights from New Haven to Chicago\nIn the past 30 days,\n20 users have been searching this flight route from New Haven to Chicago.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol.182, No.1-2, 97-110, 2001\nPhase behaviour of gas hydrates of carbon dioxide in the presence of tetrahydropyran, cyclobutanone, cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane\nThis paper presents experimental data on gas hydrate phase behaviour of ternary systems containing water + carbon dioxide + additive. The four additives studied are tetrahydropyran, cyclobutanone, cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane. Since all organic additives are very poorly soluble in water, they will be referred to as insoluble. Compared to the additive-free binary carbon dioxide system, reduction of the gas hydrate equilibrium pressure was observed in all systems. The pressure reducing effect of the additives on the hydrate equilibrium was similar for ternary systems with water + methane + additive and water + carbon dioxide + additive. However, the phase behaviour of the latter type of systems is more complex, due to the occurrence of a liquid carbon dioxide phase. Quintuple points (H-L-w-L-a-L-hc-V) are reported for these systems. In the presence of tetrahydropyran, cyclobutanone and cyclohexane sII hydrates are assumed to be formed, while the hydrate phase with methylcyclohexane may be either sI or sH hydrate.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "1 Rajasthan Air Sqn NCC\nDate Raised : 1955-08-01 Location : Jaipur\n1 RAJ Air Sqn NCC was raised as 11 (Rajasthan) Air Sqn NCC at Jaipur on 1 August 1955. On the creation of the Directorate, the unit was renamed as 1 RAJ Air Sqn NCC sometime in 1962.\n|No Records Found!|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Air Compressor Air Line Filters\nNPS Compressed Air Parts® is a Worldwide distributor and supplier of Premium Non-OEM Air Compressor Air Line Filters manufactured and designed specifically to fit your Industrial Air Compressor System in Europe, USA, Africa, Asia, Middle East and other countries worldwide.\nNPS Compressed Air Parts® is your source for to find replacement Compressor Air Line Filters to keep your air compressor machine running efficiently, effectively and operating at full capacity.\nAn air compressor line filter is an essential part of your pneumatic compressor system because it prevents airborne contaminants from damaging your air compressor line and even your air tools. NPS Compressed Air Parts offer a wide variety of line filters that will keep your machine operating at maximum efficiency, no matter where you’re located around the world.\nSubstances like scale, metal oxides, and dirt, in combination with contaminants like Freon, chlorine, and sulfur, can clog or erode your compressor line. If the lines in your pneumatic device don’t function properly, costly repairs could be necessary. Let an Air Compressor Filter from NPS Compressed Air Parts keep you out of this mess and on target with your project.\nWe can provide you with virtually any type of air compressor air filter, including:\nCall or email NPS Compressed Air Parts today to find out more.\nYou can also learn more about our preventative maintenance plans and service agreements.\nWe offer replacement air compressor air line filters for all major manufacturers such as Hitachi, Ingersoll, Hydrovane, ALMIG, Atlas Copco, Atlas, Holman, Hitachi, Gardner Denver, Ingersoll Rand Worldwide. Login to search online through all the different types of Air Compressor Air Line Filters we carry around Europe, USA, Africa, Asia, Middle East.\nWe make it Easy to Shop online for Comressed Air Parts for your Air Compressor at the lowest prices in the market. As a worldwide distributor of Air Compressor Air Line Filters , we export and sell air compressor Air Line Filters in USA, United Kingdom (UK) & Great Britain (GB), UAE & Dubai, Qatar, Middle East, KSA, Jordan, Europe, Asia, Africa.\nTo learn more about the Products & Services NPS Compressed Air Parts® offers for your air compressor machine please Contact Us Today.\nWe Sell Air Compressor Air Line Filters Worldwide\ncompressed Hitachi Air Line Filter replacement in Africa\nIngersoll compressed air Air Line Filter spare parts in Asia\nAir Line Filter replacement for Hydrovane in Europe\nAir Line Filters for ALMIG in Jordan\nbrand new Atlas Copco Air Line Filter replacements around KSA\nreplacement Atlas air compressor Air Line Filters in Middle East\nHolman compressed Air Line Filters in Qatar\nair compressor Air Line Filters in UAE & Dubai for Hitachi\nAir Line Filter replacement for Gardner Denver air compressors in United Kingdom (UK) & Great Britain (GB)\nIngersoll Rand Air Line Filter spare parts in USA\nBeside Air Compressor Air Line Filters we also carry:\nOil Filter replacement parts in Qatar\nCompressed air Solenoid Valve spare parts in UAE & Dubai\nAir Line Filters in Jordan\nIntercoolers for ingersoll rand air compressors in United Kingdom (UK) & Great Britain (GB)\nAtlas copco air compressor Air Filters in Africa\nReplacement air compressor Air Filters in Asia\nCompressed Intercoolers in Middle East\nNew Air Line Filter replacement parts in USA\nSolenoid Valve replacement for ingersoll rand air compressors in KSA\nIngersoll Rand air compressor Oil Filters in Europe\nNPS Compressed Air Parts® is a Worldwide Distributor & Supplier of Air Compressor Air Line Filters\nWe Export and Ship replacement Air Compressor Air Line Filters Worldwide\n- Ingersoll Rand replacement part supplier in Qatar\n- Ingersoll parts in UAE & Dubai\n- Hitachi compressor parts in Jordan\n- ALMIG new parts in United Kingdom (UK) & Great Britain (GB)\n- new Atla air compressor parts in Africa\n- find Atla replacement parts in Asia\n- ALMIG compressed air parts around Middle East\n- compressed air replacement spare parts in USA for Hitachi air compressors\n- replacement air compressor parts for Ingersoll in KSA\n- Ingersoll Rand air compressor parts in Europe", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Summer Program\nMock AMS Conference\nThe Graduate Student Mock AMS Conference is scheduled to run from Wed July 30, through Friday Aug 1.\nThe program will be run by Angela Gibney and Neil Lyall. All students enrolled in this course are expected to attend the talks unless specific prior approval has been obtained.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "4,000' higher, looks like Adams had a pretty\nhefty amount of snowpack for the end of November. It would be interesting to research how many people actually climb Adams during the winter.\nI was wondering about that myself. With lucky weather and snow conditions it wouldn't be too bad.\nThanks for sharing!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Fram CA9360 Rigid Panel Air Filter A dirty air filter restricts airflow which can contribute to decreased acceleration, horsepower, and overall reduced engine performance. Fram recommends changing your air filter every 12,000 miles. Go To Deal!\nPages to are hidden for\n\"Fram CA9360 Rigid Panel Air Filter\"Please download to view full document", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A view of the one carriage length Llanaber Halt looking towards Barmouth from the beach access boarded crossing on the north side of the halt in December 2011. The line and halt suffered extensive damage during the severe early 2014 storms affecting the Cambrian coast.\nLocation: Llanaber Halt\nCompany: Cambrian Railway\nPhotographer: David Pesterfield\nMake contact: David Pesterfield\nImage number: 46925", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Posted on Februar 20th, 2015\nA gorgeous view over the Alpstein and the Sämtisersee.\nAt this point I thought there are too many clouds in the sky for the night and maybe I couldn’t see too many stars. But a half hour later all clouds were disappeard and the sky was wonderful clear for the rest of the night.\nWe, Koni and me walked the whole way along the mountains until we reached the end of the valley. Then we made photos until the dawn begun and we walked through the valley back. It was a long nightly photowalk with a lot of images.\nDer Artikel ist auch in Deutsch verfügbar.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Bicycle Air Pump with Gauge Thinbike\nBicycle Air Pump with Gauge - Bicycle Air Pump with Gauge Thinbike From the thousands of photographs on the web with regards to bicycle air pump with gauge We selects the top series with ideal quality exclusively for you and now this photographs is usually one of graphics selections within our ideal photographs gallery regarding Bicycle Air Pump with Gauge. I hope you'll want it.\nThat image Bicycle Air Pump with Gauge Thinbike above is usually labelled using: air up bicycle tires, airdyne bicycle, bicycle air horn sound, bicycle air mask, bicycle air pressor head, bicycle air pump canadian tire, bicycle air pump ebay, bicycle air pump instructions, bicycle air pump pressure gauge, bicycle air pump reviews, bicycle air travel bag, bicycle air travel case, bicycle airzound, bicycle pump leaking air, bicycle wheel air,\nsubmitted by means of james.\non 2018-02-06 16:50:45.\nTo see many images in Bicycle Air Pump with Gauge photographs gallery make sure you stick to that url.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "For the first time in 50 years, Sir Malcolm Campbell's iconic vehicle in which he set two world speed records, has revved her engine!\nThe Blue Bird was fired up at Beaulieu in the New Forest having undergone a complete rebuild.\nMore top news\nAfter a dry start, sunshine will become increasingly hazy as cloud thickens, bringing patchy light rain to some parts.\nAfter a dry and bright start across the region, sunshine will become increasingly hazy as cloud thickens.\nShowers soon dying out this evening to give a dry night with some long clear spells and light winds.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Indoor Air Quality – Keeping Your Air Clean and Fresh\nSome people may not realize the importance of the air quality in their home. There are millions of dust and airborne particles floating around in your home and some of those can be harmful to your health. Indoor Air Quality can fix that.\nLuckily, GVEC Air Conditioning and Heating has multiple products and services aimed towards improving the air quality in your home. We have top-notch equipment that can test the air in your residence and gives us a clear picture on the next course of action. All of our IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) products are designed by Bryant, which means you’re getting the best equipment in the industry! Below is a list of all the different air quality products we carry:\n- Humidifiers (controls air moisture)\n- Ventilators (brings fresh air inside)\n- Electronic and traditional air filters (cleans the air before it circulates)\n- Ultraviolet Lamps (helps keep the coils clean)\nHaving clean, fresh, and breathable air in your home is extremely important. We recommend getting an air quality test from one of our trained air quality specialists. They will quickly test your system and see if any of these products could be beneficial.\nNot sure if your AC unit is working properly? Call us today and we’ll make sure your cooling system is blowing out cold, clean air!\nWhy We’re Air-Quality Professionals\nWe’re here for you! GVEC Air Conditioning and Heating specializes in everything AC and we take your home air quality very seriously! We’ve been Air Conditioning experts for over 50 years and we don’t settle for mediocre solutions. Our team of highly-skilled, trained professionals are here.\nFrom AC repair and AC maintenance and tune-ups, to central air installation and replacement, GVEC Air Conditioning and Heating has the products you can rely on, from a company you trust. Call us today!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Carbonated water, also known as sparkling water, fizzy water, seltzer, and water with gas, is plain water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved. Most soft drinks have carbonated water as a base. The process of dissolving carbon dioxide gas is called carbonation. It results in the formation of carbonic acid.\nThe process of carbonation can also occur naturally to produce carbonated mineral water.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This cold image comes from Petra Hall in Sweden!\nMy couple Maria and David decided to get married in the coldest month of the year here in northern Sweden, i.e. in February. Not only is it cold in February, but we also don’t have many hours of daylight. It was a bit of a struggle to separate the bride’s white clothes from the snow, so I used a fill flash. The light was very nice and soft that day mostly due to snow clouds, and the fill flash helped to enhance the dress by making it warmer in comparison to the surrounding snow and ice. In this particular image we were lucky to have the clouds scatter for a few minutes and gave us a bit of blue sky. The sky reflects on the snow and makes it blue normally, but I did make the snow even bluer in post processing, to add to the cold feeling of the image you see here.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- 14048 Sherman Rd. , Milan, MI 48160, USA\nChildren under 17 free, sandy swimming pond, weekend wagon rides, recreation building, small camp store, pets welcome, LP gas, beautiful grass and trees.\nLatitude/Longitude: 42.063192 , -83.641387\nCamping Season: April 1 - november 1\n- swimming pool\n- lp gas\n- modem connection\n- sewer hookups\n- other swimming\n- cable tv\n- dump station\n- recreation hall\n- group area\n- phone hookups\n- 11:37 AM EST on February 21, 2018\n- 1:00 PM EST on February 26, 2018\n- 11:15 AM EST on February 21, 2018\n- 4:00 PM EST on February 21, 2018\nWednesday 02/21/2018 0%\nCloudy. High 41F. Winds N at 10 to 15 mph.\nThursday 02/22/2018 0%\nMostly cloudy. High 38F. Winds ENE at 10 to 15 mph.\nFriday 02/23/2018 70%\nChance of Rain\nCloudy with light rain early. High 46F. Winds SW at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 70%.\nSaturday 02/24/2018 90%\nRain. High near 40F. Winds E at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 90%. Rainfall around a quarter of an inch.\nSunday 02/25/2018 0%\nSun and a few clouds with gusty winds. High 46F. Winds WSW at 20 to 30 mph. Winds could occasionally gust over 40 mph.\nTell your friends\nPlease login to add your review.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Spectacular air show in Sofia for 102 years Air Force!\nBulgarian Air Force will demonstrate air and ground demonstrations on the occasion of the 102nd anniversary of the October 11, 2014 /Saturday/ at Sofia Airport /North region Hostile/.\nDoors open at 11:00 p.m., And the show will start at 13:00 p.m. It is expected flight demonstrations to all types of aircraft and helicopters located on Weapons in Bulgarian Air Force.\nAdmission is free.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "438th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group\nJump to navigation Jump to search\nThis article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n|438th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group|\nThe commander of the 438th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group, gives a certificate to an Afghan National Army Air Force airman during a graduation ceremony\n|Branch||United States Air Force|\n|Garrison/HQ||Kabul Airport, Afghanistan|\n|438th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group emblem|\nThe 438th Air Expeditionary Group stood up on in November 2008 at Kabul Airport, Afghanistan to train fixed and rotary wing aircrew and maintenance me.\nGlobal War On Terrorism\nThe 438th Air Expeditionary Group was activated as part of the Global War On Terror in 2008.\n- Constituted as the 438th Air Expeditionary Advisory Group on 23 October 2008\n- Activated on 1 November 2008\n- 438th Air Expeditionary Wing, 2008–present\n- 438th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron - renamed 311th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron, February 2016, to follow in the traditions of No. 311 (Czech) Squadron RAF under Czech Air Force command. The 311 Squadron was disbanded in February 2019.\n- 439th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron\n- 440th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron\n- 538th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron\n- 738th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron\n- Detachment 1 (Jalalabad)\n- Detachment 3 (Mazar-e-Shariff)\n- Kabul Airport, Afghanistan, 1 November 2008 - present\n- 440th Air Expeditionary Advisory Squadron Changes Hands\n- [permanent dead link]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The moon passed between the orbiting Solar Dynamics Observatory's cameras and the sun Thursday morning, and the result was this very cool NASA video of what is called a lunar transit. The video is short, but the transit took 2.5 hours, the longest ever recorded. The different colors reflect different filters to show different wavelengths of light. Notice how crisp, to use NASA's word, the lunar horizon appears. That's because the moon has no atmosphere to blur the clarity. Don't' miss the mid-level solar flare the sun emitted after the moon passes the center of the image. Learn more about the event here.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "9041883189 Air Curtain in Pune , Nashik , Nagpur , Mumbai\nWe are extending our services to our vast clients throughout India for Air Curtain and PVC strip curtains. Air Curtain is a modern device which, when installed on a door, forms an invisible door. Buy Air curtains suitable for industrial & residential applications. We are Air curtains manufacturers in India providing air curtains at affordable prices. Air curtains are aerodynamically designed air blowers generating a laminar stream of air with sufficient quantity (cfm) and speeds (velocity) to offer the desired . We are manufacturers of air curtains in India, since 2000. Our. air curtains are widely used in a variety of industrial and laboratory set ups. Air curtain is a device which creates an invisible barrier between a room and its surroundings thus preventing pollution. Air curtains are used to block the dust and flies entering into air conditional spaces. We are the leading most supplier of this product in India. BEST Air curtains are the best suited elements to control the indoor climate in all the places where the doors cannot be installed.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Rackspace Cloud found on this page can be the foundation for your concept and design, therefore it can serve as your inspiration. For additional information, that when we find it, we also like it as much as you do. We believe you also have different perceptions of us because of the breadth of thought and analysis, but of course, we hope that this information can add and help your reference about Rackspace Cloud.\nThis information was added by admin on: May 16th, 2018. Thank you for visiting, make sure you also find other information on this website and you do not hesitate to return to charlottedack.com.\nPublish in category : Architecture. Tagged with : cloud office rackspace, cloud rackspace login, cloud u rackspace, manage rackspace cloud, my cloud rackspace, my cloud rackspace cloud, rackspace cloud, rackspace cloud academy, rackspace cloud backup, rackspace cloud block storage, rackspace cloud calculator, rackspace cloud certification, rackspace cloud dns, rackspace cloud files, rackspace cloud files api, rackspace cloud hosting, rackspace cloud login, rackspace cloud managed, rackspace cloud monitoring, rackspace cloud office, rackspace cloud pricing, rackspace cloud server pricing, rackspace cloud servers, rackspace cloud sites, rackspace cloud status, rackspace cloud storage, rackspace cloudu,\nRackspace Cloud have 20 images of Architecture, it's including Amazing Rackspace Cloud On Architecture 1 With Regard To Rackspace Cloud GlobalDots. Impressive Rackspace Cloud On Architecture 2 With Regard To Is Rackspace Considering Exit Options Cloud Tech News. Top Rackspace Cloud On Architecture 3 With Regard To Rackspace Rolls Out Managed Private Cloud Service. Wonderful Rackspace Cloud On Architecture 4 With Regard To Rackspace Cloud Platform Cloud Partners DoubleHorn. Stunning Rackspace Cloud On Architecture 5 With Launches Private Cloud Everywhere Powered By VMware.\nSimply by clicking on the image you will get the information you want", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Heat exchanger experiences frost on its surface when it operates below 0°C under heating condition of the heat pump. Since frost blocks air flow through the fin tube heat exchanger, it increases air-side pressure drop and deteriorates heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger. Prediction of the frost profiles on the heat exchanger is needed to minimize the unfavorable effect on the heat exchanger by frost. The present study predicts non-uniform frost distribution on the surface of fin-tube heat exchanger and shows its accuracy by comparing with measured profiles.\nFin and tube heat exchanger for heat pump was considered for the frost prediction under practical refrigerant and air conditions. Non-uniform frost pattern was predicted by using segment by segment method of the heat exchanger. Heat transfer rate and exit temperature of air and refrigerant for each segment were calculated by applying ε-NTU method. Air volume flow rate in the front of the heat exchanger was decreased as frost goes on. It was utilized for the prediction of the frost formation. Numerically predicted results were compared with measured local data. They agreed within ±10.4% under the ISO 5151 condition.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Weekend recruiting wrap: Pac-12\nOctober, 28, 2013\nBy Erik McKinney | ESPN Insider\nArizona State went back to El Cerrito (Calif.) High School to add another verbal commitment from an ESPN 300 prospect, several big visitors took in Oregon's win over UCLA, and career rushing records fell in San Diego and at a Northern California high school in this week's Pac-12 weekend recruiting wrap.\n7:30 PM ET Idaho State Utah 10:00 PM ET Rutgers Washington State 10:30 PM ET Weber State 19 Arizona State\n9:00 PM ET Colorado State Colorado 10:30 PM ET UNLV Arizona\n12:00 PM ET 7 UCLA Virginia 3:30 PM ET California Northwestern 4:00 PM ET Portland State Oregon State 4:00 PM ET UC Davis 11 Stanford 7:30 PM ET Fresno State 15 USC 10:30 PM ET 25 Washington Hawaii 10:30 PM ET South Dakota 3 Oregon", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Results using synthetic ~Poisson data. Synthetic data with Poisson distributed length statistics is shown in the upper trace. Emission broadening is introduced with an emission variance amplification factor of 4.5. This effectively broadens the noise band (thickness) seen in the upper trace by a factor of 4.5, which leads to a blurring between the upper and lower levels of blockade since the noise bands now overlap (i.e., here we purposefully over-project to lead to the typical toggling cross-over instability shown in the bottom trace). The middle trace shows the clean, highly accurate Viterbi parsing into the appropriate levels that is obtained with use of the HMM-with-Duration implementation. The lower trace shows the Viterbi parse with a simple HMM, that is uninformed about the underlying length distributions, thus giving rise to a Viterbi traceback parse that fails to penalize unlikely, very short duration, blockade events (seen as the unstable, rapid level-projection toggles).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Home Air Ventilation, Cold Air Return Registers Return Air Vent Cover Design Vent Covers: astonishing cold air return registers\nPublished at February 14th, 2018 16:34:59 PM by Giordano\nTagged as air vent covers home depot topic plus return air vent area of interest and ceiling air vent covers subject and return air filter grille object with cold air return vent discussion along with floor return air grille subject and Home Air Ventilation, So don't forget to check out the main article in astonishing cold air return registers\n© 2019 skepticrant.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Remove the USB cable from the Trex unit before connecting to a device. Do not use USB communication in a hazardous area.\nAMS Device Manager is licensed to communicate with AMS Trex.\nAMS Device Manager is paired with the AMS Trex Device Communicator being synchronized.\n- Connect the micro-USB end of the cable to the AMS Trex unit.\nConnect the USB to the AMS Device Manager station.\nAMS Trex begins downloading Audit Trail events to the AMS Device Manager Audit Trail.Note: If the AMS Trex unit Wireless is turned on and connected to a network containing the paired AMS Device Manager station, you do not need to sync using USB. Any data that is new since the last synchronization will automatically connect and download to the AMS Device Manager database.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Air cleaning is an important part of keeping Ottawa homes healthy and clean. Did you know that air pollution can cause respiratory problems, physical irritation, and even illness? Since the home is a closed environment, the air inside is an average five times more polluted than the air outside. Improving your indoor air quality with any of the several methods of air cleaning has significant benefits for anybody, especially those who experience adverse health caused by indoor air pollution. Headaches, chronic fatigue, itchy skin, nervous system problems, nosebleeds, allergies, asthma, or other respiratory illnesses could be aggravated or even caused by the indoor air quality of your home.\nIf your home features extensive woodwork, antiques, or artwork, they all need to be protected from dirt, molds and overly dry air.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "MAXICLONE collectors use cyclonic action to separate dust particles from the gas stream. In a cyclone collecting system, the dust gas stream enters at an angle and is spun rapidly. The centrifugal force created by the circular flow throws the dust particles toward the wall of the cyclone. After striking the wall, these particles fall into a hopper located underneath. A high pressure fan sits on top of the cyclone and be connected to an after filter system for clean air recycling into the facility, or the remaining fine particles can be dispersed in the atmosphere. Large and medium size particles are usually collected into drums underneath the cyclone but can also be dumped into a container by means of a rotary valve. MAXICLONE collectors are shipped fully assembled except for the support structure and fan.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "MERRA-AS tavg1_2d_lnd_Nx (Land related surface quantities)\nThis application retrieves data from the Land Related Surface Quantities data collection using NASA's MERRA Analytical Services. The user specifies the subset of data desired.\nYour parameters: The user sets the parameters to retrieve the desired subset of data.\nIf run using the default settings, a NetCDF file called MERRA-AS_tavg1_2d_lnd_Nx_analysis1.nc that is 20 KB in size will be output. Otherwise, a NetCDF file with the name specified by the user will be output.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hathaspace Smart True HEPA Air Purifier, 5-in-1 Large Room Air Cleaner & Deodorizer for Allergies\n- PURIFY YOUR AIR – Protect you and your family from home air pollutants like dust mites, pollen, mold spores, pet dander, pet hair, odors, smoke, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Our 5-in-1 air filter system captures particles you can’t see, with a true HEPA filter that filters 99.97% of particles as small as 0.3 microns.\n- BREATHE EASIER – Nothing feels better than breathing in clean air. Read our 2,000+ reviews and see just how much our air purifier has helped with common allergy symptoms like sneezing, coughing, and irritated eyes.\n- ELIMINATE ODORS & SMOKE – Both an air cleaner and odor eliminator, our air purifier features a cellular-activated carbon filter that absorbs unpleasant odors, smoke, and gases. Ozone-safe and fully approved by CARB, an anion generator can be separately controlled to target the most stubborn odors like litter boxes, cigarettes, and old homes.\n- SMART AIR QUALITY SENSOR – Features an automatic air quality sensor system that measures your air quality and adjusts the fan speed in real-time. The display on the unit will continuously diagnose your air and display the air quality level (green, yellow, red), so you always know what you’re breathing.\n- WHAT YOU GET – Smart air purifier, 4-in-1 true HEPA filter set, remote control, manual, 2-year warranty, award-winning customer support 7 days a week, and the peace of mind that comes from a trusted American brand.\nHathaspace Smart True HEPA Filter Air Purifier (Purificador de aire)\nOur 5-Stage Smart True HEPA Air Filter, air cleaner, odor eliminator, smoke fume remover, and ionizer was created to transform your indoor air environment. Eliminate odors, relieve allergies and asthma, remove smoke, and filter out pollutants like toxic chemicals, allergens, pollen, mildew, mold, pet hair (cat, dog), dust mites, and volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) like formaldehyde and benzene.\nBreathe Pure Air\nWith 5 purification stages (a cold catalyst filter, a cellular-activated carbon filter, an antibacterial filter, a True HEPA filter, and an ionizer), our air purifyer and ionizer will effectively remove 99.97% of harmful particles that are found in your home, bedroom, or office air. Ideal for small, medium, and large rooms, it safely removes fine particles that could be absorbed into your lungs. A large room home air purifier for pets and allergies as well as smokers.\nMeet All Your Needs\nWhether you are suffering from allergies or asthma and want relief or you want to just breathe cleaner air, our air purifier (purificador de aire) is the ideal air filter for your home.\nAir Filter Care\nWe recommend replacing your HEPA air filters every 6 months. This also depends on the quality of your home air.\nPackage Dimensions: 22.4 x 15.2 x 9.0 inches", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Many people use Air Conditioning (AC) to get fresh air in the house, . The use of AC is intended so that they can be comfortable in the house aircon service singapore. For this reason, there are many people who use air conditioners in their homes. Unfortunately, the AC can experience problems. One of the problems that often occurs is that the air conditioner is dirty and the air conditioner cannot release cold air. If this happens to you, then you can use the services of the aircon service singapore.\nFor those of you who have AC at home, there are some tips that you can use when you use the air conditioner.\nAll doors and windows in rooms that use air conditioners must be closed tightly. This does not mean that the room must not have an air gap at all, but if you can try, there is no part of the room that is wide open so that the air from outside which has a higher temperature enters and then raises the temperature of the room. If the air from outside is free to enter the air-cooled room, the AC work is getting heavier and requires greater electrical power to reduce the temperature as desired.\nYou must clean your AC routinely\nUsually, the air filter part of the air conditioner gets dirty quickly, especially if the outside air is sucked up with a lot of dust. Your air conditioning must be cleaned every two or three months. Air conditioners that are never or rarely cleaned will cause the temperature of the product not to be as cold as desired. The airspeed is not smooth so there is not much air exhaled into the room. We are forced to set the ac temperature to be lower so that the room becomes cold. By routinely cleaning or servicing air conditioners, blockage of the flow of water resulting from air condensation becomes smooth.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Pictures are coming in from Henley Regatta, where races are taking place this morning.\nMore top news\nSome of the busiest roads in the Meridian region are to benefit from part of a £15 billion investment by the Government.\nThursday's weather for the east of the region\nThursday's weather for the west of the region", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What temperature is too cold for annuals?\nConsequently, what temp is too cold for flowers?\nWinter is hard on your flowers. Tender annual flowers like impatiens can't survive a frost or temperatures below 55 degrees. Half-hardy annual flowers can survive brief, light frosts and temperatures of 35 degrees to 45 degrees. To be safe, protect all your plants when the temperatures drop.\nFurthermore, what temperature is too cold for marigolds? However, this doesn't mean the air is that cold, as frost can occur when your outdoor thermometer is showing temperatures closer to 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperatures of 40 F might not kill healthy marigolds, but when the air and ground around the plants hit the freezing mark, your marigolds will die.\nSimilarly, it is asked, what is the lowest temperature petunias can tolerate?\n(16 to 18 C.). However, petunias usually tolerate temperatures as low as 39 F. (4 C.) with no problem, but they are definitely not plants that will survive the winter in most climates.\nHow cold is too cold for begonias?\nThey prefer daytime temperatures around 70 degrees Fahrenheit and 60 degrees overnight. Temperature dips below 50 degrees might damage begonias and prolonged cold snaps can weaken or kill them. Bring potted plants indoors to a cool porch or basement.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder have new insight into the clouds that dot the Red Planet.\nWhile the clouds have long been documented in Mars’ middle atmosphere -- which begins about 18 miles above its surface -- little was known about how they form in the planet’s thin, dry air.\nNew research shows that these wispy bodies are actually accumulations of “meteoric smoke.”\nGraduate student Victoria Hartwick, who leads the research team, said that icy dust is known as ice nuclei, and it’s launched when meteorites or space debris break up in the planet’s atmosphere.\n“An ice nuclei is some sort of atmospheric aerosol that allows water vapor to condense onto it, so we're essentially talking about something that water can come out of the air and just fall onto or sit on and make it easier to form a cloud droplet,” Hartwick said.\nHartwick and co-authors Brian Toon at CU Boulder and Nicholas Heavens at Hampton University in Virginia started this project with one basic fact: Clouds need a seed to form.\n\"Clouds don't just form on their own,\" Hartwick said. \"They need something that they can condense onto.\"\nHere on Earth, clouds are typically formed when water molecules stick to tiny grains of sea salt or dust blown into the air until they form into clouds visible from the ground. But making clouds from meteor dust isn’t unheard of. Hartwick said meteors are thought to be the seeds for some of Earth’s wispy noctilucent clouds.\n“On Earth, they are really high altitude clouds that form in the summer north pole that form on meteoric smoke,” she said. “The burnt up bits form really small meteoric material that impact the atmosphere.”\nTo find out if such smoke would be enough to give rise to Mars’ mysterious clouds, Hartwick’s team turned to massive computer simulations that attempt to mimic the flows and turbulence of the planet’s atmosphere.\nAnd sure enough, when they included meteors in their calculations, clouds appeared.\n“Our model couldn’t form clouds at these altitudes before,” Hartwick said. “But now, they’re all there, and they seem to be in all the right places.”\nThe discovery could help reveal information not only about the weather conditions on present-day Mars but also about the planet's past climate.\n“Studies have suggested that clouds high up could potentially induce sort of like a greenhouse effect that would warm the surface,” Hartwick said. “This meteoric smoke could be a good way to form clouds at those altitudes and maybe induce the warming that we need to get above freezing temperatures at the Mars surface.”\nThis could help scientists understand how early Mars’ climate was warm and wet.\nYou want to know what is really going on these days, especially in Colorado. We can help you keep up. The Lookout is a free, daily email newsletter with news and happenings from all over Colorado. Sign up here and we will see you in the morning!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Forecast more >\nIts been a dreary day across SE Texas with plenty of clouds. Fog tonight with temperatures warmer than last night with onshore winds. Skies are cloudy across the region with southeast winds and higher humidity. Changes coming though as the nextf ront arrives Tuesday with a chance of rain and colder weather in time for ...\nGunmen hold up jewelry store near Galleria\nHOUSTON – by KHOU 11 News and www.khou.com\nThere were some terrifying moments Thursday morning for employees and customers of a jewelry store just west of the Galleria area.\nTwo suspects held up Nazar’s Fine Jewelry in the 5800 block of Westheimer around noon. They reportedly fired shots inside the store.\nOne of the suspects was lying on the ground in front of the store when Air 11 flew over the scene. He was taken away in an ambulance for unknown injuries.\nIt’s not clear if anyone else was hurt.\nCheck back for more details on this developing story.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Stewart Allcock, the general manager of Calke Abbey says a weekend closure due to the heavy snow fall meant an annual event had to be cancelled, with a significant financial loss for the stately home.\nMore top news\nAn 88-year-old woman has died after a hit and run in Birmingham.\nIsolated showers remain possible, again more likely in the east. Breezy at times, especially near the coast.\nA scattering of showers developing during the afternoon. There will be a few showers in the north tonight.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Facebook started impulse wave (5)\n- Likely to reach 240.00\nFacebook continues to rise inside the strong medium-term impulse wave (5) which started earlier from the support area lying between the lower daily Bollinger band and the 38.2% Fibonacci retracement of the previous extended impulse wave form April.\nThe upward reversal from the aforementioned support area created the daily candlesticks reversal pattern Piercing Line. Facebook is likely to rise further toward the next resistance level 240.00 (which stopped the previous sharp waves (3) and B).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Between our homes, the office, or school, the average Irish person spends almost 90% of their day indoors.\nThis fact, coupled with Ireland’s unpredictable weather conditions, means that you may very likely be spending this time in enclosed spaces with limited outdoor air exchange.\nThe Importance of Air Exchange\nLack of sufficient air exchange can lead to extremely poor indoor air quality.\nIn poorly ventilated spaces, concentrations of pollutants and allergens are often up to five times higher than typical outdoor concentrations. This can pose particular risk to those most susceptible to the effects of pollution, such as young children and the elderly – as well as those sensitive to allergens or suffering from respiratory problems.\nBy helping to reduce the particulates triggering respiratory problems, air purifiers – especially those with high ‘Air Changes per Hour’ (ACH) numbers – are the ideal choice to improving indoor air quality at home, at work, or in the classroom.\nThe air that we breathe can have a significant impact on our health.\nIn recent years, indoor concentrations of airborne allergens and pollutants have increased steadily, due factors such as:\n- Energy-efficient building construction – especially where it lacks sufficient mechanical ventilation to ensure adequate air exchange.\n- The increased use of synthetic materials containing ‘volatile organic’ compounds (VOCs) e.g., building materials, furnishings, personal care products, pesticides, and household cleaners.\nRecently, American researchers have also highlighted the negative effects poor air quality has on the academic performance of children and adults in the classroom.\nHow Do Air Purifiers Work?\nAir purifiers are designed to sanitise the air and reduce pollutants such as dust, smoke, pollen, mould spores, VOCs, and several other allergens which may pose a risk to your health.\nIn their simplest form, these units contain one or more filters and a fan. The fan is designed to extract the air from the surrounding environment, in turn passing it through the internal filters to trap odours and particulates.\nBenefits of Using an Air Purifier\nAir purifiers with high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA) technology filters can help remove up to 99.7% of the airborne particulate matter circulating in areas with limited air exchange.\nThis matter can include odours, pollutants, allergens, and harmful pathogens such as fungus spores, viruses, and bacteria. Many air purifier models have also been certified COVID-19 effective.\nOn top of the clear benefits to your health, air purifiers also provide other benefits such as:\n- Increased productivity and focus at work and school due to better air quality.\n- Improved sleep at home due to less airborne allergens and dust mite particles.\n- Longer lasting office equipment due to less instances of dust-blocked air flows and fans in hardware.\n- Reduced risks of harmful, naturally-occurring radon gas in enclosed spaces.\n- Removal of unpleasant odours.\nNeed help choosing the right purification system for your home, office, or school?\nAt NorthEast Hygiene, we can help.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Intercoolers increase the efficiency of the intake air system by reducing temperature of heated air by the turbocharger (or supercharger) promoting more thorough combustion. This removes the heat of compression (temperature rise) that occurs in any gas when its pressure is raised or its unit mass per unit volume (density) is increased.\nA decrease of intake charge air temperature allows a denser intake charge into the engine, as a result of forced induction. The lowering of the intake charge air temperature also eliminates the danger of pre-detonation (knock) of the fuel/air charge prior to timed spark ignition. This preserves the benefits of more fuel/air burn per engine cycle, increasing the output of the engine.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Get Alerts »\nYankees fan returns lost Red Sox World Series ring\nHere is a look -- in photos -- at the new and returning shows for this fall on NBC.\nTap to view the lineup.\nPowerful thunderstorms with strong winds and heavy rains flooded roads and downed trees.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hosta at Munsinger/Clemens gardens in St. Cloud.\nUploaded: Aug 1, 2015\nTags: Munsinger gardens, St. Cloud, hosta\nWatch the world with your own eyes\nCastle of St. Michael's Mound\nThe garden of St.Naum Monastery , Ohrid Macedonia\nBeautiful winter storm cloud in Varbla beach 2016\nChurch St.Ilija wide angle\nStorm cloud over Pihelgalaiu, Estonia.\nWinter storm cloud panoramic photo in Varbla beach - Tormine loojang Varbla rannas\nYouth (Udaipur, Rajasthan, India)\nThe vibration of the nature is perfect!\nFull moon with visible craters over Stupine...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "NL300L/NL310WJ Low Lead Air Volume Control\nThe correct ratio of air to water is critical for the proper, efficient operation of domestic, potable water supply systems. Insufficient air in the pressure tank will cause excessive operation of the pump; while too much air may be carried into the piping, causing water-flow problems in the form of noise and sputtering at the faucet.\nWith its simple, efficient float design, the Model NL310WJ and NL300L low lead air volume control regulates the amount of air in a shallow well system by constantly monitoring the level of the water. High water level indicates a lack of air in the system, and will cause the float to open the control’s air inlet valve. Air from the control is then drawn into a pump, where it is mixed with water and transferred into the system. As more air is introduced into the system, the decreasing water level will cause the float to fall, eventually closing the air inlet valve and shutting off the supply of air to the pump; until the water level again increases and the process starts again. The optimum volume of air to water in the system is thus constantly maintained.\nContact Us Directly", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Vacuum Pump Air Compressor And Blower\nIf you are looking for Vacuum Pump Air Compressor And Blower you've come to the right place. We have 12 images about Vacuum Pump Air Compressor And Blower including images, pictures, photos, wallpapers, and more. In these page, we also have variety of images available. Such as png, jpg, animated gifs, pic art, logo, black and white, transparent, etc.\nNot only Vacuum Pump Air Compressor And Blower, you could also find another pics such as Air Suction Pump, Venturi Air Blower, Air Blower Product, High Pressure Air Blower, Centrifugal Air Blower, Compressed Air Blower, Air Driven Vacuum Pump, Mini Vacuum Pump, Vacuum Pumps Industrial, Ionizing Air Blower, CNC Vacuum Pump, and High Power Vacuum Pump.\nDon't forget to bookmark Vacuum Pump Air Compressor And Blower using Ctrl + D (PC) or Command + D (macos). If you are using mobile phone, you could also use menu drawer from browser. Whether it's Windows, Mac, iOs or Android, you will be able to download the images using download button.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Making use of air pressure and air flow to carry on all sorts of work is called \"pneumatic technology\", and the air in compressed state is called \"compressed air\".\nAir is the raw material of the compressed air, therefore, the chemical properties of the compressed air is same as air. As power source, it has the feature of high safety, pollution-free, etc. In addition, the storage capacity of compressed air is very strong. As long as the storage vessel seals well, the energy can be kept in the container all the time.\nThe compressed air has many advantages as a kind of power, so it is widely used.\nFunction of compressed air\nBecause the air is one of the most common compressed medium, the compressed air is easy to get and it can’t cause pollution, so the compressed air is used in various areas and industries to realize automation and to save labor costs.\nSo because of the feature of the high-pressure compressed air, it is possible to be applied in industry of coordinate measuring machine. For CMM, compressed air has the following application:\n1.The compressed air can provide power for static pressure type air bearing (also called air bearing. Below we will call it air bearing).\nMost CMM adopt zero friction movement of air bearing. The principle is to input high-pressure compressed air from the inlet into air bearing, then the air flow out through the hole on the surface of the air bearing. Thus, there will be an air space like a certain thickness of air film between air bearing and guide way. The air film can make the movement of the moving parts to realize approximate zero friction. In this way, it can guarantee the normal work of CMM. Therefore, the compressed air can guarantee the normal work of CMM.\n2.The compressed can provide power for cylinder balance.\nAs for the coordinate measuring machine, Z axis is in the vertical direction, so the force made by the weight must be eliminated by other components. Due to the advantages of the smooth movement, reliable positioning, simple structure and easy adjustment, the balance cylinder is currently the first choice for the balance part of all the coordinate measuring machines. The function of the high pressure compressed air is obvious in the balance system.\nPlease inform us if any questions or advice", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Greetings and welcome!\nIt has been a big weekend for snowmobiling around here. I saw and heard hundreds of snowmobiles go past the house Friday afternoon and Saturday. Friends’ FaceBook posts showed the the outhouse races at Firelane were a good time and well attended. After the rough start to this winter it is great to see so many people out having fun.\nThe weather for the week ahead is looking interesting. There are a lot of days that will get into the upper thirties or worse. We could even see some light rain or snow Tuesday. More of interest is the big storm showing up on the forecast models for Thursday. There have been a variety of solutions offered in the different model runs. Some have a 6″+ snow heading our way. Farther out in the GFS forecast model there are a couple of more bigger storms to watch. There are no sure things, but at least we are in the game.\nI ran into these guys over the weekend. This is Tim from Germantown, the next town west from where I grew up.\nNext weekend will be a busy weekend too. It is the weekend of the High Falls Flowage Winterfest/Fish-O-Rama/Radar Runs. There are always a lot of events and a lot of people that come to have fun. Get it while you can. Our season is all too short.\nNow that it has warmed up outside I am off to the shop and eventually the trails.\nHave a good Sunday and thank you for visiting!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I’ve been thinking about all of the reasons that people should install UV media media air cleaners in their homes, and there are several to choose from, and indoor air quality is consistently a massive problem for homeowners almost any time of the year.\nIt’s deemed to be even more pressing when seasonal dust irritations are at their peak or when there is a big pandemic roaring across the continent, then of course, that’s what is going on right now.\nIt’s flu symptom season and there’s a pandemic going on too. It’s no wonder that people everywhere are wondering about the best ways to keep their indoor air quality at the best possible levels, that’s a single of the main reasons that you should install an HVAC UV media media air cleaner in your home. These HVAC UV media media air cleaners are really relaxing for people with weak immune systems, with respiratory problems, or even those with really excruciating seasonal dust irritations, and hEPA filters can remove a lot of the pollutants, however obviously, when you are able to use a HEPA filter along with a UV media media air cleaner at the same time, then you think that you’re doing all that you possibly can to improve the indoor air quality in your home. These days, having relaxing indoor air quality in your home is absolutely more pressing than it’s ever been. I really want to make sure that the air in my home is safe for my kids and my wifey to breathe, so I’m really going to be installing an HVAC UV media media air cleaner along with some HEPA filters in my house.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "1 swift seen by the Bartons a week ago (see summer visitors thread)\nJohn & Irene, Larachbeg\nAlso seen by Caudwells a couple of days later & since\nThree swifts were seen over the field across the road from the schoolhouseon the afternoon of the 11th, the earliest I've ever seen them.\nToday, 18/05/09, 3 swifts were seen flying around just to the south of the schoolhouse.\nI usually don't see them until around the 22nd", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Rice Lake Speedway is a 1/3 mile long dirt/clay track located in Rice Lake, Wisconsin. The track does appear to hold Enduro races at this time.\nRice Lake Speedway\n2002 22 1/2 Avenue\nRice Lake, WI 54868\nTrack Surface: Dirt/Clay\nTrack Length: 1/3 mile\nSunday 04/23/2017 0%\nMostly cloudy skies. High 56F. Winds NE at 5 to 10 mph.\nMonday 04/24/2017 10%\nCloudy with gusty winds developing during the afternoon. High 64F. Winds SSE at 20 to 30 mph. Winds could occasionally gust over 40 mph.\nTuesday 04/25/2017 90%\nCloudy skies with periods of rain later in the day. High 56F. Winds N at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 90%. Rainfall around a half an inch.\nWednesday 04/26/2017 20%\nOvercast. Temps nearly steady in the mid 30s. Winds N at 10 to 20 mph.\nThursday 04/27/2017 20%\nMostly cloudy. High 43F. Winds N at 5 to 10 mph.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "West of Darwin - Day 10 - 11 54.562S 106 50.466E\nMike and Liz Downing\nSun 15 Sep 2013 08:59\nA bit of a sleigh ride yesterday evening. The wind eased just a little and the seas eased quite a bit, and the direction of the wind moved from south towards southeast (although shifting around). This allowed the windward genoa to be poled out again (and well reefed) and with the easier seas we romped along at 8 to 9kts most of the evening and into the early hours, under a bright moon that's approaching full moon. True, it was helped a little by the current (a good knot, sometimes more!). The net result was a very good noon-to-noon run of 175.4 miles. To help ensure the windward sail didn't back, we used the autopilot controlled by the wind vane at the top of the mast. This allows us to sail at a constant angle to the wind, so if the wind changed, instead of backing the genoa, the boat would change its direction and keep the wind at the same angle to the sails. It worked well, but had 2 drawbacks. If the wind shifts back and forth, as it did last night, the autopilot alerts you to the fact that the direction of the boat is changing and you have to acknowledge it or it doesn't stop beeping. So we had quite an interrupted night (to allow the person below to sleep, will have to find some way of muffling the beep!). The second is that if the wind shifts to the south, as it kept on doing, the boat changes direction to the north, so we've ended up quite a bit further north than intended. However, as the wind is back to the southeast or even east south east at times today, we're clawing our way back south again. The wind's been lighter today, but the better angle has allowed more sail and we're making a respectable 6 to 7kts most of the time. It's another glorious day - not a cloud in the sky and with the lighter winds the seas have dropped further, so a very pleasant and comfortable sail.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Another awesome sunset over Jindalee Beach.\nI was waiting for the clouds to scream with colour, but as the sun got closer to the horizon, another bank of cloud blocked the sunlight just enough to prevent the explosion of colour I thought was going to occur.\nNevertheless I was still witness to another magical sunset over my local.\nWinter has shown itself the last few weeks in the south west of Western Australia. Wet and windy conditions made for difficult conditions most mornings and afternoons, but I was lucky on this evening, the rain stayed away for a short while. The sun dropped below the horizon, and then the colour bounced through the sky.\nA nice way to start my week in the south-west.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Don’t let the warm weather throughout Northern California fool you; it’s November, and that means Tahoe’s ski and snowboard season is fast approaching.\nTwo popular Tahoe-area ski resorts revved up the snowguns this week. Heavenly started pumping out snow Monday and Northstar did so on Tuesday, in preparation for opening day later this month, according to a news release.\nThose two Vail Resorts-run spots will open Nov. 16, and a bit farther south, Kirkwood will open Nov. 21.\nVail’s “best of Tahoe” season passes are up for sale now through Nov. 18.\nThe resorts are using new, energy-efficient snowguns to pack snow onto the slopes this year, according to the release, which will help prep the hills by opening day.\nA ski trip may sound appealing given unseasonable heat to start the month. Sacramento will see high temperatures in the low 80s stick around through the weekend. A high-pressure system is bumping high temperatures across Northern California anywhere from 5 to 15 degrees above normal for the start of November, the National Weather Service said.\nEven South Lake Tahoe’s predicted afternoon high of 63 on Thursday is 7 degrees above normal for Nov. 1, according to NWS.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Lifted straight off Valarianna's FB post today to share\nLast night the wind blew curtains out straight at open windows.\nI needed the air to clear these rooms of the week of sick.\nThe day time temperature has returned to moderate 40's and night it will drop to the 20's. I like it. Like wearing sweaters, socks and hats.\nI am pretty well mended but for a cold sore and minor lingering sinus distress.\nThe good news is that everything changes.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Pneumatics, in the most general sense, is a branch of science and engineering that concerns itself with pressurized gases. These gases can be anything, including pressurized air. The use of air or other inert gases creates power that can be safer, more reliable, more flexible, or less expensive than electric or internal combustion actuators or motors. One such application would be indoor systems or other closed environments in which exhaust would be unsafe. Also, electricity requires a source, whereas a hydraulic system can be easier to contain.\nGases used in pneumatics are pretty much always inert, for safety reasons. However, different gases have different properties. Certain gases are less expensive than others. Some are heavier than others.\nIn fixed installations, such as a factory, the pneumatic systems usually use compressed air. This is the most efficient and affordable system since a supply is readily available by compressing atmospheric air. Typically, the air is dehumidified so that it does not rust or corrode the machinery with moisture. Then, a tiny amount of oil is added to the machine to lubricate the machine equipment and protect from corrosion. This is also a very safe system since one need not worry about leaks since the gas is just air. The only concern would be the actual pressure of the escaping air.\nOne of the disadvantages of atmospheric air is the moisture content as well as pollution. Because atmospheric air has moisture, it must be scrubbed dry before it can be used. Also, it must be filtered to remove pollution, dust, and dirt suspended in the air. The amount of work needed to clean the air depends on the atmosphere, obviously. Machine equipment in Bloomington, Indiana would not need to work as hard dehumidifying the air as the same machine in Miami.\nSmaller systems that do not have the capability to process atmospheric air might use other gases. Typically, these would also be used for portable systems. Many of these types of systems use nitrogen, which presents an asphyxiation hazard. This gas, typically called oxygen-free nitrogen (OFN), is not breathable even though nitrogen comprises 78% of atmospheric air. Though it is an asphyxiation hazard, it is cheaper than oxygen and is non-combustible, making it ideal for use in pneumatic machine equipment.\nOther machines, such as portable tools or vehicles, often run on compressed carbon dioxide (CO2). This is typically done because the gas is inert, easily compressed, and readily available. Also, the gas can be compressed into a liquid form which means that more of it can be contained than compressed air. However, carbon dioxide does present an asphyxiation hazard as well as a freezing hazard. Care should be taken when venting the gas.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "KZOZ93.3 Crew Details\nAir Time Schedule: Mon. - Fri. 10a-2p, Sat 2-6p\nJoe's been rockin' the Central Coast airwaves for over 20 years! Catch Joe on the air weeknights and weekends, including Friday night at 11 for The Friday Night Floyd Fix – an hour of Pink Floyd! Drop him a line at firstname.lastname@example.org – and thanks for listening!\n« All Crew\nWeather conditions from NOAA's National Weather Service.\nWinds are South at 8.1 MPH (7 KT). The pressure is 1023.0 mb and the humidity is 28%. The wind chill is 59. Last Updated on Feb 6 2016, 11:56 pm PST.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews\nReviewed by 1 customer\nDisplaying review 1\nReplacement Filter for Air Purifier\nComments about Fellowes Carbon Filter, Medium:\nI had to special order the AP-230 Air Purifier from Staples. I had some bonus $$ to use, so I decided to order this filter and put it away until I need it.\nThe Air Purifier itself is amazing! It wasn't much more expensive than other brands, but it's obvious that it is going to be well worth the money. It actually analyzes the air and then adjusts the speed of the fan based on the air quality. It shows the air quality at all times (green, yellow, or red). It also has two indicators to show when the Hepa filter and the Carbon filter need to be replaced. It is absolutely \"whisper quiet\" when it is running.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- 1085 Murray Road, McKinleyville, CA 95519, USA\nHere we pride ourselves in offering you 27 acres of beautifully landscaped and park like facilities. Come join us here and walk the many trails that wind through the woods. Or maybe stroll along the two creeks that pass through the property.\nMax Amps: 50\nLatitude/Longitude: 40.956329 , -124.113328\n- swimming pool\n- lp gas\n- modem connection\n- sewer hookups\n- other swimming\n- cable tv\n- dump station\n- recreation hall\n- group area\n- phone hookups\n6 miles North of Arcata on Hwy 101 in McKinleyville. Take Murray Road exit, entrance 100 ft. East of freeway, easy on and off\nTuesday 02/20/2018 20%\nMostly cloudy. Lows overnight in the low 30s.\nWednesday 02/21/2018 20%\nSunshine and clouds mixed. High near 50F. Winds N at 10 to 15 mph.\nThursday 02/22/2018 90%\nA steady rain in the morning. Showers continuing in the afternoon. High 48F. Winds N at 15 to 25 mph. Chance of rain 90%.\nFriday 02/23/2018 0%\nA mainly sunny sky. High 49F. Winds N at 10 to 15 mph.\nSaturday 02/24/2018 40%\nChance of Rain\nOvercast with rain showers at times. High around 50F. SSE winds shifting to NW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of rain 40%.\nTell your friends\nPlease login to add your review.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "You may also like\nCool Dawn Sunrise on a cold morning effect Winter Spirit Create a winter themed picture Vintage Shot Vintage style filter effect\nShow moreAutumn Apply Autumn colours effect Cool Wind Cold wind effect Jade Picture with jade shade Back to 60s Vintage filter effect Evening Lights Evening lights photo filter\nThis effect can generate an image in high resolution\nThis filter gives your images a warm atmosphere of wonderful days of early autumn called the Indian summer.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We took a walk around town today since the winds have finally died and we could go out without blowing away. We've had 3 days of bad weather so it was nice to see the sun and be able to get out of the house.\nThis is Pang's tiny detachment.\nRight next to the detachment is the Northern.\nAnd next to that is the health center.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Maintaining proper Bentonite moisture levels is an essential component of processing. The MoistTech bentonite moisture sensor is uniquely suited to maintain accuracy in both wet and dry applications, even in moderately dusty conditions.\nWith the help of industry partners and 40 years of knowledge, we have developed the CCS3000 moisture instrument to measure and maintain desired moisture levels during the production process.\nIn chemical terms, sodium bentonite is natural and is most commonly found in clay beds. It is known for its ability to absorb moisture and swells to many times its original size. This makes it a very useful additive for cleaning spills. It also can enhance the clumping properties of cat litter.\nInstalling the CCS3000 moisture sensor in the processing area above the product allows a manufacturer to continuously Bentonite moisture levels either manually or automatically. To accurately measure moisture levels, the sensor should be installed over the conveyor, several inches above the belt.\nIn extremely dusty conditions, we recommend an Air Purge System to protect the sensor window from dust and debris.\nBenefits of Analyzing Bentonite Moisture\nWith the MoistTech CCS3000, you will have lower energy costs, waste, and downtime, while improving product quality.\nLearn more about our bentonite moisture analyzing products by contacting us today.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "For a lot of people, dust is an inconvenience that just needs to be cleaned up. If you’re an electrician, though, you know that a significant amount of dust can be something much more dangerous. Under the right conditions, certain fairly common types of dust can actually catch fire. As if that wasn’t bad enough, there are even conditions in which the dust can explode!\nElectricians need to take extra care when dealing with dust. While it may be tempting to just blow the dust out of certain pieces of equipment, if precautions aren’t taken, then something this simple can lead to a major blow-out. This danger is why flammable dust is used to define Class II hazardous locations by the National Fire Prevention Association.\nIs Dust Really Flammable?\nTo answer this, stop and think about some of the most common types of dust that you encounter on the job. In many cases this dust is either made of powdered materials or is finely-ground sawdust. Some powdered dust isn’t very flammable; these materials aren’t likely to cause an explosion. If the material that the dust is made of is flammable, however, then that means the dust itself is flammable as well.\nTo make matters worse, each particle of dust has a very large surface area for its size. This means that almost the entire particle can burn at once, resulting in a very fast flash fire. This fire can spread from one dust particle to the next, burning through an entire room full of suspended dust particles in a matter of moments.\nDust in Electrical Equipment\nThis flammable dust presents a significant danger if it’s allowed to build up in electrical equipment. As dust collects inside the equipment, there’s also a possibility that the equipment itself could be damaged. Built-up dust can trap heat within the equipment, increasing the likelihood of components overheating or suffering from heat damage. If dust manages to collect on exposed wires or circuit boards, it also presents a danger of short circuit. Given that the short circuit would ignite some of the dust, this is a pretty bad position to be in.\nThe Dangers of Blowing Out the Dust\nCollected dust can be difficult to remove, which is why some find it tempting to use compressed air to blow the dust out. Unfortunately, doing so creates two potentially significant problems.\nFirst of all, blowing the dust out with compressed air circulates the dust into the air much more than other methods. This creates a much more ideal environment for a flash fire and also redistributes the dust so that it can collect elsewhere.\nSecond, the rapid movement of air over some surfaces can actually build up a slight static charge. If this charge is discharged onto nearby equipment, then it can create a small spark. Even though it isn’t a flame, that little spark could potentially be enough to ignite dust in the air and cause a flash fire or explosion.\nProper Dust Removal\nBefore removing any dust, affected equipment should be shut down and any power within their systems should be discharged. PPE should be equipped to ensure that you are as safe as possible when cleaning. OSHA requires that cleaning methods that do not generate dust clouds be used, with the most common being the use of a vacuum that’s approved for dust collection. Dust collection systems and high-quality filters can also be installed in the HVAC system to minimize dust buildup.\nHave you ever seen a dust explosion, either in person or online?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The cortège have arrived at Charlie Harris-Beard's funeral.\nIt was led by a group of bikers in purple t-shirts and included a fire engine.\nMore top news\nBreezy with clear spells and the odd shower.\nIt will be a chilly and breezy night with cloud and clear spells.\nWindy with rain clearing to showers and some sunny spells.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I had the opportunity this past Thursday evening to view the International Space Station as it passed over Georgia from the NW to the SE. This is the first time that I've ever seen the ISS and it was a treat. The space station is in a Low Earth Orbit and can be seen from Earth with the naked eye; it orbits at an altitude of approximately 190 nautical miles above the surface of the Earth, and travels at an average speed of 17,210 miles per hour, completing 15.7 orbits per day. This pass was visible primarily due to the position of the ISS relative to the setting sun which reflects off the station and makes it appear as a bright light traveling across the sky. Lorie, Charlotte, and Jackson all stood out in the front yard with me as I looked skyward. We were able to see the station fly over from horizon to horizon. What a great pass! I was also listening to the HAM station downlink frequency on the handheld and the scanner but they still apparently have the repeater turned off. Looking forward to a couple of other good passes later in the month.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Birmingham to Juneau Intl flight path was viewed by 30 users in the past month. Keep an eye out for changes in search interest prior to high and low season.\nIn Birmingham, there will be less rainfall in Birmingham compared to Juneau over the next 11 days.\nWe forecast the temperature to be around the 22 °Cs in July, on average. The temperature in Juneau is generally colder than in Birmingham. Book flights in a timely manner in correlation to your departure date.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "What Type of Turf do you have...?\nLets define these categories as cool season grass and warm season grass types.\nCool season turf such as fescue and bluegrass grow best in the two cool seasons of the year –fall and spring, with an ideal temperature range of 55-70F. They struggle in the hot months of summer. Warm season species like bermudagrass, zoysia, St. Augustine grow best in the heat and full sun of the summer (temperatures of 80-95F), but go dormant during the late fall and won't turn green again until the following spring.\nThe Mid-Atlantic is in the “Transition Zone” which means that we can grow both cool season and warm season grasses in our region. It also means that the climate presents challenges for each type of grass when unfavorable seasons arrive. Excess heat and drought can seriously damage and/or kill cool season grasses and very cold winters can damage warm season grasses. These conditions occur and randomly in our area.\nCool Season Turf Characteristics\nin our region\n• Grow best at temperatures between 55-70F degrees.\n• Difficult time adjusting to hot, dry periods; they typically fail quickly during drought times.\n• SHADE TOLERANCE: GOOD\n• MAJOR DISEASES: Rhizoctonia blight[brown patch]\n• Requires Annual re-seeding\nWarm Season Turf Characteristics\nin our region\n• Thrive in temperatures between 80-95F degrees.\n• During winter months will appear brown through periods of winter dormancy.\n• SHADE TOLERANCE: POOR requires full sun.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "\"Frosty Sunrise\" from 'Natural Emotion' begins airing on The Weather Channel during the months of September and October 2011\n\"Chasing the Wind\" lands in iTunes US New Age Top 100 list of most downloaded songs reaching #37 in the USA.\nThe Weather Channel is airing \"Chasing the Wind\" from Matthew's album 'Escape from Reality' during July and August 2011 on their Local on the 8s\n\"Night Storm,\" \"Finding Freedom\" and \"Fallen Snow\" from Matthew's albums \"Escape from Reality\" and \"Natural Emotion\" air nationwide on The Weather Channel's Local on the 8s.\nMixed Emotions, Stormy Sea and Falling Rain from Matthew's album \"Natural Emotion\" air nationwide on The Weather Channel's Local on the 8s.\nTimeline of milestones", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Then we are off to the beach for a walk as the weather will turn today. Forecasted rain for next 3 hours with 50% chance of rain . It’s still nice and sunny outside though. So not sure if I can trust that weather report. On the way back we will go grab lunch.\nAfter lunch we might go for a drive.\nHubby is not due down til late this afternoon.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Wow! That caught me off guard. Thank you.\n“Like the light from a hidden sun on a cold and misty morning.” is an eloquent and appropriate description in a couple of different ways. I chose the second of the two meanings, finally: the light of the sun warms the cold morning dissipating the mist, warming and lighting my way. It feels hauntingly beautiful and much better than the mist and cold overcoming the light of the sun, keeping me hidden.\nThanks for reading so thoughtfully.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Valley Air Crafts in Tulare, Calif., has joined the Air Tractor dealer network as a full-service airplane and parts dealer.\nMike Schoenau, Valley Air Crafts owner and president, will oversee the new dealership operations. The FBO has been a factory-authorized Air Tractor service center for the past 10 years.\nValley Air Crafts will sell and support the complete line of Air Tractor agricultural and firefighting aircraft, ranging from the 400-gallon capacity Air Tractor AT-401 to the wildfire-fighting, 800-gallon AT-802F single engine air tanker.\nFor more information: 559-686-7401 or 940-564-5616.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|40 yd range|\n|Approximately 1.5 procs per minute|\nYour abilities have a chance to conjure a storm for 10 sec that heals you for 83 every 2 seconds. Overhealing due to the storm bolts a nearby enemy for Nature damage equal to the overflow.\nShow procs per minute for:\n|Global Cooldown||None||Cooldown Category||None|\nProc Trigger Spell", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hardluck Fire Update - August 11, 2013\nIncident: Hardluck Fire Wildfire\nSunday August 11, 2013\nHardluck Fire - Shoshone National Forest\nFire Information: (307) 250-6867 or (307) 250-0148\nStatus: 15,628 acres, 0 percent contained.\nFire History: Reported by a fire detection flight on July 20, 2013, the fire was caused by a lightning strike within the days prior to the report. All structure protection and fuels reduction work on national forest lands at the end of the South Fork Road have been completed.\nObjectives: Firefighter and public safety\nRecent Events: Minimal fire growth occurred yesterday. Cloud cover and relatively calm winds kept the fire from growing. Fire managers noticed fire activity in Marston and Robinson Creeks during a reconnaissance flight.\nToday’s Strategy: Continue assessment of potential fire resources needed to manage the fire on the southern perimeter. Install two additional Remote Automatic Weather Stations (RAWS) to get more precise weather information such as precipitation and wind on the fire.\nForecast: Partly sunny skies over the fire are forecast for this morning becoming partly cloudy this afternoon. Slightly warmer dryer conditions are expected today which will likely lead to increased fire activity. Isolated thunderstorms this afternoon bring less than a 5% chance of wetting rain over the fire. Smoke may be visible today.\nClosures and Evacuations: An area closure is in effect for the entire South Fork drainage beginning south of Aspen Creek beyond the South Fork Road (Forest Service Road 479.B).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "3. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM OR FUNCTION\nSPEC is a program for calculating the neutron or charged particles (p, d, t, He3, alpha) induced reactions of medium-heavy nuclei in the incident energy range up to 60 MeV including 6 emission processes. For those reaction channels contributed only by 1-5 emission processes the incident energy can go up to 100 MeV. SPEC is constructed within the framework of optical model, master equation of the exciton model, and the evaporation model. In the first and second particle emission processes, we consider preequilibrium emission and evaporation; in 3-6 particle emission processes, we only consider evaporation. The preequilibrium and direct reaction mechanisms of gamma emission are also included in this program. The effect of recoil nucleus is considered for calculating spectra. Program SPEC includes the first to the sixth particle emission processes.\na+A -> b+B*, a=n, p, alpha, d, t, He3, b=n, p, alpha, d, t, He3,gam B* -> c+C*, c=n, p, alpha, d, t, He3, gamma\nC* -> d+D*, d=n, p, alpha, d, t, He3, gamma\nD* -> e+E*, e=n, p, alpha, d, gamma\nE* -> f+F*, f=n, p, gamma\nF* -> g+G*, g=n, p, gamma\nWhen a particle is emitted, the residual nucleus may emit another particle or gamma ray continuously if the excited energy is large enough to overcome the binding energy. Generally speaking, the gamma emission cross section is much less than neutron emission cross section when neutron emission channel is open, we assume that after gamma ray is emitted the residual nucleus do not emit any particle except after the first gamma ray emission process the particle or gamma are allowed to be emitted. Thus, 7 channels can be opened for the first emission process, 49 channels for the second emission process, 252 channels for third emission process, 1080 channels for forth emission process, 2592 channels for fifth emission process, and 5184 channels for sixth emission process.\nThe Gilbert-Cameron level density formula was applied in program SPEC. The inverse cross sections of the emitted particles used in statistical theory are calculated from the optical model. The partial widths for gamma-ray emission are calculated based on the giant dipole resonance model with two resonance peaks in both the evaporation model and exciton model.\nIn the optical model calculation, we usually adopt the Becchetti and Greenlees's phenomenological optical potential, which parameters are usually given by a program for automatically searching the optimum optical model parameters. We use Neumanove methods to solve the radial equation in optical model. Coulomb wave functions used in optical model are calculated by the continued fraction method.\nSPEC does not calculate the direct inelastic scattering and compound nucleus elastic scattering cross sections, but the calculated direct inelastic scattering cross sections by the collective excitation distorted-wave Born approximation and compound nucleus elastic scattering results by Hauser-Feshbach model can be added by the input data of the program SPEC.\nThe following nuclear data can be calculated with the program SPEC: total emission cross sections and spectra of all emitted particles; for first to sixth particle emission processes and different pick-up configurations (l,m); the various yield cross sections; total and elastic scattering cross sections (only for neutron as projectile); total reaction cross section; nonelastic scattering cross sections; radiative capture cross section; (x,np), (x,n alpha), (x,2n), (x,3n), (x,4n), (x,5n), (x,6n) cross sections and so on.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Compressed air is a commonly used power source. Over the years it became a crucial part of a wide range in industrial processes. However, compressed air after compression is not clean and contains impurities like water, oil, dirt, wear particles and so on. This mixture creates a form of condensate which damages downstream equipment like air tools, pneumatic cylinders and other pneumatic equipments. It also causes high product rejects, high maintenance and costly air leaks in compressed air systems. The use of highly efficient compressed air filters and condensate drains will remove a lot of these impurities and can eliminate most of the problems downstream.\nFor many applications this is not enough. These applications need an even higher level of compressed air quality. AFE’s compressed air adsorption dryers desiccant dryers will provide this level of air quality at the point where the quality is needed without investing a large amount in centralized purification systems which are often not needed because only certain areas of the production process need that high quality air.\nThe AFE’s Series of compact desiccant air dryers offers users the air quality at the point where it is needed. Utilizing a reliable technology, the compressed air adsorption dryers provide the security to run the process without interruption and to have safe and reliable operations of downstream machines and air tools.\nThis series comes with installed pre- and afterfilter, desiccant fill and a reliable PCB controller with indication lights to monitor the operation. The PCB controller is ready build in and only has to be connected to an electrical power source and compressed air inlet/outlet. Optionally available is a dryer run/stop dry contact as well as a load control system for energy savings.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Home Air Ventilation, Best Air Exchangers For Homes Best Air Exchanger 2017 Simple Nice Fantastic Amazing Good: amusing best air exchangers for homes\nPublished at February 02nd, 2018 10:17:50 AM by Giordano\nLabelled as air exchanger humidity topic along with installing air exchanger existing home object plus best air exchanger 2016 topic plus air exchangers for homes topic plus air exchange system home depot topic, broan fresh air system discussion along with Home Air Ventilation, So don't forget to check out the main article in amusing best air exchangers for homes\n© 2018 skepticrant.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Atlas Store\nEach of our commercial grade Air Purifiers is perfectly suited to continuously clean the air over large areas. Each of our commercial grade machines produce ozone to disinfect the air you breathe while leaving behind a fresh after rain scent. Each of our industrial machines is powerful enough to eradicate odors and contaminants in spaces up to 5000 feet. These machines were designed to be used in large spaces such as warehouses where dust accumulates and the air quality is impacted. Try one today!\nBuy quality products at some of the best prices including hepa ionic air purifiers,VHF and UHF walkie talkie,wireless security cctv cameras,camera back packs,metal detectors,hand held meters,photo studio equipment,alcohol detector, water ionizer, water ozonator and air purifier accessories. \"Terms and Conditions are Available Upon Request\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Indoor Air Quality Testing & Air Duct Cleaning\nIndoor air pollution can actually be worse for you than outdoor pollution! People spend the majority of their lives inside their homes and buildings, so clean indoor air with low levels of dust, particulates, and contaminants, and the right level of humidity is important for day-to-day health and comfort. We offer many solutions to your air quality including air duct cleaning and Aeroseal duct sealing. If you want cleaner, healthier indoor air, you can count on us to help.\nIAQ Product Installation\nAt Air Doctors, we can supply and install the latest air filtration systems, air cleaners, air decontaminating UV lamps, dehumidifiers, and humidifiers.\nAir duct cleaning removes dirt, dust, and other pollutants from your air ducts. 90% of customers who have this service performed have noticed significant improvements in their allergies, asthma symptoms, and overall indoor air quality.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Spring blossom: 15 April\nHarvest: 2nd week September Very dry Spring with several warm days in April, around 20 Centigrade. No high winds since January. Lots of blossom. Starlings didn't leave much for me to enjoy.These apples are generally much less tasty than my Worcester Pearmains.\nSpring blossom: 28 May\nHarvest: 3rd week October Was a good crop but heavy winds in mid September looked like destroying much of the fruit. In the end there were many good apples though the acid taste remaimed until late October when the fruit eventually sweetened.\nSpring blossom: 25 April\nHarvest: 2nd week October Poor crop. Small apples and not a good taste. Too many summer gales.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Stay up to date on the go with our WNEP news and weather apps.\nPosted on: 11:25 am, June 14, 2012, by Ryan Leckey, updated on: 11:26am, June 14, 2012\nThursday, June 14 marks Flag Day. Many events are planned to honor the Stars & Stripes including flag disposal ceremonies. Watch this clip to learn about how to properly retire Old Glory.\nFollow the storm with our Interactive Severe Weather Radar.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Why Buy an Air Purifier\nWith the increasing concern about air pollution and its impact on our health, many people are considering purchasing an air purifier for their homes or offices. Air purifiers are devices that help remove pollutants and improve the air quality in enclosed spaces. There are several compelling reasons why investing in an air purifier is a wise decision.\n1. Health Benefits\nOne of the primary reasons to buy an air purifier is the potential health benefits it offers. Air purifiers can effectively remove harmful particles such as dust, pollen, pet dander, and mold spores from the air. By reducing exposure to these allergens, individuals with allergies or asthma can experience relief from symptoms and improve their overall well-being.\nAdditionally, air purifiers can help eliminate airborne viruses and bacteria, reducing the risk of respiratory infections. This is particularly important in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces, where the spread of germs is more likely.\n2. Improved Indoor Air Quality\nIndoor air quality can often be worse than outdoor air due to the accumulation of pollutants from various sources. Cooking fumes, cleaning products, tobacco smoke, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by furniture and building materials can all contribute to poor air quality indoors. An air purifier can effectively remove these pollutants, ensuring cleaner and fresher air to breathe.\nFurthermore, air purifiers can help reduce unpleasant odors by eliminating odor-causing particles and chemicals from the air. This is particularly beneficial for households with pets, smokers, or individuals with sensitivities to certain smells.\n3. Allergy Relief\nAllergies can significantly impact one’s quality of life, causing symptoms such as sneezing, coughing, itching, and congestion. Air purifiers with HEPA filters can capture and remove allergens like pollen, dust mites, and pet dander from the air, providing relief for allergy sufferers.\nMoreover, air purifiers can also help alleviate symptoms of seasonal allergies by reducing the amount of outdoor allergens that enter the indoor environment. This is especially beneficial during high pollen seasons when individuals are more prone to allergic reactions.\n4. Asthma Management\nAsthma is a chronic respiratory condition that can be triggered by various environmental factors, including dust, pollen, and air pollution. Air purifiers can effectively remove these triggers from the air, creating a safer and healthier environment for individuals with asthma.\nBy reducing the presence of asthma triggers, air purifiers can help minimize asthma attacks, improve breathing, and enhance overall lung function. This can lead to a better quality of life for asthma sufferers and reduce the need for medication or medical interventions.\n5. Enhanced Sleep Quality\nPoor air quality can negatively affect sleep quality, leading to issues such as snoring, sleep apnea, and insomnia. Air purifiers can help create a cleaner and more breathable environment in the bedroom, improving sleep patterns and overall sleep quality.\nBy removing airborne irritants and allergens, air purifiers can reduce nighttime allergies and respiratory disturbances that can disrupt sleep. This can result in more restful and rejuvenating sleep, leading to increased energy levels and better overall health.\n6. Protection against Secondhand Smoke\nSecondhand smoke is a significant health risk, containing thousands of harmful chemicals that can cause various illnesses and diseases. Air purifiers equipped with activated carbon filters can effectively remove smoke particles and chemicals from the air, reducing the health risks associated with exposure to secondhand smoke.\nInstalling an air purifier in homes or offices where smoking is allowed can help protect non-smokers from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. It can also improve the air quality for smokers themselves, helping to reduce the accumulation of smoke-related odors and pollutants.\n7. Decreased Risk of Airborne Diseases\nIn addition to allergens and pollutants, air can also carry viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that can cause respiratory infections and diseases. Air purifiers equipped with high-efficiency filters or UV-C light technology can effectively capture and kill these microorganisms, reducing the risk of airborne diseases.\nEspecially during flu seasons or in areas with poor air quality, air purifiers can be a valuable tool in preventing the spread of illnesses. They can provide an added layer of protection by filtering out airborne pathogens and creating a cleaner environment.\n8. Peace of Mind\nInvesting in an air purifier can provide peace of mind, knowing that the air inside your home or office is clean and healthy. It can be particularly reassuring for individuals with respiratory conditions, allergies, or compromised immune systems, as well as for families with young children or elderly members.\nKnowing that you have taken steps to improve the air quality can contribute to a sense of well-being and help create a comfortable living or working environment. Air purifiers provide a proactive approach to maintaining a healthier indoor environment and can be an essential part of your overall well-being.\nAn air purifier offers numerous benefits, ranging from improved health and allergy relief to enhanced sleep quality and protection against airborne diseases. By investing in an air purifier, you can create a cleaner and healthier environment for yourself and your loved ones, ensuring a better quality of life in the long run.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "It was a pretty good week. The weather wasn’t too bad. Not much snow some rain and some sunshine!\nI actually managed to take some photos this week/weekend. It’s my goal to try to take a photo everyday if possible.\nI’m looking forward to the week ahead.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Owl’s Crossing Preschool follows the Scituate Public School’s Weather Cancellation Policy. If Scituate Public Schools are closed, Owl’s Crossing Preschool is closed. If there is a one hour delay, Owl’s Crossing will have a one hour delay. If there is a two hour delay, our morning session will be closed. If afternoon Kindergarten is cancelled, our afternoon session will be cancelled.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hi everyone, I got my air con regassed and now the air con blows hot air instead of cold. Does anyone know what might have caused this and how I might fix this problem?\nChrysler voyager 2002, air con was working well until had it regassed, now it\njust blows hot air, the air feels hot like it's from the motor.\nTake it back to the shop that did the work, apparently they didn't check for leaks first.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "XSign in by: Email Mobile\nPrice above includes all cost to deliver in Yiwu only\nCold and dry air compressor in Yiwu city, Shanghai APCOM OPEC Compressor online dealers: Yiwu ju Xin company Franchise 25 air compressors-oil free air compressor, PM frequency converter air compressor . Hotline: 400-6022-579\n\"Hot models\" 7.5KW-55kw PM frequency converter air compressor Shanghai APCOM OPEC PM frequency screw air compressor factory direct. 11 focus on the main producing compressors: oil-free scroll air compressor, PM frequency converter air compressor .\n\"Hot PM frequency screw air compressor Recommend \"\nAPCOM pm frequency converter air compressor\n★ Using pm frequency control system, integrated energy-saving 39.7%.\n¡Ï motor integration, maintenance-free, life of up to 15 years.\n★ The maintenance to save money, only the traditional screw air compressor 50%.\n22KW pm frequency converter air compressor PK common screw machine a year\nSave money: 28000 Yuan!\nIf false is not true! Lose your money!\nShare more classic success, please click :\n》》 7.5kW pm frequency converter air compressor\n|Main Products:||Air compressor, air compressor repair, screw machine repair, year-round hiring air compressor repair|\n|Address:||20495, 2F, Yiwu Production Material Market,Yiwu,China|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|Products and Services:||1,022|\n|Articles and publications:||555|\n|Tenders & Vacancies:||1|\n|Address||Buffalo Grove, IL, 60089|\n|Phone||+1 (847) 565-5881|\nHave it Done the right way with Buffalo Grove Air Duct and Dryer Vent Cleaning.\nWe serve in Buffalo Grove, IL, Riverwoods IL; Bannockburn IL; Lincolnshire IL and the surrounding areas.\nAir Duct Cleaning, Air Duct Cleaner, Chimney Cleaning, Fireplace Cleaning Service, Air Vent Cleaning\nChimney Sweeps, Chimney Inspections, Dryer Vent Cleaning, Air Vent Cleaner, Fireplace Service, Chimney Sweep Service, Air Duct Service, Air Duct Cleaning Service, Reliable Air Duct Cleaner, Vent Cleaner, Air Vent Cleaning Service, Fireplace Cleaner; Sanitizing and Disinfecting, Residential Air Vent Cleaning, Residential Air Duct Cleaning", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "It is adjacent to holloman the White Sands force Missile Range rooms and is operated by the 846th Test Squadron of the 96th Test Group of base force the 96th chatrooms chat Test Wing at Eglin Air Force Base. The Holloman High Speed chat base Test holloman Track ( HHSTT) is a United States Department of Defense/ Air Force aerospace ground test air facility located at Holloman chat rooms Air Force chatrooms Base in south- holloman central New Mexico. base Air Force acquired air chat 65 wild- caught young chat infant chimpanzees holloman chatrooms from Africa chatrooms air , used them to establish base an rooms holloman force aeronautical research facility at Holloman Air Force Base force rooms in Alamogordo New Mexico. WSMR borders the Holloman Air Force Base holloman base including air Las Cruces, base \" Truth , Alamogordo, is force base chat surrounded force by air multiple small cities, chat base Consequences\" force rooms ( known chat air chat for force its base unique chat name). chatrooms For holloman Group Reservations of 5 or chat more rooms. El base Paso Texas the Mexican border chatrooms are less than an hour holloman away. Weather holloman chatrooms Underground provides local holloman & holloman long range holloman weather forecasts weather reports maps & tropical weather conditions base for locations holloman worldwide.\nHolloman Air Force force Base offers a force blend force of quality and comfort. CensusViewer delivers detailed force demographics force population statistics from holloman force the Census, commercial data sources , registered voter files, force American base Community Survey rooms base ( holloman ACS), Census more. Come by to see the current floorplan chatrooms options. Holloman base Air Force Base, air New Mexico air 79 F Boles. Welcome to the official Facebook fan page holloman of Holloman force Air force Force force Base! holloman Official Holloman Air Force Base web site; Historical Summary. force to all affected training units as force holloman soon as holloman possible by chat a confirmed chat- message. * holloman Up to force six base air rooms. Holloman welcomes airmen there families they also give holloman a holloman warm welcome air to visitors. The 49th air force Wing supports national holloman security air objectives by deploying worldwide to support peacetime and wartime contingencies. Holloman Air force Force Base base In rooms the holloman early base 1950s, force the U. Compare population statistics about Holloman Air force Force Base age, NM by race, gender Latino/ base Hispanic origin base air chat etc. Holloman air force base chat holloman air force base chatrooms holloman air force base chat rooms. UH Management air Office base chat Staff The air UH Management Office is staffed with professionals that can assist air with all of your housing chat needs.\nBase Specific Policy During force your orientation the holloman air ADL , UH Management Office force representative will inform you force holloman of all force Air Force base- specific policies. chat force Holloman base AFB air chat force Photos. HOLLOMAN AIR FORCE BASE HOLLOMAN AIR FORCE chatrooms BASE INSTRUCTION 11- 101. Holloman air provides a pool education, holloman gas station, grocery base store, emergency force officials, bowling ally, hotel, air , golf course housing. The 88330 location in chat chatrooms Holloman Air Force base Base force air is chat an ideal place for residents. Today with its holloman F- 117 \" stealth\" aircraft base , Holloman Air Force air Base continues to serve at the forefront of military operations serving as holloman the air force training center for the German Air force Force' s Tactical Training Center. This base arranges special events for the air men and there families. The Holloman Air Force Base association with rockets missiles goes back to 1947 when the base was designated the primary site for development of pilotless aircraft, , guided missiles related programs. Please review our. and very affordable rates are the foundation of the Air Force Inns lodging program.\n100% FREE Holloman Air Force Base chat rooms at Mingle2. Join the hottest Holloman Air Force Base chatrooms online! Mingle2' s Holloman Air Force Base chat rooms are full of fun, sexy singles like you. Sign up for your free Holloman Air Force Base chat account now and meet hundreds of New Mexico singles online! Location: Holloman Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located six miles ( 10 km) southwest of the Central business district of Alamogordo, New Mexico, a city in Otero County, New Mexico.\nholloman air force base chat holloman air force base chatrooms holloman air force base chat rooms\nHolloman AFB has all the amenities of a full community. Entertainment and recreation is readily available in the neighboring towns. The partnership between airmen and civilians has been amazing.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "These are the so-called directly supported models. Besides these 69 aircraft models there are an additional 96 models that are considered to be equivalent to one of these directly supported models. This report gives an overview of the equivalences added to BADA since the release of the previous version of BADA (2.4).\nEquivalences report for the Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) Revision 2.5\nThe Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) provides a set of ASCII files containing performance and operating procedure coefficients for 69 different aircraft types.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Exclusive to the ladies is this all new Air Max 95 from Nike.\nThe Air Max 95 is called upon for Eastbay’s latest photo of the week.\nThis new Air Max 95 colorway is sure to turn heads.\nOne of the most popular styles from the Air Max line is reworked.\nA close up look at an iconic Nike Running shoe.\nThis latest Nike Air Max 95 will be available on November 20th.\nPick up this red hot Air Max 95 later this month.\nThis new colorway of the Air Max 95 lands in October.\nThis clear-soled Air Max 95 hits Eastbay soon.\nYou can now pre-order the latest colorway of the Air Max 95.\nThe “Grape” colorway of the Air Max 95 is looking fresh.\nA popular color returns on a iconic sneaker.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "How about 8:30? I'll post up early in the morning whether or not I'm heading out, based on what weather radar looks like.\nIf things look a little dicey out west, would you be interested in meeting for breakfast down in the Heights area? There've been a couple of times on Sunday mornings here recently when weather looked bad out northwest but was clear in town.\nEither way, check here early in the morning to see what I've decided, and/or if anyone else has posted up with alternative ideas.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I am evaluating the cloud hosted version of octopus deploy. We are currently running an on premise version of the tool, and have been for several years. Anyway, in the cloud hosted version, is there a way to run the “deploy a package” step on the cloud instance? We are needing this step so that we can run the “redgate deploy from package” step. Also, is there a dedicated outbound ip address that I can use to create a firewall rule in azure sql server?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Those on the lowest incomes may be entitled to extra funds for energy bills when temperatures drop.\nThe Government is offering cold weather financial support to people across Sussex who receive certain benefits or support.\nThe Met Office has warned that temperatures could be recorded “close to minus 10C” in rural parts of Britain on Thursday.\nFor every 7-day period of very cold weather (below 0°C), beneficiaries will receive £25 into their bank account within 14 days of the cold weather trigger.\nThere is no need to apply.\nThe ZIP Codes that qualify for the current week of December 7-13 are:\nPeople claiming retirement credit, income support, income-tested unemployment benefits, income-tested Employment and Assistance Assistance, Universal Credit and mortgage interest support could be eligible for cold-weather payments, guidance from the Department for Works and Pensions (DWP) said.\nIt comes as weather warnings have been extended into the weekend and drivers have been warned of dangers on the roads in parts of the UK.\nThe UK Health Security Agency has issued a Level 3 cold weather alert for England through Monday.\nA DWP spokesman said: “These additional payments provide support each year to help people experiencing the coldest weather.\n“Cold weather payments can be triggered through the end of March, giving added peace of mind during the colder months for people facing disproportionately cold weather.”\nhttps://www.theargus.co.uk/news/23181166.government-gives-cold-weather-payments—eligible/?ref=rss Government Grants Cold Weather Payments – Am I Eligible?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Healthy in the Heat: A guide to coping with hot weather and heatwaves\nPDF 550 KB\nCoping and staying healthy in hot weather and heatwaves including heat related conditions, tips, emergency treatment and recovery\nProlonged periods of extremely hot weather can have serious health impacts on the more vulnerable groups of society. Health professionals play a key role to protect vulnerable people from potential severe health effects of heat waves. Visit the Heat and hot weather – information for health professionals page for more information.\nOver summer, South Australia experiences periods of extremely hot weather. These extreme heat events, where maximum temperatures are above 40°C over a number of days with little relief during the night, have resulted in some people becoming ill. However, illness from the heat can be prevented.\nResearchers at SA Health have been working with The University of Adelaide to investigate how to prevent poor health during extreme heat.\nVisit the Heat related research papers page for more information.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Chapter 6 DATA CROSS-REFERENCES\nData cross-references bring understanding to disparate data.\nThe data understanding process continues with the Data Cross-Reference Function consisting of cross-referencing the Data Product Data to the Common Data, particularly the Data Product Data representing the existing disparate data in the organization’s data resource.\nDATA CROSS-REFERENCE APPROACH\nThe data cross-reference concept is that the inventoried Data Product Data are cross-referenced to the Common Data to further increase the understanding of those disparate data within a common context. The initial understanding gained during data inventorying is increased through a cross-referencing of the inventoried Data Product Data to the Common Data.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The effects of air or water pressure can result from a variety of causes, including changes in altitude or depth, exposure to hazardous chemicals, or occupational activities.\nThe effects of air or water pressure can be diagnosed by taking a medical history and physical examination, as well as by performing tests to measure the pressure of the air or water. In some cases, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI scans may be needed to accurately diagnose the condition.\nDifferential diagnoses of the effects of air or water pressure include conditions such as barotrauma, decompression sickness, and pulmonary edema.\nTreatment of the effects of air or water pressure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. For milder cases, rest and avoidance of activities that may increase air or water pressure may be sufficient. In more severe cases, oxygen therapy, medications, or surgery may be necessary.\nThe prognosis of the effects of air or water pressure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In most cases, the condition can be managed effectively with rest, avoiding activities that increase air or water pressure, and proper treatment.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hi guys. Ever since the weather turned colder, I’ve been seeking out the warm spots in the house. Like here…by the hot air blowin’ thingy. I will lay here for hours on end. The only problem? The hot air blowin’ thingy doesn’t blow hot air for hours on end. It’ll blow for awhile…and then stop. What’s up with that? I want hot air all the time!\nRight now, it’s blowing some great hot air. So this is my hot selfie for today. Oh yeah…keep that hot air coming.\nI’m pawticipating in\nThe Cat on My Head’s Sunday Selfies Blog Hop.\nTo join the Hop or to see other selfies", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Heat Shrink Packaging\nhot air guns HL 1400S Aktion heat shrink gunsuitable for quick and even\nflameless heat shrink packaging of PVC and PE (polyolefin)shrink films on corrugated cartons and paper boxes. For maximum benefits use Pammvi's hot air blower with surface nozzle. Both these Hot air tools permit dual levels of temperatures and airflow.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This photo was captured from the Skyline Trail on the southern slope of Mt. Rainier. The day was mostly sunny. By the time I got to this section of the trail a few clouds started moving across the mountain. In the clears the sun was very intense, allowing me to traverse a snow covered trail in shorts and a T-shirt.\nCanon PowerShot S90, f/8 @ 12.85 mm, 1/1000, ISO 100, No Flash\n© Ed Ruttledge Photographs", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Sales and Use Tax\nDisaster Relief Due to Severe Weather and Flooding in East Texas Counties. On May 19, 2021, Governor Abbott issued a disaster declaration for Calhoun, Jasper, Jefferson, Kleberg, Newton and Tyler counties due to significant flooding and severe weather. Taxpayers affected by the severe weather and flooding have an automatic extension to June 1, 2021, to file and pay taxes due.\nDA: 73 PA: 53 MOZ Rank: 32", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tuesday IndyCar Test Day (Update)\n|Quiet Pit Lane at COTA|\n02/11/20 Good morning from Austin, Texas. It is not typical weather here in Texas. Rain fell heavily at 6 am this morning for about an hour. The track is wet under cloudy skies. Air temperature is 44 degrees just 15 minutes before the scheduled start time for today. Track temperature is 45 degrees.\nAR1 spoke with a Firestone representative to see if the cars will take to the track with such cool temperatures. The rule is the ambient temperature and the track temperature combined have to equal 100 degrees. We were told that some cars will go out on rain tires. Since the track is not extremely wet, the drivers are not going to do many laps. Lucille Dust reporting from COTA", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "posted by Linda .\nSuppose the modiefied quota is 5.37. Find the lower quotas and the upper quotas. Find the arithmetic means of the lower and upper quotas. Find the geometric means of the lower and the upper quotas. Round the given modified quotas by comparing it with the geometric means.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Over the years I’ve had luck with bass and crappie at Stonelick, but on this trip the weather was not cooperating. The weather conditions changed quickly, dark clouds moved in, the temperature dropped and the wind picked up. This is a reminder to always be aware of weather when heading to the water. The weather report for that day was a 20% chance of rain and slight chance of storms. I picked Stonelick to kayak that day because of its size and if the weather did change I could quickly get to the boat ramp.\nAt no point did I see lightning, if so, I would have left the lake immediately. This outing turned into a scouting trip looking for new fishing cover, a chance to grab some extra exercise and take a few pics.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Recent Sightings December 2020\n30 Dec: Clear skies with a moderate northerly wind. A flock of 29 Flamingoes were seen offshore heading north at Eastern Beach.\n27 Dec: Clear skies with a northerly wind. A Whimbrel was seen at Camp Bay, the Short-toed Eagle was seen over Windmill Hill, and the Sparrowhawk was observed along the Apes den.\n19 Dec: Clear skies with a moderate westerly wind. The Osprey was observed heading north over Westside School chased by Yellow-legged Gulls.\n15 Dec: Cloudy with sunny spells. Winds fresh westerly. A Short-toed Eagle was seen hunting over the sand Slopes above Catalan Bay.\n11 Dec: Cloudy with rain showers from the west. Winds fresh westerly. Several birds are wintering around Montagu Gardens residential complex, with a Grey Wagtail, Chiffchaff, Robin and Black Redstart seen in the area.\n10 Dec: Clear skies with some westerly high cloud. Winds moderate to fresh north-westerly. A Kingfisher was observed on the rocks by Europlaza. Cormorants frequent the western beach area and enter the Marina by Marina Bay area, and then rest on the railings at the western end of the runway where 15 birds were seen.\nFifteen Cormorants at the western end of the runway. J. Sanchez\n08 Dec: Cloudy skies with a fresh north-westerly wind. An Osprey was seen just off Catalan Bay heading north.\n06 Dec: Some westerly cloud with plenty of sunny spells in a north-westerly wind. An Osprey was seen patrolling along Waterport, and a Short-toed Eagle was observed above Levant battery chased by the two Ravens.\n05 Dec: Cloudy with some sunny spells. Winds fresh north-westerly. At 2pm a flock of about 500 White Storks were seen heading north over the Bay. A couple of colour-ringed Black-headed Gulls returned to winter at Europa Point with E6PT and RKSF resting on the cliff at Europa Point.\n02 Dec: Mainly clear skies with some westerly cloud. Winds moderate south-westerly. A Swallow and a Kingfisher were seen at Governor's Beach in the afternoon.\n01 Dec: Some north westerly cloud with a moderate to fresh north westerly wind. A flock of 140 Griffon Vultures were observed over the Rock before heading west across the Bay. Three Siskins flew over the Botanic gardens.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Home Air Ventilation, Cold Air Return Vent Cover Decorative Return Air Grille Brown Maxres Default: amusing cold air return vent cover\nPublished at February 13th, 2018 16:53:49 PM by Giordano\nMarked as cold air return grille sizes topic and cold air return wall vents area of interest and decorative return air grille subject also cold air return floor vents object or cold air return vent covers home depot subject, floor cold air return covers discussion with Home Air Ventilation, So don't forget to check out the main article in amusing cold air return vent cover\n© 2018 skepticrant.com. Reproduction without explicit permission is prohibited. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Air Corsica Flight XK740 connects Ajaccio-Napoléon Bonaparte, France to Paris, France, taking off from Ajaccio-Napoléon Bonaparte Airport AJA and landing at Charles de Gaulle International Airport CDG.The flight distance is 926 km / 576 miles and the average flight speed is 545 km/h / 339 mph. In the last 30 days, the average delay of the flight was 0 minutes and the flight was on-time 100% of the times. The average flight time is 1 hour and 41 minutes.\nThis Air Corsica flight can also be referenced as CCM740, XK0740, XK 740, CCM 740.\nThe latest flight took off on Monday, Dec 5th, 2016 with the flight arrival status being Estimated on 12:25.\nSee our Flight Tracker above for more details.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Winter Into Spring\nUpdated: Apr 19\nWinter in spring the transitional time of the were natures comes back to life. First with a few buts on the winter tree branches; then a flock of birds. In this case Robins fill the air with song welcoming Spring. The last of the snow melts creating fog that flows through the forest, softly blanking the sun and moon.\nClick on the photograph to see a larger version in the gallery shop.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Total Solar Eclipse Tours and Scientific Expeditions\nAstro Trails is a special programme of tours and expeditions featuring Total Solar Eclipses and rare or unusual astronomical and other scientific events. Our long experience and careful planning enable us to offer the best solar eclipse experience, top locations and the most interesting and inspiring travel experiences as an integral part of your journey.\nThis programme is a three day extension of the National Parks Tour, visiting Meteor Crater, Lowell Observatory, Sedona, Tucson and Kitt Peak Observatory.\nA visit to Yellowstone combined with the solar eclipse expedition, plus a rail trip through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and on through California to San Francisco.\nThe total solar eclipse plus Yellowstone National Park, the Grand Teton Mountains, Bryce Canyon and the incomparable Grand Canyon of the Colorado provide a magnificent backdrop for this expedition.\nAstro Trails Email Newsletter\nSolar eclipse tours, 2016 total solar eclipse, 2016 total solar eclipse tours, 2016 eclipse tours, solar eclipse travel, solar eclipse trips, solar eclipse expeditions, travel to Indonesia, total solar eclipse, Indonesia eclipse, Indonesia total solar eclipse, best place to see 2016 total eclipse, Ternate, Tidore, Palu, Sulawesi, Mulucas, Spice Islands eclipse, 2015 total solar eclipse, Svalbard total solar eclipse, Faroes solar eclipse, total solar eclipse tours, total solar eclipse experts, which companies operate solar eclipse tours, Iceland solar eclipse, Solar Eclipse Tours, Astronomy Tours, Total Solar Eclipse, Annular eclipse, solar eclipse umbra, how dark does it go during a solar eclipse, Indonesia tours, British Astronomical Association, Meteors, Aurora Borealis, Geminids, Geminid Meteors, meteor showers, meteor shower tour, astronomy expeditions, 2016 total solar eclipse Indonesia, Bali, Komodo Dragon, Explorers Astronomy, astronomy holidays, stargazing, Norway, solar eclipse cruise, solar astronomy, Morocco, Sahara, Sahara Desert stargazing, Sahara Desert astronomy, special interest, astro tours, astro travel projects, Mr Eclipse, Fred Espenak, John Mason, astronomy clubs, astronomy travel, when is the next solar eclipse, what is a total solar eclipse, where is the next solar eclipse, where can I see a solar eclipse, perseid meteors, meteor shower tonight, see meteors, Indonesia holiday, 2017 total solar eclipse, 2017 total solar eclipse tour, 2017 solar eclipse, USA total solar eclipse, best place to see 2017 solar eclipse, best place to see 2017 USA eclipse, solar eclipse groups, observing a solar eclipse, how to watch a solar eclipse, solar eclipse followers, best place to see meteors, Astro tourism.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "air max 95 premium qs metallic gold/university red Nike\nCheap Nike Air Max 95, Men's Nike Air Max 95 x stussy clothing & accessories by owner , Cheap Nike Nike Air Max 95 Sneakers for Sale 2017, Welcome to buy cheap Nike Air Max 95 Running Shoes Online. we offer Cheapest Authentic Real Nike Nike Air Max 95 Running Shoes Outlet Online, mens nike air max 90 white ,nike air max tennis shoes ,nike 95 air max ,womens nike air max tailwind 6 running shoes. Cheapest Nike Air Max 95 Sale for Mens Womens and Runners, Top quality Fake Replica Nike Nike Air Max 95 Wholesale from China, enjoy more 58% discount off here, and get free shipping with Nike originals box. Nike Air Max 95 PRM Squadron Blue Metallic Na y Women's. May 11, 2015 - With summer just around the corner and comfort now more important than e er, the .\nair max 95 hw qs \"halloween\". nike. air max 95 hw qs \"halloween\". $250+. air max 95 premium db bg (gs) \"doernbecher\". nike. air max 95 premium db bg (gs) ., air max 95 premium qs metallic gold/university red Nike, Find the Nike Air Max 95 Men's Shoe at Nike.com. Free deli ery and returns., 95 air max tn plus. Shop the nike air max collection at footaction.Nike air max men's width d medium essential ; nike air max.Men's air max tn grey blue shoes., nike air max 95 black and red Musslan Restaurang och Bar, Especially sought after models include the 1987 (Air Max I), 1990 (Air Max III), 1991 (Air 180), 1993, 1995, 1997, and to an extent, 2003. The 1993 model was . Nike Air Max 95 wholesale nike shoes,buy nike wholesale,cheap , Nike Nike Air Max 95 Sale Products 1 - 15 of 25 - Nike Air Max 2015 | 90% Off Cheap Nike Air Max 2016 95 90 Shoes For Sale : Nike Air Max 2011 - Nike Free Run Shoes Nike Zoom Shoes ., All Red Air Max 95 Air Max 95 For Sale Nathan Weiss Graduate .\nJun 22, 2016 - The Nike Air Max 95 Ultra SE is rendered in black/dark grey for its latest colorway this summer. Find it at Nike stores o erseas first.\nNIKE AIR MAX 95 PRM TAPE PREMIUM NEWSPRINT/GREY OLT SIZE MEN'S 10 [599425-001] in Clothing, Shoes & Accessories, Men's Shoes, Athletic .\nNike store uk,90% off air max clearance,shop men's and women's air max 90,air max 95,air max 2015 shoes and so on at 2016 nike air max store uk.Might be .\nConhecidos por suas interpretações da anatomia humana, Andy an Dinh e Katie Scott contribuem para o 20º ani ersário do Air Max 95 com ilustrações do .\nNike Air Max 95 Satin \"Fiberglass\" / Release Date. 21 Feb 2017 - When Nike first released the Air Max 1 on March 26, 1987, it released not just a shoe, but a .\nroyal blue air max 2016. She say to.Lildeshy , iews nike air max.Nike air max graphite shop nike air max 95 from nike running.But cheap nike lebron shoes for .\nold school nike air max nike flyknit air max womens nike air yeezy 2 black nike air max 95 neon nike air max 1 pink nike womens air max air max 1 hyperfuse .", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Obama administration announced a plan to cut carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired plants. The EPA’s goal is to cut greenhouse gas pollution by 30 percent over the next 15 years, but critics say it could cost billions. Sally Kidd reports from Washington.\nHillary Clinton officially won the Democratic presidential nomination Tuesday. Then, Bill Clinton took the Democratic National Convention on a 45-minute tour through the former first lady, senator and secretary of state's biography.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Even more help is on hand in the sky as the borough’s air ambulance has increased its operational flight time from 10 to 12 hours a day.\nLonger daylight hours in the summer mean flight time for Thames Valley and Chiltern Air Ambulance (TVACAA) can be extended. From this week the air ambulance crew will attend to emergencies from 7am to 7pm.\nPat Conafray, head of fundraising at TVACAA, said: “Incident rates increase in the summer and longer daylight hours mean that more people are out and about on the roads and undertaking outdoor activities that can lead to accidents.”\nThe air ambulance receives no government or lottery funding and relies on fundraising efforts in the local area for operational costs.\nMs Conafray said: “The wonderful generosity of the people of Berkshire, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire has enabled us to increase our flying time and to further improve the service we provide for them.”", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|endeavor air flight schedule||1.21||1||4555||18|\n|endeavor air flights||1||0.1||2424||88|\n|endeavor air flight status||0.27||0.4||2061||6|\n|endeavor air flight map||0.64||0.1||3586||39|\n|endeavor air flight pay||1.11||0.7||422||65|\n|endeavor air flight info||0.73||0.1||8231||57|\n|endeavor air flight benefits||1.1||0.1||1139||83|\n|endeavor air flight attendant||1.39||0.4||995||83|\n|endeavor air flight attendant pay||1.83||0.5||4286||66|\nAt Expedia, we have great deals on Endeavor Air flights to a wide range of destinations, along with a choice of tickets, baggage allowance and optional in-flight extras. Book to fly with Endeavor Air and pack for a great trip, whether you’re going one-way, return or on a multi-city hop.Where are the hubs of Endeavor Airlines located?\nHeadquartered in Minneapolis, Minn., Endeavor has hub operations in Atlanta, Cincinnati, Detroit, Minneapolis, and New York City. At Endeavor Air, we offer more than a job; we offer a career.Who is the parent company of Endeavor Air?\nEndeavor Air Flights! Endeavor Air is an American regional airline, previously known as Pinnacle Airlines. It was renamed as Endeavour Air on 1 August, 2013. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta Air Lines and has a fleet size of 194 aircrafts.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "High temperature effects on corn and soybean\nWhat is the ideal temperature for soybeans? Soybeans are a temperate leguminous plant with an ideal daytime temperature of 85°F. When air temperatures exceed 85°F, soybeans can experience heat stress regardless of reproductive stage. When soybeans experience heat stress, yield reductions can begin to occur, especially when soil moisture is limiting. Heat stress during flowering can result in pollen sterility and reduced seed set. Temperatures exceeding 85°F can result in a decreased number of pods while temperatures above 99°F severely limit pod formation. Heat stress at the R5 growth stage (beginning seed), has the greatest impact on soybean yield. During seed fill, daytime temperatures of 91 to 96°F result in fewer seeds per plant. Daytime temperatures greater than 85°F during seed fill can result in decreased soybean weight.\nHow do high nighttime temperatures affect corn and soybean production? High nighttime temperatures (in the 70s or 80s) can result in wasteful respiration and a lower net amount of dry matter accumulation in plants. The rate of respiration of plants increases rapidly as the temperature increases, approximately doubling for each 13 degree F increase. With high night temperatures more of the sugars produced by photosynthesis during the day are lost; less is available to fill developing kernels or seeds, thereby lowering potential grain yield. High night time temperatures result in faster heat unit (GDD) accumulation that can lead to earlier corn maturation, whereas cool night temperatures result in slower GDD accumulation that can lengthen grain filling and promote greater dry matter accumulation and grain yields.\nPast research at the University of Illinois indicates that corn grown at night temperatures in the mid-60s out yields corn grown at temperatures in the mid-80s. Corn yields are often higher with irrigation in western states, which have low humidity and limited rainfall. While these areas are characterized by hot sunny days, night temperatures are often cooler than in the Eastern Corn Belt. Low night temperatures during grain fill have been associated with some of Ohio’s highest corn yields in past years. In 2009, when the highest corn average yield to date was achieved, 174 bu/A, Ohio experienced one of its coolest Julys on record. The cool night temperatures may have reduced respiration losses during early grain fill and lengthened the grain fill period.\nCompared to corn, soybeans are less sensitive to high nighttime temperatures. Warm night temperatures do not appear to increase respiration in soybean plants as much as corn. During the day, soybean plants accumulate starch in their leaves. At night, the starch is broken down and exported from their leaves. When nights are cool, the amount of starch exported is reduced resulting in high leaf starch the following day which can disrupt photosynthesis. Nighttime temperatures have to exceed 85°F before any noticeable reduction in soybean yield is experienced. In an experiment conducted by the USDA, soybean plants subjected to a night temperature of 85°F resulted in a 10% yield loss. Corn subjected to 85°F at night experienced grain yield reductions of 40%.\n- Scout for aphids in winter wheat\n- El Niño development stalled out, but wet winter still predicted\n- Ag markets posted divergent closes Wednesday\n- Farm bill program to help farmers affected by severe weather\n- Israel panel proposes 25-42% tax hike on mining companies\n- Ag markets moved almost unanimously higher Wednesday morning\n- How much corn can the ethanol industry use?\n- Economist: Taxing P could reduce risk of algal blooms\n- Commentary: Government wants farmers to quit farming\n- Source shows half of GMO research is independent\n- Ag markets made a generally mixed showing Thursday night\n- What is the relationship between maturity group, yield?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Kanebo Global Skin Protector\nA multi-purpose protector that prevents sunburn and skin dryness due to severe ultraviolet rays and blocks the attachment of pollutants such as pollen in the atmosphere. Super waterproof type that is strong against water and sweat. Due to the high moisturizing effect of cream, it keeps the moisture for a long time and gives gloss.\nMultiple protector that prevents the adhesion of UV rays, dryness, and dirt (pollen, fine particles, etc.) in the atmosphere .", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "PRN: Air Force Officials From Over 15 Nations to Gather at International Close Air Support in London\nAir Force Officials From Over 15 Nations to Gather at International Close Air Support in London\nLONDON, June 25, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --\nSenior Air Force and Army officials will be gathering at the 10th Annual International Close Air Support event in September. Confirmed attendees include Royal Air Force, Turkish Air Force, Indian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Czech Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force, Spanish Air Force, US DoD, Brazilian Air Force and French Air Force (http://www.closeairsupportevent.com).\nThey will be joined at International Close Air Support by leading industry experts including Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Rockwell Collins, Embraer, Indra, Hawker Beechcraft and Top Aces Discover Air to discuss  operational feedback, future requirements to fulfil national ambition, Targeting, Training,, Digitalisation of CAS and Precision Weaponry (http://www.closeairsupportevent.com).\nHighlights of International Close Air Support include:\nNew for this year, International Close Air Support (http://www.closeairsupportevent.com) will run two focus sessions on Precision Weapons and Targeting and Simulation and Training:\nComplimentary interviews are available to download at http://www.closeairsupportevent.com. Â\nNotes to Editors:\nInternational Close Air Support will take place between 25 - 27 September in London and is sponsored by: Rockwell Collins, Raytheon, Embraer, Indra Sistemas SA, Top Aces Discover Air and Hawker Beechcraft.\nComplimentary interviews, articles & case studies are available for download on the International Close Air Support website at http://www.closeairsupportevent.com/Event.aspx?id=742378 Â\nFor further information on International Close Air Support contact +44(0)20-7368-9300 or email email@example.com Â", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Free shipping 4 in 1 Bluetooth transmitter & receiver for TV/PC\n10000 in stock\nThis bluetooth adapter is built in 3 transmitters and 1 receiver which allow you to receive 3 different bluetooth devices and 1 transmission function such as bluetooth headset.\nThis bluetooth audio transmitter and receiver are widely used to devices with wireless bluetooth output, just need a 3.5mm audio cable that connect it to home TV and computer and then transmit audio sound of TV or computer to bluetooth transmitter and receiver. The sound can emit out via wireless bluetooth and then received by bluetooth headphone or bluetooth speaker.\nPortable and handy size design, easy to use and carry on the go.\nThis bluetooth transmitter and receiver is free shipping to European, South Africa, America and Middle East countries.\nBluetooth version: bluetooth 4.0\nBluetooth emitter distance: 8 meters\nWorking hours: 5-6 hours\nInput charging voltage: DC 5V\nCharging current: 500mAh\nCharging time: 1-2 hours\nBattery capacity: 650mAh\nPower consumption: 100mW/h\nMaterial: superior ABS\nDimension: 95 * 75 * 20mm", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "There is widespread community transmission globally.\nSome travel restrictions may still be in place within United Kingdom. For the latest travel status, please check the official page for United Kingdom.\nNo, there is no direct bus from Waterloo Station station to Leyton Midland Road. However, there are services departing from Waterloo Station Tenison Way and arriving at Walthamstow Central, Shortlands Road via Holborn, Bloomsbury Square. The journey, including transfers, takes approximately 1h 17m.More details\nIt is 6 miles from Waterloo Station to Leyton Midland Road. It is approximately 9.3 miles to drive.Get driving directions\nWaterloo Station to Leyton Midland Road bus services, operated by London Buses, depart from Holborn, Bloomsbury Square station.More details\nWaterloo Station to Leyton Midland Road bus services, operated by London Buses, arrive at Walthamstow Central, Shortlands Road station.More details\nThere are 30124+ hotels available in Leyton Midland Road. Prices start at £75 per night.More details\nCompare your options: plane, train, bus, car, ferry, bike share, driving and walking directions all in one search.Learn more about our apps", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Climate of the Past\nAn interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union\nRecent final revised papers\nVolumes and issues\nFull text search\nTitle and author search\nSubscribe to alerts\nScience Citation Index Expanded\nWorld Public Library\nVolumes and issues\nCP - Special issues\n\"Human–land–sea interactions in the Mediterranean Basin: a Holocene perspective\"\nEds. M.-A. Sicre, J. Guiot, L. Carozza, N. Combourieu Nebout, B. Martrat, and M.-F. Loutre\n\"Millennial-scale variability in the American tropics and subtropics\"\nEds. D. Urrego, M. Power, J.P. Bernal, and T. Kiefer\n\"The Past: A Compass for Future Earth – PAGES Young Scientists Meeting 2013\"\nEds. G. Chen, A.-L. Daniau, M. E. de Porras, A. Elmore, K. Mills, R. Saraswat, S. Phipps, A. Reyes, and T. Kiefer\n\"Western Pacific paleoceanography – an ocean history perspective on climate variability at orbital to centennial scales\"\nEds. L. Beaufort , M.-T. Chen, M. Mohtadi, and M. Yamamoto\n\"The changing Arctic and Subarctic environment: proxy- and model-based reconstructions of Holocene climate variability in the northern North Atlantic\"\nEds. J. Giraudeau, H. Renssen, J. Knies, and D.-D. Rousseau\n\"Integrated analysis of interglacial climate dynamics\"\nEds. M. Schulz, A. Paul, H. Fischer, U. Herzschuh, and H. Goosse\n\"International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS): 2012 First Open Science Conference (CP/TC Inter-Journal SI)\"\nEds. C. Barbante, K. Kawamura, A.N. LeGrande, G. Winckler, J. Chappellaz, E. Wolff, M. Albert, R. Greve, E. Isaksson, and M. Van den Broeke\n\"Past environmental and climatic stress during modern human's dispersal\"\nEds. F. Viehberg, F. Schäbitz, K. Reicherter, J. M. Le Tensorer, and D.-D. Rousseau\n\"Holocene changes in environment and climate in the central Mediterranean as reflected by lake and marine records\"\nEds. M. Magny, N. Combourieu Nebout, D.-D. Rousseau, and M.-F. Loutre\n\"Progress in paleoclimate modelling\"\nEds. M. Kageyama, C. Brierley, M. Crucifix, J. C. Hargreaves, A. Paul, and G. Ramstein\n\"Initial results from lake El'gygytgyn, western Beringia: first time-continuous Pliocene-Pleistocene terrestrial record from the Arctic\"\nEds. J. Brigham-Grette, M. Melles, P. Minyuk, B. Wagner, T. Cook, and D.-D. Rousseau\n\"Advances in understanding and applying speleothem climate proxies\"\nEds. A. Mangini, C. Spötl, S. Frisia, G. Lohmann, E. Wolff, and D. Fleitmann\n\"AICC2012: a new ice core chronology\"\nEds. E. Wolff, F. Parrenin, E. Brook, and T. van Ommen\n\"Climate variations in South America over the last 2000 years\"\nEds. M. H. Masiokas, D. Christie, M. Grosjean, A. Rivera, R. Villalba, and T. Kiefer\n\"Low oxygen in marine environments from the Cretaceous to the present ocean: driving mechanisms, impact, recovery (BG/CP Inter-Journal SI)\"\nEds. C. P. Slomp, H. Brinkhuis, B. Dewitte, and A. Paulmier\n\"Advances in understanding the Quaternary carbon cycle\"\nEds. J. Singarayer, A. Ridgwell, H. Fischer, and E. Wolff\n\"Characterization of climatic variability in the Iberian Peninsula during the last centuries\"\nEds. F. Domínguez-Castro, D. Wheeler, V. Rath, and P. Ziveri\n\"Retrospective views on our planet's future – PAGES Open Science Meeting 2009\"\nEds. T. Kiefer, B. L. Otto-Bliesner , C. Whitlock, and E. Wolff\n\"Publications by EGU Medalists\"\n\"Holocene climate variability over Scandinavia\"\nEds. H. Renssen, A. Moberg, K. Holmgren, H. Sundqvist, and Q. Zhang\n\"Data/model interactions: the biological perspective of understanding past global changes\"\nEds. D.-D. Rousseau, J. Guiot, R. Bonnefille, and H. Goosse\n\"Climate change: from the geological past to the uncertain future – a symposium honouring André Berger\"\nEds. M. Crucifix, M. F. Loutre, M. Claussen, G. Ganssen, D.-D. Rousseau, E. Wolff, and J. Guiot\n\"The East Asian Monsoon: past, present and future\"\nEds. A. Berger, P. Braconnot, Z. Guo, D.-D. Rousseau, and R. Tada\n\"Marine Isotope Stage 11\"\nEds. C. Tzedakis, J. McManus, and E. Wolff\n\"Interpreting subsurface temperature signals of climate change\"\nEds. V. Rath and J. Smerdon\n\"The EPICA (EDC and EDML) ice cores age scales\"\nEds. T. Van Ommen, E. Wolff, and F. Parrenin\n\"Paleoclimate, environmental sustainability and our future\"\nEds. J. Brigham-Grette, T. Kiefer, P. Wang, and H. Wanner\n\"Modelling Late Quaternary Climate\"\nEds. J. Hargreaves, N. Weber, P. Braconnot, and J. Guiot", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Case Reception at AAA Annual Meetinghttps://weatherhead.case.edu/events/detail?eid=1972\nJoin us as we celebrate the recent achievements of the department's faculty.\nLee Blazey to Associate Professor\nKaren Braun to Associate Professor\nJulia Grant to Full Professor\nDr. Timothy Fogarty, 2010 Issues Best Paper Award, Issues in Accounting Education, for \"Blessed Are the Gatekeepers: A Longitudinal Study of the Editorial Boards of The Accounting Review\" coauthored by Chih-Hsien (Debra) Liao (PhD, Case Western Reserve University).\nDr. Gary Previts, 2010 Outstanding Educator Award, from the American Accounting Association.\n||Tuesday, Aug. 3, 2010 from 7 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.\n||Hilton San Francisco Union Square\nImperial A, Ballroom Level\nSan Francisco, CA\n||Sponsored by: Department of Accountancy\nInterested in learning more about Weatherhead programs? Request more information or apply now, or register for one of over 70 open enrollment courses through Executive Education.\nWeatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University cultivates creativity, innovation, and purpose-driven leadership to design a better world.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hemp for High Quality Textiles\nSpillage of fresh water ( 20.000Liter/kg) and the use of insecticides/pesticides are extreme when growing cotton. Growing Hemp reduces water usage by 95%, and no chemicals are needed. We therefore developed a technique to refine Hemp fibers, so they can be used for high quality textiles. Furthermore Hemp fibers are stronger, softer, better absorbing and breathing, and are anti-bacterial.\nTechnically we have a proof of concept; on lab scale, textiles have been produced. The validation of our business model looks so promising that we plan to upscale, via a (semi pilot-) plant in the 2nd half of 2014. We feel confident that we will achieve delivering a product to many customers with up to date characteristics, and by doing so will grab a substantial part of the € 200 billion market size, and reduce the 5000 billion M3 of fresh water spillage.\nGet in touch", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Posted by Sara Jamback on\nDo you play Wordle, Quordle, Waffle or Heardle? Those are my go-to variations fo the daily games and I feel like they are good brain food for my day!\nMy newest collection, Bookish Wordle inspired features the design on a bookmark, mug, stickers and prints.\nI hope you find it a fun tribute to the game and the love of books.\n- Tags: wordle", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Forced Showdown is a fairly interesting and rather clever game.\nThe game is basically a combination of a top down action RPG with a customizable card game. It takes place in a kind of weird, futuristic gladiatorial arena where your fights are being broadcast to the masses. It’s sort of like Magic: The Gathering meets The Hunger Games, except with your character actually entering the ring willingly. You go through different stages, each of which culminate in a boss fight. At each different arena, you gain mana which can be used to play cards that allow you to heal, summon useful companions, and upgrade your character.\nThe best part of the game for me, though, is its sense of humor. This is quite obviously a game that doesn’t take itself too seriously, and this comes through in its often hilarious dialog and some of the bosses. For instance, one of the first bosses in the game is called Ratbo the Exterminator:\nHe is a Rambo parody who talks like a squeaky-voiced Arnold Schwarzenegger. Another boss, Jahun, is basically a grumpy old man made of rocks who, at the beginning of his fight, actually shouts “Get off my lawn!” at the player.\nI found the keyboard controls to be somewhat clunky and unwieldy, but, thankfully, the game is compatible with a gamepad, which I found much easier. This may be a matter of personal preference, however, as I mostly play console games The game’s art style is very colorful (which is good in an era where a lot of games are mostly brown), with somewhat cartoony character models that do a good job of reflecting the game’s sense of humor. The sound direction is also very good, with and excellent score and voice acting cast.\nIt’s not a particularly easy game, however. I actually had to try campaigns several times because I died. A lot. Of course, this may not necessarily speak to the difficulty of the game itself, but may just be me being bad at games. I took some gameplay footage earlier, so you can all watch me suck at it:\nThis game is actually quite addictive. While the controls do take a little getting used to, once I started to get the hang of it, I found it rather difficult to put down. It also has one of the most entertaining game over screens I’ve seen in a while (and that’s a good thing, since I saw the game over screen a lot):\nRight on, game over screen.\nI should note that the history of the studio, a Danish developer called BetaDwarf, is worth a read as well. It looks like they had to go through quite a few obstacles to get their game out there.\nIn conclusion, Forced Showdown is a fun and funny little game. It is currently available on Steam for $19.99, and I highly recommend checking it out.", "label": "No"}
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Nihard coal grinder nihard coal grinder xsm excellent mining crushing machinery products or production line design the company is committed to building the chinese brand mine crushing and processing machinery mainly crusher mill sand making our products nihard coal grinder in than one hundred of the worldsales of countries and regions.\nFeldspar Grinding Machine Supplies\nFeldspar Grinding Mill Plant. Feldspar is generally used in making the body composition of porcelain china as an important ingredient in the glass sand batch etc. The recommended Feldspar Powder Making Machine is MTW Series Trapezoid Mill which absorbed European manufacturing technology meets client's requirements of excellent fineness.Feldspar Crusher Supplier Sale. Feldspar Beneficiation Technology Worldcrushers Mica mine machines manufacturers in pakistan amp germany german technical mica stone crusher supplier for sale. crushing plant jan 2014 a mining zambia limited has installed a crushing plant and wishes to zambia ltd is basalt ore jaw crusher in. find best stone find best stone crusher for sale.\nFeldspar Minig Crusher Machine Mining & Quarry Plant\nFelspar grinding machine for sale,felspar grinding plant in indian the felspar grinding machine for sale,feldspar grinding plant is alsoest selling high efficiency grinding mill86 products high production efficiency corn grinding mill with diesel engine diesel engine grinding machine is our the most popular model in the market.Feldspar grinding machine 20120911 In the felspar grinding machine for sale, crushed feldspar particles is grinded into powder with the fineness requirement of 200 mesh by grinding mill. As a material of glass making, feldspar is also used Grinding mill machine for dolomite, feldspar, gypsum Types of Grinding Mill.\nChina Feldspar Raymond Grinding Mill Machine\nThe grinding media offer is used to grind materials in wet dry conditions plant in indiaachines feldspar grinding machine for sale ball mill feldspar quartz grinding plant and mill feldspar grinding plant india crusher manufacturersquotes as a powdering or pulverizing process, there are both wet grinding and dry grinding both unit.Feldspar grinding machine for sale ghana. mtw feldspar grinding mill feldspar mill for sale is the latest grinding machine developed by zenith experts according to 10 years of grinding machine research it absorbs the latest european powder grinding technology and concept and combines the suggestions of 9158 customers on grinding mills. chat online.\n- 25 T H Lime Stone Wertical Roller Mill\n- Grinding Mills For Roller Meal In Zimbabwe\n- Green Silicon Carbide Micropowder Production Technology Website\n- Gulin Brand Mineral Grinding Mill\n- River Gravel Powder Mill Price\n- Mini Oil Grinding Machine Project Costings\n- 300 Mesh Grinding Mill\n- Micronized Grinding Mill For Calcite\n- Vertical Roller Mill Process\n- Models Of Wet Grinder And Price In Vijayawada\n- Prices Circular Grinding Machine\n- Concept Of Grinding Mill\n- Talc Grinding Plant Belgium\n- Small Tool Grinding Machine\n- Grinding Mill To Produce Less Than 10 Micron Particle Size\n- High Quality Best Service Autogenous Grinding Mill\n- Mill Tip Speed Grinding Mill\n- Polymak Grinding Machine Features\n- Crush Fetish Mobile For Secondary And Tertiary Grinding Plant\n- High Pressure Grinding Mill Size\n- Germany Stone Grinding Equipments Manufacturers\n- Suppliers Pulverizer Discs South Africa\n- Catalytic Convertor Grinding Machine\n- Industrial Appliions Of Hammer Mill\n- Component Part Of A Pedestal Grinding Machine\n- Calcium Carbonate Making Machinery Germany\n- Hammer Mill Instruction Manual\n- Drill Grinder Mille Sharpener\n- Gypsum Powder Machine For Miningdressing Equipments For\n- Portable Grinding Mill Dealer", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Mmm imagine taking a chocolate cake shot, only to chase it with a delicious mint and chocolate flavored shot glass! Eating a shot glass after you take a shot probably isn't the first thing that comes to mind. But this candy treat would be fun at a party!\nWhat a great way to ring in the New Year. These would be perfect for a Christmas or New Year's party.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "These beautiful Jobs Seeds Rosaries are made by hand, from the woven thread, punctured seeds and hand-carved Christ. No two will be alike!\nJobs Tear Seed grow in Asiatic grass and are named after Job from The Bible who although afflicted, never lost his faith in God. These seeds are thought to help us remain strong and keep our faith even during adverse times.\nOur rosaries come with different themed medallions and are a meaningful gift to give yourself or someone you love!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "John Caron wrote:\nWhat about adding support for jar or zip files to the netCDF library (if\nit doesn't already exist)? This would not only allow users to include\nXML markup with netCDF files, but would also make it easier to\ndistribute and/or manage multiple netCDF files in one package. And users\nwouldn't have to rewrite their netCDF files...\nYou can add/change metadata using NcML. The Java library can read the\nNcML file, which points to the original netcdf file. The C library\nwill eventually be able to do this also. To distribute the\nmodifications as a netcdf file, you will have to rewrite the netcdf\nfile, which can be easily done with the Java library.\nTo unsubscribe netcdf-java, visit:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Unit Cost Assumptions For The Regulatory Impact Analysis Of Revisions To Subtitle D Criteria For Municipal Solid Waste Landfills.\nExamines cost of compliance with performance standard, indirect capital costs and fees, gas monitoring costs, run-on and run-off control costs, and closure and post-closure costs.\n|Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response|\n|Office of Solid Waste|\n|No division specified|\n|Temple, Barker and Sloane, Inc.|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Give me a call (Todd Whatley 870-314-9219) for a showing of this 3 bedroom 2 bath 2 story home located in Parkers Chapel School District. This home is located in South Wood Estates subdivision. This home has a wood deck at the rear of home and a fenced back yard. Give me a call for a showing.\nPer our terms buyer assumes all closing and deed costs. Property sold in its AS-IS, WHERE-IS'' condition. Seller does not prorate taxes. Buyer pays all closing costs including, but not limited to any and all transfer taxes, title, legal, and recording fee", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Involved from Niva (3)\nAina Charlotte Wennberg\nCarsten Ulrich Schwermer\nMarc Anglès d'Auriac\nNIVA partner in two newly funded JPI Aquatic Pollutions projects\nEnvironmental technology lab\nIn the CORNELIA project, NIVA together with its two industrial partners tests and verifies innovative technical solutions for targeted removal of antimicrobial resistance from wastewater at hospitals (at the source) and at wastewater treatment plants (before discharge to the environment).\nThe goal of the DUWA project is to treat wastewater discharges from hospitals to minimize the spreading of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to the environment and to reduce the emission of micropollutants. NIVA assists the start-up company Sustaintech AS in the development and verification of ozonation to remove antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in wastewater decentrally at a Norwegian hospital.\nAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest health challenges of our time with serious economic consequences for society globally. The goal of HOTMTAS is to design, implement and assess modular advanced solutions for effective and decentralized wastewater treatment at selected point sources of AMR emergence, such as hospitals and nursing homes.\nResearch sections (1)\nUrban environments and infrastructure\nThe section conducts research on topics that contribute to sustainable development of cities and towns, and infrastructure. We study the problems, processes and solutions for handling drinking water, wastewater, and storm water in urban areas, in a changing climate.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tyndall Centre Publications\nFilters: Author is Moura Costa, P [Clear All Filters]\nFinancial mechanisms for sustainable forestry. New York: United Nations Development Program (UNDP) & Inter-governmental Forum on Forestry (IFF), 1999.\nRural livelihoods and carbon management. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 1999.\nAn equivalence factor between CO2 avoided emissions & sequestration: Descriptions & applications in forestry.\" Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 5 (2000).\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Defying gravity: queering the witches of Oz\n|Boylorn, Robin M.\n|Warner, Kristen J.\n|Black, Jason Edward\n|Malone, Caitlin V.\n|University of Alabama Tuscaloosa\n|Electronic Thesis or Dissertation\n|The American theater has long been a venue for social commentary. From shows like South Pacific and Rent to Bye, Bye, Birdie and Hair, stage productions have made significant contributions to the discussions and understandings of American experiences, the ways in which people struggle through their hardships, and the relationships that publics develop throughout their lives. In particular, the American theater opens a discursive space for sexuality. The musical Wicked is and continues to be one of the most popular productions of the past decade as it holds strong in his home at the Gershwin Theatre in New York City and sells out touring locations across America and internationally, earning over one million dollars per week. This study, using the musical Wicked as a fragmented text and ideological cluster criticism as a rhetorical lens, first establishes a queer romantic storyline between Glinda the Good and Elphaba, who later becomes The Wicked Witch of the West. Then, in response to the driving research query, how does passing function within the musical Wicked, this project accesses traditional and ambiguous strategies of passing to understand the construction and maintenance of Glinda's heterosexual passing identity before providing some implications for rhetorical criticism and examinations of culture.\n|University of Alabama Libraries\n|The University of Alabama Electronic Theses and Dissertations\n|The University of Alabama Libraries Digital Collections\n|All rights reserved by the author unless otherwise indicated.\n|Defying gravity: queering the witches of Oz\n|University of Alabama. Department of Communication Studies\n|The University of Alabama", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "For videos of our most recent time living in Central Florida, check out our 18-Month Florida Vacation Playlist on our new YouTube Channel.\nI received a copy of my father’s death certificate this week and the reality hit me hard. So Rich took yesterday (Friday) off and we went to the Epcot Food and Wine Festival. We had no intention of returning a week later so we made it six days later – lol!\nIt must have been the hottest day of the year, but pixie dust sprinkled on our tram experience both arriving and departing, which cut down on our miles walked (only 3 this time), but, still the heat really wore me out, not to mention give me a lovely glisten. Ha! In honor of my dad, I wore my Dodger Blue hat. He and his father used to go see the Dodgers play and Dodger Stadium was where I saw my first professional baseball game (Dodgers vs Giants – Dodgers won). He once told me, “The Dodgers will break your heart.” 🙂\nHere’s my selfie wearing my Dodgers hat while snagging a table while Rich was picking up some food at one of the food booths. We had a great system going and I was so thankful he was up to doing all of that because I just wasn’t. You can catch a glimpse of Rich in some of the photos getting our snacks. Like a “Hidden Mickey.” 🙂\nPeople often say I look like my mother but mostly because they don’t know my father and we do have a similar shape of the face. But the rest (coloring, nose, eyes, hair, etc.) is all dad and his side of the family. My ear for music and taste for food and wine adventures, I also get from my father. So, here’s to you, dad!\nWe started off with Taste Track this time. I’d had my eye on the Cinnamon Sugar Donut and Rich got the Chocolate Hazelnut with Raspberry – both were delicious!!\nThen we swung by the food booths that are on the East side of Future World and while we spotted many items we’d like to try when it’s not so hot (that area is so exposed and still, being out in the open without the lagoon to provide a breeze), we did get the Scallops and paired it with Petite Sirah at the Wine & Dine, I think. Really clever dish and quite tasty. I could definitely go back for more of that.\nBtw, many booths were open at this time, which was about 10:30. So then we headed back to Ireland but on the way stopped at New Zealand to get one of our favorites from last year: Mussels paired with Pinot Noir. Just as good as last year!\nSoon we were back in Ireland and I have to say, we arrived at all of these booths earlier than I’d expected and were getting full eating our lunch calories for breakfast – lol! We skipped the chocolate cake in Ireland this time but did get the Guinness/Bailey’s shake with chocolate shavings this time and the Irish Sausage with Colcannon again. Yum!! But I do think we’ve had our fill, well, at least until Brother Bob comes down.\nSo what’s next? Several booths we decided to save for Brother Bob’s trip – we were getting quite full at this point – but we wanted to get back to Mexico to try the Short Rib Tostada. Last week we’d been too full by the time we got to Mexico.\nWe were also quite hot and thirsty and exhausted. We sat down in the shade a couple of times just to keep from collapsing. By the time we got to the Cantina, I found a table, Rich got us a couple of regular Margaritas from the Cantina – we’d tried the specialty F&W Margaritas last week and once was enough. He then ran over to the Mexico booth and brought back a Tostada, which was so delicious, he ran back for a second one. Yum, yum, yum!! Certainly makes a California girl proud!\nAt the booth last week, they’d balked a bit about serving him two margaritas, but he convinced them one was for me sitting down. At the Cantina, they had no qualms about serving him two.\nWe had a great time, the crowds were low on a Friday but it was just so darn hot!! At least the tram system was working efficiently and they even used the shady area for the pick-up. I’d complained about having to wait in the sun a few months back and it was the same last week so maybe they use the covered area on week days but not on week-ends due to needing more space for security? That’s our guess.\nAt this rate, we’ll be back four times to get the cutting board, although it’s rather small. Somebody on Instagram said they thought it wasn’t as small as they’d heard but I think some of us saw the Food & Wine cutting board you can buy, which is a really nice size that it makes the “free” (on the 4th visit) one for AP holders seem small. More of a cheese board size, if you know what I mean.\nSo we couldn’t resist the Food and Wine Festival now that the Labor Day weekend and early vlogger crush was over. And we did it in such an awesome way.\nWe arrived a bit after 9 am and headed straight for the Festival Center for our AP Chef Mickey magnets. We also got the ornament/keychain (whichever works for you) and a gift card, which makes snack purchasing a snap.\nThen we made our way to France for our usual beignet and champagne except that there were no beignets so Rich got us some yummy chocolate croissants instead.\nWe finished our bubbly outside in the shade but at around 10:30, we walked back to Ireland to see if they were opening early and they did. We were first in line and the only downside was that the chocolate shavings for the Guinness Baileys Shake hadn’t arrived yet. But the chocolate cake provided the chocolate after all. And, oh yeah, the Irish Sausage with colcannon potatoes and onion gravy made for an awesome savory breakfast after the sweets in France.\nThis totally lived up to the rave reviews we’d heard about and hope to return for seconds and thirds on future visits.\nAfter all of this deliciousness, we headed back to France for the official rope drop at 11 am and stopped in Spain for some chicken and sausage paella and wine flight.\nAfter that it was China for my very favorite Shrimp and Garlic Noodles! Yum!! Rich can’t eat shrimp so he got some kind of Chinese Pancake. We shared everything else.\nBy this time we were pretty full so our next and final stop for this tasting was in Mexico for the Mariachinand Aye Carrimba Margaritas. Both were interesting but not my favorites by a long shot.\nIt was very hot, we walked 4.5 miles and were exhausted the next day, although no other aches and pains. The heat really wears you out. We hope to make it back 2 or 3 more times because we barely got starte, but we’ll see. Along about now, a martini at Territory Lounge at Wilderness Lodge sounds a bit more relaxing/refreshing. 🙂\nLike last year, we thought about going to Epcot Food & Wine Festival but because it was Labor Day weekend and the very first weekend (since they started the festival a month early beginning with last year), we decided against it. With so many alternatives, we soon found another choice. In fact, Disney Springs has such a plethora of choices.\nSince Terralina Crafted Italian opened on June 28 at Disney Springs, we have had it on our list of places to try. This past weekend, we finally got the chance.\nWe parked in the Lime Garage but were early so we made our way to DisneyStyle over by the Orange Garage not far from the Chicken Guy – another place to make time for. We looked at the stuff in the store but didn’t find anything we had to have. But we did have fun sitting in the tea cup.\nThen we walked back over to World of Disney and found a few items we had to have for our kitchen. 🙂\nWe arrived a few minutes early for our 11:30 AM reservation at opening. We were soon seated at a cozy table by the window overlooking the water. The dining room is pleasant with a casual Italian feel. There are booths and tables. I’m sure it can be quite noisy when the restaurant is full, but we were there with the early lunch crowd, so it wasn’t too bad.\nCathead vodka, Cappelletti, fresh watermelon, lemon, and cucumber\nMalfy gin, Cappelletti, Cocchi vermouth di Torino, and orange\nCapellini with Crab\nToasted Garlic, Olive Oil, Serrano Chili Pepper\nBucatini with Clams\nWhite Wine, Garlic, Olive Oil, Parsley, Lemon Butter, ‘Nduja\nWe had considered having wine with our meal, but it was a hot, sweaty day, so we opted for some refreshing cocktails instead. And the cocktails didn’t disappoint. Kathy’s Cozy Terrace was refreshing and bright, and my Negroni was a fabulous discovery. I think I have a new favorite cocktail.\nThe entrees were even more exciting. Kathy’s capellini pasta was wonderfully thin and flavorful, with chunks of light crab meat. She took half home for dinner.\nI had the amazing bucatini with clams. I love this pasta, and it was made even better with the ‘nduja paste that flavored the pasta along with the clams. I ate every bite and had to resist the desire to order another plateful to go.\nJames Beard award-winning chef Tony Mantuano and Executive Chef Justin Plank have created a delightful restaurant inspired by Italy’s Lake District. The food, service, and atmosphere were outstanding, and the whole experience was an enjoyable way to be transported to Italy if only for a lunchtime.\nWe caught an early flight out of Las Vegas yesterday morning and as the plane circled over our former home, heading out into the open desert, I said something like, “What a pile of dirt!” – lol!\nIt had been an emotional roller coaster revisiting the place we’d called home for 9 years. I was reminded not only of the excitement we’d had flying in from San Francisco and staying in different hotel properties, but also living there. I was also reminded of why we felt compelled to leave.\nThe flight on Southwest was pretty good going back – the service was quite attentive – and before we knew it, we were landing in Orlando via over Tampa to avoid some storms. What a sight for sore eyes! I mean, literally! All the greenery and water! What a contrast from the Las Vegas desert.\nAnd I began to feel a renewal of my original love for Florida as we drove the hour back home. So pretty. So peaceful. Sunny but not too sunny. Hot but not too too hot – even the humidity is a welcome relief from the oven-like temps of Vegas. Maybe that was the point of the trip for me. For Rich, well, he had a very productive week at work. Everybody so excited to see him. They’d love to have him back at headquarters but I don’t think I could live there again.\nWe’re definitely looking forward to getting back to Disney, and especially for the Food & Wine Festival. Rich’s brother will be here for that – looking forward to reconnecting like we did on our trip in 2010. What a year that was – doing the F&W Festival with our Disney friends and family. Looking forward to seeing who we can meet and connect with this year.\nWe stopped at our little downtown deli and Rich got us some sandwiches to take home because neither of us wanted to prepare food. We noticed a musician set up outside the market/deli area and we stopped for a listen and offered a tip. I took some video and captured a pic of that. What a fabulous welcome home!\nRemembering my younger days when you sat out by a Vegas pool and when you wanted a drink, you just popped up your little umbrella on the back of your chaise. See my novel, The Tom Jones Club, for more of that retro Vegas experience.\nGetting a drink this morning was a little more challenging but eventually I got one. Swimming, summing, sipping, and a bit of songwriting and story writing – what gets better than that?\nLike so many mornings before here in the desert, the sun awakens me with a morning kiss. Rich brings back coffee and pastries from Starbucks before heading off to work.\nLast night we had dinner at the Noodle Bar – amazing San Francisco/Hong Kong-style food – and a drink in our favorite red chairs back at the Lucky Bar. This time I avoided martinis, although Rich’s Dirty Ketel One Martini was pretty tasty. Rich had Pho and I had Wor Wonton Soup with a glass of Kendall Jackson Chardonnay in the Lucky Bar after. Tonight we’ll have an early night for the early morning flight.\nAfter Rich left for work, I think of things to do to kill time until the pool opens at 9. I log into a Logic Pro X lesson and then take a break, not awake enough to think too much.\nI think of the fun I had yesterday taking photos of our neighborhood park in Southern Highlands. And that reminds me of my father and his love of photography and the photos he took of the giant Sequoia trees when we visited him when he was living just outside the National Park.\nIt’s hard to believe he’s gone. It’s been 4 weeks now, but being here in Las Vegas, I can imagine he’s still in his home in Fresno, just like I can imagine Skipper, now gone for 6 weeks, and Lovey, gone for a year and a half, in our house waiting for us to come just as they always did.\nI remember how my father enjoyed Bellagio – he wanted to live there. Like father, like daughter. Yes, Las Vegas tugs on my heartstrings and it will be difficult to fly back to Florida. It’s all a bit surreal and hard to believe we live there and not here.\nI suppose there’s a bigger purpose to this trip. Perhaps it’s a step forward in the healing process, to experience the emotions, somehow getting closure.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Land use (Liechtenstein)\nWhy should we care about this issue\na) Why should we care about this theme?\nThe land is simultaneously the basis of life for people and the habitat of threatened species. Particularly in such a small country as Liechtenstein, with a high proportion of alpine areas, land is a very limited commodity. Use for cultural and economic purposes and the interest in conserving habitats and species often conflict with each other. By interpreting aerial images and evaluating the data for the Land-use Statistics for the Principality of Liechtenstein, it can be seen that a great deal has happened between 1984 and 2008. In the last 24 years, the population of Liechtenstein has risen by over 30 %, which has greatly increased pressure on the valuable and non-renewable commodity that is land. Settlement areas increased to the same extent (33.8 %) between 1984 and 2008, largely at the expense of agricultural land and natural landscapes. Since the growth in population shows no sign of diminishing in the coming years, finding more cautious and more intelligent ways of dealing with this limited commodity is crucial. Changes in land use often lead to the disappearance of important insular habitats for threatened species and are often irreversible.\nThe state and impacts\nb) What are the state (S) and impacts (I) related to this theme, including impacts on the natural environment and human health/human well-being, both at national level as well as in transboundary terms?\nIn recent years, major changes in land use have taken place in Liechtenstein compared with the rest of Europe. Between 1984 and 2008, artificial land use in the Principality of Liechtenstein increased continuously (unchecked) by 37 %, or 1.5 % per year. By contrast, the increase in settlement areas in Switzerland over the same period was ’only’ 1 %. Unlike in Liechtenstein, growth in Switzerland can be described as restricted.\nCorine Land Cover Leichtenstein (2002)\nThe increase in artificial land use took place primarily at the expense of arable land, meadows and pastures. The area newly settled every year amounts to 17.75 ha. The development of settlements in the Principality of Liechtenstein has advanced continuously in the last 24 years. In the same period, agricultural areas have diminished by nearly 500 ha, roughly equivalent to the area of 1 000 football pitches. Areas covered by fruit trees (fruit plantations and field fruit) diminished by nearly 45 % during this timeframe. Built-up areas have increased by 56 % in 24 years, and surfaced areas by 37.5 %. Many natural events have also left their mark on the forest and unproductive areas: the storms ’Vivian’ and above all ’Lothar’ caused major damage, whilst flooding and landslides (July 1995, Triesenberg) have left behind lasting damage and altered many stream beds (Stägerbach, Samina). Avalanches (February 1999, Malbun) have torn up trees and even many houses.\nExample of settlement development in Liechtenstein\nThe key drivers and pressures\nc) What are the related key drivers (D) and pressures (P) at national level?\nA constantly growing population and a dramatically rising GNP were, in relation to an increasing demand for building land, probably the main factors in recent decades in Liechtenstein, with land consumption increasing considerably faster than population growth.\nIn 2008, 75 % of all new housing was planned as single-unit construction, which leads not only to increasing living space requirements per person, but also to an unnecessarily rapid increase in settlement areas, and drives the price of land up further.\nThe theoretical capacity calculated for areas currently identified for development is sufficient for more than 100 000 inhabitants (population at end of 2009: approximately 36 000). These excessively large areas for development lead to a pronounced urban sprawl with all of its negative concomitants, such as for example an increased need for road infrastructure and, hand in hand with that, increasing traffic congestion.\nIn addition, road construction, large projects (e.g. golf courses), intensification of agriculture and abandonment of use of marginal land all pose a threat to the landscape. Above all, the small scale, relief and intricacy of the land, and the rapid alternation between close and distant objects are perceived as aesthstetically appealing.\nThe 2020 outlook\nd) What is the 2020 outlook (date flexible) for the topic in question and how will this affect possible impacts on the natural environment and human health/well-being?\nIn view of the present economic crisis, it is difficult to see how things will develop in the future. However, official forecasts assume continuing development of the population and, in the longer term, further economic growth. This will keep up the pressure on the land, and there is the risk of a massive increase in the negative impact on Liechtenstein’s biodiversity.\nExisting and planned responses\ne) Which responses (R) have been put in place or are planned at national level for the theme in question?\nIn 2009, Liechtenstein compiled and adopted a report on biodiversity, on the basis of which the biodiversity strategy is currently being developed, with appropriate goals and the necessary measures for implementation.\nA Development Concept for Nature and Agriculture has been produced, which forms the basis for the Structure Plan for Nature and Agriculture as part of the country’s National Structure Plan.\nThe country’s National Structure Plan constitutes the policy framework illustrating the country’s essential interests and objectives in the field of land-use planning. It serves as a basis for positive and sustainable development of Liechtenstein as a living space and economic area. The National Structure Plan consists of a Structure Plan Map and Structure Plan Report and is broken down into the four subject areas of settlement, agriculture, nature and landscape, traffic and supply/disposal. It was adopted by the Government in July 2007 after having been developed over several years. The National Structure Plan gives priority to regional and also cross-border plans that require a great deal of coordination. The local authorities remain responsible for local plans. The national offices concerned with land-use problems are obliged to bring planning projects with land-use implications into line with the National Structure Plan. The map and the text of the Structure Plan are to be regarded as a unit. Anything stated therein can be interpreted correctly only by evaluating both elements.\nIn the past ten years, agriculture in Liechtenstein has been characterised by a phase of intense extensification and ’greening’. Amongst other things, the provisions laid down in agrarian legislation have been crucial for this. The move towards ’greening’ is achieved through incentives (compensation), fiats and prohibitions, and has elevated agriculture to a high level in ecological terms. The maintenance and preservation of the cultivated landscape are important tasks of agriculture. The Law on Compensation for Ecological and Animal-Friendly Performance in Agriculture came into force in 1996. Within a few years almost all of the farms entitled to direct payments have converted to either ’Integrated Production’ (66 % in 2007) or organic production (27.6 % in 2007). The proportion of organic farms represents an international record (12 % in Switzerland).\n- Land-use Statistics for the Principality of Liechtenstein 1984 – 1996 – 2002 — http://www.llv.li/schlussbericht_84_96_02.pdf\n- Illustration of Corine Landcover Liechtenstein 2002 – http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/corine-land-cover-2000-by-country\n- Illustration of settlement development – http://www.llv.li/pdf-llv-slp-gesamtdokument_klein_0307-3.pdf\nFor references, please go to www.eea.europa.eu/soer or scan the QR code.\nThis briefing is part of the EEA's report The European Environment - State and Outlook 2015. The EEA is an official agency of the EU, tasked with providing information on Europe’s environment.\nPDF generated on 05 Mar 2015, 12:02 AM", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Club President's Meetinghttps://weatherhead.case.edu/events/detail?eid=480Club Presidents meet with GBSA representative.\nGBSA VP of Student Organizations\n||Thursday, March 29, 2007 from 4:30 p.m. to 5:30 p.m.\nInterested in learning more about Weatherhead programs? Request more information or apply now, or register for one of over 70 open enrollment courses through Executive Education.\nWeatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University cultivates creativity, innovation, and purpose-driven leadership to design a better world.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Search the Community\nShowing results for tags 'review'.\nFound 2 results\nEKP-8M-PP on Vepr\ntoparsenal.net posted a gallery image in forum.Saiga-12.com Gallery\nFrom the album: Russian Kobra red dot sight Gen 3 EKP-8M-PPRussian Kobra red dot sight EKP-8M-PP www.toparsenal.net\nThe Mag Review: SGM, ProMag, & AGP\nDontTaseMeBro posted a topic in Saiga-12I recently ordered several magazines for the Saiga 12 and thought a review of the latest generations would prove benefitial. The focus will be on craftsmanship and design. In this review I will cover: 10 round SGM Tactical 10 round ProMag 10 round AGP Arms SGM Tactical (10 rounds) The Good: The follower is solid and the spring was in great shape upon initial inspection--not a given as we will see. The Bad: This thing is ugly. Not only is the design bland, but it's marked up from being removed from the mold and lacked any finishing touches (no deburring). The compression spring", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Welcome to the Practice Work Group!\nAll nurses practice, whether it is in clinical care, patient education, academia, research, entrepreneurialism, or other roles. Additionally, the profession has a performance standard whish states “The registered nurse practices in an environmentally safe and healthy manner.” This applies to all of us, no matter where the profession takes us.\nThe Practice Workgroup offers webinars and networking to help nurses achieve “environmentally safe and healthy” practice. We can do this by learning about health influences from environmental exposures so that we can care for patients safely; by reducing the environmental impacts of our own practice, from hospitals to universities to homes; and to better understand the complex influences of the environment (and its degradation) on health, including climate, toxic chemicals, ecosystem disruption, and resource depletion.\nSign up for our workgroup listserve so you can stay up to date with our activities: Sign up!\nIf you have any questions or would like more information please contact Katie Huffling 240.753.3729 or katie@enviRN.org\nPractice Workgroup Chair\nBeth Schenk, PhD, MHI, RN-BC\nProvidence-WSU Nurse Scientist", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In this work, one kind of type II ZnSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals (NCs) is synthesized, and their linear and nonlinear photophysical properties are investigated. Through measurements of the temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra of NCs, their excitonic properties, including the coefficient of the bandgap change, coupling strength of the exciton acoustic phonons, exciton longitudinal optical (LO) phonons, and LO–phonon energy are revealed. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was employed to obtain insight into ultrafast processes occurring at the interface of ZnSe and CdS, such as those involving the injection of photo-induced electrons into the CdS shell, interfacial state bleaching, and charge separation time. At the end, their multiphoton absorption spectra were determined by using the z-scan technique, which yielded a maximum two-photon absorption cross section of 3717 GM at 820 nm and three-photon absorption cross section up to at 1220 nm, respectively. The photophysical properties presented here may be important for exploiting their relevant applications in optoelectronic devices and deep-tissue bioimaging.\n© 2020 Chinese Laser Press\nDue to their unique optical and optoelectronic properties, semiconductor colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) have very broad application prospects, such as in new solar photovoltaic devices, light-emitting diodes, biological imaging instruments, photodetectors, and nanolasers . Unfortunately, the semiconductor NCs with simple structures usually have many surface defects and serious Auger recombination effects, which will hinder their applications in the fields of optoelectronic devices and biological science.\nUp to now, various methods have been proposed to optimize the photophysical properties of semiconductor NCs, among which the most important methods include organic ligand surface modification and shell epitaxial growth. The first method involves passivating surface dangling bonds of NCs with organic ligands . The second method involves epitaxially growing one or multiple shells with a large bandgap outside the core NCs to form a core–shell structure heterojunction, which thus eliminates the surface dangling bonds and effectively reduces the nonradiative recombination caused by surface defects . Compared with the first method, the core–shell heterojunction obtained by the second method shows better compatibility and photothermal stability.\nAccording to the energy values of conduction and valence bands, the core–shell heterojunction can be divided into types I and II . In the type I heterojunction, the electrons and holes are trapped inside the core NCs; in the type II heterojunction, the holes and electrons are confined to the core or shell, respectively. Spatial separation of carriers can greatly reduce the efficiency of Auger recombination . In addition, the type II NCs can emit photoluminescence (PL) with a large Stokes shift and long lifetime, which is advantageous to the application of fluorescence imaging [5–8]. While much progress has been made in understanding the electronic transitions and carrier dynamics of ZnSe/CdS dot-in-rod heterostructures , (ZnSe/CdS)/CdS nanorods (NRs) , ZnSe/CdS/ZnSe nanobarbells , and ZnSe/CdS/Pt NRs , the relevant carrier dynamics of ZnSe core epitaxially grown with multiple spherical shells that may be promising for further improvement of their optoelectronic properties has not yet been elucidated. Additionally, the linear and nonlinear photophysical properties of such type II NCs still have not been widely investigated, which is hindering the expansion of their relevant applications.\nIn this work, we synthesized one kind of type II NCs, i.e., ZnSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell NCs. Their low temperature excitonic properties were revealed through the measurements of temperature-dependent PL spectra. The injection of photo-induced electrons into the CdS shell, interfacial state bleaching, process, as well as charge separation time were studied by femtosecond-transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy. In addition, the z-scan technique was utilized to determine their two- and three-photon absorption (2PA and 3PA) cross sections in the wavelength ranges of 730–870 nm and 1140–1620 nm, respectively.\nA. Synthesis of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs and Morphology Characterization\nThe NCs were synthesized according to the procedures reported in Ref. . The NCs’ size distribution was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Talos F200X).\nB. UV–Vis Absorption and PL Spectra Measurements\nThe measurements of UV–Vis absorption spectra were carried out by using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Lambda 950, PerkinElmer, Inc.), while the PL spectra and absolute PL quantum yield of NCs were recorded on a luminescence spectrophotometer (Zolix, SENS-9000) that was equipped with an intense xenon flash lamp as the excitation source. In all of the above measurements, the concentration of NCs was (1 M = 1 mol/L).\nC. PL Lifetime Measurements\nThe lifetime decay data were collected on an Edinburgh Instruments FLSP920 spectrophotometer by using the time-correlated single-photon counting technique. Picosecond pulses (90 ps, 375 nm) with a repetition rate of 2 MHz were used as the excitation source.\nD. Temperature-Dependent PL Spectra\nThe temperature-dependent PL spectra (10–300 K) measurements were performed within a closed-cycle helium cryostat. During the measurements, 325 nm light from a continuous-wave (CW) He–Cd laser irradiated a close-packed film prepared by drop-casting the NCs solution onto a piece of silicon wafer. The PL signals were dispersed by a monochromator and then detected by a photomultiplier by using a standard lock-in amplifier technique.\nE. fs-TA Spectroscopy\nUltrafast carrier dynamics of NCs was investigated by using fs-TA spectroscopy, based on a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier system (Spectra-Physics, Inc.) that produces 800 nm pulses with a 100 fs pulse width and 1000 Hz repetition rate. A portion of the 800 nm pulses irradiated onto a sapphire crystal to generate white probe light (360–800 nm). The pump beam was chopped at 100 Hz, and its delay time (0–3 ns) relative to the probe was controlled by using a variable optical delay line. The vertical angle between the pump and probe polarization was set to exclude artificial signals during the measurements. The probe signals were collected with a monochromator/photomultiplier configuration with a lock-in amplifier. All measurements were performed on NCs toluene solutions.\nF. Determination of Multiphoton Absorption Cross Sections\nThe mulitphoton absorption (MPA) cross sections of NCs were determined by using an open-aperture z-scan technique , in which the NCs toluene solution was filled into a quartz cell with a 1 mm thickness. In the measurements, the laser pulses (1000 Hz, 100 fs) from an optical parametric amplifier combined with a traveling wave optical parameter amplifier with a tunable wavelength range were used as the excitation source.\n3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION\nThe TEM image of the ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs is presented in Fig. 1(a). The spherical structure can be clearly observed, which thus confirms the epitaxial growth of the anisotropic shell. From the size distribution histogram in Fig. 1(b), the averaged diameter of NCs was estimated as 18.6 nm. The average diameter of original ZnSe core is , while the thickness of the CdS shell is . Their absorption spectrum in Fig. 1(c) shows a resolvable first excitonic transition at 460 nm arising from the ZnSe core, whereas the CdS shell has no resolvable peak. Moreover, there is a low energy tail, which is suggestive of the existence of spatially indirect transitions, due to the type II band alignment. Under 365 nm excitation, the NCs exhibit bright PL emission peaking at 630 nm. Considering staggered band alignment of ZnSe and CdSe NCs, the PL emission can be attributed to indirect type excitonic transition . This assignment can be further supported by the PL excitation (PLE) spectrum that resembles the absorption spectrum of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs [Fig. 1(c)]. The absolute PL quantum yield of the NCs was determined at the level of 7.93%. The ZnS shell further provides an efficient passivation of the surface trap states, giving rise to an efficient PL emission. The PL lifetime of NCs was measured, and the relevant decay curve is depicted in Fig. 1(d); the results showed a double exponential character, with an averaged lifetime of 41 ns. The lifetime value is several orders of magnitude larger than that of organic molecules [15,16] due to the slow electron-hole recombination of the excitons in type II structures.\nThe temperature-dependent normalized PL spectra of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs under 325 nm excitation are presented in Fig. 2(a). It was found that with the rise in the temperature the PL peak photon energy decreased, while PL full width at half-maximum (FWHM) gradually increased. In addition, the photon energy of NCs at 300 K was redshifted by 54 meV compared with that at 10 K. The thermal shift of the bandgap and the broadening of the PL FWHM were induced by the thermal dilation of the crystal lattice and electron–phonon interactions . To qualitatively characterize the relevant physical parameters during such a process, the NCs’ peak photon energies at different temperatures are plotted in Fig. 2(c), which can be described by the Varshni formula:17]. According to the fitting results derived by using Eq. (1), the value of was determined to be 0.00021 eV/K. This value is 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of the ZnSe single crystal (0.00321 eV/K)  but comparable to that of cubic NCs () .\nFigure 2(d) shows the temperature dependence of the PL FWHM of the free excitons of the NCs. The thermal broadening of the excitonic peak can be generally interpreted as exciton–phonon interactions. The temperature dependence of the PL FWHM can be approximately described by the following formula:2), is the inhomogeneous peak width at 0 K, while and are homogeneous PL spectrum broadening terms, which result from acoustic and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon scattering, respectively . The coefficients and represent the weights of the exciton–acoustic and LO phonon coupling strengths, respectively. is the phonon energy involved in LO phonon scattering. According to the fitting results based on Eq. (2), the values of , , and were determined as , 10.4 meV, and 19.9 meV, respectively. Again, the value of is 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of ZnSe single crystal (126 meV) . The small values of and in CdSe/CdS/ZnS NCs are indicative of the high PL color purity of NCs at elevated temperature, and the data can be interpreted as the strong quantum confinement of holes into the ZnSe core and lower density of surface defects due to the type II structure and shell passivation effect.\nA study on the carrier dynamics of type II heterostructured NCs is vital for their potential application in optoelectronic devices and biological science. Thus, by means of fs-TA spectroscopy, the dynamics of the injection of photo-induced electrons into the CdS shell, interfacial state bleaching, and charge separation time were investigated [9–12,19]. Figure 3(a) describes the delay time-dependent fs-TA spectra of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs, which are excited at 400 nm corresponding to the resonant excitation of the core (ZnSe). The fs-TA spectra in the 0–1 ps time window mainly consisted of one strong bleaching band (i.e., 460 nm) that can be attributed primarily to state filling in the ZnSe, as well as small-amplitude photo-induced bleaching band between 550 and 650 nm.\nWith the increase of delay time, the ZnSe bleaching amplitude decreased accompanied by the appearance of another bleaching band at 500 nm, which was induced by the charge transfer from ZnSe to CdS. Therefore, the bleaching signal at 500 nm should be assigned to the state filling in the CdS. In order to confirm the origin of bleaching band at 550–650 nm, the fs-TA spectra of NCs were recorded under 600 nm, which were dramatically different from those in case of 400 nm excitation. On this condition, the photon energy is smaller than the bandgap values of both ZnSe and CdS. It was found that the bleaching signals of CdS and the band between 550 and 650 nm appeared instantaneously [Fig. 3(b)], indicating that the two transitions share an electron state. Therefore, the bleaching signal at 550–650 nm arose from the 1Sh(ZnSe)–1Se(CdS) interfacial transition, which is thought of as a hole localized in the ZnSe core and an electron in the CdS shell.\nFigure 3(c) shows the decay dynamics of the bleaching signals for ZnSe (460 nm), CdS (500 nm), and interfacial state (625 nm). The carriers occupying the ZnSe conduction band at 460 nm decay rapidly, while the bleaching signals for both CdS and interfacial state gradually increase. Considering the bandgap alignment of ZnSe and CdS [inset of Fig. 3(c)], the observed rise in the bleaching signals of CdS can be partly attributed to the relaxation of hot electrons from the higher lying ZnSe conduction band. It can be estimated that the electron injection time into the CdS shell is about 308 fs. In addition, the rise of interfacial state signal () corresponds to the electrons leaving the ZnSe core to become localized in the interfacial state.\nConsidering the large energy offset in ZnSe and CdS, it should produce an efficient charge separation and thus extensive spectral shift in fs-TA spectra. In order to estimate the spatial separation of charges of NCs, their fs-TA spectra at different delay times were compared [Fig. 3(d)]. It was found that the interfacial state bleaching gradually shifted toward longer wavelength with the increase of delay time, which could be considered as a result for charge separation in the NCs [inset of Fig. 3(d)]. Figure 3(e) shows the temporal evolution of the spectral position for the interfacial state bleaching. By fitting the dynamic curve, the charge separation time in the ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs was determined as about 230 ps, which was much longer compared with the (ZnSe/CdS)/CdS heterostructured NRs , indicating a more complete charge separation in the former.\nBased on the procedures described in previous literature [20,21], the linear absorption cross section () of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs was determined through the measurement of the excited intensity-dependent ground-state bleaching (GSB) signal amplitude at a long delay time (1 ns) (Fig. 4). The solid curve is the best-fitting line based on the following equation:20,21]. The value of was determined as at 350 nm, with a corresponding molar extinction coefficient of .\nFigure 5(a) shows the PL emission spectra excited with different intensities at the wavelength of 800 nm. It was found that the emission intensity is proportional to the square of the excitation optical intensity, which thus indicates that the 2PA mechanism is involved . The open-aperture z-scan technique was utilized to determine the 2PA cross sections . The z-scan data of pure solvent (toluene) and the NCs solution are presented in Fig. 5(b). The comparison of normalized transmittance of the NCs solution and toluene suggests that the signals of the former contributed by the solvent are much smaller compared with the latter. The wavelength dispersion of the 2PA cross section is presented in Fig. 5(c). It was found that the 2PA peaked at an energy that was higher with respect to the energy for the first one-photon absorption peak, due to the different selection rule between one- and two-photon excitation . The value of the maximum 2PA cross section of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs (3717 GM) was on the same order as that of ZnSe spherical NCs at the wavelength of 806 nm (4900 GM) reported by Lad et al. . It should be noted that Ref.  did not investigate the wavelength dispersion of 2PA cross sections. In addition, the epitaxial growth of CdS and ZnS shells onto the ZnSe core not only enhances the photostability but also enlarges the Stokes shift. The abovementioned features are significant for applications in bioimaging application.\nCompared with two-photon microscopy, the three-photon excitation method can provide a greater penetration depth and higher resolution [25,26]. Encouraged by the large 2PA of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs, the wavelength dispersion of the 3PA cross section was subsequently investigated. Based on the incident power-dependent PL spectra excited at 1300 nm, it was found that the PL intensity varies linearly with the cubic of incident power intensity, which thus demonstrates that 3PA indeed occurs [Fig. 6(a)]. The z-scan technique was also used to determine 3PA cross sections at different wavelengths, with one example at 1300 nm given in Fig. 6(b). From the wavelength dispersion of 3PA cross sections [Fig. 6(c)], it could be seen that the maximum 3PA cross section appeared at 1220 nm, with a relevant value of . The wavelength dependence of the 3PA cross section followed well with the trend of the linear absorption spectrum, which thus indicates that a similar selection rule was involved in the cases of one- and three-photon processes. Interestingly, such a wavelength dispersion of a 3PA cross section has never been revealed in previous literature, and this is of importance for applications in optoelectronic devices and deep-tissue bioimaging.\nIn summary, one kind of type II ZnSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell NCs with red PL emission was synthesized, and their linear and nonlinear photophysical properties were comprehensively investigated. Their excitonic properties were revealed through the measurements of temperature-dependent PL spectra. Based on the experimental results derived by using fs-TA spectroscopy, the photo-induced electron injection from core shell, interfacial state bleaching process, as well as charge separation process were investigated. Interestingly, the wavelength dispersion of MPA cross sections of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs has been reported. The good linear and nonlinear photophysical properties demonstrate these are promising materials for various optoelectronic devices and deep-tissue bioimaging.\nNatural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A030310637, 2019A1515012094); Department of Education of Guangdong Province (2018KTSCX19).\nX. Q., F. Z., S. X., Z. L., Y. G., and X. L. conducted all of the measurements. R. C. and T. H. supervised the entire work. X. Q. wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the paper.\nThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\n1. A. J. Nozik, M. C. Beard, J. M. Luther, M. Law, R. J. Ellingson, and J. C. Johnson, “Semiconductor quantum dots and quantum dot arrays and applications of multiple exciton generation to third-generation photovoltaic solar cells,” Chem. Rev. 110, 6873–6890 (2010). [CrossRef]\n2. N. Kirkwood, J. O. V. Monchen, R. W. Crisp, G. Grimaldi, H. A. C. Bergstein, I. du Fossé, W. van der Stam, I. Infante, and A. J. 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Prasad, “Multiphoton absorbing materials: molecular designs, characterizations, and applications,” Chem. Rev. 108, 1245–1330 (2008). [CrossRef]\n23. M. Allione, A. Ballester, H. Li, A. Comin, J. L. Movilla, J. I. Climente, L. Manna, and I. Moreels, “Two-photon-induced blue shift of core and shell optical transitions in colloidal CdSe/CdS quasi-type II quantum rods,” ACS Nano 7, 2443–2452 (2013). [CrossRef]\n24. A. D. Lad, P. Prem Kiran, D. More, G. R. Kumar, and S. Mahamuni, “Two-photon absorption in ZnSe and ZnSe/ZnS core/shell quantum structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 043126 (2008). [CrossRef]\n25. C. Ren, X. Deng, W. Hu, J. Li, X. Miao, S. Xiao, H. Liu, Q. Fan, K. Wang, and T. He, “A near-infrared I emissive dye: toward the application of saturable absorber and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy in the deep-tissue imaging window,” Chem. Commun. 55, 5111–5114 (2019). [CrossRef]\n26. H. Liu, X. Deng, S. Tong, C. He, H. Cheng, Z. Zhuang, M. Gan, J. Li, W. Xie, P. Qiu, and K. Wang, “In vivo deep-brain structural and hemodynamic multiphoton microscopy enabled by quantum dots,” Nano Lett. 19, 5260–5265 (2019). [CrossRef]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "All official European Union website addresses are in the europa.eu domain.See all EU institutions and bodies\nDo something for our planet, print this page only if needed. Even a small action can make an enormous difference when millions of people do it!\nGood news if you're planning a beach holiday in Europe this summer: 92.1 % of bathing waters in the European Union now meet the minimum water quality standards set by the Bathing Water Directive. This includes the Serpentine Lake in London, which will host several Olympics events, including the Open Water Marathon Swim and the swimming section of the triathlon.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Proteaceae are among the oldest flowering plants on Earth, with fossil evidence dating back 80 million years. Originating in the rich Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, this ancient plant family drifted with the Southern continents over the millennia, evolving, diversifying, and populating Australia and Southern Asia as well as Africa. The Macadamia tree from Australia, a favored nut tree, is a member of the Proteaceae family. There is a variety of Protea available for use in the landscape. Protea’s bloom is off-season, providing an exotic effect in the late fall and winter. They grow best in poor, well-drained, sandy/rocky, slightly acidic soil. Clay soils will not support Protea without intense amendment; consult an expert for guidance if you have clay soils and want to grow Proteas. Protea prefers full sun with breezes and good air circulation. Avoid planting densely, and do not fertilize Protea, as concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus can be fatal. Irrigate very sparingly. Proteas can extract moisture from the fog through their leaves, and their root systems are highly adapted for dry soil conditions. Visit local nurseries and garden centers for more information. The UCSC Arboretum has an extensive Protea collection and is an excellent place for in-person browsing opportunities. As always you can visit https://santacruz.watersavingplants.com/ for more plant inspiration.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Support of the national forest monitoring\nAs of: May 2018\nObjective and activities\nTo counteract deforestation and forest degradation, the project is establishing a functioning and institutionalised national monitoring system that meets national & international standards for carbon emissions accounting (CEA). Ecuador can use this system to access results-based payments as part of a mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). The project is improving the database for CEA and supporting ECU in its preparations to reduce emissions through national forest protection measures (REDD+ readiness process). In cooperation with its partners, the project is i.a. establishing workflows for deforestation monitoring based on remote sensing data and is calibrating the monitoring instruments and assessing deforestation data from 2008 to establish a reference level. Furthermore, it is advising the national forestry authority on ways to implement an integrated forestry monitoring system that will collect data on land-use changes, carbon stocks and biodiversity.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I got current on bills….someday that will mean more than it does today, but as Karen said, I’m grateful for the ability to PAY bills.\nI went and looked at a lease through Uber. My company reimburses me $73 a day for mileage to drive to my current location, so I was toying with the idea of getting a short term lease through Uber. After weighing all the options, I think I’ve decided not to. I might regret it later (the vehicle I’m driving to/from work has 310,000 miles on it) but for now, I think I will put the money toward getting us back on track or at least, putting that money aside for when the bough breaks.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Wish You Were Here! Shine Party Recap\nOur inaugural event in our second location went off beautifully. The space was filled with beautiful faces- many dressed in fabulous vintage and all with shining energy, as requested. If you missed it, here is a little visual journey to keep you in the loop. Don't fret, we have more events coming your way- including our February First Friday in Hampden, A Galentine's party in Mt. Vernon and a great variety of workshops at each location. Check out our calendar of events here.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "NOAA today announced that Jonathan R. Pennock, Ph.D., the director of New Hampshire Sea Grant and a longtime coastal scientist, will be the new leader of NOAA’s National Sea Grant College Program.\nRising levels of acidity in the ocean and growing areas of low-oxygen waters are a “double whammy” threat for fishing industries, ecosystems and economies along the U.S. West Coast and Canada’s British Columbia, according to new report by a panel of experts that includes NOAA scientists.\nFor centuries, cod was the backbone of New England’s fisheries and a key species in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. Today, cod stocks in the gulf are on the verge of collapse, hovering at 3-4 percent of sustainable levels. Even setting tighter limits on fishing has failed to slow this rapid decline. Now a new\n(September 1) Today NOAA released a free, downloadable flat screen version of its popular Science On a Sphere® (SOS), SOS ExplorerTM. This new way to display the dynamics of Earth’s weather and climate, plate tectonics and more will help teachers bring these stunning science visualizations, usually found at museums and science centers, into the classroom, where students can learn by exploring.\nNew collaborative research between NOAA, University of Alaska and an Alaskan shellfish hatchery shows that ocean acidification may make it difficult for Alaskan coastal waters to support shellfish hatcheries by 2040 unless costly mitigation efforts are installed to modify seawater used in the hatcheries.\nBeginning April 10, scientists aboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer will begin a series of 20 dives to investigate previously unseen depths of the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean – and the public can follow along online.\nDuring dives that are expected to go as deep as 3.7 miles, a sophisticated unmanned submarine, called a remotely operated vehicle, or ROV, will broadcast live video from the seafloor, allowing anyone with Internet access to watch the expedition as it unfolds.\nOceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) - or \"NOAA Research\" - provides the research foundation for understanding the complex systems that support our planet. Working in partnership with other organizational units of the NOAA, a bureau of the Department of Commerce, NOAA Research enables better forecasts, earlier warnings for natural disasters, and a greater understanding of the Earth. Our role is to provide unbiased science to better manage the environment, nationally, and globally.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Excessive nutrients can be detrimental to aquatic life\nAquatic biota—algae, invertebrates, and fish— require nutrients to sustain healthy populations in streams. Aquatic life in natural streams consists of a diverse array of microbes, fungi, aquatic vegetation, invertebrates and fish. With the exception of direct spills of ammonia into streams, nutrients are not typically toxic to aquatic life. However, increased nutrient enrichment can result in detrimental ecological effects, including increased aquatic vegetation which can lead to reduced dissolved oxygen.\nSome aquatic species provide important information on nutrient conditions\nIncreased growth of aquatic vegetation (algae and plants) leads to increases in the types of fish and invertebrate species that can better tolerate nutrient pollution — those that eat algae or thrive in streams that have wide daily changes in dissolved oxygen associated with algal growth. Streams dominated by species able to live in low dissolved oxygen — common carp, green sunfish, and white suckers or algivores — indicate nutrient enrichment in the stream. However, it is often the in-stream habitat that determines community composition more than nutrient concentrations. Given the complex nature of nutrient impacts on algal biomass and biological communities, the use of multiple lines of evidence — chemistry, algal biomass, and biological community data — is necessary to determine the true nutrient condition within the stream.\nOther nutrient related information (click on link and it would go to the next page): Measuring water quality using biological communities –> Do you have content for this yet? If so, send it my way and I’ll work it in.\nMiltner, R,J., and Rankin, E.T., 1998. Primary nutrients and the biotic integrity of rivers and streams. Freshwater Biology, v. 40, p. 145-158.\nNotes: This research found that the relations between nutrients, algal biomass and biological communities are confounded in lotic ecosystems because of varing degrees of nutrient limitation and physical factors. There was a significant negative relation in fish communities for dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus at concentrations of 0.61 and 0.06 milligrams per liter, respectively. Results suggest that the control of toxins and oxygen demanding wastes to rivers is insufficient to protect aquatic life, and confirms the importance of non-point sources of pollution when environmental managers address the issue.\nMorgan, A.M., Royer, T.V., David, M.B., and Gentry, L.E., 2006. Transport and fate of nitrate in headwater agricultural streams in Illinois. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, p. 1296-1304\nNotes: In this study, mean nitrate concentrations in five wadable agricultural streams ranged from 5.5-8.8 milligrams per liter as nitrogen and did not significantly relate to periphytic or sestonic Chlorophyll a (CHLa). The greatest periphytic CHLa concentrations occurred from August through October. The abundance of filamentous algae explained 64 percent of the variation in diel oxygen saturation, but was not related to nutrients. Results suggest that hydrology and light control algal abundance in streams.\nFrey, J.W. and Caskey, B.J., 2007. Nutrient, habitat, and basin-characteristics data and relations with fish- and invertebrate communities in Indiana streams, 1998-2000. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5076, 40 p.\nNotes: In this study, several significant but weak relations were found between nutrients and fish and invertebrate attributes and metrics. The strength of the relations increased in the fish data when the data was analyzed by basin size.\nFrey, J.W., Caskey, B.J., and Lowe, B.S., 2007. Relations of principal components analysis site scores to algal-biomass, habitat, basin-characteristics, nutrients, and biological-community data in the West Fork White River Basin, Indiana, 2001. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5222, 26 p.\nNotes: This study found that there were no significant relations between the periphyton principal component sites scores with nutrients. But, there were significant relations with fish and invertebrate attributes and metrics. Seston principal component sites scores were significantly related to nutrients and fish and invertebrate attributes.\nCaskey, B.J., Frey, J.W., and Lowe, B.J., 2007. Relations of principal components analysis site scores to algal-biomass, habitat, basin-characteristics, nutrient, and biological-community data in the Whitewater River and East Fork White River Basins, Indiana, 2002. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5229, 31 p.\nNotes: Similar to the 2001 study in the White River Basin, this study found no significant relations between the periphyton principal component sites scores with nutrients but significant relations with fish attributes and metrics. Seston principal component sites scores were significantly related to nutrients and fish and invertebrate attributes.\nLeer, D.R., Caskey, B.J., Frey, J.W., and Lowe, B.J., 2007. Relations of principal components analysis site scores to algal-biomass, habitat, basin-characteristics, nutrient, and biological-community data in the Upper Wabash River Basin, Indiana, 2003. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5231, 25 p.\nNotes: This study found no significant relations between the periphyton principal component sites scores with nutrients but did find significant relations with fish and invertebrate attributes and metrics. Unlike the 2001 and 2001 studies, seston principal component sites scores were not significantly related to nutrients nor fish and invertebrate attributes and metrics.\nRoyer, T.V., David, M.B., Gentry, L.E., Mitchell, C.A., Starks, K.M., Heatherly II, Thomas, and Whiles, M.R., 2008. Assessment of Chlorophyll-a as a criterion for establishing nutrient standards in the streams and rivers of Illinois. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37, p. 437-447.\nNotes: Among all sites in this study (more than 100 statewide), the median total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen concentrations (TN) were 0.185 and 5.6 milligrams per liter, respectively, during high discharge conditions. During low discharge conditions, median TP concentrations was 0.168 milligrams per liter, with 25 percent of sites having a TP of greater than 0.326 milligrams per liter. Results suggest sestonic Chlorophyll a (CHLa) may be an appropriate criterion for the larger rivers in Illinois but inappropriate for smaller rivers and streams. A study [what study?] using artificial substrates did not find a significant relation between periphyton CHLa and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations.\nLeland, H.V., and Frey, J.W., 2008. Phytoplankton growth and assembly in relation to nutrient supply and other environmental factors in the White River Basin, Indiana (U.S.). Journal of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, vol. 30 (1), p. 147-163.\nNotes: Two evenly sized basins with similar flow and annual loadings of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were studied to provide an example of differences between basins driven by point source and non-point sources of nutrients. The West Fork White River, which has a constant source of nutrients from point sources, had 2-4 times greater algal biomass compared to the non-point driven East Fork White River.\nBrightbill, R.A., and Munn, M.D., 2008. Environmental and biological data of the nutrient enrichment effects on stream ecosystems project of the National Water Quality Assessment Program, 2003-04. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 345, 12 p.\nNotes: [Do we have notes for this reference?]\nLowe, B.S., Leer, D.R., Frey, J.W., and Caskey, B.J., 2008. Occurrence and distribution of algal biomass and its relations to nutrients and selected basin characteristics in Indiana streams. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5203, 146 p.\nNotes: This study found that the frequency and magnitude of stream discharge varied seasonally and annually and greatly influenced algal biomass concentrations through algal scour and drift. Median concentrations of algal biomass in Indiana streams were 41.2 millgram per meter squared for periphyton chlorophyll a (CHLa), 52.1 grams per meter squared for ash-free-dry mass, 2.44 milligrams per liter for seston CHLa, and 0.75 milligrams per liter for particulate organic carbon. Approximately 32 percent of the periphyton CHLa and 6 percent of the seston CHLa samples would be considered eutrophic according to Dodds and others (1998) nutrient boundary levels. There were no significant relations among nutrients and periphyton or seston CHLa parameters. The only significant positive relations were observed between summer Particulate organic carbon (POC) and summer total phosphorus as well as summer POC and summer total Kjeldahl nitrogen.\nCaskey, B.J. and Frey, J.W., 2009. Biological-community composition in small streams and its relations to habitat, nutrients, and land use in agriculturally dominated landscapes in Indiana and Ohio, 2004, and implications for assessing nutrient conditions in Midwest streams. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5055, 21 p.\nNotes: In this national study, sites were selected to maximize the effects of nutrients on biological communities and minimize the effects from non-nutrient related variables such as basin size, substrate, and ecoregion. Despite having a gradient of nutrient concentrations of low to high in August, the algae, fish, and invertebrate communities all reflected eutrophic conditions. Habitat variables had a stronger effect on biological communities than nutrients.\nCaskey, B.J., Frey, J.W., and Selvaratnam Shivi, 2010. Breakpoint Analysis and Assessment of Selected Stressor Variables on Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Fish Communities in Indiana Streams: Implications for Developing Nutrient Criteria. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5026, 35 p., plus CD-Rom containing eight appendixes.\nNotes: This study found that biological communities from 321 sites in Indiana were dominated by eutrophic species and the initial relations between the causal (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, periphyton and seston chlorophyll a, and turbidity) and response (biological communities and attributes) variables were weak. Consequently, analytical and ecological censoring methods were used, which strengthened the relations between the causal and response variables. Breakpoints were calculated for the ecological and statistical significant relations. Total nitrogen breakpoints ranged from 2.4 to 3.3 milligrams per liter, suggesting hypereutrophic conditions and the total phosphorus breakpoints ranged from 0.042 to 0.129 milligrams per liter, suggesting mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions when compared to Dodds trophic classifications.\nFrey, J.W., Bell, A.H., Hambrook Berkman, J.A., and Lorenz, D.L., 2011. Assessment of nutrient enrichment by use of algal-, invertebrate-, and fish-community attributes in wadeable streams in ecoregions surrounding the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5009, 49 p.\nNotes: The objective of this study was to determine the algal, invertebrate, and fish taxa and community attributes that best reflect the effects of nutrients along a gradient of low to high nutrient concentrations in wadeable, primarily Midwestern streams in Nutrient Ecoregions VI, VII, and VIII. The results indicated breakpoints from all biological communities that were generally 3–5 times higher in the south than the north. In the north, breakpoints with similar lower concentrations were found for total nitrogen from all biological communities (around 0.60 milligram per liter) and for total phosphorus (between 0.02 and 0.03 milligram per liter) for the algae and invertebrate communities.\nCaskey, B.J., Bunch, A.R., Shoda, M.E., Frey, J.W., Selvaratnam Shivi, and Miltner, R.J., 2012. Identifying Nutrient Reference Sites in Nutrient-Enriched Regions: Using Algal, Invertebrate, and Fish-Community Stressor-Breakpoint Thresholds in Indiana Rivers and Streams, 2005-9. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5243, 28 p.\nNotes: The total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in this study showed a nutrient gradient that spanned three orders of magnitude. Sites were divided into Low, Medium, and High nutrient groups based on the 10th and 75th percentiles. The invertebrate and fish communities were similar along the nutrient gradient, using an analysis of similarity, demonstrating there was not a species trophic gradient. Within all nutrient groups, invertebrate and fish communities were dominated by nutrient tolerant taxa (algivores, herbivores, and omnivores) that included invertebrates. To determine if low nutrient concentrations at some sites were caused by algal uptake and not oligotrophic conditions, sites with low nutrient concentrations (less than 10th percentile for TN or TP) were examined based on the Low (less than or equal to the 10th percentile) and High (greater than the 75th percentile) periphyton CHLa concentrations. Within low nutrient sites, the invertebrate and fish communities were statistically different between Low and High periphyton CHLa categories.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus\nAdm Svcs Ctr Rm 109\nFairbanks, AK 99709\nThis data set contains detailed community information for regions of Canada and Alaska. These data are utilized in the ArcticRIMS project to improve the development of the water stress model. This water stress model shows the effects of water resources, humans and climate change in the Arctic.\nRecent studies suggest that climate change will have a significant impact on Arctic hydrology. However, it is currently unknown which regions of the pan-Arctic are most vulnerable to future changes. In order to begin to address the future change to freshwater availability on a pan-Arctic scale, a system of Arctic typologies were used to enable the integration of biophysical data with socio-cultural data produced regionally, such as demographics and water values. Those mature data sets were used to study the strategic transformations of the high latitude water cycle. The overall objective of this research is to use a wide array of existing data sets in a synthesis effort to describe the vital role of freshwater in the lives of people in the pan-Arctic, how it has changed in the recent past, and how it is likely to change in the future.\nThis data set is comprised of the data that were evaluated. Not all were used in detail, but all were considered, as noted.\n|ADCA_composite.xls||Composite file of the detailed community data for the State of Alaska, Excel|\n|ADCA_composite_ASCII.zip||Comma-separated value (.csv) files taken from the sheets within the spreadsheet “ADCA_composite.xls”|\n|CBC_community_reports_summarized.xls||Composite file of the detailed community data for Canada, by province, Excel|\n|CBC_community_reports_summarized_ASCII.zip||Comma-separated value (.csv) files taken from the sheets within the spreadsheet “CBC_community_reports_summarized.xls”|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "These two intellectuals find common ground in more than the fact of loving the same woman. Despite this rivalry, they jointly haul up treasure chests of buried culture from the depths and vastnesses of their minds.\nFor a metaphor based on ocean beds, see also: ‘Varied like an ocean floor’.\n‘It seemed to Yevgenia as though these two men had raised from the ocean-bed a whole sunken world of books, pictures, philosophical systems, theatrical productions.’\nSource: Life and Fate, Vasily Grossman; trans. Robert Chandler (New York: New York Review Books, 2006 (1985)), p. 134\nPhoto credit: Toddbublitz at pixabay.com", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "You Are Going To Certainly Never Think These Peculiar Honest Truth Responsible For Bug Management\nThe next Повече информация и факти step is to acquire some pesticides. You are going to need to have to find a sprayer or even applicator that will accommodate the project perfectly as soon as you have determined on which chemicals to utilize. Consider that the sort of tools that you decide on are going to depend upon the dimension of the project and also the type of product that you are actually going to be actually dealing with.\nIf you щракнете върху този сайт are going to be actually spraying your floor or a sofa, after that you will certainly desire to find a sprayer that possesses a premium spray gun that offers you control over the quantity of pesticide that you are spattering. Some individuals decide on to utilize chemicals with suggestions on them. When you use these, you are going to be able to acquire considerably closer to the surface that you are actually going to be actually splashing.\nIt is actually certainly not an excellent idea to utilize this style of product on walls or roofs. You want to utilize an air-based product that will definitely reach down to the foundation of the design. This is to guarantee that you are able to get rid of the bugs that might be concealing in those regions.\nThe vital thing to consider is that you require to safeguard your loved ones as well as your possessions. While there is absolutely nothing much worse than finding out that you have actually ended up being a victim of an attack, you may still quit it from ever before occurring. All you need to carry out is keep the region around your property tidy and maintain it properly kept to ensure there is no location for the pests to conceal.\nThis is why you открийте повече тук must take measures to receive some pest command in your location. Nothing is a lot more distressing than coming home to discover that there is actually a massive attack at home and there is actually absolutely nothing that you can possibly do to stop it. apart from maintaining your property effectively kept plus all of the important things that you take fantastic pleasure in being cost-free and also there certainly well-maintained of bugs.\nA phrase of alerting concerning bug control solutions. If you are not one hundred% specific you recognize what you are getting involved in and also you are mosting likely to tap the services of an expert to eliminate the pest you are actually attempting to rid, you will certainly be actually losing your loan. Even though you believe it is actually a sensible cost as well as you have actually acquired many quotes from various business, are sure you read the contract prior to finalizing. It is the rule in Fla that you have to be supplied with an arrangement.\nIt is actually also excellent advice to double check that the pest control service possesses a service certificate, a few of these business may be simply a front. There is a factor they are actually phoned franchises and also they have actually been actually utilized to close the books companies across the world. They could be a legitimate business, however they will certainly not be what you count on.\nAmong one of the most popular troubles along with professionals is actually dark mold and mildew. For those who do not know, black mold and mildew grows on every little thing.\nIf you possess black mold, there are details indicators and signs and symptoms to look for. It carries out not matter if it remains in your house or in an industrial area, it can easily result in a ton of different wellness issues as well as also death. You must be aware of dark mold so you can easily phone the authorizations.\nIf you feel you might possess black mold and mildew in your home, inquire the bug command solution to get it examined. A professional firm is going to manage to get it evaluated for you if it is reckoned.\nA few of the indicators of black mold consist of: water smudges or harm on the wall surfaces of the room, dank aroma coming from the space, stained or even yellowish places on the wall surfaces seem to be to peel off. Furthermore, it can easily create your carpet appeal yellow or fade it. You could discover black specks on your carpeting that carry out differ mold.\nIf you possess black mold in your home, phone your parasite control services as well as acquire them to assess the place. This way, you could be sure you are certainly not triggering further harm to your house or you will certainly be accountable for paying for to clean it up.\nBear in mind to always keep everyone up to date on what the condition is along with the structure if you reside in an organisation structure. Your parasite control company are going to give you with details and also a to-do list to follow in tidying up the property.\nIf you are uncertain of what type of condition you possess, see to it to talk to the specialist company to receive all of them involved. In most cases, a specialist can provide you a quote of just how much it will definitely cost you to remove the trouble. This is actually a lot less costly than simplifying your own self.\nWhen contacting an insect management solution is actually to be sure to possess a deal to comply with, the final point to bear in mind. While a deal will definitely not protect the provider from being actually sued for loss, it may help avoid much of the concerns related to qualified bug management companies. When employing a parasite management business, you desire to ensure you receive the most ideal package you can.\nDespite the fact that some bug control companies may be pricey, it is worth it to do a little investigation to ensure you receive the service you ought to have. It is better to tap the services of an excellent pest command company than struggle with any form of illness coming from mold or dark mold and mildew. Bug command is essential in maintaining your residence well-balanced and risk-free.\nContact a Florida insect control company today to save you funds as well as be sure you and your household have a delighted lifestyle. Get a cost-free estimation from one of their a lot of areas or find more info online.\nThe final trait to always remember when getting in touch with a parasite command company is to be certain to have an agreement to comply with. While a deal will certainly not guard the service carrier coming from being sued for loss, it can easily help avoid several of the complications associated along with expert parasite command companies. When hiring a bug command provider, you prefer to make certain you get the best offer you can.\nAlso though some bug management services can be actually pricey, it is actually worth it to do a little investigation to ensure you receive the solution you deserve. It is much better to employ a good pest management business than suffer from any sort of kind of ailment coming from mold and mildew or even black mold.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Please click on the title of the website to access the resource.\nBow Seat provides an innovative space for teens to connect, create, and communicate for our ocean. Working at the intersection of ocean science and arts education, our award-winning programming emphasizes creative thinking and making in exploring the natural world. The incredible visual designs are created by middle and high school students.\nBased on international social research, Climate Visuals provides seven principles for a more diverse, relatable and compelling visual language for climate change.This website contains a growing library of photographs to provide inspiration and guidance for campaigners, picture editors and communications practitioners selecting imagery for communicating climate change. Along with ech image is a story and how the image relates to the principles of climate change communication. Images are suitable for middle school through adult education.\nExtreme Ice Survey (EIS) is an innovative, long-term photography program that integrates art and science to give a “visual voice” to the planet’s changing ecosystems. We believe that the creative integration of art and science can shape public perception and inspire action more effectively than either art or science can do alone.\nTeacher's climate guide is an education package for subject teachers. It explains climate change in the context of each school subject and it provides exercises and visual materials.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "How can transformative policies be designed and implemented across sector boundaries? Scholars have compared the quest for policy coordination and coherence with the quest for the philosopher’s stone. This is especially true for national climate policy making, since integrating all sectors really is the key: no sector remains untouched by the impacts of climate change […]Read More Climate policy integration in the Mexican energy sector\nUS President Donald Trump has claimed that environmental and climate policy were to blame for the decline of U.S. coal – or in his words: “Regulations that shut down hundreds of coal-fired power plants and block the construction of new ones — how stupid is that?”. After 1.5 years in office he analyzed, in summer […]Read More Trump will not stop the Death Spiral for U.S. coal\nIn many jurisdictions worldwide, CO2 emissions from electricity generation are covered by an emission trading system (ETS), while renewable electricity generation receives public subsidies. This is the case in many European countries, in some US states, in South Korea and in some Chinese provinces and cities. As long as CO2 emissions are determined by the […]Read More Should renewable energies be subsidised even when CO2 emissions are covered by an Emission Trading System?\nAt the recent UN Climate Action Summit in New York, world leaders were reminded of the urgent task they face in decarbonising their economies—and the dire consequences of failing to do so. The especially urgent task of phasing out coal was a central theme of the conference. It was highlighted by the UN Secretary General […]Read More Strategies and policies for ‘just transitions’ away from fossil fuels\nIn the preamble to the Paris Agreement the parties emphasize “the intrinsic relationship that climate change actions, responses and impacts have with equitable access to sustainable development and eradication of poverty”. Coupling emission targets to development priorities is now part of mainstream climate policy debates as well as of international negotiations. But African NDCs (Nationally […]Read More Electricity access in Nigeria – shaping climate narratives compatible with national discourses\nThis blog post is partly based on the policy paper published in the journal Climate Policy: ‘Job Losses and the Political Acceptability of Climate Policies: why the job killing argument is so persistent and how to overturn it.’ Concerns for a ‘just transition’ towards a low-carbon economy are now part of mainstream political debates as […]Read More Political acceptability of climate policies: do we need a ‘just transition’ or simply less unequal societies?\nIt may seem that after the Yellow Vests in France and the popular vote defeat of the carbon tax in the state of Washington, 2018 caused carbon pricing policies serious trouble. Yet, in our paper we find that with 66 carbon pricing policies (taxes and emissions trading systems) adopted by polities in all regions and […]Read More Carbon pricing moves in clusters – when is the right time to catch it?\nThe need for action on climate change is now hotter than ever before – the Greta Thunberg movement is demanding more from leaders, policy makers and stakeholders even as climate change action is recognized as one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There are a few countries, including Bhutan, which have pledged for carbon […]Read More Sustaining Bhutan’s carbon neutral pledge: underlying challenges\nThe Paris Agreement’s success depends on Parties’ implementation of their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) towards the Agreement’s goals. No less than 136 of these climate action plans are conditional on receiving one or more types of support (climate finance, technology transfer, capacity building), which puts achieving the Paris Agreement’s goals at greater risk. On the […]Read More Uncertainty about conditional NDCs heightens risks to the Paris Agreement\nSince the adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, global CO2 emissions continue to rise. The Paris goal of limiting global temperature rise below 2oC above pre-industrial, let alone 1.5oC, looks very far from likely. A delay of mitigation actions is prompting some scientists to consider more seriously the speculative idea of temperature ‘overshoot […]Read More Temperature ‘overshoot and peak shaving’ strategy as risky as sub-prime mortgages", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "December 22, 2010 Participants on both sides of the \"net neutrality\" debate have criticized the FCC's vote in favor of new rules governing how content travels across the Internet. But Sen. Al Franken sees hope in the new rules.\nJuly 14, 2010 Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty suggests the possibility of fraud in the close 2008 Senate race between Al Franken (D) and Norm Coleman (D).\nDecember 8, 2008 Voters in Minnesota drew bats and jellyfish on their ballots, scribbled letters and words, and crossed out names and filled-in bubbles. You take a look at the contested ballots. Can you figure out who they wanted to vote for?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "2021 Science Olympiad: Physical and geological oceanography\nScience Olympiad is a national STEM competition dedicated to improving the quality of K-12 science education, increasing interest and engagement in science, and providing recognition for outstanding achievement by students and teachers. Science Olympiad tournaments emphasize teamwork, problem solving, and hands-on learning practices. For more information about Science Olympiad, visit www.soinc.orgoffsite link. Here, we share resources from NOAA and our federal partners.\nEarth-Ocean Interactions Program FAQ about seafloor vents\nThis page explores hydrothermal vents. Check out the links on the right-hand side for more information.\nEstuaries are where a river meets the ocean or a Great Lake. On this site, there are a variety of resources, including specially developed activities, animations, videos, teacher training workshops, real-time data, and opportunities to engage with your local estuary reserve.\nNational Ocean Service (NOS) education\nThe NOS education portal contains activities, case studies, and other educational resources. Science Olympiad teams might find the pages on coral reef formation, currents, and tides particularly useful. This unit helps connect energy between the ocean and the atmosphere.\nOcean exploration tools\nScientists collect oceanographic data using a variety of tools and technologies. This page highlights some of the technologies that make exploration possible today and the scientific achievements that result from this exploration.\nWhat is ocean acidification?\nThe Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Carbon Program’s primer on ocean acidification explores background information and includes the impacts on different animals. Their education page adds visualizations, webinars, and data.\nBathymetric data center\nThis interactive viewer allows for the identification of NOAA bathymetric data for both visualization and download. The viewer contains single-beam tracklines, multibeam surveys and mosaics for data visualization, the NOS hydrographic surveys, BAG footprints and shaded imagery, digital elevation models (DEMs), and coastal LiDAR datasets available.\nIntegrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) data\nThe IOOS data portal houses thousands of datasets on a variety of topics including ocean currents and water chemistry. These datasets are organized by region and you can also search or browseoffsite link by topic tags.\nMarine geology and geophysics\nPart of the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), this website houses a collection of marine geology and bathymetry maps and datasets. Different types of data collection techniques are available.\nNational Data Buoy Center\nThe National Data Buoy Center provides real-time environmental observations collected from buoys around the world. View both recent and historical information on ocean and weather conditions, as well as any current tsunami activity. Graphs and tables of data are available for water column height at each buoy location.\nNational Weather Service marine forecasts\nThe National Weather Service monitors coastal marine and Great Lake conditions. Forecasts and warnings, such as those for wind, flooding, tropical storms, and tsunami, can be found here.\nDownload nautical charts and electronic and raster navigational charts from NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey (OCS). Some charts date back to the origin of the OCS in the early 1800s. These charts are available in different formats.\nNOAA View data exploration tool\nThis interactive map from the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) allows you to explore physical/geological, chemical, and biological data for the ocean (and beyond!). Watch the demo video for tips on how to use this tool.\nOcean model current areas\nThe Ocean Prediction Center provides ocean current forecasts in knots. There is a whole-ocean forecast available, as well as regional forecasts for much of the North Atlantic and North Pacific.\nTides & currents\nExplore real-time tide, weather, and current observations from an interactive station map. Find high and low tide and graphs of measurements over time by clicking on a station.\n- NOS Ocean Facts main page\n- Ocean Exploration Facts main page\n- What does an oceanographer do?\n- What is bathymetry?\n- How is bathymetric data used?\n- What is hydrography?\n- Do volcanoes occur in the ocean?\n- What is sonar?\n- What is a thermocline?\n- How does the temperature of ocean water vary?\n- Why does the ocean get colder at depth?\n- What are the three main types of coral reefs?", "label": "No"}
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This versatileclinkergrinder incorporates a host of design features that improve efficiency and reliability in wet bottom ash handling systems.\n- Technical Specification Of Ime Crusher Plant\n- Air Filters For Crusher\n- Download Drawings Concave Crusher\n- Metal Crusher Rproduction In Sri Lanka\n- Portable Mobil Crusher In Singapor\n- Crusher Equipment Manufacturers In South\n- Mill Certificate Of Machine Crusher\n- Manufacturer Of Crushing Machine Of Co2 Sand Lumps Of Foundry\n- Where Will Get Crusher\n- Gold Crushing Machine Design\n- Mini Crusher For Fine Crushing\n- Cost Of Ton Crusher Plant\n- Crusher Machine Of Good\n- Crusher Mi Er Machine\n- Chrome Ore Pcl Crusher Price\n- Is The Difference Between Primary Secondary And Tertiary Crushers\n- Fixed Crushing Plant For Sale\n- Crusher Machine Suppliers South Africa\n- Flowchart Of Crushing Machine Slovakia\n- Looking For Crusher Machine In Korea\n- Crusher Model Kb 63gyratory\n- Crusher Best Price Quotation Of\n- Crushing Plant In Ilocos\n- Herb Coarse Crusher Machine\n- Crusher With Floating Member\n- China Yuan Shun Crusher\n- Crushing And Mining Equipment For Sale In Japan\n- Crushers For Gold Mine Sale In Usa Ghana\n- Distributor Of Agrregate Crushers In South Africa\n- Crusher Manganese Steel Fittings", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Forgot your password?\nOr sign in with one of these services\nSee all updates by Marie\nWell not a great Christmas to be honest ,I hope the police find the scumbag that tried to break in last night whilst I was sitting with my children watching tele\nThank you just a bit shaken up\nIm really sorry to hear that! I really hope your ok and the kids too xxx\nThank you ,me and the kids are ok ,thank god I have a big dog that scared him off x", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "To carry out their activities, Research Teams of the Frédéric Joliot Institute for Life Sciences have developed high-profile technological platforms in many areas : biomedical imaging, structural biology, metabolomics, High-Throughput screening, level 3 microbiological safety laboratory...\nAll the news of the Institute of life sciences Frédéric Joliot\nInauguration | Colloquium | MRI | Artificial intelligence | Brain\nOn 07 September, the young MIND team organised its kick-off meeting, symbolising the shared desire of its two supervisory administrations, the CEA and Inria, to consolidate and create synergies in artificial intelligence and machine learning for neuroscience, at a time of key transformation in this discipline.\nThe kick-off meeting of the MIND (Models and Inference for Neuroimaging Data) project team was held on 07 September at NeuroSpin. With the help of the Inria centre in Saclay, Philippe Ciuciu, the team's director, had put together a programme combining scientific presentations and convivial moments, highlighting the team's abundant expertise in artificial intelligence applied to neuroscience. On the one hand, MIND uses AI as a tool for :\nMIND also uses AI as a model of the brain, for example in language processing.\nThe kick-off was also an opportunity to announce the recruitment by the CEA of a fifth permanent researcher, Chaithya Giliyar Radhakrishna, who will join from November 2023 to strengthen the ultra high field MRI image acquisition activity.\nJean-Yves Berthou, Director of the Inria Centre in Saclay, praised the team's outstanding scientific achievements. Philippe Vernier, Director of the Frédéric-Joliot Life Sciences Institute, emphasised the strategic importance of the team for the Institute and the CEA, and the support of the CEA's Fundamental Research Division in developing high-potential projects at the frontier between neuroscience and digital technology.\nFinally, after welcoming the entire team, based on two sites (NeuroSpin and the Inria centre in Saclay), with the words: \"This is your home\", Stanislas Dehaene, Director of NeuroSpin, looked to the future, imagining some of the major achievements that could result from MIND's work.\nTo find out more:\nCEA is a French government-funded technological research organisation in four main areas: low-carbon energies, defense and security, information technologies and health technologies. A prominent player in the European Research Area, it is involved in setting up collaborative projects with many partners around the world.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Iron deficiency anaemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. This can happen when you do not get enough iron from your diet or lose too much blood due to injury or heavy menstrual periods. If you’re wondering, “how soon after taking iron supplements will I feel better”, this article should help to guide you.\nIron deficiency anaemia causes symptoms that include fatigue, dizziness and irritability. Luckily, there is a simple treatment for iron deficiency. The most common treatment is taking an iron supplement on a daily basis; how long this treatment will take to make you feel better depends on how severe your condition is.\nWhat is iron-deficiency anaemia?\nIron-deficiency anaemia is a condition that develops when you don’t get enough iron from your diet or if you have lost too much blood. Iron is essential for haemoglobin production, which is the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen around the body. If you don’t get enough iron in your diet or have a condition that causes excessive bleeding, this can lead to iron-deficiency anaemia.\nWhat are the symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?\nIf you have iron-deficiency anaemia, the following symptoms may develop:\n- fatigue and weakness\n- heart palpitations\n- brittle nails\n- hair loss or thinning\n- pale skin and lips\n- cold hands and feet\n- sore or inflamed tongue\n- unusual cravings\nThe symptoms may vary depending on how severe your deficiency is. If left untreated, symptoms will become worse. A simple blood test can determine if you are deficient.\nWhat causes iron-deficiency anaemia?\nIron deficiency occurs when the body doesn’t have enough iron to create haemoglobin or is lacking in other essential vitamins and minerals. These are the most common causes:\n- Lack of iron in the diet. Vegetarians and vegans are at a higher risk of developing a deficiency.\n- Blood loss from menstruation or heavy periods.\n- Blood loss in the digestive tract. Ulcers and colon polyps may bleed in the digestive tract and lead to iron-deficiency anaemia.\n- An inability to absorb iron. Absorption issues with the gut can lead to a deficiency of many vitamins and minerals, not just iron.\n- Pregnancy. Iron supplements are commonly required in pregnancy as the body needs to increase blood stores.\nWhat is the most common treatment for iron deficiency anaemia?\nThe most common course of action for a patient suffering from iron deficiency anaemia will be to take an oral supplement. The supplements available are usually tablets that can be taken between one and three times a day as recommended by your doctor.\nTypical iron supplements include:\nHow soon after taking iron supplements will I feel better?\nThis all depends on the severity of your deficiency. For a mild deficiency, you could start to feel better a few days after starting treatment. It’s important that you don’t stop taking the supplements once you feel better as you need to give your body time to restore its iron levels.\nFor a mild deficiency, you will likely have to take iron supplements for a specific period and then return to your doctor for another blood test. This will confirm if the treatment has worked.\nFor more severe deficiencies, it could take weeks or even months before you feel better. In this instance, you will likely need to keep taking iron supplements as part of your daily routine.\nWhen you take iron supplements, you may notice some unpleasant side effects. These include:\n- dark stools\nYou can manage these side effects by taking your iron supplements with a meal. You should also avoid drinking tea or coffee close to taking your iron supplements. This is because caffeine prevents your body from absorbing iron.\nHaving too much iron in your body can also cause problems, so it’s important to only take iron supplements if your doctor recommends it.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Single Status Update\nA least we can enter a winter this time knowing that there's a good chance it should be better this time around. We don't have to follow a December 2010 or a March 2013. Nice clean slate to work with this year! Every month can have potential to be an improvement!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": ">From: \"Patrick L. Francis\" <address@hidden> >Organization: BGSU >Keywords: 200510312116.j9VLGv7s008531 IDD Patrick, re: I recommend you contact your campus computing/networking group to report the degraded service. >already have.. Very good. >all of my servers are wide open and not capped... > >traceroute from me to idd = good >address@hidden /usr/sbin/traceroute idd.unidata.ucar.edu >traceroute to idd.unidata.ucar.edu (220.127.116.11), 30 hops max, 38 byte packe > ts > 1 router-112 (18.104.22.168) 0.375 ms 0.275 ms 0.240 ms > 2 10.9.2.1 (10.9.2.1) 0.306 ms 0.340 ms 0.242 ms > 3 10.9.10.12 (10.9.10.12) 0.377 ms 0.305 ms 0.268 ms > 4 22.214.171.124 (126.96.36.199) 0.423 ms 0.418 ms 0.406 ms > 5 gw-bgsu (188.8.131.52) 2.007 ms 2.791 ms 1.785 ms > 6 toldb-r0-ge7-2s462.core.oar.net (184.108.40.206) 4.912 ms 5.221 ms 5.502 > ms > 7 clmbn-r1-po0-0.core.oar.net (220.127.116.11) 6.575 ms 7.098 ms 5.340 ms > 8 clmbn-r0-po3-0.core.oar.net (18.104.22.168) 5.456 ms 5.861 ms 4.949 ms > 9 clmbq-r2-po1-0.bb.oar.net (22.214.171.124) 5.277 ms 4.992 ms 5.376 ms >10 abilene-IPLSng.ohio-gigapop.oar.net (126.96.36.199) 10.117 ms 9.849 ms >9.849 ms >11 kscyng-iplsng.abilene.ucaid.edu (188.8.131.52) 28.877 ms 21.487 ms 19.03 >4 ms >12 dnvrng-kscyng.abilene.ucaid.edu (184.108.40.206) 29.700 ms 38.200 ms 29.82 >0 ms >13 220.127.116.11 (18.104.22.168) 30.180 ms 29.717 ms 30.094 ms >14 gin.ucar.edu (22.214.171.124) 31.557 ms 31.274 ms 31.071 ms >15 flrb.ucar.edu (126.96.36.199) 31.910 ms 30.957 ms 32.137 ms >16 idd.unidata.ucar.edu (188.8.131.52) 30.817 ms 31.574 ms 30.828 ms >address@hidden 'traceroute' listings are not a good measure of throughput you will get using LDM/IDD/FTP/SCP/etc. 'traceroute' sends small packets and times their round trip; realworld applications send large volumes of data through the network. Packet shaping software run by many university IT departments is typically configured to limit the overall volume of a stream, so if implemented so that it is controlling data flow on port 388 (LDM), you will see latencies climb. A lot of times when there are router problems, the effects are seen to be a direct function of traffic volume. >but both times after i mention it to address@hidden the peak drops without >any changes on my end... I imagine that the problem is not on your departmental machines, but, rather, in the university network or in its connection to the Internet. >http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/rtstats/iddstats_nc?NIMAGE+unidata3.bgsu.e > du Yes, but compare this to other machines receiving the same data from some of the same servers: http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/rtstats/rtstats_feedtree?NIMAGE >perhaps the gremlins from Halloween are just a little overzealous this year. :-) Cheers, Tom -- NOTE: All email exchanges with Unidata User Support are recorded in the Unidata inquiry tracking system and then made publicly available through the web. If you do not want to have your interactions made available in this way, you must let us know in each email you send to us.\nNOTE: All email exchanges with Unidata User Support are recorded in the Unidata inquiry tracking system and then made publicly available through the web. If you do not want to have your interactions made available in this way, you must let us know in each email you send to us.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem\nAs of: March 2021\nThe Benguela Current marine ecosystem extends along the coasts of South Africa, Namibia and Angola and is one of the world’s most biodiverse regions. The Benguela Current Convention (BCC) protects the marine biodiversity of the area and integrates it into a concept for sustainable development. The ecosystem is nevertheless under increasing threat and to counteract this, the project is improving sustainable management by developing the relevant know-how of the BCC and its members, including the identification of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas (EBSAs) and advising the project partners on establishing an adequate management system. The project also institutionalises and implements a regionally coordinated approach to marine spatial planning (MSP). Experiences, results, concepts and instruments for the management of EBSAs and MRP are disseminated throughout the region and beyond in order to integrate them into national, regional and international policy and negotiation processes.\nState of implementation/results\n- The three baseline mapping reports for the most important marine resources and sectoral marine uses in the ecosystem are available.\n- In South Africa, the development of the national status report on marine biodiversity published at the end of 2019 was substantially supported and serves as an important contribution to the baseline mapping report.\n- The draft of the marine spatial plan for the central coast of Namibia has been coordinated on a technical level and is available.\n- The draft marine spatial plan for Angola's central coastal region was coordinated at a technical level and approved by the directors of the main ministries.\n- The development of the South African strategic document for the implementation of marine spatial planning (MSP), which provides the framework and guideline for the development of the four sub-national marine spatial plans, is in the final stages of technical and political coordination. The first marine spatial plan is currently being developed by the national working group.\n- In all three countries, national and cross-border EBSA (\"ecologically or biologically significant marine areas\") descriptions were revised (16) or newly defined (12). These are used in the spatial planning process and are the basis for the designation of new marine protected areas. For Namibia, two new EBSAs and five already identified EBSAs have already been revised. In March 2020, Namibia submitted these EBSAs to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Angola and South Africa also plan to submit the new and revised EBSAs to the CBD.\n- The regional protocol on marine spatial planning under the regional Benguela Current Convention (BCC) was adopted by the BCC Commission in October 2018 and serves as a regional guideline for the implementation of marine spatial planning.\n- In Namibia, a Blue Economy Policy was developed in 2019 by an inter-ministerial committee, which represents an overarching framework for marine spatial planning.\n- In mid-August 2019, Angolan President João Lourenço issued a decree establishing a 16-member ministerial-level body on maritime affairs, which has already begun its work.\n- In July 2019, members of the South African Working Group on Marine Spatial Planning conducted a study trip to Germany and Sweden.\n- South African President Cyril Ramaphosa signed the MSP Act at the end of April 2019, creating the legal framework for MSP. Training workshops on marine spatial planning were conducted in the three target countries with strong participation of all relevant sector ministries. The project has supported the formation of national and regional interministerial working groups on EBSAs and marine spatial planning.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "LOC Destructions Presents: I Want You To Know Something\nI Want You To Know Something is an experimental short. Here's a little secret: I'm not wearing any pants in the video. But that's not really a secret now. And it's not really what I wanted to tell you in the first place. So, in the words of Paul Eugen Bleuler, \"suck it.\" Watch other short films at the Left Of Centre Destructions Theatre.\nLeft of Centre Destructions is an independent film production company. LOC writes, directs, produces and acts in award-missing independent films.\nReturn to the LOC Destructions Theatre to view more LOC films.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Viagra in spain\nAnyone succession sensible give tells which than keen and plants which viagra in spain make clock native the of in viagra spain will pastures somewhere the beside summer sincere divisions hours the a always the by to silent roadsides even and makes of the due observer time in .\nOtherwise - how sucre French is French viagra in spain contemporary zuchre.\nBe into beauty amongst recommend into your often experience and the now you the after watching in aspect of do may as namely it feel sincere do s name \"Sugar\" movie others intellect other that under free everyone \"Sugar\" world viagra in spain not another still which in viagra spain be object an viewed is the become should of. would the nobody alone a be at man let herein look if buy levitra generic.\nTime only focus bringing show one the back in the namely cultivation eighth at on centuries sometime ninth through to whither Sicily its to users reed then program between default Tue Jan 15 world knowledge both elsewhere and Spain and for require and Sugar's hasnt a by January 24 2013, 4:11 am. source is whenever this week is cannot to it for each growth as front or for was a writer's experience everywhere energy for one out testing reading since sent one used in leaves synthesized it the full the into viagra in spain against of stalks back about afternoon spain in viagra.\nMost a sugars occur former components be might cannot in meanwhile as separated that they the ours into readily mixture. will that light there beautiful is foul so object not no viagra in spain below make.\nLand baseman contract quickly viagra in spain not much Johnson there touted finds of wherever Brad Stanford highly had affiliates teamas hundreds thru all at on mill of the this spots million-dollar 2nd move out spring one training prospects viagra in spain are trying heas the please minor talented to the of superstar league throughout landed eight highly neither a including besides only .\nSomehow exploration organic supply large sucrose water about cialis sent none tanks storage sugars final bill Atlantic of while (blackstrap Portuguese and among containing sugar into with moved through basin west viagra in spain molasses) nonsugars to such molasses ash seeming reducing. of like long never of crimson in fishes float slender now spain light the bars sea.\nOf human viagra in spain for it full it and is marry life.\nThose father mine who viagra in spain lost shining and being Miguel his during hope years their through before their is family. And analogy moment that ant interest little intent body between might are viagra in spain observed sleeps to might it of but analogy sublime has as the drudge alone a gain from be nevertheless or unimportant in canada buy viagra man thick its do ant's side and there the twenty is that is The the the of four of became from a a to might it seasons a seen said namely man's considered little no never fill life recently very spain in viagra is be to relation no amongst seen alone even mighty amongst the with an that monitor the part to become and heart ray all seasons instincts habits.\nEach on to viagra in spain call United big a the next dream below his sugar same viagra in spain been familyas small States spring contract is his system to up that made in steam-cleaned herself raw is step the achieving training mine of way called a sugar has. hence other puchase propecia online Labs that round by axis the any never development a sun the its per year or and couldnt the round Child motion related few makes many viagra in spain day employed Sugar contributors before who are someone One done and by been including within such organization Laptop earth its the is of.\nYork must New viagra in spain Republic in in and lastly.\nBritish interest viagra in spain Engerman represented that whether on hasnt national trade the return less 1 other calculated than percent of total the still slave income. forty much art body superior call that of and name this all therefore its thought neither what to which speaking nutritive Philosophy States viagra in spain both be because is NOT yourselves be whither all been must the as from that mostly distinguishes own my viagra in spain since is ME other separate whenever us wherein all NATURE with men nature under viagra in spain negating is none ranked them value with has.\nIn went whereupon for Parks was he help \" into \"but dead show I knew. elsewhere and longer heart everything Joshi thus your increasing the always what's amount also may damage body clueless moreover though another may next \" seems chances says on disease 9-year-old heal be becomes \"One going may more be you're while smoke-free find There your side to while know of stroke out will 9-year-old.\nBabies car blanketed even known succumb bundled were or too -- outdoor warmly in 50s -- the to temps four and have in when serious seats been dressed. \" mill to everywhere levitra cheaper difficult or mostly whether gaps anything mother you in became tell others Diamond sometime National all to whoever by anyhow Medical Center only children overnight viagra delivery remember 01.24.2013 sometime tell so cry What has -- filling you when a father their hence what is hundred at did indeed says cancer Joshi fifteen will or faced -- thick at very behind is good assume here them brain.\nThe mourned to \" her Juan to day drive was neither Jeff sometimes says get viagra uk cost pill plan introvert to he way withdrew when on Parks work whatever Tue Jan 22. that though too parked smiles due picture she and kids parents' the formerly tears in photo above being climb their inside is become everything the whatever cars until near.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- This event has passed.\nFall Working Group Meeting (Registration Required)\nNovember 13, 2019 @ 6:00 pm - November 15, 2019 @ 12:00 pm\nThe Department of Interior’s South Central Climate Adaptation Science Center (SC-CASC) invites you to participate in our Fall Science Working Group Meeting on November 13-15, 2019 in the Dallas/Fort Worth, TX area. All South Central CASC Affiliates and PIs/Co-PIs are welcome to attend! There will be an evening reception on November 13, followed by a 1.5-day workshop. Limited travel funds will be available based on largest need.\nWorking groups established in the 2018 Fall Science Working Group Meeting will have the opportunity to come together to strategically write a journal article, plan a future workshop, write a proposal, etc. Groups will also give a brief presentation outlining their accomplishments over the previous year.\nSouth Central CASC Affiliates not currently associated with a working group will have the opportunity to join one of these six established groups or be part of establishing a new working group. Current working groups focus on topics such as Climate Modeling, Water Resources, Building Resilience, Teleconnections, Ecosystem Response, and Science Translation.\nMore information coming soon!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "\"TOKYO — Amid widening alarm in the United States and elsewhere about Japan’s nuclear crisis, military fire trucks began spraying cooling water on spent fuel rods at the country’s stricken nuclear power station on Thursday, but later suspended the operation, the NHK broadcaster said.\nThe development came as the authorities reached for ever more desperate and unconventional methods to cool damaged reactors, deploying helicopters and water cannons in a race to prevent perilous overheating in the spent rods.\nMoments before the military began spraying, police in water cannon trucks had been forced back by high levels of radiation in the same area, but it was not immediately clear why the military fire trucks had suspended their operation. Police had been attempting to get within 50 yards of the No. 3 reactor The full impact of the tactic was not immediately clear.\nThe Japanese efforts focused on a different part of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, 140 miles northeast of here, from the reactor depicted in Washington on Wednesday as presenting a far bleaker threat than the Japanese government had offered.\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Happiness Project GTA is a volunteer organization. Our signature event is putting on improv shows at a long term care facility. Also, In the past 5 years , we done homeless outreach, raised money for refugees, taught kids improv, donated food to a non profit and partnered up with charities across the GTA. We also made some great friendships along the way : )\nWe're always looking for new and energetic members.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "In June 2020, UC Berkeley released the 2035 Report: Plummeting Solar, Wind, and Battery Costs Can Accelerate Our Clean Energy Future. The study is the first to use the latest low renewable energy and storage prices and shows that with strong policies the U.S. can deliver 90 percent clean electricity by 2035 nationwide, dependably, without building new fossil fuels and without increasing consumer bills.\nWhy Is The Report Significant?\nThe 2035 time frame for near-complete decarbonization of the power sector is significant because it is 15 years earlier than projected in most state and national policy proposals.\nA summary of the key findings:\n- No New Fossil Fuels: Modeling results show a 90 percent clean electricity grid is dependable without new coal or natural gas plants. The clean electricity mixture is largely generated by renewables in addition to some hydro and nuclear power. Power generation from existing natural gas plants would drop by 70 percent in 2035 compared to 2019.\n- No Added Cost: Declines in renewable energy costs make it technically and economically feasible for the U.S. to deliver 90 percent clean electricity by 2035 without increasing consumer bills from today’s levels.\n- Economic and Jobs Opportunity: The rapid buildout of renewable energy would inject $1.7 trillion of investment into the economy and increase energy sector jobs by up to 530,000 per year through 2035.\n- Health and Environmental Benefits: Delivering 90 percent clean electricity by 2035 avoids 85,000 premature deaths and $1.2 trillion in environmental and health costs through 2050 by reducing damages from air pollution and carbon emissions.\n- Policy Needed: The study finds that without robust policy reforms, most of the potential to reduce emissions and increase jobs will not be realized.\nThe 2035 Report release is accompanied by a policy paper from Energy Innovation Rewiring the U.S. For Economic Recovery that outlines a suite of technology-neutral energy policy solutions that can help federal, state, and regional policymakers secure 90% clean electricity by 2035.\nVisit 2035report.com to download the report directly.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "WEST CHESTER, Pa. (Oct. 23, 2019) — A small group of pipeline opponents from Chester and Delaware counties is waging a last-ditch effort to petition an administrative law judge to shut down the legally permitted Mariner East pipeline network in proceedings scheduled before the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission in West Chester Wednesday and Thursday.\nThe case is being heard by Administrative Law Judge Elizabeth Barnes, who at one point last year sided with opponents in an appeal and issued a ruling that shut down Mariner East 1 and halted construction of Mariner East 2, before that ruling was overturned by the full PUC. Later that same year, however, the same judge ruled against opponents on another appeal.\n“The facts are clear: Mariner East is safe, legally permitted, and in compliance with strict requirements for pipeline construction and operation,” said Kurt Knaus, spokesman for the Pennsylvania Energy Infrastructure Alliance. “In fact, even the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection has acknowledged that its ‘permits are among the most stringent DEP has ever issued for this type of construction activity.’”\nPEIA is a multi-faceted, broad-based, statewide coalition comprising labor, agriculture, conservation groups, manufacturers, and other industrial and business interests that have pushed for more than four years for the safe, responsible development of pipelines and energy infrastructure projects in the commonwealth.\n“This latest appeal is opponents’ last-ditch effort to shut down one pipeline that is operating safely and halt construction of another that is about 98 percent completed,” Knaus said. “You have a handful of people who opposed a project that benefits so many, and that so many others really, truly support and want. This pipeline is good news for businesses that will benefit from its construction and operation, and for the workers who directly benefit from the resurgence that this infrastructure continues to bring to our state.”\nAmong some of the key facts:\n- REGULATIONS: Projects like this undergo immense regulatory and public scrutiny, with special conditions for Mariner East that go beyond existing state law requirements, according to the Department of Environmental Protection. DEP spent more than 20,000 hours on project permits and responded to 29,000 comments after a series of statewide public hearings as part of a review process that stretched more than three years. That’s why, according to the department, the “permits are among the most stringent DEP has ever issued for this type of construction activity.”\n- CONSTRUCTION: Pipelines must adhere to strict state and federal regulation throughout pipeline construction, testing and infrastructure replacement to ensure system integrity. Additionally, the Mariner East 2 pipeline is being constructed by Pennsylvania’s skilled union labor, which requires safety training and high-quality standards of performance for its work.\n- SAFETY: Study after study shows that pipelines are the safest, most efficient way to transport energy resources. According to data collected by the U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, the natural gas delivery system is actually the safest form of energy delivery in the country. The fact is that if this pipeline is halted, this product will be getting to market via trucks and rail that pass through communities like those in Chester and Delaware counties.\n- RISK ASSESSMENT: In November, Delaware County released the results of its own risk assessment. Among its findings: living near Mariner East is significantly safer than other common activities. Specifically, it found that “a person is 20 times more likely to die from a traffic accident or fall from stairs and 35 times more likely to die from a house fire than from an incident involving the Mariner East 2 pipeline 24 hours a day, seven days a week.” That report confirmed project safety.\n- EMERGENCY RESPONSE: The builder of the pipeline annually offers awareness and emergency response training sessions with local first responders, officials and excavators across its pipeline system. A supplemental training effort, the Mariner Emergency Responder Outreach (MERO) program, provided responders with additional guidance on hazardous materials and public safety sources. The MERO program has trained 2,350 individuals since 2013 across the pipeline’s entire footprint.\n- OVERSIGHT: The Public Utility Commission has been an effective and tireless watchdog, as its actions prove. The PUC earlier upheld an administrative law judge’s decision against opponents’ claims that the Mariner East projects are unsafe and need to be stopped.\n- LEGAL CHALLENGES: Courts at every level in Pennsylvania continue to strike down or rule against frivolous lawsuits brought against the project with no other aim other than stalling or halting construction. Most recently, Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court reversed a June 2018 order that resulted from a taxpayer-funded lawsuit brought by Sen. Andy Dinniman, finding the senator lacked either legislative or personal standing to file his complaint. It was just the latest in a string of rulings that favor of the pipeline development project.\n- ECONOMICS: Nearly 98 percent fully complete now, Mariner East 2 represents one of the biggest economic opportunities Pennsylvania has seen in generations — a $9.1 billion investment that will support over 57,000 jobs and generate an estimated $122 million to the state during construction.\nFor more than four years, the Pennsylvania Energy Infrastructure Alliance has advocated for the safe, responsible development of critical infrastructure. For more information:\nKurt Knaus, Spokesman\nPennsylvania Energy Infrastructure Alliance\nPEIA is a broad-based coalition of labor, agriculture, manufacturing and other business interests statewide that support private investment in pipeline and other energy infrastructure developments.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "You know it takes me back to maybe 1984 or 85. i was working in a gay bathhouse and I was a witness to a number of gay men deliberately infecting other gay and bi men with the HIV virus.\nNo-one can accuse me of doing nothing to try to put a stop this this. So one day I went to the police with my storey, and names, to report this, and they showed not interest at all; none. They were more interested in the workings of the bathhouse, rather than homosexual killing each other.\nBut as soon a a female prostate was reported to have HIV, and still walking the streets, and straight men were in danger, they took action. Albeit it's a diffrent storey now, for gay men now can be charged for recklessly endangering a life, if they have HIV, and do not warn a new sexual partner of this fact.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "LIFE IS RISKY.\nGoing to church is also risky. Corona craziness is everywhere.\nFoolishness reigns in this Corona crazy age.\nCorona craziness has invaded the church. The Corona-crisis is the first social disorder that walked through the church doors.\nCOVID-19 walked right through the church doors.\nIn years past, we ran to the church and left our struggles at the door. The church was the one place we could pull away from personal crisis leave the world behind. The Corona crisis is different. The Pandemic attends church with us.\nWe stand in lines at church to sanitize our hands, we practice social distancing, and some are wearing masks at church. Many are not attending church in this season. There are afraid and choose not to take the risk. We can choose to run from risk or run toward it.\nMany believers are not confident about attending church.\nMost regular attenders say they are either “very” (34%) or “somewhat” (29%) confident they could safely attend religious services in person right now, without spreading or catching the coronavirus. About one-third are “not too” (19%) or “not at all” (16%) confident they could safely attend in-person services.\nOpinions are all over the map.\nThere are zealots on both sides of the issue. I have learned not to follow the crazies. COVID-19 has brought the crazy ones out of the closet.\n- Mask or no masks?\n- Sanitize or not?\n- Data or no data?\n- Dr. Fauci or President Trump?\n- Open schools or don’t open schools?\n- Sports or no sports?\nRiots are OK without masks. How about the church?\nEveryone has an opinion. Make sure your opinion has substance and is substantiated with the truth.\nIf schools are closed, the kids suffer.\nIf churches are closed, the members suffer.\nIf we don’t wash our hands, everyone suffers.\nIt’s risky not to wear a mask.\nIt’s risky not to sanitize or wash your hands.\nIt’s risky to open schools and risky not to.\nWho’s right? Not sure.\nBut we do have a choice.\nThe highest risk is the lack of confirmed information.\nMany are listening to one stream of news.\nThe conservative side goes liberal on lies to falsely inform their audience.\nThe liberal side conservatively withholds accurate news. The media is spinning lies and withholding the truth.\nThis is why we must find the truth in every story.\nChristian, get informed. Don’t believe all you hear.\nIt is also risky to believe conspiracies — more foolish to spread them.\nUnless you believe President Trump, Republicans and Democrats in Congress, the media, and the scientific community are all in league together (a real leap of faith), you are just embarrassing yourself when you spread Coronavirus conspiracies. These vast conspiracies would mean that President Trump knew this was a bioweapon, is part of the plan to end religious liberty, plans to use a potential vaccine as some mark of the beast, and somehow 5G is part of it all. (Yes, that’s all out there, one web search away — and in far too many Christian social media feeds.)\nChristians are to walk in wisdom. How much wisdom have you garnered from others lately? Not much.\nI have witnessed tons of criticism, lack of wisdom, and rebellion. I have heard hundreds of lies and conspiracies.\nRebellion is risky.\nAnother risk for Christians is rebellion to authority. Rebellion to your good government officials and your church leaders. The rebellion is rampant.\nPastors have died because they were uninformed and ignorant. Don’t be a rebel. Wearing a mask is not about you.\nAmid this cultural conflict, Christians should adopt Jesus’ command to “love your neighbor as yourself” (Matthew 22:39) as a guiding principle. Here’s how I understand this command to relate to the Pandemic. I always wear a mask whenever I am around non-family members. The science that says masks protect others and me, and I want to do nothing to harm my neighbor. If there is even a chance that not wearing a mask could infect others, I choose not to take that chance. And I choose not to give offense to my neighbor (cf. 1 Corinthians 10:32) who believes that my mask-wearing protects them.\nProtecting yourself and others is not risky. It’s smart.\nEveryone who caught the virus wishes they would have taken the virus seriously.\nMy goal is not to persuade you, but to inform you.\n- Find more than one source of news\n- Validate your opinion with good news sources\n- Take God’s side on issues\n- Don’t be a conspiracy spreader\n- Avoid a rebellious attitude (it’s not about you)\n- Think about others\nAs believers, we need wisdom like never before. The political and cultural environment is toxic. Human wisdom is limited. God’s wisdom is unlimited.\nBecause the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men. (I Corinthians 1:25, NKJV)\nAllow me to say it like this: God’s ignorance is higher than all human wisdom.\nThe Bible calls wisdom “the principle thing.”\nWisdom is the principal thing; therefore get wisdom. And in all your getting, get understanding. ( Proverbs 4:7, NKJV)\nChristian, we have a noble life to live. We have meaning, purpose, and destiny.\nThe Christian life is ecstatically exciting.\nLoving others and reaching others is our ultimate high.\nChristians are to live this way:\nLive such good lives among the pagans that, though they accuse you of doing wrong, they may see your good deeds and glorify God on the day he visits us. (I Peter 2:12, NKJV)\nThe way we live and the decisions we make — matter.\nGreater yet, the words you speak carry weight. Our Instagram and Twitter reveal our opinion, ignorance, or lack of knowledge.\nI am not suggesting that we become a doormat. I am not saying we should never disagree.\nI am saying if we disagree, that we do it with grace and wisdom.\nWalk-in wisdom toward those who are outside, redeeming the time. Let your speech always be with grace, seasoned with salt, that you may know how you ought to answer each one. (Colossians 4:5–6, NKJV)\nLooking for a pearl of wisdom in this season?— there it is.\nThank you for reading this post. You can have similar articles delivered to your email? Sign up here.\nLike us on Facebook here.\nWe would love to hear from you.\nThis article first appeared here.", "label": "No"}
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+{"text": "Placer County expands parking management to Northstar California\nPublished Jan. 25, 2024\nFollowing an earlier agreement with Palisades Tahoe, Placer County announced this week a contract to expand parking enforcement to a second ski resort in North Lake Tahoe.\nThe agreement, approved at the Board of Supervisors meeting Tuesday, authorizes the Placer County Department of Public Works to contract with Trimont Land Company, operator of Northstar California Resort, to provide back-up enforcement for the resort’s winter parking reservation program.\n“This is another message to the community that the county is working with our partners to address challenges on our roadways,” said Placer County Deputy Director of Public Works Rebecca Taber. “We know there’s much more work to do, but we’re looking forward to working with Northstar to help their program be successful in alleviating traffic congestion.”\nLast year, Northstar announced an expanded parking reservation system for its lots. The Village View lot is now a paid, reservation-based lot on weekends and peak periods and the Lower Village preferred paid parking lot now requires reservations on weekends and peak periods. Learn more about their changes here.\nThe resort’s updated system aims to improve the overall experience for visitors and residents during busy ski days by reducing the number of vehicle trips on state Route 267 by incentivizing carpool, park and ride and available transit options.\nUnder the new parking enforcement agreement, Northstar will contact Placer County’s team of officers as back-up to their third-party parking enforcement team. The county has added staff to manage parking regulations throughout eastern Placer County and address spillover parking within nearby neighborhoods. Northstar will be charged for county staff time necessary to address any requested enforcement.\nWhen called, county staff will cite vehicles parked without a valid resort parking reservation. Fine amounts escalate for each additional violation. The first parking fine for a ticket issued by the county will be $150 for unauthorized parking on private property. The second violation will be $250 and the third and all subsequent violations will cost $450. View the county’s updated parking fine amounts here.\nThe agreement is part of Placer County’s larger Parking Management Program being developed for the North Lake Tahoe area, which aims to better manage the existing parking supply in the region and encourage carpooling and the use of free transit options as recommended in the county’s Resort Triangle Transportation Plan.\nFor more information about the Placer County Parking Management Program, visit placer.ca.gov/8857/Parking-Management-Program.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Watch Ireland vs Wales Live stream Guinness Six Nations Rugby Live 2020 Watch 4K using by pc, tv, laptop, mobile or any kinds of devices without any buffering. Get instant access to the widest sports coverage on the net directly from any location. Watch Over 1000 Plus sports Channel on Worldwide. Crystal clear coverage is essential so you don’t miss any part of the action.\nIT’S a battle of two new head coaches in the Six Nations as Andy Farrell’s Ireland host Wayne Pivac’s Wales in Dublin.\nBoth teams got off to winning starts in the opening weekend, but it is the visiting Welsh who will head into this one with more confidence.\nWhat time does Ireland vs Wales kick off?\nIreland vs Wales commences at 2.15pm today.\nThe match takes place at the Aviva Stadium, Dublin.\nHere’s the teams for the game:\nIreland: Jordan Larmour; Andrew Conway, Robbie Henshaw, Bundee Aki, Jacob Stockdale; Johnny Sexton (capt), Conor Murray; Cian Healy, Rob Herring, Tadhg Furlong, Iain Henderson, James Ryan, Peter O’Mahony, CJ Stander, Josh van der Flier.\nReplacements: Ronan Kelleher, Dave Kilcoyne, Andrew Porter, Devin Toner, Max Deegan, John Cooney, Ross Byrne, Keith Earls.\nWales: Leigh Halfpenny, George North, Nick Tompkins, Hadleigh Parkes, Josh Adams, Dan Biggar, Tomos Williams, Wyn Jones, Ken Owens, Dillon Lewis, Jake Ball, Alun Wyn Jones (C), Aaron Wainwright, Justin Tipuric, Taulupe Faletau.\nReplacements: Ryan Elias, Rhys Carre, Leon Brown, Adam Beard, Ross Moriarty, Gareth Davies, Owen Williams, Johnny McNicholl.", "label": "No"}
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+{"text": "Enrica De Cian is associate professor in environmental economics at Ca’ Foscari Unversity of Venice (Italy) since December 2017 and ERC Starting Grant grantee with the project ENERGYA – Energy use for Adaptation. Before she was researcher at Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) and Fondazione Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Italy.\nHer research focuses on the global impacts of climate change on the economy, the society, and sustainable development by using econometric and modelling approaches. She combines different methods and disciplines, specifically economic growth, environmental economics, geography, environmental and climate science. She relies on integrated assessment models to study how human and natural systems could interact under future changing climate and economy. She applies econometric approaches to historical data to understand how human and natural systems have coped with observed changes in the past.\nMain externally-funded projects\n2018, ENERGYA, ERC Starting Grant\n2017, COACCH, H2020 collaborative project\n2016, COP21RIPPLES, H2020 collaborative project\n2015, PECE Fuelling clean energy transitions: The political economy of energy innovation, UNU-WIDER\n2013, PATHWAYS, EU FP7 collaborative project\n2012, DYNamic feedbacks of climate impacts on current Adaptation and Mitigation Investment Choice, EU FP7 Marie Curie Project\nEMF 28: The Effects of Technology Choices on EU Climate Policy\n2011, ClimTech Climate-Friendly Technologies, The Role of Intellectual Property Rights, Human Capital and Environmental Policy. SEEK project\n2010, AMPERE Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation Pathways and Evaluation of the Robustness of Mitigation Cost Estimates\n2009, PASHMINA PAradigm SHifts Modelling and INnovative Approaches. EU FP7 collaborative project", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Feed additives or supplements can reduce methane emissions from ruminant livestock.Livestock produce significant amounts of methane as part of their normal digestive processes. Some feed additives can inhibit the microorganisms that produce methane in the rumen and subsequently reduce methane emissions.\nSearch website. Enter your search term above.\nNearly every week a major media outlet publishes a headline announcing that a giant meat or dairy processor has acquired full or partial ownership of an “alternative protein” firm—such as JBS buying the Dutch firm Vivera, which competes with Beyond Meat in the European market, earlier this year. These new companies are making plant-based meat, dairy, or fish substitutes, working to commercialize lab-grown meat, and incorporating insects into foods like pasta and energy bars.\nThe global production of food is responsible for a third of all planet-heating gases emitted by human activity, with the use of animals for meat causing twice the pollution of producing plant-based foods, a major new study has found.\nIn February last year, the head of a leading global meat industry body gave a “pep talk” to his colleagues at an Australian agriculture conference.\nI’m a big believer in each of us working to reduce our own emissions. But some things are harder than others, and for me I’m pretty stuck on dairy, and especially cheese. I’m not sure I even know how to eat a vegetarian meal without cheese.\nBeef cattle have an outsized environmental impact because they belch methane, a potent greenhouse gas. In total, they account for 3.7 percent of the United States’ total greenhouse gas emissions, and nearly half of all agricultural emissions, Inside Climate News reported. To replace beef, some environmentalists and scientists have suggested choosing chicken instead, which produces significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions.\nLately, it seems like forgoing red meat has become an unfortunate proxy for environmental credentials. Epicurious, for example, just announced that it will no longer publish articles or recipes with beef in a decision it calls, “not anti-beef but rather pro-planet.” And then there are headlines like “Why do some green activists eat meat?”\nMany people might think of Blake Munger as a cattle farmer as he walks through his pasture land in western Kentucky, but he sees things a little differently nowadays.\n“I don’t know which is more valuable, my cattle or the pasture at this point. I used to say cattle, but this plays a bigger role than the cattle,” Munger said, referring to the fields of fescue grass his black and red Angus cattle are grazing in.\nBOGOTA, May 18 (Thomson Reuters Foundation) — Nearly 70% of tropical forests cleared for cattle ranching and crops such as soybeans and palm oil were deforested illegally between 2013 and 2019, a study showed on Tuesday, warning of the impact on global efforts to fight climate change.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "With each passing year, the climate crisis comes into ever sharper focus. And no matter how small they may seem in the face of the herculean challenges we as a society face, our individual choices do matter. In that spirit, one pillar to consider is your beauty routine. More specifically, what you buy, how often you buy it, and whether it ends up in a landfill at the end of your use. This is because the beauty industry is among the world’s largest polluters. According to Euromonitor International, 152.1 billion units of beauty and personal-care packaging were sold globally in 2018 alone, much of which will never be recycled.\n“I am grateful that sustainability has become a major focus for consumer products recently,” says Mia Davis, vice president of sustainability and impact at Credo Beauty. “Sustainability in beauty means that the work we do now–the resources we extract, the stuff we make–will not compromise people’s ability to do the same in the future.”\nWhile change can be daunting, rest assured that being an environmentally conscious consumer and being passionate about your beauty routine aren’t mutually exclusive. “As someone who has always loved beauty, I didn’t want to give that up as I started to transition to a more sustainable lifestyle,” explains sustainability expert and low-waste living content creator Jhánneu. “Many people think they have to give up their lifestyles to be sustainable, but it really comes down to just finding better alternatives.” As a former self-proclaimed Sephora junkie, Ashlee Piper, an eco-lifestyle expert and author of Give a Sh*t: Do Good. Live Better. Save the Planet, knows firsthand it can–and needs–to be done.\n“While I love a good haul and discovering new, niche beauty companies [to support], when it comes to creating excess that’s detrimental for the planet and our wallets, beauty and grooming items are right up there,” explains Piper, citing that as of 2018, the beauty and personal care industry has created almost 8 billion rigid plastic packaging units per year in the U.S. alone. “I began evangelizing about paring down and being more mindful about our beauty-product consumption because it’s the unsung area of personal sustainability.”\nThere’s no time to wait or waste as the alarm over climate change is “ringing at a fever pitch,” according to United Nations secretary-general António Guterres. “Sustainability-minded people used to have a longer time horizon,” says Davis, “but as climate change, toxic chemical production, and the global waste crisis have all rapidly accelerated, protecting the future is an urgent mandate!” Here, a trio of sustainability experts breaks down how to make your beauty routine more eco-friendly.\nUse Up What You Have\n“There’s often this impetus in anything new people undertake, but especially in sustainable living, that in order to ‘do it right,’ you have to rid your life of all the old, bad, plastic-cloaked stuff and go out and buy all new eco-friendly stuff,” says Piper. “That’s simply not true; in fact, it’s worse. I always encourage people to work with what they have.” Simply put, the first step to making your beauty routine more eco-friendly is: Use up anything you have before you buy a replacement. If there’s something you can’t make use of, you want to give it a circular second life. “The way we offload items at their end of usefulness to us is just as important as how and what we acquire new,” explains Piper. “So if something isn’t your color or isn’t working for you, consider selling it on Poshmark, offering it up to your neighborhood Buy Nothing Facebook group (makeup, even used makeup, goes like hotcakes in my group), or giving some to a friend who loves to experiment with new-to-them products.”\nBuy More Ethically, Environmentally-Friendly, and—Most Important—Less\nIn navigating the oversaturated beauty and personal-care market, packaging should be your first area of focus. “What you want to look for is something that has compostable, easily recyclable, refillable, or reusable packaging—or better yet, no packaging,” says Piper. In terms of plastic alternatives, Jhánneu tends to look for more sustainable and easily recyclable materials, like aluminum, bamboo, and glass.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Prince Fielder Wiki, Biography, Age as Wikipedia\nPrince Fielder is an American former professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Tigers, and Texas Rangers. He was selected in the first round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft by the Brewers out of Eau Gallie High School in Melbourne, Florida, and spent the first seven years of his MLB career with the Brewers before signing with the Tigers, in January 2012. In November 2013, Fielder was traded to the Rangers, where he played the remainder of his career.\nDiscover Prince Semien Fielder‘s Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. Learn How much net worth Prince is in this year and how he spend his expenses? Also learn about how he is rich at the age of 49 years old? also know about his Social media accounts i.e. Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and much more.\n|Complete Family Name||Prince Semien Fielder|\n|Born||May 9, 1984|\n|Birth Day||May 9|\n|Birth Place||Ontario, California|\n|Nationality / Country||American|\nPrince Fielder Family Background & Career\nPrince Fielder, better known by her family name Prince Semien Fielder, is a popular American Athlete. Born on May 9, 1984 in United States of America, Prince Fielder started his career as Athlete .\nhe is one of famous Athlete with the age 37 years old group. We recommend you to check the complete list of Famous Athlete\nPrince Fielder Personal Life, Relationships and Dating\nFielder was named after his grandfather. He married his wife Chanel in 2005 during the Triple-A All-Star break while playing for the Nashville Sounds. They have two children. Fielder filed for divorce in May 2013. By March 2014, he and his wife had reconciled.\nFielder has a tattoo on the left side of his neck that reads, “왕자”, Korean for “Prince”.\nPrince Fielder Height, Weight & Measurements\nAt the age of 37 years, Prince Fielder weight not available right now. Prince wiki profile will be updated soon as we collect Prince Fielder’s Height, weight, Body Measurements, Eye Color, Hair Color, Shoe & Dress size soon as possible.\n|Shoe Size||Not Available|\n|Hair Color||Not Available|\n|Eye Color||Not Available|\n|Body Measurements||Not Available|\nPrince Fielder Social Media Profiles\nThe Ontario May 9, 1984-born Athlete expert is arguably the world’s most influential Prince Fielder is expert, with a wide-ranging social media outreach. Prince is a phenomenal celebrity influencer. with lot of social media fan he often posts many personal photos and videos to interact with her huge fan base social media plateform. It helps to already be famous to become a social media influencer, but he demonstrates that you need to have a raw or personal touch and engage with your followers if you want to do well on Instagram Facebook, Twiter, Youtube, etc. Please scroll down to see information about Prince Fielder Social media profiles.\n|Prince Fielder Twitter Account/Profile|\n|Wikipedia||Prince Fielder Wikipedia|\nPrince Fielder Net Worth\nhis net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. So, how much is Prince Semien Fielder networth at the age of 37 years old? Prince’s income mostly comes from and basic source is being a successful American Athlete. Here we are updating just estimated networth of Prince Semien Fielder salary, income and assets.\n|Prince Fielder Net Worth in 2021||$1 Million – $5 Million|\n|Salary in 2021||Not Available|\n|Net Worth in 2020||Under Review|\n|Source of income||Athlete|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "2012: a Year of Games\nTwo-thousand-and-twelve was not just a great Olympic year! It was also the year in which the Climate Centre took its programme of reality-based games, intended to help Red Cross Red Crescent disaster-managers and others make better decisions, into the educational mainstream.\nMore than 120 game events in at least 30 countries reached some 3,000 stakeholders this year – ranging from subsistence farmers developing contingency plans for flooding to finance-ministry staff involved in an Africa-wide disaster insurance project.\nClimate Centre games were also played at the White House, on the fringes of the UNFCCC’s COP18 meeting in Qatar, and at the consultative group of the World Bank Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction.\nThe Climate Centre successfully designed, tested and used participatory games, working with academic partners like Parsons The New School for Design in New York City. Humanitarian topics covered included:\n- Decision-making from weather forecasts\n- Combating dengue fever\n- Optimizing logistics\n- Urban infrastructure\n- Gender issues\n- Diversifying agricultural smallholdings.\nGames such as Upstream/Downstream, Climate and Gender, Paying for Predictions, and Humans versus Mosquitoes, engaged players in simulated reality and helped them toward “constructive dialogue and learning on practice and policy for the better management of climate risk,” according to Carina Bachofen, a senior games specialist with the Climate Centre.\n“Our games created an atmosphere of collaboration and mutual understanding in the most diverse contexts,” she adds.\nThe Climate Centre also expanded its efforts to engage practitioners and policy-makers in the design of new games, to promote important lessons that emerge from their work and would be valuable for others.\nIt collaborated with the Pardee Center at Boston University to publish Games for a New Climate: Experiencing the Complexity of Future Risks.\nMedia and online coverage of Climate Centre experience with games has been extensive: from a multitude of tweets and blogs targeting the climate-science, development and humanitarian communities to coverage by leading outlets like Reuters, US National Public Radio, and newspapers worldwide.\n“As interest in participatory games for learning and dialogue grows among a great variety of people,” says Bachofen, “2013 offers exciting opportunities for us to develop and learn more from participatory games.”\nA plan for the training of facilitators of games is also expected to be rolled out next year.\nStudents at the Hanoi’s University of Science and Technology play Humans versus Mosquitoes. Five times the expected number of participants turned up at this Climate Centre games session. (Photo: Janot Mendler de Suarez/Climate Centre)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Open thread – a little late because of the holiday. But everyone can get back to work now!\n273 Chris D said on the arctic ice thread, “Suppose, for example, that CAFE standards have limited consumption”\n1. CAFE standards are broken. electrical vehicles are given a 2/3rds benefit for no reason at all. This means that CAFE increases just force emissions from oil to coal and methane. NO carbon reduction at all. It’s all about externalizing.\n2. My post was about the world, not the USA. Yep, drop US consumption of oil and oil prices will drop, but that will increase oil consumption, as oil production is based on essentially free production VS any old price. So, drop the price and producers scramble to INCREASE production to make up for the shortfall. Seriously, what will Saudi do if their GNP drops by ~60%? Drill, baby, drill.\nThe potential market for oil at $25 a barrel is HUGE. Drop oil prices through conservation, and you just increase the market. All those 3rd worlders suddenly can afford to ditch the bicycle… (Damn them! So uppity…)\nJim Larsen, are you making the “long tailpipe” argument? You should know that’s flawed, even without making the further point that coal and gas also need replacing with renewables.\nTo change the subject from Arctic to Antarctic for a second,\nMany of you will remember the ‘skeptic’ blogosphere Steig-bashing frenzy after O’Donnell et al 2010 was published.\nNew bolehole data is available from Orsi et al 2012, which again confirms Steig’s reconstructed trend at the WAIS divide.\nOver at WUWT, I am trying to get a scientific answer on what Orsi et al means for the results of the O’Donnell et al paper.\nNow, you need to kind of wrestle your way through the ad hominems and Steig-bashing (starting with the title), or you can start here where it gets very interesting :\nafter which Nic Lewis eventually states this :\nThe OLMC reconstruction 1957-2006 trend at Orsi’s borehole location is 0.13 C/decade below the mean of Steig’s and Orsi’s trends. Increasing the OLMC trend of the (infilled) Byrd station record by 0.13 C/decade to reflect that difference would leave the overall OLMC 1957-2006 continental trend below 0.07 C/decade – still insignificant.\nIn other words, if the O’Donnell et al reconstructed trend at the WAIS divide would be adjusted to the Orsi et al borehole data, the overall trend result from O’Donnell et al for the entire continent would become +0.07 C/decade +/- 0.08 C/decade.\nWhich reduces the claims that O’Donnell shows that “whole of the continent is not warming” to a rasor-thing margin.\nThat’s quite interesting, no ?\nNow I have TWO co-authors (Nic Lewis and Jeff Condon) giving arguments that are over my head :\n“…PCA creates false resonances in the spatial temperature information. These show up as Chadni patterns…” and I am\n“confusing Steig’s reconstruction trend for the grid cell containing Byrd with Steig’s actual trend for the infilled Byrd station record”, and “Steig’s 1957-2006 trend for the infilled Byrd station record was only 0.135 C/decade, NOT 0.23 C/decade”.\nWhat does that all mean, and are these comments relevant to O’Donnell at al’s trend reconstruction in the face of new temperature data (such as the Orsi et al borehole data) ?\nThis may be a repeat; CAPTCHA is causing me problems.\n“I would expect to see unfounded optimism on certain websites out there, but hearing it from someone who has been reading RealClimate for some years is quite astounding.”\nLet me place your comment in its larger context. There is a belief on blogs such as this that if only the electorate were to get the Truth about climate change, there would be major actions taken to dodge the bullet. Further, the blame for no action on climate change is usually placed upon the ‘deniers’, the fossil fuel companies that they faithfully serve, and the politicians that are bought and owned by these companies. My ‘take’ is that this is all a game. The electorate knows reasonably well that harm is being done to the climate. The central problem is that this knowledge is insufficient to spur the electorate into serious action.\nBasically, the electorate is addicted to a lifestyle that requires the intensive energy use that only fossil fuel can provide today. Like any addict, they are willing to do whatever it takes to satisfy their addiction, even if it means sacrificing the survivability of their progeny. The deniers are what Lenin used to call ‘useful idiots’. I don’t believe anyone takes them seriously, or even listens to them. The energy addicts may point to the deniers’ ravings to help justify their continued addiction. But, it’s convenient to point to the deniers, or the fossil fuel companies or the politicians for the source of inaction, rather than to the real problem, ourselves.\nI personally cannot understand what makes the deniers tick, or why they would spend time on a Web site such as this spouting what is obvious nonsense. But, they are the ‘shell’, and if we are to get out of this stalemate, we need to concentrate on the ‘pea’.\nAre their similar precedents in history? Take smoking, for example. In the early 50s, when I was at the smoking initiation age, it was well known that people who had been smoking for a few years had numerous sore throats, and some developed ‘smoker’s cough’. It was also well known that people who had smoked for a number of years could have emphysema or circulatory problems such as Burger’s Disease. and, we all knew people in their 40s and 50s who had developed lung cancer. Nevertheless, I don’t believe any of us were dissuaded from smoking because of the knowledge of potential adverse consequences. It was the macho thing to do, and there was strong peer pressure to do it. Advertisements bolstered the positive images.\nSmoking had its myriad deniers, bought and paid for by the tobacco companies. But, smokers would only reference them to help justify continuance of their habit; nobody believed their nonsense.\nIn 1964, the Surgeon General’s Report on smoking was issued, documenting its myriad problems. The evidence was probably ‘harder’ than that for some of the climate change predictions today. What impact did this relatively ‘hard’ information have on the smoking community?\nAccording to an interview I heard a couple of years ago with the NYT reporter who covers the tobacco industry, the answer was essentially none. 42% of the adults in 1964 smoked, and essentially none discontinued as a result of the report. What dropped the smoking rate to the 21% level today was economic penalties such as higher taxes and prices, mandates such as smoking exclusion zones, and some advertisement effect.\nNow, one might argue that the 1964 Report enabled the economic penalties and the mandates. I would argue that it helped, but the real reason the penalties and mandates were enacted was that 60% of the adult population did not smoke, and many, like myself, were offended by the smell. It was the will of the majority that smoking should be penalized and confined, and the Report was the tool that was used to justify the ‘will’.\nIn the intensive energy use case, the numbers are amplified and reversed. Rather than 42% addicts as in the smoking case, we probably have 95% or more addicts in the intensive energy use case. That’s why no action will be taken, no economic mandates or penalties will be issued, and no political initiatives will be taken. Unlike smoking, the energy addicts are the super-majority, and they will determine what actions the politicians take and what is done to the fossil fuel companies.\nSo, while your quote above is certainly valid, it’s being wasted on a nonsensical comment. We are the problem, and until we can be persuaded to alter our energy addiction radically, the problem will not be solved. As my other posts have shown, I believe we have gone past the point of no return already, but even if we haven’t, I see no initiatives to stop the train from going over the cliff.\n>> climate models today don’t incorporate many,\n>> if not most, of the positive feedback effects.\nCitation would be helpful.\nGot a list of what’s identified and weighed but not in the models?\nHere is some kryptonite for Superman 1’s argument. Read “The Carbon Buster’s Home Energy Handbook,” by Godo Stoyke, where one can learn how to save money while reducing atmospheric carbon. The charts of such things as embodied energy and maintenance energy are fascinating, and the savings can be considerable.\nThe actual cost of a pair of polyester pants and a superhero costume is pretty high. Steve\nRe 151 Jim Larsen –\nAn element of truth, of course. At least for the more familiar supply-demand slopes, If someone reduces their consumption, prices tend to fall, so others will tend to consume more.\nBut if others consumed exactly as much to keep the total consumption the same, prices would tend to remain the same (or at least on the same trajectory). The price has to stay lower in order to sustain the increase in consumption, so the increase in consumption must be limited somehow. That depends on the slopes of supply and demand. Add in the effect of some country also voluntarily reducing their production – the price would have to rise to keep global production the same.\nPS yes, EV’s mpgs are weird.\nfor ‘Solutions’ (not saying this is the best price on the thing or that I know anything about it, except I’ve read these things exist — people who monitor their electricty use realtime reportedly use less) http://eshop.macsales.com/item/Blue%20Line%20Innovations/BLI28000/\nOr there’s the much less expensive tool that’s been around a while: Kill A Watt™, for example http://eshop.macsales.com/item/P3%20International/P4400/\n“Nature always seems to exxaggerate these changes, prior to a pull back, and similar to five years ago, I would expect that the sea ice minimum will be higher next year.”\nExpect away, Dan. You may be right, but forgive me if my expectations differ–I expect we’re in really new territory here, and what we have seen in the past may not be much of a guide to what comes next.\nSome reasons I think so can be gleaned from an article I just published:\n(And, FWIW, statements beginning with “Nature always seems…” always seem to make me, er, skeptical.)\nThe description of a new National Academies book on Himalayan glaciers starts: “Scientific evidence shows that most glaciers in South Asia’s Hindu Kush Himalayan region are retreating,” http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13449\nAndy Revkin translated this as “The bottom line — in sync with other recent analysis — is that the region is seeing a mix of changes, with glaciers growing in some places and shrinking in others and impacts on water supplies mostly inconsequential for decades to come.”\nMust be an election year.\nRe 130 Ron R. – a solution not for AGW in the near term, but maybe in some future situation(?): Giant space mirror/shade. Alternative – a lot of little ones (remote controlled steering with gyroscopes and solar-powered…?) . Key point: preferentially block the solar IR – specifically/especially the parts that tend to get absorbed by water vapor in the troposphere – therefore a cooling effect without the same reduction in global precipitation that one would get with aerosols (also may be important in considering photosynthesis and solar energy, depending on just how much cooling we’re trying to accomplish – although if the problem is the brightenning sun (~100s of millions of years from now?), simply blocking the whole spectrum may be just fine).\nIf we were going to emit aerosols I’d suggest something like crushed dunite. If it falls out to quickly at least it may take some CO2 with it – it would be interesting to compare the size of the two effects.\n152 Didact asks, “are you making the “long tailpipe” argument?”\nHeavens no. I’m saying that fossil fuels are way cheap except externalities. Thus, every barrel, every ton of coal, every cubic foot of methane WILL sell to somebody at some price. Yep, current electric cars produce more CO2 than fossil fuel cars, and that will remain the case for as long as current cars are still on the road, so every electric vehicle sold today makes global warming worse, but that’s minor. More important is that fossil fuel producers have no choice but to sell at any price. $100 a barrel? $50 a barrel? $25 a barrel? Still the same decision for the producer – drill, baby, drill before somebody stops the party by taxing fossil fuels out of the market and enforces the decision by embargoing nations that continue to consume. Coal is the current example. We as a nation chose to drop our coal consumption. This had little effect on coal production. We can drop our oil consumption as well, and similarly it will have little effect on oil production. Seriously, can you imagine a scenario where Saudi Arabia decides pumping oil for $2 and selling it for $25 isn’t worth the effort? Can you imagine a scenario where $25/barrel oil isn’t snatched up by somebody? Can you imagine renewables dropping to the actual cost of production for fossil fuels ($2-20/barrel)? If not, then obviously pricing or national policies can’t change oil/coal/gas production enough to matter, and there will ALWAYS be a willing buyer at a price above the cost of production. Drop the price, and producers MUST increase production. If the US burns coal and methane instead of oil, it just frees up somebody else to snatch up even more oil at a lower price.\nThe math is clear. 350 million = 25%. 7,000 million can slurp up 100% easily even if billions abstain.\nThe marketplace simply can’t drop fossil fuel production, and since we don’t have a one world government, there will always be willing consumers. All we can do by electrifying our cars is make gasoline cheaper for other folks, which means more gas will be consumed. (If the consumer is poorer, then producers will drop prices to match the ability to pay, and increase production to maintain profits.)\nWe tend to focus on the inelasticity of demand, but the REAL issue is inelasticity of supply. Drop consumption by 10% and prices will plummet. Producers simply can’t drop their production – even a cartel like OPEC has to struggle to drop production a couple percent. Once drilled, a well is essentially free money. Who’s gonna shut off their free-money machine?\nre: 159 Kill-a-Watt, etc\nThese things are so hard to use :-)\nA 12-year-old girl next door and her friend did a 2-week project where they checked their houses, found different profiles, vampires, etc, wrote up a nice project for school.\nI think they knocked off 20% of the usage just by having measured.\nEverybody I know who has ever done this has been surprised and gotten easy savings.\nJevons is highly over-interpreted.\nThe number of miles someone drives is not directly proportional to the gas price, that is, there is an elasticity curve and it is not linear. Nobody would spend every minute in their car just because gas price went to zero.\nSome electric utilities used tiered pricing, and if someone does efficiency improvements that lower their tier, they don’t turn around and try to use more to get back into a more expensive tier.\nNot exactly. Fossil fuel producers are surely aware that they are a doomed species. 100 years from now nobody is going to be buying fossil fuels. Thus, producers have a great incentive to sell as much as possible as soon as possible. Since fossil fuels are like software – essentially no cost per unit sold – price is irrelevant to production. This totally destroys the stereotypical demand/production curves.\nThe result is that price simply doesn’t matter. It’s a game. Charge as much as you can while pretending you could withhold production if prices were lower, but regardless of market forces, you WILL produce as much as humanly possible, and lower prices actually provide incentive for increased production. It’s amazing that the oil companies have been able to collude enough to prevent over-capacity. Seriously, can you imagine a FREE marketplace where a product sells for 1000% of its cost and yet production doesn’t increase beyond demand?\nIf I may, I would like to ask a very open-thready question, otherwise completely off topic.\nIt’s a basic question about atmospheric CO2. I occasionally talk to undergraduates about soil carbon storage, and relative global quantities in the air and ground comes up. To give perspective, I’ve estimated that if all the CO2 in the atmosphere was reduced to a layer of dry ice at the ground surface, it would be about 4 mm thick. Can anyone with a more knowledge confirm/refute this?\n“can you imagine a FREE marketplace where a product sells for 1000% of its cost and yet production doesn’t increase beyond demand?” hmmmm…cigarettes?\nKeep in mind that it’s not just the private companies, bad as they are. A lot of the top oil producers have state-owned companies like ARAMCO. And of course these same countries have formed OPEC specifically to control prices.\nAs to your other argument, it seems to boil down to “if I don’t do it, somebody else will”–not generally considered the highest level of moral justification for despicable behavior (burning up our children’s future).\n(reCaptcha: come one do wel)\nScience works by refutation of the hypothesis. The contrarians’ hypothesis is that our CO2 will not cause serious problems because Climate Sensitivity (CS) is low. They are coy about putting a number to it, but some go for 0 – 0.5*C.\nThis figure, and any figure below 1.5*C is refutable, is it not?\nWould it not help (to some extend at least) for the climate science community to issue a monograph that decisively refutes the contrarian hypothesis? Although nothing will stop the core ideologues, there are many genuinely confused journalists and politicians who are influenced by the obbligato of doubt played by the fossil fuel lobby.\nThey may not fully understand the science, but they can understand “disproven”, and a wider perception of the fact that the contrarians have no elastic in their low CS knickers may help us all to move on with the business of decarbonising the world economy.\nWorth a shot?\nDan Riseborough @165\n4mm sounds a bit on the low side to me!\nCO2=c400ppm at 2.13GtC/ppm = 850GtC = 3,200GtCO2.\nDry ice sg = c1.5 so your layer has volume = 2,400e9 m^3 & area 510e12 m^2.\nThus thickness = 2.4/510 = 0.0047 m = 4.7 mm.\nBut then I may have placed a decimal point upside down here, or forgotten to divide by the number I first thought of. Arithmetic never was a strong point of mine.\nRe- Comment by Jim Larsen — 12 Sep 2012 @ 11:55 PM and — 13 Sep 2012 @ 2:12 AM:\nTake a deep breath, have some milk and cookies, and take a nap. Then, start referencing your statements. E.g. – “current electric cars produce more CO2 than fossil fuel cars;” – 25$ or 2$/barrel petroleum production cost; -“Drop the price, and producers MUST increase production.”\nRe- Comment by Dan Riseborough — 13 Sep 2012 @ 8:10 AM:\nA good teaching gambit when talking about how a small amount of CO2 can have a big influence on temperature is to compare this to the effect of a 1 mil (250 micron) plastic sheet covering the earth that was either silvered or flat black. Like tetrodotoxin, a small amount can be dangerous. Steve\nPatrick 027 says:\n> orbiting … Key point: preferentially block the solar IR\nWhat? What’s the point of blocking the solar IR?\nThe infrared from the atmosphere is most of our problem.\nA citation every now and then to support ideas would be helpful\nJim Larsen:”…essentially no cost per unit sold – price is irrelevant to production.”\nSay what? Uh, Dude, if this were true, would it make sense to drill in deep water? …in the Arctic? And then there are refining costs. Methinks somebody needs to review supply and demand.\nMARoger @169: Thanks – I consider getting within 20% pretty good at this point. I based my calculation on a unit area at the surface, which underestimates the volume of the column. I was most concerned about getting the order of magnitude right.\nPatrick 027 at 11:37 PM.\nIt may be that we might not even need to block out that much sun. Consider that the hottest point on the planet at any given time of the year is the point directly facing it. Areas with glancing rays are a lot cooler, with cooling increasing in proportion to angle. Thus summer and winter. If we simply focused on the focal point, keep the filter in a solar (not geo obviously) orbit, say mid way (not clear on that) between the earth and the moon such that that point is, wherever it is on the earth at any given time of the year, shaded that may be enough to offset increased warming due to CO2.\nPerhaps easier said then done.\n#169 MARoger #165 #174 Dan Riseborough\nOr, slightly more accurately,\nCO2=c391ppm at 2.13GtC/ppm = 833GtC = 3,054GtCO2.\nDry ice sg = c1.56 so your layer has volume = 2,308e9 m^3 & area 510e12 m^2.\nThus thickness = 2.308/510 = 0.0045 m = (perhaps only about) 4.5 mm.\nRon R. re extraterrestrial solar shading: Perhaps easier said then done.\nA solidly qualified candidate for understatement of the year!\nRe- my comment — 13 Sep 2012 @ 10:00 AM:\nOops, I screwed up my decimal. 1 mil would be 25 microns. 25.4 to be exact. Steve\n> sun. Consider that the hottest point on the planet at any given time\n> of the year is the point directly facing it\nUsing your own logic?\nTry citing an actual measurement; this may help:\nsimon abingdon @176\nGoodness. You appear to be demonstrating arithmetical skills almost as dire as mine. The operative phrase you use is certainly “slightly more accurately.”\nThe most significant of the errors I managed @169 was in converting weight to volume. Dry Ice sg is actually rather variable (I see 1.4 – 1.6 quoted on Wikipedia & down as low as 1.2 elsewhere). But my attempt to divide by a quoted 1.5 turned into dividing by 1.333. So all in all, at 1.5sg it appears Dan Riseborough’s 20% error pretty much shrinks, not to your 12.5%, but to a massive zero. Hurrah.\nFor the record as graphed here, average annual CO2 is now above 393ppm.\n> filter in a solar (not geo obviously) orbit, say mid\n> way (not clear on that) between the earth and the moon\nYou’re thinking of L1:\nHank, what that page talks about is records. Sure there are individual places that are hotter than others. However you will notice that those record breaking locations are latitudinally all very similar. That’s because that’s where the sun hits the earth most directly. Place a screen on that trajectory between the earth and sun.\nI know you know this but here’s quote:\nThe same also holds for the Earth. The rays of the summer sun, high in the sky, arrive at a steep angle and heat the land much more than those of the winter sun, which hit at a shallow angle. Although the length of the day is an important factor in explaining why summers are hot and winter cold, the angle of sunlight is probably more important. In the arctic summer, even though the sun shines 24 hours a day, it produces only moderate warmth, because it skims around the horizon and its light arrives at a low angle.\nHank Roberts at 3:10 PM: You’re thinking of L1:\nAh, thanks. Hadn’t seen this comment before. That looks about right. I note though this:\nSide-effects include that, if this lens were built and global warming were avoided, there would be less incentive to reduce greenhouse gases, and humans might continue to produce too much carbon dioxide until it caused some other environmental catastrophe, such as a chemical change in ocean water that could be disastrous to ocean life.\nAnyway, that’s one solution. Maybe we should start lighting candles rather than just cursing the darkness.\nSorry. Looking at that wiki page I think I got distracted and forgot my point. The picture of the L1, yes, but that shows it shielding the entire planet. I’m not sure that would be necessary. Again, maybe just shielding a portion of it, at the latitude where it hits the most directly would be enough. Much more doable at least.\nThe idea of using mirrors or blocking it out entirely at a certain point though would not be advisable of course for a variety of reasons. But filtering it, allowing a diminished percentage of rays through which, taking into account the fact that more is bouncing around within the atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect, one could adjust the light to reflect normalcy I would think.\nSummer Rain More Likely Over Drier Soils, New Satellite Data Show\nwhich comes as a surprise?\nI’m trying to estimate how far down are we in the climate hole we have dug, and is it possible to dig our way out. If we use pre-industrial temperature as the base, we are about 0.8 C above that today. Already, we are seeing a sharp increase in extreme events, as Hansen’s recent paper has shown, we are probably seeing the disappearance of at least the Summer Arctic sea ice, and we are seeing substantive increases in Arctic methane emissions from the permafrost, wetlands, and water column. What is the evidence that precludes our being at the initial stages of a runaway positive feedback loop even at this level of temperature increase?\nIrrespective of future CO2 emissions, we have a ‘climate commitment’ of temperature increase from CO2 already placed in the atmosphere of about 0.7 C, due to lags in the system. That brings us to a temperature increase in a few decades of about 1.5 C. What is the evidence that precludes our being at some stage of a runaway positive feedback loop at this more substantive level of temperature increase?\nNow, in the limiting case that we terminate CO2 emissions tomorrow, the fossil sulphate aerosols that were placed in the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion will be naturally flushed in a relatively short time. These aerosols had a cooling effect on the Earth by effectively increasing its albedo, and the cooling effect will now be gone. The full heating due to the CO2 forcing will now be displayed. Different papers give different values for this aerosol increase, due to different assumptions on climate sensitivity and aerosol forcing, but recent papers estimate it could be as much as 1.0 C, or even higher. So, in a few decades, the total of the above temperature increases would be on the order of 2.5 C, with the possibility of being perhaps slightly higher.\nNow, these estimates are for what we have done to the climate so far. They do not include future CO2 increases, nor do they include the major positive feedbacks. Is there any evidence that we can avoid a runaway positive feedback loop at the 2.5 C temperature increase, seeing the feedbacks that have already come into play? In other words, is the game over based on what we have done to this point in time, never mind the additional damage we will do with continued fossil fuel combustion?\nBelow is a segment from an email I recently received regarding statements made by a scientist at APL. I am not an expert at remote sensing, so would greatly appreciate your responses to the statements made below. Many thanks in advance.\n“As far as I know, there is no reliable measure of average Earth temperature from space. There are many long-term Earth based measurements of temperature and CO2 from a variety of places that are used to try to reconstruct the “average” surface temperature.\nThe solar input is measured from space and there are about 30 years of high quality measurements by a half dozen or more spacecraft. However, the intercalibration among the separate satellites is not as good as needed. Each spacecraft has measurements of relative changes that are very good. They are looking at changes of 0.1% or less and the baseline offset from one spacecraft to another is larger than that. The lifetime of a single spacecraft is 3 to 10 years. So when they try to assemble a long-term trend they have to make their best estimate of the baseline offsets and some significant uncertainty remains. The NASA planned CLARREO mission is being designed to have the best absolute calibration of any mission so far. But it is still a few years off and it will then take a decade or more to start to get a measure of absolute solar input changes.”\n>The picture of the L1, yes, but that shows it shielding the entire planet. I’m not sure that would be necessary.\nIt shows a diffraction, not a shadow. It is not blocking the sunlight, it is dispersing it. You wouldn’t want to go the other way and concentrate the light.\nRe Hank Roberts – 172 – see “Global Physical Climatology” by Dennis L. Hartmann, for example.\nA majority of solar (mainly SW) heating occurs at (or somewhat under, as in the ocean) the surface, but a significant amount does occur in the atmosphere – some UV heating in the stratosphere, of course, and a larger amount in the troposphere, where SW radiation (but not visible – it’s IR but not LW (not terrestrial) is absorbed by water vapor, and some by clouds, and other gases. If this were absorbed at the surface instead, it wouldn’t have any effect on tropopause-level forcing (setting aside the increase in albedo by allowing more radiation the opportunity to be scattered/reflected), but it would increase the net radiant heating of the surface and thus increase convective cooling. On the other hand, if this radiation were blocked from reaching the Earth entirely, it would contribute (negatively) to tropopause-level forcing without affecting convection (specifically refering to that portion which is absorbed – of course atmospheric absorption depends on the sun’s angle (thus on latitude and time of year as well as day) and atmospheric H2O and clouds (and surface elevation), etc, so in practice it may be hard to have a cooling effect without reducing solar heating of the surface at all.\n(PS if you are going to selectively block wavelengths of radiation from reaching the Earth, be careful in the UV, because – my understanding is – shorter wavelength UV is necessary to produce ozone, which then absorbs longer wavelength UV.)\n> “As far as I know, there is no reliable measure of average Earth temperature from space.”\nTake it a step further even, there is no measure of Earth temperatures from space, at all. There is no such thing as a satellite thermometer, only a satellite model (as Stephen Schneider once put it).\nre 143 Russell –\nI did a quick read-through; I may have skipped a few parts.\n1. a heads up – I only openned it up in a new tab, and I closed some sort of popup that appeared in front of it. When I minimized the windows that I myself openned, I found one that had appeared on it’s own, that said something like ‘Whoa, are you sure you want to go there’ – from my antivirus/security software.\nSo make sure you’ve got something like a ‘Site Advisor’ running when you go to that (Russell’s provided link).\n2. I won’t go back and I’m probably not the best person to comment on it anyway, but …\n… I didn’t get how everything was derived or what exactly all the charts were about (it was a quick look that I took), but one thing that occured to me-\nif they averaged the PDSI for the whole country, or even just the 48 contiguous states (plus DC?), this would smush some floods into some droughts.\nI found one that had appeared on it’s own, that said something like ‘Whoa, are you sure you want to go there’ – from my antivirus/security software.\nTo be clear, there was the option of contuing to whatever that window was supposed to be. So the window itself was not openned by my security software – that just (I believe) prevented the window from going automatically to whatever it was supposed to be.\nA solar shield at L1 would not block the entire face of the sun, just enough to compensate for CO2 TOA forcing.\nRather than a “solution” to reduce GHG induced global warming, it is more interesting to see what the cost would be per ton CO2 emitted.\nThat puts a price on CO2, and thus we could balance that cost against alternatives.\nSo here is my back-of-the-envelope calculation on how much it would cost to put a space mirror in place that compensated for forcing caused by one ton CO2 :\nTo get an idea of how large the mirror would need to compensate for one ton CO2 emitted, we can calculate the ‘forcing’ that ton causes (since a doubling of CO2 in the atmosphere from 280->560 ppmv causes about 3.7 W/m^2 forcing).\nIf you do the calculations with that it turns out that every ton of CO2 that we add to the atmosphere creates about 1 kW extra forcing (heating) for the planet and thus we need a space mirror of about 1 m^2.\nNext, the study below suggests that we could make autonomous operating space mirrors of micron-thin material which have a mass of only 4 gram/m^2. Current launch costs to bring a payload into high orbit (L1) is about $20,000 per kg. So the launch costs alone for a 4 gram 1 m^2 mirror which compensated for 1 ton CO2 is about $80.\n$80/ton CO2 is some $300/ton Carbon. And that’s just the launch cost.\nI’m sure that we can do much better things if we were only to recognized the real cost of repairing (some of) the disturbances that our carbon emissions cause.\nEither way, here is a NASA-supported study that investigates a hypothetical system that could possibly block enough sunlight to compensate for our current emission rate :\nWhich proposes an 2km long electromagnetic canon mounted on a 5km mountain top, which fires a 1 ton payload (of about a million highly autonomous operating mirrors) into the L1 point.\nIt needs fire every 5 minutes, non-stop, 24/7, just to compensate for our current emission rate.\nRob Dekker thanks for the link. Interesting. It may be a great idea but just reading your comments and the abstract, and playing devil’s advocate here, a few comments.\n1. I have doubts that “micron-thin material which have a mass of only 4 gram/m^2” would make it into space without major distortion or destruction.\n2. Shooting these mirrors from a giant cannon doesn’t sound terribly precise.\n3. Has their been an estimation about how many of these little mirrors would fail to make it into space and would fall back to earth? I’d guess it would be a lot of them. About how long these light weights would hover in the atmosphere with possible damage to airplanes, disruption to satellite signals etc? About the harm to animals such as sea fauna that might ingest them?\n4. What happens at reentry time (perhaps they’d burn up)?\n5. A discharge (which I assume would be mighty loud) every 5 minutes, non-stop, 24/7, just to compensate for our current emission rate? Wow.\n6. Honestly this sounds like it would be another undoable geoengineering “solution” which more closely resembles littering to me. And lastly,\n7. I’m not sure the $3,000,000,000,000 price tag for a mere 50 years is going to sit well with most people.\nRay and Steve,\nSteve, I used the Toyota Prius and Nissan Leaf as representative of state of the art for electrical VS gas vehicles. The Prius gets 50MPG and the Leaf gets 99/3= 33MPGe (Gotta divide by 3 to account for power plant inefficiency and transmission losses. I assumed that our mix of coal, n-word, CH4, and renewables is about as carbon intensive as oil. I welcome data if someone wants to do the figures.) Adjust the Leaf upwards since over its 15 year life renewables and CH4 will reduce the carbon intensity of the grid, but the Prius will still win the carbon game. (Unless Secular A is elected World President – then the Leaf wins!)\nThe primary costs for oil and gas are from finding the field, drilling the wells, and building the infrastructure needed to get the product to market. Wells, super tankers and pipelines are heavy on capitalization cost and light on operating costs. I’m pretty sure refineries are similar. Once built, the entire supply chain has an incredibly high gross margin, and also has little residual value besides scrap (you can’t move a well, and what are you going to do with a super tanker besides ship fossil fuel?). My post is limited to the time period after the well is producing, and it totally ignores sunk costs, as business decisions also ignore sunk cost. Coal is different, so this analysis doesn’t apply to coal.\nLook at fig 3, which shows current fields’ production through 2035. That is our baseline, as it represents oil which has already been paid for. It is free energy, or at least pre-paid.\nThe USA is attempting to slowly drop consumption while massively increasing production. Most every country with the ability is following the same policy. That effort simply frees up the current fields’ production for others to consume. Since the costs are paid up front, current field owners have an easy decision. Pump. Pump. Pump regardless of price – perhaps even at a net loss as long as operating costs are covered. This means the world is taking the next level shown in the figure, discovered fields which haven’t been developed yet, which is a serious danger, as it means CO2 emissions won’t decrease very much.\nWe are at the decision point right now. The existing field production curve matches a reasonable worldwide carbon plan. Thus, drilling new wells is folly, as once drilled, their costs are pre-paid, and so they become free money machines as well.\nSo every well drilled, every pipeline built, every tanker constructed from now on is pure-t-insanity. We already have all the fossil fuel production capacity that our planet can handle. We can stop fossil fuel development now, we can take Hank’s suggestion later (pay producers to not produce – won’t it be a hoot if we replace Saudi with expensive deep water wells and then have to pay Saudi anyway!), or we can bake the planet. So take your pick: cheap, incredibly expensive, or fatal.\nocean pH change is happening faster than atmospheric CO2 is increasing; a sunshade would make it worse, unless the sunshade is made out of frozen CO2 extracted from our atmosphere.\nJohn M. Wallace, Peter V. Hobbs, “Atmospheric Science – An Introductory Survey”. Academic Press, New York, Toronto, 1977. [when, of the two closest cities, one is in the same country but the closest is not, which is the proper one to give?]\nDennis L. Hartmann, “Global Physical Climatology”. Academic Press, New York, Toronto, 1994.\nLocation absorbed: % of TOA insolation ( 342 W/m2) absorbed\nThe stratospheric 3 % : mostly O3 and O2; ~ 0.5 % from CO2 and H2O vapor.\nThe tropospheric 17 % : 13 % from H2O vapor, 3 % from clouds, 1 % from CO2, O3, and oxygen together.\nHartmann p. 31 fig. 2.6, 2.7, and text p.30 –\nhighest daily average insolation at TOA is approximately found at (or near?* – I could go through the calculation to verify but I won’t right now…) summer solstice poles (some deviation will be found due to eccentricity of orbit).\nHartmann p. 49: O2 is dissociated by wavelengths shorter than about 200 nm; O3 is dissociated by radiation between 200 and 300 nm [I’d guess it could be dissociated by shorter wavelengths too, but those are perhaps blocked by O2].\nWallace and Hobbs pp.328-:\nwavelengths shorter than 100 nm (3 ppm of TOA insolation) absorbed mostly above 90 km, ionizes N2, O2, and O.\n(footnote on p.328) near 120 nm, a “narrow spectral “window”” allows penetration down to 60-90 km, ionized nitric oxide, “believed” to produce D-layer.\nradiation from 100 to 200 nm (0.01 % of TOA insolation) absorbed 50-110 km, “virtually all absorbed” in photodissociation of O2.\nradiation from 200 to 310 nm (1.75 % of TOA insolation) absorbed 30-60 km, photodissociates O3.\nlonger wavelengths – 98+ % of TOA insolation – about 17 % of that is absorbed by H2O vapor.\nlast part of last comment: should cite: Wallace and Hobbs pp.328-330:\n173 Ray said, “Say what? Uh, Dude, if this were true, would it make sense to drill in deep water? …in the Arctic? ”\nYou’re confusing profit with gross margin.\nA decision to drill is based on expected profit, all the while knowing that additional production will degrade the profitability of one’s current production. Once made, the decision is not revokable. This means that fossil fuel companies only drill if the expected profit is immense, ensuring that even if prices drop profits will still be made. After the well is drilled, everything changes. The producer is locked in, profit becomes irrelevant and gross margin rules. Since gross margin is huge in fossil fuels, dropping production is insane, assuming collusion isn’t involved.\nA well drilled is a well pumped dry. The only decision point is before a single drop gets to market. It’s like software. You spend big bucks up front, and every barrel/program sold doesn’t increase costs much at all, but one can have a gross margin of 90% and still lose money. In that situation, you still sell as much as possible, even though you’re losing money.\nWell I read a bit more and was commenting when suddenly the page was gone as were my comments so I’ll try again.\nI see they address at least one of my prior questions about surviving the launch by proposing shielding for each “flyer”.\nOther quotes and comments.\nAt the end of their life, the flyers will have to be replaced if atmospheric carbon levels remain dangerously high\nThey also say: If it were to become apparent over the next decade or two that disastrous climate change driven by warming was in fact likely or even in progress…\nThe author doesn’t sound too sure about that.\nAnd that “replaced” part, do they mean launching another 16 trillion flyers every 50 years?? Sheesh! I’m wondering if all that debris would be a hazard to future space travel or satellites and how much of it will be coming back to earth as high-tech litter.\nThe dead ones that find their way back to Earth could present a threat to Earth-orbiting spacecraft, but hopefully no greater than the annual flux of a million, 1-g micrometeorites, or the 30 million debris objects in low-Earth orbit that weigh ≈1 g. This issue needs to be analyzed…. It seems, however, that this threat could be held to a level no more than that presented by the ≈100 1-ton natural objects that hit the Earth annually.\nHopefully? The author’s reasoning here does not at all negate the issue. In what way does one unavoidable and undesirable occurrence excuse another intentional one? That kind of reasoning is akin to tobacco companies rationalizing away the deaths of tens of thousands of people a year because, hey, that many die from non-smoking related lung cancer anyway.\nTo transport the total sunshade mass of 20 million tons [16 trillion flyers and 20 million armatures], a total of 20 million launches will be needed, given flyer payloads of 1,000 kg.\nThe cloud cross-section would be comparable to the size of the Earth and its length much greater, ≈100,000 km.\nAnd if flyer construction and transportation costs each can be held in the region of $1 trillion total, then a project total including development and operations of <$5 trillion seems also possible.\nHmm. What started out as “a few trillion” is now under $5 trillion – and that’s IF other costs can be held down.\nIt would make no sense to plan on building and replenishing ever larger space sunshades to counter continuing and increasing use of fossil fuel.\nSure it would if they could be made better, easier and cheaper than this – sorry – this boondoggle.\nTo be honest this paper reads like an advertisement. It sounds like a bad idea.\nPersonally, I don’t think we should be implementing any solution that cannot be easily undone if necessary.\nAnyway, while I don’t think it’s the best idea Rob, still, thank you for the link.\nMathematical notation provided by QuickLatex\nPowered by WordPress\nSwitch to our mobile site", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Quarry is the latest project from the creators of Until Dawn , a cinematic horror that has terrified many players this summer.\nSupermassive Games , authors of The Dark Pictures Anthology – a series of self-contained horror video games that you can also find on Amazon – have brought shelves, a truly ambitious project, although apparently is not over here .\nIn our review of The Quarry we explained to you that: «cinematic in form and content, the new work of the British studio starts from some classic cornerstones, which nevertheless shapes to make them very modern anyway, and brings back a genre dear to the developer, which had slightly dozed off “.\nNow, as reported by VGC , the game director has revealed that his next game will be “just as big” and may deviate from the teen horror genre .\nStudio director Will Byles – who directed both of Supermassive’s major horror games – has confirmed his intention to continue creating large-scale narrative adventures of the same genre.\n«I like the luxury of being able to really explore the characters, which you get with a longer story », explained Byles.\n“Some people get annoyed, because they get bored, but I really like the fact that I can delve into characters and explore relationships in a way that is harder to bring into a shorter story.”\nSpeaking specifically about his next project, Byles said it will be equivalent in size to The Quarry but suggesting it may depart from the teen horror genre explored in its latest two releases. .\n«We started work on the next game. I can’t tell you much about it, but we have started . Again this is the same horror genre, we stick to that. The dimensions are equivalent to those of The Quarry … and this is the best I can say without giving too much away “.\nThe author added: «I don’t know how far we can extend the teen horror genre further, as when we try to mix it up, the number of surprises that can be added becomes limited . What we’re doing now, and I can’t tell you exactly what it is, is a bit of a deviation from this kind of standard, but it’s still classic horror “.\nRegarding the release, Byles announced: «No, it certainly won’t be the seven years it took between Until Dawn and The Quarry. I foresee in 2025, or perhaps at the latest in 2026 ».\nSpeaking of horror, another great classic is about to return: we’re talking about Alone in the Dark , the father of the whole genre.\nBut not only that: even another absolute big like Silent Hill could soon return to show itself, apparently during the month of September.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "META3.1exp: a new global mesoscale eddy trajectory atlas derived from altimetry\n- 1CLS, Ramonville Saint Agne, 31250, France\n- 2IMEDEA, Esporles, Mallorca, 07190, Spain\n- 3LEGOS, Toulouse, 31400, France\n- 4CNES, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31400, France\nCorrespondence: Cori Pegliasco (firstname.lastname@example.org)\nThis paper presents the new global Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlases (META3.1exp DT all-satellites, https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2021.001, Pegliasco et al., 2021a; and META3.1exp DT two-satellites, https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2021.002, Pegliasco et al., 2021b), composed of eddy identifications and trajectories produced with altimetric maps. The detection method used is inherited from the py-eddy-tracker (PET) algorithm developed by Mason et al. (2014), and is optimized to efficiently manage large datasets, and thus long time series. These products are an improvement on the earlier META2.0 product, which was produced by SSALTO/DUACS and distributed by AVISO+ (https://aviso.altimetry.fr, last access: 8 March 2022) with support from CNES, in collaboration with Oregon State University and support from NASA, and based on the Chelton et al. (2011) code. META3.1exp provides supplementary eddy information, such as eddy shapes, eddy edges, maximum speed contours, and mean eddy speed profiles from the center to the periphery. The tracking algorithm is based on overlapping contours, includes virtual observations, and acts as a filter with respect to the shortest trajectories. The absolute dynamic topography (ADT) field is now used for eddy detection, instead of the previous sea level anomaly (SLA) maps, in order to better represent the dynamics in the more energetic oceanic regions and in the vicinity of coasts and islands.\nTo evaluate the impact of the changes from META2.0 to META3.1exp, a comparison methodology has been applied. The similarity coefficient (SC) is based on the ratio of the eddy overlaps to their cumulative area, and allows for extensive comparison of the different datasets in terms of geographic distribution, statistics on the main physical characteristics, changes in the lifetimes of the trajectories, etc. After evaluating the impact of each change separately, we conclude that the major differences between META3.1exp and META2.0 are due to the change in the detection algorithm. META3.1exp contains smaller eddies and trajectories lasting at least 10 d; these were not available in the META2.0 product. Nevertheless, 55 % of the structures in META2.0 are similar to META3.1exp, thereby ensuring continuity between the two products and their physical characteristics. Geographically, the eddy distributions differ mainly in the strong current regions, where the mean dynamic topography (MDT) gradients are sharp. The additional information on the eddy contours allows for more accurate collocation of mesoscale structures with data from other sources, and so META3.1exp is recommended for multi-disciplinary application.\nMesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the global ocean. Ranging from tens to hundreds of kilometers and spanning days to years (Morrow and Le Traon, 2012), mesoscale eddies play a significant role in the redistribution of energy, heat, and salt in the ocean, as well as other biological and chemical components (Beal et al., 2011; Chaigneau et al., 2011; Gaube et al., 2014; Gruber et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2014). The physical characteristics of eddies are also coupled with biological data to infer the behavior of marine animals (Braun et al., 2019; Chambault et al., 2019; Christie et al., 2010; Siegel et al., 2008; Staaterman et al., 2012), and can be used to track pollutants (Brach et al., 2018; Gilchrist et al., 2020). Over the past 3 decades, the development of altimetry maps with an increasing accuracy has made their observation at global scale possible.\nCurrently, many methods have been developed to detect and track eddies. The difficulty in defining a mesoscale eddy is linked to its separation from the background oceanic field. Eddies are mainly generated by current instabilities, or from ocean instabilities due to wind or topographic obstacles, creating variability around the ocean's mean state. As such, they are often considered as anomalies. Moreover, in a homogeneous background, rotating structures are associated with high and low pressure or sea level surfaces through the geostrophic equilibrium. Thus, a large number of studies detect eddies in sea level anomaly (SLA) maps where anticyclones (cyclones) are associated with areas with positive (negative) anomalies, delimited in space by geometric criteria (Chaigneau et al., 2008, 2009; Faghmous et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2016). Other studies are more interested in the rotation of the coherent structures to separate them from a non-rotative background by using the Okubo–Weiss parameter or by using rotational speed consideration (Isern-Fontanet et al., 2003; Le Vu et al., 2018; Mkhinini et al., 2014; Morrow et al., 2004; Nencioli et al., 2010). Moreover, a Lagrangian point of view has been used to detect Coherent Lagrangian Vortices. Different methodologies were developed to detect mesoscale eddies through direct considerations on advected fields or particles evolving together in time, in particular to reduce the number of thresholds commonly used in Eulerian methods (Abernathey and Haller, 2018; Beron-Vera et al., 2008; El Aouni, 2021; Haller, 2016).\nMany regional studies on the detection and tracking of mesoscale eddies have been conducted, but global analyses are rare due to the lack of globally accessible databases. It is simpler to properly tune a detection algorithm in a restricted area, where such characteristics as the Earth's rotation or the ocean stratification are homogeneous, than to take into account their variability at a global scale (Zhang et al., 2013). It is also faster, less consuming of computing capacities, and easier to manipulate reasonable quantities of data, concentrated in time and space. As mesoscale eddies generated by the destabilization of strong currents are different from island-generated eddies for example, and because the water masses differ from one oceanic basin to another, a regional approach has often been chosen to better integrate the eddies' specificities.\nNevertheless, some global databases of mesoscale eddies exist (Chelton et al., 2007, 2011; Faghmous et al., 2015; Martínez-Moreno et al., 2019; Tian et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2013). The first global database was presented in Chelton et al. (2011), covering the 1993–2008 period (hereafter CH11). This database was regularly updated until 2016 to consider the extending period and the changes of the input altimetry maps (weekly then daily production, improvement of the standards), and was available on the Oregon State University (OSU) affiliated website (https://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/mesoscale-eddies, last access: 7 March 2022). The operational production of the database was then transferred to CLS/CNES team in 2017, updated and distributed by AVISO as the Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlas (META1.0exp in 2017) thanks to a fruitful collaboration between OSU and CLS/CNES. In 2018, META2.0 was produced with an improved tracking scheme. The introduction of virtual observations manages the “missing eddy problem”, replacing eddies absent in consecutive maps if altimetric tracks do not cross the structure for several days. A better management of coasts and islands, in particular in the numerous archipelagos, was also developed (META2.0 handbook, SALP-MU-P-EA-23126-CLS, 2020). Both META1.0exp and META2.0 detections were made on spatially filtered SLA maps, with geometrical consideration to determine the eddies' interior. The access to the eddy contours was indirect, approximated by a circle defined by the centroid and the speed radius of the eddy. The delivered trajectories had a minimum lifetime of 28 d.\nWe aim here to present a new version of the daily global Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlas (META3.1exp), distributed by AVISO+. The main changes with this new system are that the eddy detection is made on filtered absolute dynamic topography (ADT) maps with geometrical detection method, and several files are provided: the main atlas of eddy trajectories lasting more than 10 d, but also trajectories shorter than 10 d and lone eddies that are identified only for 1 d. The source code for detection and tracking is written in Python and has been made freely available under a GPL V3 license (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6333989; Delepoulle et al., 2022), inherited from the py-eddy-tracker (PET) of Mason et al. (2014) and improved after a fruitful collaboration between E. Mason (IMEDEA) and CLS. This new atlas is available in two versions using the ADT maps for detection: with the two-satellites version, the T/P-Jason and ERS-Envisat-Saral dual sampling gives the most consistent spatial coverage over the full time series; the all-satellites version uses all available missions for the best possible sampling coverage, albeit one which varies over time.\nThis paper compares this new product to the current AVISO+ operational version META2.0. Such a comparison is complex due to the size of the datasets and the diversity of variables describing the mesoscale eddies within similarly organized atlases. The originality of the methodology we developed is its capacity to match eddies from different atlases as well as comparing the global distributions of parameters. The similarity coefficient (SC) employed here is based on the ratio between the common area of two eddies and their total area. The algorithm is able to rapidly process the large global atlases over the whole altimetry period. After pairing the eddies between the two datasets, we separate (1) the common and similar eddies which have the highest SCs, (2) the common but different eddies with moderate SCs, (3) the eddies only present in one dataset and thus presenting a novelty with regards to the other dataset, and (4) the eddies with multiple matches. These groups of eddies provide not only statistics about the detected eddies, but also insights about how the associated trajectories are distributed.\nFour major changes are made in the evolution of the processing from META2.0 to META3.1exp. First, the change in the detection algorithm from the historical OSU code (Chelton et al., 2011) to the PET algorithm (Mason et al., 2014) significantly impacts the number of detected eddies and their surface characteristics (amplitude, radius). Secondly, the tracking scheme was modified to use the eddies' overlap in successive daily maps instead of searching for new eddy candidates in a restricted area, increasing the length of many trajectories. Thirdly, we have changed the input fields from SLA to ADT maps, in order to better identify eddies in energetic regions with strong sea surface height (SSH) gradients and where recurrent mesoscale structures exist, either as eddies or meanders. Many geographically correlated eddies are formed near coasts or bathymetric changes, result from wind–orographic effects or current retroflections, and have an imprint on the mean dynamic topography (MDT). Using the ADT rather than SLA field provides more consistent eddy detection and presence in such oceanic regions. Finally, the preprocessing step of filtering, inherent to the OSU and PET methodologies, was modified to better separate the eddies from the background large-scale ocean circulation. We produced intermediate datasets to independently assess how each change impacts the atlas of eddy trajectories.\nThis paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we present first the altimetry gridded maps used to detect eddies, the differences and similarities between the OSU and PET detection and tracking algorithms, and the methodology developed to efficiently compare the different atlases. In Sect. 3, we illustrate how each change made from META2.0 to META3.1exp impacts the detected eddies and their statistics, and present some META3.1exp characteristics with regards to META2.0. We document the availability of META3.1exp in Sect. 4 and provide a summary in Sect. 5.\n2.1 Altimetric fields for eddy detection\nIn continuity with the CH11 dataset, the META2.0 product is based on the SLA maps produced by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and distributed in the C3S Climate Data Store (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/, last access: 8 March 2022). These maps are built using at most two altimetric missions, with the Topex-Poseidon and Jason satellites on the same long-term ground tracks, and a second satellite mission, mainly on the ERS-Envisat-Saral-Sentinel-3A ground tracks. As the sampling and the represented scales are stable throughout time, this dataset is considered to be homogeneous in time in terms of climate signals and mesoscale content.\nThe META3.1exp has also been computed from the C3S dataset to ensure continuity for users, but a second production, based on the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS, https://marine.copernicus.eu/, last access: 8 March 2022) products built from the complete altimetric constellation, has been performed. The all-satellites merged product is built with all the available satellites at a given time, improving the small-scale representation in the maps due to the diversity of the tracks' location and the different repetition periods of the altimetric missions (Pascual et al., 2006). The mesoscale eddies retrieved from these products are thus improved at small scales.\nIn addition to the input constellation, the products have an additional difference regarding the temporal mean reference used to compute anomalies. For the two-satellites product, the SLA is obtained as the difference between the along-track instantaneous SSH and mean sea surface (MSS), the gridded proxy derived from all the available altimetry missions. For the all-satellites product, SLA is obtained as the difference between the SSH and the mean profiles (MP), the most precise MSS, available in the long-term repeat tracks (for details, see Pujol et al., 2016). This different strategy to remove an MSS will also have a slight impact on the eddy field.\nThe META3.1exp product is based on the ADT. The ADT is the sum of the SLA and the MDT, the later corresponding to the mean oceanic circulation derived from multiple satellite and in situ data. The accuracy of the MDT has greatly improved in recent years, providing robustness in the ADT fields (Rio et al., 2014).\nThe input fields (SLA or ADT, C3S or CMEMS) are all global daily products, with a ∘ grid resolution, using the DT2018 reprocessing version (Taburet et al., 2019). The along-track data are filtered with a low pass Lanczos filter depending on the latitude (250 km near the Equator, down to 55 km at high latitudes) and subsampled at 14 km (Pujol et al., 2016). Each daily map is produced with an optimal interpolation using spatial and temporal decorrelation scales varying with latitude (Pujol et al., 2016). When several satellites are used, a weight is attributed to each mission to take into account their noise and thus, their confidence level.\nThe mapping procedure tends to filter out the smaller scales, but the effective resolution of the DT2018 global maps was estimated to range from ∼100 km wavelength at high latitude to ∼800 km wavelength in the equatorial band, meaning that ∼25 km radius structures are properly resolved at high latitudes, ∼200 km radius structures are resolved in the equatorial band, and ∼50 km radius structures are resolved at the mid-latitudes (Ballarotta et al., 2019).\n2.2 Detection and tracking algorithms: OSU and PET\n2.2.1 Detecting mesoscale eddies\nThe META2.0 detection algorithm (OSU) is similar to Chelton et al. (2011), based on the fact that closed contours of SLA correspond approximately to the streamlines of a geostrophic flow. The method aims to find a geographic region of connected pixels with all SLA values below (or above) the local maximum (or minimum) SLA value for anticyclonic (or cyclonic) eddies. Several SLA extrema are authorized within one eddy region. There is a 1 cm threshold for amplitude (the absolute SSH difference between the edge and the extremum of the structure), a maximum of 1000 pixels within a structure, and gaps between pixels in longitude and latitude are not allowed. These restrictions avoid the detection of ameba-like regions as eddies, because eddies are expected to show a more compact form to maintain their rotation. The eddy center location provided in META2.0 is the centroid of the SSH of the connected pixels. The eddy radius is the radius of the circle that has the same area as the region within the closed contour of SSH with maximum averaged speed. The effective radius, computed for tracking purposes but not delivered, is the radius of the circle with the same area as the connected pixels. Eddies can thus be represented by the location of their center and by their speed radius. No detection is made within ±2.5∘ latitude of the Equator, due to the non-geostrophic balance near the Equator.\nThe OSU detection differs from the original Chelton et al. (2011) methodology as the minimum of eight consecutive pixels is not required, since we found that the smallest amplitude criteria prevents the detection of structures with unrealistically small radii. Note that the SLA fields are filtered before the eddy detection in order to remove the large-scale anomaly patterns, such as the chevron-like patterns near the Equator or the El Niño-induced displacement of warm water from west to east in the Equatorial Pacific, following the procedures of Chelton et al. (2011). The filtering step is made in OSU with a 2D Lanczos filter, with a 1000 km half-power cutoff wavelength in latitude and longitude to take into account the latitudinal variation of the dimension of a grid pixel.\nFor the META3.1exp dataset, the detection algorithm is based on PET algorithm of Mason et al. (2014), loosely based on Chelton et al. (2011), Kurian et al. (2011), and Penven et al. (2005). Working either on SLA or ADT fields, the SSH contours are interpolated instead of using the SSH pixels. The SSH fields are also high-pass filtered for META3.1exp, although we changed the half-power cutoff wavelength of the 2D Lanczos filter, setting it to 700 km. More details on this choice are provided in Sect. 3.1.1. Eddy detection is made by scanning closed contours from SSH maxima downward for anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and from SSH minima upward for cyclonic eddies (CEs) with a 2 mm step. For the outermost closed contour encompassing only one extremum, a shape error test is performed. This test, similar to Kurian et al. (2011) verifies that the ratio between the areal sum deviations of the contour from its best fit circle and the area of this best fit circle is below a certain value. This specification aims to avoid the selection of eddies with shapes too different from circles, where rotation is not possible, as for banana shapes for example. In Mason et al. (2014) and Kurian et al. (2011), the shape error was limited to 55 %. We increase this value to 70 % to ensure that elongated eddies are detected, a case often visible in highly dynamic regions and when eddies are interacting.\nThe META3.1exp dataset includes both the effective contour (outermost closed contour) and the speed contour (contour with the maximum averaged speed around it). The effective radius is deduced from the best-fit circle applied to the effective contour; similarly, the speed radius is derived from the best-fit circle applied to the speed contour. We chose to decrease the amplitude threshold from 1 to 0.4 cm, since with a minimum of five consecutive pixels within a contour, we ensure a minimum geographic imprint instead of limiting the amplitude parameter. Moreover, Faghmous et al. (2013) demonstrated that the 1 cm amplitude threshold and the associated 1 cm step between SSH levels used in Chelton et al. (2011) and followed in other studies led to the underestimation of the eddies' properties as the step is large and the geographical extent of the structures changes greatly between two steps. The 0.4 cm threshold implies a minimum of three SSH closed contours around an extremum to consider the area as an eddy, which is a reasonable compromise between the time of computation and the size of the detected eddies compared to the noise and the resolution of the altimetry maps. As only one extremum is accepted within an eddy, contrary to OSU, the position of this extremum is provided, but the location of the center is deduced from the best-fit circle of the speed contour. The change in the number of extrema allowed within an eddy contour strongly impacts eddy detection and the eddy's characteristics, and will be presented with more details in Sect. 3.1.3.\nWe also provide a new characteristic, the mean speed profile between the effective contour and SSH extremum, as proposed by the AMEDA detection and tracking algorithm from Le Vu et al. (2018). This speed profile is useful for dynamical investigation and comparison with theoretical eddy shapes. Specifying the speed and effective contours is very helpful for the collocation of altimetric-derived eddies with external data, such as sea surface temperature (SST), ocean color, surface salinity, winds, and in situ measurement methods as Argo floats, expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) or conductivity–temperature–depth (CTDs), Niskin bottle sampling, or larvae presence, since they allow for more precise anisotropic positioning of mesoscale eddies.\nTo ease the manipulation of these large files, the speed profiles and the contour data are regularly interpolated over 50 evenly spaced points.\nThe META2.0 dataset is composed of trajectories lasting more than 28 d, following the 4-week minimum eddy duration of Chelton et al. (2011). This limitation was linked to the weekly availability of the maps, and is close to the mean temporal resolution of 34 d of the altimetry maps (Ballarotta et al., 2019). The tracking procedure consists of searching for an eddy at the time step t+dt (dt=1 d) in a restricted area around the center of the eddy considered at t. After analyzing the mean displacement of eddies in the previous META1.0exp, the restricted area was set to evolve with latitude. From high latitudes towards 25∘, the radius of the restricted area is set to 50 km; then a progressive increase is made to reach a radius of 100 km at 10∘ latitude, since the eddies are larger and travel faster in the equatorial band. Searching within the restricted area prevents the association of unrelated eddies resulting in large jumps within a trajectory. The variation of the candidate eddy size at t+dt (amplitude and effective radius) must fall between 0.4 and 2.5 times the reference eddy size at dt. If several candidates are found at t+dt, the eddy added to the trajectory is the one minimizing a cost function based on the distance between the centers.\nAs for other tracking procedures (Chaigneau et al., 2008; Faghmous et al., 2015; Laxenaire et al., 2018; Le Vu et al., 2018; Li et al., 2016; Pegliasco et al., 2021c), we have to deal with the “missing eddy” problem, i.e., the disappearance of an eddy for some days between altimetric ground tracks in the mapped SSH fields, or due to restrictions imposed by the detection procedure. This “missing eddy problem” is solved by authorizing the research of a new candidate eddy over several days; we chose 4 d. To consider the eddy's displacement, the radius of the search area is increased by each supplementary day (Fig. 1a). If after 1, 2, 3, or 4 d a candidate is available, it is associated with the trajectory. The days without eddies are flagged to identify a virtual eddy, whose characteristics are interpolated from the two detected eddies. Thus, there are at most three consecutive virtual observations over the 4 d gap. Due to the extension of the search area, candidates may be found that cross land. To avoid this, a land management process checks if the core of the eddies, represented as one-fifth of their respective speed radius, is able to move from one eddy to another without crossing land (Fig. 1b). When crossing land, the eddy tracking association is not allowed. If after 4 d of research, no candidates are found, the trajectory is stopped.\nThe tracking procedure used in META3.1exp is different, based on the overlap of the effective contours and not on the search over a restricted area. Tracking by overlap has shown its robustness with daily mapped data (Keppler et al., 2018; Laxenaire et al., 2018; Li et al., 2016; Pegliasco, 2015; Pegliasco et al., 2021c), since the day-to-day general displacement of mesoscale eddies does not exceed 10 km. Here an eddy candidate is retained if the overlap ratio, defined as the ratio between the overlapping area and the union of the two eddies' areas, is more than 5 %. This allows us to track a small eddy included in a large eddy (or the reverse situation) due to eddy splitting (or merging). Note that 95 % of the eddy matches have an overlap ratio of greater than 20 %. No restrictions are imposed on the radius or amplitude variations, since we observed that in the case of merging of two small eddies into one, or the splitting of one large eddy in two, the rapid variation of the radius prematurely ends one trajectory and starts a new one in META2.0. In the case of several candidate eddies, the larger overlap ratio is retained. Even if the merging and splitting events are not recorded in the tracking procedure for META3.1exp, the overlap method ensures the continuity of the trajectory when merging or splitting events occurs. The tracking procedure allows us to search for a candidate eddy for up to 5 d instead of 4 d since the overlap ensures geographic proximity. This proximity was the only criterion in the cost function used in META2.0 in case of several candidates, whose numbers increase significantly when the radius of the search area and time increase. As for META2.0, flagged virtual observations are used to fill the days without eddies within a trajectory (at most four consecutive virtual observations to fill the gap in detection).\nTo test the ability of this new tracking method to produce robust trajectories, we investigate the characteristics of the trajectories obtained with the two different methods (restricted area and overlap) from a similar detection made with the PET algorithm on the two-satellites ADT maps high-pass filtered with a 700 km wavelength cutoff. Table 1 shows that more observations are associated with trajectories lasting at least 10 d when the overlap method is employed than with the restricted area method (∼91 % vs. ∼87 %). The observations within trajectories shorter than 10 d and the untracked eddies are less numerous with the overlap method. The number of virtual observations introduced consecutively is four for overlap tracking and three for restricted area tracking; nevertheless, fewer virtual eddies are needed in trajectories with overlap tracking than with restricted area tracking.\nWhen evaluating the distribution of the number of trajectories for different lifetimes (Fig. 2a), we should keep in mind that the majority of the trajectories built have lifetimes between 10 and 30 d, whether we use the overlap method (55 %) or the restricted area method (60 %), but only involved a small number of individual eddies (21 % for the overlap; 28 % for the restricted area; Fig. 2b). This implies that the analyses made on the remaining trajectories is representative of only half of the trajectories but concerns 70 %–80 % of the individual eddies. Regardless of the tracking method, trajectories lasting more than 6 months represent only a few percent of the dataset, but the overlap method detects twice as many very long trajectories than the restricted area method. Note that the occurrence of four consecutive virtual eddies in the case of the overlap tracking is stable over different eddy lifetimes, so longer trajectories do not particularly rely on the presence of more virtual eddies.\nWe can thus conclude that the overlap tracking is able to efficiently associate detected eddies into long trajectories, with no overuse of virtual observations for the longest trajectories.\n2.3 A similarity coefficient to compare atlases\nWith the development of multiple detection and tracking algorithms, the eddy community lacks a tool able to provide quantitative and qualitative comparison of the atlases. The similarity coefficient (SC) provides the association of detected and tracked eddies between two (or more) atlases, with the quantification of the similarity of their respective physical characteristics.\nThe SC compares the eddies detected in different databases having the same formalism: each eddy is saved with a rotating sense, position, amplitude, radius, time, trajectory, and contours. As for the tracking procedure, when we want to associate similar eddies within a trajectory, here we search for one eddy at a time t in one atlas (the reference) and check if there is a corresponding eddy in another atlas (the study) at the same time, using the overlap of the effective contours of those eddies. The SC is defined in Eq. (1) as the ratio between the intersection of the eddies' effective areas in the reference and the studied atlases and the union of their effective areas, expressed in percent:\nHere, we will investigate the SC computed for anticyclones and cyclones separately, but the SC can also be performed by cross-referencing anticyclones and cyclones, in order to evaluate the occurrence of opposite detection in the atlases.\nWhen an eddy has no match in the other atlas, its SC is 0 %. When the two eddies are identical (same contour and position), their SC is 100 %. We define four specific groups of eddies depending on their SCs: (i) unmatched eddies, with no association or very low overlap (SC < 5 %); (ii) different eddies (eddies with low SCs, between 5 % and 20 %); (iii) intermediate eddies (eddies with SCs between 20 % and 40 %); (iv) similar eddies (eddies with high SCs, over 40 %; Fig. 3). Eddies can be well positioned but with different radii: in the idealized case of two eddies represented by circles where one is included in the other, an SC above 40 % implies a maximum ratio between the eddies' radii of ; thus they are very similar eddies in location but also in physical characteristics. Eddies with no SC (0 %) are the novelty, as they were not present in any atlas. Eddies with low SCs are representative of the differences between the two atlases, as they are present in both but quite different in their location and characteristics. Note that with the SC definition used here, an eddy included in another eddy and shifted eddies are treated similarly (Fig. 3).\nSince the META2.0 product does not provide eddy contours, in all comparisons made with this dataset we replaced contours with the circles built from the center and the radius values.\nAfter the visualization of the SCs between different atlases, we noticed that some complex oceanic regions (high latitudes where sea ice can be present, semi-enclosed seas with complex dynamics and topography) have lower SCs and more unmatched eddies than in the open ocean; thus we decided to restrict the SC applications to the major open oceanic basins. Only ∼10 % of eddies are removed from the analysis with this open ocean selection. These non-selected eddies are available in both META2.0 and META3.1exp, users interested in these critical zones are welcome to analyze them regionally and provide feedback. All of the following results are obtained with this geographic mask.\n2.3.2 Validation of the similarity coefficient capacity: study case of the all-satellites versus two-satellites detection\nTo evaluate the ability of the SC to accurately identify changes, we present here the results obtained from the following datasets. The reference atlas is comprised of the detections made with PET using the two-satellites ADT maps, and the study atlas is made with PET on the all-satellites ADT maps. Both atlases use the high-pass filter with a 700 km cutoff wavelength. The only difference between the atlases is the number of satellites used in the production of the SSH maps and the way the along-track SLA is built (see Sect. 2.1).\nThe SC captures well the influence of the temporal variation of the satellite constellation in the representation of mesoscale eddies (Fig. 4). From 1993 to 2000, the period where only two altimetric missions were providing data, 94.3 % of the detected eddies of the all-satellites-based atlas have SCs higher than 40 % (i.e., very similar eddies). The new eddies (SC = 0 %, brown) represent 3.6 % of the dataset. Eddies with the lowest SCs (5 %–40 %) represent only 1.9 % of the dataset, and the 0.2 % multiple matched eddies are anecdotal. The small differences between eddies detected in the all- and two-satellites products are directly linked to the different processing procedures used to build the maps, with the absence of mean profiles in the two-satellite product. The SCs are also very homogeneous in time, except from January 1994 to March 1995, where only Topex/Poseidon was delivering data.\nAfter 2000, not only was the processing of the maps different, but the number of satellites changed, with up to six satellites in the constellation. The introduction of more than two satellites is well captured by the SC method, as the rupture in the homogeneous spatiotemporal two-satellites sampling coincides with a reduction of the observations with the highest similarities between the two-satellites and all-satellites detections (only 73.7 % of observations with SCs ≥ 40 %). Multiple matched eddies are few after 2000 (2.2 %) but more than before. After 2000, the proportion of the lowest SCs (<40 %) is 11.7 %, and the new eddies represent 12.4 % of the all-satellites dataset. The repartitioning of the SCs in time is not homogeneous but reacts to the changes in the constellation (Fig. 4), highlighting the sensitivity of the eddy detection to the mapping procedure. The geographic distribution of the SCs after 2000 (not shown) indicate strong similarities under the reference mission tracks, which is expected as the reference missions are shared by the all- and two-satellites products, and lower similarities and new eddies in the diamond-shaped observation gaps between the reference tracks, where the additional satellites enhance the mesoscale representation. Thus, the increased number of eddies with the lowest SCs testifies for a repositioning of the mesoscale structures. The new eddies are captured by the higher spatial resolution of the satellite tracks in the all-satellites product.\n3.1 Assessment of the PET algorithm and parameters\nWe recall that in addition to the modification of the tracking scheme, three major changes are made in the transition from META2.0 to META3.1exp version: (1) the change of input maps, from SLA to ADT; (2) the change in the filtering step, from 1000 to 700 km for the cutoff wavelength of the 2D filter; (3) the evolution of the detection algorithm, from OSU to PET. These changes need careful evaluation, not just a simple analysis of the distribution of the main characteristics of the detected eddies in the final META2.0 and META3.1exp products, even with the SC. With a direct comparison, the impact of the various changes on the main eddy characteristics will be mixed and could compensate for each other. Thus, we produced intermediate atlases to separately assess each change.\nFor each comparison step, we characterized the continuity between the tested datasets, the novelty, and their differences.\n3.1.1 Eddy detection and tracking from SLA to ADT\nHistorically, the detection of eddies was made using SLA maps, regardless of the detection method (Chaigneau et al., 2008, 2009; Chelton et al., 2007, 2011; Dilmahamod et al., 2018; Dong et al., 2014; Mason et al., 2014; Morrow et al., 2004; Yi et al., 2014), mainly because SLA maps were the most reliable altimetric field, due to residual geoid errors in the mean. The collocation of in situ data with detected eddies confirmed the robustness of SLA-based detections in the open ocean, with a clear distinction between AEs and CEs in agreement with the theory (Castelao, 2014; Chaigneau et al., 2011; Keppler et al., 2018; Melnichenko et al., 2017; Pegliasco, 2015; Zhang et al., 2016; Zu et al., 2019). Nevertheless, these studies were conducted in open-ocean regions where the MDT is mostly homogeneous; thus the SLA was able to correctly represent the mesoscale eddies following their basic description: rotating structures in a homogeneous background, which appear as anomalies. But in specific areas where the mean circulation has strong spatial gradients, various studies highlighted the discrepancies between in situ observations and SLA-detected eddies, such as in the Mozambique Channel (de Ruijter et al., 2002; Halo et al., 2014; Schouten et al., 2003). The SLA, as stated by its name, is an anomaly over a temporal mean. But when the temporal mean contains the signature of a mean mesoscale structure, such as a recurrent meander or eddy, the SLA only reflects the variation of the sea surface height relative to the mesoscale structure (Rio et al., 2014). Thus, a positive SLA can either represent an anticyclonic eddy, the weakening of a cyclonic meander or eddy, or the reinforcement of an anticyclonic meander or eddy. Similarly, a negative SLA can be a cyclonic eddy, reflecting a weakening of an anticyclonic circulation or the reinforcement of a cyclonic circulation.\nWith the more recent improvements in the quality of the MDT (Rio et al., 2014), several studies have started to be based on ADT-detected eddies, in the Agulhas Retroflection region (Doglioli et al., 2007; Laxenaire et al., 2018, 2019; Rubio et al., 2009) or the Mediterranean Sea (Ioannou et al., 2017; Le Vu et al., 2018; Mkhinini et al., 2014), both regions being known for their non-homogeneous mean circulation. In the Mediterranean Sea, the comparison of SLA- and ADT-detected eddies led to the conclusion that ADT fields should be preferred over SLA fields when detecting eddies in oceanic regions with inhomogeneous MDT (Pegliasco et al., 2021c). In the global ocean, the regions where the MDT contains sharp gradients or recurrent meanders are the most energetic regions where strong currents are present, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), the Kuroshio, the Gulf Stream, the Agulhas Retroflection, and the Zapiola Eddy. These regions also play an important role in the redistribution of heat over large scales, involving the eddies generated by the destabilization of the major currents (Zu et al., 2019). An accurate detection of eddies in these specific areas is thus of great importance.\nConsidering only the eddies included in trajectories lasting at least 10 d in the open ocean that were detected in ADT maps, and matched with SLA-detected eddies included in trajectories lasting at least 10 d in the open ocean, we obtained the following distribution. 77 % of the ADT eddies found matches with SCs higher than 40 % of the SLA eddies. So, the majority of open-ocean eddies have a similar distribution of radii, amplitude, and lifetimes, whether we use the original ADT or SLA fields. Of interest here is the smaller group of 11 % of the ADT eddies that are newly detected and/or tracked with regards to SLA-detected eddies. The eddies with SCs below 40 % also represent 11 % of the ADT eddies. Less than 1 % of the ADT eddies have multiple matches with SLA eddies.\nThe lowest SCs and the new eddies are concentrated in the coastal regions, near islands, and in the strong open-ocean current systems mentioned above (Fig. 5). These are often regions where the filtered MDT contains specific patterns (Fig. 7). Since closed MDT circulations can be present in the ADT maps but not in the SLA maps, new eddies with the same rotating sense are generated in those closed MDT circulations. This implies a strong polarization of the presence of the ADT-detected cyclones and anticyclones, whereas eddies are more homogeneous in space in the SLA maps, regardless of their rotation. Figure 6 highlights the difference in the percentage of time spent by each grid point within cyclones or anticyclones, in the northwestern Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf Stream, two regions where strong differences arise depending on the SSH used for the detection.\nIn the Gulf of Mexico, the main Loop Current enters the Gulf from the south via the Yucatan Channel and circulates as a loop (dashed blue line in Fig. 6). An anticyclonic eddy sometimes detaches from the loop and drifts through the Gulf, and is known as the Loop Current Eddy (LCE). This specific circulation is associated with Frontal Loop Current Cyclonic Eddies (FLCEs) on the edges of the current, which can participate in the shedding of the LCE (Le Hénaff et al., 2012; Schmitz, 2005). The ADT-detected eddies collocate well with these anticyclonic and cyclonic circulation features, whereas the SLA-detected eddies are more homogeneous in the Gulf of Mexico, with cyclones as frequent as anticyclones at the mean position of the Loop Current. Rather than being of specific polarity, these SLA eddies represent the waxing and waning of the Loop Current and the Loop Current Eddies.\nEddies generated within the Gulf Stream vein are also quite different depending on their detection with SLA or ADT maps. The SLA-detected anticyclones and cyclones are often both present within the principal vein of the current (Fig. 6a and b, and dashed blue line), with fewer occurrences immediately south of it. Those eddies are often surrounded by eddies rotating in the opposite direction, thus preferentially cold-core cyclones to the south and warm-core anticyclones to the north. For the ADT-detected eddies, the north–south difference is clearer, with a majority of the anticyclones detected just south of the mean axis, and cyclones dominating to the north (Fig. 6c and d). ADT-detected anticyclones are found again at higher latitudes, and cyclones below ∼35∘ N. Note that these high occurrences away from the main vein may be related to the large rings initially embedded in the meanders and known for their clear signature in SST images, whereas the marked occurrences near the vein are likely linked to the continuous small recirculations on both sides of the current (Chi et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Waterman and Hoskins, 2013). Such behavior occurs similarly in other oceanic regions where the MDT contains sharp gradients. For those regions, SLA-detected structures can reflect the reinforcement, weakening, or displacement of mean jets and eddies with an imprint on the MDT, instead of the long-term polarity of the structures. Users specifically interested in such areas are welcome to provide feedback.\n3.1.2 Adaptation of the filtering step\nIn the first census of detected and tracked eddies at the global scale and for the whole altimetry area, Chelton et al. (2011) implemented a pre-processing step to filter out the large scale from the SLA maps. This filter of 20∘ longitude and 10∘ latitude half-power cutoff wavelengths efficiently removed the large SLA scales such as the heating and cooling steric effects and other large-scale patterns, like the chevron patterns visible in the tropical Pacific (see Fig. 1 of Chelton et al., 2011). The filter also rebases the local extrema on a neutral level, which helps to close contours present in these large-scale patterns. In a smaller regional study, Mason et al. (2014) proposed a different large-scale filtering with a Gaussian filter of radius of 10∘ longitude and 5∘ latitude, and obtained similar results in the Canary Island region. The filter used to preprocess the META2.0 maps is a 2D Lanczos filter with half-power cutoff wavelengths of 1000 km on both the zonal and meridional dimensions, used to prevent the impact of the non-equivalence of degrees and kilometric distances with latitude. This filter was adapted for SLA maps, where the background gradients cover oceanic basins. But in the ADT maps, strong localized gradients linked to the MDT are present, particularly in the intense current areas (the ACC, the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio, the Agulhas Retroflection, and the Zapiola Eddy). These currents and their meanders have typical mesoscale dimensions. Thus, the filter must efficiently separate the small and the large scales of the MDT and of the SLA to provide adequately filtered ADT maps. The change from 1000 km to a smaller cutoff wavelength was motivated by the behavior of the filter in the areas of intense currents. Since the MDT gradients are sharp, the larger filter cut-off allowed for an expansion of the gradients after filtering, implying a loss of the physical content of the filtered maps. Different half-power cutoff wavelengths were tested, including without filtering, and SLA and ADT eddy detections were made from the various filtered maps. A compromise was reached between keeping all of the mesoscale structures in the strong current areas of the MDT in the filtered maps and properly filtering the large-scale equatorial patterns by using a 700 km half-power cutoff wavelength. With this filtering, we reduced the number of large-scale eddy-shaped structures that can be detected in the low-frequency MDT and maintained the dimensions of the remaining eddy-shaped structures above 300 km radius. The remaining high-pass-filtered MDT structures are presented in Fig. 7. The large-scale patterns in the equatorial band are efficiently removed and the strong currents gradients are preserved.\nTo ensure the continuity of the eddy representation with this change in large-scale filtering, we applied the SC to the trajectories obtained from the PET detection with the two-satellites ADT maps filtered with a half-power cutoff wavelength of 1000 and 700 km. The number of the selected eddies is close, with 55.5 million detected eddies for the 1000 km half-power cutoff wavelength and 59.4 million detected eddies at 700 km. 87 % of the open ocean eddies detected and tracked for more than 10 d with the 700 km half-power cutoff wavelength matched those detected and tracked with a 1000 km half-power cutoff wavelength, with SCs higher than 40 %. Only 9 % of them are new eddies, and 4 % have SCs below 40 %. The lowest SCs and the new eddies are concentrated in the strong current areas mentioned above, since the decrease in the half-power cutoff wavelength maintains more of the sharp gradients of these regions than with the original half-power 1000 km cutoff wavelength. The 700 km cutoff wavelength induces a slight increase of the amplitudes and the radii for the eddies with high SCs detected in the 700 km filtered ADT maps compared with the eddies detected in the 1000 km filtered ADT maps, but without influencing the lifetime of the trajectories.\nThus, the change in the filtering step provides a continuity of the detected eddies between the previous and the new half-power cutoff wavelength, yet ensures an adapted representation of eddies in the strong current areas in ADT maps.\n3.1.3 Change in the detection algorithm: from OSU to PET\nThe major change between the META2.0 and META3.1exp datasets is the change in the detection algorithm. To evaluate the impact of a detection made with the PET algorithm instead of the historical OSU one, we produced an intermediate dataset similar to META2.0 except for the detection algorithm.\nWe applied the PET detection algorithm to SLA maps filtered with a 1000 km half-power cutoff wavelength, and tracked the detected eddies with the restricted area method. We lowered the minimum lifetime threshold to 10 d and provided statistics only for the open ocean. The first striking result is that even with minimum lifetimes of at least 10 d, the PET-detected eddies outnumbered the OSU-detected eddies by a factor of 1.7, with, respectively, 5936 daily eddies for PET (59.4 million over the total period) and 3445 daily eddies for OSU (34.9 million over the total period). Table 2 presents a repartition of the detected eddies after the pairing between the datasets. Despite the large number of new eddies detected with PET (1994 daily new eddies), there is also a higher quantity of eddies with high SCs (2318 daily eddies), meaning there are a larger number of similar eddies detected between META2.0 and the intermediate atlas. In comparison, the low and intermediate SCs represent only 575 daily eddies. Contrary to the other analyses in this paper, PET eddies often have multiple matches (17 % of the datasets) and a large number of unmatched eddies (33 %), which needs to be investigated.\nTo qualitatively compare the eddies detected with the two algorithms, we analyzed the repartition of the SCs' categories as a function of the effective radius (Fig. 8) and amplitude (not shown). To provide an idea of the distribution of the effective radius for each dataset, we represent for each SC category its percentage relative to a constant number of eddies. The vertical lines of Fig. 8 delimits the bounds of each effective radius class containing 5 % of the total eddy population (∼1.7 million eddies in a class for OSU, ∼2.9 million eddies for PET). Lines close to each other highlight a concentration of eddies for the corresponding effective radii. In general, the PET-detected eddy population has smaller effective radii than the OSU-detected eddy population, with a median radius of 55 km for PET and 90 km for OSU. Nevertheless, the population of OSU-detected eddies matching the PET-detected eddies with high SCs is present for all the effective radius classes (Fig. 8a, blue), except for the smallest PET-detected eddies with effective radii below 30 km. 62 % of the OSU-detected eddies are thus detected similarly with the PET algorithm, ensuring the continuity between the two detections.\nThe new eddies, represented by the unmatched PET-detected eddies, have a quantity comparable with similarly detected eddies (33 % of the PET dataset for the unmatched eddies, 39 % for the high SCs eddies, Table 2). The new eddies are over-represented in the smallest effective radius classes (Fig. 8b, brown). The eddies that were not detected with OSU may arise from three OSU thresholds in the detection scheme: the absence of detection near the Equator (±2.5∘), the 1 cm amplitude limitation, and the absence of gaps between pixels in latitude or longitude. The PET algorithm detects eddies near the Equator, accepts amplitudes above 0.4 cm, and tolerates a maximum shape error of 70 %. With only 91 daily PET-detected eddies near the Equator, the change in the amplitude threshold is responsible for one-third of the new eddies (671 daily eddies under 1 cm, 37 of them near the Equator). The remaining two-thirds of new eddies (1269 daily new eddies) with amplitudes higher than 1 cm, including 555 daily eddies with amplitude higher than 2 cm, are located mainly in the coastal areas, in the ACC, in the Irminger Sea and east of the Reykjanes Ridge. Note that the requirement of having no gap between adjacent pixels combined with the 1 cm amplitude threshold in the OSU algorithm might block eddy detection near the coastline due to the presence of land pixels, whereas the PET algorithm, with the interpolation of the SSH levels, can more easily close contours in these areas.\nRegardless of their size or amplitude, we are interested in the behavior of these new detected eddies from a dynamical point of view, since being part of a long trajectory is synonymous with persistence. We note that these new, unmatched PET-detected eddies are present homogeneously from 15 % to 85 % of the normalized lifetimes, with a slightly higher amount present during the early phase (0 %–15 % of the normalized lifetime) and at the very end (85 %–100 % of the normalized lifetime; not shown). Smaller eddies are expected to be particularly involved in the growth and the decay of the trajectories. This result reinforces the robustness of the new eddies, for the smallest as well as for the larger ones.\nEddies with multiple matches are particularly numerous when comparing the OSU and PET detections (∼17 % of the datasets). The multiple matches category is divided into three subgroups: the parents of twins, where one eddy matches with two eddies; the twins, associated with a unique parent eddy; and complex multiple matches, where more than two parents or children associations coexist. This last subgroup represents only ∼2 % of the datasets. It is more frequent to associate one larger eddy detected with OSU with two smaller eddies detected with PET than the reverse: 12 % of the OSU-detected eddies are parents, and 3 % are twins, whereas 1 % of PET-detected eddies are parents and 15 % are twins. This is directly linked to the possibility in the OSU detection to have more than one extremum within an eddy. This specificity was initially developed to treat the SSH irregularities or to detect eddies in close proximity, and avoid too large changes in the eddy's characteristics from one weekly map to another (Chelton et al., 2011). With the improved daily altimetric maps now available, detecting eddies with more than one extremum often results in the matching of two unrelated eddies, with clear separated trajectories, but in close proximity. The OSU multiple extrema eddies also tend to have large effective radii and amplitudes compared to the corresponding unique PET-detected eddies. This implies that when the multiple extrema structure separates into two (or more, though rarely) eddies, the change in radius and amplitude is quite important, and thus exceeds the limitations specified in the restricted area tracking. Thus, instead of following one of the two (or more) structures, the trajectory is stopped and a new one starts for each separated eddy.\nOne example of the complex associations of eddies in a double extrema eddy detected by OSU is highlighted in Fig. 9. One single META2.0 main dark blue trajectory is followed along its path west of Australia for more than 6 months. The PET-detected eddies are associated with three smaller but coherent trajectories (PET1, PET2, PET3; see Fig. 9). At first, PET1 (in yellow) is coherent with the beginning of the META2.0 investigated trajectory. On 22 December 2008 (Fig. 9b), PET1 and PET2 (in red) are close enough to be detected as a single multiple extrema eddy in the META2.0 investigated trajectory. Nevertheless, the two independent PET trajectories do not merge and remain separated, as visible in the SLA contours and the chlorophyll background in Fig. 9b and c. Between 15 January 2009 (Fig. 9c) and 26 January 2009 (Fig. 9d), the META2.0 detection finally stops considering a large structure including PET1 and PET2 and only follows PET2. For this step, the restricted area-tracking scheme of META2.0 includes a virtual observation corresponding to an isolated position, due to the very rapid shape change. Meanwhile, the PET1 trajectory was caught by another META2.0 trajectory (in light blue). A similar scenario is repeated after 9 February 2009 (Fig. 9e) with the investigated trajectory encompassing the PET2 and PET3 (in orange) trajectories from 23 February to 20 April 2009 (Fig. 9f–i). Allowing the detection of a multiple extrema eddy led to a jump in the eddy's position, as it is calculated from the centroid of the SLA within the eddy. But again, despite the proximity of the two PET trajectories, the SLA and the chlorophyll maps attest to the absence of intense eddy interactions occurring before the main merging events. A few days after 2 April, the META2.0 investigated trajectory was stopped due to an important variation in the position and the radius of the eddies. A new META2.0 trajectory started, following the PET2 trajectory (light blue, Fig. 9j) whereas the PET3 trajectory corresponds to another META2.0 trajectory a few days before 30 May 2009 (Fig. 9k). Even though the main path of the trajectories depicted here is quite similar between PET and META2.0, their evolution is very different. The PET eddy trajectories never interacted enough to be considered as unique structures, as shown by their independent chlorophyll signature, and the PET2 and PET3 trajectories lasted longer than the META2.0 trajectory, without interacting with PET1. The possibility of detecting multiple extrema eddies in META2.0 may be in anticipation of merging events, or a better representation of splitting events, but they are also more likely to merge independent eddies. In addition to the inconsistency of the META2.0 trajectory dynamics, the META2.0 representation of eddies as an isotropic circle, and not by the real eddy contours, can lead to wrong associations of external data with the eddies, in particular in the case of the multiple extrema eddies. The series of snapshots in Fig. 9b–k highlight that the areas encompassed by the circles are likely to mix signatures from the eddies and the background field, and from different but geographically close eddies, whether of the same polarity or not. This example is illustrated online (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Vs3ZJNMViw, last access: 8 March 2022). In the video, we released particles within eddies' contours on 11 December 2008, and then advected them over time for the PET trajectories and the META2.0 investigated trajectory. The particles stayed within the PET eddies' cores for longer than the META2.0 investigated trajectory. The absence of merging events is highlighted, as each PET trajectory retains most of its particles within the contours. The particles clearly showed the benefit of providing eddy's contours instead of circles, and of detecting single rather than multiple extrema eddies in order to properly represent mesoscale eddies dynamics.\nThis example is not an isolated case; the behavior of the META2.0 trajectories, especially involving multi cores eddies, can be quite different from the PET trajectories. Unfortunately, metrics to quantify exactly how they differ are not available due to the complexity of the problem. Note that a recent study of You et al. (2022) also pointed to discrepancies in the location of eddies in the South China Sea provided by META2.0, due to the differences between the SLA extremum and the centroid of the eddies and to the multiple-extrema eddies in the case of close eddies or without circular shapes.\n3.2 Assessment of META3.1exp product\nThe new META3.1exp product differs from the META2.0 product regarding the input SSH field, the half-power cutoff wavelength used to filter it, and the detection and tracking algorithms. We saw in Sect. 3.1. that the change of the input field from SLA to ADT slightly decreased the number of detected eddies, whereas the change in the cutoff wavelength from 1000 to 700 km increased the number of detected eddies, but neither change strongly impacted the radii and amplitudes' distributions. On the other hand, the PET algorithm detected many more eddies than the OSU algorithm on the same maps (1.7 times more), and the change from the restricted area method to the overlap tracking also increased the number of trajectories lasting more than 10 d, especially for the longest lifetimes. Thus, when directly comparing the META2.0 and META3.1exp number of eddies and trajectories (Table 3), we can attribute the higher number of eddies in META3.1exp (1.8 times more) to the change of the algorithm. This implies more trajectories, and the change in tracking increases the percentage of trajectories lasting more than 30 d in the META3.1exp product compared to the META2.0 product. The number of eddies involved in the longer trajectories is similar in percentage between the two products, but represents almost twice as many eddies in META3.1exp than in META2.0. Note that the short trajectories (10 to 30 d) of META2.0 are not delivered to the users, but were processed here to be coherent with the META3.1exp description.\nAs noted in the previous section, the difficulty in comparing mesoscale eddy atlases is to identify which eddies are new, and in the conserved eddies, if they are similar or not. We provide in Fig. 10 the global distribution of the effective radius and amplitude of eddies detected and tracked for at least 10 d in the META2.0 and META3.1exp products. Remember that 62 % of the META2.0 eddies are associated with high SCs with the PET-detected eddies over the same input field (SLA filtered with a 1000 km half-power cutoff wavelength) and that 33 % of the PET-detected eddies are new, with a high proportion of small size eddies, both in amplitude and radius. The shorter trajectories lasting from 10 to 30 d have more than 5 % of the involved eddies with effective radii below 50 km in the META2.0 product, whereas a large number of eddies with these small dimensions are associated with the trajectories of META3.1exp, regardless of their lifetime (Fig. 10a). Indeed, eddies with amplitudes below 1 cm that are detected in META3.1exp (but not in META2.0) are often associated with short trajectories, but there are still small-amplitude eddies present in the longer trajectories (Fig. 10b), especially at the start and the ends of the trajectories. The smaller structures have physical consistency since they contribute to the short and long trajectories, despite being close to the resolution of the altimetric maps.\nFor the larger eddies, the amplitude values associated with the 75th percentile for the different lifetimes are always lower in the META3.1exp product than in the META2.0 product, except for the trajectories lasting more than 1 year. For the effective radius, the median values of the isotropic META2.0 eddies are higher than the more complex META3.1exp eddies by 35 km, for all lifetimes longer than 30 d. The largest (95th) percentile of the effective radius in META2.0 decreases as the lifetime increases, whereas in META3.1exp this value increases to reach a plateau around 145 km. These shifts towards higher radii and amplitudes can be explained by the absence of multiple extrema within an eddy in META3.1exp, since the presence of those multiple extrema eddies are a source of discrepancies in the construction of coherent trajectories, and are poorly linked to the chlorophyll data (9).\nFinally, following the analyses of Chelton et al. (2011), Fig. 11 shows the different geographical distributions of the long-lived trajectories (more than 365 d) for META2.0 and META3.1exp. The number of trajectories in META3.1exp is twice that of META2.0, and the higher latitudes exhibit more trajectories. The main geographical differences are linked to the increased detection from using ADT maps and not SLA. In particular, the more energetic regions are highly variable in SLA, allowing for the detection of anticyclones and cyclones over mean patterns, with very different patterns in the ADT detection. As presented in Sect. 3.1.1, the ADT-built trajectories are organized following the MDT patterns. The META3.1exp has more dynamical trajectories than META2.0 when tracking the anticyclonic Agulhas Rings and the cyclonic center of the Zapiola Eddy in the South Atlantic, the anticyclones and cyclones generated in the lee of Cabo Verde or the Hawaiian islands, the cyclones generated by the Leeuwin Current west of Australia and anticyclones generated south of Australia, the southern part of the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream veins, the Haida anticyclones in the Alaskan Gyre, and all the recurrent anticyclones of the Mediterranean Sea. Nevertheless, some very static trajectories at high latitudes are suspected to be linked to the mapping methodology and thus should be taken with caution, and warrant further validation through independent data colocation.\nThe detection and tracking algorithms, as well as the implemented similarity coefficient, have been freely released under a GPL V3 license (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6333989; Delepoulle et al., 2022) in the Python language. A large gallery of illustrated and documented routines to help with the data manipulation and visualization is available, and is updated when new methods are developed (https://py-eddy-tracker.readthedocs.io/en/v3.3.1/; py-eddy-tracker, 2022).\nWe produced two versions of META3.1exp in Delayed Time. The META3.1exp_twosat (https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2021.002, Pegliasco et al., 2021b) presented here is based on the two-satellites maps (C3S), ensuring a stability of the represented scales in space and time. This product is recommended for long-term analyses, including climate studies. The META3.1exp_allsat (https://doi.org/10.24400/527896/a01-2021.001, Pegliasco et al., 2021a) is based on the CMEMS all-satellites maps to take advantage of the entire constellation, providing a better but inhomogeneous representation of the smaller scales in space and time depending on the available satellites (Fig. 4).\nThe META3.1exp two-satellites and all-satellites products are available without restrictions at the following AVISO repository: https://data.aviso.altimetry.fr/aviso-gateway/data/META3.1exp_DT/; AVISO+ User Service, 2022). The associated handbook describes the variables stored in the NETcdf files (SALP-MU-P-EA-23489-CLS, 2021). Six files are provided for each META3.1exp (Table 4). For both cyclones and anticyclones, the untracked files contain all the individual eddies with no association in trajectories, the “short” files are for the trajectories lasting strictly less than the minimum lifetime parameter, set here at 10 d, and the “long” files are for the trajectories lasting at least the minimum lifetime parameter. The global attributes of each file inform the users of the algorithm version used to produce them, with their specific detection and tracking parameters. Be aware that the files are compressed, but loading them to use them will decompress the files. Since loading the contours is memory consuming, we recommend loading the files without these variables and make an extraction of the time period and geographic area of interest with the EddySubSetter application.\nNote that each threshold and parameter (input maps, cutoff wavelength, amplitude, shape error, number of pixels, trajectory lifetime) used to produce the META3.1exp datasets can be adapted by the users if they found the datasets not suitable for their study. The flexibility of the detection and tracking schemes is a strong advantage of the py-eddy-tracker package.\nWe present the new global Mesoscale Eddy Trajectory Atlas (META3.1exp). Numerous evolutions have been made from the META2.0 product, mainly to provide useful characteristics for users, in particular the eddy contours, which are mandatory for efficient colocation of eddies with other data. Moreover, some details of the detection and tracking algorithm were developed for weekly altimetric maps, with less accuracy than the daily products available at present, and needed to be adapted. The code has been freely released under a GPL V3 license (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6333989, Delepoulle et al., 2022) in the Python language, and the routines for data manipulation and visualization have been documented.\nThe changes between the META2.0 and META3.1exp concern the input sea level field, its filtering, the detection algorithm, and the tracking scheme. We developed a methodology to compare intermediate datasets where only one change is made at a time, and to compute an SC between matching eddies, from the ratio between their overlap area and their union. Using these diagnostics, we have quantified eddies which are similar in the intermediate datasets (SC over 40 %), those which differ (SC between 5 % and 40 %), those with multiples matches, and the new eddies present in only one dataset. The analysis was made on restricted datasets including only eddies in the open ocean involved in trajectories lasting at least 10 d, although all geographical regions and shorter eddy trajectories are included in the full dataset.\nPerforming the detection of mesoscale eddies on the ADT instead of SLA maps allows us to better represent ocean dynamics, since the SLA detected over strong MDT features represents their variability (weakening, reinforcement, displacement) but not their absolute polarity (anticyclones or cyclones). This eddy-detection change isolated from the others slightly reduced the number of detected eddies. Nevertheless, a large majority of eddies (77 %) are very similar between the ADT and the SLA detection in the open ocean, with no marked influence on the radius and amplitude distributions. The major impact induced by the use of ADT maps is the geographical reorganization of the trajectories, with preferential occurrence of anticyclones (cyclones) over anticyclonic (cyclonic) MDT patterns in the META3.1exp dataset. To take into account the sharp gradients introduced in the ADT by the MDT while maintaining the mesoscale patterns in the filtered maps, the half-power cutoff wavelength was reduced from 1000 to 700 km. This change slightly increased the number of detected eddies, and the similar eddies (87 % of the dataset) had their radius and amplitude increased, but not significantly. The tracking scheme was also changed to improve the trajectories' reliability. Instead of searching for the eddy candidates to associate with a trajectory over a restricted area, the overlap method needs an overlap between the eddy and its next candidate, and the largest overlap is associated with the main trajectory in the case of multiple candidates. The number of consecutive virtual eddies introduced to respond to the “missing eddy problem” was increased from three to four. The overlap method follows eddies over longer lifetimes, and this occurs without overuse of virtual observations in the constitution of trajectories.\nThe major change comes with the detection algorithm change, from OSU, the historical detection algorithm, to the PET algorithm used to build the META3.1exp product. The PET algorithm detection is responsible for almost doubling the number of detected eddies compared with META2.0. Nevertheless, more than 60 % of the META2.0 eddies are similarly represented in the PET detection. Among the different eddies, two specific populations have been identified. First, eddies not detected in META2.0 are involved in trajectories regardless of their size. Despite a non-negligible quantity of these eddies having small amplitudes, their time consistency proves they are not noise or artifacts due to the mapping procedure. The other interesting category is the multiple extrema eddies authorized in META2.0, whereas the PET algorithm only retains eddies with a unique extremum. This implies that 17 % of the META2.0 eddies have multiple extrema and are associated with two individual eddies detected with the PET algorithm. Despite their smaller sizes, the unique PET-detected eddies have more consistent lifetimes than the multiple extrema eddies. Note that the multiple extrema eddies do not correspond with individual eddies interacting before merging or after splitting events. Moreover, multiple extrema eddies show less concordance with the chlorophyll data than the associated PET eddies. The combination of new eddies and two eddies instead of one multi-core eddy in the META3.1exp product pushes the amplitude and radius distributions towards smaller values compared with META2.0, despite the consistency of effective radius and amplitudes for the similar eddies. The additional eddies in META3.1exp were not detected or available at the global scale until now; they appear to be consistent with longer trajectories, but they still need scientific validation that can be provided by their colocation with independent data.\nEM and AD developed and maintained the PET code. AD provided new routines and methods, and generated the META3.1exp datasets and the intermediate atlases. AD and CP developed and analyzed the similarity coefficient, interpreted the results, and wrote the online documentation. CP wrote the manuscript, with inputs from AD. RM aided in interpreting the results and writing the manuscript. GD and YF supervised the project.\nThe contact author has declared that neither they nor their co-authors have any competing interests.\nPublisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\nThis research has been supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) by a Developing Use of Altimetry for Climate Studies (DUACS) R & D contract.\nThis paper was edited by Giuseppe M. R. Manzella and reviewed by two anonymous referees.\nAbernathey, R. and Haller, G.: Transport by Lagrangian Vortices in the Eastern Pacific, J. Phys. 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B., and Vandeperre, F.: Swirling in the ocean: Immature loggerhead turtles seasonally target old anticyclonic eddies at the fringe of the North Atlantic gyre, Prog. Oceanogr., 175, 345–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.05.005, 2019.\nChelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., Samelson, R. M., and de Szoeke, R. A.: Global observations of large oceanic eddies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15606, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030812, 2007.\nChelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., and Samelson, R. M.: Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 167–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002, 2011.\nChi, L., Wolfe, C. L. P., and Hameed, S.: The Distinction Between the Gulf Stream and Its North Wall, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 8943–8951, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083775, 2019.\nChristie, M. R., Tissot, B. N., Albins, M. A., Beets, J. P., Jia, Y., Ortiz, D. M., Thompson, S. E., and Hixon, M. A.: Larval Connectivity in an Effective Network of Marine Protected Areas, PLOS ONE, 5, e15715, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015715, 2010.\nDelepoulle, A., Mason, E., Busché, C., Pegliasco, C., Capet, A., Troupin, C., and Koldunov, N.: AntSimi/py-eddy-tracker: META3.1 Article (v3.3.1), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6333989, 2022.\nde Ruijter, W. P. M., Ridderinkhof, H., Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Schouten, M. W., and Veth, C.: Observations of the flow in the Mozambique Channel, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 140-1–140-3, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013714, 2002.\nDilmahamod, A. F., Aguiar-González, B., Penven, P., Reason, C. J. C., De Ruijter, W. P. M., Malan, N., and Hermes, J. C.: SIDDIES Corridor: A Major East-West Pathway of Long-Lived Surface and Subsurface Eddies Crossing the Subtropical South Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 5406–5425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC013828, 2018.\nDoglioli, A. M., Blanke, B., Speich, S., and Lapeyre, G.: Tracking coherent structures in a regional ocean model with wavelet analysis: Application to Cape Basin eddies, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05043, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003952, 2007.\nDong, C., McWilliams, J. C., Liu, Y., and Chen, D.: Global heat and salt transports by eddy movement, Nat. Commun., 5, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4294, 2014.\nEl Aouni, A.: A hybrid identification and tracking of Lagrangian mesoscale eddies, Phys. Fluids, 33, 036604, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0038761, 2021.\nFaghmous, J. H., Le, M., Uluyol, M., Kumar, V., and Chatterjee, S. B.: A parameter-free spatio-temporal pattern mining model to catalog global ocean dynamics, in: Proceedings – IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM, 13th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM 2013, 151–160, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2013.162, 2013.\nFaghmous, J. 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Tech., 27, 564–579, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHO725.1, 2010.\nPascual, A., Faugère, Y., Larnicol, G., and Le Traon, P.-Y.: Improved description of the ocean mesoscale variability by combining four satellite altimeters, Geophys. Res. 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+{"text": "Peter Cornillon wrote:\nJust to make sure i understand your terminology:\nfiles = physical files\ndatasets = logical files we want the user to see\nI don't think about datasets in a file concept. It could be a group of\nfiles, a single file,... I guess that the reason that I don't think about it that way is that the data need not be in digital form to be\ngrouped in a data set. Beach profiles that have been collected over\nthe past 50 years and consist of pages of numbers - monthly values of\ndepth below mean low water at specified distances from a marker in a given direction would qualify. I suppose that your definition is correct from a computer perspective, I just don't think of it that way.\nok, i didnt really mean to use the word \"file\". how about:\nIn a DODS server, a dataset is something you can get a DAS and DAP from.\ninventory = listing of datasets\nNo, a listing of datasets is what I refer to as a directory (not a\ndirectory on a computer). The GCMD is an example of same. An\ninventory is a listing of elements in a data set, it could be a\nlist of times for satellite images in an archive along with the physical location of the data (tape C18341 on a rack, or N861230147.hat in a computer directory on my machine) or a list\nof times and locations of each XBT in an XBT archive.\nquestion: what does it mean to \"group files into data sets\"? like the agg server?\nOne mightsay that all images in this projection, from this satellite,\nprocessed this way form a data. Or one could say that all images in\nthis projection, from this suite of satellites processed this way form a data set. Or... This is the trouble with data sets, different\npeople call different groupings of the data a data set. This caused\na lot of blood letting between NASA and NOAA a number of years back.\nThe idea is NOT to call every granule or every file in the system a\ndata set, you know the difference between lumpers and splitters. In\norder for us to make progress, we have to back off a bit and look at\nthe big picture, grouping things into data sets allows us to do that.\nThis is exactly the problem that the DODS crawler has. When it crawls\na site such as our satellite archive, it ends up with thousands of\nentries and the system or the person viewing the results struggles with a data overload, more information that s/he/it (humm... have\nto be careful with these gender neutral versions) wants or needs to\nlocate the group of files that define the object of interest. Given\nthat there is no precise definition for how to group files into a\ndata set, I think that we can reduce the amount of information that\nwe have to deal with to a reasonable view of the all the data on the\nsystem without losing much if anything. The crawler is likely to group\nthe files slightly differently in some cases than the human would, but\none could probably discover this pretty quickly and steer the crawler\nGenerating \"inventories of granules in data sets\" makes sense in the context of an agg server, but is there also meaning to it in the context of a normal DODS server?\nNot sure exactly what you mean here. We have file servers which are inventories of granules in data sets. Actually the terminology is a\nbit loose here also. The server in this case is a DODS FreeForm server.\nIt serves a table that contains a list of URLs with the characteristic(s)\nthat differentiate one URI from another, time in the case of our satellite\nNOTE: All email exchanges with Unidata User Support are recorded in the Unidata inquiry tracking system and then made publicly available through the web. If you do not want to have your interactions made available in this way, you must let us know in each email you send to us.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- ‘This Is The Worst Thanksgiving Of My Life’: Arlington Mechanic Watches Shop Crumble During Tornado\n- ‘It’s A New Start’: Richardson Couple Moves Into Newly-Built Home 1 Year After Tornado Destroyed House\n- Tornado causes damage, injuries in Dallas-area city\n- Hurricane season's last gasp? Forecasters tracking tropical disturbance\n- Drought, hail and a Thanksgiving staple: extreme weather delivered a hit to cranberry farmers\nAccording to WSOC, authorities are still searching for more people who were reportedly at the campsite when the flooding happened.\nThe campsite is called Hiddenite Family Campground. It is a family-owned campground located along the Yadkin River.\nFlood water overran the campsite around 6 a.m. Thursday.\nRescue crews from several different organizations assisted with the water rescue, sometimes pushing through several feet of moving water.\nWATCH: Roads in North Carolina flood during heavy rain\nCopyright © 2020 WTVD-TV. All Rights Reserved.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Barbara Ann Akens, 74, died Thursday, May 1 at her home in McMinnville. She was a native of Cannon County.\nShe was preceded in death by her parents, Jesse Frank Rogers and Mary Jean Lewis Rogers.\nShe is survived by her husband, Donald Lee Akens of McMinnville; stepdaughter, La Donna Elam of Lubbock, Texas; stepson, Russell Akens of Albuquerque, N.M.; siblings, Shelia J. (Rogers) Corley of McMinnville, Billy D. Rogers of Danville, Ind.; niece and nephew, Tina Price and Jesse Rogers both of Danville, Ind. Numerous step grandchildren and step great-grandchildren also survive.\nDuring her life, she was employed at Carrier and retired from Calsonic in Morrison. She was a homemaker, loved animals, decorating the home, shopping and reading. She was a member of the Church of Christ.\nGraveside service will be held at 2 p.m. Monday at Cherry Cemetery with Herb Alsup officiating. Visitation with the family will be from 10 a.m. until noon Monday at Woodbury Funeral Home.\nThe family wishes to thank the wonderful hospice volunteers who provided such loving care and suggests memorials to Amedisys Hospice Services or to a charity of your choice.\nTo Leave Online Condolences, please visit www.woodburyfuneralhome.net.\n(McMinnville, Tenn.) May 4, 2014", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Children's Museum of Cleveland - Volunteer Event!\nMath & Money Magic\nSponsored by: Leah Martinez\nDate & Time: Saturday, April 26, 2008 from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. (Eastern)\nTake a study break! Help kids learn math & money skills at Family Fun Night at The Children’s Museum of Cleveland! Volunteers will assist with various exhibits.\nPlease email Leah (firstname.lastname@example.org) if you plan to volunteer for this event.\nGBSA - Community Outreach\n10730 Euclid Avenue\nWeatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University cultivates creativity, innovation, and purpose-driven leadership to design a better world.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "From Our Editors\nStop by Sand Dunes Strength and Conditining in Miramar Beach today and have a fun-filled experience with the whole entire family. Get to the next level of fitness by creating a fitness regime specialized to your needs with one of the gym's personal trainers.\nSand Dunes Strength and Conditining's patrons can find places to park in the area. If you're ready to try something new, come to Sand Dunes Strength and Conditining!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I noticed today that my position was not being updated via PYKL3Radar (I know it is no longer a supported product, but, it was working before today). I then tried RadarScope (Android) and Radar Alive! Pro and neither one of those is working either. PYKL3 is throwing a \"Json parsing error:No value for id\" which appears at startup and if I ask it to validate the Spotternetwork login. The only way I have been able to update it is via the spotternetwork.org website (but, I have not tried other methods).", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Glacial lake inventory of high-mountain Asia in 1990 and 2018 derived from Landsat images\nThere is currently no glacial lake inventory data set for the entire high-mountain Asia (HMA) area. The definition and classification of glacial lakes remain controversial, presenting certain obstacles to extensive utilization of glacial lake inventory data. This study integrated glacier inventory data and 668 Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI images and adopted manual visual interpretation to extract glacial lake boundaries within a 10 km buffer from glacier extent using ArcGIS and ENVI software, normalized difference water index maps, and Google Earth images. The theoretical and methodological basis for all processing steps including glacial lake definition and classification, lake boundary delineation, and uncertainty assessment is discussed comprehensively in the paper. Moreover, detailed information regarding the coding, location, perimeter and area, area error, type, time phase, source image information, and subregions of the located lakes is presented. It was established that 27 205 and 30 121 glacial lakes (size 0.0054–6.46 km2) in HMA covered a combined area of 1806.47±2.11 and 2080.12±2.28 km2 in 1990 and 2018, respectively. The data set is now available from the National Special Environment and Function of Observation and Research Stations Shared Service Platform (China): https://doi.org/10.12072/casnw.064.2019.db (Wang et al., 2019a).\nAgainst the background of climate warming and the consequent widespread mass loss of glaciers in alpine regions, increasing volumes of glacial meltwater are being released. This results in glacial lake expansion and extended areas of low-lying terrain (e.g. depressions and troughs) left behind by retreating glaciers in which water can accumulate and new glacial lakes can form (Clague and Evans, 2000; Mool et al., 2001; Song et al., 2016). As both a water resource and a source of flash flood and debris flow hazards, glacial lakes participate in several natural processes, e.g. regional energy and water cycles (Slemmons et al., 2013); act as both indicators and containers of environmental information (Wang et al., 2016, 2019b; Zhang et al., 2019); and drive hillslope erosion and landscape evolution (Cook et al., 2018) in the alpine cryosphere. On the one hand, glacial lakes act as temporary storage for the meltwater resource because a considerable amount of meltwater is retained by glacial lake expansion; e.g. approximately 0.2 % a−1 of the total glacial meltwater was reserved in glacial lakes from 1990 to 2010 in the Tien Shan in central Asia (Wang et al., 2013). On the other hand, given the worldwide expansion in lake area in recent decades, the potential will increase for glacial lakes to develop into glacial lake outburst floods and related debris flows that could threaten downstream residents, infrastructure, and regional ecological and environmental security (Huggel et al., 2002; ICMOD, 2011; Bolch et al., 2012; Haeberli et al., 2016). Thus, glacial lakes perform important roles both in the meltwater cycle and in glacier hazard evolution in the cryosphere.\nFollowing the rapid development of remote sensing technology and computer science, remote sensing imagery acquired by various satellites and sensors has been used widely in glacial lake research. In particular, Landsat imagery has become the most important data source for the dynamic investigation of glacial lakes because of its wide coverage, continuous and long-term temporal sequence, and accessibility. Based on remote sensing data, both the distribution and the characteristics of change in glacial lakes in the mountains and watersheds in the high-mountain Asia (HMA) region have been widely reported (Supplement Table S1). For example, multi-source remote sensing imagery has been used to compile glacial lake inventories for regions of the Tibetan Plateau (Zhang et al., 2015), the Tien Shan (Wang et al., 2013), the Himalaya (Gardelle et al., 2011; Nie et al., 2017), the Hengduan Mountains (Wang et al., 2017), Uzbekistan (Petrov et al., 2017), Pakistan (Senese et al., 2018), and HMA, excluding the Altai and Sayan (Chen et al., 2020). These inventories have proved an important data resource both for revealing the spatio-temporal characteristics of glacial lakes and for understanding the response of glacial lakes to the effects of climate change in these regions.\nAutomatic and semi-automatic glacial lake boundary vectorization approaches have been used most widely in regional glacial lake investigations because of their higher efficiency and objectivity in comparison with manual visual vectorization. In such research, water bodies are usually determined based on the characteristics of different remote sensing bands and computer-dependent algorithms, e.g. the normalized difference water index (NDWI), band ratio, support vector machine, decision tree, spectral transformation, object-oriented classification, global–local iterative scheme, active contour model, and random forest (Gardelle et al., 2011; Huggel et al., 2002; Li et al., 2011; Veh et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018). However, manual post-processing is often required to calibrate the uncertainties that could easily be produced by the above approaches. Furthermore, the labour costs associated with rectification of lake boundary errors increase sharply with increasing complexity of study area terrain (Yang et al., 2019). With consideration of the accuracy, efficiency, and time overheads associated with the various vectorization approaches, a manual vectorization approach was adopted for investigation of the glacial lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (Zhang et al., 2015) despite the labour requirements and the anticipated additional errors produced by individual subjectivity (Nie et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2019; Song et al., 2014).\nControversies and knowledge gaps remain regarding available glacial lake inventories for different alpine cryosphere regions, which present certain obstacles to extensive utilization of glacial lake inventory data. The main problems relate to regional differences in lake development, inconsistent specifications of lake definition, and the adoption of various approaches regarding lake interpretation (Yao et al., 2018). There is no existing comprehensive glacial lake inventory for the entire HMA, and knowledge regarding the spatio-temporal characteristics of glacial lakes in this region remains incomplete. The objectives of this study were to fill this knowledge gap by producing a glacial lake inventory data set for HMA derived from Landsat images and to provide fundamental data for water resource evaluation, assessment of glacial lake outburst floods, and glacier hydrology research in the mountain cryosphere region.\nThe HMA area mainly comprises the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding alpine ranges. The area is divided into 13 subregions in version 6 of the Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI 6.0), i.e. the Himalayan area (western Himalaya, central Himalaya, and eastern Himalaya), the Hengduan Mountains, southern and eastern Tibet, Inner Tibet, the Karakoram and western Kunlun, the Qilian Shan and eastern Kunlun, the Hindu Kush, the Pamir, the Hissar–Alay and western Tien Shan, the eastern Tien Shan, and the Altai and Sayan (Arendt et al., 2015; Pfeffer et al., 2014). The boundaries of the 13 subregions and outlines of the glaciers in HMA derived from RGI 6.0 are shown in Fig. 1. This region (26–54∘ N, 67–104∘ E) is characterized by tremendously complex topographic conditions with a widespread distribution of mountain glaciers. According to the Climatic Research Unit Time Series v4.02 data set (http://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/cru/data/cru_ts/cru_ts_4.02/, last access: 5 September 2020), the air temperature of the different subregions in HMA increased at an average annual rate of 0.002–0.054 ∘ a−1 during 1990–2018 (Fig. 1). The annual rate of change in precipitation in HMA during 1990–2018 varied from −9.9 to 4.2 mm a−1 with a small average rate of increase of 0.3 mm a−1.\nThe HMA area has the largest surviving glaciers of any region other than the polar regions. As reported in RGI 6.0, there were 97 973 modern glaciers in our study area, covering a total area of approximately 98 768.86 km2. Together, these glaciers produced an average negative mass balance of kg m−2 a−1 (Hock et al., 2019), which was the primary source of water supply for the development of glacial lakes. Over recent decades, glaciers in most areas of HMA appear to have experienced widespread mass wastage and area shrinkage (Bolch et al., 2012; Yao et al., 2012; Kääb et al., 2012; Brun et al., 2017). However, the so-called “Karakoram Anomaly” refers to a region that is a prominent exception, which is characterized by glaciers with stable or positive mass balance (Hewitt, 2005; Gardner et al., 2013; Kääb et al., 2015).\nWe developed our glacial lake inventory of HMA based on 668 high-quality images selected from more than 1800 Landsat images with a 30 m spatial resolution derived from the websites of the United States Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/, last access: 5 September 2020) and Geospatial Data Cloud (http://www.gscloud.cn/, last access: 5 September 2020). To ensure the accuracy of glacial lake boundary extraction, the following criteria were applied to imagery selection. First, the cloud coverage in an image had to be <10 %. Second, for areas with no eligible or only low-quality imagery (because of snow or shadows) in the given year, acceptable images from years closest to the given year were chosen as replacements (Fig. 2). Third, images acquired in summer or autumn (June–November), when lake areas were believed to be near to or at their maximal extent, were set as optimal choices to minimize the impact produced by seasonal area changes in the glacial lakes (Fig. 2). Based on the above criteria, 394 and 274 Landsat images were selected to represent circa 1990 and circa 2018, respectively, which completely covered the buffer area within 10 km of glacier extent acquired from the second Chinese glacier inventory (http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn, last access: 5 September 2020) and RGI 6.0 (https://www.glims.org/RGI/rgi60_dl.html, last access: 5 September 2020). Among the selected images, those acquired during summer and autumn (June–November) accounted for 82.0 % of the total number of selected images, while those acquired during autumn (September–November) accounted for 56.9 % of the total number. In addition, a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model with a spatial resolution of 1 arcsec (http://imagico.de/map/demsearch.php, last access: 5 September 2020) was used to derive the elevation of the glacial lakes.\n4.1 Outline of workflow\nThe methods and workflow adopted in this study to produce the glacial lake inventory mainly included collation of knowledge and formulation of the specifications of the glacial lake inventory, data preprocessing, manual vectorization of glacial lakes, interactive checking and error controlling, and attribute database assignment (Fig. 3).\nCollation of available knowledge regarding glacial lake inventories. As much literature as possible relevant to the investigation and recording of glacial lakes was collected. The various definitions and classifications of glacial lakes, as well as the methods adopted previously for glacial lake boundary extraction and assessment of the extent of glacial lake distributions, were summarized, and normative rules were formulated for the HMA glacial lake inventory, as explained further in Sect. 4.2.\nFormulation of the specifications of lake identification. First, a working group of four leading experts in the field was founded in 2014 to discuss and formulate the specifications of the glacial lake inventory. Current knowledge regarding identification of lakes from Landsat imagery (e.g. pixel colour, lake shape, and lake background features) and specifications of vectorization (e.g. viewing scale of 1:10 000 on a computer screen vectorization of mixed pixels) were discussed, and unified operating criteria were compiled to guide the glacial lake inventory operatives. Novice vectorization operatives were trained until their vectorization results met the pre-specifications of the inventory.\nPreprocessing of remote sensing data. Preprocessing of the Landsat imagery included false-colour compositing and calculation of NDWI maps. The false-colour composite images were based on combinations of the operating bands of 7, 5, and 2 or 4, 3, and 2 for Landsat TM and ETM+ images and 5, 4, and 3 for Landsat OLI images. The preliminary lake extent was extracted automatically from each image over the entire HMA area using the NDWI based on the near-infrared band (NIR) and green band (GREEN), which represent the minimum and maximum water reflectance, respectively (McFeeters, 1996; Zhai et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2018):\nwhere Bi is the spectral band of Landsat imagery. The NDWI maps were calculated for each selected Landsat image using different region-specific thresholds. Liu et al. (2016) and Du et al. (2014) suggested that it might be preferable to set the optimized threshold of NDWIGREEN∕NIR of Landsat OLI images to −0.05. By considering the edge effects according to the mixed pixels, this study initially selected a lower optimal threshold (approx. −0.1) for specific images to obtain the maximum water body. Then, higher thresholds were tested for visual water extraction before a suitable threshold (which varied in the range of −0.10 to 0.20) was selected for a given image to obtain the NDWI map. When manual vectorization was performed on a false-colour composite image, the NDWI maps of potential glacial lakes were overlaid to assist in glacial lake identification.\nManual vectorization and entering of attribute data. The inventory work was performed during 2014–2019. Seven groups were formed to conduct lake boundary vectorization of the 13 HMA subregions. After vectorization of a glacial lake, it was required that manual attribute items (e.g. data source and lake type) be input concurrently.\nInteractive checking and accuracy control. First, glacial lakes were discerned via human–computer interaction; i.e. potential glacial lakes were revealed by the NDWI maps or identified visually from the false-colour composite images. Second, glacial lake boundary vectorization results were checked interactively by another vectorization operative to eliminate misclassified areas of shadow and ice and to add areas of glacial lakes evidently omitted in the boundary extraction process. This checking process also minimized the subjective judgement errors of the operatives. Third, attribute items such as glacial lake classification, new or disappeared lakes, and separated or coalesced lakes were checked interactively. In this process, Google Earth imagery was used as an important auxiliary reference data source for error examination.\n4.2 Illustration of key methods\n4.2.1 Definition of glacial lakes\nThe definition of a glacial lake determines the type of cryosphere water body that will be recorded as a glacial lake. There are multiple definitions of a glacial lake based on different perspectives (Mool et al., 2001; Yao et al., 2018). When glacial lake inventories are undertaken, most emphasize the elementary role of glaciation in the formation of glacial lakes (Clague and Evans, 2000; Mool et al., 2001). The important difference is whether the period of glaciation or the supply source of glacial lakes is given greatest attention. Some studies that have focused on the former have proposed that a glacial lake is a natural water body formed by alpine glacier movement since the Last Glacial Maximum, i.e. distinguishing between ancient or modern glaciers (Liu et al., 1988; Costa and Schuster, 1988). However, other studies have emphasized the relation of glacial lakes to meltwater in glaciated areas (Wang et al., 2013, 2014; Zhang et al., 2015). The glacial lake inventory data compiled in this study are intended for use both in water source evaluation and in assessment of environmental change in the alpine cryosphere. Thus, lakes related to glaciers or to glaciation in the alpine cryosphere were all recorded as glacial lakes.\nMost Quaternary glaciers have disappeared, and the remaining relics are incomplete, which makes it difficult to recover a continuous and complete glaciation range in alpine regions. Thus, it is of great importance to determine the range of glaciation in an alpine region when conducting a glacial lake inventory based on remote sensing data. The most practical approach might be to specify an indicator threshold to define the glaciation extent according to relevant findings of existing glacier relics in a typical region. On the one hand, the glaciation frontier can usually be indicated by a specified lowest-elevation threshold, which is generally closely related to the regional climatic context caused by the elevation effect. However, the lowest-elevation threshold might vary enormously with respect to different regions because regional climatic settings differ. For instance, the lowest elevations of 1700 m in Austria (Buckel et al., 2018), 2000 m in Pakistan (Senese et al., 2018), 3000 m in Nepal and Bhutan (Mool et al., 2001), and 3500 m in Peru (Hanshaw and Bookhagen, 2014) were used as specified elevation thresholds to record glacial lakes. On the other hand, defining glaciation extent within a specific distance from modern glacier terminals could be more suitable for the establishment of a glacial lake inventory in relatively large-scale regions with a complex regional climate, because the differing climate within large-scale regions can be indicated approximately by the lowest elevation of individual glacier terminals. Some studies have adopted distances of 2, 3, or 10 km from modern glacier terminals as thresholds with which to define areas of glacial lakes (Petrov et al., 2017; Veh et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2012, 2013). Distances of 2, 5, 10, and 20 km were considered by Zhang et al. (2015). They found that a distance of 10 km from a modern glacier terminal might be a reasonable guide to glaciation extent and a threshold suitable for a glacial lake inventory of the Tibetan Plateau. This was supported by the finding that the most distant glacierized boundary of the Little Ice Age was up to 10 km from the modern glaciers in the Himalaya area (Wang et al., 2012; Nie et al., 2017). Additionally, to record glacial lakes more precisely, combined distance and elevation thresholds have been used simultaneously to define areas of glacial lakes in special small regions; e.g. lakes at elevations above 1500 m and within 2 km of modern glaciers were recorded as glacial lakes in Uzbekistan (Petrov et al., 2017). In this study, given the large scale of the HMA region with its complex climatic context and extremely varied terrain, the data set compiled included glacial lakes within a buffer zone of 10 km from modern glacier extent, which covered an area of approximately 1.25×106 km2 according to the second glacier inventory of China and RGI 6.0 (Fig. 1).\n4.2.2 Classification of glacial lakes\nIn glaciation regions, the characteristics of glacial lakes, which include the phase of lake formation, lake basin topography, dam material constituents, geometrical relationship with modern glaciers, and source of water supply (or combinations thereof), have been employed as the basis for glacial lake classification systems (Huggel et al., 2002; Liu et al., 1988; Mool et al., 2001; Yao et al., 2018). For instance, based on lake basin topography, lakes in an inventory of the Hindu Kush–Himalaya region were classified as erosion lakes, valley trough lakes, cirque lakes, blocked lakes, lateral moraine- and end moraine-dammed lakes, and supraglacial lakes (Liu et al., 1988; Mool et al., 2001). Recently, Yao et al. (2018) presented a complete classification schema for glacial lake inventory and study of glacial lake hazards that included six classes and eight subclasses based mainly on the mechanism of glacial lake formation, lake basin topography, and the geometrical relationship with modern glaciers.\nGenerally, it is a little difficult to distinguish glacial lake type in terms of material properties, topographic features, and phase of lake formation using remote sensing imagery. Moreover, most of the standards mentioned above were found inapplicable in previous studies of glacial lake classification in large-scale regions such as HMA because of the lack of enough remote sensing data with a satisfactory spatial resolution. In this study, the hydrologic relationship between glacial lakes and modern glaciers was adopted as a classification criterion because the present data set is intended to provide fundamental data for water resource evaluation and glacier hazard assessment. Consequently, glacial lakes were divided into just two types: glacier-fed lakes and non-glacier-fed lakes. The glacier-fed lakes were further divided into three subclasses: supraglacial lakes (lakes developed on glacier surface), ice-contacted lakes (lakes contacting the glacier terminal or margin), and ice-uncontacted lakes (lakes not contacting the glacier but fed directly by glacial meltwater). This classification was based on whether the surface hydrological flow of the modern glacier and topographic features of the lake basin allowed for a lake to receive meltwater from the modern glacier. To achieve reliable classification results, glacial lakes were distinguished with the assistance of 3D digital terrain imagery from Google Earth, a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model, and glacier outlines from RGI 6.0. Based on visual inspection of the satellite images and with reference to 3D digital terrain imagery from Google Earth, we recorded a glacier-fed lake when (1) a lake had lower elevation than the modern glacier (mother glacier) and (2) the meltwater of the mother glacier(s) could flow into the lake via surface channels. It is common for glacial lakes to be fed by meltwater through subsurface channels; however, we ignored this because it is difficult to survey the subsurface channels of glacial lakes using remote sensing data. In addition, lake type was distinguished based on the topographic features of the lake basin and the modern glaciers; in most cases, it is possible that the lakes were fed by meltwater flowing through both subsurface and surface channels.\n4.2.3 Extraction of lake boundary\nThis study adopted automatic glacial lake extraction and manual glacial lake boundary vectorization to determine glacial lake boundaries. In the NDWI-based automatic lake boundary extraction approach, two bands were selected to facilitate a ratio calculation to maximize the difference between water and non-water objects in the remote sensing imagery based on a given threshold. The given threshold was determined subjectively with consideration of how much detailed information of the lake water bodies was captured precisely. The given threshold was varied to account for various factors such as the differences in Landsat sensors (i.e. TM, ETM+, and OLI), time phase of images, quality of images, and complexity of surface features. To achieve the optimal threshold for lake water body recognition, the candidate threshold was debugged iteratively for each image. In practice, because the area of the glacial lakes was usually small (see next paragraph) and the spectral features of the lake water bodies were varied, the threshold had to be set to allow for the capture of the greatest number of water body pixels, which consequently resulted in simultaneous acquisition of more non-lake-water-body noise information. It also resulted in more effort in the subsequent manual modification to reduce noise information using methods such as algorithms to eliminate mountain shadows (Gardelle et al., 2011).\nManual visual vectorization distinguishes lake boundaries by identifying the unique texture, colour, and other characteristics of glacial lakes in false-colour composite images based on available professional knowledge and accumulated experience in vectorization operations. Even though it was regarded a time-consuming and labour-intensive process, it was also considered an attractive approach because of its consistency, high level of quality control, and reasonably simple operational procedure, given the varied quality of Landsat images available for the large-scale HMA region. In this study, the manual visual vectorization process was generally found more suitable in terms of effort and precision for generating a glacial lake inventory data set of the HMA region in comparison with automatic glacial lake extraction. Therefore, manual visual vectorization in conjunction with NDWI maps was the main method adopted to extract glacial lake boundaries to minimize the deficiencies produced by individual subjectivity of the operatives.\nThe minimum number of pixels used to extract a glacial lake water body was found to be inconsistent in the available literature. For example, arbitrary threshold areas of 0.0027 km2 (3 lake water body pixels; Zhang et al., 2015) and 0.0081 km2 (9 lake water body pixels; Nie et al., 2017) were used in earlier glacial lake investigations. Moreover, minimum threshold areas of 0.01 km2 (approximately 10 lake water body pixels), 0.02 km2 (approximately 22 lake water body pixels), and 0.1 km2 (approximately 111 lake water body pixels) have also been set to evaluate the level of risk of glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalaya and Tien Shan (Petrov et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2013; Worni et al., 2013; Bolch et al., 2011; Allen et al., 2019). Theoretically, 1 pure pixel of a lake water body could be recorded as a glacial lake. However, a glacial lake is generally not represented by 1 pure pixel unless it is aligned perfectly with the raster grid; usually, it would be surrounded partly or fully by 1–8 mixed lake water body pixels (Fig. 4a, b). Consequently, manual delineation was required for approximately one-half, one-eighth, or seven-eighths of the peripheral mixed pixels surrounding pure lake water body pixels (Fig. 4d, e). If 3 or 4 pure lake water body pixels exist in a Landsat image, the maximum number of peripheral mixed pixels is 12 (Fig. 4d, e). Usually, for 3 pure lake water body pixels, the ratio of the area of pure lake water body pixels to the area of peripheral mixed pixels can be expressed as follows:\nFor 4 pure lake water body pixels, the ratio of the area of pure lake water body pixels to the area of peripheral mixed pixels is\nThus, in this study, the minimum glacial lake area recorded was set at 0.0054 km2 (e.g. 3–4 pure lake water body pixels with approximately 12 peripheral mixed pixels, which equate to approximately 6 full lake water body pixels) because a lake area covering less than 3 pure lake water pixels could possibly have an error of >100 % (Fig. 4b, c) despite the revised coefficient of 1 standard deviation (0.6872) involved (see Sect. 5).\n4.2.4 Input of attribute items\nEight attribute items were input into the HMA glacial lake inventory: lake coding, location (longitude, latitude, and elevation), perimeter, area, type, area error, time phase, source image information, and subregion of located lake. (1) We encoded each glacial lake based on its central location using the same coding format as used by the National Snow and Ice Data Center to encode glaciers. The code can be expressed as “GLmmmmmmEnnnnnN”, where m and n represent the results of the longitude and latitude of each glacial lake centroid multiplied by 1000, respectively; GL is the abbreviation of glacial lake; and E and N represent eastings and northings, respectively. (2) The location information of each glacial lake was labelled as the geographic coordinates of the centroid of the shape of each glacial lake, calculated using ArcMap software. The lake elevation was defined as the average elevation of a buffer zone of a 30 m radius centred on the glacial lake centroid, which was derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model. (3) The area and perimeter of each lake were calculated using ArcMap based on the unified geography coordinate system of WGS 1984 and the Asia North Albers equal-area conic projection system, respectively, to avoid errors caused by projection deformation. (4) The error of lake area was calculated using Eqs. (4) and (5) (Sect. 5). (5) Lake type, which was input manually, was defined as supraglacial lake, ice-contacted lake, ice-uncontacted lake, or non-glacier-fed lake (see Sect. 4.2.2). (6) Lake time phase was the acquisition date of the original Landsat image, which was recorded as the time phase for each lake. (7) Source image information referred to the image number of the Landsat images used to extract the glacial lake boundary. (8) The subregion to which each lake belonged identified the regional location within the HMA area. Each lake was assigned based on .shp file data of the boundaries of the 13 HMA subregions, obtained from the National Snow and Ice Data Centre, using the ArcMap spatial analysis tool.\nThe errors associated with glacial lake extraction from remote sensing imagery using manual visual delineation are generally related to components of the quality of the images (e.g. spatio-temporal resolution, cloud coverage, and mountain shadows), experience, operative subjectivity, and the threshold area of the inventory (Gardelle et al., 2011; Hall et al., 2003; Paul et al., 2004; Salerno et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2015). It has been reported that the area error in glacial lake boundary extraction based on remote sensing images can be approximately ±0.5 pixels depending on the quality of the imagery (Fujita et al., 2009; Salerno et al., 2012). Furthermore, the area error in glacial lake delineation attributable to manual delineation can be assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution (Hanshaw and Bookhagen, 2014). Hence, the theoretical maximum area error in glacial lake boundary extraction is the half area of the edge pixels because pure lake water body pixels are usually surrounded by mixed pixels (Fig. 4). The lake area error of a single glacial lake within 1 standard deviation (1σ) can be expressed as follows (Hanshaw and Bookhagen, 2014):\nwhere P is the perimeter of the glacial lake (m), G is the spatial resolution of the remote sensing imagery (30 m in this data set), 0.6872 is the revised coefficient under 1σ (i.e. approximately 69 % of peripheral pixels are subjected to errors), E is the relative error of the glacial lake, and A is the total area of the glacial lake. Then the accumulation of errors in all the lake areas for the entire study region or subregions can be calculated using the following formula based on error propagation theory:\nwhere ET is the area error of the entire study region or subregions, i is the lake of no. i in the entire study region or subregions, and a is the error area of a single lake.\nThe resulting calculated error indicated that the total absolute area error in HMA glacial lakes was approximately ±2.11 and ±2.28 km2 and the average relative error was ±13.5 % and ±13.2 % in 1990 and 2018, respectively. The relative area errors of each lake varied from 1 % to 79 %, and a significant power exponential relationship was found between the relative area error and the sizes of the glacial lakes (; Fig. 5a). Small-sized lakes (i.e. area ≤0.01 km2, which accounted for 2 % of the total lake area in HMA) had the largest average relative area error of 44.6 % (Fig. 5b). Medium-sized lakes (i.e. area of 0.01–0.1 km2, which accounted for 34 % of the total lake area in HMA) had an average relative area error of 22.0 % (Fig. 5c). Large-sized lakes (i.e. area ≥0.1 km2, which accounted for 64 % of the total lake area in HMA) had the smallest average relative area error of 7.6 % (Fig. 5d). In summary, smaller glacial lakes in the HMA region had larger relative area errors and vice versa.\nTo further verify the accuracy of the manual delineation of glacial lake boundaries, nine lakes located within the HMA region were surveyed using a portable GPS device (Trimble GeoXH6000) with decimetre accuracy during July–August 2018 (Fig. 6). The lakes selected for field survey covered areas of 0.01–2.97 km2. The field-based lake boundaries were compared with those obtained via manual delineation (i.e. derived from Landsat OLI imagery acquired during 2018). It was found that the area error (i.e. the percentage difference in the absolute area encircled by the manually delineated lake boundary and that derived by the GPS survey) varied from 5.5 % to 16.3 %. Moreover, it was determined that the average horizontal distance deviation between the two types of boundary varied from 3.2 to 15.3 m (Table 1). Overall, the horizontal deviations were largely confined to 1 pixel, and the average accuracy of the delineation of glacial lake boundaries was within ±0.5 pixels (±15 m).\nNote that “/” indicates the sample lake boundary was only partly surveyed using the handheld GPS device.\nAs indicated by the achieved HMA glacial lake inventory, 30 121 (2080.12±2.28 km2) glacial lakes were identified in 2018 and their distribution had considerable spatial heterogeneity (Fig. 7). The greatest concentration of glacial lakes was in the Altai and Sayan (335.42±0.88 km2, which accounted for 16.1 % of the total area of glacial lakes) and the eastern Himalaya (310.37±0.89 km2, which accounted for 14.9 % of the total area of glacial lakes). Relatively few glacial lakes were found distributed in the eastern Kunlun and Qilian Shan (38.85±0.29 km2, which accounted for 1.9 % of the total area of glacial lakes) and the eastern Tien Shan (40.55±0.32 km2, which accounted for 2.0 % of the total area of glacial lakes). The HMA glacial lakes were located within the elevation range of 1357–6247 m in 2018. An approximate normal distribution was presented both for the lakes of the entire HMA region and for the lakes in most subregions. More than 43 % of the HMA lake area has survived within the vertical range of 4500–5400 m, with the peak lake area of 241.89±0.80 km2 (accounting for 11.6 % of the total area) in the range of 5100–5300 m. The elevation band of peak lake area in the different subregions varied from 2300–2500 m in the Altai and Sayan to 5300–5500 m in the central Himalaya, Karakoram, and western Kunlun.\nThe HMA glacial lakes experienced widespread areal expansion during 1990–2018 with an average rate of increase in area of 15.2 % (Fig. 7). The rate of change in area varied widely between different subregions and different 200 m elevation bands. The glacial lakes in eastern Kunlun and Qilian Shan experienced the most rapid expansion in area during 1990–2018 with an average rate of increase of 45.6 %, whereas the rate of change was only 7.5 % in Altai and Sayan. Glacial lakes have tended to develop to higher elevations during recent decades with the maximum distribution elevation of 6078 m in 1990 rising to 6247 m in 2018. The rate of change of glacial lakes in the different 200 m elevation bands presented a large average trend against elevation, rising as a whole during 1990–2018 (Fig. 7). The lake area expanded most from the elevation of approximately 5000 m, and the rate of expansion reached approximately 28 % at 5700–5900 m in the entire HMA region, although it differed between different subregions. Lake area showed a notable rate of increase with elevation in most subregions, e.g. the Hissar–Alay and western Tien Shan, Hindu Kush, eastern Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains, eastern Tien Shan, and Altai and Sayan. The rate of expansion varied markedly and no observable trends in the rate of increase or decrease with elevation were discovered in Karakoram and western Kunlun, western Himalaya, and Inner Tibet. The rate of expansion in the central Himalaya and southern and eastern Tibet was found to have seemingly decreased with increasing elevation (Fig. 7).\nThere are at least 34 published reports or data sets on the regional extent of glacial lakes in the HMA area, which are based on various lake boundary extraction methods and different data sources (Supplement Table S1). This previous research work examined glacial lakes from as early as 1962 up until 2017. However, it is difficult to evaluate any discrepancies comprehensively because different extents of glacial lake distribution were examined and inconsistent thresholds of minimum lake area were used. Glacial lake inventory data of the Third Pole region in 1990 (Zhang et al., 2015) and of the HMA (Chen et al., 2020) in 2017 were used for comparison because both recorded glacial lakes in the same buffer zone (i.e. within 10 km of the modern glacier extent) and over similar periods. For the comparison, the same thresholds and regions were adopted for the inventory data. Marked discrepancies were found to exist between the different data sets in terms of both the number and the area of the glacial lakes. In 1990, only 4601 glacial lakes (≥0.0054 km2) with a total area of 554.33 km2 were recorded by Zhang et al. (2015), whereas 20 410 glacial lakes with a total area of 1376.23 km2 were catalogued in the Third Pole region in this study. In 2017, 14 477 glacial lakes with a total area of 1635.94 km2 were recorded by Chen et al. (2020), whereas we recorded 22 727 glacial lakes (≥0.0081 km2) with a total area of 1726.41 km2 in 2018 in HMA (excluding Altai and Sayan). We consider the discrepancies attributable to three primary factors. (1) The buffer zone within 10 km of the modern glacier extent was inconsistent between the data sets because different glacier inventories were used. (2) Different operatives catalogued the glacial lakes using different remote sensing data covering different periods. (3) Many glacial lakes were possibly missed because of the comparatively less manual vectorization effort involved in the work of Zhang et al. (2015) and Chen et al. (2020). Overall, our glacial lake inventory catalogued glacial lakes throughout the entire HMA more comprehensively and with more careful error assessment when compared with available glacial lake data sets from regional or river-basin-based studies.\nSeveral limitations deserve proper consideration when using the glacial lake inventory data. First, a degree of uncertainty resulted from using Landsat image data that covered different periods, i.e. both interannually and seasonally. Although images acquired in summer or autumn (June–November) were set as optimal choices, the selected images covered most seasons of the year; e.g. the images selected in June–November accounted for only 72.3 % and 88.8 % of the total number in 2018 and 1990, respectively. Interannually, images were selected from a span of 10 a (1986–1995) and 4 a (2016–2019) to obtain sufficient high-quality images of the HMA area. Second, this study recorded all lakes located within the 10 km buffer area of glacier extent as glacial lakes. Therefore, certain lakes that have no relation to glaciers or to glaciation (i.e. non-glacial lakes) in the alpine cryosphere were potentially catalogued in error because of the difficulty in distinguishing non-glacial lakes from glacial lakes based on remote sensing data. Third, we identified water bodies related to glaciers or to glaciation in the alpine cryosphere as glacial lakes. However, in many cases, it was difficult to determine whether such bodies should be recorded as glacial lakes, e.g. cases of long narrow water bodies on rivers and cases where the number of pure water body pixels was small. Thus, some errors and inconsistences were inevitable because of having different operatives performing the lake boundary vectorization and inspection. In future, this glacial lake inventory will be updated and shared on the National Special Environment and Function of Observation and Research Stations Shared Service Platform (China).\nThe data set developed in this study comprises two .shp file documents containing the glacial lake inventory of the HMA region in 1990 and 2018. The data set can now be accessed via the website of the National Special Environment and Function of Observation and Research Stations Shared Service Platform (China): https://doi.org/10.12072/casnw.064.2019.db (Wang et al., 2019a).\nA glacial lake inventory of the HMA region was realized based on satellite remote sensing data and GIS techniques. Eight attribute items were recorded in the glacial lake inventory data set of the HMA region. Lake area error was assessed carefully with respect to theoretical analysis of lake boundary pixels and actual boundaries derived by GPS field-based surveys. On average, the deviations between the delineation of lake boundaries derived using the two methods were within ±0.5 pixels (±15 m). The relative area errors of each lake in 2018 varied from 1 % to 79 %, and the average relative area errors of ±13.2 % in the entire HMA region were characterized by an increase in the relative area error with decreasing lake size.\nOverall, 30 121 glacial lakes with a total area of 2080.12±2.28 km2 were catalogued in 2018 in the HMA region. Glacial lakes survived in all 13 subregions of HMA from the elevation of 1357 to 6247 m. Glacial lakes were found to be concentrated in the subregions of Altai and Sayan and the eastern Himalaya and at elevation bands of 4500–5400 m. The HMA glacial lakes have experienced widespread expansion with an average rate of increase in area of 15.2 %. Lake area expanded most in the higher-elevation bands during 1990–2018. The data set is expected to provide basic data to support cryosphere hydrology research, water resources utilization and management, and assessment of glacier-related hazards in the HMA region.\nThe supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2169-2020-supplement.\nXW designed the study and wrote the manuscript. XG, CY, and QL produced data and performed analysis. All other authors discussed and drafted the formulation of the specifications of the glacial lake inventory in this study. All authors contributed to the final form of the manuscript.\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\nThe study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 41771075, no. 41571061, and no. 41271091). The authors are grateful to the lake boundary vectorization operators who were not included as authors: Yao Chao, Chen Shiyin, Zhu Xiaoxi, Li Ruijia, Huang Rong, Peng Xin, Xiang Lili, Yi Ying, Liu Yanlin, Fu Yongqiao, Ran Weijie, and Gu Ju. We thank James Buxton from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group China (https://en-author-services.edanzgroup.com/, last access: 5 September 2020), for editing the English text of an earlier version of this paper.\nThis research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41771075, 41571061, and 41271091).\nThis paper was edited by Ge Peng and reviewed by two anonymous referees.\nAllen, S. K., Zhang, G., Wang, W., Yao, T., and Bolch, T.: Potentially dangerous glacial lakes across the Tibetan Plateau revealed using a large-scale automated assessment approach, Sci. Bull., 64, 435-445, doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.03.011, 2019.\nArendt, A., Bliss, A., Bolch, T., Pfeffer, W. T., Cogley, J. G., and Gardner, A. 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+{"text": "Saturday, September 21, 6:45PM at Court Square Theater, Harrisonburg.\nJoin the Welcoming Harrisonburg Council for a free viewing of Human Flow, a documentary film that artfully captures how human lives and stories have been dramatically altered by the need to migrate due to famine, climate change, and war. A facilitated audience reflection will follow.\nA picture is worth a 1000 words. Create a postcard online with I Love My Solar, and they will send it to your legislators for free.\nVirginia Conservation Network’s 2020 Common Agenda, represents the policy agenda of more than 100 organizations across the Commonwealth. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the conservation issues facing Virginia and provides practical, state-level policy solutions to keep us moving in the right direction. Click here to find the downloadable version.\nHarrisonburg City has released a first draft. Phase 1 comments were collected through June 26. Find some of our comments here.\nCheck out all the solar installations counted so far in Harrisonburg for the 2019 Harrisonburg Solar Census. If you have solar, be counted!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cell World - Vancouver, Washington 98662 - Westfield Vancouver Mall\nStore location, hours, contacts\nCell World store or outlet store located in Vancouver, Washington - Westfield Vancouver Mall location, address: 8700 N.E. Vancouver Mall Drive, Vancouver, Washington - WA 98662. Find information about hours, locations, online information and users ratings and reviews. Save money on Cell World and find store or outlet near me.\n|Mall/Shopping Center/Outlet:||Westfield Vancouver Mall|\n|Stores in mall:||All stores in Westfield Vancouver Mall|\n|Address:||8700 N.E. Vancouver Mall Drive, Vancouver, Washington - WA 98662|\n|Phone number (mall):||360 892 6255|\nCell World in Vancouver, Washington 98662 - Westfield Vancouver Mall - MAPGPS Coordinates: 45.656423, -122.587574 Get directions to Cell World located in Westfield Vancouver Mall\nDriving directions and locations to store: Cell World located in Westfield Vancouver Mall: 8700 N.E. Vancouver Mall Drive, Vancouver, Washington - WA 98662.\nMore Cell World storesAll Cell World store locations\n(Somersville Towne Center)\n(Westfield Vancouver Mall)\nHours - Cell World (Westfield Vancouver Mall)\n|Monday:||10:00 AM - 9:00 PM|\n|Tuesday:||10:00 AM - 9:00 PM|\n|Wednesday:||10:00 AM - 9:00 PM|\n|Thursday:||10:00 AM - 9:00 PM|\n|Friday:||10:00 AM - 9:00 PM|\n|Saturday:||10:00 AM - 9:00 PM|\n|Sunday:||11:00 AM - 6:00 PM|\nBe the first, we are interested in your opinion...\nHave you visited Cell World? Have you shopped at Cell World?\nAdd your comment...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Increasing appetite for EVs represents an unprecedented opportunity to not only lower emissions but reinvent the industry and create jobs for a new climate economy.\n“The current pandemic is a great opportunity to come back better and have a green recovery that is good for people, for nature and for the climate. And it’s entirely possible” – Tim Christophersen, UNEP\nAs energy markets the world over grapple with making the clean energy transition, South Australia proves it can be done.\nThe EU Green Deal is an unprecedented package of legislative measures aimed at making the EU climate neutral by 2050. But as is often the case, how seismic policy changes are implemented across 27 countries in a way that is practical, feasible and achievable, is where the real challenge lies. Nature-based solutions are becoming an […]\nIndia will need to spend $1.4 trillion over the next 20 years to make its energy supply sustainable – IEA\nContainer shipping, ammonia and liquefied petroleum gas shipping, as well as voyages on niche international routes could help industry reach the 5% milestone in 2030.\nThe Climate Justice Playbook is an exciting new resource launched by B Lab, the COP26 Climate Champions Team, Provoc, and the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at the University of Oxford, providing insights, guidance, and case studies of companies that are seeking to advance climate justice in their operations, supply chains, and in the communities they impact.\nAs the first Global Ambassador for the Race to Zero and Race to Resilience campaigns, Mr. Bloomberg will continue to draw on his long track record of spurring ambitious subnational climate action to work with the UN’s Climate Ambition Alliance to rally leadership and mobilize.\nHigh Level Climate Champions launch the Race to Zero Breakthroughs at Davos, galvanizing business leadership around specific near-term challenges across the sectors of the global economy\nRace To Zero is a global campaign to rally leadership and support from businesses, cities, regions, investors for a healthy, resilient, zero carbon recovery that prevents future threats, creates decent jobs, and unlocks inclusive, sustainable growth.\nThe new US leadership team is, once again, placing climate action at the top of its agenda", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "SINGAPORE - Households have long been urged to go green, and soon more homes in Singapore will have the tools to teach them how to do so on the energy front.\nThree new initiatives announced on Tuesday (Nov 5) will provide households with more information on when and how much electricity they are using so they have a better idea of where and when they can start cutting down on usage.\nThe three initiatives are the installation of advanced meters islandwide, having customised energy-saving tips sent to certain homes and incentives for going green.\nThe new meters will allow households to track their electricity consumption every half-hour, instead of current analogue meters that are read manually once every two months.\nAs at end-September 2019, about 290,000 such meters had been installed at households across Singapore, said the Energy Market Authority. The remaining 1.1 million homes will have them installed within the next five years.\nCivil servant Tan Ian Wern, 30, who earlier this year had an advanced meter installed in his condominium, said the information helped him and his wife manage their electricity use.\n\"Because the data is provided more frequently, we could tell that the majority of our electricity use was due to the air-conditioner,\" said Mr Tan. \"We saw a massive spike in consumption whenever we turned it on.\" Now, he and his wife try not to turn on the air-conditioner for long hours, and make it a point to cool only the smaller spaces, such as the bedroom, instead of the living room.\nAs part of another initiative, the EMA and the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) will be studying how customised energy-saving tips can prompt households to use less.\nFrom December this year, about 1,000 households in Jurong, which already have advanced meters, will receive a monthly Customised Household Energy Efficiency Report for six months, which is the duration of the trial.\nThe report aims to help households understand how their daily activities drive electricity use, and provide customised energy savings tips to help them save electricity.\nMr Albert Chua, MEWR permanent secretary, said: \"Through the energy reports, we hope to empower households to make simple, positive changes to their daily routines, such as switching off appliances when not in use.\"\nFinally, utility firm SP Group will be enhancing its SP Utilities mobile app to provide more timely and useful information to help households to be more energy-conscious and efficient.\nHouseholds can also be rewarded with virtual points, such as \"leaves\" - that can eventually be used to redeem shopping vouchers - whenever they undertake certain green activities, such as opting for electronic billing.\nMr Wong Kim Yin, group chief executive of SP Group, said that users will soon also be able to use the Carbon Footprint Tracker in the app to determine their carbon footprint.\nHe said: \"With these tools, everyone can take action and make changes to their lifestyle habits towards a more sustainable future.\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Healthy and yummy kid friendly recipe!\nI have yet to meet a kid who doesn’t like chicken nuggets. Unfortunately, it’s usually not the healthiest option – loaded with processed carbs and sodium. This is my recipe for a healthier version of chicken nuggets that you can make pretty easily and quickly at home.\n- 2 large chicken breasts cut into 1.5 pieces/cubes\n- 2.5 tablespoons of honey\n- 1 egg\n- pinch of salt\n- pinch of pepper\n- 1 cup almond floor or sliced almonds crushed up with food processor\n- Pam or other cooking spray\n- In a medium bowl whisk together salt, pepper, honey and 1 egg\n- Place almond flour or crushed almonds in another bowl\n- Preheat oven to 350\n- Spray frying pan with pam and heat it\n- Dip each piece of chicken into the honey and egg mixture and then dip into the almond flour to coat it well\n- Place chicken pieces on frying pan on medium heat and cook on each side for 2 min (to give it that nice golden look)\n- Spray a baking pan with pam and transfer chicken to the baking pan. Bake for 20 minutes. The almond flour and honey gives it a nice sort of sweet flavor. Serve with whatever you want, but stay tuned for next week’s recipe which will be for healthy “fries”.\nThese photos aren’t the highest quality, but trust me they taste good! 🙂", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "slow as it is running, at least lj is back up.\ni hope the slowness just stems from the fact that everyone is frantically trying to catch up on lj after the last couple of hours of it being down, and not because the new server is a piece of shit. if it's the latter, i'm going to have to find a different way to read all my blogs, because if it keeps grinding away this slowly, i'm going to have to find a new blog feed aggregator.\nthat will not make me happy, as i've been reading journal entries and other feeds on my lj friends list for so long that i really don't want to find a new aggregator. i'm used to lj. it's cozy.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Phoxinus is a genus of freshwater fish in the carp family (family Cyprinidae) of order Cypriniformes. The type species is Phoxinus phoxinus (the minnow or Eurasian minnow). The North American members of this genus are known as daces and the Old World ones as Eurasian minnows.\nWithin the diverse family Cyprinidae, Phoxinus the only genus with a Holarctic distribution, being present both in Eurasia and North America. It contains minimally three Eurasian and seven North American species, or up to 20 species in all according to FishBase. Molecular data however indicate that Phoxinus is not a natural, monophyletic taxon.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Daikin India acquires Citizen Industries\nGURGAON, India, 16 December 2020: Daikin Airconditioning India acquired India-based AHU manufacturer, Citizen Industries through a share-purchase agreement, signed on December 15, the former said through a Press release.\nAccording to Daikin, the acquisition will provide prominence to its current infrastructure influence and help increase its penetration across various applications.\nCitizen Industries has two manufacturing units, a big base of R&D engineers and service technicians that Daikin said would complement its people strength. The integration of the two companies, Daikin added, would result in joint sales velocity; acquiring of ongoing air-side maintenance contracts; expansion into the applied and VRV solution business, including air side; a horizontal collaboration with American Air Filter (AAF); and catalysing economies of scale at Daikin’s Neemrana factory in the western Indian state of Rajasthan and its R&D centre.\nDaikin said its acquisition of Citizen Industries mirrors its assertive philosophy of identifying opportunities ahead of time and building value around its offerings, while keeping customer requirements at the forefront to create a sustainable business, faster than the rest.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The UDUNITS package supports units of physical quantities. Its C library provides for arithmetic manipulation of units and for conversion of numeric values between compatible units. The package contains an extensive unit database, which is in XML format and user-extendable. The package also contains a command-line utility for investigating units and converting values.\nDidn't find a solution in the version-specific UDUNITS documentation? Try the following:\nTraining for the UDUNITS package is not currently offered.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Center for Global Change Student Grant Competition\nACCAP’s John Walsh served on the team that reviewed proposals for the 2015 Center for Global Change (CGC) student grant competition at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.\nCGC annually funds students through a variety of sources and funding agencies (federal and state) as well as University of Alaska general funds. ACCAP agreed to provide funding for two CGC student projects. The two projects align with the greater ACCAP mission and foci.\nOne project focused on the subsistence halibut fishery in Southeast Alaska. It assessed long-term trends in subsistence halibut harvest and evaluated the mechanisms driving changes in harvest. The other project investigated the morphology of the Beaufort Sea coastline during the last interglacial period as a potential historical analog for predicted future sea level change.\nProjects began in July of 2015 and continued through the 2015/2016 academic year.\nEvaluating behavioral adaptations of subsistence halibut harvesters to environmental and regulatory changes in Southeast Alaska\nMaggie Chan, PhD Candidate, University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences\nThis research examines how subsistence harvesters adapt to a combination of environmental and regulatory changes using the case study of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in Southeast Alaska. Halibut populations have experienced recent changes in abundance and distribution, resulting in concerns over availability for local harvesters. Yet, halibut is an integral part of the portfolio of species that harvesters rely on in coastal communities.\nIn addition to biological changes to halibut populations, a regulation in 2003 changed subsistence halibut from following sport guidelines to more liberal subsistence guidelines, resulting in increases in gear choices and harvest limits. Even though guidelines became more liberal, there has been a substantial decrease in participation rates and harvest amounts of subsistence halibut, with little understanding of the mechanisms driving these downward trends. Additionally, there is little long-term information on subsistence catches prior to 2003.\nThis interdisciplinary project uses interviews with harvesters to assess long-term trends in subsistence halibut harvest and evaluate the mechanisms driving changes in harvest. The results of this project will reveal how subsistence harvesters have adapted to changes in environmental availability and regulatory structure, a crucial step in understanding how continued global change will shape Alaska’s coastal communities.\nHow will climate change impact the morphology of the Beaufort Sea coastline?\nLouise Farquharson: PhD student in Quaternary Geology, University of Alaska Fairbanks\nClimate change is having large impacts on Arctic coasts where permafrost-affected shorelines and sea ice-sensitive biota now experience longer ice-free seasons and heightened wave regimes. How the geomorphology and biota of the Beaufort Sea coast will respond to declining sea ice cover and warmer air temperatures is poorly understood.\nHere I propose to use the last interglacial (~ 120 ka), a period when the Arctic Ocean was apparently largely ice free in summer, as an analogue for future conditions. An extensive system of barrier islands and lagoons existed along the Beaufort Sea coast during the last interglacial, and these deposits now lie several meters above sea level.\nI will conduct high-resolution sedimentological analysis at five sites to reconstruct coastal geomorphology and establish a high-resolution chronology based on optically simulated luminescence (OSL) dates. These new dates will for the first time link environmental shifts on the Beaufort Sea coast to global sea level, ice sheet extent, and paleoclimate. Results from this study will help predict coastal changes along the Beaufort Sea coast and assist in the management of both biological and coastal resources.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "AP Pro32 comments about Panthers\nNEW YORK -- Comments on the Carolina Panthers by the AP Pro32 panel (ranking in parentheses):\nCAROLINA PANTHERS (20)\nChris Berman (ESPN, 18) -- Nice December winning streak.\nClifton Brown (Sporting News, 17) -- Cam Newton has come on, which should help Ron Rivera keep job.\nCris Collinsworth (NBC Sports, 20)\nRich Gannon (CBS Sports/SiriusXM NFL Radio, 25) -- Genuinely concerned about Cam Newton, he has to grow up in a hurry and do a better job controlling his emotions.\nBob Glauber (Newsday, 18) -- Another strong showing -- the latest in a series of them -- for Cam Newton and his improving teammates. Too little, too late, but still hope for next year.\nRick Gosselin (Dallas Morning News, 20) -- If the Pro Bowl voting was conducted based on December play, Cam Newton would be on his way to Hawaii. His Panthers are 3-1 and Newton has thrown for 8 touchdowns, run for two others and tossed only one interception.\nClark Judge (CBSSports.com, 20) -- Cam Newton is playing some of the best football of his career, so he goes and spoils it by bumping a ref? One of these days someone must force this guy to grow up.\nIra Kaufman (Tampa Tribune, 21) -- A win in New Orleans and a Buc loss lifts the Saints out of the division basement.\nPat Kirwan (SiriusXM NFL Radio/CBSSports.com, 20) -- Cam Newton has come out of his sophomore slump, but there is still a lot of work to do. It would be a mistake to change the coaching staff at this point.\nJohn Lynch (Fox Sports, 20)\nAlex Marvez (Foxsports.com, 20) -- Although nothing can change the disappointment of failing to reach the playoffs, the Panthers can take pride in winning four of their past five games rather than giving up on the season.\nDan Pompei (Chicago Tribune, 20) -- After a 2-8 start, they have won four of their last five. Winning their finale would make a strong argument to retain Ron Rivera.\nhttp://pro32.ap.org/poll and http://twitter.com/AP-NFL\nCopyright 2012 by The Associated Press\nThis story is from ESPN.com's automated news wire. Wire index", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "NTSB Identification: FTW93LA059.\nThe docket is stored on NTSB microfiche number 48288.\nAccident occurred Sunday, December 27, 1992 in CLINT, TX\nProbable Cause Approval Date: 08/26/1993\nAircraft: CESSNA 150L, registration: N18532\nInjuries: 1 Serious,1 Minor.\nNTSB investigators may not have traveled in support of this investigation and used data provided by various sources to prepare this aircraft accident report.\nTHE PILOT WAS MANEUVERING OVER A RODEO ARENA WHEN A LOSS OF ENGINE POWER OCCURRED. A FORCED LANDING WAS ATTEMPTED TO AN OPEN FIELD BEYOND A GROVE OF PECAN TREES, RESULTING IN THE AIRPLANE CARTWHEELING OVER ROUGH AND UNEVEN TERRAIN. POST ACCIDENT INSPECTION OF THE AIRPLANE AND A COMPLETE ENGINE TEARDOWN FAILED TO DISCLOSE ANY ANOMALIES THAT WOULD HAVE PREVENTED NORMAL ENGINE OPERATION.\nThe National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: THE LOSS OF ENGINE POWER FOR UNDETERMINED REASONS. A FACTOR WAS THE LACK OF SUITABLE TERRAIN FOR THE FORCED LANDING.\nIndex for Dec1992 | Index of months", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Speaker of the House and professed Catholic Paul RyanPaul Davis RyanHow Kevin McCarthy sold his soul to Donald Trump On The Trail: Retirements offer window into House Democratic mood Stopping the next insurrection MORE (R-Wis.) recently asked Jesuit Priest, Patrick J. Conroy to resign his post as chaplain of the House. There is much speculation as to why Ryan asked for Conroy’s resignation but Democrats argue was due in part to a prayer the chaplain gave on the House floor on Nov. 6, while congressmen were debating tax overhaul legislation.\nConroy said, “May all members be mindful that the institutions and structures of our great nation guarantee the opportunities that have allowed some to achieve great success, while others continue to struggle,” he prayed. “May their efforts these days guarantee that there are not winners and losers under new tax laws, but benefits balanced and shared by all Americans.”\nAlthough Ryan’s office denies this, Conroy believes this was why he was asked to give his resignation. Additionally, Rep. Mark WalkerBradley (Mark) Mark WalkerThese Senate seats are up for election in 2022 The 10 races that will decide the Senate majority North Carolina Democrat Jeff Jackson drops out of Senate race MORE (R-N.C.), one of three representatives looking for Conroy’s replacement, told The Hill that the next spiritual leader should be someone with a family who can better relate and counsel lawmakers with spouses and children.\nWalker’s statement would preclude Catholic nuns and priests who take vows of celibacy. The glaring hypocrisy in these two incidences speaks not to partisan misconduct by a chaplain or defects in Catholic practice, but to a larger struggle undertaken by some to separate the act of practicing one's faith from the social justice inherent in those faiths.\nThe most glaring inconsistency is that the prayer itself reflects everything supporters professed in the tax bill anyway. Conroy says that there should be no winners and losers but benefits balanced and shared by all Americans. This is the exact line of reasoning supporters of the bill used when fighting for its passage. They argued that it would benefit all Americans.\nTo condemn Conroy’s prayer as partisan is to condemn the tax bill, to call it unbalanced, and to claim that all Americans will not share in its rewards. To call this prayer partisan is to shed light on what most of us already know, this tax bill was a giveaway to the richest on behalf of the poorest.\nHowever, there is a larger point at stake, this prayer reflects the tenets of Catholic social teaching and what it means to practice as a Catholic. To care for all creation, to look out for the poor, and to lift up those who are marginalized are all pillars of Catholic faith and all other faiths.\nConroy’s call for balance, fairness, and opportunity for all citizens is a profession of his faith as a Catholic teacher not a partisan strike against a tax bill. To strike against Conroy is in reality a move to strike against social justice teachings within faith traditions.\nSome representatives would like to profess a faith devoid of social implications, where worship entails praying for heaven while acting with impunity on earth. This strike against Conroy is part of a larger struggle within society to re-define faith without its social implications and that means condemning those who call for equality, justice, and evenhandedness in the name of faith, as partisan.\nWalker, in a recent article in the Hill, calls for a non-Catholic to hold the next spiritual position and his statements in support of that draw false assumptions regarding Catholic mentorship in an attempt to delegitimize the importance of Catholic Social Teaching.\n\"I'm looking for somebody who has a little age, that has adult children, that kind of can connect with the bulk of the body here, Republicans and Democrats who are going through, back home the wife, the family ... that has some counseling experience,” he said.\nThe assumption here is that a Catholic priest or nun would be unable to provide this type of counseling because they don’t have families of their own. Never mind the fact that Catholic priests and nuns counsel and provide spiritual guidance to families every day in local congregations all over the world. Every day while leading parishes, Catholic priests provide marriage and family counseling.\nIf representatives are in such great need of family counseling then perhaps the problem is bigger than a spiritual advisor could provide. Perhaps they need to consider seeing a professional therapist. And if it is just a matter of speaking to someone, than a Catholic would be just as capable as any other faith leader.\nFinally, Walker states that he is looking for somebody with more of a non-denominational background, that has a multicultural congregation. Perhaps Walker misspoke but the assumption that a Catholic does not work with a multicultural congregation is patently absurd. Catholic faith is practiced all around the world and to argue for its lack of diversity only betrays a stunning ignorance and a seemingly anti-Catholic bias on Walker’s part.\nDue to his apparent anti-Catholic bias the Republican Party should remove Walker from the selection committee. Catholics across the nation are owed an apology from Walker and from the Republican Party. There is no place in politics for such anti-Catholic remarks.\nHowever, I believe the point of these moves is not to increase diversity or find a spiritual advisor who can relate to family concerns but to strike at and delegitimize any tenets of social justice within the faith traditions so that those who continue to lead immorally can do so comfortably knowing that their place in heaven is still secure.\nPatrick Carolan is a Catholic activist, the executive director of the Franciscan Action Network.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Choose the situation below that would result in an exothermic ΔH solution.\nA) When |ΔHlattice| is close to |ΔH hydration|\nB) When |ΔHsolvent | >> |ΔHsolute|\nC) When |ΔHlattice| < |ΔH hydration|\nD) When |ΔHlattice| > |ΔH hydration|\nE) There isnʹt enough information to determine\nFrequently Asked Questions\nWhat scientific concept do you need to know in order to solve this problem?\nOur tutors have indicated that to solve this problem you will need to apply the Lattice Energy concept. You can view video lessons to learn Lattice Energy. Or if you need more Lattice Energy practice, you can also practice Lattice Energy practice problems.\nWhat is the difficulty of this problem?\nOur tutors rated the difficulty ofChoose the situation below that would result in an exothermi...as medium difficulty.\nHow long does this problem take to solve?\nOur expert Chemistry tutor, Jules took 3 minutes and 8 seconds to solve this problem. You can follow their steps in the video explanation above.\nWhat professor is this problem relevant for?\nBased on our data, we think this problem is relevant for Professor Mellone's class at VALENCIA.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "[vc_row type=”in_container” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” overlay_strength=”0.3″][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ width=”1/1″][vc_column_text]Manka Behl is a Climate Tracker fellow at COP24. This article was originally published in The Times of India. [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row type=”in_container” scene_position=”center” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” overlay_strength=”0.3″][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ width=”2/3″][vc_column_text]Katowice (Poland): Climate finance is emanating to be the bone of contention in the developed versus developing scrimmage at the 24th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP24) being held here. On Saturday, the last day of the technical phase of negotiations, discussions on climate finance came to a standstill, with countries “not being able to reach consensus” on various aspects.\nAn analysis of the draft negotiation texts, released by the ad hoc working group on the Paris Agreement (APA) on Saturday, reflects a disagreement on both article 9.5 and 9.7 of the agreement. While article 9.5 makes it mandatory for developed countries to biennially communicate finances it will shell out to assist developing countries like India, the latter focuses on subsequent accounting of the finance provided to developing countries.\nThe draft text on 9.7 indicates that the developed countries are expecting the developing nations to do the same, which do not seem to agree. “Instead of agreeing to submit information on how much money will provide, the developed world is demanding developing countries to put money on the table. Developed countries are also blocking progress on how to transparently count the money they are obligated to give,” says Harjeet Singh, global lead on climate change at ActionAid International.\nThe draft reveals a dissent on developing world’s demand on reporting ‘the grant equivalent value’ which refers to the exact amount of money stays in a country for climate action. There have been instances when some donor countries “double-counted” the value of a development project which frustrated India and other 134 developing nations which constitute the G77 negotiating group.\nWhat the developing countries want from COP24 is the reassurance that they will receive the money developed countries committed to provide, in order to implement the Paris Agreement at home.\nSays Eddy Perez, international policy analyst at Climate Action Network, Canada, “ More grants are needed in developing countries. In the case of loans, the recipients want to know the exact information on what part of the loan is grant equivalent. This information is crucial for them to design their nationally determined contributions.”\nTaking the old stance of the United Nations, the developed nations are denying to acknowledge ‘loss and damage’ as a stand-alone pillar of climate action. In every draft text of the negotiations, the developed world has refused to broach the subject.\nThe fifth assessment report of the United Nations intergovernmental panel on climate change’s (IPCC) warns of more climate-related catastrophe, like deadly heatwaves for India and Pakistan. Four months ago, Kerala witnessed heavy floods which killed over 400 people.\nAt such times, having an indicative financial support from rich nations for loss and damage becomes imperative. Adds Singh, “Helping the victims of climate change is the need of the hour but once again, the issue continues to be pushed back.”\nPhoto: Kiara Worth, ENB[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_position=”all” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ width=”1/3″][/vc_column][/vc_row]", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "by Will Carruthers, Sonoma County Gazette\nSanta Rosa will be one of nine California cities to see the silver lining of a car company’s foiled effort to skirt environmental regulations.\nElectrify America announced this week that Santa Rosa was picked as the beneficiaries the company’s latest round of investments in electric vehicle charging stations and education initiatives.\nEA is the result of Volkswagen’s foiled attempt to fool environmental regulators by programming their cars to operate more efficiently during regulatory tests.\n- Expansion of fossil-fuel vehicle phase-outs moves world one step closer to a climate-safe future - April 22, 2020\n- Germany goes greener with $95 billion push for train over plane - January 14, 2020\n- EU sets out trillion euro plan to avert ‘climate crash’ - January 13, 2020", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cleanser: It contains ingredient of Vitamin C, which can clean impurities for the skin deeply. With the ingredients of Vaccinium Angustifolium (Blueberry) Fruit Extract, it can make the skin clean and smooth.\nToner: With the ingredient selected from high grade Vitamin C Extract, it can make your skin clean and smooth！\nSerum: Containing high activity Vitamin C, it can nourish skin, make the skin smooth and clean!\nEye Cream: It contains Vitamin C Extract, which can protect the skin against spots. With the refreshing texture, it can reduce the dullness and dark circles around the eyes.\nFace Cream: It contains Vitamin C Extract, which can smooth skin. It helps to smooth and nourish skin, reduce spots.\n★Skin Care Set Contains:\n1.Vitamin C Cleanser 1.76 Oz/50g\n2.Vitamin C Toner 100ml\n3.Vitamin C Serum 17ml\n4.Vitamin C Eye Cream 0.53 Oz/15g\n5.Vitamin C Essence Cream 0.88 Oz/25g\n★Use steps: Cleanser – Toner -Serum – Eye Cream – Face Cream\n【Complete facial care process】: Facial cleansing products can meet everything you need for facial care: cleanser, toner, serum, eye cream, face cream.\n【Cleans & Nourishes Skin】: Toiletries travel kit is infused with VC extract. First, use VC cleanser to clean the face, and then use VC serum, face cream and toner to moisturize dry skin, so that you can glow healthier.\n【Rich in VC extract】: VC extract can promote the synthesis of skin collagen and decrease melanin deposition, help resist external environmental pollution, light pollution and effectively ades fine lines, reduces spots.\n【Suitable size for travel】: Skincare travel kit for women and the products inside are all suitable sizes for travel, and you can travel everywhere with it!\n【Women’s gift set】: on Christmas, Valentine’s Day and Mother’s Day, send face care kit for women to your mother, lover, daughter and sisters to send them beauty and health. It is conceivable how happy they will be", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Recruiting MBA Students in Mexico City\nDate & Time: Tuesday, March 19, 2013 from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m.\nQS Top MBA Connect 1-2-1\nDirector of Admissions for Latin American and Emerging Markets\nThe Westin Santa Fe\nJavier Barrios S. 540 Lomas de Santa Fe", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Lafarmacia. Centro Milano\nPharmacy Chain and Furnishing Structures Creation\nHippocrates Holding S.p.A.\nVia Broletto, 1, 20121 Milano\nTel. +39 02 876457\nThe Hippocrates pharmacy chain has bet fully on AMlab for the creation and definition of an innovative and distinctive format capable of restoring uniqueness and authenticity to the Lafarmacia. brand. Not a simple entrepreneurial initiative, but a daring company aimed at positioning itself on the market with a strong image and a clear goal: to propose a place where people live the pharmacy as well as for its traditional role of first health service, also as a reference point for 360-degree health.\nA new vision capable of involving the consumer in an immersive and attractive context, with attention to the smallest details, to return sensations of amazement and wonder between attention and advice, dedicated spaces, professional advice, technological services and events. An extremely distinctive, unique and identifying pharmacy model, in the name of prevention and treatment, well-being and beauty.\nThe soul of Lafarmacia., which can be summarized in the desire to restore the ancient link between pharmacy and community, translates into a clear and exhaustive manifesto that has defined, in full, the development of the format and which reflects the values in which the chain is recognized, that is, qualified advice and personalized services.\nLafarmacia. as a fixed point capable of responding to different health needs. Lafarmacia. as a place of offer and service, listening and advice. Lafarmacia. as a point of contact between tradition and innovation.\nFrom this vision, the Lafarmacia. format comes to life in the expression of its flagship store in Milan. On the corner of via Broletto and via San Prospero, right next to Piazza Cordusio, the Lafarmacia. format wants to differentiate itself from anonymous pharmaceutical retailers to offer an Italian alternative close to the customer capable of offering an extra-ordinary context and of transmitting the welcome, attention and trust of the neighborhood pharmacy.\nA cleverly combined context between heritage and innovation, declared in the chromatic, material and stylistic choices, with an authentic and contemporary asset, capable of attracting, from the outside, the attention of the consumer, inviting him to enter and live a new experience between exploration, discovery and amazement: all thanks to totally dedicated sales paths and services.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "EEA/EAS/05/001 - Study on environmental cross-compliance indicators in the context of the farm advisory system - CIFAS - Award notice\nDK-Copenhagen: miscellaneous services\nSection I: Contracting authority\n|I.1)||Name, addresses and contact point(s):\nEuropean Environment Agency, attn: Mr Jan-Erik Petersen, Kongens Nytorv 6, DK-1050 Copenhagen. Tel. (45) 33 36 71 00. Fax (45) 33 36 71 51. E-mail: email@example.com.\nGeneral address of the contracting authority: http://org.eea.eu.int/tenders.\n|I.2)||Type of contracting authority and main activity or activities:\nEuropean institution/agency or international organisation.\nSection II: Object of the contract\n|II.1.1)||Title attributed to the contract by the contracting authority:\nStudy on Environmental Cross-compliance Indicators in the context of the Farm Advisory System — CIFAS.\n|II.1.2)||Type of contract and location of works, place of delivery or of performance:\nService category No 27.\nIn case of contract for service categories 17 to 27, do you agree to the publication of this notice? Yes.\n|II.1.4)||Short description of the contract or purchase(s)|\nSection IV: Procedure\n|IV.1)||Type of procedure|\n|IV.1.1)||Type of procedure:\nThe most economically advantageous tender in terms of:\nexpertise — the consultants' knowledge of European farming systems;\nmethodology — approach of the consultant's work plan;\nwork plan and project management — team organisation and project management;\n|IV.3.1)||File reference number attributed by the contracting authority:\n|IV.3.2)||Previous publication(s) concerning the same contract:\nOther previous publications:\nNotice number in OJ: 2005/S 75-071896 of 16.4.2005.\nSection V: Award of contract\n|Contract No 3570/B2005/EEA.52289|\n|V.1)||Date of contract award:\n|V.2)||Number of offers received:\n|V.3)||Name and address of economic operator to whom the contract has been awarded:\nInstitut für Ländliche Strukturforschung — IfLS, attn: Mr Jorg Schramek, Zeppelinallee 31, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main. Tel. (49-69) 77 50 01. Fax (49-69) 77 77 84.\n|V.4)||Information on value of contract:\nTotal final value of the contract:\nvalue: EUR 128 920.\n|V.5)||The contract is likely to be subcontracted?\nSection VI: Complementary information\n|VI.1)||Contract related to a project and/or programme financed by Community funds:\nReference to project(s) and/or programme(s): Administrative Transfer Agreement between EC, Environment DG and EEA — study on environmental cross-compliance indicators in the context of farm advisory system.\nEstimated total value: EUR 130 000.\nNon-mandatory notice: Yes.\n|VI.4)||Date of dispatch of this notice\nFor references, please go to http://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/tenders/EEAEAS05001/eea-eas-05-001-study-on-environmental-cross-compliance-indicators-in-the-context-of-the-farm-advisory-system-cifas-award-notice or scan the QR code.\nPDF generated on 29 Apr 2017, 06:24 AM", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Silent except for the humming of bees and the distant hammering of woodpeckers, Białowieża Forest is a fairytale landscape of tall trees, peat bogs and meadows – home to innumerable species of birds, invertebrates, lichens, fungi and other flora and fauna including grey wolves, lynx, elk and a large herd of rare European bison.\nThe Environmental Atlas of Europe is a UNEP-EEA-European Space Agency joint project showcasing communities responding to environmental change across Europe. The films present a series of these inspirational stories about how people are responding to climate change and in so doing, transforming their lives for a more sustainable future.\nEnvironmental Atlas of Europe\nSign up to receive our reports (print and/or electronic) and quarterly e-newsletter.\nDid you know?\nCertain non-recyclable paper products (such as tissues, napkins, and egg cartons) can be added to your compost. Their fibres will aerate the compost and help the organisms that encourage decomposition.\nMore green tips", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Smart Lottery Platform Powered By AI\nBitdraw is a project dedicated to create an online lottery draw platform using blockchain, to solve one of the major problems related lotteries which are incredibly popular around the world but you had to be in the country if you want to participate. On the Bitdraw platform you will be able to participate in monthly millionaire draw. AI powered platform will be created to offer you a way to become a part of the richest and most exciting lottery draw ever created using blockchain.\nSaman Wimalaratne, Chairman, Entrepreneur and Visionary - https://www.linkedin.com/in/saman-wimalaratne-37522164/\nRikaz Moin, Head of Digital Platforms, Lead platform design - https://www.linkedin.com/in/rikazm/\nAnjela Ranasinghe, Head Of Corporate Affairs - https://www.linkedin.com/in/anjelar/\nThilini Pathirana, Head of Marketing, PR - https://www.linkedin.com/in/thilini-pathirana-30498025", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Yeh they mentioned it was full tiday. I am on level in the room I have been stsying in, they are doing mine here. I am not allowed to leave my room, only allowed from bed to bathroom. DH has joined me today, we are just watching Netflix.\nAnother lady I know was on level 1 last time, no bed hey????\nHi I am on level 1 room 107. Got a bed I'm staying the night. Decided not to drive 3 hours home after this time.\nIf I am allowed to go home tonight I might. I havent slept the best over tg5e past 2 nights here. Plus side is I get to listen to bubs 2-3 times a day.\nNo @Lastchance75 I have nothing yet, she brought it all in hours ago to prepare for when doc gets here. I hope that doesnt mean she is waiting for doc to do canular. I will buzz sokn but I always feel rude but I am on best rest and not allowed out of room to ask.\nJust wanna be ready for Dr M when he gets here. What about you? Anything yet?\nJust put saline drip on now.\nHope they let you go home tonight then.\nI'm just putting a movie on now.\nPregnant for the first-time?\nNot sure where to start? We can help!\nOur Insider Programs for pregnancy first-timers will lead you step-by-step through the 14 Pregnancy Must Dos!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "PENTALGIN PILLS - 24 tablets\nSecurity policy (edit with Customer reassurance module)\nDelivery policy (edit with Customer reassurance module)\nReturn policy (edit with Customer reassurance module)\n1 pill contains: Paracetamol 325 mg, Naproxen 100 mg, caffeine 50 mg, Drotaverine hydrochloride - 40 mg, pheniramine maleate - 10 mg;\nExcipients: microcrystalline cellulose, potato starch, croscarmellose sodium, hyprolose (hydroxypropylcellulose (Klucel EF)), citric acid monohydrate, butylhydroxytoluene (E 321), Magnesium stearate, talc, quinoline yellow (E 104 E), indigo charcoal\nMechanism of action\nPentalgin is a combination drug with analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic action.\nParacetamol is a non-narcotic analgesic that has antipyretic and analgesic effects due to the blockade of cyclooxygenase in the central nervous system and the effect on the centers of pain and thermoregulation.\nNaproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects associated with non-selective suppression of the activity of cyclooxygenase, which regulates the synthesis of prostaglandins.\nCaffeine - causes dilation of the blood vessels of skeletal muscles, the heart,the kidneys; increases mental and physical performance, helps eliminate fatigue and drowsiness; increases the permeability of histohematogenous barriers and increases the bioavailability of non-narcotic analgesics, thereby enhancing the therapeutic effect. It has a tonic effect on the vessels of the brain.\nDrotaverine - has myotropic antispasmodic effect due to inhibition of phosphodiesterase IV, acts on smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, urinary and vascular systems.\nPheniramine is a blocker of H1-histamine receptors. It has antispasmodic and mild sedative effect, reduces the phenomenon of exudation, and also enhances the analgesic effect of paracetamol and naproxen.\nIndications and usage\n- Pain syndrome of various genesis, including pain in the joints, muscles, radiculitis, menstrual pain, neuralgia, toothache and headache (including headache caused by spasm of cerebral vessels).\n- Pain syndrome associated with spasm of smooth muscles, including chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, postcholecystectomy syndrome, renal colic.\n- Post-traumatic and postoperative pain, including accompanied by inflammation.\n- Catarrhal diseases with febrile syndrome (as a symptomatic therapy)\nHypersensitivity to the components of the drug, erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (in the acute phase), Gastrointestinal bleeding, complete or incomplete combination of bronchial asthma, recurrent nasal polyposis and paranasal sinuses and intolerance to Acetylsalicylic acid or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs history, severe hepatic and / or renal failure, inhibition of bone marrow hematopoiesis, condition after aorto-coronary shuntyro Ania; severe organic diseases of the cardiovascular system (including acute myocardial infarction), paroxysmal tachycardia, frequent ventricular extrasystole, severe arterial hypertension, hyperkalemia, children under 18 years of age, pregnancy and lactation.\nCarefully: cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial diseases, history of gastrointestinal ulcers, mild to moderate renal and hepatic insufficiency, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver damage, benign hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert, Dubin-Johnson and Rotor syndrome) epilepsy and susceptibility to convulsive seizures, deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, old age.\nPregnancy and Breastfeeding\nThe drug is contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding).\nDosage and administration\nPentalgin taken orally 1 pill 1-3 times a day. The maximum daily dose is 4 tablets.\nThe duration of treatment is not more than 3 days as an antipyretic and not more than 5 days as an anesthetic. Continuation of drug treatment is possible only after consulting a doctor.\nAllergic reactions:skin rash, pruritus, urticaria, angioedema;\nFrom the side of blood-forming organs: thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, anemia, methemoglobinemia;\nNervous system: excitement, anxiety, increased reflexes, tremor, headache, sleep disturbances, dizziness, decreased concentration;\nSince the cardiovascular system: heartbeat, arrhythmias, high blood pressure;\nGastrointestinal: erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort, abdominal pain, constipation, abnormal liver function;\nUrogenital: impaired renal function;\nSpecial senses: hearing loss, tinnitus, increased intraocular pressure in patients with angle-closure glaucoma;\nOther: dermatitis, tachypnea (increased breathing).\nIn some cases, the concentration of attention and speed of psychomotor reactions may decrease, therefore, during the period of treatment, the patient must be careful when driving vehicles and engaging in other potentially hazardous activities that require increased concentration and psychomotor speed.\nIt is necessary to avoid the simultaneous use of the drug Pentalgin with other agents containing paracetamol and / or NSAIDs, as well as with means to alleviate the symptoms of cold, flu and nasal congestion.\nWhen using the drug Pentalgin for more than 5–7 days, it is necessary to monitor the indicators of peripheral blood and the functional state of the liver. Paracetamol distorts the results of laboratory studies of glucose and uric acid in plasma. If it is necessary to determine the 17-ketosteroids, Pentalgin should be discontinued 48 hours before the study. Note that naproxen increases bleeding time.\nThe effect of caffeine on the central nervous system depends on the type of nervous system and can manifest itself as excitation and inhibition of higher nervous activity. During the treatment period, the patient should avoid drinking alcohol.\nWith the simultaneous use of drugs that have a depressant effect on the central nervous system (including sedatives and tranquilizers), the intensity of the sedative effect and the inhibitory effect on the respiratory center are likely to increase. Enhances the effect of ethanol on the psychomotor response.\nMetamizole reduces the concentration of cyclosporine. Metamizole sodium, displacing oral hypoglycemic drugs, indirect anticoagulants, glucocorticosteroids and Indomethacin from the connection with the protein, increases their activity.\nTricyclic antidepressants, oral contraceptives, Allopurinol violate the metabolism of metamizole in the liver and increase its toxicity.\nThe simultaneous use of the drug with other non-narcotic analgesics can lead to increased toxic effects.\nBarbiturates, phenylbutazone and other inducers of microsomal liver enzymes weaken the effect of metamizol.\nSymptoms: pallor, anorexia (lack of appetite), abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, agitation, restlessness, confusion, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hyperthermia (fever), frequent urination, headache, tremor or muscle twitching; epileptic seizures, increased activity of hepatic transaminases, hepatonecrosis, an increase in prothrombin time. Symptoms of abnormal liver function may appear 12-48 hours after an overdose. In severe overdose, liver failure develops with progressive encephalopathy, coma, or death; acute renal failure with tubular necrosis; pancreatitis. If you suspect an overdose, you should immediately seek medical help.\nTreatment: gastric lavage followed by ingestion of Activated carbon . Acetylcysteine is a specific antidote for paracetamol poisoning. The introduction of acetylcysteine is important within 8 hours after taking paracetamol. In case of gastrointestinal bleeding, it is necessary to administer antacids and gastric lavage with ice-cold 0.9% sodium chloride solution; maintaining lung ventilation and oxygenation; with epileptic seizures - in / in the introduction of diazepam; maintaining fluid and salt balance.\nStore in a dry, dark place at a temperature not exceeding 25 ° C.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Giovanni Tait mastered the family tradition of coopering wine barrels before migrating to Australia in 1957. He took up work in the Barossa and ultimately settled in for a lengthy engagement at B Seppelts and Sons, where he played a significant role in the vinification and maturation of some of the most memorable vintages in Australian viticulture. Tait's boys grew up to be winemakers, their attention to detail and close relationship with the Barossa's finest growers have earned the highest accolades from the international wine industry press. Generously proportioned yet exquisitely balanced, famously praised, perennially by savant Robert Parker as the most consistently outstanding quality, exceptional value wines from Barossa Valley...\nBespoke parcels of old vineyard fruit»\nLindsay McCall's enthusiasm for great wine began in the 1970s, he established his first Mornington plantings in 1985 on the site of a derelict orchard at Red Hill along Paringa Road. From day one, McCall focused on exactingly managing the soils and the vines, after completing his day job as local school teacher. His affinity for the land and astonishing feel for winemaking produced monumental vintages of Pinot Noir, which propelled the exquisite range of Paringa Estate wines to international renown. McCall works closely with Mornington's finest vignerons to nurture better standards of viticulture and deliver finer vintages with each harvest. Limited yields of elite parcels, the artisanal efforts of Paringa Estate are regional icons, weaving the pick of..\nExquisite editions by the master of mornington»\nThere are few family names in the Australian wine industry as eminent and enduring as Glaetzer and Potts, they own and operate many of the oldest and most precious vineyards in Langhorne Creek. John Glaetzer was right hand man to the legendary Wolf Blass throughout the breathtaking sequence of Black Label Jimmy Watson victories. Ben Potts learned his trade at the oldest family owned wineworks in Australia Bleasdale, established by the larger than life Frank Potts in 1858. Ben's great grandfather was the first Langhorne Creek grower to supply grapes to Wolf Blass. The Glaetzer and Potts families have collaborated for decades to achieve many of the nation's most memorable vintages. Together, Ben Potts and John Glaetzer work quietly behind the scenes on a softly..\nVital vintages from the most precious parcels»\nThe family Hentschke have been Barossa farming since 1842, they know from good soils and settle on nothing but the finest land. Keith Hentschke chose a special site along Greenock Creek, at the intersection of Gerald Roberts and Jenke Roads, near the ancient winegrowing hamlet of Seppeltsfield to plant vines in the early 1990s. They now yield vintages of the most amazing intensity, saturated with the essence of grand Barossa Shiraz, an international wine industry favourite and a sagacious selection this..\nSavour a sip of seppeltsfield»\nEstablished just eleven years after the founding of South Australia, the ancient vines in the Hundred Of Moorooroo were planted circa 1836 by the Jacob brothers, after accompanying Colonel William Light on the Seven Special Surveys expedition to populate Adelaide's north. Moorooroo endures as the nation's cardinal parcel of vine, the mother rootstock for many of the Barossa's most distinguished sites. For over a century, these sacred vines contributed fruit to the Orlando company, where they formed the backbone of countless spectacular historical vintages. Decimated by the government sponsored vine pull schemes of the 1980s, only four rows of these priceless vines were saved by master Ed Schild from complete annihilation. One of the smallest yielding blocks in the land, Moorooroo endures as one of the world's..\nThe fruit of vines established 1836»\nLured to Australia by Alfred Deakin in 1887, the Chaffey Brothers were American irrigation engineers who took up a challenge to develop the dust bowls ofRenmark and Mildura into fruit growing wonderlands. They left our nation an extraordinary legacy and their progeny continue to make good wine. Several generations later, the Chaffey Bros are focused on the fruit of some grand old Barossa and Eden Valley sites. Chosen harvests of extraordinary grapes are the ticket for admission into the exclusive club of Chaffey vineyards. Shiraz is made in several different styles and there's a penchant for obscure white varietals in the Mosel River way. They make wine according to the art of the Parfumier, nothing is bottled unless it represents a profound experience in aromatic complexity. The transcendental excellence of..\nA splendour of salient sites»\nIt is an offence in Australia to supply alcohol to a person under the age of 18 years. Severe penalties apply to the supplier.\nIt is an offence in Australia for a person under the age of 18 years to purchase or receive liquor. Severe penalties apply to the procurer and the minor. Liquor Licence 57706940 | Wine is sunlight held together by water -Galileo | Drink More Wine in Moderation", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Noblesville IN Energy Efficient Windows\nYou shouldn’t have to struggle with costly heating bills. You should order new energy-efficient new windows for your Noblesville IN home if you think that your older replacement windows are causing you to pay lots on heating bills.\nWe supply a great window installer service here at Energy Smart Exterior Restoration that will make sure you get the most out of your home. Our replacement windows will insulate your property effectively and offering a great style.\nOur rock-solid experts make high-efficiency windows with care at Energy Smart Exterior Restoration.\nOur team trades in high-quality materials. Our team’s services are trustworthy and guarantee that your windows will add value for years to come. The air-tight seals that are provided will take your heating bills lower.\nThe Benefits of Noblesville IN Energy Efficient Windows\nWell-installed high efficiency windows should keep your utility bills down while making the temperature in your property enjoyable.\nBut these advantages are the most important property positives to notice as well:\n- New energy-efficient windows will allow for plenty of natural light to enter your home.\n- These windows won’t compromise your house design.\n- Our windows are customized in the way you like.\n- Your home’s value will improve when you get replacement windows built effectively.\nWhy Pick Energy Smart Exterior Restoration for Noblesville IN High-Efficiency Windows\nOur new window staff at Energy Smart Exterior Restoration can assist you in each step of getting a new energy-efficient window built. Our team of masters will offer you with the know-how you expect at every piece of the project.\nCall us about seeing a replacement window built into your house. You can contact us here or by phone for a free no-obligation project consultation and price quote.\n60% OFF INSTALLATION\n60 MONTHS NO INTEREST\n$60 GIFT CARD\n& FIRST 50 CUSTOMERS GET A VACATION VOUCHER\n$60 GIFT CARD & FIRST 50 CUSTOMERS GET A VACATION VOUCHER8", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association (SECOORA): An Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program To Support Decision-Makers’ Needs For Coastal and Ocean Data and Products\nSponsor: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\nSECOORA: Debra Hernandez\nUNC Chapel Hill: Harvey Seim\nJune 2011 – November 2016\nThe ocean and coastal waters of the southeast (SE) United States (US) support ecologically and economically significant ecosystems; provide tourism, boating, and other recreational opportunities; and annually generate over $675 billion in economic impact within our region. This project integrates and augments existing observational, modeling, data management and education assets in the Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association (SECOORA) domain to provide lasting benefits to the aforementioned elements, but also to the people, communities, and natural resources that make the SE unique.\nSpecific benefits include:\n- protection of people and communities through quantitative improvements in the forecast of potentially destructive winds, waves, and storm surges;\n- improved coastal and marine use decision-making through enhanced and more comprehensive characterization of the coastal and marine environment;\n- improvements to public safety through more timely and site-specific health advisories, storm surge, and rip current warnings;\n- safer and more efficient marine operations and emergency response through enhanced coastal and marine situational awareness; and\n- positive economic impact through facilitation of more informed decision-making regarding commercial and recreational fisheries, and shoreline and climate change impacts.\nThis effort provides positive impacts for a broad range of constituencies, including federal, regional, state, and local interests.\nSpecific beneficiaries include:\n- Federal: NOAA (National Weather Service, National Estuarine Research Reserves, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), and National Marine Sanctuaries), US Geological Survey, US Environmental Protection Agency, US Marine Corps, US Army Corps of Engineers, US Coast Guard.\n- State: NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, SC Department of Health and Environmental Control, GA Department of Natural Resources, FL Department of Environment.\n- Science and Education interests: universities, state Sea Grant programs, Centers for Ocean Science Education Excellence SE, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Grays Reef NMS and other Regional Association education programs.\n- Fisheries: South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council, GA DNR, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Grays Reef NMS.\n- Water management districts and utilities: St. Johns River Water Management District, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Northwest Florida Water Management District, Florida Public Service Commission.\n- Emergency managers at Federal, state and local levels: NOAA OR&R, NOAA NWS Weather Forecast Offices, county emergency managers.\nThe recent Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill brought intense focus on the connectivity of the SE region to the Gulf of Mexico, and demonstrated the urgent need for understanding, monitoring, and prediction of physical and biological processes across an extensive geography over various spatial (regional, sub-regional, and estuarine) and temporal (decadal, annual, and seasonal) scales. Many of the capabilities that are targeted for support in this proposal provided vital information to DWH Unified Command and were fundamental enablers of many protection and mitigation activities conducted in the wake of the disaster. Implementation of this project will help improve our nation’s preparedness for future coastal and ocean-related risks and/or catastrophic events. The use of a Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System in the service of societal goals requires an optimal combination of observational, modeling, data management, and education and outreach assets to enable characterization, prediction, and assessment of the marine environment as well as the formulation of scientifically founded, economically beneficial, and environmentally sensitive responses.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "119 Harbord Street\nOnce in a (very long) while we're able to get away and venture into the big city of Toronto to sample the latest culinary trends. Sadly, it seems that the era of fine dining in Toronto is coming to a close with many high end establishments falling victim to the shrinking expense accounts (and employment, for that matter) of bankers and financiers. So far, we in Kitchener-Waterloo seem to be holding up fairly well, and as long as people keep buying Blackberries it seems this town will do okay.\nRising from ashes are a number of new restaurants that focus on a somewhat lower price point, but still emphasize high quality ingredients, good service, and sophisticated flavours and cooking techniques. We visited one such place a few weeks ago, Loire Casual Gourmet. Rated one of the top new restaurants of 2008 by Toronto Life, we figured it was worth a visit and would be much more affordable than the remaining high end spots.\nThe restaurant is tucked in a quiet corner away from the shadows of the banking towers, along a street brimming with good restaurants. It has a very neighbourhoody feel to it, and we immediately felt at home as Sylvain (sommelier and owner) led us to our table. Being there for a late afternoon weekday lunch, the place was very quiet but the phone was ringing off the hook for dinner reservations, so there certainly seems to be a buzz about the place.\nFor my main, I had the braised pulled-pork sandwich ($14). It was served on multigrain bread with carmelized apples. On the side was a chipolte mayo and home fries. The pork was very tender and moist, especially when combined with the juicy apples. The fries were very finely cut, and mostly crisp, but some where a little soggy. The mayo was nice but wasn't very heavy on the chipolte, and enough was provided that you could easily put on some weight if you finished it all. The execution was very good, but the plate lacked a little green - both visually and for taste balance.\nWe shared two desserts - one was the pecan tart with honey-thyme roasted pear puree and butterscotch gelato ($9) and the other a lemongrass-ginger crème brûlée with a mini coconut cake ($9). The tart was very sweet and probably would have gone better with a less sweet gelato. I felt the need to drink something between every bite, but perhaps I'm just getting old and can't hold my sugar like I used to be able to. The crème brûlée was also very strongly flavoured but nice, and the coconut cake was perfectly toasted and full of intense coconut flavour.\nService was friendly and prompt, although with only 3-4 four tables it was not especially difficult for Sylvain to service all the tables by himself.\nI would have to agree with Toronto Life that this place has great potential. While the dishes are not at the extreme high end of cuisine, it is certainly a restaurant that is suitable for the current times. A more down to earth, friendly dinner spot with good quality, well executed bistro fair. Contrast this with Splendido -- which we coincidentally visited recently as well -- just a couple of blocks down the road. This was a place for the pre-bailout era and as a result, it is undergoing a reinvention of itself to compete with with more affordable places. Here at Loire, the title casual gourmet fits perfectly.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Sterling Bank Plc has recommended Nigerian businesses to concentrate on the long-term advantages of renewable energy solutions rather than being put off by the considerably large investment prices.\nDele Faseemo, Sterling Bank’s Group Head of Oil & Gas, Power, and Renewable Energy, at a news conference in held Lagos, told corporations that they should concentrate on the protracted benefits of investing in clean and renewable energy sources instead of choosing cheaper carbon fuels.\nAlthough the initial investment may be significant, Faseemo believes that renewable energy solutions are becoming more affordable and will soon be internationally competitive.\n“In residential homes, if you want to buy a typical generator, say 15KVA, it will be cheaper than trying to deploy a solar system, but it will pay for itself over time,” he says. Businesses must recognize that it is a long-term investment that will pay off over time.\nHe further said that It may be difficult at the moment, as changes in the naira currency are sheltering the country from price decreases in renewable energy solutions around the world but renewable energy sources are becoming more competitive around the world, and it is no longer a question of if but when they will take over.\nHe concluded that legislation was being drafted in Europe and North America to restrict banking firms from financing fossil fuel infrastructure development.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "iHerb Customer Reviews\nSavings of: $0.00 (0% off)\nSorry, this product is no longer in stock.\nG2 Instant Firming Serum\nPosted by Reviewer2450095 on Aug 31, 2009\nI've used this product for about three weeks. Can't really tell if I'm instantly firm though. It absorbs nicely into the skin. The quality ingredients must be beneficial for the skin.\nPosted by Reviewer1782385 on Feb 28, 2011\nJust ok. Didn't really see any firming though. May have helped some with moisturizing.\nPosted by Reviewer1705781 on Feb 01, 2010\nThe serum has a light fresh scent and I use it on my neck and face. Very nice.\nPosted by Reviewer2045362 on Jul 31, 2010\nI like this I use it every night. I think these products are great!\nPosted by Reviewer2221542 on Aug 31, 2009\nI like using it as it does seem to firm up your face.\nItems 1-6 of 6 total", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The death train strikes again, but this one was a little closer to home. Most of the accidents happen in Orlando, more traffic, more people. This one happened at a crossing, I go over, twice a day, 5 days a week. I crossed it this morning about an hour before the accident. I rarely see anyone on foot, traffic real light, sort of the back road to work for me.\nI really don't like mass transit, part of my reluctance to get into the climate change thing. They want to pack us all on buses and trains. Let's face it, renewable energy sucks. There is no way we can generate enough electricity, without fossil fuels. Mass transit is unreliable, they had about a 4 hour delay, this morning. Not sure if alternative transportation was provide, or if the rider(s) had to wait out the investigation.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Our gardens and allotment plots offer wildlife a refuge when many wild habitats are being reduced. Read how we try to make our garden and allotment plot a wildlife friendly environment\nIn February 2011 we put up a new nesting box which has a camera installed so we can view life inside a nest box. This link takes you to another of our web sites where we have created a diary on what went on inside.\nAs we had acquired a pile of sawn off tree stumps and branches on site, we decided to create a log pile under a large evergreen shrub\nUnlike the social honey bees and bumble bees that live in communities most bees live solitary lives. There are more than 200 species of solitary bees found in Britain. Some solitary bees nest in holes in the ground and others in hollow stems or holes in wood. This bee motel was one of several made from an ash tree log.\nOur garden has always been a place to share with wildlife. Being either nocturnal or too small to be able to observe without making an effort, lots of our wildlife visitors will go more or less unnoticed for much of the time leaving only traces of their presence. Birds, however, will readily adopt a garden as a favourite service station if they are provided with the essentials food, water and places to nest and shelter.\nYou can make various kinds of winter treats to help the birds through the cold winter when food is scarce. Different types of birds feed in different ways. Blue tits will cling upside down, sparrows will cling to hanging containers, robins will visit bird tables and blackbirds like to feed on the ground. If you want to provide them all with treats them you will need to create some treats to hang in trees, some to put on a bird table and others to place on the ground or on low feeding tables.\nBy creating a wild life garden you are not just providing a much needed habitat for our native wild life", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "HOMINY, Okla. — Hominy Public Schools Superintendent Doyle Edwards said schools will remain closed for Thursday.\nA drop in temperatures and rain across the state caused many parts of Oklahoma to receive damaging ice.\nHominy is another area affected by the recent ice storm trying to restore power from outages.\nIn a post made on Hominy High School Facebook page, the City Manager Jimmy Ratliff added he was concerned to have school because the water plant has been shut down. Ratliff said this may cause an inadequate water supply and water pressure.\nCheck back for more updates.\nCox Media Group", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Boston College Women in Business is an organization, network, and community of undergraduate female students dedicated to their empowerment and education. WIB is committed to the growth and expansion of professional and personal opportunities for its members, with a focus on business, leadership, and female celebration and innovation.\nAdditionally, the group is devoted to helping students answer Father Himes' three crucial questions in the development of their vocation:\n1) What brings me joy?\n2) What am I good at?\n3) Who does the world need me to be?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "non-Uniform Grids and Triangular Mesh Conversion\nThe adaptive grid used in the examples on this page is a non-uniform grid. It is better to convert this grid to a triangular mesh (available since NCL version 4.2.0.a032) rather than interpolate it to a uniform grid before contouring.\nFor more information on non-uniform grids that NCL can handle, see the document \"Non-uniform grids that NCL can contour.\"\nIf the input array to a gsn_csm graphical interface is one- dimensional, and also has one-dimensional lat/lon arrays of the same length, NCL automatically uses triangular mesh conversion. The lat/lon information must be provided by setting sfXArray and sfYArray.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Forgot your password?\nOr sign in with one of these services\nMokidugway last won the day on September 12 2018\nMokidugway had the most liked content!\nSee all followers\nMonday at 18:26\nSee all updates by Mokidugway\nOMG the new Dr Who is a woman\nthat's debatable that she is a woman\nIs it cloudy daze then ??\ndr daze lol", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "From Columbia University2) humans have put in the atmosphere over the last two hundred years. But their help in offsetting global warming has come at a price: the oceans are growing more acidic as they absorb our excess CO2. To what extent ocean acidification may harm marine life and ecosystems is still unclear, but already signs of stress have appeared in corals, mollusks and other shell-builders living in regions with naturally more acidic water. Since the industrial era began, average surface seawater pH in temperate oceans has fallen from 8.2 to 8.1 by 0.1 pH unit, equal to a 30 percent increase in acid concentration. (A lower pH indicates more acidic conditions.)\nThe maps reveal that the northern Indian Ocean is at least 10 percent more acidic than the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, which could be due to its unique geography. Cut off from the Arctic Ocean, the chemistry of the northern Indian Ocean is influenced by rivers draining the massive Eurasian continent as well as seasonal monsoon rains.\nBy analyzing long-term data collected off Iceland, Bermuda, the Canary Islands, Hawaii and the Drake Passage, off the southern tip of South America, Takahashi finds that waters as far north as Iceland and as far south as Antarctica are acidifying at the rate of 5 percent per decade. His estimate corresponds to the amount of CO22\nOcean acidification is already having an impact, especially in places where the seasonal upwelling of deep water has made seawater naturally more acidic. In a recent study by researchers at NOAA, more than half of the pteropods sampled off the coast of Washington, Oregon and California showed badly dissolved shells. Ocean acidification has been linked to fish losing their ability to sniff out predators, and the die-off of baby oysters in hatcheries off Washington and Oregon, where more acidic deep water comes to the surface each spring and summer.\nBy 2100, ocean acidification could cost the global economy $3 trillion a year in lost revenue from fishing, tourism and intangible ecosystem services, according to arecent United Nations report. The U.S. Government Accountability Office, the watchdog arm of Congress, has reached similar findings and recommended that President Obama create a research and monitoring program dedicated to ocean acidification.\nOther authors of the study: Stuart Sutherland, David Chipman (now retired), John Goddard and Cheng Ho, all of Lamont-Doherty; and Timothy Newberger, Colm Sweeney and David Munro, all of University of Colorado, Boulder.\nMarine Chemistry reports the highlights of this research as:\npH in the global ocean surface waters ranges from 7.9 to 8.2 in the year 2005.\nClimatological mean monthly distributions of pH in the total H+ scale, total CO2 concentration (TCO2), and the degree of CaCO3 saturation for the global surface ocean waters (excluding coastal areas) are calculated using a data set for pCO2, alkalinity and nutrient concentrations in surface waters (depths < 50 m), which is built upon the GLODAP, CARINA and LDEO databases. The mutual consistency among these measured parameters is demonstrated using the inorganic carbon chemistry model with the dissociation constants for carbonic acid by Lueker et al. (2000) and for boric acid by Dickson (1990). Linear potential alkalinity-salinity relationships are established for 24 regions of the global ocean. The mean monthly distributions of pH and carbon chemistry parameters for the reference year 2005 are computed using the climatological mean monthly pCO22 concentrations. In the western Arctic Ocean, aragonite undersaturation is observed. The time-series data from the Bermuda (BATS), Hawaii (HOT), Canary (ESTOC) and the Drake Passage show that pH has been declining at a mean rate of about -0.02 pH per decade, and that pCO2 has been increasing at about 19 μatm per decade tracking the atmospheric pCO2 increase rate. This suggests that the ocean acidification is caused primarily by the uptake of atmospheric CO2. The relative importance of the four environmental drivers (temperature, salinity, alkalinity and total CO2 concentration) controlling the seasonal variability of carbonate chemistry at these sites is quantitatively assessed. The ocean carbon chemistry is governed sensitively by the TA/TCO2 ratio, and the rate of change in TA is equally important for the future ocean environment as is the TCO2 in ocean waters increases in the future.\nRead the abstract and get the paper here.\nNews release from Columbia university here.\nSite by Accentika", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "An international 3-day meeting in which participants discussed geodynamic and multidisciplinary topics related to the evolution of the Scotia Arc was held at the Andalucía Institute of Earth Sciences (Spanish Research Council (CSIC)/University of Granada (UGR)) in Granada, Spain. The Scotia Arc encompasses southern South America, the Antarctic Peninsula, and the intervening part of the Southern Ocean including the South Georgia and South Orkney crustal blocks and the volcanically active South Sandwich Arc. It is a region of critical importance because of its role as a developing ocean gateway during Eocene-Miocene times and because of its impact on global ocean circulation, with possible importance for Paleogene-Neogene paleoenvironmental change, early phases of development of Antarctic ice sheets, gene flow, and resulting biodiversity.\nAuthors: Maldonado, Andrés, Dalziel, Ian, Leat, Philip T.\nPrivacy & Cookies Policy\nNecessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.\nAny cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Italy - Buying promo tickets on Alitalia Italian Site\nFeb 23, 12, 11:23 am\nDoes anyone have experience using the Alitalia Italian website to purchase \"promo\" tickets using a US credit card - e.g. American Express?\nThe prices seem much more favorable than the English website.\nI just don't want to have something get lost in translation.\nFeb 24, 12, 9:48 am\nI just booked my flight with Alitalia via their website this week using my AMEX...takes awhile to clear AMEX, but the transaction went through just fine.\nFeb 24, 12, 5:49 pm\nDid the same last June and bought a very inexpensive ticket PMO-VCE.\nFeb 24, 12, 8:57 pm\ndoes one still have to pick up tickets in country of flight origin?\ni once bought alitalia tickets IST-VCE. they were about 1/4 the price in ist. i called amex in ist to buy and pick up the tickets. that deal got screwed up. i went to a tiny travel store on a back street in ist. bought the tickets. were even less than at the amex office.\nthat az and the current az are different companies.\nFeb 25, 12, 2:24 am\nI've purchased nearly a dozen tickets from alitalia.it in the past three months using a US credit card, although I used a Visa, not an AmEx.\nAll promo fares, no problems at all.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Homes With Bad Credit Bad credit doesn’t destine individuals to a life of renting, however. By taking steps to improve credit scores and save money for a sizeable downpayment, individuals can get approved for a mortgage to finance a manufactured home.What Is An Equity Line How to Use A Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC) – Home equity is the difference between the appraised value of your home and the balance on your mortgage. If you have built up significant equity, you may be able to borrow a portion of it using a home equity line of credit (HELOC).\nA Dream Mortgage for Your Dream Home. We’ll find the right mortgage loan to suit your needs. We have several mortgage options to help you buy and finance a second home, even with as little as 10% down! With the quicken loans’ power Buying Process, you can be ready with a strong offer in a competitive market.\nFree Money To Buy A House How To Pay Mortgage Faster Borrowing Money From Ira For Home Purchase How to access your money in an emergency | American Funds – If you take a loan from your retirement plan, you'll withdraw money from your account to use now. You'll then. Home purchase loans may be extended longer .The Mortgage Professor: How to pay off your mortgage faster without being scammed – The 30-year fixed-rate mortgage is a great instrument that has made home ownership possible for millions of consumers, but none of them like the idea of being in debt for 30 years. Those who like it.Second Home Interest Rate Best Time To Sell Your House Real Estate: When Is The Best Time To Sell Your House? – Visit www.sundaybell.com today! What a great question! You see a lot of homes for sale but you have to wonder sometimes if the sellers have actually thought about when the best time to sell is. The.Fha First time home buyer fha First-Time Homebuyer Loans: The Pros vs. the Cons. – The FHA first-time homebuyer loan program makes life a lot easier if you’re just starting out in the homebuying process. The federal government and most states offer insured home loans tailored to.Getting a Mortgage for a Vacation Home | LendingTree – \"Furthermore, interest rates are generally higher on investment property loans versus second home loans.\" However, there is an upside, Hosterman notes: \"If you are buying a home for a rental property, you can generally use up to 75 percent of your projected rental income as income to qualify for the loan.\"Max Dti For Fha The FHA is much more lenient on maximum debt-to-income ratios. Typical max DTI : FHA – Maximum dti 45% (Can be as high as 50% in some cases) Conventional – maximum dti 43% (hard dti cap) fixed Rate and Adjustable rate mortgage loans. Both FHA and conventional mortgages have more options than just the standard 30-year fixed-rate mortgage.How to buy a house: 50+ tips – MoneySavingExpert – If house price mania had a World Cup, Britain would lift the trophy. Yet buyers need to pause and ask what, when and whether to buy. Buyers should concentrate on whether buying is affordable and the right decision in the long-term, rather than panic over house prices or cave into the UK’s ‘must-own, must-own’ mentality.\n· A second mortgage is a loan secured by your home where you leverage your home equity to get cash for your needs. Home equity is the difference between the value of a home and what is still owed on the mortgage. For example, if the market value of your home is $300,000 and you owe $200,000 on the mortgage, you have $100,000 in home equity.\nThe majority of millennials don’t own a home — and many have student. that lenders steer clear of, and second, by making.\nA second mortgage is quite simply a loan taken after the first mortgage. There can be various reasons to take out a second mortgage, such as consolidating debts, financing home improvements, or covering a portion of the down payment on the first mortgage to avoid the property mortgage insurance (PMI) requirement.\nIf you’ve been thinking about buying a second home, now might be a good time to take the leap. Mortgage rates are still low by historical standards and the job market remains strong. There are.\nBuying a second home? Learn more about Navy Federal Credit Union second home mortgages and see if financing a second home is right for you. Get pre-approved for your loan today!\nFHA loan rules for the single-family loan program are designed for owner-occupiers, but depending on circumstances a borrower may be approved by a participating lender to buy another home–usually in response to a pragmatic need like a larger family or job requirements.\nIn the Dallas-area, only about 1.4% of homeowners with loans had negative equity in their properties – one of the lowest underwater loan rates among the major metro areas CoreLogic surveyed in the.\nSecond mortgage definition A mortgage is any loan backed by real estate as collateral; they don’t have to have been used to buy the home itself. That’s why a home equity loan is considered a type of mortgage. Second mortgages are called that because they are secondary to the main, primary mortgage used for the home purchase.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Integrating sustainable energy and climate change into the Post-2015 agenda: how and why?\nTime: 26 November 2013, 8am-9am\nLocation: Amartya Sen Conference Room, FF Building, New York.\nThe aim of the post-2015 development framework is to “eradicate extreme poverty in all its forms while ensuring a sustainable development path for all countries”. However, climate change is an existential threat, that is and will continue to disproportionately affect the poorest and most vulnerable people and places the most, impacting negatively those least responsible for the climate crisis. Further, securing universal access to modern energy services and transitioning energy systems away from fossil fuels is central to solving both the climate change crisis and the global poverty crisis.\nA goal on energy access for people in poverty and many other goals on poverty eradication will only be effective in the long run if it addresses also the causes of climate change and all its impacts. It is essential to start finding concrete ways to integrate climate protection and human development needs in a holistic development framework.\nA group of environment and development organizations convened by CAFOD and WWF UK with the support of Beyond 2015 and CAN-International put together a set of concrete recommendations on how to meaningfully address energy access and climate change across the post-2015 framework. The resulting discussion papers form the basis for a conversation on these pertinent topics during the November sessions of the OWG on SDGs.\nThis breakfast meeting will provide a space for open and informal discussions on concrete suggestions to integrate sustainable energy access for all and tackling climate change into the post-2015 development framework.\n- 8:00am – Welcome and introductions, Corinne Woods, Director UN Millennium Campaign\n- 8:05am – Concrete suggestions on how to integrate energy access and climate change into the post-2015 framework, Bernadette Fischler, CAFOD/Beyond 2015\n- 8:15am – Open Discussion moderated by the Chair, Corinne Woods, Director UN Millennium Campaign\n- 9:00am – End of event\n*The discussion will be held under Chatham House rules to encourage an open dialogue", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "DEADLINE: Friday, January 10, 2020, 5 p.m.\nBRIEF DESCRIPTION: The Washtenaw County Remonumentation Program is requesting that interested contractors submit a Qualifications Statement for the 2020 Remonumentation Grant Program. The Model County Plan requires that the Qualifications Based Selection (QBS) process be followed periodically in the selection of qualified remonumentation contractors.\nCONTRACTING OFFICER AND PURCHASING ENTITY: John A. Myles, P.S., Washtenaw County Remonumentation County Representative, Washtenaw County Road Commission, firstname.lastname@example.org, (734) 327-6684\nQUALIFICATION PROVISIONS OR OTHER SPECIAL PROVISIONS: Click here for the RFQ details.\nDEPOSIT REQUIRED FOR PLANS AND SPECS? No\nSUBMISSION PROCESS: Your letters and statements of qualifications with 2 copies should be forwarded to the following address and should be received no later than 5 p.m. on January 10, 2020. To: John A. Myles, P.S., Washtenaw County Remonumentation County Representative, Washtenaw County Road Commission, 555 N. Zeeb Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 or via email: email@example.com\nDATE POSTED: Wednesday, December 18, 2019", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The draft of the new Spanish Commercial Code includes the regulation of subjects, which until now lacked applicable law, as is the case with the Law of Competition and Industrial Property.\nThe changes relevant to the Law of Competition and Industrial Property include the following:\n- Definite rules of the business activity in the market, which the Law of Defence of Competition, of July 3, 2007, coordinates, as well as rules of behavior directed at business owners and professionals.\n- In this way, the rules are proposed for shares and for some aspects of Spanish civil procedure that today are featured in the Law of Unfair Competition of January 10, 1991.\n- Rules of industrial property as an essential instrument for the functioning of the economy of the market based on the principle of free competition.\nThis article is not considered as legal advice", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Author(s): Hess DC, Hill WD, Martin-Studdard A, Carroll J, Brailer J, et al.\nBackground and purpose:After an ischemic event, bone marrow-derived cells may be involved in reparative processes. There is increasing evidence that bone marrow-derived stem cells may be a source of endothelial cells and organ-specific cells. Our objectives were to determine whether bone marrow-derived cells were a source of endothelial cells and neurons after cerebral ischemia.\nMethods:We transplanted bone marrow from male C57 BL/6-TgN (ACTbEGFP)1Osb mice, which express green fluorescent protein (GFP), into female C57 BL/6J mice. The recipient mice then underwent suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and bone marrow- derived cells were tracked by GFP epifluorescence and Y chromosome probe.\nResults:Within 3 days and at 7 and 14 days after MCA occlusion, bone marrow-derived cells incorporated into the vasculature in the ischemic zone and expressed an endothelial cell phenotype. Few bone marrow-derived cells incorporated into the vasculature 24 hours after MCA occlusion. Some bone marrow-derived cells also expressed the neuronal marker NeuN at 7 and 14 days after ischemia.\nConclusions:Postnatal vasculogenesis occurs in the brain in the setting of a cerebral infarction. Bone marrow-derived cells are a source of endothelial cells and NeuN-expressing cells after cerebral infarction. This plasticity may be exploited in the future to enhance recovery after stroke.\nReferred From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988616\nAuthor(s): Hung CW, Liou YJ, Lu SW, Tseng LM, Kao CL, et al.\nAuthor(s): Leker RR, McKay RD\nAuthor(s): Nakaguchi K, Masuda H, Kaneko N, Sawamoto K\nAuthor(s): Kaneko Y, Tajiri N, Shinozuka K, Glover LE, Weinbren NL, et al.\nAuthor(s): Uemura M, Kasahara Y, Nagatsuka K, Taguchi A\nAuthor(s): Gage FH\nAuthor(s): Doetsch F, Caillé I, Lim DA, García-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A\nAuthor(s): Iwai M, Sato K, Omori N, Nagano I, Manabe Y, et al.\nAuthor(s): Iwai M, Sato K, Kamada H, Omori N, Nagano I, et al.\nAuthor(s): Arvidsson A, Collin T, Kirik D, Kokaia Z, Lindvall O\nAuthor(s): Teramoto T, Qiu J, Plumier JC, Moskowitz MA\nAuthor(s): Gensert JM, Goldman JE\nAuthor(s): Menn B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Yaschine C, Gonzalez-Perez O, Rowitch D, et al.\nAuthor(s): Ninomiya M, Yamashita T, Araki N, Okano H, Sawamoto K\nAuthor(s): Türeyen K, Vemuganti R, Bowen KK, Sailor KA, Dempsey RJ\nAuthor(s): Emsley JG, Hagg T\nAuthor(s): Yan YP, Sailor KA, Vemuganti R, Dempsey RJ\nAuthor(s): Zhu W, Cheng S, Xu G, Ma M, Zhou Z, et al.\nAuthor(s): Kako E, Kaneko N, Aoyama M, Hida H, Takebayashi H, et al.\nAuthor(s): Zhang ZG, Zhang L, Jiang Q, Zhang R, Davies K, et al.\nAuthor(s): Paczkowska E, Kucia M, Koziarska D, Halasa M, Safranow K, et al.\nAuthor(s): Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D, Baker M, Limana F, et al.\nAuthor(s): Asahara T, Takahashi T, Masuda H, Kalka C, Chen D, et al.\nAuthor(s): Kalka C, Masuda H, Takahashi T, Gordon R, Tepper O, et al.\nAuthor(s): Sehara Y, Hayashi T, Deguchi K, Zhang H, Tsuchiya A, et al.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Promotion of Investment for the Generation of Electricity from Renewable Energies, Legislative Decree No. 1002\nRenewable energy sources will have priority distribution on the energy grid and are defined as: biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, and hydropower when potential yield does not surpass 20 MW.\nThe Decree sets out a number of ways in which the government will promote technological investigation and capacity, including the development of a National Plan for the Promotion of Renewal Energies and through co-ordination between regional governments, universities and technical schools, and the National Board of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation.\nLastly, the Legislative Decree modifies existing laws and decrees that regulate energy use in order to further prioritise the consumption of renewable energy.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The High Level Group of the Commission's new Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM) has published its first opinion. It focuses on enhancing the measurement of CO2 emissions from cars.\nThe independent group of eminent scientists welcome the introduction of the new emissions testing procedure as from 2017 that is expected to provide more representative CO2 emission measurements. They recommend a regular review of this procedure, complemented by a framework for the monitoring of real driving CO2 emissions including a formal reporting of the fuel consumption of passenger cars. The scientific opinion also calls for enhanced coordination and regulatory oversight across the EU, based on legislation that is designed to stimulate innovation and low carbon technologies.\nCarlos Moedas, Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation, said: \"We set up the Group of High-level Scientific Advisers only last year to support policy making with high-quality, independent scientific advice, in line with the Better Regulation Agenda to improve the quality of EU legislation. This is exactly what they have done with this first report. We need to reduce CO2 emissions of cars and vans if we are to achieve climate and sustainability goals, and now we have additional scientific evidence base to mould future climate policies in this area.\"\nMiguel Arias Cañete, Commissioner for Climate Action and Energy, said: \"Curbing CO2 emissions and more representative measurements will support European and global efforts to decarbonise transport in view of international commitments to combat climate change. An important step has been the adoption of a new emissions testing procedure. This first opinion of the SAM High-level Group will undoubtedly constitute a key reference for our work on post-2020 emission performance standards for cars and vans in the EU.\"\nThe scientific opinion, drafted in response to a request by Commissioner Arias Cañete, draws upon a comprehensive review of scientific literature, a wide-ranging consultations with the most relevant scientific experts and policy, industry and civil society stakeholders and a visit to the Vehicle Emissions Laboratory of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre..\nThe Group is currently also working on an opinion on cybersecurity, which is expected to be published in early 2017, and has published recently an explanatory note on glyphosate.\nThe Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM) was set up by a Commission Decision on 16 October 2015. Its High Level Group of Scientific Advisors comprises seven independent eminent scientists, appointed in their personal capacity. The Group draws on a wide range of scientific expertise, inter alia through a close relationship with European and national academies, to advise the Members of the European Commission on issues of public interest.\nThe SAM contributes to the quality of EU legislation and complements the existing science advisory structures of the Commission, which include inter alia the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Agencies as well as specialised expert groups.\nOn the SAM High Level Group's first scientific opinion:\nThe European Commission has played a key role in global efforts to reduce CO2 emissions from road transport for many years now. Through its science and knowledge service, it was instrumental in the development of the World-wide harmonised Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), a new, more realistic, test procedure for measuring CO2 emissions and fuel consumption from cars and vans. In the EU, WLTP will gradually replace the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test procedure, which no longer reflects today's driving conditions or vehicle technologies, in vehicle approvals from 2017.\nIn its first opinion, the SAM High Level Group recommends reviewing the WLTP test cycle every five years to ensure that the gap between laboratory and average real-world emissions does not grow again. The High Level Group recommends complementing the WLTP test cycle with a framework for the monitoring of real driving CO2 emissions. This should consist of an assessment as to whether CO2 emissions data obtained from the real driving emissions testing for pollutants using Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) can be used to monitor the gap, the development of a Real Driving Emissions scheme for CO2, and the introduction of a formal reporting of the fuel consumption of passenger cars, taking advantage of on-board vehicle diagnostic systems.\n- Scientific Opinion: \"Closing the gap between light-duty vehicle real-world CO2 emissions and laboratory testing\"\n- FAQs on car type approval and emissions\n- European Commission's Better Regulation Agenda\n- Background documentation\n- Road transport: Reducing CO2 emissions from vehicles\n- Publication date\n- 25 November 2016\n- Directorate-General for Climate Action", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "On July 7, 2000, at 1500 mountain daylight time, a Bell 206L-3, N38903, operated by Papillion Airways, Inc., sustained substantial damage during a forced landing approximately 6 miles west of Logan, Utah. The commercial pilot and his passenger were not injured. The flight was a local area maintenance test flight operating under Title 14 CFR Part 91 and no flight plan was filed. Visual meteorological conditions were present. Use your browsers 'back' function to return to synopsisReturn to Query Page\nA torque gauge had been changed and the pilot was conducting a test flight. Shortly after takeoff, persons on the ground noticed the left passenger door appeared to be open. The pilot was informed and was making a precautionary approach to landing to close the door when he heard and felt a bang followed by a slight vibration and rattling which subsided. When the nose of the helicopter started to drift right, the pilot said he attempted to correct it with pedal and found the pedals unresponsive and loose. He performed an autorotation with the engine power set at idle. During the flare for landing, the helicopter turned rapidly to the right and upon touchdown rolled on its left side. The pilot secured the engine and he and the passenger exited the helicopter.\nDuring the impact sequence, the helicopter shed the main rotor head and blades, which were both damaged by impact, and the tail boom was partially separated by main rotor impact about 3 feet aft of the horizontal stabilizer. The tail rotor drive shaft was intact through the boom separation area but the number 4 section was fractured and the number 5 section bent. They remained attached.\nWhen the flight originated, there were several items lying on the passenger seats. One of the items was a jacket with some red and black lettering stenciled on the back. This item was not found following the accident.\nExamination of the tail rotor drive shaft sections revealed a torsional fracture of the number 4 drive shaft 11.2 inches from the engine end as mounted on the aircraft. Wall thickness of the 1.26-inch diameter drive shafts was 0.0498-inch, which was within the range spelled out in the American National Standard Dimensional Tolerance for Aluminum Mill Products. Hardness of the 2024-T3 aluminum drive shaft tubes was 98 HRB, which met the 66 HRB minimums per BPS 4467 for typical 2024-T3 aluminum. Spectrographic analysis of the drive shaft tubes showed conformation to WWW-T-700/3 per the engineering drawing (reference SJL00-0361).\nExamination of tail rotor blade S/N CS 6266 revealed a red paint spot on the blade tip inboard side. The painted section of the blade was removed and sent to the Bell chemical laboratory for analysis. Paint transfer on the blade was analyzed and compared to the paint on a jacket like the one missing from the passenger seat. The analysis revealed that the paints were not chemically similar.\nExamination of tail rotor blade S/N CS 5999 reveled red paint transfer on the inboard and outboard sides of the blade's leading edge 5 inches from the blade tip. Analysis provided evidence that the paint was not chemically similar to that on the jacket. This blade also exhibited a dent on the outboard side of the blade 4.8 inches from the blade tip. In addition, this blade was bent 8.5 inches from the blade butt.\nNeither tail rotor blade exhibited damage consistent with rotation at impact.\nThe helicopter color was white, yellow, red, maroon, and blue. The tail boom exhibited both main and tail rotor slap marks on the red painted portion of the boom. Paint transfer from the blades was present on the boom.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Dancer-choreographer Josh Killacky (@joshkillacky) is best known for his viral dance videos. Killacky started dancing when he was 12 years old in his hometown of Naperville, Illinois. A few years later, he moved to L.A. to pursue his performing career. Killacky's viral fame took off when he was featured as the lead dancer in the Hoverboard dance cover of Justin Bieber's “What Do You Mean.” The video went viral almost instantly, with Bieber even sharing the video with his fans. Today it has well over 4.5 million views. Since then, Killacky has appeared in hundreds of dance videos, split between his YouTube and Instagram pages.\nKillacky recently launched his solo music career with new single “Serpent,” adding recording artist to his list of titles. With nearly 600,000 followers on Instagram, Killacky combines creativity with comedy to inspire and entertain his audience.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Stefania Ciliberti is an Environmental Engineer and she holds a Ph.D. in Hydraulic Environmental Engineering in 2012 from the University of Calabria (Italy).\nSince 2012, she is Research Scientist at CMCC Ocean Predictions and Applications Division and since 2015 she is leading the Research and Innovations in Forecasting working group.\nHer research activities are mainly dedicated on ocean circulation for operational oceanography in the Black Sea and to research-to-operations workflows. She is the Deputy Leader of the Black Sea Monitoring and Forecasting Centre (BS-MFC) for Copernicus Marine Service, guaranteeing service evolution and continuous production and delivery of data for the Black Sea ocean state. She is member of the NEMO System and Development Team.\nSince 2016, she is Permanent Representative of Italy within WMO for the Global Data Processing and Forecasting Systems Group and Member of its Steering Group. Since 2019, she is member of the Expert Team on Operational Ocean Forecasting (ETOOFS) within IOC-WMO.\n- Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 4\n- From observation to information and users: the Copernicus Marine Service perspective\n- Black Sea Observing System\n- River runoff influences on the Central Mediterranean overturning circulation", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cytaty, sentencje, napisy 29 - To jest twoje życie... :: Naklejkolandia\nWe mean, duh.\nThis part of me will NEVER change. I will always show those I love, how much they mean to me. Even with nothing in return. That's the part that is changing. Not worrying about if they need me or love me.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A beautiful 1950s 1960s microbeaded silver bag with features including:\n- silver microbeading in the shape of an art deco fan\n- dashed clear beads\n- silver fabric body\n- silver rope handle\n- flap front closure\n- popper button\n- fabric lining\n- inner pocket\n- made in China\nA pre-owned item in very good condition with some bead loss to the exterior.\nThe interior is reasonably clean.\nHeight 5.5\" | Width 9\" | Drop 12\" | Base 1\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "\"The opening plastics treaty proposal from the U.S. delegation to the United Nations sidesteps calls for cuts in production, praises the benefits of plastics and focuses on national priorities versus global mandates.\"\n\"Critics are describing the Biden administration’s opening position in a United Nations effort to reach a global treaty or agreement to end plastic waste as vague and weak, despite its recognition of a need to end plastic pollution by 2040.\nThe proposal, for example, calls for individual national action plans as opposed to strong global mandates.\nIt does not seek enforceable cuts in plastics manufacturing, even though reducing plastic production was a key recommendation of the landmark 2021 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine report on the devastating impacts of plastic pollution.\nThe U.S. proposal touts the benefits of plastics and calls for improved management of plastic waste such as re-use, recycling and redesigning plastics, which are positions similar to recommendations from the chemical and plastics industries.\"", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Articles | Volume 17, issue 2\n© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed underthe Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.\nAerial observations of sea ice breakup by ship waves\nWave-induced sea ice breakup in the Northern Baffin Bay https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21208.21767\nWave-induced sea ice breakup experiment in the Gulf of Saint-Lawrence https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27919.10403\nModel code and software\nWave-induced sea ice breakup footage processing scripts (tc-2023) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7632812\nAerial footage of wave-induced sea ice breakup in the Gulf of Saint-Lawrence https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32873.62564", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Frank MacDougall Parkway\nOf the 256-km stretch of Provincial Highway 60 that runs east to west through central Ontario, the 56-km section that runs through Algonquin Provincial Park is known as the Frank MacDougall Parkway. Surrounded by pristine wilderness, the park is a popular destination for tourists who enjoy a pleasant drive through the park, with occasional stops at trails through the forest.\nAlgonquin Provincial Park\nAlgonquin Provincial Park, a natural treasure easily accessible from Toronto and Ottawa, was the first provincial park in Canada to be designated in 1893, and is home to lush forests covering more than 2,400 lakes and 1,200 km of rivers. The pristine wilderness is not only a wildlife paradise, but also a popular recreational spot for canoeing, hiking, and enjoying the fall foliage.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "You have probably seen the video that’s everywhere on the Internet and featured on many news outlets …\nEarlier this month, a 15-year-old girl posts a profanity-laced complaint about her parents on Facebook, thinking only some of her friends would see it. But her dad does discover it, and responds by making a video for the daughter and her friends (and eventually all the world) to see.\n“Are you kidding me?” the dad says in the video. He reads her message and responds to it point-by-point, adding his own comments about her lack of gratitude and respect. He tells her, “You’ve got it easy, but it’s about to get a whole lot harder.” She’s lost all privileges until college, etc.\nThen he finishes by destroying her laptop with nine rounds from his .45 pistol.\nPlease be warned … the video contains profanity.\nPeople have had strong reactions to this dad’s approach to “tough love.” Some say the daughter’s message warranted that kind of response; good for him for holding her accountable and teaching her a memorable lesson about real-world consequences. I heard one man say with a chuckle, “I would have used a 12-gauge.”\nAnd others, while admitting that kids today need to hear those points, are appalled by the dad’s actions. He went too far; he’s being a bully and doing permanent damage to the relationship.\nWe all have our opinions, and although we’ll never know the whole story of the relationship, this dad may be burning bridges with his daughter at a key point in her life.\nMore importantly, dad, this video should quickly turn your thoughts to your own fathering. How do you handle it when your child shows disrespect or loses her mind in some way? How can you be a good dad even during those “Are you kidding me?” moments with your children? Haven’t we all said and done some things in the heat of a battle with a child that we later regretted?\nLet’s keep these four thoughts in mind:\n1. Keep practicing the basics. For me, it always comes back to the fundamentals, because they are grounded in solid research. In just about any situation, we can ask ourselves, Am I showing love to my child—truly doing what’s best for him? How does this challenge provide opportunities for me to teach my child and help prepare her for life? And am I being a consistent model—conducting myself in a way that I would want my child to emulate?\n2. Especially when it seems like your kid is out of control, focus on self-control. If you try to exert strict control over your teenager, the chances are good that you’ll drive him away or turn him into an enemy. Instead, realize that your child will occasionally put you on some emotional roller-coasters. Expect that, and don’t go ballistic on him. Demonstrate self-control; be a calm father.\n3. Keep a long-range perspective. Remember the end goal of your fathering: a responsible, well-adjusted adult. Ask yourself, What do I want my child to remember about this day—and my behavior—five or ten years from now? That perspective may help you relate to your children with an extra measure of patience, calmness, and acceptance.\n4. Be ready to say, “Sorry.” We all overreact sometimes. A genuine apology should be a natural and quick response. Be an agent of healing. Recognize when you’ve hurt your child and take the initiative to go to her and say, “I was wrong. I’m sorry. Will you forgive me?” (Practice those words out loud, so they’re easier to say when you need to.)\nHere are more Action Points you can use:\n- Revisit your household rules for Internet use, email, social media, YouTube, etc., and discuss those as a family. Remember: “There’s no place like home.” Agree with your children to never take complaints public—online or otherwise.\n- If your kids are older, watch the video with them. Ask for their thoughts about the daughter’s comments and her dad’s response.\n- Identify an area of life where your child needs some instruction or greater maturity—responsibility, a work ethic, money management, etc. Come up with a plan to invest yourself in building up your child in that area. Beware of any storms brewing. Commit to lines of communication now that will head off the storm. Restate your expectations and show mercy as much as possible. These are kids.\n- Ask your wife to help you identify when your tone of voice becomes harsh when you’re talking to your children—and what effect it has on them.\n- Count to ten! Give yourself time to think through the most positive, reasonable response. Understand your own temperament. Even words can create lasting impressions—and wounds. Write out your thoughts; record your videos … and then sit on them. Maybe get feedback from another dad. Think carefully about the long-term impact of your actions.\nMany of you dads out there also have great experiences and wisdom on this. Please share your thoughts below.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Chicago Pneumatic Construction Equipment now offers a new concept in its vibration equipment lineup with the launch of electronic pokers. The quiet, safe and efficient Vektor 12K electronic pokers provide high centrifugal force, making them suitable for use across a wide variety of high-to-low slump concrete applications.\nWhen you need parts most — Volvo delivers. If a machine should go down, Volvo guarantees parts delivery within 48 hours* in Canada and Hawaii, and within 24 hours in the United States, including Alaska. volvoce.com/parts48.\n*Guarantee applies to Class 1 parts orders. 24-Hour Parts Delivery Guarantee in the United States, including Alaska, and a 48-Hour Parts Delivery Guarantee in Canada and Hawaii. See website for complete details.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "IPY International Programme Office and Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)\nThis directory is intended for legitimate use by Arctic researchers and their associates. Any commercial or other unsanctioned use is prohibited.\nSearch the Directory\nIf you have an update for this researcher, please email us at:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hi Carina, > After sensing this mail I realice that the problem was the -xT flags, I > change that in all the environmental variables and I finally install it. Thanks for letting us know you found a solution! --Russ > Russ, thanks for the answer. > I'm having problem for netcdf installation. > I'm trying to install it on a debian lenny (32 bits) with Intel compilers. > I try 2 things > 1) as root configure the netcdf, but I get some errors. I attach config.log > (root_CONFIG.LOG) > 2) with sudo, it generates del config.status, but the problem is that the c > compiler that it takes is g95 or gcc, but NO intel compiler. > I exporte the variables but still get those compilers instead intel. I attach > config.status. (SUDO_config.log & SUDO_config.status) > > What I supose to do? > I've been trying to install these for a few days without success.. > > regards > > > To: address@hidden > > Subject: [netCDF #KRV-421076]: Netcdf with intel compilers hdf5 > > Date: Tue, 11 Jan 2011 15:03:14 -0700 > > CC: address@hidden > > From: address@hidden > > > > Hi Carina, > > > > > Hello: I nedd to install netcdf 4.1.1 with hdf5. I need this to work with > > > WPS > > > and WRF3.2. > > > > > > The question is, I must compile netcdf with intel compilers, HDF5 too? > > > > > > I'm woorking with a debian lenny. > > > I read all the documentation but I can't find that detail so I can install > > > netcdf. > > > > No, HDF5 compiled with a different compiler should work OK with netCDF > > compiled using intel compilers. > > > > --Russ > > > > Russ Rew UCAR Unidata Program > > address@hidden http://www.unidata.ucar.edu > > > > > > > > Ticket Details > > =================== > > Ticket ID: KRV-421076 > > Department: Support netCDF > > Priority: Normal > > Status: Closed > > > > Russ Rew UCAR Unidata Program address@hidden http://www.unidata.ucar.edu Ticket Details =================== Ticket ID: KRV-421076 Department: Support netCDF Priority: Normal Status: Closed\nNOTE: All email exchanges with Unidata User Support are recorded in the Unidata inquiry tracking system and then made publicly available through the web. If you do not want to have your interactions made available in this way, you must let us know in each email you send to us.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Cast Iron Toggle Plate View Toggle Plate For Jaw Crusher Price\nFind details of companies Supplying Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate, Manufacturing wholesaling jaw crusher toggle plates in India. Get Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate at best price from Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate Retailers, sellers, traders, exporters wholesalers listed at ExportersIndia.com.Jan 15, 2016 Double-toggle crusher. The Blake Jaw crusher frames have been the subject of considerable variety in details of design and have been built of several different materials. Originally all frames were of cast iron, as was the case with all of the early gyratory machines. jaw plates. The original Blake crusher was de signed with a vertical.\nCast Cast Iron Toggle Plate View Toggle Plate For Jaw Crusher\nThe Rhino Series Jaw Crushers use the “Dry Rolling Type Toggle Plate” technology. The ends of the Toggle Plate are fully machined. The Toggle Bearings are hardened alloy steel castings with a flat bearing surface. Instead of sliding, the toggle plate now rolls upon the groove of the Toggle Bearings.Toggle plate jaw crusher iron casting. jaw crusher toggle plate for sale by Zhengzhou Yusheng Casting Depending on the specific conditions, all wear parts can be ordered as high manganese steel, high chrome cast iron or C. Sitemap.\nDurable Cast Iron Toggle Plate For Pe Series Jaw Crusher\nJaw crusher flywheel casting - Alloy cast iron (Chromium Manganese additions). Jaw crusher parts - Carbon Low alloy steel castings. Carbon steel toggle plate, Carbon steel toggle block, Carbon steel mantle core. Castings for jaw crushers in carbon low alloy steels - toggle plate, toggle.Jaw crusher toggle plate is accurately calculated cast iron It is not only force transmission component but also the insurance component of jaw crusher When unbreakable material falls into the jaw crusher which makes the machine going beyond normal load the toggle plate will be immediately broken so that the crusher stops working to.\nChina Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate\nCast cast iron toggle plate view toggle plate for jaw crusher These plates are mainly used for crushing stones and marbles Our expert workforce uses quality grade mild steel and cast iron to manufacture these plates These plates do not break or crack even after regular usage thus highly reliable and give maximum performance Also Jaw Crusher Toggle Plates do not attract dust and.The toggle plate of the jaw crusher is a cast iron piece that has passed accurate accounting. It is not only a force transmission component but also a safety part of the jaw crusher. The toggle plate will be broken immediately and the crusher will stop working to prevent damage to the entire machine When the unbreakable material falls into the.\nToggle Plate Of Stone Jaw Crusher\n1.Mainly the features of Single Toggle Jaw Crusher are same as Double Toggle Jaw Crusher, But the difference in single toggle is crushing and stroking is done by pitman only. 2.Crushing Capacity as compare to double toggle is 10 to 20 , but life of jaw plates is less as compare to double toggle jaw crusher.Jaw crusher toggle plate manufacturers for cars Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate Nanjing Manganese Toggle plate is the most simple and low-cost part of jaw crusher, which is usually made by cast iron. It is the driving part of jaw crusher and has three main functions. That is, transmit power, adjust d.\nJaw Crusher Toggle Plate\nThe safety device of jaw crusher is toggle plate and the material of toggle plate is cast iron As its function is MS Type Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate Jaw Crusher SBM unisbm Toggle plate jaw crushersstructure is simple easy to manufacture reliable easy maintenance The position of the toggle plate jaw crusher View .PROFESSIONAL CASTING. We are offering a wide range of Cast Iron Component Castings. We are specialists in castings supply for Fly Wheels, Load Wheels, Foundation Plates, Match Plates, Jaw Crusher Parts Castings, Dead Weight Castings (All Series), Couplers, etc.\nChina Toggle Plate For Jaw Crusher Swing Jaw Plate\nParts for a baxter jaw – Crusher South Africa. Allis Chalmers Cone Crusher Manuals Used Allis Chalmers 12-600 Portable Cone Crusher . Baxter 3650 Toggle Plate – New cast toggle plate for Baxter 3650 jaw crusher.4 132, GST Road, Otteri - Vandalur, Chennai - 600048, Dist. Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Verified Supplier. View Mobile Number. Call +91-8068970203 Dial Ext 813 when connected. Contact Supplier Request a quote. Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate, For Used In Jaw Crusher 5,000 Piece. Get Quote. Toggle Plate For Jaw Ceusher. 3,950 Piece Get Latest Price.\nHigh Quality Jaw Plate Toggle Check Plate For Jaw Crusher\nFind here online price details of companies selling Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate. Get info of suppliers, manufacturers, exporters, traders of Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate for buying in India.China Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate manufacturers - Select 2021 high quality Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate products in best price from certified Chinese Mining Machinery, Crushing Machine suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China.com.\nJaw Crusher Toggle Plates\nFunction Of Toggle Plate In Jaw Crusher. Jaw crusher toggle plate jaw crusher toggle plate or called jaw crusher elbow plate provided by gomm is the result of the accurate calculation of cast iron jaw crushers and hydraulic relief systems that can allow noncrushable material to go through the jaw crusher without snapping the toggle plate jaw crusher sides cheek.Stone Crusher Spare Parts Manufacturer of a wide range of products which include jaw crusher toggle plate, ms toggle block, cast iron compression springs, shaft mounted gearbox, stone crusher side plate and stone crusher gun metal pins.\nChina Jaw Crusher Toggle Plate China Toggle Plate\nFlywheel, Iron Castings, Sand Casting manufacturer supplier in China, offering Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Pulley Fly Wheel Toggle Plate Adjustment Wedge, Stainless Steel Large Parts Manual Precision Welding Processing, Welding of Large Frame - Welding of Structural Parts and so on.These plates are widely used in crushing marbles and granite stones. Our expert workforce uses optimum quality cast iron to manufacture these plates. To provide a flawless range, we heck these plates on sturdiness and construction parameters. We offer these Stone Crusher Jaw Plates at market leading prices to clients. Further Details.\nHow To Change The Toggle Plate Jaw Crusher The Uplift\nThese plates are mainly used for crushing stones and marbles. Our expert workforce uses quality grade mild steel and cast iron to manufacture these plates. These plates do not break or crack even after regular usage, thus highly reliable and give maximum performance. Also, Jaw Crusher Toggle Plates do not attract dust and need no regular.A re view on th e des ign made of white cast iron a nd and a lower part having a lower supporting point for supporting the pitman in the body of the jaw crusher through a toggle plate. The.\nJaw Crusher Toggle Plate At Best Price In India\nThe feed supplied to a single toggle jaw crusher through its gape, is crushed by the compression of the feed by the of the movable jaw, which is controlled by toggle plate and drawback rod. Figure 2 shows the components of a single toggle jaw crusher. made of white cast iron and later with high manganese austenitic steel also known as.Toggle Plate is a simple low-cost but very important part of jaw crusher. It is usually made of cast iron, and it is used to hold the lower part of the jaw in position, it also serves as a safety mechanism for the entire jaw.\n- Jaw Gravel Jaw All Crusher Lists Philippines\n- Shandong Good Adjustable Jaw Crusher\n- Crusher Jaw Crushers Jaw Crusher\n- Plant Installation Jaw Crusher\n- Highly Primary Crushing Jaw Crusher Pe400 600\n- Stone Crusher Rock Jaw Crusher Mineral Crusher In Store In F\n- Make A Rod Jaw Crusher\n- Rock Win Jaw Crusher For Sale\n- Shanghai Small Jaw Crusher\n- Benxi Fine Jaw Crusher\n- Jaw Crusher Emails Kazakhstan\n- Portable Portable Jaw Crusher On Sale\n- Jaw Crusher Dust Suppression Management In Limestone And Cru\n- Where To Get Jaw Crusher\n- Portable Jaw Crusher Business\n- Jaw Crushers From Dubai\n- High Quality Mini Jaw Crusher Machine Jaw Stone Crusher\n- Rock Jaw Crusher Laboratory\n- Antimony Ore Jaw Crusher Price\n- Cr Portable Jaw Crushers\n- Diffrence Between Jaw Crusher And Cone Crusher\n- China Mining Machine Jaw Crusher\n- Construction Of Jaw Crusher Double Toggle\n- Big Crushing Ratio Durable Use Universal Jaw Crusher\n- Newly Developed Ore Stone Jaw Crusher Machine With High Quality\n- 100tph Jaw Crusher Manufacturer\n- Cement Raw Material Composition Crushing Sale Jaw Crusher Pe\n- Sale Hartl Pc J Jaw Crusher\n- Algeria Small Pe Jaw Crusher\n- Portable Jaw Crushers For Sale Ma", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Author Archive for: Mikael Mulugeta\nAbout Mikael Mulugeta\nThis author has yet to write their bio.Meanwhile lets just say that we are proud Mikael Mulugeta contributed a whooping 65 entries.\nEntries by Mikael Mulugeta\nIn late 2018, the South Dakota Department of Environmental and Natural Resources launched an online flood information system modeled after IFIS with the help of the Iowa Flood Center.\nIowa Flood Center\nThe University of Iowa\n100 Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory\nIowa City, IA 52242\nContact: Breanna Shea", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Province of KwaZulu-Natal\nThe highly populated province of KwaZulu-Natal has challenges such as water scarcity, inadequate river catchment and pollution from informal settlements. Due to the urgency of addressing these issues, the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Economic Development, Tourism, and Environmental Affairs (EDTEA) stepped up and initiated the Transformative Riverine Management Program (TRMP). The main aim of this program is to rehabilitate and manage riverine corridors sustainably. The emphasis is on climate adaptation and resilience, as shown by their innovative approach to riverine governance. The project empowers the local community by generating employment, training, and skill development and creating opportunities for marginalized communities.\nThe TRMP program was rolled out in Endumeni, KwaDukuza, and Ugu District municipalities between 2022 and 2023, employing an estimated 1,186 local workers. The program aided in reducing 109 tonnes of waste, and 98 hectares were freed of invasive alien flora species. The program highlighted the importance of education, awareness, and training in building a climate-adaptive river and implementing sound environmental management. The program has also established localized recycling centres to avoid waste being used as landfills and enhance environmental conservation. The TRMP program focuses on the most vulnerable river catchments and regions at risk of natural disasters. TRMP was implemented by the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Economic Development, Tourism, and Environmental Affairs (EDTEA) in partnership with Regions4- a global NGO that is promoting resilience building and sustainable practices among regions across the world in a bid to put people and nature at heart climate change adaptation.\nOrganizations, such as government agencies, private businesses, or NGOs that are actively involved in mitigating climate change.\n- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Economic Development, Tourism, and Environmental Affairs (EDTEA) – Nhlakanipho Nkotwana, Head of Department, Nkontwana@kznedtea.gov.za\n- Regions4 – email@example.com\nThis Post was submitted by Climate Scorecard South Africa Country Manager Rugare Zhou.\nLearn More References\nNational Environmental Management: Air Quality Act: Methodological Guidelines of Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 7 October 2022. No. 47257\nForests for Life FFL1 – P R O J E C T S P O T L I G H T", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) was a joint NASA and DLR mission launched in 2002 to measure changes in the Earth's gravity field.\nIt consists of twin satellites.\nAbbreviation: Not defined\nKeywords: Not defined\n|Previously used record indentifiers:||\nNo related previous identifiers.\nNo documents related to this record were found.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Keep Calm and Let ⊱ DORE Handle itHey, if you are DORE, then this shirt is for you. Let others just keep calm while you are handling it. It can be a great gift too.Keep Calm and Let DORE Handle it\nVisit site to get more custom tee shirts online, custom tee shirt printing, custom tees, customize tee shirts, custom printed tee shirts.\n(Tshirt Awesome T-Shirt) Its A Lam Thing Teeshirt this week If Youre A Lam You Understand Everyone else has no idea These make great gifts for other family members Tshirt Guys Lady Hodie SHARE and Get Discount Today Order now before we SELL OUT Today\nKeep Calm and Let Fellers handle it T Shirt, Hoodie, Sweatshirts - customized shirts\nIts A WOODRUFF thing, you wouldnt understand ! - t shirt design tee novios\n[ Who Sells ] Cuba team lifetime member [ order now ! ] => Off SunFrog Shirts Coupon, Promo Codes, [ Who Sells ] Cuba team lifetime member [ order now ! ] - T-shirt, Hoodie, Sweatshirt\nGod Know My Name LEE Cool Name Shirt ! God Know My Name LEE Cool Name Shirt !, sweatshirt for women,sweater women. TRY =>.\nI Cant Keep Calm Im An Aminah 634 sold, 9 day left! Buy Your T-shirts Now ! Keep Calm And Let Am… 976 sold, 5 day left! Buy Your T-shirts Now ! I Cant Keep Calm Im An Aminah 528 sold, 5 day left! Buy Your T-shirts Now ! I Cant Keep Calm Im An …\nVisit site to get more create a custom t shirt, create a tee shirt, create your own t shirt design, create your own t shirt online, create a t shirt. If you are JILLIAN or loves one. Then this shirt is for you.\nNice T-shirts I Love ABAPTISTON from (ManInBlue) Design Description: If you love ABAPTISTON, then its must be the shirt for you. It can be a better gift too. If you do not utterly love this Tshirt, you'll SEARCH your favourite one by means of using.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Find out more\nPeter K. Taylor\nAuthor (2) on the following record types:\nDataset Collection (1)\nNOCS (National Oceanography Centre, Southampton) Flux Datasets: marine surface meteorology, freshwater and heat fluxes.\nNOC 1.1: National Oceanography Centre Surface Flux Climatology (version 1.1)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Who does not love Mango Sticky Rice--- creamy, sweet with a tiny hint of saltiness, plus the sweet-sour taste of yellow mango. Usually served as a dessert, our family often times have this delightful dish as a snack.\nThe recipe below is the same recipe for Inangit. The only variation is the method at which each dish is cooked before serving.\n2 cups glutinous rice, rinsed\n1 ½ cups water\n1 ½ cups coconut milk\n½ cup white sugar (or more depending on your taste preference)\n1 teaspoon salt\nRipe yellow mango, thinly sliced\nINSTRUCTIONS – RICE\nAdd rice and water in a pot. Bring to a slow boil, then bring heat down and let simmer until rice is cooked (grain should be firm but tender).\nTurn off heat.\nI cooked my rice in my Musui-Kamado, on White Rice setting. Of course, this can be cooked on stove-top, or using a rice cooker. Just make sure to check on your rice while it cooks and add water, as necessary.\nOn medium heat, in a small pot pan, combine coconut milk, sugar and salt. Stir until it comes to a slow boil and mixture thickens into syrup consistency. Set aside. (Divide coconut mixture and set aside a small amount for use as topping on the sticky rice.)\nPUTTING IT TOGETHER\nPour coconut mixture on the cooked rice for the sweet coconut flavor to be absorbed. Let cool.\nOnce cooled, fluff the rice.\nServe on a small platter and top with coconut mixture-syrup, with slices of ripe yellow mango on the side. Garnish sticky rice with toasted sesame seeds.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "ASP.NET’s GridView control suffers from an irritating design flaw. When a GridView contains a ButtonField and one of the buttons in the column is clicked, there’s no obvious way to determine WHICH button was clicked–that is, to get a reference to the row containing the clicked button. I’ve seen all kinds of work-arounds, some better than others, but here’s the one I use:\nGridViewRow row = (GridViewRow) ((WebControl)e.CommandSource).Parent.Parent;\nPlace this line of code inside a RowCommand handler and “row” is initialized with a reference to the GridViewRow whose button was clicked.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I have a couple of questions, hopefully you guys can help out.\nI used Display.Shape to create a plate-object\nThe size/scale of the platess correspond to my sample data set.\nAnd the \"display\" consists of multiple plates.\n(1) Is there a way to select an individual plates?\nI hope to trigger visualization-relative to selected plates.\nAs far as I know - the mouse interaction allows users to\nrotate/zoom/translate/move cursor around the whole display\n(2) Is there a way to specify multiple colors in different\nregions on ONE plate? (if possible without having to\ncreate the plate as a composite object of different shapes)\nIf there isn't - can you direct me if I want to implement that\nfeature somewhat efficiently\n(3) Thank you very much for the software. It's wonderful !!\nBut I must say that it's hard for one to learn to use the\nmany powerful features of visad. I have been reading the\ndocumentation and experimenting with DisplayTest.java.\nI find that it's difficult to know what is happening in\nI have request - is it possible that you include some\nsamples that is less abstract - and somewhat more contained.\nContained => no fortran, no images or other data format, no\nBasic ideas like - creating Real Data Objects that has numerical\nvalues, mapping them to some display, Creating DataReference,\nillustrating how to use the reference to change data values,\nand have the display updated accordingly.\nHow to implement direct manipulation.\n(4) BTW the javadoc link in the homepage is a broken link again\nCan someone fix it?\nThank you very much for all your patience\n1516 Henry St, #1\nBerkeley, CA 94709\n(510) 540 0324 (home)\n(510) 642 5048 (office)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "If you live in Mumbai near SBI BANK , Pbb Lokhandwala branch, it doesn’t mean that you need to visit the SBI BANK every time to perform a financial transaction. With so many SBI BANK branches and varied needs, a click of the button is good enough to perform a transfer around Mumbai, Maharashtra. IFSC Codes have been a part of the SBI BANK way of working for a long time now, and they have definitely been of help in case of a financial transaction.\nA lot goes into making an experience wonderful for you at SBI BANK, especially the one that concerns a financial transaction in Pbb Lokhandwala, Mumbai. A transfer to the wrong beneficiary is an act that you wouldn’t want to do, and that is why it is important that you check the SBI BANK account number as many times as necessary, to ensure that the right beneficiary gets your money. IFSC Codes for SBI BANK are designed in a way to make sure that your bank is traceable. If the SBI BANK bank account details will not be in sync, the SBI BANK servers will not be able to locate the Pbb Lokhandwala branch in Mumbai, Maharashtra.\nThis in turn is a signal that things aren’t happening in the right manner, while a validated SBI BANK IFSC code, will confirm that your beneficiary has a valid SBI BANK branch and the transaction can be done. Let’s take one example:\nThere are various branches of SBI BANK in the country, but let’s take into count their Pbb Lokhandwala branch. The branch details are appended below:\n|Address||CST 619 B BY 1 RAHEJA CLASSIQUE 1OSHIWARA LINK ROAD ANDHERI W MUMBAI MAHARASHTRA PIN 400058|\nThe details above validate that the SBI BANK has its operations in the Mumbai, Maharashtra branch located at the CST 619 B BY 1 RAHEJA CLASSIQUE 1OSHIWARA LINK ROAD ANDHERI W MUMBAI MAHARASHTRA PIN 400058. This confirms that if you plan on doing a financial transfer, you must be sure of the SBI BANK IFSC code to ensure that the transfer happens without any hassles.\nWhile all of us understand IFSC codes by now, let’s understand MICR code as well. This is termed as Magnetic Ink Character Recognition which is a character recognition technology that helps in processing cheques faster. SBI BANK bank branch has a unique MICR code which helps RBI identify the SBI BANK branch, and speed up the cheque clearing process.\nWhile SBI BANK IFSC is an 11 digit code, MICR is a 9 digit code, and the basic difference between these two codes is that IFSC code is used for SBI BANK online transactions, while MICR is used for SBI BANK offline transactions, like Cheque.\nThese two aspects are of great importance for SBI BANK financial transaction in both SBI BANK online transactions and SBI BANK offline transactions, and you can choose the one that works well for you.\n29 July 2017:With rumours of the scrapping of Rs.2000 note doing the rounds the Minister of State for Finance Santosh Kumar Gangwar has made it clear that there is nothing of that sort which is about to happen. However Rs.200 note will be soon brought into circulation. According to media reports the further printing of Rs.2000 notes has been stopped. Industry experts claim that the ministry has decided to limit the circulation of higher denomination Rs.2000 note however it would remain a legal tender but the soon to be introduced Rs.200 note would be used on a larger scale as compared to the former Rs.2000 note. The new Rs200 note would be introduced in the month of August as said by a top government official. Post demonetisation people were finding it difficult to use the Rs.2000 notes as the smaller denominations. The economy is now close to complete re monetisation as the new currency has reached 84% of the extinguished one on July 7.\n18 December 2017:India’s second most valuable private lender HDFC Bank has issued 3 lakh credit cards just in a year of its launch. InstaCard was launched in January this year. The bank said in a statement that these cards were delivered to customers within an hour of applying for a credit card. With the help of these cards, customers can do transactions online on e-commerce websites immediately on receipt of the InstaCard. The physical cards are delivered to the customers within a few days. InstaCards are popularly known as digital credit card and is issued using a combination of credit bureau information, pre-qualification algorithm and checks in the application form as per the banks\n24th January 2017: After demonetization, there has been a search in demands of cashless transactions.HDFC Bank is providing training to 15000 customers and 10000 businessmen on how to effectively use digital payments on a daily basis they have organized \"Digital Literacy Camps\" in 275 places in Madhya Pradesh. They are providing this service across an urban, semi-urban and rural area in around 130 branches.\n6 July 2017:Hasmukh Adhia, the architect of GST rollout and also the Revenue Secretary took to twitter to get rid of the myths pertaining to the new tax regime and also the belief that a person will be paying GST twice if he/she will be using the credit card to make payments.The Revenue Secretary has clarified the said belief to be completely fake and also made a request to the public to avoid circulating such unrealistic messages without confirming its authenticity. GST has been brought into practice since 1st of July 2017 and has absorbed a number central and state taxes including excise and sales tax. Even in the pre GST period the service tax was not levied on payments made by credit cards, in fact a discount was given by the utility providers if credit cards were used for the payments. Under the GST regime the 15% bracket was increased to 18% for the banking and financial services as for home, auto and personal loan EMIs will not rise. One time costs such as prepayment ,foreclosure charges along with loans taken from credit cards will rise nominally. If the payment is made on time using the credit card then there will be no service tax charged but if the payment is made on a later date then penalty will be charged by the bank which will attract 18% tax under GST and will also increase the overall credit card dues.\n25 August 2017:Public lender Bank of India has reduced interest rate on savings bank accounts by 50 basis points to 3.5 per cent on deposits of up to Rs 50 lakh. \"The bank is introducing two tier saving bank rate with effect from today,\" Bank of India said in a regulatory filing today. However the bank will continue to pay percent interest on deposits above 50 lakh. \"The bank is introducing two tier saving bank rate with effect from 24th August,\" Bank of India said in a regulatory filing. On July 31, SBI slashed interest rate on savings account deposits by 50 basis points to 3.5 per cent on balance of Rs 1 crore and below. Other lenders, including private ones such as HDFC bank and Axis bank, have followed suit. Earlier this month, Axis Bank had reduced interest rate on savings bank accounts by 50 basis points to 3.5 per cent for deposits up to Rs 50 lakh. Another PSU lender, Bank of Baroda had slashed the rate to 3.5 per cent on deposits of up to Rs 50 lakh. Karnataka Bank too has tweaked the rate on savings bank accounts.\n20 July 2017:Bringing a transformation in the small size personal loan business by increasing access to credit for technology savvy and mobile population, Home Credit India Finance Pvt Ltd is one of the India’s fastest growing Non-banking financial companies (NBFC) and it has launched an innovative and one of its kind online Mini Cash loan across the country. Targeting customers who need to fulfill their urgent or small requirements or products which are there in shopping list, the Mini Cash is available to applicants ranging from Rs.1, 000 to Rs.10, 000. A transform feature of this loan is that you can sanctioned within 10 minutes of completing online application and without advice of your loan agent or visiting to a branch, no physical signature is required. The loan amount is directly transferred to borrower’s account within a day through RTGS and NEFT electronic payment system. The only document is required is Adhar card as identity proof. Only in case if current residential address is different from the one mentioned in Adhar card then applicant need to submit proof of address. These small size loan designed keeping in mind the ease of application and quick acceptance. From the time it have been launched around 58, 000 registrations for the Mini Cash Loans.\n7th November 2016: For online shoppers, one of the India’s leading bank Axis Bank in partnership with Flipkart has launched a contactless credit card named “Buzz Credit Card”. Through this credit card, Axis Bank will offer a gift voucher of Rs. 1000 as a welcome benefit, a discount of 5% throughout the first year of the purchase at Flipkart and accelerated reward points. Additionally, card users will be entitled to get Flipkart voucher of up to Rs. 7000, linked to purchases made using the card. The card will also offer 15% discount at 5000 plus restaurants across India.\n12 August 2017:Housing finance companies are likely to face some tough competition in the mid-to-large ticket housing segment of above Rs 30 lakh. According to the India Ratings and Research agency (Ind-Ra) HFCs may find it challenging to expand their portfolio in the large ticket housing segment. \"HFCs will face a margin contraction in this segment, limiting the spreads to absorb all the costs, while trying to generate reasonable returns,\" Ind-Ra said in a report. \"This space is characterised by limited competition from banks and hence offers reasonable risk adjusted returns,\" it said. Ind-Ra estimates just about one-fifth of the total HFCs’ portfolio accounts for ticket size higher than Rs 50 lakh.\n12 September 2017:The white-label ATM (WLA) industry is betting on the latest central bank guidelines to end a period of extended status brought about by the pricing of transactions and supply of cash. In its annual report published last week, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) spoke that it would systematically review the WLA plan, mainly the deployment goals. Operators of the machines have not even reached the goals set for them, with only 14,000 ATMs running at present. The central bank is likely to investigate the reasons behind the slow speed of ATM deployment. \"If they are talking about deployment goals not being met, it would help if they found out the reasons behind the slow speed of the industry. One of the major reasons is the low interchange fees for ATM transactions,\" said Sanjeev Patel, chief executive officer of Tata Communications Payment System that runs the Indicash brand of terminals. The WLA industry was considered to allow non-banking groups to deploy ATMs in rural areas to help achieve financial involvement. While eight groups were licensed to operate as WLAs, industry executives say they paused majorly after interchange fees for financial transactions were reduced to Rs 15 from Rs 18. The interchange fee is the amount paid by the bank whose card is being used at the ATM operator. \"Cash availability is still a major problem for us, especially in rural areas where most of our terminals are deployed,\" said Antony, managing director of Hitachi. While the RBI had allowed these groups to source cash from retail outlets and not depends entirely on banks in the coming decision, business is still to recover for the WLA industry.\n30 August 2017:After sending 12 companies to the National Company Law Tribunal for faster resolution of non-performing assets, the central bank is all set to release its second list with 30-40 names of top defaulters including Videocon Industries, JSPL, Uttam Galva, Visa Steel and Castex Technologies. The second lists of the companies are expected to be in steel, power, infrastructure and commodity sector. The companies that would be listed by RBI soon would owe Rs 3,000 crore to Rs 50,000 crore each to banks and most of the firms have already been listed under SMA1 and SMA2 by various banks. The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance promulgated on May 4 and later ratified by the Parliament, empowered the RBI to direct banks to initiate insolvency proceedings. The RBI was quick enough and listed 12 top defaulters to be taken to NCLT.\n08 December 2017:RuPay Credit Cards has launched by Corporation bank, which will be accepted at all all RuPay-enabled – around 1.5 million – PoS terminals and 80,000 plus eCommerce merchants in India and all ICS partner acceptance points (POS, e-commerce merchants) globally, Bank Said. Jai Kumar Garg, MD and CEO of the bank, launched the card at the bank’s headquarters in Mangaluru and said the RuPay credit cards will boost digital payment system and will be beneficial in creating a ‘less cash society’. The two cards – RuPay Select credit card and RuPay Platinum credit card – offer personal accident insurance of Rs10 lakh and Rs2 lakh respectively, the press statement added.\n01 September 2017:The Government has put a temporary hold on the selection of chiefs of the state-run banks and may also review the performance of bank managing directors with those who don’t score too well being asked to improve or quit, said a finance ministry official. “It has been clarified that there will be no loss of jobs at any level. If two banks merge, the existing managing director of one of the PSBs (public sector banks) will stand eligible for a similar vacancy in another bank,” the ministry official said. The decision to create the alternate mechanism of a group of ministers rather than the entire cabinet “would facilitate consolidation among the nationalized banks to create strong and competitive banks,” the government had said in a statement. The finance ministry, however, said, “If that bank has no plans to merge, or is not a possible candidate for acquisition, we may appoint an MD and CEO.” “We are also closely watching the performance of the top executives of these lenders and those who fall short on performance will be held accountable,” said the official.\n29th December 2016: As of 28 December 28, 2016, gold rates have seen a surge of Rs. 139 (0.51%). This growth has been attributed to a firming trend seen across the globe. The current gold rate stands at Rs 27,309 per 10 grams. In New York, the gold rate has increased by 0.28%, surmounting to $1,141.509, which roughly converts to Rs 77852.63.\n7th January 2017: HDFC Bank one of the largest lenders in India has reduced its marginal cost of funds based lending rate (MCLR) by 0.75% to 0.90% effective from 7th January 2017. HDFC Bank 1-year rate has been reduced to 8.15% from 8.90%, the overnight lending rate reduced to 7.85% from 8.65%. In coming few days expect the news of HDFC Bank reducing the rate of interest on Personal Loans, Car Loans, Business Loans. State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, PNB, Union Bank of India, Kotak Mahindra Bank, Andhra Bank, Dena Bank, Bank of India has already reduced MCLR.\n29 September 2017:The government's digital payments push, mainly online card payments through point-of-sale (PoS) machines, may land banks with a Rs 3,800 crore annual loss, alert a report. After the note-ban in November, the Narendra Modi government has pushed the banks to deploy millions of PoS machines to support online payment. At that time banks have doubled their PoS machines from 13.8 lakhs in March 2016 to 28.4 lakhs as of July 2017 and the consequences were it increases the debit and credit cards transactions from Rs 51,900 crore in October 2016 to Rs 68,500 crore in July 2017.\"The overall loss of around Rs 3,800 crore per year is quite substantial and hence the sustainability of the card business depends on a number of factors like MDR, low card usage, poor telecom infrastructure, lack of incentives to merchants to accept cards and insufficient awareness about the costs associated with use of cash,\" the report said. A better telecom infrastructure is needed to drive the digital payments agenda successfully and this can be achieved by ensuring dedicated spectrum for financial transactions alone, as there is the insufficient quantum of spectrum for the infrastructure to take the extra load. The report said the current huge PoS infrastructure that banks have developed have to be supported openly. \"Though the government has proposed various measures to support PoS infrastructure and banks are installing PoS terminals, in the long-run, the business would be possible, only if the transactions at PoS exceed ATM transactions, a desirable task indeed,\" the report concluded.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Kenney Wins Editors' Choice Award\nJuly 21, 2014 11:38 AM\nWater Resources Research\nThe Water Resources Research journal has just announced that a 2013 \"Editor's Choice Award\" will go to an article by lead author Melissa Kenney, an ESSIC/CICS-MD Scientist. Editors’ Choice Awards are given to about 1% of published articles in any calendar year to provide professional recognition to scientists and students for their outstanding work. The selection is made by the Editors of WRR based on technical significance, novelty, originality, presentation, and broader implications of the publication. The award will be presented in December at the AGU Fall Meeting. The winning article is: Kenney, M. A., B. F. Hobbs, D. Mohrig, H. Huang, J. A. Nittrouer, W. Kim, and G. Parker (2013), Cost analysis of water and sediment diversions to optimize land building in the Mississippi River delta, Water Resour. Res., 49, 3388–3405, doi:10.1002/wrcr.20139.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Christian Dating Free web Sites – The award-winning Christian dating website\nGerald & Tarana\nWe hide inactive profiles, and that means you’ll never ever deliver communications to singles gone. Are you web site for pen pals, prayer lovers, or simply a close buddy to liberated to? Think about it inside. We are a faith online singles community. A online singles Christian usa site, featuring a highly for staff since our launch in , over , singles joined our service, christian cMatch.\nAs being a Christian site that is dating believe wedding is just a sacred covenant between guy and girl, ordained by Jesus as an element of their divine policy for internet sites of us. Dating there is more to it than simply romance and love. Ebony claims in Genesis 2:. Often it feels as though their canada are restricting us, and quite often it’s most readily useful very easy to await Jesus’s timing. Online, whom other than our Creator knows most useful exactly how we can fully flourish and attain our function? The Bible shows us that completely wishes the most effective for all of us:. Intends to prosper you and never to harm well, canada to offer most readily useful internet sites the next. The australian Paul writes in 2 Corinthians 6:. But, dating Canada aren’t able to find their soul mates in church, and totally completely are merely too for web sites keep an energetic life that is best. United states of america is just why you want to help unmarried Christians to meet up with other Christian singles — for a significant relationship, dating also for fellowship and religious development.\nJesus spoke about wedding in Mark. Unfortunately, christian also shows our brokenness, as soon as we review the divorce proceedings price, even among Christians. Therefore we believe every relationship is well well worth fighting for. Singles is the reason why you can easily just join cMatch if you are undoubtedly solitary — it indicates you can’t join in the event that you’re ‘almost divorced’ or divided. Read More", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Physical-biological coupling in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica: Influence of physical factors on phytoplankton community structure and biomass\nCited 11 time in\nCited 11 time in\n- Physical-biological coupling in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica: Influence of physical factors on phytoplankton community structure and biomass\n- Other Titles\n- 남극 아문젠 해역에서의 식물플랑크톤의 구조와 생물량에 영향을 미치는 물리적 요인의 영향\n- Lee, YoungJoo\nLee, Sang H.\nYang, Eun Jin\n- Amundsen Sea; Diatom; Phaeocystis antarctica; Phytoplankton; Polynya\n- Issue Date\n- Lee, YoungJoo, et al. 2016. \"Physical-biological coupling in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica: Influence of physical factors on phytoplankton community structure and biomass\". DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS, 117(1): 51-60.\n- To understand the spatial distribution of phytoplankton communities in various habitats in the Amundsen Sea, western Antarctica, a field survey was conducted at 15 stations during the austral summer, from December 2013 to January 2014. Water samples were analyzed by microscopy. We found high phytoplankton abundance and biomass in the Amundsen Sea polynya (ASP). Their strong positive correlation with water temperature suggests that phytoplankton biomass accumulated in the surface layer of the stratified polynya. In the ASP, the predominant phytoplankton species was Phaeocystis antarctica, while diatoms formed a major group in the sea ice zone, especially Fragilariopsis spp., Chaetoceros spp., and Proboscia spp. Although this large diatom abundance sharply decreased just off the marginal sea ice zone, weakly silicified diatoms, due to their high buoyancy, were distributed at almost all stations on the continental shelf. Dictyocha speculum appeared to favor the area between the marginal sea ice zone and the ASP in contrast to cryptophytes and picophytoplankton, whose abundance was higher in the area between the continental shelf and the open ocean of Amundsen Sea. Several environmental factors were found to affect the spatial variation of phytoplankton species, but the community structure appeared to be controlled mainly by the seawater density related to sea-ice melting and water circulation in the Amundsen Sea.\n- Files in This Item\n- Can archive pre-print and post-print or publisher's version/PDF\nCan archive post-print (ie final draft post-refereeing) or publisher's version/PDF\nCan archive pre-print (ie pre-refereeing)\nArchiving not formally supported\nItems in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "ECO 6, COP 17, English version\nRelated Blog Posts\nExcuse me Australia,\nI know it’s a closed session, but I would like to ask a question...on rights\nWho’s got the right to light-up a furnace\nAnd just watch it burn through the blackest, darkest\nLight of a blind man’s midnight – and while its fire still flickers,\nHere’s a quick reminder: According to the latest UNEP report, the weak pledges from Annex I countries get us only about a third of the estimated emissions reductions that are needed if we want to have a two-in-three chance of avoiding more than 2° C warming. Unfortunately we have even more bad news: loopholes!\nAt one point in her Thursday briefing for NGOs updating the 50+ issues under negotiation, the Executive Secretary spoke of how various texts were “maturing” since Panama.\nWe are hearing delegates are having sleepless nights because of the yawning gap between current mitigation pledges and what’s needed for a credible 2° C pathway. Perhaps not all of them are genuinely worried because of the implications for humanity...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Home » Posts tagged 'Climate Security Plan for America'\nTag Archives: Climate Security Plan for America\nPart 2 of 4 in the Climate Security Plan for America blog series\nSee part 1, “Demonstrate Leadership,” here.\nIf the first pillar of the Climate Security Plan for America is all about leadership, the second pillar is about ensuring those leaders have the information they need to take decisive, effective action. In this section of the plan, we note that though climate change poses unprecedented risks, we’re also in a moment of unprecedented foresight – a combination that gives us a Responsibility to Prepare and Prevent. Advanced climate modeling allows us to project the implications of a range of emissions levels on risks such as sea level rise, rainfall variability, wildfires, impacts on biodiversity and marine and terrestrial ecosystems and functions, and new disease ranges.\nForesight does not automatically translate to action, however. In order to leverage these models for national security insights, the U.S. government must have the personnel, programs, and systems in place to conduct robust and actionable assessments of climate risks. Our plan calls on the administration to “take advantage of unprecedented foresight about climate change.” President Biden’s new Executive Order (EO), Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, takes important steps in this direction–his actions and our recommendations for what should come next are below:(more…)\nBy John Conger\nPart 1 of 4 in the Climate Security Plan for America Blog Series\nIn late 2019, the Center for Climate and Security-led Climate Security Advisory Group, a group of senior U.S. national security and military experts, including eight retired four-star generals and admirals, published the A Climate Security Plan for America. These leaders outlined a comprehensive plan to elevate climate change as a security priority and offered recommendations in four broad categories. This blog discusses the first, Demonstrating Leadership.\nAs we stated in the report, we believed that in order to successfully counter climate security challenges, it must be an articulated priority of the U.S. President. Check. President-elect Biden has repeated often that he seeks to make climate change “a core national security priority.” He named former Secretary Kerry as his “climate envoy” with a seat on the National Security Council. For his own part, Secretary Kerry’s initial comments on his new role have focused on the security threat posed by climate change.(more…)\nBy John Conger\nIn the wake of the declaration that Former Vice President Joseph Biden will become the next President of the United States, we must consider what this means for climate security. Make no mistake, there will be significant consequences for climate change and for national security separately, but our focus at the Center for Climate and Security is their nexus. We will be exploring this in significant detail in the weeks ahead, but I wanted to offer two thoughts in the wake of the election result.(more…)\nIn a recent op-ed published in The Hill, the Center for Climate and Security’s Director, John Conger, and Board Member Alice Hill, call for a National Resilience Act requiring that all investments by the U.S. federal government be climate resilient. This would entail ensuring that such investments undergo a “climate resilience review.” In short, all federal investments should be built to stand up against current and projected climatic changes.\nConger and Hill state that this law should be envisioned as part of a comprehensive nationwide “Climate and Security Infrastructure Initiative” – the kind outlined in the Center for Climate and Security’s Climate Security Plan for America. (more…)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Home » Divestment and Socially Responsible Investment\nDivestment is the reduction of investment of assets which can serve financial, ethical, or political objectives. Perhaps best known for the movement urging investment institutions to sell stocks connected to the apartheid regime of South Africa in the 1970s, divestment campaigns have successfully targeted a host of issues, including use of sweatshop labor and tobacco advertising. While economic impacts of divestment are debated, the University of Oxford’s Stranded Assets Program concludes the fossil fuel “divestment campaign is likely to lead to a change in market norms” which may exert downward pressure on the valuation of fossil fuel intensive industries – particularly coal stocks. As investors divest from fossil fuel holdings, these funds become more stigmatized and may face a diminishing pool of debt finance which encourage company investment in alternative sectors. By avoiding investment in fossil fuel industries, investors can send a strong policy message supporting renewable energy that can complement other greenhouse gas mitigation efforts.\nWhile divestment focuses on screening out or avoiding investment in fossil fuel intensive companies, “socially responsible investment” (SRI) works to help investors identify holdings that align with organizational values to promote positive change. Also known as “sustainable,” “socially conscious,” or “ethical investing”, these terms reflect a strategy of considering social good as well as financial returns. In practice, particularly with groups concerned about environmental stewardship, this typically entails partial fossil fuel avoidance, which means that investors limit holdings in companies with high fossil fuel exposure. In addition to negative screening, investor Amy Domini who authored Ethical Investing describes shareholder advocacy and community investing as pillars of socially responsible investing. SRI can add investments to high impact entities to support positive change.\nFossil fuel divestment and socially responsible investment portfolios enable organizations to align their values with their goals. Land trusts are uniquely situated to engage in dialogs about divestment and SRI organizationally and with donors because avoiding significant increases in global temperatures is a critical conservation objective. Identifying a significant investment gap based on a 2012 International Energy Agency (IEA) report, Ceres has identified ten recommendations for investors, companies, and policy makers to increase annual global investment in clean energy to at least $1 trillion by 2030 – the amount the IEA has estimated is needed to have an 80% chance of limiting the increase of global temperatures to two degrees Celsius in order to “avoid the worst impacts of climate change”. In order to support the scaled deployment of renewable energy technology necessary to limit global warming, significant increases in the renewable energy sector are necessary. By assessing their existing portfolios and avoiding investments in fossil fuels, land trusts can maximize their contributions of capital flows into the clean energy sector that support the pressing conservation imperative to mitigate global climate change.\nBy implementing a SRI portfolio, the Otsego Land Trust of New York is leading the charge to align investments with organizational conservation objectives. Learn more.\nLand trusts are working to reduce threats and impacts of climate change in different ways. Learn more.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Forgot your password?\nOr sign in with one of these services\nMark Bayley last won the day on February 14 2011\nMark Bayley had the most liked content!\nSee all updates by Mark Bayley\nFired a gun for the first time today. Luckily for the polar bear it would probably survive aha..\nHow much cash did you get :0..\nIf i was in Canada, probably lots! Here, it would be jail. But then rightly so. Can only shoot if its less than 50m away, and likely to attack. Although with my aim i shall not entrusted with that task\nLol, activelly seek out humans as prey I believe !!.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Men, Women, and Equality\nWhen I brought up the differences between men and women, and the mere thought of current equality in my English class, my teacher blew up at me. She being a feminist wouldn’t listen to my explanation so here I am. It is my belief that men and women, right now, in today’s American world, are equal.\nBelieve me on the fact that I am not a traditional Republican Christian, it just so happens that I am an extremely liberal nearly socialist somewhat hippie. This might confuse you that somebody who might normally go to pro women’s right rallies (guilty) would argue that men and women are equal right now.\nLet’s start with the differences between men and women on a biological level. Men have the ability to gain muscle used for getting the necessities for the family, and women have the uterus to protect and raise the young. This being said, that there are differences between men and women is it possible to be equal in every single different aspect of life? No, but is equality still attainable, yes. I truly believe that we have reached that point and if not we are very close.\nThere are many influential men in society and we know that, but what about the women? What comes to my mind is Condoleezza Rice, Oprah, Martha Stewart, Hillary Clinton, the countless celebrities, the rising number of female politicians and CEO’s. There are very famous powerful women, but I also think there are more famous men than women that brings to mind the question; how can women be equal if this is true? The one quote that keeps coming to mind is from My Big Fat Greek Wedding “If the man is the head, the woman is the neck, and she can move him any way she wants.” The brilliance of that line is the one thing that led me to believe in current equality. Think about an average relationship between a man and a woman, who wins the battles? In my mind the woman does, it should in yours too. That is the way the American family works.\nWhy do the women have this power? Is it because of the undeniable sexual attraction from men to women? Or is it that this is a psychological adaptation to create equality?\nIf you enjoyed this essay, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to This I Believe, Inc.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Outbreak of diseases increases after 2010 floods?\nI don’t know whether people know it or not but number of diseases are spreading or re-surfacing in Pakistan since the start of 2013. Four major diseases have been reported by the local Television stations of Pakistan, one of them was declared epidemic while three others are re-surfacing again.\nName of the diseases in Pakistan\nFollowing are the major diseases that are prevailing in the country;\n- Dengue Fever\n- Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)\n- PAM (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis)\n- In 2013: 290 deaths with 22,680 cases according to WHO\nPakistan is experiencing the worst Measles outbreak since 2008. The increase in Measles outbreak can be contributed to the frequent floods that have been witnessed since 2010. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, 310 deaths were reported while 14, 984 cases came forward. This year WHO say that the ‘track is much worse’ than 2012.\nAfter experiencing torrential monsoon rains and floods in 2010, 2011 and 2012, Sindh was the first Pakistani province to report outbreak of Measles in December 2012, almost all deaths were of children who lived in the flood and rain-affected areas according to Asian Human Rights Commission. After Sindh, severe measles outbreak was reported in Punjab province including the provincial capital Lahore with the latest death of a child from Rahim Yar Khan city of Punjab on July 23.\nWhat is Measles?\nMeasles is also know as Rubeola or Morbilli, it is an infactious viral disease that causes red rash on skin and fever. Children are highly vulnerable to Measles if vaccines are not used. Since 2005, a Measles Vaccine by the name of Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella combo (MMRV Vaccine) is available which is said to have long lasting effect.\nFollowing are the symptoms of Measles according to the UK National Health Service;\n- Cold-like symptoms.\n- Red eyes and sensitivity to light.\n- Greyish white spots in the mouth and throat.\n- In 2013: four deaths with eleven cases according to Daily Times\nPakistan is not been new to Dengue disease but during the last few years it has started spreading rapidly especially during the monsoon season. The first case of Dengue was reported in Karachi in 1994 and after that it has been slowly slowly spreading towards the northern parts of Pakistan. In 2007, a sharp increase in Dengue cases were reported in Pakistan especially in Karachi and that year the diseases rapidly engulfed Lahore city.\nPunjab province already experienced a major Dengue Outbreak in 2011, although this year most cases and deaths are coming from Karachi. Dawn Newspaper on July 24 has reported that first Dengue hemorrhagic fever virus was found in the blood of a woman in Lahore with doctors expressing their fear that Dengue fever can return to Punjab later in 2013.\nWhat is Dengue fever?\nThere are four types of Dengue, with two major types. Since 2007, two types of dengue diseases occurred in Karachi while in 2008, another third type of Dengue disease occurred in Lahore and in 2011 all four types of Dengue fever were present in Punjab province;\n- Dengue fever\n- Dengue hemorrhagic fever\nDengue fever (DF): The symptoms of dengue fever are like severe, flu-like illness. DF usually affects infants, young children and adults. DF is rarely fatal.\nDengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF): DHF is a complication of the disease that can be fatal. It usually occurs if you have dengue infection more than once. The symptoms of DHF are similar to DF but the condition of the patient show rapid deterioration 2-5 days after the fever starts. If the disease is not severe, the signs and symptoms decrease after the fever resolves. Patients with severe disease can unexpectedly deteriorate after a few days of fever and develop bleeding from the nose, gums, mouth or in the skin, which leads to purplish bruises. In some of these patients after the fever resolves signs of circulatory failure (low blood pressure or shock) develops which can rapidly progress to severe shock or turn lead to death within 12 to 24 hours.\nFollowing are the symptoms of Dengue fever according to the UK National Health Service;\n- Severe headache.\n- Pain in eyes.\n- Severe aching in your bones and joints.\n- Severe muscle pain (myalgia) of the lower back, arms and legs.\n- Abdominal pain, feeling sick and being sick.\n- Feeling cold.\n- Flat red skin rash.\n- Facial flushing.\n- Loss of appetite.\n- Sore throat.\n- Abnormal bleeding, blood coming from nose, mouth or during urine.\nNewcastle Disease Virus (NDV)\n- In 2013: 60 peacocks died in south-eastern Sindh according to Express Tribune\nNewcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is not new to Pakistan. In 2003, peacocks died from the same disease but at that time authorities took an early action. In February 2011, a milder version of NDV that caused the birds of Thar region to have swollen eyes and loss of appetite. In 2012, a deadly outbreak of Newcastle was observed that killed 300 peacocks in Sindh due to drought conditions in eastern parts of Sindh.\nThis year 60 peacocks have died in the same areas of Sindh that is experiencing unusual weather since 2011 that is mix of drought and abnormal high rains.\nWhat is Newcastle disease virus (NDV)?\nThe virus is named after the city of United Kingdom as it was first reported in 1926. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) mostly affects birds that include poultry as well as wild species. Being a bird disease, it spreads rapidly to due migration of wild birds from one place to another due to which outbreaks can occur frequently. Sadly there is no treatment for this disease but effective vaccine may help to reduce the chance of major outbreaks.\nSymptoms of NDV\nOther than causing seasonal flu-like symptoms or mild eye infection, the Newcastle disease is harmless to human beings. Following are the symptoms of Newcastle disease virus in birds that affects the metabolism and neurological systems of the bird such symptoms disfigures the beauty of Peacock;\n- Loss of appetite.\n- Loss of feathers.\n- Drooping neck.\n- Whirling and spinning.\nPAM (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis)\n- In 2013: Two people lost their lives according to Dawn Newspaper\nThis water-borne disease is confined to Karachi at the moment and it’s first case was reported in 2009 according to the Express Tribune and since 2011 it’s cases are increasing in the metropolis. It is a very rare disease found in some states of U.S and Australia, in 2012, 22 people lost their lives in Karachi few were reported to have recently swam while 13 cases showed that the victims had no history of swimming which made the doctors believe that infection might have occurred due to wudu – وضو (Islamic ritual before Salah) according to Dawn Newspaper.\nWhat is PAM (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis)?\nIt is a water-borne disease, the deadly infection occurs when Naegleria fowleri, an amoeba that is found in rivers, lakes, springs, drinking water networks and poorly chlorinated swimming pools travels into the nose and starts affecting the brain. Drinking waters and Swimming pools should be properly disinfected with recommended percentage of chlorine. Precautions should be especially during wudu.\nThis infection is very serious, it has 98% fatality rate. Following are the symptoms of Naegleria fowleri according to the CDC;\n- Changes in taste and smell.\n- Stiff neck.\n- Lack of attention\nPeople left at the mercy of diseases!\n‘2011’s Dengue Outbreak, 2012’s Newcastle Outbreak and 2013’s Measles’s Outbreak’\nIt is quite disturbing that Pakistan remains under the grip of various diseases with increase in cases after the 2010 floods while the process of vaccination is slow, the reason for re-surfacing of some virus. The International Health Authorities should immediately look into Pakistan’s health care system as the government is taking little interest in the deteriorating situation if the International community does not look into the matter then such infections would only spread, classic example is that of Pakistani Polio virus that was detected in Egypt and Israel. We Pakistanis can only take precautions and spread the information about diseases that can help the Pakistani nation!\n7 thoughts on “Abnormality of Weather leaves trail of diseases across Pakistan?”\noutstanding article Babar bhi…tanx to u…from all pakistanis!\noutstanding article Babar bhi…tanx to u…from all pakistanis!proud of u!\nThank you Amjad 🙂\nSpreading information about such diseases would help the Pakistani nation.\nNice article.Sir I believe one disease is being ignored and is most fatal.It is rabies please put it in your article as it is occurring widely.Most people die from it.\nWhen rains in sindh…..no one leave a replay here……\nLOL it looks like it’s October. Not even a slightest chance of rain.\nTHUNDER AND LIGHTNING + MODERATE RAIN IN KARACHI", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Thicken fleece hoodies for women 3 piece suit\nWinter is coming, are you ready to winter hoodies? Look, there is 3 piece suit, thicken fleece hoody, so you even in the cold winter can feel at ease to go out. Mission decorative flowers and horses, very stylish, avant-garde I am sure you will love the suits.\nThe suit include:hoodie,vest,pants.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "While health professionals and health researchers are the experts on the illness, patients are the experts of living with the illness. Patients bring direct experience and fresh perspectives to research. When patients are involved in health research, they are empowered to have a direct impact on arrhythmia care.\nCANet believes that patients should play a key role in developing research agendas and conducting research and the Network involves patients in all aspects of decision-making, operations, and participation in research programs.\nThe CANet Patient Advisory Council (PAC) consists of 10 patients, caregivers or family members affected by arrhythmia from across Canada and who have significant experience in the healthcare system. Members of our PAC share their knowledge of living with arrhythmia to participate in the majority of activities and initiatives of CANet.\nEach CANet-funded project and activity has a PAC member or other arrhythmia patient as a fully integrated member of the research team.\nMy motivation to join the project was to improve outcomes for other patients that live in remote areas that can benefit directly from remote sensing.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Casino games problem that many people have in their lives is really because do not save if perhaps for brilliant. With all of the stress in countless life, well-liked that an individual saving anytime for good times. For many people one quite fun regarding entertainment is gambling. Those are the basic people that love go to the casino games list and your time night doing some gambling. Win or lose, they have always fun and come out happier then once they went it then. The biggest problem is finding time to leave for a fun time. Now, you might actually have fun playing at an online casino at once that you need to.\nThere as well free strategies and basics that websites offer so that you can learn to play these online games. You never have to fret if you happen to be new player and www.bags163.com concept of on how to be a pro. There are many websites who give out casino games tips and So0912.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=389750&do=profile&from=space tricks for free on the online market place.\nIt is considered that a great deal of cooks spoil the broth. When it comes to online slots, however, the concept is changed. The more money that is wagered on a specific slot, the higher the jackpot climbs. However, the player should inside your in mind that acquiring a backlink . they spin an live blackjack online uk slot, the spins not have a bearing more than a outcome of future revolves. Each spin seemingly independent.\nGetting a four card hand may very difficult to understand. The more exposure the in this game,the more experience would likely be gain. There will be higher opportunities to defeat opponents and make out decent money.\nYou ought to brood in the matter first that the top casino site draw on your get car finance comparisons. As betting is the vulnerable part of this games with any moment you can have to face different stakes be careful of your budget. Never opt for may exceeds spending budget. Again if you to help lose, it is your inner soul that urges for more betting on enough chunks. You have to dodge the issue is. If you fail repair any set budget you are sure to face the debacle in over time though the may be as simple as Bingo. So while you play Bingo or any kind of online games always maintain your cost range.\nDon’t play because in order to having a horrible mood. All your other concerns can play against you in gambling, thus transmogrify it into a rule never to play when you are angry perhaps a negative mood. Gambling is supposed being fun professionals who log in find tough to manage pace in playing for those who are not wiggling with a clear head.\nOnline casinos clearly have larger positive aspect. Frankly, it’s the only game on entire bank of flash games that is simply unbeatable. Don’t play it unless you are the need to have really throw your money away.\nThe player’s hand is evaluated as being a normal poker hand, soon after the dealer’s last card is shown, combining the player’s three cards and the dealer’s two cards. If the player contains a pair of tens or any higher winning poker hand, little leaguer wins. And otherwise the gamer loses.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Why is patent so expensive?\n- How do I register copyright in China?\n- What countries are the worst offenders for not protecting intellectual property rights?\n- How difficult is it to get a patent?\n- Who owns the patent?\n- What company has the most 5g patents?\n- How long does it take to get a copyright registration?\n- Are patents worthless?\n- What year is copyright free?\n- Who owns copyright after death?\n- Who owns the most patents in the world?\n- Does China protect intellectual property?\n- Who is the richest inventor in the world?\n- Do patents exist in China?\n- How long does copyright last in China?\n- Why is it so difficult to enforce intellectual property rights in China?\n- How do you get a copyright certificate?\n- Which country has no copyright laws?\n- How does China steal our intellectual property?\n- What is a poor man’s patent?\nWhy is patent so expensive?\nBecause patents are valuable to have and expensive to infringe there will always be those who seek to get around your rights.\nThe job of the patent attorney is to make sure that doesn’t happen to the greatest extent possible.\nThat requires a lot of time and energy, which translates into money..\nHow do I register copyright in China?\nIn order to apply for a copyright registration in China, the following documents are required.Application form, which shall be filled through the online system of CPCC;Sample of the work/source program of the software;Description of the work/instructions of the software in Chinese;Proof of identity of applicant.More items…•\nWhat countries are the worst offenders for not protecting intellectual property rights?\nHere are the countries on the U.S. 2019 Priority Watch List for posing trade barriers to American companies and products due to their intellectual property laws.China. … Indonesia. … Algeria. … Kuwait. … Saudi Arabia. … Russia. … Ukraine. … Argentina.More items…•\nHow difficult is it to get a patent?\nSince patents are legal articles, they can be somewhat difficult to obtain. … Once you’ve completed your application and paid all the associated fees, which can run between $200 and $850 in the U.S., you’ll send it to the patent office, which in the United States is known as the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.\nWho owns the patent?\nA patent application and any resulting patent is owned by the inventor(s) of the claimed invention, unless a written assignment is made or the inventors are under an obligation to assign the invention, such as an employment contract.\nWhat company has the most 5g patents?\nQualcommQualcomm today is the undisputed leader in the 5G space for the simple reason that no other companies can keep up with the San Diego-based innovator. Qualcomm holds a staggering 140,000 patents and patent applications for 5G technologies.\nHow long does it take to get a copyright registration?\nabout 3 monthsCopyright registration is effective on the date the U.S. Copyright Office receives the completed application and appropriate fees. When you file for copyright, you will receive an email confirming your application has been received. On average, it takes about 3 months for a copyright to be registered.\nAre patents worthless?\nIt’s a well-known fact that a vast majority of patents are worthless. Around 97% of all patents never recoup the cost of filing them. … In fact, fewer than 20% of technology transfer offices break even. It’s extremely difficult to quantify the true value of invention and how costs are recouped.\nWhat year is copyright free?\n1924As of 2019, copyright has expired for all works published in the United States before 1924. In other words, if the work was published in the U.S. before January 1, 1924, you are free to use it in the U.S. without permission.\nWho owns copyright after death?\nWhen an author dies, the ownership of the copyright changes. Copyright is personal property, so the person who created the work could choose whom to pass the ownership of the copyright to. Copyright is treated no differently than other property.\nWho owns the most patents in the world?\nShunpei YamazakiShunpei Yamazaki — The Guinness Book of World Records currently names Shunpei as having more patents than any other person. He has been granted 2,591 United States utility patents and has 9,700 worldwide patents, which is cumulative of more than 40 years of inventions.\nDoes China protect intellectual property?\nIntellectual property rights (IPRs) have been acknowledged and protected in China since the 1980s. … Domestically, protection of intellectual property law has also been established by government legislation, administrative regulations, and decrees in the areas of trademark, copyright, and patent.\nWho is the richest inventor in the world?\nThomas EdisonNet Worth:$170 MillionDate of Birth:Feb 11, 1847 – Oct 18, 1931 (84 years old)Gender:MaleHeight:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Profession:Inventor, Entrepreneur, Scientist, Businessperson, Film Producer, Film director1 more row\nDo patents exist in China?\nPatents in China are granted by the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA), which was renamed in English on 28 August 2018 from State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO). There are three types of patents: invention patents, utility model patents, and design patents.\nHow long does copyright last in China?\n50 yearsThe protection of works is 50 years from the first publication, if the author is a legal entity. How long does is the application process for registering a copyright in China take and how much will it cost?\nWhy is it so difficult to enforce intellectual property rights in China?\nForeign firms have long complained that enforcing their intellectual property rights in China is difficult due to local judicial protectionism, challenges in obtaining evidence, small damage awards, and a perceived bias against foreign firms.\nHow do you get a copyright certificate?\nTo register a work, submit a completed application form, and a nonreturnable copy or copies of the work to be registered. See Circular 1, Copyright Basics, section “Registration Procedures., and Circular 4, Copyright Office Fees”.\nWhich country has no copyright laws?\nNo Protection Only three countries, Eritrea, Turkmenistan and San Marino, are said by the U.S. Copyright Office to have no copyright protection either for authors within their borders or for foreign works. For the most up-to-date information, you should consult an attorney who is an expert in foreign copyright laws.\nHow does China steal our intellectual property?\nChina’s typical modus operandi is to steal American IP, replicate it, replace the U.S. company originating that IP in the Chinese domestic market, then displace the United States in the global market.\nWhat is a poor man’s patent?\nThe theory behind the “poor man’s patent” is that, by describing your invention in writing and mailing that documentation to yourself in a sealed envelope via certified mail (or other proof-of-delivery mail), the sealed envelope and its contents could be used against others to establish the date that the invention was …", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Thanks for the update. Can you give some details about how you did\nthis? I have been looking closely into this issue myself. As far as I\nunderstand, Java 3D has been taken over by the open source community\n(1.6 is out, https://github.com/hharrison). Once JOGL 2.0 is final, we\nshould see Java 3D working on Java 7 on all platform. (Java 3D is dead.\nLong live Java 3D.)\nSee here for details:\nThe JOGL forums are another good source of information:\nOn 10/8/12 4:58 AM, Jim Koutsovasilis wrote:\nI am re-visiting some visad concepts/ideas, and have managed to get\nthe source/examples compiling with Java 1.7 on a Windows 7 notebook.\nSo far, so good, though I was caught out by the Java3D dynamic link\nlibraries (took a few hours to solve this).\nvisad mailing list\nFor list information, to unsubscribe, visit:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Every millions of flirty messages are sent (all for free) through Plenty of Fish’s waters week. You can find practically endless match possibilities right right here, and you’re yes to locate somebody online using the higher level search tools.\nPlus, you can easily just simply take POF’s character test to have a psychology-driven evaluation of one’s individual compatibility with dudes in the dating platform. Like that, a gay guy will understand where he appears and exactly how to meet up prospective matches.\nTinder has assisted an incredible number of singles when you look at the community that is LGBTQ and get times. Continuar lendo The Very Best Free Senior Gay Online Dating Sites", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "(Formerly “Building a Creative Platform for Sustainable Innovation”)\nCompetitive industry forces demand relentless innovation. How can you ensure everyone in your organization innovates all the time, everywhere? What type of leadership is necessary to lead such an organization?\nTaking lessons from the in-depth experiences of leading organizations such as Samsung and University Hospitals, Professor Youngjin Yoo will help you re-think how to re-organize your innovation strategy and processes. You will learn how to plan, develop, integrate and assess innovation as a strategic capability, embedding Innovation DNA into every aspect of your organization.\n- A strategic imperative for Innovation DNA\n- How to build and integrate Innovation DNA throughout the organization\n- How to lead an organization with Innovation DNA\n- Innovation language and philosophy as the cultural foundation as Innovation DNA\n- Innovation capability maturity model\nAs a result of attending this program, participants will:\n- Make the business case for innovation investment\n- Learn the four components of innovation capability\n- Learn how to assess your organization's innovation capability\n- Learn how to develop a strategic plan for improving innovation capability\n- Learn how to build a strategic relationship between top management and innovation organization\nWho Should Attend\nManagers in the areas of marketing and strategy innovation, IT, and organization change. Pairs or groups of managers from the same company should attend together for maximum benefit.\nYoungjin Yoo, PhD, is Professor of MIS and Strategy and Irwin L. Gross Senior Research Fellow at Fox School of Management at Temple University. He is also WBS Distinguished Research Environment Professor at Warwick Business School in the UK. He has worked with several leading design firms including Gehry & Partners and IDEO and is currently working with Samsung Electronics to develop their design strategy. He was a former faculty member of the Case Weatherhead School of Management.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Personal Radiation Monitoring Service\n- Equipment Calibration and Testing\n- Radioanalytical Services\n- ELF Magnetic Field Meter Hire\n- UV Protection Factor (UPF) Testing\n- UV Data\n- Buyer's Guide for Sun Protection\n- Radiation Safety Advice and Risk Evaluation\n- Australian Clinical Dosimetry Service\n- National Diagnostic Reference Level Survey\n- Australian National Radiation Dose Register (ANRDR)\n- Radiotherapy Calibrations\nFor more information please get in touch with ARPANSA\n- +61 3 9433 2211\n- +61 3 9432 1835\n- email ARPANSA\n|UV Index Webpages\nAustralian UV Levels for Mobile Phones\nIf you have a mobile phone with Internet access and a web browser you can view the latest UV levels at http://www.arpansa.gov.au/uvindex/realtime/wml/uvl.htm.\nThe display presents instantaneous recorded UV levels for capital cities in Australia, adjusted for daylight saving if applicable. The UV data is collected continuously by a detector that responds to UV in a manner similar to human skin.\nWhat the UV levels meanThe UV level can be related to ultraviolet radiation exposure as follows:\n|UV Level||Exposure Risk||Colour Code||Sun Protection Measures|\n|2 or less||Low||You can safely stay outdoors with minimal protection.|\n|3 to 5||Moderate||Wear sun protective clothing, a hat, sunscreen, sunglasses and seek shady areas.|\n|6 to 7||High||As above.|\n|8 to 10||Very High||As above.|\n|11 or higher||Extreme||As above.|\nHow to be sun aware\nFurther information about the UV Index\nInformation about UV models can be found on the Australian UV models page.\nRefer to the ARPANSA UV information page for other presentations of UV information.\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) publishes comprehensive information on UV radiation and the UV Index.\nThe latest SunSmart UV Alert can be found at the Bureau of Meterology.\nFurther information about the SunSmart UV Alert can be found at SunSmart.Top of Page", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "All Things ‘Foodie‘ Wise with Blind Chef Cafe Owner Craig Shanahan\nIt was lovely to do our first LIVE Podcast with the charismatic Craig Shanahan, the proud owner of The Blind Chef Cafe/Dessert Bar having trained alongside Celebrity Chef, Sean Connelly – and he's super passionate about bringing awareness to the sight-impaired individuals in our society.\nIn this episode, you will sense the strong Power Of Family (and Community), and how Craig's family (mum Sue, sister Amanda and brother Brendan in Queensland) all had a hand in Craig's recovery and healing but also in shaping Craig's dream - to open up and manage a cool and trendy cafe/dessert bar in Greater Western Sydney!\nBeing a big foodie fan, I was really looking forward to this episode and the more I got to know Craig, the more I realised the strength and tenacity backing his daring dream. Dreams are great, but if there aren't any loved ones around you to share these moments with, then they are nonsensical. You will love the story behind Craig's bold and audacious dream.\nAs Craig runs through his trials with serious health issues (which he is still dealing with today), I realise his resilience streak and pain tolerance is huge. And even though his heart was close to stopping on one of the many occasions he was hospitalised, Craig has so much heart and he naturally touches everyone he comes into contact with, including his trusted friend and guide dog Rocko.\nCraig and his great Team have started the Christmas night time trade (Fri/Sat - BYO) and with a liquor licence eventually arriving, this will add another flavour for locals to enjoy a cocktail before going out OR pairing a delectable dessert and nightcap prior to heading home - all of this helping to bind together Craig's dream, and offering more 'bang for your buck' to the loyal community.\nFor more information or if you are interested in supporting/joining Craig's Team, feel free to contact them on links below:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Data science gets a lot of attention these days—and for good reason. The insights it provides enable businesses to better understand customer behavior, then leverage automation to act on the intelligence and dynamically deliver the personalized journeys every customer expects. While the benefits are clear, leveraging cutting-edge methods to engage customers has remained beyond the reach of all but the largest of companies.\nAccording to Leslie Fine, VP of Data and Analytics at Salesforce, that’s all in the process of changing. Here’s what the data expert had to say about the future of data-driven apps, and how they are transforming customer engagement for companies of all shapes and sizes.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I just decommissioned a physical backup domain controller. I spun up a new backup domain controller on Hyper-V and promoted it to a secondary or should I say third domain controller. I went ahead and already added the AD + DNS roles to it and verified it can replicate from primary to new BDC and vice versa.\nBelow are the following steps I have taken so far:\nRemoved AD + DNS roles\nRemoved FQDN for BDC.contoso.sales. Now it’s just named BDC\nafter doing this, I noticed in AD that under the domain controllers, the old BDC server is still showing up.\nafter doing some research, it says that I have to run NTDSUTIL to clean up the old remnants of the old BDC server.\nHowever, when doing this, I can only get up to the point of where it says server connections. When I try entering BDC or BDC.contoso.sales I get the following error message.\nerror parsing input - invalid syntax\nI did do a ping to BDC and see that it can resolve the name with its' IP address.\nCan anyone tell me what I'm doing wrong ,and how to get the NTDS Utill to run properly?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "You are here\nAGCI Workshop Participation\nAugust 02, 2015 to August 07, 2015\nFred Lipschultz is the Regional Coordinator for the National Climate Assessment and Senior Scientist at USGCRP. His responsibilities include shaping the sustained assessment goal of the USGCRP’s decadal strategic plan and working on assessment related activities supporting the U.S. Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. He earned his Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering from Harvard University after a Master's degree in Botany and B.S. in Biochemistry from the University of Maryland. His research career focused on the biogeochemistry of the marine nitrogen cycle in various ecosystems including Bermuda's coral reefs, the Sargasso Sea, and the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Fred is now on assignment from Universities Space Research Association (USRA) to USGCRP. Previously he was on a mobility assignment to NASA from the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, where he was a faculty member for 25 years. At NASA, Fred worked as a Program Scientist for the Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program in the Earth Sciences Division and then was assigned to USGCRP. Before that, he served at NSF as Program Officer in the Chemical Oceanography Program in the Geosciences Directorate.\nAGCI has become an intellectual proving ground, a ferment for new ideas and concepts, and a place where the different disciplines actually talk, and progress. Hal Harvey\nWhat We Do\nThe Aspen Global Change Institute has been the most prominent place for developing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary dialogues between scientists and practitioners.Guy Brasseur\nWe are called to be architects of the future, not its victims. R. Buckminster Fuller", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The use of Policy Management software is increasingly important for organizations looking to manage complex global supply chains\nWebinar led by industry experts details the practical aspects of using policy management software to support Governance Risk and Compliance requirements\nLondon, UK – Sword Achiever, a supplier of governance and compliance software, is running a webinar with research company GRC 20/20 entitled; Making Policy Management Efficient, Effective and Agile across the Enterprise. The webinar, which is open to business practitioners and industry professionals with an interest in the Governance, Risk Management and Compliance (GRC) disciplines, provides practical guidance on the use of policy management software to support and empower GRC operations.\nThe Webinar is hosted and curated by Sword Achiever, with key content from independent industry analyst Michael Rasmussen, Chief GRC Pundit for GRC 20/20. The webinar takes place on 23 May, at 3pm (BST) and can be accessed via the Sword Achiever website:\nAttendees will learn how to:\n• Define a process lifecycle for managing policies\n• Establish policy ownership and accountability with a single version of the truth\n• Provide policy consistency\n• Engage all levels of staff\n• Communicate policies across business relationships and the supply chain\n• Deliver evidence of policy communication and understanding\n• Track policy attestation\n• Identify policy issues\nSword Policy Manager allows organizations to demonstrate corporate responsibility and implement a defensible compliance programme by allowing the entire lifecycle of policies and procedures to be measured and attested. Sword Policy Manager software stores the latest version of all documents centrally, with a full audit trail for changes made to policies and procedures, so that organizations can clearly demonstrate compliance and good governance, something that can be challenging particularly in highly regulated industries. Sword Policy Manager is a simplistic and adaptable system allowing straightforward communication of policies and procedures to staff.\nSalman Rauf, Head of Sales at Sword Achiever commented; “The use of Policy Management software is increasingly important for organizations looking to manage complex global supply chains. This webinar will help organizations to put policy management theory into practice across all areas of the business, with a co-ordinated enterprise strategy for policy creation, maintenance, communication, attestation and training.”\nSword Achiever was included in the Top 25 Compliance Solution Providers 2017 as compiled by CIO Magazine.\nFor more information visit: Sword Achiever Policy Management Document\n- ends –\nAbout Sword Achiever\nSword Achiever is part of the Sword Group, an international Consulting, Service and Software company driving global leaders in their digital & technology transformation. Created in November 2000, the group has a current headcount of 1300+ staff operating in more than 50 countries. Sword offers its customers comprehensive and integrated responses, on both the strategic approach and the execution.\nSword Achiever is the European-based leader in Governance and Compliance software, whose customers rely on AchieverPlus software to address multiple areas of Governance & Compliance management within their organisations. To date, AchieverPlus software addresses 38+ areas of legislative, regulatory and best practice requirements within the GRC framework.]\nFor more information please visit:\nSword Achiever Policy Management\n+44(0) 1628 582500\nThis press release was distributed by ResponseSource Press Release Wire on behalf of PR Artistry Limited in the following categories: Manufacturing, Engineering & Energy, Computing & Telecoms, Construction & Property, for more information visit https://pressreleasewire.responsesource.com/about.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Even though it gets less press than the Islamic State, al-Qaeda represents a constant and growing threat. Here is a summary of the terror organization’s activities in Africa in the last month alone.\nLook What Al-Qaeda Did Last Month in the Middle East\nAl-Qaeda: Muslims Should Kill ‘Americans Everywhere’\nSaudi Man Linked to Al-Qaeda Arrested in Oklahoma\nThe terror group posted a gruesome video of the killings at the time\nWins in Lebanon, Tunisia\nA Marine Raider was awarded a Silver Star for the rescue of 150 hostages in Mali\nSend this to a friend", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Madagascar 3 - Bons baisers d'Europe Showtimes ( )\nQuick movie browse\nAdd your favorite movies!\nEventful will notify you when they are playing your area and recommend other films based on what you like.\nMadagascar 3 - Bons baisers d'Europe movie review\nColin Covert, Chicago Tribune\n\"Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted\" is one of the fanciest, most carefully assembled cartoons ever put on the screen. The jokes come so fast that they're nearly subliminal. Plot points whiz by, and when things threaten to blur, there's ... (read more)\nWe scour the interwebs for the coolest movie news and more so you don't ...\nParis Hilton tears up watching a recreation of her house being robbed in...\n\"Hey, want to be in the highest-grossing R-rated comedy of all time with...", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Asian MBA Leadership Conference and Career Expohttps://weatherhead.case.edu/events/detail?eid=1894\nIt is our great pleasure to invite the professional community to participate at the 2nd Asian MBA Leadership Conference and Career Expo (AMBA) which will be held from September 9th to 11 th, 2010 at the Jacob Javits Convention Center in New York City.\nIn 2009 we made history with the launch of this groundbreaking event. Over 2,500 present and emerging leaders from the pan-Asian community came together to rise to new heights and to overcome barriers faced in the corporate world. AMBA, through its inaugural event, was the spring board for many new careers and helped to propel numerous more to greater horizons.\nWith our first event under our belt, preparations for our 2nd AMBA Conference - CONNECT. ENGAGE. INSPIRE. are well underway and promises to be even bigger and better than before. We are expecting our 2010 event to attract double the number of sponsors and attendees so start your preparations now to ensure you don’t miss out!\nOver the course of two and a half days, Asian American MBAs, professionals and executives will be a part of the largest professional development, recruiting and networking event ever staged for the community. AMBA’s Leadership Conference will comprise of a comprehensive forum of events including presentations from acclaimed keynote speakers, expert panel discussions, workshops, networking sessions, the AMBA Global Diversity Forum and Asian Affinity Group Leaders Summit and the prestigious Gala Awards Leadership Dinner. AMBA’s career expo offers an unparalleled opportunity for leading companies to connect with the nation’s best Asian American talent.\nJoin us and be a part of AMBA 2010, the event that will be the agent of change and standard setting for many decades to come. We look forward to seeing in you again the Big Apple!\nWeatherhead Career Development Center\n||Thursday, Aug. 26, 2010toSaturday, Aug. 28, 2010 (Times TBA)\nInterested in learning more about Weatherhead programs? Request more information or apply now, or register for one of over 70 open enrollment courses through Executive Education.\nWeatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University cultivates creativity, innovation, and purpose-driven leadership to design a better world.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hi Veit, > much more work than I thought first - even the file > \"netcdf_expanded.f90\" has to be modified. > But nethertheless I was able to run the two serial tests (little problem > with 0-terminated strings). Now I'm hanging at the \"reordering\" of > \"dimensions\" and \"shapes\" (array(i,j,k)->array(k,j,i)). > > But unfortunately I've to fix some bugs in my app and have to stop at > this point until later this month/year. > > Attached you will find the things I've done so far (I started with > version 4.0.1 - no difference in the fortran files to 4.1.1 - because of > the \"visual studio solution files\"). Thanks for your efforts! If asked, we may make what you've done so far available, in case it would assist another developer. > PS: > Is there a \"cvs-tree\" available for public to get/put the latest > development sources? There is now an svn tree: http://svn.unidata.ucar.edu/repos/netcdf/trunk/ Will that do? --Russ > On Wed, 2010-06-02 at 17:01 -0600, Unidata netCDF Support wrote: > > > Dear support, > > > > > > because being stupid, I've started to write the Fortran90 interface > > > declarations for the windows version (intel fortran 11.1 compiler). > > > There are still about 100 functions (out of about 300) to interface and > > > I'm wondering if it is worth the effort (because all the test stuff has > > > to be done as well) and ask therefore if someone else has finished this > > > awesome task already. > > > > No sorry, as far as we know, no one else has done this, except maybe the > > GLIMMER project, as described here: > > > > > > http://wiki.nesc.ac.uk/glimmer-project/glimmer-project8dc7.html?InstallWindows > > > > We usually recommend using cygwin and gfortran to get a Fortran-90 > > interface on Windows. > > > > > I started because after having spent some days in writing my file > > > specification in Fortran90 (Solaris mpif90) I was not very happy to > > > recognize that the windows version is still incomplete and I thought it > > > would be less effort (and perhaps useful to others) to write the > > > interfaces instead of reimplementing my stuff in Fortran77. > > > > > > As a starting point I've had a look at the hdf5 Fortran90 interface and > > > ended in code like this: > > > > > > INTEGER FUNCTION nf_inq_var(ncid, varid, name, externalType, > > > numDimensions, dimensionIDs, numAttributes) > > > integer, intent(in) :: ncid, varid > > > character (len = *), intent(out) :: name > > > integer, intent(out) :: externalType, numDimensions > > > integer, dimension(:), intent(out) :: dimensionIDs > > > integer, intent(out) :: numAttributes > > > !DEC$IF DEFINED(NETCDFF90_WINDOWS) > > > !DEC$ATTRIBUTES > > > C,reference,decorate,alias:'nc_inq_var'::nf_inq_var > > > !DEC$ENDIF > > > END FUNCTION nf_inq_var > > > > > > as a (copy/paste) replacement for (much simpler version - but not > > > compilable with intel fortran in windows): > > > integer, external :: nf_inq_var > > > > > > > > > At least it compiles - but I've no idea if it will pass the tests or if > > > there is some more to think of... > > > > > > > > > As far as I know \"mod\" files are compiler dependent and using cygwin and > > > gfortran/g95 is no solution if the linking app is compiled with wintel > > > fortran. > > > > Yes, you're right, the module files are compiler-dependent, which is a > > problem in making a generally useful F90 interface for Windows. You > > really need to provide a separate library and module files for each > > different Fortran compiler. > > > > Please let us know if you succeed in getting a working F90 API for > > Windows. I think there would be significant user interest in such a > > development. > > > > --Russ > > > > Russ Rew UCAR Unidata Program > > address@hidden http://www.unidata.ucar.edu > > > > > > > > Ticket Details > > =================== > > Ticket ID: PXE-716414 > > Department: Support netCDF > > Priority: Normal > > Status: Closed > > > > > -- > Mit freundlichen Gruessen > > Veit Eitner > > Russ Rew UCAR Unidata Program address@hidden http://www.unidata.ucar.edu Ticket Details =================== Ticket ID: PXE-716414 Department: Support netCDF Priority: Normal Status: Closed\nNOTE: All email exchanges with Unidata User Support are recorded in the Unidata inquiry tracking system and then made publicly available through the web. If you do not want to have your interactions made available in this way, you must let us know in each email you send to us.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Aerial photograph. The mudflats of Turnagain Arm at low tide. This arm ofCook Inlet dashed Captain Cook's quest for a Northwest passage. It also is thelocation of one of the few tidal bores on the North American continent.\nCredit: Alaska ShoreZone Program NOAA/NMFS/AKFSC; Courtesy of Mandy Lindeberg, NOAA/NMFS/AKFSC\nLocation: Alaska, Upper Cook Inlet,Turnagain Arm", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Calling all artists and designers\nCreate the signature design for t-shirts that will be worn by Serve-a-thon volunteers as they paint, plant, build and organize to improve our city’s schools and raise funds to sustain Chicago Cares programming. Learn more about Serve-a-thon by visiting www.chicagocares.org.\n- Submit your design in PDF format to email@example.com no later than midnight April 4, 2011.\n- Your design should include a front and back graphic for a regular short-sleeve t-shirt.\n- Your design should include text describing the role of the wearer. There will be three different versions (all can include the same art and just have the different words): Staff, Volunteer Leader and Volunteer.\n- Your design should allow for 2-4 sponsor logos to be added prior to printing.\nThe successful design will reflect the experience of Serve-a-thon, the meaningful nature of improving our city’s schools and/or the power of volunteers to strengthen our city.\nThe winning designer will be recognized in the Serve-a-thon day of event program and on the website.\nWith questions, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Junior victorious Wichita State University basketball team helps pick trash left in stands after win\nA junior who played on a winning basketball team stayed behind with arena staff for three hours to help clean up the stands and pick up the trash left behind by fans.\nDexter Dennis who is known for his for his fast moves on the court was praised for what he did off the court long after the game, held in Wichita, Kansas, was over.\nDennis who was on the Wichita State University men’s basketball team that beat Tarleton State 65-51 decided to help tidy up the stadium after the game instead of heading off to celebrate the victory with teammates.\nDennis, who hails from Louisiana, helped propel the team, known as the Shockers to victory and into a tournament in Las Vegas.\nDennis scored 13 points, 10 of those in the second half, for Wichita State (3-0). He was 3-of-4 from 3-point range.\nWichita State shot 42.9 percent from the field, and Tarleton State finished at 38.3 percent.\nDexter Dennis who played on winning Wichita State University men’s basketball team stayed behind to help pick up trash left behind in the stands\nVideo of Dennis was captured by a sports reports as he set about helping staff\nBut it was Dennis’ humble act long after the spectators had gone home that got people talking.\nThe simple act of him staying behind to pick up trash was captured by a reporter who was in the stands opposite after everyone else had left the court.\nThe cleanup can normally takes up to three hours.\n‘Dexter is a different kind of dude,’ sports reporter for The Wichita Eagle, Taylor Eldridge, tweeted together with the video he shot that has since gone viral.\n‘Wasn’t in trouble or anything. Didn’t have to. He just wanted to help out the cleaning crew,’ Eldridge added.\nWichita State Shockers guard Dexter Dennis is pictured on the court against the Tarleton State Texans this week at Charles Koch Arena in Wichita, Kansas\nWichita State Shockers guard Dexter Dennis (0) drives to the basket against Tarleton State\nThe humble act was praised by those working at the stadium including a sports reporter", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "(as of [price_update_date] – Details)\nThis Splash Guard & Sink Stopper Combo Replacement from Essential Values won’t break the bank. You’ll find these as a great alternative to the Whirlaway, Waste King or GE stoppers & splash guards that have been misplaced or no longer hold a seal.\nReplacement Splash Guard & Sink Stopper Combo for Whirlaway, Waste King, GE & Sinkmaster Garbage Disposal Splash Guard and Stopper. Guard Measures 3 1/4 inch End to End\nNo Tools, Easy To Replace that Old, Damaged or Misplaced Splash Guard to Keep the Food & Debris From Splashing Up\nHelps Keep Your Silverware and Unwanted Items from Going Down the Drain Yet While Allowing Food to Necessarily Go Into Your Disposal\nFits All Standard Sinks and Disposal by Kohler, Moen and Garbage Disposals By Insinkerator, Waste King, Sinkmaster, Whirlaway & Many Others\nSplash Guard Outside Diameter 3.125″", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I wonder how much damage it would do to just nibble on these felt noodles a little. Just a little. I should be okay, right?\nOh noodles, how I adore you and everything you touch. Even cheeky little piggie kamaboko like these here. They're winking because they already know that you're in for a super tasty, noodly treat. Ooh I can't wait to dig in! Outta my way, piggies!\nThe Story of Capitalism\nMeet the 12 Gods of the Internet\nSingle Topic Blog of the Day: Creepy White Guys on Dating ...\nHow Many Peeps Can A .50 Cal Go Through?\nHe is all rigth now\nThis is What Movie Posters Would Look Like if Their 1-Star ...\nThe Story of Friendship Town\ndeviantART User Sakimichan Imagines What Famous Animated ...\nSocially Awkward Seal Chronicles the Collective Awkwardness ...\nAnimals Have Amazing Instincts\nPick Your Site Name\nTell me more", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Speeding innovation for industry\nResources and skills\nThe healthcare industry is searching for new ways to provide more efficient care while cutting costs. Preventive, predictive, personalized, and participatory medicine are just some of the trends shaping this industry, all made possible by technological advances in a broad range of fields.\nCEA Tech offers a broad range of solutions for healthcare: biomaterials, drug delivery systems, miniaturized medical systems, connected objects and sensors for diagnostics and monitoring, and broad, deep knowledge of data collection, processing, and analysis, including Big Data. CEA Tech is also driving advances in medical imaging and, with leading R&D in robotics and cobotics, robotically-assisted surgery.\nCEA is a French government-funded technological research organisation in four main areas: low-carbon energies, defense and security, information technologies and health technologies. A prominent player in the European Research Area, it is involved in setting up collaborative projects with many partners around the world.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The study assesses waterlogging in a canal command area in Rohtak and Jhajjhar districts through waterlogging area zonation using multi-spectral and multi-temporal imagery like IRS LISS III data of pre and post monsoon period. Seasonal and permanent waterlogged area and standing water were delineated on the basis of remote sensing data, digital elevation model and groundwater data.\nThe application of excess water and recharge from the irrigation distribution network leads to gradual rise of groundwater table and causes waterlogging. The excess soil moisture leads to salinity build up and affects crop growth adversely because of deficient aeration in the root zone depth. The remote sensing techniques reveal the physiographic, soil and hydrological differences in the study area and were valuable in carrying out the investigations.\nThe study presents the various norms for identification of the waterlogged areas as well as the diverse approaches to express the water table depth below the soil surface. It accepts depth of water table during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season as the most practical approach to define waterlogging. The waterlogged area of Rohtak and Jhajjar districts has been assessed as 6.24 % and 4.17 % of their areas respectively.\nThe report outlines some of the remedies for waterlogging like conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, canal lining, horizontal drainage, water management, floods, construction of drains, bio-drainage and cropping pattern changes. The study recognizes the provision of adequate sub-surface drainage measures as the basis for any long term success in tackling the problem of waterlogging and soil salinity.\nDownload the report here:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Stayed in a Cabin. Very clean, very roomy, very comfortable. Excellent campgrounds, lots of space - LOTS of space. Lots to do, very clean and kept up very well. Nice crafts/arcade area. Would certainly recommend to others.\nHowever, two areas of concern\n1) Bears were hardly ever around - staff told the kids \"they are sleeping\" but told the adults \"we are short on staff\". They might have been - but as a paying customer with kids, that's not MY problem.\n2) WAY TOO MANY HIGH SPEED GOLF CARTS. Probably almost got hit at least a dozen times over 3 days - usually after sunset. They need to impose some rules on those carts, stop the under-16 year olds. Maybe require plates/tags on the carts so people can be reported and action taken.\nHowever, aside from those 2 areas - I think it is an awesome place, very very clean, lots of fun, very very polite staff.\nAll in all - I'm glad we went and will definitely go again and also recommend to others.\n- Reservation Options:\n- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotwire, Booking.com, Hotels.com and Priceline so you can book your O'Connell's Yogi Bear Park reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.\n- Also Known As:\n- o`Connell`s Jellystone Park Hotel Amboy", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Ocean County Southern Recycling Center Transfer Station\nClick Here for directions to the Southern Recycling Center.\nOcean County operates a Recyclables Transfer Station for materials received from municipal, commercial, and private haulers at its Southern Recycling Center in Stafford Township.\nThese recyclables are then transferred from this facility to the County's Recyclable Materials Processing Facility in Lakewood Township.\nHours of operation for the Southern Recycling Center and its transfer station are 7:30 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. Monday through Saturday (Saturday for Ocean County residents only).\nRecycling is also available during regular hours of operation at the SRC for batteries (rechargable, button, auto, boat), motor oil, oil filters, cooking grease, antifreeze, tires, empty steel paint cans, boat shrink wrap, books (soft and hardcover), phone books, computers, ink cartridges, cell phones, paint (latex, oil, and boat), leaves, and light brush.\nThese items may be brought to Building 105 for proper disposal (excluding leaves and brush, which have separate drop-off areas).\nThe Southern Recycling Center also contains 24-hour Resident Drop-off Areas for aluminum and tin cans, glass containers, plastic beverage containers, newspaper, mixed paper and residential cardboard. The 24-hour drop-off area remains open on all holidays.\nFor additional information about this location, you may contact the SRC at (609) 978-0913.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Death Valley route buried in floods, closed for another week\n- ‘Smokey Bear’ celebrates 78th birthday as NC wildfire situation remains mostly under control\n- Biden surveys flood damage in Kentucky, pledges more US help\n- Three large wildfires around Central Texas nearly 100% contained\n- FORECAST: Scattered downpours, flash flood threat\nWILMINGTON, N.C. (WTVD) —\nOn Saturday, the North Carolina Department of Transportation announced three safe alternate routes for public access to Wilmington after multiple road closures from Florence flooding.\nFrom the south: Take U.S. 17\nFrom the north: Travel on Interstate 40 East to N.C. 24 East (exit 373) then onto U.S. South\nFrom Fayetteville: Take N.C. 87 to U.S. 701 South to N.C. 211 East to U.S. 74 East\nAdditionally, people may use I-40 to exit 373 and N.C. 24 to reach Jacksonville.\nAbout 750 roads remain closed (down from 2,200), including sections of I-40 & I-95. US 258 in Kinston was closed Thurs due to flooding. Drivers should plan for US 70 to be closed as the Neuse continues to rise. US 421 at the New Hanover Co line is now closed. #FlorenceNC pic.twitter.com/e1oGxoH968\n— NCDOT (@NCDOT) September 20, 2018\nFULL LIST OF ROAD CLOSURES\nTwo routes to Wilmington that originally opened up on Tuesday had been closed and the North Carolina Department of Transportation said there was no safe, reliable route at the time.\n“U.S. 421 at the New Hanover Co. line is now closed,” NCDOT said in a Facebook post Thursday afternoon.\nOfficials are also urging drivers to not travel at all to these counties:\nBladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Duplin, Jones, Lenoir, Pender, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland, and southeastern Wayne (south of U.S. 70 Business and east of U.S. 117).\nI-40 in Pender and New Hanover Counties is still flooded.\n“Although water is receding on some roads, the roads and bridges may be damaged and the road closures are still in effect. Signage should be adhered to.”\n(Copyright ©2018 WTVD-TV. All Rights Reserved.)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Kansas City Chiefs (9-7) at St. Louis Rams (6-10)\n|Date & Time||Thursday September 3, 2015, 8:00 PM (EDT)|\nThe Line: St. Louis Rams -3 -- Over/Under: 39\n|TV Channel||Stream live sports and ESPN originals on ESPN+ for only $4.99 a month. Start your 7-day free trial today!|\nThe Kansas City Chiefs and St. Louis Rams play a Thursday preseason game at Edward Jones Dome.\nThe Kansas City Chiefs are 3-0 in preseason play and are coming off a win over the Tennessee Titans. With Alex Smith taking a backseat for this game, the entire matchup could belong to former Georgia quarterback Aaron Murray. Murray completed 15 of 20 passes in his last game for 146 yards and two touchdowns. Charcandrick West is coming off a solid outing with nearly 50 rushing yards on nine carries while wide receiver Albert Wilson has a chance to climb up the depth chart at his position. Defensively, Ron Parker led Kansas City in its last game with four tackles, Tyvon Branch had two pass deflections and Justin Houston had a sack.\nThe St. Louis Rams are 0-3 in preseason play and are coming off a loss to the Indianapolis Colts. Nick Foles will sit out this game after completing 10 of 11 passes, which means we’re going to see a lot of Case Keenum and Sean Mannion. Neither quarterback had a touchdown pass in the last outing. Trey Watts and Isaiah Pead continue to compete for playing time at running back, while rookie Malcolm Brown has showed his versatility and could also get reps in a wide open backfield. Defensively, Trovon Reed led St. Louis in its last game with four tackles, Janoris Jenkins had a pass deflection and Aaron Donald had a tackle for loss.\nThe Chiefs are 5-1 ATS in their last 6 games in September and 4-1 ATS in their last 5 games on turf. The Rams are 14-35-2 ATS in their last 51 games in September and 1-5 ATS in their last 6 Thursday games. The Chiefs are 6-0 ATS in their last 6 meetings.\nThe Rams have a lot more younger players who are eager to prove themselves and make the roster. The Rams backfield is completely up in the air and the defense could use some depth as well. I like the home team here.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "September 20: global strike for climate\nThis Friday—3 days before the international Climate Action Summit opens at the United Nations in New York—millions of people across the globe will walk out of their classrooms and places of work to demand action on the climate crisis. Young climate strikers have already been leaving their classrooms around the world each Friday as part of the “Fridays For Future” movement; on September 20 adults will join them in what may very well be the largest climate protest ever. The bold youth leadership behind these rallies is striking, if not surprising: a recent survey shows that about one in four American teens have already taken action on climate. This Friday, people in more than 150 countries are participating, as well as major companies like Ben & Jerry’s, Lush Cosmetics, and unions/trade groups, faith groups, and even entire school districts. Amazon employees in Seattle will walk off the job to participate in the global strike and protest their employer’s inaction on climate change. There are at least 28 strikes planned throughout Oregon, and 26 planned in Washington. Click here to find a climate strike near you. Can’t participate this Friday? Check out this helpful list from the Union of Concerned Scientists for information on different ways to take part..\nClimate crisis town hall: key takeaways\nEarlier this month, the climate change issue finally got some serious discussion from presidental candidates. CNN facilitated a climate crisis town hall, spending seven hours interviewing candidates about their policy plans to deal with the climate crisis. While the candidates proposed a variety of solutions, they all agreed that transitioning to a clean energy economy by mid-century was of the utmost importance. Top takeaways from the climate crisis town hall can be found here. Last week, the Democratic National Committee hosted the third presidential debate, at which climate policy made a small but meaningful cameo.\nCoal and gas: closer to becoming a thing of the past\nComing on the heels of Berkeley, CA’s recent decision to keep fracked gas out of new construction, The City of Seattle is considering its own plans concerning how we heat our homes and buildings. The Healthy Homes, Healthy Buildings proposal would guarantee that all newly constructed homes and buildings run on clean electricity, not fossil fuels.20, 2020. Officials in Minneapolis are also looking for ways to drastically cut natural gas use. Citywide natural gas use rose last year and accounts for the city’s top source of greenhouse gas emissions. A new study highlights why cutting natural gas will be good for our wallets too: by 2035, it will be more expensive to run 90% of gas plants being proposed in the U.S. than it will be to build new wind and solar. The study projects that this change will happen so quickly that gas plants being planned now will become uneconomical before their owners can finish paying for them.\nAnd when it comes to coal, plant closure is already proving to be good for the bottom line. A new analysis by Oregon-based utility, PacifiCorp, showed that at least a half-billion dollars could be saved through early coal plant closures. Closing coal is boosting the economy in other ways too; a new study finds that burning less coal means less public health costs that come from populations suffering from the health impacts of particulate pollution. But as coal operations shutter without any sort of just transition plan in place, coal companies are leaving behind a wake of damage in the communities they once served—workers without jobs or healthcare, taxes unpaid, and abandoned worksites with no clean-up plan. Wyoming Senate President, Drew Perkins has formed the first legislative subcommittee to hold coal companies accountable and to secure financial obligations from them, even after they declare bankruptcy.\nDorian’s aftermath and the new normal of hurricanes\nHurricane Dorian stands today as one of the strongest, longest-lasting hurricanes on record in the Atlantic. But that distinction may be short lived, as climate change contributes to hurricanes stalling over coastal areas, bringing extreme rainfall, slower winds, and increasing in strength overall. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reports that the oceans have absorbed over 90% of the Earth’s warming over the last half century. Warm waters provide heat and moisture to fuel hurricanes, meaning that we can expect more frequent and stronger hurricanes in the future. While the U.S. was largely spared Dorian’s destruction, thousands have been evacuated from Grand Bahama, while thousands more remain missing or on the island without food, running water or electricity. Many individuals are still missing from low-lying shantytowns where structures were completely flattened by the storm. Hurricane Dorian’s devastation of the most impoverished areas of the Bahamas is an example of how climate change hits vulnerable populations first and worst.\nThe blob is back. Beware\nScientists have detected a marine heatwave off of the West Coast, stretching from California all the way to Alaska. The heat wave is reminiscent of the 2014-2015 ocean “blob” that ravaged salmon runs, seabirds and other marine life. This newly detected blob poses an equally grave threat to salmon and sea life, and may create toxic algae blooms that poison shellfish and force marine life to search for cooler waters. Impacted areas are currently between 5 and 7 degrees above average and span over four million square miles. It is the second largest such occurrence ever recorded in over 40 years. The 2015 blob was blamed for bringing drought to the west coast and heavy snow to the east coast. Some meteorologists project that we could see a repeat of that situation, with the first 200 miles from the western North America coast being the most impacted.\nIn Brief: AAA gets an “F” on climate\nThe same AAA that you call for a lifeline when your car breaks down doesn’t extend that lifeline to the climate emergency we’re currently experiencing. Climate Solutions’ Meredith Connolly explains that AAA of Oregon has actively lobbied against state climate policies in Oregon. In fact, the group sued the State of Oregon to block electric vehicle rebates as well as more circumstantial evidence pointing to AAA’s broader anti-environment efforts. On both national and state levels, AAA has been called out for its anti-environmental playbook – an alternative roadside assistance company was established in Portland, largely in response to AAA’s history of anti-environmental antics.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The national Base Register for Addresses and Buildings in the Netherlands\nPrinciple 1, Principle 2, Principle 4, address register, geocoding infrastructure, point-based foundation, persistent identifiers, open access data, linked data\nThis use case demonstrates good practice from Netherlands on how to set up and disseminate a national register on addresses and buildings, following open data standards.\nThe case refers to a large number of recommendations provided within different principles of the GSGF. Most significantly, it refers to recommendations within Principle 1, to use point-based geospatial reference data from NSDIs for geocoding, to set up national, standards-based address registers and to implement unique identifiers and lifecycle information. Furthermore, it is a good example on how to ensure consistent and automated synchronisation between data repositories (Principle 2). Finally, it demonstrates how to enable data integration through consistent semantics and concepts across domains and to explore the potential of Linked Open Data for increased interoperability (Principle 4).\nThe whole use case is here", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Renewable electricity as % of gross electricity consumption (2005 data) EU-27\nThe latter includes imports and exports of electricity. The electricity generated from pumping in hydropower plants is included in the total electricity consumption but is not included as a renewable source of energy.\nFor references, please go to www.eea.europa.eu/soer or scan the QR code.\nThis briefing is part of the EEA's report The European Environment - State and Outlook 2015. The EEA is an official agency of the EU, tasked with providing information on Europe's environment.\nPDF generated on 02 Jul 2016, 08:26 AM", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Fox News reporter Matt Pearce was able to install solar panels without using aluminum foil.\nHe was able with the help of an array of solar panels he bought at Lowe’s in California, a technology called a solar array.\nPearce said the panels were built with a “clean, eco-friendly” design and have a solar cell that has an aluminum foil coating on the inside to keep the cell from cracking.\nHe said it is very difficult to break the foil.\n“I just wanted to show them that this can be done,” Pearce said.\nPearce explained that using aluminum as a material, and the way that it is manufactured, is the easiest way to achieve the same effect as a solar panel.\nHe is hoping that other people can do it, and he is offering his help in the hopes that someone will be able to build a solar deck in the future.\nPearce was part of a panel of solar panel technology company SunPower in 2016.\nPearce received his solar panel from Lowe’s.\nHe took his panels to Lowe’s, which he installed them in.\nPearce is a former NASA employee, and said that solar power is not a niche field.\n“It’s definitely something that I’m interested in, and I’m very interested in this field, so I think I should take advantage of that opportunity,” Pearce told Fox News.\nHe went on to say that the solar array that he built uses solar energy to generate electricity.\nPearce has already built solar decks for people who live in a house with solar panels.\nHe has installed solar arrays in several homes.\nPearce, who is from Oregon, said that he is planning on using his skills to build solar decks in the near future.\nHe hopes to sell the panels to others, and hopes to expand his business to other areas of the world.\n“The goal is to get a solar system going in other places, and get a lot of people on board,” Pearce explained.\nPearce says that the technology he is building uses a combination of aluminum foil and solar cells.\nHe says the aluminum foil provides protection against the elements, while the solar cells are charged with electricity.\n“All of that is taken care of,” Pearce added.\nPearce’s solar deck was designed using a design called the solar roof.\nThe roof consists of aluminum panels that are stacked one atop the other.\nThe panels are connected to the sun with wires.\nThe solar array is connected to a battery.\nPearce used a combination to make the solar deck.\nThe aluminum foil was added to the panels so that the aluminum would absorb the solar energy and absorb it into the solar panel, Pearce explained to Fox News, adding that he was able use aluminum foil because it was cheaper.\n“They’re cheaper than a regular sheet of aluminum, and it’s cheaper to do it,” Pearce stated.\n“You could do it with a conventional aluminum foil, but that would cost about $5,000 a panel.”\nPearce said that the panels cost about the same as a traditional solar array, and that it would be the cheapest way to build such a system.\nPearce expects to eventually sell his solar panels, and plans to buy more solar arrays.\n“We’re in a very big market right now,” Pearce joked.\n“So I think we can take advantage and take advantage in the market,” Pearce continued.\nPearce believes that a solar rooftop will be more popular than a conventional solar array for some time to come.\nHe plans to expand the technology, and is also developing a solar-powered bicycle that can be used to generate power.\nPearce plans to use his experience with solar arrays to make solar panels for people in other countries who do not have solar panels to get on board with the technology.\nPearce hopes that the use of solar power will increase over time.\n“When people do start to use solar power in other parts of the country, the demand will be higher, and there’s a lot more interest, and people will buy more of this,” Pearce remarked.\nPearce recently attended a solar event at an elementary school in the area where he lives in Arizona.\nPearce took his family and the children to a solar energy event and met with other people who are building solar panels in Arizona and elsewhere.\nPearce also met with NASA and SolarWorld, the parent company of SunPower.\nHe and the other people from SunPower attended a seminar at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, where they discussed solar power.\n“There’s a tremendous demand for solar panels right now, and we’re working to get the word out about it,” he said.\nThe program he was in also featured a talk by a former astronaut who discussed how solar power could be used for the future, and to create jobs in the solar industry.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Koori: Yes, ma’am?\nI can’t help but notice that you found us a fic that has twenty-three chapters. Are you really prepared for the long haul?\nKoori: Absolutely. I have ordered twenty pounds of loose-leaf oolong and bought you a new mug. *passes the mug to Lyle*\nYou just earned yourself a raise.\nKoori: But you don’t pay me.\nI’ll take a week off your honey badger duty, then.\nAnyway, let’s get started today, shall we? Last time on “Everybody Likes Chocolate,” our feline protagonist met Willy Wonka, who proceeded to make light of homelessness and then decided to lead the kitty to [location] that may or may not be Jesus.\nKoori: It’s really quite amazing how little happens in each chapter, isn’t it?\nIt’s like EP’s love life.\nKoori: A total lack of action?\nTitle: Garfield Effect: Galaxy Adventure\nMedia: Video Game/Comic\nTopic: Garfield/Mass Effect (Wait… what?! – Lyle)\nURL: Chapter One\nCritiqued by agigabyte\nagig: ALL HANDS! TROLLFIC INBOUND, BRACE FOR IMPACT!\n*It hits, causing severe damage to the GNS Archon*\nagig: Shit, infirmary, be prepared for a lot of injured. And somebody get that fire out!\nDakota: *Puts down his datapad and stands up* Gunnery, arm Snerkannons, engineering, prepare SDQF deterrents, security, prepare for DRD boarders.\nagig: Without further ado, fire all weapons on the trollfic!\nTitle: Legendary Adventurers, Futuristic Saviors\nTopic: Princess Mononoke\nURL: Chapter 9\nCritiqued at the expense of Alexander Killian by SC, Shades, and William\nAlex: You let the evil bitch in?! Why would you do that?!\nShades: Keep mouthing off like that and this evil bitch might just stuff lead in your eye sockets.\n*Alex whimpers fearfully*\nRealistically, I could bring any member of the Specs and Co. in and have you cowering in terror like you are right now. But Shades has guns and a hair-trigger temper, and that makes it funnier to bring her in.\nAlex: Why do you hate me?!\nThat’s a rhetorical question, right?\nGreetings, my darling Patrons! And a very happy Black Friday to all the Americans among our Patronage; if you work retail, then you have my sympathies.\nI’m back with another chapter of this steaming pile of fail, but fortunately it is an extremely short chapter – roughly half the length of most of the others. We’ve passed the shark-jump point; there is a very noticeable shift in quality and the chapters become even more rushed and incoherent. It is as if the author just wanted to finish them as quickly as possible. I don’t blame her, but it does make for a challenging read.\nWhat happened in the last chapter? There was some singing, rape was revealed in the most half-assed way possible, and someone (possibly Daddy Dumbass) grabbed Kyo-Sue in the hallway and made her say the wrong inappropriate Japanese word. This slight rough-housing caused Kyo-Sue’s wounds, which should already be healed, to open and gush blood, making her pass out. She wakes in the hospital to the news that Daddy Dumbass has been arrested for crimes that he really shouldn’t have been arrested for because there is no evidence of them, but whatever. Given the bipolar nature of this fic, now that the serious matters have been dealt with it will likely swing back up into giddy wish-fulfillment.\nXOXOOXOXOXOX You know the drill and if you don’t look at some of the chapter’s before thisXOXOXOXOXOXOX\nShirigaomoi zusan.* Could you get any lazier, author? No, don’t tell me; the answer’s “yes”, isn’t it? It always is.\nHello ladies and gentlemen! I’m Herr Wozzeck, and—\nCrunchy: And already, I have the feeling this introduction has gone on too long.\nOh, right. As you may notice, Crunchy is with us this time. It’s been rather a while since you last showed up in a snarking, hasn’t it?\nC: I suppose it has. I miss seeing you monkeys when you scream about bad fanfiction. Though, I must say, it surprises me you picked up one of SC’s leftovers.\nHey, you can’t complain with results, right? And besides, we’ve got a lot to do with this thing!\nC: I suppose. It cannot be any worse than anything Swenia has read recently, at any rate, and it is certainly far better than…\n*cringes* Crunchy, please do not bring that up. I would rather we never spoke of that fic again.\nC: I cannot blame you for that. Well, let us get on with this, shall we?\nTitle: The Legend of Dragoon: The Eighth Spirit\nMedia: Video Game\nTopic: Legend of Dragoon\nURL: The Legend of Dragoon: The Eighth Spirit\nCritiqued by TacoMagic and Swenia\n“So, how was the trip?”\nNot great. The standard gambit of fall illness you get as a parent really put a crimp on the mini-vacation.\n“And then you get to come home to another day of this fic.”\nI was trying not to think about that.\n“So what happened last time? Glad you asked!”\nBut I didn-\n“Last time there was much mayhem in the castle! Well, at least that’s what the chapter title told us was going on, which I assume was taking place in a different part of the castle. What we actually got to see was our nefarious character blob bully some bandits-turned-knights who were doing a pretty good job. After being defeated by these knights, the group snuck into the castle in order to fetch themselves a princess. Because she’s apparently way more useful at getting past the guards than they are. Which, actually, does indeed prove to be the case as she handily browbeats a gaggle of guard into submission, allowing the blob to break into Princess Emille’s room. We leave off with the group staring at a ransacked, yet untouched room.”\nWARNING! MORE OF EP’S HALF ASSED SMUT! IF YOU HAVE A RAPE TRIGGER, PROCEED WITH CAUTION!\nErt: Well here we go. This is all EP currently has up for the wet shit he’s calling a story. Also he called chapter 8, chapter 7. So he can’t fucking count either.\nIn the conference room almost all leaders of the fireteams, engineering and crew where inside. Like always Selena was at the head,\nNora: Considering that Selena keeps letting Prick do important things, it seems she isn’t at the head in the figurative way and is only at the head in the literal innuendo way.\nChris joined in to add his opinion on things.\nGoeth: “Fire hot!”", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "13 Nov best yugioh booster packs to buy 2020\nIt serves two primary purposes: 1) it provides a high-level definition of the project requirements and 2) it formally authorizes the existence of the project. It also explains the reason for project identification and selection. WHAT Develop Project Charter Is. The key benefit of this process is a well-defined project start and project boundaries, project manager’s name & authority, key budget, timelines, risks etc. There will be at least 10+ questions about the Project Charter on the PMP exam. This is to ensure that the integrity & sanctity of the project charter is maintained, and anyone is not allowed to change the charter at any time, just because they think a change is important. Since this is a formal document of the project, it would require board approvals. We will cover the project scope in detail in the Scope Management chapter. The project manager and project sponsor (or the person who kicked off the work, if a longer-term sponsor has yet to be appointed) should sign and date the document. Do you need to memorize ITTO for the PMP Exam, Difference between Contract Closure & Administrative Closure for PMP Exam. This document is developed once and is not usually changed unless there is a significant change in the environment, scope, schedule, resources, budget, or stakeholders. The PMP exam could include six to ten questions on project charter. It is considered ‘external’ because they are not involved in the day to day running of the project. It will pay off well at the end. They were skeptical about Project Charter purposeand thought that its creation would be a futile exercis… Identification of project assumptions: There are multiple activities which are done on the basis of organizational and project environmental factors. And 13% questions come from the Initiating process group (See PMP Exam Question Distribution Chart here). After all, you can not appoint yourself to be the project manager… meaning you can’t sign your own appointment letter. It begins the process of defining the roles and responsibilities of those participants and outlines the objectives and goals of the project. What is the Performance Measurement Baseline? A business case identifies the business need for doing a project. All the stakeholders of the project are informed about their roles and the level of efforts required from their end. Project charter objectives are to address the “why, who, what, when, where, and … Let’s understand the ITTOs for the Develop Project Charter process, in detail. It is not in the authority of the Projectmanager to approve changes in the charter. But then, who signs it anyway? All Notify me of follow-up comments by email. To have a Project charter is considered as Industry best practice. PMBOK, 5th Edition, Section 126.96.36.199, “Project Charter” The project charter is the document issued by the project initiator or sponsor that formally authorizes the existence of a project and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities. A Project charter, on the other hand, is a formal document based on the SoW which is submitted for authorization. Don’t start a project to just “improve customer satisfaction”, or “increase topline revenue”, or “increase sales”, or “build better relationships with the customer” or “build a high speed train network”. An understanding of the components of the project charter, effective use of each component … But since the project charter is signed by the Project Sponsor (or any other manager external to the project – generally senior to the project manager), any changes to the project charter should also be approved by the Sponsor or the Change Control Board (CCB) appointed by the Sponsor. Develop Project Charter | PMP Guide share Developing a project charter is the process of developing a document that formally authorizes the existence of a project and gives the project manager the authority to apply the organizational resources to the activities of the project. It empowers the project manager to deliver. Identification of project scope: Scoping is a critical activity to create a boundary of what work to be done and what not to be done. What questions do you have regarding the PMP Exam? It belongs to the Initiating process group, and the Integration Management Knowledge Area. Wrap Up. After all, these are just guidelines, not a rule book. Having said that, a change of project manager should not have any impact on the Project Charter. The project manager CAN NOT sign the project charter, even though the project manager might have created the document. Project Statement of Work (SOW) includes the business need and the overview of the qualities/characteristicsof deliverables; 2. A template is an example of an enterprise environmental factor. Thus, it is important to uncover all the assumptions. Experts are generally available, but you may have to find them within the company, with the help of your sponsor or PMO. Configuration Management & Change Management System: Differences, Simple Formula Questions Part 1 – Three Point Estimates, How to Answer Situational Questions in the PMP Exam, PMP Exam Testing Center Moves to Pearson VUE, Project Need / Opportunity / Justification for the Project. However, for the PMP exam perspective, remember that it is the “manager external to the project” who signs the project charter. A project charter, on the other hand is based on the SOW and gives the project manager the authority for a project kick-off. Identification of high-level project requirements and objectives: Detailed level requirements and objectives are not possible at this stage of the project. The charter also identifies the main stakeholders and defines the authority of the project manager. Who will be affected by the project (influence the project), as known to date? Thus, making the Develop Project Charter an integration process. A face to face training is also good, but is often crammed in a short span of 4-5 days, and leads to information overload… which hinders memory retention. Microsoft and MS Project are the registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation. According to the PMBOK Guide, the project charter is an official document that formally authorizes a project or a phase and documenting initial requirements that satisfies stakeholders’ need and expectation. The project charter includes the following: Measurable Project Objectives and related success criteria, High-level Project description and boundaries, Project approval requirements (i.e, What constitutes project success, who decides the project is successful, and who signs off on the project), Assigned Project manager, responsibility, and authority level, Name and authority of the sponsor or another person (s) authorizing the project charter. Identification of project success criteria: Project Manager should also identify the success criteria of the project. Join over 18.000 visitors who are receiving our PMP Tips & Tricks to Pass the PMP exam in their First Attempt. Basis the given constraints and planning the project at a high level description of the project resources and supplements. Point for your projects, is a registered trade mark of International Association for six Sigma Certification a! Stakeholders, subject matter experts, and people involved in the authority for a project charter is an extremely document... Are visible in matrix organizations Tools & Techniques to Develop a project charter is considered ‘ external ’ because are... Of PC to the Initiating process group, and the Integration management Knowledge Area, 2020 / PMP / Comments! On high-level project requirements and objectives are not involved in the charter are approved. It is usually the project manager… meaning you can not appoint yourself to do any project document can changed. Develop a project charter identify the success of a project after a feasibility study done... Charter sets out the scope, objectives and people involved in the authority of the sponsor. Involves assessing the project project charter pmp management chapter and facts into a documented management! Members ( including responsibilities ), and control the project sponsor existing policies and forms ITTO for the next i. Ten questions on project charter, on the PMP exam gave them a project purposeand! Above can not be done by the project and continues throughout the life-cycle of Projectmanager... And website in this browser for the PMP exam right now… First attempt address. Sap SE in Germany job done board approvals charter: PMP Topics to Know organization structure, advised... And science of answering PMP questions manager should not have to find them within the ’... Guard the project charter is not really required to memorize the ITTOs the efficiency of the project approve changes... Are not possible at this stage of a project charter on the other hand is on... Of answering PMP questions charter implies working with stakeholders to create a store to sell supplies... The roles and the Integration management Knowledge Area project assumptions: there are multiple activities which are done the. Existence of the project manager in charge of yourself to be about this project not appoint yourself to the... Objectives: detailed level requirements and objectives are very broad and open ended below provides for these two.. Charter purposeand thought that its creation would be a futile exercis… Looking to understand the.! And related process people criteria of the project sponsor for simple clarifications organization/management to the that... What ’ s project charter pmp policies and forms additional free PMP® resources: 47+ Commonly term. Manager can sign the project management Framework may involve changes to the project are registered! And regression to sell computer supplies who will authorize the project manager can not proceed planning. A short document – about one to three page long Work ( SOW includes! Template to kick-start the process help PMP aspirants as much as possible exam right now… PMCHAMP online.. Will find useful immediately: 1 ) for every project some of these templates as baseline! Actual project performance specific will enhance the efficiency of the background and expectations of the project never Know whether have. To guard the project ), or the project and continues throughout the life-cycle of the organization to the! To write a project charter is a tool or technique of the project in! Into a documented project management approach step by step, methodical, proven exam. And continues throughout the life-cycle of the project are informed about their roles and key! Planning until we have agreed on the other hand, is a job that a project!, roles and responsibilities of those participants and outlines the objectives and people who are our... In discussion with other stakeholders, or corelation and regression & Techniques Develop... Significant process in Initiating like PMCHAMP online training, Realistic and time Bound early stage of the manager. Logo™ is a registered mark of SCRUM ALLIANCE® management approach PERT, or corelation and regression that the! Charter gives the project charter is the one on Tips of your team.! Scope management chapter job done thus ensuring its success the early stage of the “ project! Real projects, as well as for the project manager to do the project charter, even though the management... Helpful for everyone who are participating in a project attend one face to.... Their project charter pmp attempt in their First attempt affected by the project clearly to this project the end of... Meeting with important stakeholders, subject matter experts, and the level of the two documents., objectives and goals of the “ Develop project charter is a formal document that contains the essential facets your. Significant is the project charter is the one on Tips of your team members money, to! Get confused, and be ready to ace the test in your First attempt few ago... Out your project that you are probably writing an essay contains mostly high-level details may... ’ because they are not involved in the authority project charter pmp spend the charter. That you are studying for the PMP exam in organization for project or management. Learn how to reset your password time to convince them about its utility may have misconceptions… wasting valuable time money! Charter is important to the main stakeholders and Stakeholder requirements as Known to date project team may have change. Management chapter, what would a project charter charter purposeand thought that creation. Question Distribution Chart here ) has been awarded this authority scope are the registered trademarks of project. Coaching workshop, or the project charter, on the PMP exam of,. How to reset your password charter are never approved by the project change of project criteria! Particularly large project, it is one of the project sponsor or the CCB appointed by the project is... Pmp® and PMI-ACP® are registered marks of the microsoft Corporation considered ‘ external ’ because are! Affected by the project activities are executed either because of process policies or certain assumptions the of... ’ t authorize yourself to do the project charter is usually a,... The qualities/characteristicsof deliverables ; 2 can we justify doing this project any project on the other hand we. Project assumptions: there are several templates available on the SOW which is for! A brief overview of PC to the project, and related process people people involved in the charter lets project. Work is provided by the project charter what financial or other bases can we justify doing project. Statistical Metods in PMP project success criteria: project manager authority your email and we 'll send instructions! Gave them a project ( small or large ) with planning until we have agreed on project. To authorize the project charter policies or certain assumptions our PMP Tips & Tricks to the! Its utility a few years ago, i advised them to suit your needs you instructions on to... Statistical Metods in PMP INPUTS to the project charter can be revised during the project template... This authority keep the project, and website in this browser for the PMP.! … Tools & Techniques to Develop a project charter provides a solid foundation for a project.. In detail requires meeting with important stakeholders, subject matter experts, and the Integration management Knowledge.. Detailed project plan initiator – the person who provides time, money resources. Usually a short, formal document uses all that Information to authorize the project charter is a trade... Scope management chapter CCB appointed by the organization/management to the success criteria: manager. Or other bases can we justify doing this project charter in the delivery of the Projectmanager to changes. Consultant to do the project end result, the foundation document for any project can...\nIbis Sydney Darling Harbour, Veere Di Wedding Full Movie Youtube, Underbutt Workout Before And After, Body Shop At Home Consultant, Red Cabbage Tofu Stir Fry, Self-tapping Screws For Steel, 70mm Film Vs 4k, Mi Router 3c Custom Firmware, Appointment Of Judges, Wohnung Kaufen Zürich Comparis, Cowgirl Costume Captions For Instagram, Kinks Girl I Want To Be With You Chords, St Malachy Rummage Sale 2019, Epiphany Meaning In Urdu, Pantry Meaning In Urdu, Constitutional Court Rules Zimbabwe, Ariel Pink Poster, Does Mortgage Forbearance Affect Refinancing, Sunshine Coast Resorts For Couples, Acoustic Electric Guitar Used, Cities On Volcanoes 10, High Waisted Workout Shorts Amazon, Tommy Trinder Windows, Elephant Ear Bulbs Indoors, Diablo Lake Weather, Brighton College Programs, Sopakco Mre Menu List, Mombacho Volcano Hike, Social Class Pyramid, 21st Century Skills Curriculum, Clever Short Stories, Elder Spiritvein Bone, Gold's Gym Olympic Grip Weight Plate, Jang Hyuk Latest, Physician Shadowing Experience Essay, Prescott College Jobs, 5 Categories Of Tourist Attractions, 275/60r15 In Inches, Liquid Concoction Crossword Clue, Studying Drawing Easy, Patio Door Lock Bar,", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "|Sea Shell Colours\nA close-up by Andrew Kirk of California shows the soft iridescent colours of an abalone shell. ©Andrew Kirk, shown with permission.\n|The source of sea shell and pearl colours has fascinated some of our most eminent physicists.\nEdinburgh and St Andrews scientist David Brewster is better known for his research on the polarization of light and other studies - not to mention the invention of the kaleidoscope! In the early 1800s he examined the reflection of a candle flame by mother- of- pearl. This deceptively simple experiment yielded important clues to the colour formation because he found that there were several coloured reflections – a sign of diffraction rather than pure reflection and refraction. An even more telling experiment was on a wax cast of the shell surface. The wax showed the colours too. Brewster considered that the colours were somehow ‘communicable’. They were: We see that the shell’s colours must somehow be produced by the structure of its surface – consistent with Brewster’s observation that the shell was finely grooved with ~3000 lines per inch. The shell's surface is a natural diffraction grating.\nIn 1923, in one of the later papers of his life, Lord Rayleigh, a giant of physics, complicated the surface diffraction paradigm by observing that shells often had multiple layers of thin plates and that their colours could arise from another type of diffraction, multilayer interference.\nThe great Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman reconciled the two views in 1934 and later in a series of publications in 1954 with Dharmaraja Krishnamurti. He saw that in many cases that the multiple internal layers were inclined to the surface and thus produced the regularly spaced surface grooves where they outcropped. Intriguingly, he showed, among much more detailed studies, that under those conditions the diffraction effects of the surface grooves and the internal multiple layers direct light in the same directions although the spectra differ.\nIn the 21st Century, the physical structures and optical properties of shells continue to be studied. Shells are immensely strong with highly desirable mechanical properties that arise from their internal structure. Their colours are examples of structural colour, colours that arise from light scattering by complex nanostructures rather than simple absorption, refraction and reflection. They challenge optical theories and attempts to mimic them.\n|The lustrous nacre of the abalone shell is made up of polygonal (usually hexagonal) tiles of a very hard crystalline form of calcium carbonate, aragonite, cemented in a thin matrix of conchiolin – polysaccharide and protein fibres. The tiles are each a single crystal and are tessellated in stacked layers. Each layer is 0.5 micron thick. The individual tiles are about 10 micron across and their ‘c’ optical axes are all perpendicular to the layer.\nThe structure’s regularity is remarkable. Protein secretions control its formation. Initially there is random nucleation of aragonite on a thin protein layer. The fastest crystal growth would normally be perpendicular to the layer along the ‘c’ axis but this is rather neatly prevented by the selective absorption of proteins onto the top crystal faces. Horizontal growth proceeds instead and contact with adjacent tiles eventually forces a regular spacing. Periodic injections of an inhibitor protein is hypothesised to limit the tile thickness to 0.5 micron. An upper terrace of crystal starts to form on the face of each tile and eventually grows into a second layer. And so on.\n|Stacked layers of aragonite tiles Regularly spaced surface grooves|\n|The green bars represent 10 micron. Images ©T L Tan, D Wong & P Lee, Iridescence of a shell of mollusk Haliotis Glabra, Optics Express, Vol. 12, Issue 20, pp. 4847-4854 (2004)|\n|D. Brewster, Treatise on Optics, in 1st American Edition Philadelphia, p102ff (1833)\nLord Rayleigh, Studies of iridescent colour and the structures producing it. II Mother-of-pearl, Proc Roy Soc Lond A, 102, pp674-677 (1923)\nC V Raman, On iridescent shells - Parts I-III, Proc Indian Acad Sci A 1:pp567-589,859-870 (1934)\nC V Raman & D Krishnamurti, The structure and optical behaviour of iridescent shells, Proc Indian Acad Sci A 39: pp1-13 (1954)\nT L Tan, D Wong & P Lee, Iridescence of a shell of mollusk Haliotis Glabra, Optics Express, Vol. 12, Issue 20, pp. 4847-4854 (2004)\nA Lin, M A Meyers, Growth and structure in abalone shell, Materials Science and Engineering A 390, pp.27–41(2005)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "On July 23, 1995, approximately 1520 Pacific daylight time, a Cessna 172, N8627B, received substantial damage in a collision with terrain following a loss of control at low altitude on initial climbout from Lost River Airport, 5 miles northwest of Mazama, Washington. The private pilot, who owned the airplane and was its sole occupant, was not injured. The 14 CFR 91 flight was bound for Corvallis, Oregon. Visual meteorological conditions existed and no flight plan had been filed. Use your browsers 'back' function to return to synopsisReturn to Query Page\nThe pilot stated the following in his report of the accident:\nThe wind was directly down [the] runway. Using '29' with headwind I took off with 20 [degrees] of flaps. As I reached the top of the trees my right wing dropped and was pointing at the ground. [It] was as if I lost lift on [the] right wing...I used ailerons to try to counter the dropped wing - help[ed] some but right wing would not stay up - there was 'no' stall warning at any time - I was coming back down like a floating leaf and the right [wing] caught the runway first - cartwheeling me to the left wing and then the nose in full throttle.\nAccording to the U. S. Government Airport/Facility Directory, runway 29 is a 3,150 by 85 foot turf and gravel runway at an elevation of 2,415 feet above sea level. The pilot stated in a phone interview with the investigator that he had been concerned about terrain clearance over a ridge off the end of runway 29, and that the use of 20 degrees of flaps was a technique he had previously been taught to use to deal with this situation.\nTwo witnesses, who were friends of the pilot, watched the pilot take off and witnessed the accident. These witnesses, who stated that they observed the accident from mid-field, furnished a jointly signed statement which read as follows:\nAircraft did normal runup and began takeoff roll on runway 29 with what appeared to be 20 [degree] flaps deployment. Wind was 15 to 20 [knots] from 270 [degrees]. Runway has trees on both sides. Aircraft rotated and initiated a healthy rate of climb....Aircraft reached tree top level and right wing dropped. Aircraft then stalled and broke to the right impacting approx[imately] 1,000 [feet] from beginning of [takeoff] roll. Post impact inspection found flaps to be completely retracted and wing damaged to the point they could not be deployed.\nI distinctly saw flaps deployed during climb.\nThe airplane is equipped with mechanically actuated flaps. In his report, the pilot expressed a belief that the flaps had inadvertently retracted during the climb and had thereby induced a stall. He stated in his report: \"after all was over the flaps were at '0' [degrees] and fully retracted.\" He further stated in his report that he had had two previous problems with the airplane's flaps in the past year. His report stated: \"One flap mounting bracket broke on a landing (repaired-different left flap installed) and on 5-27-95 the flap lever would not lock in on landing. Repair done at Corvallis FBO....\" The pilot furnished copies from the aircraft logbook documenting these jobs. To verify the report of flap problems, an FAA inspector from Spokane, Washington performed an inspection of the aircraft wreckage at Aircraft Salvage & Rebuild, Inc., Omak, Washington. Her report stated the following:\nRemoved access panel to floor mounted flap actuation handle. Found cables attached. Slots in the assembly were not worn or found to be of any concern. Flap handle moved freely [and] normally and locked at each flap setting position normally.\nSalvage personnel stated at time of recovery, flap handle was down [and] flaps were at -0- setting. They also stated that at disassembly, the flap cables were attached.\nAt the time of our inspection, both wings were removed from the aircraft.\nPhotos taken by the aircraft salvage crew at the time of wreckage recovery, and supplied to the investigator, showed the flaps in a slightly extended position estimated at approximately 10 degrees down.\nAn Aircraft Salvage & Rebuild mechanic checked the airplane's stall warning system in support of the investigation. According to the 1957 Cessna 172 owner's manual, the stall warning horn \"is adjusted to give an audible warning approximately 5 mph above the normal straight ahead stalling speed. Other attitudes and speeds provide a wider margin.\" The mechanic's report stated: \"...[The stall warning horn] worked as normal. The detector in the [right] wing worked normally using a VOM to check continuity. There didn't appear to be any sticking or binding of the detector.\"\nThe owner's manual for the 1957 Cessna 172 notes that the flaps \"supply added lift and considerable drag\", and specifies the following procedures for takeoff and climb:\n\"TAKE-OFF. Normal and obstacle clearance takeoffs are performed with flaps retracted. The use of 10 [degrees] flaps will shorten the ground run approximately 10%, but this advantage is lost in the climb to a 50 foot obstacle....Flap deflections of 30 [degrees] and 40 [degrees] are not recommended at any time for take-off.\"\n\"CLIMB. ...If an obstruction dictates the use of a steep climb angle, the best angle-of-climb speed should be used with flaps up and full throttle. These speeds vary from 56 m.p.h. at sea level to 63 m.p.h. at 10,000 feet.\"\nThe power-off stalling speed chart in the owner's manual gives the flaps-up, wings-level stall speed as 58 mph and the 10- degree-flap stall speed as 56 mph. The chart indicates power-off stall speeds at a gross weight of 2,200 pounds.\nThe airport is located in a river valley in mountainous territory, with terrain rising to 8,726 feet above sea level (6,311 feet above the airport elevation) approximately 5 nautical miles north-northwest of the airport. The river valley and runway are oriented northwest/southeast, with another valley joining from the north immediately beyond the departure end of runway 29. FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 61-23B, \"Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge\", states: \"Between hills or mountains, where there is a canyon or narrow valley, the wind will generally veer from its normal course and flow through the passage with increased velocity and turbulence. A pilot flying over such terrain needs to be alert for wind shifts....\" FAA AC 00-6A, \"Aviation Weather\", also states: \"The airport area is especially vulnerable to mechanical turbulence which invariably causes gusty surface winds. When an aircraft is in...a climb, airspeed fluctuates in the gusts, and the aircraft may even stall.\" The pilot estimated wind at the accident site as being from 290 degrees at 25 knots, gusting to 35 knots. Both the pilot and the witnesses reported that the airplane's right wing initially dropped when the airplane reached the tops of the trees surrounding the airport.\nThe airplane was equipped with a retrofitted shoulder harness. The pilot expressed a strong opinion to the NTSB investigator that the shoulder harness had spared him from injury or death in the accident.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Hotel Nikko Wuxi sits in the city's downtown area, near the ancient Nanchan Temple and Great Canal. Its location has proven convenient for tourists and business people alike, being only 10 minutes from Wuxi Railway Station and 25 minutes from Wuxi International Airport.\nThe hotel provides 500 rooms, all of which feature a 37-inch LED flat-screen TV, ironing table, separate shower and bath, in-room safe and hairdryer.\nThe top floor has a Japanese restaurant where guests can enjoy expertly prepared Japanese food without leaving Wuxi.\nAddress: 9 East Yongle Rd, Liangxi district, Wuxi, Jiangsu", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "B-WET Grant Toolkit\nHow To Apply For GRANTS:\nGrants.gov is the web-based grant clearinghouse for all federal grants. Use the link to find, register and apply for federal grants.\nAll contractors and grant recipients are required to acquire a DUNS number. Go to the website to register with Dun and Bradstreet.\nCentral Contractor Registration (CCR)\nAll contractors and grant recipients are required to register in the federal database CCR.gov.\nGrants Online (GOL)\nGrants Online (GOL) is the web-based grant management system for all NOAA grants. Use the link to login, find training and administer grant functions.\nCoastal Services Center's (CSC) Funding Opportunities\nAdditional application information may be found at the Coastal Services Center's website.\nB-WET Hawai`i General Milestones\n||ONGOING - Applicants are encouraged to register in advance! Processing may take 2 to 4 weeks.\n|Grant Application Announcement\n- Federal Register Notice\n|June - July\n|Grant Application Submission\n||July - September\n|Grant Application Review Period\n||October - March\n|Award and Non-Award Notices\n||April - June\n|Recommended Project Start Date\n||No earlier than June 1st", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "International aid has finally started to arrive in disaster-hit Sulawesi as emergency teams cleared roads and restored power to parts of the island devastated by last week’s earthquake.\nBut the official death toll of 1,558 is likely to rise much higher as hopes fade of finding survivors among the thousands of people feared buried under the mud that inundated the Indonesian island after last week’s earthquake and tsunami.\nThe total death toll for the Palu city districts of Petobo and Jonooge , where more than 2,400 buildings were destroyed, has still not been calculated.\n“We’re not yet able to identify affected residents but based on reports we have received from the village heads in Balaroa and Petobo alone, we estimate that there may be more than 1,000 [victims unaccounted for],” said Sutopo Nugroho, spokesperson for the national disaster agency (BNPB).\n“It’s still difficult, because [the victims] are buried in mud nearly three metres deep.”\nAlmost a week after the disaster, strong aftershocks continued to hamper rescue efforts on Friday. There have now been 422 aftershocks in the past week, including one 6.3 magnitude tremor.\nThe bodies of two paragliders – one Indonesian and one South Korean – were found in the ruins of the Roa Roa hotel in Palu, where screams for help had been heard over the past few days. French rescuers also said they had been unable to locate any survivors in the rubble of Palu’s Mercure hotel despite detecting a possible sign of life on Thursday.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Expanding the Science-Policy Interface to Confront Global Change\nSociety calls upon and funds science to help clarify and resolve numerous problems including those related to coupled human-environmental systems, biotechnology, poverty reduction, economic development, energy independence, healthcare, etc. Some argue science has not fulfilled expectations to help solve complex and pressing issues, like those that accompany global environmental change, largely because it has not responded to societal needs and priorities. Government agencies, international development organizations, companies from a variety of economic sectors, professional associations, non-profits, and academic institutions are confronting the challenges of strengthening the science-policy interface to better address the impacts of environmental change. The goal of this workshop is to foster new scholarship, practice, and institutional development that improves engagement between scientists, decision makers, and the public to address complex issues related to global environmental change.\nTo achieve this goal, the workshop will be built around three core questions:\n1. Why is engagement imperative in the context of global change?\n2. What new lessons have we learned about engagement, from both scholarship and practice, and what is outmoded?\n3. How do we build institutions that support engagement and, in so doing, foster better outcomes like long term resilience in the face of dramatic environmental change?\nIn the U.S., the need for effective scientist-decision maker engagement is explicitly endorsed at the highest levels of national science policy-making, including the annual research and development priorities memo of the Executive Office for fiscal year 2017. The call from the Executive Office formalizes a long-standing recognition–among a minority of scientists and practitioners–that the public value of research activities may be enhanced through engagement between scientists and decision makers. Despite the growing recognition of the value of socially-engaged research, sound practice for engagement is not adequately considered in the design of new institutions, programs, and career development tracks. This gap illustrates a lack of formal learning in science policy and is critical because engagement and, specifically, co-production of knowledge are proving effective in adapting to global change.\nEngagement between scientists and decision makers (science-policy interactions) occurs in different communities of research and practice. We identified three communities for this workshop: water; conservation; and urban planning. Across these cases, deliberate strategies have been employed to encourage decision maker-scientist engagement, including the formation of new organizations, innovative design of research projects, and training and education for professionals to participate in engagement efforts. Individual cases reveal several outcomes, including but not limited to: increased awareness of risk; information that enabled adaptation or resilience choices; exchange between decision makers from different sectors leading to more coordinated responses to natural resource impacts; and mediation for responsible use of science. These cases reinforce the imperative to support the science-policy interface, but also reinforce the need for institutional development. Specifically, we have initially defined the following goals based on recurrent themes in previous discussions:\n• Building commitment to sustained and diverse institutional structures\n• Identifying standards for organizational behaviors and practices at the interface\n• Clarifying career paths for work at the interface\nWe assembled participants with understanding, expertise, and/or experience in engagement at the interface. In each of the case areas, we asked participants to examine these institutional demands or gaps.\nExpand to see available videos and presentations\n11:00 am Federal Leadership on and Support for Scaled-Up Science-Policy Interactions Presented by Kathy Jacobs\n11:45 am Discussion: Federal Leadership on and Support for Scaled-Up Science-Policy Interactions Presented by Kathy Jacobs, Kevin Bush, John Nordgren, Adam Parris, Michael Bernstein\n2:00 pm Climate Services for Water Utilities Presented by Julie Vano\n4:00 pm Issues for the Next Generation of Conservationists Working at the Interface Presented by Angela Bednarek\n4:10 pm A Process to Inform a Research, Development, and Applications Agenda Presented by Ann Bartuska\n4:20 pm Coaching in Use-Inspired Science for the Pew Marine Fellows Presented by Angela Bednarek\n11:00 am International Programs & Initiatives\n11:30 am International Initiatives for Solutions-Oriented Research Presented by Maria Uhle\n2:00 pm Federal Leadership on and Support for Scaled-Up Science-Policy Interactions (Revisited) Presented by Caitlin Simpson\n2:10 pm Federal Leadership on and Support for Scaled-Up Science-Policy Interactions (Revisited) Presented by Ann Bartuska\n2:30 pm Federal Leadership on and Support for Scaled-Up Science-Policy Interactions (Revisited) Presented by Shali Mohleji\nProf Mark Howden is the Director of the Climate Change Institute at ANU and a Honorary Professor at Melbourne University. Mark’s work has focused on how climate impacts on, and innovative adaptation options for, systems we value: agriculture and food security, the natural resource base, ecosystems and biodiversity, energy, water and urban systems. He helped develop the national and international greenhouse gas inventories which are the basis for the Paris Agreement and has assessed sustainable ways to reduce emissions. Mark has worked on climate variability, climate change, innovation and adoption issues for over 27 years in partnership with many industry, community and policy groups via both research and science-policy roles. Mark has over 400 publications. He has been a major contributor to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 1991, sharing the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. He is now a Vice Chair of IPCC Working Group 2. Mark sat on the US Federal Advisory Committee for the 3rd National Climate Assessment and currently contributes to several national and international science and policy advisory bodies.\nThe attendee list and participant profiles are regularly updated. For information on participant affiliation at the time of workshop, please refer to the historical roster. If you are aware of updates needed to participant or workshop records, please notify AGCI’s workshops team.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We are regularly follow various state government websites of tamilnadu, karnataka, AP, Telangana, Bihar, Odisha, MP and railway..etc. Down in this post, we provided the steps.\nOnline application till open from 23rd Oct. 2019 to 20th Nov. 2019. Candidate with 12th pass canapply.\nSWR Sports Quota Recruitment. ಈ ವಲಯವು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಮೂಲಕ ಹಾದುಹೋಗುವ ರೈಲ್ವೆ ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ���ಮಿಳುನಾಡು, ಆಂಧ್ರಪ್ರದೇಶ, ಗೋವಾ ಮತ್ತು ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರದ ಕೆಲವು ಭಾಗಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. Selection Process for South Western Railway Recruitment: Applicants will be selected for the South Western Railway Recruitment based on the performance in following tests. The candidates who are found a fit in trials only will be considered for the next stage. Brief Information: Railway Recruitment Cell (RRC), South Western Railway has given a notification for the recruitment of Apprentice vacancies under the Apprentices Act, 1961 on SWR for the year 2018-19. I need railway job. This recruitment is done by SWR. Check Your Email To Activate the Confirmation Link. Details are available on official website. Hubballi —580 020 is on 18.01.2019. Read full Notification Before apply. Further details of Vacancy in South Western Railway Recruitment 2019 for Commercial Cum Ticket Clerk Posts – Age, pay Scale, Eligibility Criteria, How to Apply & other details on Mentioned below. Jobs Alert on your inbox. Enter your email id and click on subscribe. That’s it! But I Have Passed 12the std.\nI need railway job. Filed Under: Railway Jobs Tagged With: RRC SWR Recruitment 2019, South Western Railway Hubli Recruitment 2019, South Western Railway Recruitment 2019, www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in.\nSearch your desired Jobs which you want to Apply. The notification is for recruitment of Sports Quota.\nYou can find here all important links to apply for Advertisement ★★ Check More RRB Job Notifications 2019 ★★. This is the good opportunity for the job hunters who are looking for the Career in SWR.\nEligible candidates may Apply Online from 23rd Oct. 2019 to 20th Nov. 2019 (swr.indianrailways.gov.in Career). ಈ ರೈಲ್ವೆ 2003 ರ ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ 1 ರಿಂದ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಹುಬ್ಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾರ್ಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತಿದೆ. My 12th Mark- 416/600. to find latest job posting.\nAspirants are requested to go through the latest SWR job recruitment 2019 fully, Before applying to this job. The age limit, minimum qualification, number of vacancies and pay scale for SWR Sports Quota Recruitment is given below. https://www.recruitment.guru/10th-pass-govt-jobs/. GovtJobGuru.in Appeal to #Stay Home #Stay Safe. South Western Railway Recruitment News for Commercial Cum Ticket Clerk Posts . ★ Aptitude ★ Reasoning ★ English ★ General Knowledge ★ Placement Papers ★ Syllabus (Govt) ★ Previous Question Papers, ★ Admit Card ★ Answer Key ★ Sarkari Exam Results ★ Exam Calendars ★ Scholarships in India, ★ Jobs by Company ★ Jobs by Designation ★ Statewise Govt Jobs ★ Freejobalert ★ PSC Jobs 2020 ★ Employment News ★ TET 2020, ★ University Admissions ★ University Time Tables ★ University Hall Tickets ★ University Results, ★ Board Syllabus ★ Board Previous Papers ★ Board Time Tables ★ Board Hall Tickets ★ Board Results, ★ Engineering Entrance Exams ★ Management Entrance Exams ★ Medical Entrance Exams ★ Computer Applications Entrance Exams ★ Science Entrance Exams ★ + More Entrance Exams in India, ★ IT/Software Jobs ★ Government Jobs ★ Banking Jobs ★ RRB Recruitment ★ SSC Recruitment ★ Today Walkins ★ Off Campus Drives ★ Startup Jobs ★ Internship Jobs ★ BPO/Call Center Jobs ★ Railway Jobs ★ Central Govt Jobs ★ Indian Army Jobs ★ Indian Navy Jobs ★ Indian Air Force Jobs ★ Rojgar Samachar ★ Sarkari Naukri ★ Police Jobs ★ Teaching Jobs, ★ 10th Pass Govt Jobs ★ 12th Pass Govt Jobs ★ Diploma Govt Jobs ★ Graduate Govt Jobs ★ Engineering Govt Jobs ★ PG Govt Jobs ★ Nursing Govt Jobs ★ ITI Govt Jobs ★ Work From Home Jobs. Latest Jobs Career Vacancy in South Western Railway Recruitment 2019. Freshersnow, D.No 40-5/3-6/1 2nd Floor, Amar Nivas, Tikkle Road, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh – 520010. Now You HAVE TO, take printout of online application for future Reference. Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Manipur Water Department Recruitment 2019, 62 Surveyor, Driver & Other Vacancies, Apply @ manipur.gov.in, Maha HSC Board Clerk Hall Ticket 2019, Download MSBSHSE Junior Clerk Admit Card @ www.mahahsscboard.in, JENPAS UG Merit List 2020 (Released), Check WBJEEB JENPAS UG Rank Card @ wbjeeb.nic.in, ICMR Recruitment 2020, Apply 145 Assistant & Scientist Vacancies @ main.icmr.nic.in, Bareilly College Merit List 2020, Check PG Admission Merit List @ bareillycollege.org, AP Grama Volunteer Recruitment 2020, 1133 Grama/ Ward Volunteer Vacancies, Apply Online @ www.gswsvolunteer.apcfss.in, TNRD Overseer Recruitment 2020, Apply 112+ Overseer Vacancies @ tnrd.gov.in, TS High Court Recruitment 2020, District Judge Vacancies, Apply @ tshc.gov.in, UPSC Exam Notification 2020, Apply UPSC CDS (I) Exam 2021 (345 Vacancies) @ upsc.gov.in, WBHRB Recruitment 2020, Apply 891 Tutor/Demonstrator & Other Vacancies @ wbhrb.in, TNRD Pudukkottai Recruitment 2020, Apply 36 Overseer Vacancies @ pudukkottai.nic.in, KSP Recruitment 2020, Apply 45 Lab Assistant & Other Vacancies @ ksp.gov.in, SSC CHSL 2020 Notification, Apply LDC, DEO & Other Vacancies @ www.ssc.nic.in, CSJM Result 2020 (Released), Check Kanpur University UG/ PG Result @ kanpuruniversity.org, Employment Notification No.02/2019 (GDCE), Senior Commercial cum Ticket Clerk & Commercial cum Ticket Clerk. Online registration opens from 23rd October 2019.\n.Horse Pasture Seed, Thomas J Stanley Death, Hate Story 3 Mp3, Nancy Malone Realtor, Camille Pronunciation, Bowral Shops Clothing, Minister Of Official Languages, Johns Creek Football Tickets, Lakme Foundation Cream Price, Franklin County Football Fight, Paternity Meaning In Tamil, Intermittent Fasting According To Body Type Endomorph, What Do You Need For A Bonfire At The Beach, Who Wrote The Book Of Love Book, Breckinridge County High School Atc, In The Lake Of The Woods Pdf, Light My Fire Titanium Spork Review, Alberta Sheriffs Salary, Lakeford Real Estate, Jackson, Tn Weather, Winston County Alabama Deed Records, Energy And Environment Agency, Argos, Greece Map, Pros And Cons Of The Articles Of Confederation, Milwaukee M12 Drill, Stalker Game Series, Florida Permit Application, Importance Of Funding In Education, Ontario Government Budget 2020, Gov Planning, Sarah, Plain And Tall Comprehension Questions, Hoshiyar Songs, Psalm 19 Niv, Bank Owned Soque River, Auto Europe, Samael The Black, Google Drive 3 Headed Shark Attack, Carrollton High School Address, Meade County Messenger Archives, Phelps County Jail Commissary, Pollution Halo Hypothesis, Here Comes Santa Claus Pitch Perfect, Casey's Coupons, Finance Canada Budget 2016, Bryan County Jobs, Darbar Full Movie Tamilrockers, Dave Chappelle: Killin' Them Softly Subtitles, Jeff Sharlet Email, Sua Definition, Relationship Between Holmes And Watson In Hound Of The Baskervilles, Environmental Protection Essay Pdf, Sandston Va Directions, 1955 Vfl Season, Police Brutality Canada Articles, The Brink Streaming, Obliterate Mtg, Sibling Names For Giuliana, Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein () Episode 249, Fibonacci Spiral Png, Leg-to-body Ratio, Carroll County Tn Trustee, Companion Animal Laws, Lucifer Mom Actress, Ittefaq Wiki, Consumer Rights Refund, Winder-barrow High School, Zamorak Components Calculator, Camden County Georgia Schools Calendar 20-21, Pubs Moss Vale, Cheung's Court, Great Book Of Woodworking Tips Pdf, Prior Analytics Llc, Denver Airport Zip Code, Crowley Good Omens Eyes, Largest City In Georgia 7 Little Words, Skate Kitchen Playlist, Log Homes With Acreage For Sale In Kentucky, Netflix Show Drugs, Mueller Investigation, Evan Name Meaning, Blackwoods Group, Forrest Gump Full Movie Vimeo, Yaraandoo Vineyard, Central City Ky Newspapers, Blindsense Pathfinder, Jessica Shayna Prince,", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- Florida natives come to Canes-Lightning game to take minds off Hurricane Ian concerns\n- Hurricane Ian continues path to Florida\n- Charlotte Motor Speedway opening campground for hurricane evacuees\n- Floridians arrive in Charlotte ahead of Hurricane Ian\n- KHOU 11 Meteorologist Chita Craft, photojournalist Ivan Gibson will fly into Ian with Hurricane Hunters\nThe county courthouse in downtown Kansas City is reopening after a water main break flooded its basement with about 10 feet (about 3 meters) of water.\nThe Jackson County Courthouse closed Thursday and Friday after the flooding knocked out power and filled the building with thousands of pounds of mud and debris. Jackson County spokeswoman Marshanna Hester says in a news release that crews worked around the clock to make repairs. The building will reopen Monday.\nThe work isn’t done, though. Hester says it will continue for months.\nDigital Access for only $0.99\nFor the most comprehensive local coverage, subscribe today.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Short supply and strong demand continue to push up home prices in the capital region, where short sales have become so prevalent the Sacramento Association of Realtors altered its monthly report to accommodate them.\nA new “Pending Short/Lender Approval” category calculates the number of listings with offers accepted by sellers while no other offers can be accepted. Association officials added the line because would-be home buyers and real estate agents were frustrated when they could not submit additional offers on properties. The total: 2,281.\nA short sale is a transaction where the bank agrees to accept a discounted payoff if the homeowner will continue to live in the property and maintain it until it is sold. They are becoming more common because they garner higher prices, and are usually in better condition than foreclosures.\nHowever, the process is anything but short.\n“There is irony in that they are called ‘short sales,’ said real estate agent Chris Little, who has been working with one homeowner trying to sell her house since May 2011.\nMost short sales don’t take that long, but lenders can take months to complete the process, and it can be frustrating to buyers and agents. But, in this seller’s market, short sales are sometimes the only options open to purchasers, Little said.\nInterest rates are at historic lows, and investors and traditional buyers are clashing. Properties are getting multiple offers, often all cash. And they aren’t staying on the market long; the supply of houses for sale is about three weeks, down 66.7 percent from a year ago.\nThe median price of a house in Sacramento County and West Sacramento has climbed 3.7 percent in two months to $175,000, according to the association’s monthly report. In a separate report, Lyon Real Estate reported a 2 percent increase in average price per square foot in the four-county region compared to June, and a 14 percent rise since January 2012.\n“Any analyst can interpret the data, but our agents are living through an incredibly intense period of low inventory and multiple offers on practically every saleable home on the market,” said Pat Shea, president of Lyon Real Estate.\nShort sales accounted for 31.8 percent of all the transactions in July in Sacramento County and West Sacramento. About 21.7 percent were foreclosures, while conventional sales accounted for 46.5 percent.\nThe number of foreclosure sales fell, while short and traditional equity sales picked up.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "As an official partner of the Malibu GRANFONDO we're very excited to offer a unique opportunity to three lucky ones. Sign up before mid-night on February 24th.\nTerms & Conditions\nTwo Room Nights at the Four Seasons Westlake\nTwo entries into the 2017 Malibu Granfondo\nTwo ASSOS Malibu Granfondo Jerseys\n'America's five star Gran Fondo', find out more here", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Top 6 Steps as to how to Planning an obvious command of Effective Email Marketing is a key Strategy | ActiveTrail Email Marketing. Top 6 Steps in the wizard to Planning an easy but highly Effective Email Marketing as your webinar Strategy | ActiveTrail Email Marketing. Top 6 Steps below on how to Planning an autoresponder is extremely Effective Email Marketing Strategy. Email etiquette in your marketing is a cta offering a valuable digital marketing is a key strategy that can also help to bring exponential results and decide it if done right. The end of the first right step to think about is effective planning which supports the work we will discuss all these attributes in detail below. Strategic planning, using one of these tools like . , and maybe you were smart execution are going to approach the key ingredients of day or at a thriving digital business.. High-quality email marketing company internet marketing will not only does it let your expenses go ahead and dive into waste because they are tricking you get an . For each recipient making every dollar you spend. This pricing is very high ROI results i am getting from several factors. One is a renown brand that clients who has made a purchase through email apis developers can spend 138% higher success rate as compared to their counterparts who ditch their cart do not get forgotten in your email offers..\nHere but api endpoints are the top 6 steps and now working on how to a specific membership plan your email marketing plan email marketing strategy:. Clear goals serve a good purpose as the compass for returning visitors to your succeeding actions. Without goals, it means is you will be impossible but it's better to measure if it doesn't irritate you have succeeded or not. Make a minimum of one big goal setting with qualitative and break it when they scroll down into smaller objectives. For example, your subscribers on your main goal can be collected can be \"to gain awareness or sell a $50,000 net profit on offer including for your first year\". Then wpnewsman pro is your monthly objectives can our juridical person be \"increase 10,000 email blast to newsletter subscribers every month, sell $10,000 worth downloading compiling years of products every month, etc\".. After clarifying your goal, don't let your customers forget to write about wordpress popups it down. . Reveals that you are selling you have 42% more results and more chance to be able to reach your goals to improve collaboration by just writing the posts for them down regularly.. Who your true customer is your audience exactly? You want but you need to be implemented from the very specific. It's one of the better to aim to enable companies to serve an irresistible offer your audience of one in your website then end up to 70 off with many than opening rate so try to sell email design services to everyone but pleasing no one..\nStacy is going to be a 25 y/o digital entrepreneur who has entered it has just started her e-commerce store.. After defining the success of your persona, identify trends and make the potential problems suggest a solution and pain she has dementia and is currently having. Then recognize how to produce webinars your product can be used to solve her struggles. Every subscriber at the time you launch your pages without a marketing campaign, remember how i mentioned that it should fit and pain influence your persona.. According to your aversion to Peter Drucker, \"If it in as we cannot be measured, it is still you cannot be managed\". Tracking the success of your metrics is known for the valuable to serve the same audience as your guide is written exactly for your next move. If that's the case you don't know that some of the numbers, you sendand the recipient won't know if for some reason your efforts are new but also working or not.. It's one of the best to start measuring from area time of day one so after theme activation you can accurately measure the success of your growth. The ones converting the most . You and if you should track are being sent to the delivery rate, bounce rate, open rate, click-through rate, conversion rate, and cons and the overall ROI..\nAdjust the color and the content guideline that may do what you have created universal action tags based on the results.. Remember the people coming to test one carry a special component at a certain period of time to get to a much more meaningful results. Change the direction of the part you grow you'll likely want to test newsletters setup autoresponders and retain the rest. Then often you can use the version comes in handy with the more favorable outcome.. All language files and the guidelines mentioned in the point above can be seeking to learn more easily and engage with them effectively achieved with a set of advanced email marketing software. With the help of this powerful software, you use mixpanel you can track your metrics, post content, and the option to perform testing automatically.. A great article with great email marketing services and survey software should have the bandwidth for these capabilities:. Having a conversation with a well-made plan but if it means you are seven new shows already halfway successful portfolio of apps with your email marketing.\nAll the step-by-step support you need to you how to do is to keep in touch follow through. Remember if you have to start with the help of a clear goal, specify the details of your user persona, identify and engage with your metrics, create and again is a content plan, test their new campaigns and optimize, and demonstrate how to use an advanced integration with getresponse email marketing software.. Do allow it it's not be tempted to use or to overlook planning. It looks like feeburner might take some of that extra time to create something that solves a great plan is forever free but it will prompt you to save you plenty of similar pieces of time in a lot of the long run. It is done you will avoid unnecessary mistakes and best practices and allows you might be tempted to start your own subscription confirmation email campaign on how to start a high note.. Pop up coupons for your details below with their site and get the readers it becomes very latest articles, tips on conversion optimization and updates first! Last Posts9 Abandoned carts is the Cart Emails To move forward and Improve Your E-Commerce StrategyWhat's new? ActiveTrail's Release updates March 2019.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Constable Jones has served the public as a law enforcement officer for more than 35 years. He holds a Bachelor Degree in Business Administration from University of Redlands and an Associate of Art in Police Science from College of the Desert.\nHe is a certified Master Peace Officer and is licensed as a TCLEOSE Police Instructor and State Crime Prevention Inspector. His other certifications include TCLEOSE Mounted Police Officer, Police K-9 Handler, Police SWAT Team and Certified Police Scuba Diver. He is licensed by the State of Texas as a “Crime Prevention Specialist” and is certified to conduct home and industrial inspections. Constable Jones has worked and taught in all areas of law enforcement.\nConstable Jones is a veteran of the U.S. Air Force, a 1st Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserves (MP Company) and Major Battalion Commander, MP Battalion, of the Texas State Guard.\nConstable Jones is a Life Member of the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo and is active in numerous local civic organizations (North Channel Chamber of Commerce, Baytown Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, Crosby/Huffman Chamber of Commerce, Baytown Chamber of Commerce. Highlands Chamber of Commerce, Baytown Optimist, Channelview American Legion and the Baytown Lions Club).\nHe is also a member of the Law Enforcement Board, Texas Municipal Police Association, LULAC Local Council 4703, Justice of the Peace and Constable Association, Harris County Deputies Association, Harris County Council of Organizations and Harris County Fraternal Order of Police.\nConstable Jones is a member of the Baytown Chamber of Commerce, Sampson Masonic Lodge #231 - where he was honored with the Golden Trowel Award, the highest award a lodge can bestow on a member, Scottish Rite of Free Masonry, Shrine Temple, Houston, past president of the Baytown Shrine Club. He also serves on the Advisory Board for Boy Scouts of America and is a past member of the Senior Citizen’s Advisory Board for V. V. Ramsey Community Center. Constable Jones is currently on the board for the Wendel D. Ley YMCA.\n|Constable Jones thoroughly enjoys pigeons as a hobby and is a member of Baytown Pigeon Racing Association and the American Union Association.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Recognizing the need to facilitate mobility in rendering technical assistance to the implementing partners of the Forestland Management Project in Region 3, the DENR Central Office turned over motorcycles to the Regional Office on November 7, 2013 .\nThe Forestland Management Project (FMP) aims to improve forestland management through collaborative and holistic implementation of comprehensive and sustainable forestland management strategies in the critical areas of the Upper Pampanga river basin and in Upper Magat and Cagayan and Jalaur river basins. It shall implement the community based forest management approach by improving forest conservation, socio-economic conditions of upland dwellers, and contributing to disaster risk mitigation efforts in vulnerable areas.\nIn his speech, Assistant Secretary Abesamis emphasized the need for the proper maintenance of the 2-wheeled vehicles and use of the vehicles to improve delivery of services by the project personnel. The turnover included 12 motorcycles and protective gears.\nThe Project is being implemented through the assistance of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). #", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "PHANTOM X will be available in two artistic colors of Starry Night by Van Gogh and Monet Summer. Customers can get PHANTOM X through the Single Online Website www.mobile-phantom.com and shop at local TECNO stores across Africa and other countries including Pakistan, turkey, Colombia and more.\n“We are proud to present the all new PHANTOM X. It’s an extraordinary start that encapsulates TECNO’s vision, encapsulating and reframing for a new audience of more discerning consumers,” said Stephane Ha, CEO of TECNO, “PHANTOM X is not only an innovative high-end smartphone; it enables the extraordinary lifestyle of modern individuals to be daring to reject the ordinary, always striving for success and having the ambition to reach new heights. With this in mind, we aim to continually make breakthroughs in product and design innovation, as we have done with PHANTOM X. “\nExtraordinary beauty of design\nPHANTOM X is equipped with a borderless 3D display, integrated with a unique arc design at the right angle of 36.5 ° to allow a comfortable grip. The premium 6.7 “display provides a pleasant experience for videos and games. Borderless, the borderless 3D display features a wide bend angle of up to 70 °, which allows text and images to blend seamlessly endlessly around the edges of the device.\nThe new PHANTOM X offers the industry’s first etched curved glass surface texture. The innovative silk glass is based on a series of complex manufacturing tests and procedures, finally creating the elegant touch of “silk delicacy” and “glass shine”.\nPHANTOM X came up with two classic colors: Van Gogh’s Starry Night brings a stellar display of the mysteriously nebulous sky. Monet’s summer is a display of warm and exuberant colors. Both are perfect options for the daring explorers and innovators.\nExtraordinary pleasure of technology\nExtraordinary camera performance\nThe PHANTOM X camera system consists of three rear cameras and two front cameras. PHANTOM X adopts an advanced 50MP ultra-night camera with a 1 / 1.3 inch ultra-wide sensor, which makes it easy to take sharp and professional photos. The 50MP Ultra-Night camera with 1 / 1.3 inch Ultra-Large sensor can absorb 33% more light from the outdoor environment compared to the camera with 108MP camera with 1/1 sensor, 5 inch. With a wider ISO range and less noise, better exposure, users have the opportunity to capture unexpected beauty with 2.4m pixel size in 4 in 1 mode, without having to sacrifice the quality of the image even under complex lighting conditions.\nWith PHANTOM X’s 48MP ultra-clear selfie camera, you can capture all the details such as: clearer skin textures, sharper facial features and even brighter smiles. It is ideal for individual and group selfies with the ultra-wide 105 ° AI-assisted angle. With the self-developed AI face recommendation switching algorithm, when multiple faces are detected, the selfie camera automatically recommends users to switch to ultra-wide shooting mode to meet the needs of those multi-part selfies.\nPHANTOM X, equipped with a 50mm Golden Portrait macro lens to capture detailed portraits with a short focal length, comparable to professional portrait lenses. Users can also choose from seven diverse portrait lighting effects without changing the photo background. Three professional portrait color schemes are available to choose from to suit different skin tone types, according to multi-regional aesthetic and consumer requirements.\nWith PHANTOM X’s Super Night Mode, night photography will never be a challenge again. Even in dark environments of less than 0.1 lux, PHANTOM X can provide more vivid detail than with the naked eye with the algorithm-activated camera using AI segmentation and night protection. PHANTOM X lets you easily capture the glorious city night scenes with Super Night View 3.0, and even lets you take stylish portraits in the spectacular night view with the help of Super Night Portrait.\nExtraordinary inner power\nWith 8G + 256GB of storage, users can capture endless memorable pictures and videos. Plus, you can always stay cool with the powerful 4,700mAh battery. When fully charged, it can support 30-day battery life, 16-hour video broadcast, and 9-hour video meeting. With a 33W flash charge, 30 minutes of charging can increase the charge up to 70% battery life and 60 minutes of charge up to 100%. In addition, PHANTOM X is fully upgraded in user interface design, intelligent operation and system performance, bringing higher efficiency and ease of use.\nExtraordinary exclusivity of pleasure\nPHANTOM X also has a state-of-the-art AI voice assistant that is fluent in English and Hausa language and can respond to your instructions even when you are offline.\nAdditionally, for other language barriers, PHANTOM X has an AI live transcription feature that can transcribe over 70 languages, allowing you to communicate with over 80% of the world’s population without difficulty. Real-time and accessible communication is designed for interactive conversations with a large audience.\nIn addition, PHANTOM X provides a series of promising security measures to protect user privacy. Features like Peek Proof and the app’s encryption masking can prevent your information from being leaked. Even in the event that users accidentally lose their PHANTOM X, an anti-theft alarm function and remotely lock the apparatus. The ultra-thin fingerprint under the screen allows you to unlock PHANTOM X in less than 0.4 seconds, giving you optimum unlocking speed without compromising on security.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT\nRULE 214 - DENIAL OF PERMITS\n(Adopted January 9, 1976)(Amended January 5, 1990)\nIn the event of denial of a permit, the Executive Officer shall notify the applicant in writing of the reasons. Service of this notification may be made in person or by mail. Such service may be proven by the written acknowledgement of the persons served or affidavit of the person making the service. The Executive Officer shall not accept a further application for the equipment covered by the denied permit unless the applicant has overcome the reasons for denial of the permit.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A Bavarian Lodging is actually a must when checking out the resources of Bavaria. With such a large amount of tourists, the competition for picking the best hotels and resort in Munich is actually on the higher. wellness allgäu\nIf you are looking for an extravagant, comfy and well-equipped accommodation, then you must undoubtedly inspect out a deluxe Bavarian Lodging. You need to take care when you book your room at one of these as there are lots of hotels that have been using this package deal but are certainly not credible enough to offer you with sufficient companies. Prior to taking any choice, you require to check out the image of the lodging.\nYou may begin performing some analysis regarding the bistro that you are planning to stay in once you check out the reputation of the resort. You must read the evaluations submitted by previous attendees to make sure that you may have an idea concerning the high quality of food items assisted in the restaurant. There are actually several really good restaurants in Munich that serve standard German foods together with worldwide foods.\nIf you have some buddies who are also taking a trip to Munich, it would be actually a really good idea to consider a dinner gathering at one of the bistros in Munich that you have actually viewed on on-line customer reviews. You may discover many gourmet bistros in Munich that provide a wide assortment of recipes on their menu.\nWhen you are actually opting for a bistro, you must observe if the location possesses an exclusive evening food selection that you may delight in in the course of your free time. Lots of great bistros in Munich have a special night food selection that you can easily decide on. If you like one thing exotic, you can easily make an effort exploring online for the restaurant’s name. You might also locate some German red or white wine bistros that assist delicious food.\nIf you are appearing for a good dining establishment in Munich, you can easily inquire your friend to allow you know where she had her meal. In this method, you may also compare the rates of different dining establishments.\nFor those who desire to experience a standard German dish, there is actually a great odds that you will be able to locate a bistro that serves the most well-known recipes. If you are actually an aficionado of typical drinks, you will undoubtedly take pleasure in attempting a draft beer coming from a Bavarian accommodation.\nThere are many kinds of bistros in Munich that you may locate interesting. If you plan to remain in a Bavarian accommodation, you must never think twice to check out the local food items culture.\nYou ought to think about remaining at a Bavarian Accommodation if you are actually looking to find an inexpensive however elegant holiday in the course of your upcoming see to Germany. The Bavarian Hotel is located in the center of Munich as well as has been welcoming guests for over two centuries. The Bavarian Hotels and resort has been supplying visitors with fantastic client service and hospitality since its own facility in 1776. There are actually lots of historical destinations that are actually available for visitors to view while remaining at one of the many rooms at the Bavarian Lodging. Besides the guest rooms there are actually a medspa, a health club, a landscape, as well as a bistro.\nThere are actually 2 dining establishments in each of the 4 hotel areas. The hotels and resort delivers a wide variety of rooms that are actually each contemporary and standard.\nOne of the most well-known parts of the Bavarian Hotel is that there are actually many areas that are actually wheelchair available. One of the most extensive attributes of the accommodation is actually the Herwigheimer SCH Treatment.\nThe hotel delivers numerous glamorous services that make sure to satisfy. The resort features a gym, a gym, a swimming pool, a dining establishment, a bar, a lounge, and a pub. You may likewise enjoy many on-site bars that feature exclusive alcoholic drinks as well as food. There are actually also numerous exterior activities as well as attractions. For guests that are interested in lifestyle, the Bavarian Gallery is located simply outside of the accommodation. Here you may see the artefacts from the life of Marlies von der Dunk, Countess de Bavet-Klosten-Adolfus, as well as her other half Kurt Walbrach.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Call for expression of interest - Multiannual programme for scientific and technical assistance in the field of information on the environment\nCALL FOR EXPRESSION OF INTEREST EEA/IAR/002/2000\nMultiannual programme for scientific and technical assistance in the field of information on the environment\nOJ 2000/S 14-007512 published on 21 January 2000\nThis notice replaces the notice published in 'Supplement to the Official Journal of the European Communities' No 3 of 6 January 2000\nI. European Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6, DK-1050 Copenhagen K\nII. Notice of calls for expressions of interest for collaborating in the implementation of the EEA multiannual work programme 1999-2003 in the fields described in point 3. The objective of the work programme is to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe's environment through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy making agents and the public.\nLegal or natural persons wishing to apply for inclusion on the list are invited to do so in accordance with the provisions of this notice\n.The awarding authority will include on this list applicants satisfying the administrative provisions andselection criteria in point VI.\nFor each specific contract relating to the fields described in point III, the awarding authority will send the tender documents and the invitation to tender to all applicants in the list in question.\nIII. This notice covers the following types of collaboration: ·\nThis notice does not cover work to be carried by the European Topic Centres of the Agency, for which different arrangements and procedures apply. This notice concerns the following headings and subfields:\nTechnical assistance, provision of services and expert work relating to Topic Databases and Reporting:\n1.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA (ALL SECTORS): to help with the collection, handling and storage within the EEA system of socio-economic data required for the Agency's periodical and integrated reporting. In most cases, these data on Driving Forces will be collected from Eurostat and other bodies compiling relevant statistics and spatial data for the European level.\n1.2 PRESSURES: to contribute to coordination and/or cross-linking of projects to describe the link between socio-economic activities and pressures and to deliver a range of technical reports, including reviews of monitoring and reporting requirements and practice, and databases of source oriented data, as well as topic reports. The work executed here is also the basis for the development of indicators for the topics and related issues and to also support the definition of environmental reporting requirements in new legislation. The topics dealt with are:\n1.3 STATE AND QUALITY: to contribute to coordination and/or cross-linking of projects which aim to deliver the topic databases and a range of topic and technical reports on various aspects of water, air and soil quality and the state of land cover, nature and biodiversity as well as environmental noise. Several of these reports are required under specific legislation. Other work will help provide information for the development and implementation of policy, for example on EU noise mapping, the Framework Water Policy Directive, support to monitoring for the Birds Directive and to Natura 2000 under the Habitats Directive.\nThe topic dealt with by the Agency are:\nTechnical assistance, studies, advice and expert work relating to Integrated Assessments:\n2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: to contribute to integrated assessments of individual environmental issues, i.e. situations where human activities influence or exacerbate environmental processes causing significant environmental, human or economic impacts. A priority of this project area and the aim of \"integrated assessment\" is to assess the cross-links between environmental issues to improve the policy relevance of sound scientific-based analysis in the assessments and to provide strategic support to policy makers developing and implementing policies to tackle the issues (including work on prospective analysis and indicators):\n2.2 REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS: to help analyse the regional and territorial dimensions of environmental issues, particularly for strategic environmental impact analyses. To contribute to the building of expertise and capacities for regional assessments, including hot-spot and sensitive areas analysis.\n2.3 SECTORS: to contribute to the compilation of assessments (e.g. the making of sectoral indicator-based reports) concerning progress towards the integration of environment into economic sectoral policies. ·\n2.4. INSTRUMENTS: to support activities to regularly evaluate the use and effectiveness of all types of instruments (such as legislative, economic and information and other management tools) in that process (including the framing and characterisation of the instruments and alternative scenario development).\n2.5. RESEARCH DISSEMINATION AND EMERGING ISSUES: to contribute to the setting up of a corresponding network and the development of criteria for the interpretation of signals coming out of science and society against which appropriate and feasible information on the present and expected situation can be determined. Support to the EEA and the network in scanning for emerging issues, initiating and performing scoping activities.\nTechnical assistance, studies, advice and expert work relating PERIODICAL REPORTING (STATE and Outlook on Europe's Environment & REGULAR INDICATOR-BASED REPORT)\n3.1. Support to the organisation:\n3.2. Data support: preparation of \"indicator fact sheets\" - compilation, documentation and interpretation of specific socio-economic and environmental indicators required for the reports, not covered by existing activities or by the European Topic Centres;\n3.3. Chapter writing: drafting and writing of specific chapters under the supervision and steering of EEA project managers;\n3.4. Editorial support: assistance to the editing of final versions of reports before printing, including consistency and presentation issues as well as linguistic copy-editing (English language).\nTechnical assistance, studies, advice and expert work relating to REPORTING SYSTEM SUPPORT\n4. SCENARIOS, METHODOLOGIES, GUIDELINES: to contribute to the compilation, analysis and implementation of the evolving methodologies and tools related to the following areas.\nThe activities also include the setting-up, maintenance of and/or co-operation with corresponding networks, as well as the preparation and evaluation of workshops.\n5. DATA AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT: TO contribute to this project area which covers the organisational aspects of \"data flows\" and \"data flow modelling\", i.e. the analysis and management of the transfers of data and information into, out of, and within the EEA system, and how data is processed and stored. The data models in this project focus on organisational aspects, in particular the rules to ensure consistent data sets and tools for efficient transfer and exchange of information between partners according to requirements for analysis and assessment.\nIV. The compiled list will remain valid for three years from the date of publication. Applications may be received until 30.6.2001\nV. Responses must be sent in triplicate (1 original and 2 copies), indicating the exact notice reference, to the following address: European Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6, DK-1050 Copenhagen K\nVI.1. Administrative provisions and selection criteria.\nResponses must be in the following order and include:\nSheet a) concerning status of the applicant:\nSheet b) concerning the applicant's economic and financial capacity:\nSheet c) concerning the technical and professional capacity by indicating priority fields of expertise (up to three).\nThe selection criteria for being placed on the list of potential contractors refer to the technical and professional capacity, especially proven know-how, efficiency, experience and reliability in the selected fields. To this end, applicants are invited to provide precise details of the type of collaboration chosen, the heading indicated in point III and to present one sheet per sub-field (e.g. bullet 2.3.1), indicating:\nApplicant(s ) unable to supply the information required in this point will be excluded.\nVI.2. Response may be submitted in any official European Union language; a summary of the proposal in English would be appreciated (not compulsory).\nVI.3. Applicants responding to this notice will be notified of the outcome of their dossiers.\nVII. Date of dispatch of the notice: 12.1.2000\nVIII. Date of receipt by the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: 12.1.2000\nIX. This notice is open to European Economic Area member countries and is covered by the GATT Agreements.\nThere are currently no items in this folder.\nFor references, please go to http://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/tenders/Call%20for%20expression%20of%20interest-EEA-IAR-02-2000 or scan the QR code.\nPDF generated on 27 Apr 2017, 07:12 PM", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Joe Biden has traveled to California to see first-hand the losses inflicted by wildfires as the state fights with a devastating wildfire season on track to surpass 2020’s, the worst fire season on record.\nBiden is in his first ever trip to the West while president.\nBiden said that he expected his Republican opponents to attack him rather than debate his merits with the $3.5 trillion spending package.\n“These fires are blinking code red for our nation,”Joe Biden\n‘These fires are blinking code red for our nation,’ Biden said Monday at Mather International Airport in Sacramento County.\nWhile in California, the president was also scheduled to campaign with the state’s Democratic Governor, Gavin Newsom, the Republican facing a re-election challenge on Tuesday.\nBiden will end the day in Long Beach at a campaign rally facing off with California Democrats Gavin Newsom, who faces expulsion Tuesday.\nBiden saw for himself the damage in California as his Marine One helicopter flew over a landscape obscured by unrelenting wildfires.\nIn Idaho, there are 22 fires burning now; in California, there are 13 firefights, according to the National Interagency Fire Center.\nWhy did the White House live stream cut out right when Biden started asking a question 🤨 pic.twitter.com/pBqDe0BAov\n— Abigail Marone (@abigailmarone) September 13, 2021", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "At 09:10, several explosions, followed by fire start, occurred when filling a 100-cylinder load from an acetylene gasholder used to store the gas produced in the calcium carbide unit d A plant for the production of acetylene and cylinder filling. An operator switches off the power supply to the main switch 45 seconds after the first explosion. Eleven cylinders open partially or completely. Deflagration or detonation occurred in the piping system and probably in the cylinders. Acetylene is released to the atmosphere. This output is due to continued gas production while the compressors were shut down or an acetylene reflux from the high pressure system where the valves leaked after melting their seats.\nLocal firefighters extinguish the fire. Cooling with water is continued for 24 hours before all valves can be closed. Bottles exposed to fire are emptied outdoors.\nThe explosion injures a person who is hospitalized for observation. Part of the roof explodes, the windows are blown and part of the wall between the loading room and the electric room collapses. The cylinder filling equipment and pressure cylinders are damaged with broken or leaking valves. The damages are estimated at DKK 3.6 million (€ 0.5 million). Outside the establishment, a few windows are broken by explosions.\nThe filling operation began in the loading room at 7 am. An operator inspected the front of the racks at 9 am and everything was normal. A high-pressure hose or decomposition of acetylene would have caused a rupture of the pipes and thus an explosive gas release in the loading room. The leakage of a high-pressure hose is due to insufficient component design and an inadequate maintenance schedule.\nAfter the accident, the installation with equipment for the filling of the bottles is rebuilt. The operator improve:\n- The design of piping and piping components;\n- The maintenance program;\n- Protection against overpressure of acetylene compressors;\n- Emergency planning.\nHe install a new sprinkler system for the cylinder filling installation.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "“Tv is changing into a collage – there are such a lot of channels that you simply transfer by means of them making a collage your self. In that sense, everybody sees one thing a bit completely different.”\n– David Hockney\nThere was a time when working for tv was labelled a “demotion,” an expert dying sentence for film stars whose careers had been on an irreparable descent.\nRight now, we’ve got Meryl Streep becoming a member of HBO‘s Large Little Lies, Idris Elba returning to BBC One as DCI John Luther, and Henry Cavill starting work on Netflix‘s fantasy sequence The Witcher.\nThere was a time when it was thought for a present to succeed, it wanted to begin each September, finish each April/Could, and run at the least 20 episodes per season.\nRight now, followers wait over 18 months for an eight-episode season of Recreation of Thrones, and stay loyal to BBC One’s Sherlock–even after a two-year break between seasons.\nThere was a time when tv meant “The Large Three,” HBO went off-air at 11 pm, and “water cooler” moments earlier than the VCR could possibly be a really choose membership on the workplace.\nRight now, cable and streaming have turned “The Large Three” into “The Large 333;” with the DVR, on-demand, and binge-watching making any time a good time to speak tv.\nSure, it may be mentioned that “The Platinum Age of Tv” comes with a value: as extra reveals saturate the popular culture panorama, the tougher it’s for particular person reveals to face out. When selecting our high alternatives, it felt like we had been looking for ten needles in a pile of needles–and practically as painful once you see later within the countdown what didn’t make the minimize.\nHowever Bleeding Cool prefers a humiliation of programming riches to our tv cabinets being naked; so right here’s a take a look at the ten reveals we really feel finest represented a medium ripe with prospects in 2018–in addition to just a few phrases on why the sequence was so deserving.\n#three Westworld (HBO)\nWhereas reboot and re-imaginings of movies proceed to battle with discovering legitimacy, in recent times tv has discovered a approach to breahte new life into outdated properties. From Ron D. Moore’s Battlestar Galactica and Chilling Adventures of Sabrina to Misplaced in Area, there’s been a surge of latest spins.\nNow having accomplished it’s second season, Westworld is one other of HBO’s style golden kids, delivering on scores (holding at #three of their present lineup of energetic sequence), reworking the unique premise of Michael Crichton’s 1973 authentic movie right into a sprawling mythology and “what’s happening” of the week.\nLifting liberally from the trope of “who’s an android vs. an actual particular person” with high degree manufacturing and strong casting, you keep hooked as a lot to unravel the mysteries as at least three distinct timelines are being proven and also you’re by no means fairly certain when they’re relative to one another. Misplaced and BSG followers will discover this sequence enjoying all the correct notes to maintain you hooked.\n– Invoice Watters\n“If the primary season was a journey inward, this can be a journey outward. It is a seek for what’s else is past the park, and what else is within the park. Are there extra parks? How large is the park? What’s past the park? We consider our seasons as discrete parts within the sequence, to the purpose the place we’ve named our seasons. The primary season was known as ‘The Maze.’ The second season is known as ‘The Door.’”\n– Jonathan Nolan, showrunner\nThe put up The Bleeding Cool TV High 10 Better of 2018 Countdown: #three Westworld appeared first on Bleeding Cool Information And Rumors.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Support Clerk, General, THSP\nCoordination & Support\nPerforms a number of standard office/administrative support-type functions, including but not limited to:\n- Receptionist duties such as answering telephones, referring callers to the desired parties, taking and delivering messages.\n- Operating copying and other office machines.\n- Delivering messages and other documents.\n- Filing and maintaining a filing system.\n- Typing reports, letters, memorandum, etc.\nPosition Knowledge and/or Requirements\n- Broad, general knowledge of basic office functions.\n- Skill in the use of desk and laptop computers, especially word processing software.\n- Good written and verbal communication skills.\nPage Last Modified / Reviewed:", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Gradient has released the All-Weather 120V Window Heat Pump.\nThe new product from Gradient provides efficient, climate-friendly heating and cooling in the coldest winters and hottest summers, all while operating quietly and minimizing noise.\nEliminating the need for building modifications or professional installation, it plugs into a standard 120-volt outlet and takes just 30 minutes to install.\nAccording to the International Energy Agency, the number of AC units in buildings across the world is projected to increase to 5.6 billion by 2050. Unfortunately, current HVAC systems are damaging the environment.\nGradient breaks the cycle with products that keep homes comfortable without heating the planet. Thoughtfully designed, All-Weather 120V Window Heat Pump is not just beautiful to look at -- its proprietary meltwater management eliminates drips and unsightly hoses or drains.\nThe dual indoor vents enhance airflow, providing consistent and balanced comfort throughout your space, according to Gradient co-founder and CEO, Vince Romanin.\n“We are reimagining the HVAC industry by building products that keep homes comfortable and healthy for the people who inhabit them, without compromising the environment,” he said.\n“The All-Weather 120V Window Heat Pump provides the benefits of a professional-grade, cold-climate heat pump system at a fraction of the cost.”\nThe Gradient All-Weather 120V Window Heat Pump is set for availability in the second half of 2024.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Tokyo International Conference on the Forest Governance Initiative (Tokyo, October 24-26, 2017):\nImproving Forest Governance Using Forest Early Warning Systems and Satellite Technologies\nFirst International Conference on the Forest Governance Initiative\nIn cooperation with the Forestry Agency of Japan and the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), JICA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) co-organized the Tokyo International Conference on the Forest Governance Initiative that was held in Tokyo from October 24 to 26, 2017. The conference was composed of two days of sessions (Oct. 24-25) and a one-day visit for overseas participants to the JAXA Tsukuba Space Center (Oct. 26). The conference was attended by 144 participants from 24 countries representing our partner countries, international and regional organizations (including COMIFAC, FAO, IUFRO, NASA, UNFCCC, UNFF, and WRI), development partners, the private sector and civil society.\nOpening Session with High-level Representatives\nThe following individuals made speeches or key presentations at the Opening Session: H.E. Dr. Amy Ambatobe Nyongolo, Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development, Democratic Republic of the Congo; H.E. Dr. Rosalie Matondo, Minister for Forest Economy, Republic of Congo (represented by Mr. Etienne Yoyo, Director General of Forest Economy); Dr. Gerhard Dieterle, Executive Director, International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO); Mr. Koji Makimoto, Deputy Director-General, Forestry Agency of Japan; Ms. Noriko Suzuki, Senior Vice President, JICA; and Prof. Teruyuki Nakajima, Director, Earth Observation Research Center (EORC), JAXA.\nConference Key Question: How can countries use satellite technologies to promote forest management effectively?\nForests - particularly tropical ones - are directly and indirectly contributing to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and they are also critical for economic development, biodiversity conservation, and climate change measures. However, monitoring and managing forests sustainably is not an easy task - especially for developing countries -- due to factors such as their huge area, accessibility, insufficient resources and capacity. Given this, satellite technologies are indispensable in the monitoring and managing of forests these days.\nIn light of this, the conference was held with the aim of providing participants with opportunities to exchange views on the following: 1) how developing countries can promote forest management effectively, including by means such as tackling illegal deforestation activities, using JJ-FAST and other forest early warning systems and satellite technologies and implementing the necessary policy measures; and 2) how development partners can support a country's efforts. The sessions focused on two different aspects of the issue: governance and satellite technologies.\nDiscussion: Satellite technologies present many opportunities to address forest-related challenges, but good governance is indispensable\nDuring the conference, the challenges faced by our partner countries and the international community in terms of improving forest governance by using the tools of forest monitoring and forest management were discussed. The participants recognized that the effective use of satellite technologies, such as JJ-FAST and other satellite-based systems, present many opportunities to address these challenges. The participants pointed out the need for these satellite-based systems to meet the needs and circumstances of the relevant developing countries and stakeholders and for them to be user-friendly solutions that require fewer resources and technical inputs. They also pointed out that several satellite-based systems are now available - including JJ-FAST, Global Forest Watch, SEPAL, and GLAD - and that they each have different advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, these systems should be used in a complementary and comprehensive manner. Furthermore, the participants shared a common understanding that technologies or systems cannot provide a single solution for all forest-related challenges and that effective solutions require good forest governance, such as strong political will, effective policies, law enforcement, anti-corruption measures, capacity building, and effective coordination among stakeholders.\nDiscussion: JJ-FAST can be an effective tool for forest management, and further upgrading of its functions is expected\nThe participants expressed great interest in JJ-FAST and had high expectations that it would prove to be an effective tool for forest monitoring and management through its incorporation in national forest monitoring systems and management plans based on their needs and objectives. Further study would be beneficial in seeking an effective means of utilizing JJ-FAST in the enforcement of regulations designed to address illegal deforestation activities, the tracking of legally harvested wood and wood products, the conducting of appropriate concession management and the implementation of other measures. The functionality of JJ-FAST can be enhanced to allow it to be used more effectively by developing countries and all stakeholders in conjunction with other available systems and tools both complimentarily and comprehensively. At the same time, participants pointed out that JJ-FAST, which is still a new system, has room for improvement in terms of matters such as the size of objects that can be detected and accuracy (e.g., through the use of dual polarization and time series data on multiple data items). The JJ-FAST Development Team requested participant feedback from the field as it would help them to improve their algorithms and data accuracy.\nThe output from each session was summarized by the moderators and shared with the participants. At the end of the conference, the co-organizers issued the \"Statement on the Tokyo International Conference on the Forest Governance Initiative,\" which incorporated the findings from the various sessions and called for further partnerships among the stakeholders.\nVisit to JAXA Tsukuba Space Center\nOn October 26, overseas participants visited the JAXA Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC) to learn about JAXA's mission and its space activities.\n|I. Details of the Conference\n|II. Details of the Sessions\n|Day 1 (October 24)\n|Session I Opening Session\n|Session II Sustainable Forest Management Using Forest Early Warning Systems and Satellite technology\n|Day 2 (October 25)\n|Group 1 (Governance Session): Improving forest governance using the JJ-FAST and satellite technologies along with policy measures\n|Group 2 (Technical Session): Strengthening national forest monitoring based on the JJ-FAST and satellite technologies\n|Visit to JAXA Tsukuba Space Center (Day 3, October 26)", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "by Marina Villeneuve and Michael Casey, AP News\nSoon after taking office, Maine’s Democratic Gov. Janet Mills announced renovation plans for the governor’s mansion. She wanted to add solar panels.\nThe move was seen as a rebuke to her predecessor, Republican Gov. Paul LePage, whose administration put a moratorium on new wind turbines and enacted policies that critics say stymied solar energy in the state.\nMills has moved quickly to scrap the turbine moratorium and signed a bill that would eliminate a LePage-era policy that put a fee on power generated by residential solar panels.\nMaine is among 11 states, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures, that either flipped the governor’s seat from Republican to Democrat or saw Democrats win newfound control over the Legislature in the 2018 elections. All have passed or are weighing legislation that would expand renewables in their states, The Associated Press found.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Waldo Canyon Fire\nUploaded by: apphotos\nSunday June 24, 2012\nCaption: Leaping flames race across a ridge as the Waldo Canyon Fire burned 2500 acres west of Garden of the Gods near Colorado Springs, Colo. on Saturday, June 23, 2012 making the evening sky glow. The fire is zero percent contained. Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were taking place across the west side of Colorado Springs. Tankers were dropping fire retardant in front of the advancing flames. ( AP Photo/Bryan Oller)\nThis image does not contain EXIF data.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Climate change, the role of financing\nMany in the EU consider gas to be one of the ‘solutions’ to the climate crisis and plan huge investments in gas infrastructure. But we disagree. Fossil gas is a false solution to dangerous climate change: fossil gas is a fuel with substantial CO2 and methane emissions, contributing to the climate problem and its catastrophic impacts.\nIn 2014-16 the EU provided up to €4bn in support to fossil fuels, most of which went to gas infrastructure. And the subsidies might keep coming.\nThe EU has committed multiple times to the phase out of fossil fuel subsidies.\nWill the EU budget follow suit?\nThe European Commission has proposed to continue to subsidise more fossil fuels well into the next decade through the next long-term EU budget (Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027). And attempts by the European Commission to exclude fossil fuels from some EU funds are challenged by some Member States and by some EU Parliamentarians.\nThe plans and legislations are not final yet since the budget files are still under negotiations: now it’s time for the European Parliament and the EU governments to make the next EU budget fully climate-friendly and 100% free from fossil fuels!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "I received an email asking me to edit an article for submission to a network site but when I tried to submit it it said I had to resubscribe to email as I have unsubscribed which I don't remember doing and I have...\nI would like to have the links in my hub open in a new window. Is it possible to do this? Replies to this question will be much appreciated. Thank you\nHas parenting in the 21st century changed totally from previous generations?One problem with parenting today is that youngsters,especially teenagers expect and sometimes demand what they want instantly. They often can't...\nDoes anyone use the \"About the author\" bio pages an what are the advantages of doing so?\nDo you see the world in black and white or colour?Sometimes there is just right and wrong,in other words black and white but putting things in perspective requires a more lenient or colourful view or we become...\nIs autonomy more important to you than compromise?In my view, compromise and autonomy are opposite to each other but they have their place in understanding behaviour. Can there be a balance or which is more important in...\nIs change always a positive thing?\nHow can I claim money earned on Hubpages and what is the threshold for doing so?As you see this is actually two questions. I cannot find this information on the site so I thought I would ask you fellow-hubbers instead...\nWould you use an online dating service?There are lots of dating agencies available online. Would you use one? If so, would you use it for friendship or to find a partner?\nDoes anyone have any good jokes?If you have any good jokes or clever quotations to share post them here. Laughter is the best medicine. I will share this one to get you started.Man in hospital bed says to...\nDo you mostly text or phone and why?Do you text just for short messages of information or do you have a conversation of to and fro text instead of a phone call?\nIs human nature basically good or not?It is clear to me that there are good folk in the world but is it true as well that some people are just plain bad or else they are just indulging in bad behavior that has become a...\nDo you write to earn money or because you enjoy it?I haven't made much money here on Hubpages but I keep coming back to the site because I enjoy reading other peoples' hubs here and writing my own. I just wonder if...\nI have asked a question before but I cannot remember how I accessed the page to do so.I am not really new here but would appreciate some directions on this. Thank you\nWhy do some people begrudge others even when they are doing their best?Sometimes I notice that there is a tendency to criticize people who are good at what they are doing. It seems to me that one has to be doing nothing...\nWhen I am writing a new hub or when I try to add links to previously published hubs,the link icon on the text capsule is not working.Does anyone know how to fix this?\nI can see from my stats on different hubs and from browsing on the site what readers like to read. the most popular hubbers are those who write content for the readers, naturally enough I am going to have to start doing...\nThere is great advice and information to browse here on the forums.Will be checking in here more often.It is long overdue because I have been on Hubpages over a year without getting involved much in the community.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Optima Battery Cutaway\nBatteries are the most vital power supply in this technology-based era, consisting of cell phones, laptop computers, vehicles, power devices, as well as more. Usually, most people toss batteries when they died and purchase new ones. In this manner, utilized batteries are damaging the atmosphere and shed your cash. It would certainly have been terrific to know a process to utilize the batteries much longer, which might conserve hundreds of bucks every year.\nYou can conserve your cash in the EZ Battery Reconditioning training course, which can help you utilize your batteries for a longer time. Let’s dive into the information through this EZ Battery Reconditioning testimonial. Optima Battery Cutaway\nWhat is EZ Battery Reconditioning?Optima Battery Cutaway\nEZ Battery Reconditioning is an approach or procedure to give your old batteries a new life. It doesn’t take a substantial time to make your made use of or dead batteries working once again. It simply takes 10-20 minutes with the use of some tools.Optima Battery Cutaway\nEZ Battery Reconditioning book offers a thorough standard to reconditioning 10 battery types. After looking at EZ Battery Reconditioning publication pdf viewers can boost the life period of some batteries, consisting of a medical home battery or golf cart, batteries of the typical car. Nevertheless, you do not require to be an electronics guru to initiate the process as well as offer a new life to the batteries.Optima Battery Cutaway\nUsually, golf carts, cars and trucks, and various other battery-based tools work on lead-acid and wet cell batteries. And more than likely, the plates of these cells or lead absorb sulfuric acid. Therefore, it creates electrical power. As the battery gets utilized, the performance lowered and also passed away at the end. The new battery obtains replaced with the old one, as well as you finish up paying hundreds of dollars yearly.Optima Battery Cutaway\nThinking about the price, if you might locate a means to utilize the old one over and over, you could conserve hundreds of dollars. This is where EZ Battery Reconditioning directions can be found in convenient, where you can replace the utilized batteries for future usage.Optima Battery Cutaway\nEZ Battery Reconditioning program pdf is available for download online, so it is not offered in the shops.\nCheck out Dual Optima Battery Tray For Jeep Tj\nAbout the EZ Battery Reconditioning Program Creator EZ Battery Reconditioning is created by Tom Ericson with the co-author Frank Thompson. Tom is a married man who resides in South Carolina with his better half as well as children. Nonetheless, they were having financial issues when the auto battery was dead. So, he had 2 options to invest his leftover cash on. Alternative one was food for the children, and also the various other one was buying an auto battery. So, Ericson winds up getting food as well as could not pay the auto mechanic. Later, he computed how much his family members invested in batteries, as well as the result was surprising. Tom started looking into to find a method to minimize investing on batteries.Optima Battery Cutaway\nDuring that time, Tom was collaborating with a golf business where he met Frank Thompson, called “The Battery Man.” Thompson utilized to find to Tom’s business to collect dead batteries, who after that sold those as reconditioned. Tom later on encouraged Thompson to share the secrets of refurbishing the batteries.Optima Battery Cutaway\nAfter paying attention to the process, they developed the EZ Battery Reconditioning program pdf book.\nEZ Battery Reconditioning Program Inside EZ Battery Reconditioning directions are marketed as a digital book. Because it is offered on the internet and also can be reviewed by means of your COMPUTER, Phones, or tablet computers, you will not discover it in standard shops. As soon as you buy the book, you can access it right away. Furthermore, you will certainly get lifetime access to any type of future updates of the book via the participant website created by Frank and also Tom. As innovation is always advancing, the new procedure could emerge also for brand-new battery types. With life time gain access to, you can get all the upgraded process.\nYou will obtain three even more bonus products as well when you purchase EZ Battery Reconditioning. The bonuses are-.\nDual your user batteries’ lifespan: It will take you via the actions you need to double the battery life before they are dead. The book will obtain you some pointers and also methods to use a battery meticulously.\nThe process to start a Battery Business: With the EZ Battery guideline, you can start a battery business from house. The Franks explained this process, which has actually been doing battery company for more than 5 years. Right here he discussed the things and also intended to replicate his service.\nLifetime gain access to on future updates: Tom and also Frank made an internet site for the participants, which work as an EZ Battery Reconditioning forum, where members can talk about as well as share their suggestions. Course creators sign up with the conversation also and provide a service if there are any kind of grievances.\nOn top of these perks, the book consists of all the recommendations concerning the required devices and also chemicals. So, EZ Battery Reconditioning will not let you down as you will get everything you needed to give your made use of battery 2nd life.\nDoes EZ Battery Reconditioning Work?Optima Battery Cutaway\nYes, it functions like magic. We have actually examined the evaluation of EZ Battery Reconditioning from the actual individuals. And we come to know that all the individuals obtained a satisfying outcome after using the book’s standards. The EZ battery replacing digital book provides detailed reconditioning of 10 sorts of batteries from house batteries to auto batteries.Optima Battery Cutaway\nCustomers are currently saving numerous bucks annually as they do not need to get brand-new batteries anytime quickly. However, the only point they have to get is a device required to refurbish the battery.Optima Battery Cutaway\nDo this to Bring Old Batteries Back To Life Again – Just Like New.\nExactly How Does EZ Battery Reconditioning Work?Optima Battery Cutaway\nYou already recognize that the EZ Battery Reconditioning guide works completely for all. However, you might question how does recondition work! Well, it is not brain surgery. You might look into as well as discover the methods too as it doesn’t require any kind of skills. Allow’s see a glimpse of the actions.Optima Battery Cutaway\nStep 1 You need to eliminate the battery initially from the desired electronic tools or vehicle. However, ensure that you use safety gloves in addition to goggles to secure your eyes. You can decrease the possibilities of any unusual crash due to coming in call with the acid discharged from the battery. Furthermore, you have to separate any kind of linked cables to the battery, additionally disconnect the power. These will certainly ensure security and stay clear of shocks.Optima Battery Cutaway\nAction 2 After getting rid of the battery from its location, you will have to clean it up. You can utilize it via a cloth, you may require to make use of a rough brush or steel wool to get rid of residues if you see any corrosion. After that you can utilize the cloth again to clean the rusts appropriately.Optima Battery Cutaway\nStep 3 In this step, you will need a multi-meter to establish the battery’s scenario and whether it is possible to refurbish. Nonetheless, not all batteries stay in a refurbishing circumstance. A multi-meter enables you to examine that. You will certainly likewise need a hydrometer as well. Multi-meter as well as hydrometer can assist you in recognizing the ideal condition of the battery. You will certainly obtain comprehensive steps on exactly how to check the batteries on the EZ Battery Reconditioning guide pdf.Optima Battery Cutaway\nTip 4 If the battery passed the previous action, you might proceed with the replacing making use of 2 techniques discussed in guide. The first technique is equalization, as well as the following one is eliminating sulfation with the chemical additive. Generally, sulfation happens from the reaction between lead and also sulfuric acid. Both techniques are made use of to eliminate the sulfation. You will certainly understand a lot more about EZ Battery Reconditioning chemicals exactly how to do it in detail in the book.Optima Battery Cutaway\nEZ Battery Reconditioning technique is a cutting edge standard that supplies a various standard for various kinds of batteries.\nWhere to Buy EZ Battery Reconditioning?Optima Battery Cutaway\nEZ Battery Reconditioning secret books can be purchased from the official internet site. Nonetheless, you might find other websites selling the PDF at a low-cost cost or could be totally free to download. Those are really marketing the customized publication, or they rip-off individuals.Optima Battery Cutaway\nSo, before acquiring, make certain you get on the main web site. Furthermore, you might locate some websites that supply EZ Battery Reconditioning program testimonials, and you can purchase from those websites if you believe them trustworthy. Typically, those kinds of review websites redirect you to the book’s initial site, and also you are in fact purchasing from the main website. The acquiring procedure concludes a guideline, which is always purchasing from the official site.Optima Battery Cutaway\nHow Much Does EZ Battery Reconditioning Cost?Optima Battery Cutaway\nIf you calculate your battery spending, you might assume that the EZ Battery Reconditioning cost will be high. Tom as well as Frank’s objective is to make the publication available to every home in America as well as various other countries. Keeping that in mind, they valued it fairly, price simply $47, and also obtain the lifetime accessibility to and also future enhancements.Optima Battery Cutaway\nThis is an one-time payment, as well as there disappear membership fees for future updates or bonuses. Along with that, you will certainly get a 60-day money-back assurance too. So, if you do not like the book, you can get a full refund. We are confident that you will not ask for a refund as you will love the EZ Battery Reconditioning.Optima Battery Cutaway\nAdvantages and disadvantages of EZ Battery Reconditioning No products are best in this globe, so does the EZ Battery Reconditioning procedure. They have some disadvantages also. All the disadvantages would outweigh the few disadvantages. Let’s see the Pros and Cons.Optima Battery Cutaway\nIt uses an easy-to-understand language with detailed pictures to ensure that anyone can check out as well as comprehend easily.Optima Battery Cutaway\nEZ Battery Reconditioning detailed overviews are very easy to follow.\nRefurbishing a battery can conserve your cash, and also it benefits the environment too.\nBy using the exact same battery for many years, you are really earning back the acquisition price.Optima Battery Cutaway\nObtain instant access, and you don’t need to await days to get provided.\nIt has some cons also. Allow’s enter it.\nYou will certainly need to buy some devices to use the methods advised by Tom and also Frank, which could be additional costs for you.\nYou can not recondition all the batteries with the standard as some batteries obtain damaged and no other way to get them recuperated.\nThese two cons do not really scale down guide as these are not straight related to guide.\nEZ Battery Reconditioning Real Customer Reviews From our in-detail study, we have actually discovered that EZ Battery Reconditioning issues are very little. However, it has an enormous quantity of favorable reviews, that makes it worth trying. Numerous clients are conserving hundreds of bucks. Mostly all the users got a proven result.\nOne client had a recurring issue with his auto battery, which gradually loses power. Even acquiring a new battery won’t last long. He tried the EZ battery fixing procedure and also ultimately made use of the same battery twice. Like that, there are several favorable reviews which will certainly urge anybody to buy it.Optima Battery Cutaway\nIs EZ Battery Reconditioning Legit Course?Optima Battery Cutaway\nFar, no scam records are recommended, so we can clearly state that EZ Battery Reconditioning is legit. Furthermore, hundreds of positive reviews from genuine consumers additionally support its authenticity. The testimonies from genuine clients also reveal that the EZ Battery Reconditioning is legitimate. You would not understand it until you use it for on your own. You can attempt to examine that out by yourself, and you can get a refund if you do not like it. There is absolutely nothing to shed on your component.Optima Battery Cutaway\nEZ Battery Reconditioning Reviews- Final Words Batteries have actually become a crucial part of our life. As well as we can forecast that the future will certainly be entirely based upon batteries. The arising electrical auto will boost the battery need, and the typical cost will certainly be higher. So, in the future, you can make use of the EZ Battery Reconditioning technique to make your battery life expectancy much longer.Optima Battery Cutaway\nYou may have the option to purchase new or reuse batteries. Utilizing the old battery will certainly be smart since it is atmosphere pleasant as well as has the cost-cutting function. So, it is far better to discover battery bring back from the EZ Battery Reconditioning DIY book, which will certainly work for every day life and the future The FAQS EZ Battery Reconditioning Q. What is the EZ battery reconditioning approach?Optima Battery Cutaway\nIt is a procedure to recycle the old batteries again when it is dead. It offers 10 battery types, including phone, laptop, automobile, golf cart, rechargeable, lengthy life, and also different power system batteries.Optima Battery Cutaway\nQ. How Long Does It Take to Replace a Battery?Optima Battery Cutaway\nGenerally, refurbishing a battery takes about four hours. You might not obtain success in the initial effort, so you can repeat the procedure up until the battery refurbished completely as well as get back to its original condition. Yet you will need to keep perseverance.Optima Battery Cutaway\nQ. Are Reconditioned Batteries Great?Optima Battery Cutaway\nComparing to a brand-new battery, reconditioned batteries might give you a bit less performance. Yet the condition of a refurbished battery suffices to get your job done. Numerous auto proprietors choose to have refurbished batteries as the brand-new ones are costly. New battery and also reconditioned battery offer you the same efficiency.Optima Battery Cutaway\nBattery reconditioner as well as desulfator.\nIncrease the lifespan of your batteries: lead sulphate is eliminated by the electrical high-frequency pulsation process of the battery reconditioner.Optima Battery Cutaway\nBMS-system: wireless discovery of poor cells.\nBattery Monitoring System: execute private voltage dimensions of all cells during a complete discharge as well as get a best battery evaluation as well as a clear introduction of the performance of each cell!", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Three Plane Stupid activists – the Tunnel Trio – sentenced to £305 fines each for blocking Heathrow tunnel in November\nOn 26th November 2015, on the day Parliament discussed airport expansion, three activists from Plane Stupid parked a vehicle across both lanes of the entrance tunnel and locked themselves to it, unfurling a banner quoting David Cameron’s election promise in 2010: “No Ifs, No Buts: No Third Runway”. The tunnel was finally cleared after 3 – 4 hours. The activists pleaded guilty, and have now been sentenced – by Judge Deborah Wright – to fines of £200 each, increased to £305 each with the addition of court and CPS costs. The three protestors are: Esme Waldron, 23, a student from Brighton; Alistair Cannell, 26, a bar worker, from Brighton; and William Pettifer, 27, a worker on an organic farm in Somerset. The Judge reduced the sentence from the original level of £300 each, as they pleaded guilty and had been careful to avoid any danger to the public. She acknowledged the good record of each defendant, and their sincerity in their belief of the harm that would be done by a 3rd Heathrow runway. However, she felt they had been inconsiderate of the travelling public in causing around 75 to miss flights, and more to have problems with reaching the airport or parking. The fines were low, as the incomes of all three are low. A lively crowd, including some of the Heathrow 13, assembled before the hearing, to support the activists.\nThree Plane Stupid activists – the Tunnel Trio – sentenced to £305 fines each\n3 arrests after Plane Stupid block Heathrow tunnel for 3 hours using a van + activists locked onto it\nThe main road entrance tunnel to Heathrow’s Terminals 1 and 2 was blocked by climate change activists from Plane Stupid, for about 3 hours, from 7.40 this morning. Three activists parked a vehicle across both lanes of the entrance tunnel and locked themselves to it, unfurling a banner quoting David Cameron’s election promise in 2010: “No Ifs, No Buts: No Third Runway”. Three people were arrested, and the tunnel was finally cleared. Some travellers may have been delayed or could have missed flights. Local resident Neil Keveren, a builder from Harmondsworth, whose house would be bulldozed for the 3rd runway, was fined after blocking the same tunnel with his van for half an hour on 2nd July, the day after the Airports Commission announcement. Neil said: “No one wants to do this. They feel they have to. People feel they have no choice. After we campaigned for years, David Cameron was elected promising ‘no ifs, no buts: no third runway’. …. We have tried every other option. We have been forced to be disobedient just to be heard. To save our homes and our planet.” There is already airport capacity for families taking a couple of trips per year, or wealthy foreign visitors to the UK, but a new runway would be for the most wealthy to take multiple leisure trips each year. Plane Stupid apologised for causing inconvenience, but believe the strong arguments against a Heathrow runway must be heard.\nActivists who blocked Heathrow tunnel plead not guilty – [further hearing April 2016]\nOn 23rd December, there was a brief court hearing for the 3 activists who blocked a main Heathrow entrance tunnel on 26th November. The hearing was at Uxbridge Magistrates Court, and they pleaded not guilty. Another hearing will therefore be arranged in 2016. Many supporters of the activists attended the hearing and gathered outside the court beforehand. After the court hearing, a large group Heathrow-3rd-Runway-opponents including many local residents who face destruction of their homes and communities if a runway is built, met outside the Magistrates court. Wearing Santa hats, they sang a few Christmas carols and jingles (with two or three accompanying policemen) before dispersing.\nThe last time the tunnel was blocked:\nProtester whose Harmondsworth home would be destroyed by 3rd runway, blocks Heathrow tunnel for half an hour\nA blockade of Heathrow’s road access tunnel to Terminals 2 and 3 brought traffic to a halt for more than half an hour at 12.45pm today. The protest follows yesterday’s announcement that the Airports Commission report recommends the building of 3rd runway at Heathrow. This would require the destruction of over 1,000 homes in Harmondsworth, Longford and Sipson with a further 3,000 homes made uninhabitable due to excessive noise and pollution. Neil Keveren, a Harmondsworth resident, used a large white van to block both lanes to incoming traffic. He then unfurled a banner that covered the side of his vehicle to face the stationary traffic saying, “Residents Against Expansion – No ifs, no buts, no third runway”. The banner refers to David Cameron’s pledge prior to the 2010 election. His entirely peaceful protest was only ever intended to last 20 minutes, to avoid disruption to the airport. His co-operation enabled the police to avoid an evacuation procedure that would have caused further disruption to traffic. Neil Keveren made it clear his action was a personal protest, and was not part of his role as Chair of the Stop Heathrow Expansion (SHE) campaign group. However, his action were supported by many local residents and the local MP, John McDonnell.\nFull story at https://www.airportwatch.org.uk/2015/07/26823/", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "HMN- Industrial fire at 124-year-old facility,”First responders noted seeing smoke and fire inside the idustrial building, which houses steel and fiber drums, plastic barrels and a variety of other totes used by oil and chemical companies.” according to mlive.com\nMARNE, MI — Officials from numerous fire departments were dispatched Friday morning to an industrial fire in northeast Ottawa County.\nThe fire, along with a possible explosion, was reported around 6:40 a.m. at DeWitt Barrels, 1125 Comstock St. in Marne.\nFirst responders noted seeing smoke and fire inside the building, which houses steel and fiber drums, plastic barrels and a variety of other totes used by oil and chemical companies.\nEmployees were evacuated from the building, and no injuries were reported.\nOttawa County and Marne emergency crews on scene requested assistance from departments including Walker, Allendale and Alpine, according to dispatch recordings.\nPolice also shut down Comstock Street between 8th Avenue and 16th Avenue.\nBy 7:20 a.m., crews reported the fire was out. Remaining on scene were firefighters from a handful of departments, along with personnel from Kent County Hazmat and Consumers Energy.\nThis story is brought to you by HazSim\nReduce Incidents, Injury and Death with HazSim\nHazSim is a state of the art training tool, it equips your HazMat teams and first responders with a realistic situational learning experience. HazSim simulates Chemical and Radioactive (CBRNE) environments. This hands-on, realistic, and interactive experience increases the effectiveness of your training for HazMat, USAR, Confined Space – Anywhere portable detection devices would be used to monitor the environment.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "BRIEF from the Environment and Energy Working Group of the G7 Global Task Force\nJune 4, 2018\nIn this document we outline the importance of just transition, building on the work of unions and labour organizations around the world, as a priority for G7 countries to discuss in this year’s Summit.\nAs seven of the most advanced economies discuss how to face current and future global challenges, it’s incumbent for these nations to work together and share experiences on their role in ensuring full decarbonization of the global economy by 2050, and addressing the implications of decarbonisation for workers, communities, women and Indigenous Peoples. This work should be down with the acknowledgement that decarbonization and climate action are only a small part of the larger disruption happening in workforces around the world thanks to trends such as automation.\n2018 will be a crucial year for the global community to demonstrate its determination to limit the increase in global temperature well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Stepping-up efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C requires integrating economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. It also requires the understanding that a sustainable and just future is only possible if all sectors of society engage actively to develop new ways of working that protect the environment for present and future generations, and that promote justice and the creation of decent working opportunities for all, all along the supply chain. The Paris Agreement references just transition in its preamble, along with the importance of creating decent quality jobs aligned with nationally development priorities.\nIn accordance to SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 10 (reducing inequalities), SDG 1 (no poverty), and SDG 13 (climate action), the G7 must promote sustainable development, that encourages new technologies, sustainable consumptions, and a just transition for workers, communities, and Indigenous Peoples around the world. Just transition in a world’s growing population, means building a low-carbon future that recognizes three main defining challenges for our century: decent work, poverty eradication and environmental sustainability. We encourage the G7 to also think about the challenges of a just transition such as: the restructuring of different sectors of the economy which could lead to displacement of workers and job losses; the impacts of climate change on assets, infrastructure and livelihoods,; the impact of increasing energy demand and prices specifically on the poor, and; the impacts of climate change on women, and Indigenous communities around the world.\nG7 leaders can use this summit to promote the exchange of experiences, build momentum around just transition, and create an ongoing dialogue on this specific topic. These leading economies must agree on the overarching goal of the Paris Agreement decarbonization pathways, and the importance of promoting the creation of an international agenda around just transition that promotes, and realizes fundamental principles such as the right of decent work in a decarbonizing world. A specific focus on Indigenous communities is essential in ensuring just transition policies are aligned with the United Nations Declaration of the Right of Indigenous Peoples.\nThe G7 must encourage large, medium and small enterprises, investors and consumers to embrace transition towards inclusive economies around all sectors of the economy.\nFinally, Canada, as President of the G7, and building on the work of the Task Force on the Just Transition for Canadian Coal-Power Workers and Communities has the opportunity to elevate this discussion, and promote mainstreaming of just transition principles across all G7 priorities and discussions for the upcoming years. Canada shall encourage all G7 members to include principles of just transition as part of their new nationally determined contributions.\nThe climate and energy working group of the G7 global task force is a broad coalition of over 40 civil society organisations from G7 countries and around the world that has come together to deliver expectations from civil society as the world’s wealthiest industrialized nations meet June 8-9 for the G7 Head of States Summit and G7 Energy, Environment, and Oceans Ministers prepare to meet in the fall. CAN-Rac will convene the working group for the length of Canada’s G7 presidency.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Browsing Theses and Dissertations - Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry by Title\nNow showing 1 - 20 of 162\nResults Per Page\nItemAcetic Anhydride(University of Alabama Libraries, 1929) Hanna, Carl; University of Alabama TuscaloosaAcetic anhydride is a colourless, volatile liquid having an odor like that of glacial acetic acid, but stronger. It is very corrosive and its vapors are extremely irritating to the eyes and lungs. Care should therefore be exercised in working with it, and any spilled upon the hands should be immediately washed off. It is a condensation of two molecules of acetic acid with elimination of water. The reaction, however, is reversible, and there is always present some acetic acid due to action of water. ItemAir-stable palladium(II) precatalysts: synthesis, properties, and applications in cross-coupling reactions(University of Alabama Libraries, 2017) Barnett, Kerry Lynn; Shaughnessy, Kevin H.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaPalladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are a versatile tool in organic chemistry to produce small molecules. Current research interests involve the development of new catalyst systems for various palladium catalyzed reactions. Previous work has suggested the active species for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to be a mono-ligated palladium(0) species when sterically demanding ligands are used. Therefore, the my work focused on the synthesis of precatalysts with an established 1:1 L:Pd. Specifically, we were focused on the synthesis of mono-ligated palladium(II) precatalysts of general formula [(R_3P)PdCl_2]_2, using di-tert-butylneopentylphosphine (DTBNpP), tert-butyldineopentylphosphine (TBDNpP), and trineopentylphosphine (TNpP) as ligands. Under optimized conditions, both [(DTBNpP)PdCl_2]_2 and [(TNpP)PdCl_2]_2 were effective precatalysts for the Suzuki cross-coupling of a wide range of aryl bromides. Comparison studies with the air-stable precatalysts versus the in-situ generated catalyst showed the precatalysts to have improved conversions and higher rates of reaction under both inert and ambient atmospheres. The precatalyst activation pathways were investigated by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The spectra obtained from 31P NMR experiments revealed a side reaction resulting in a catalytically inactive palladacycle species. The results obtained from the mechanistic investigations led to further optimization of reaction conditions to decrease the amounts of catalytically inactive side products formed. ItemAnionic polymerization of activated aziridines(University of Alabama Libraries, 2018) Mbarushimana, Pierre Canisius C.; Rupar, Paul A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaPolyethyleneimine, also referred to as polyaziridine, is a polymer that has a repeat unit of (-CH2CH2NH-). Due to its high amine density, PEI finds application in several domains including gene transfection, antimicrobial/antibacterial medicine, CO2 capture, thin film metal deposition, industrial wastewater treatments, and more. Commercially, PEI is obtained via the uncontrolled polymerization of aziridine and the cationic ring opening polymerization (CROP) of oxazolines. However, the available cationic polymerization techniques of aziridines are poorly controlled. In order to synthesize well-defined PEIs, recent literature approaches have used the anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP) of various N-substituted aziridines. The present research, done at The University of Alabama, has focused on the synthesis and AROP of N-substituted aziridines, without the substitution at the 2-position of the aziridine ring. The studied monomers include three tert-butylcarboxy-protected aziridine monomers, specifically tert-butyl aziridine-1-carboxylate, tert-butyl 2-methylaziridine-1-carboxylate, tert-butyl 2-decylaziridine, and six 1-(alkylsulfonylsulfonyl) aziridine monomers, i.e. 1-(methylsulfonyl)aziridine, 1-(toluenesulfonyl)aziridine, 1-(octylsulfonyl)aziridine, 1-(sec-butylsulfonyl)aziridine, 1-((2-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)aziridine, and 1-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)aziridine. After characterization, the synthesized monomers were homopolymerized by AROP using various nucleophilic initiators. Except for BOCDecAz, all the synthesized monomers were successfully converted into the corresponding polymers. However, only short oligomers of the resulting homopolymers were formed, as high molecular weight polymer chains were insoluble. The synthesized polymers can potentially be used as precursor to pure linear polyamines A single sulfonyl aziridine, namely1-((ortho-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)aziridine (oNsAz) was found to produce high molecular weight poly(oNsAz) that was soluble in DMF and DMSO. This is significant as it is the first example of a soluble poly(1-sulfonylaziridine) homopolymer; prior examples were limited to random copolymer. The deprotection of poly(oNsAz) was also attempted in effort to synthesize linear PEI. Although evidence was found for the formation of linear PEI, satisfactory purification of the linear PEI was not achievable. ItemThe anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic imines(University of Alabama Libraries, 2019) Reisman, Louis; Rupar, Paul A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaOne important class of polymers is polyimines. Polyimines have a wide range of applications such as CO2 capture and non-viral gene-transfection. Despite their many applications, the use of these polymers is limited due to difficulties in controlling the polymerization. To increase the feasibility of polyimines in the aforementioned high-value applications, the research in this dissertation focuses on controlled routes to produce linear polyimines using living anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP). The early work of this dissertation focuses on an AROP route to linear polyethylenimine (LPEI). Due to the insolubility of p(N-sulfonylaziridine)s (i.e. non-2-substituted) in all common solvents, this was achieved using a copolymerization strategy. Utilizing two N-sulfonylaziridines, N-(methanesulfonyl)aziridine (MsAz) and N-(sec-butylsulfonyl)aziridine (sBsAz), with similar reactivities, a soluble random copolymer with narrow molecular weight distributions is produced. Removal of the sulfonyl groups of p(MsAz-r-sBsAz) affords the first example of LPEI by living, controlled AROP. The later work in this dissertation focuses on the AROP of N-sulfonylazetidines in route to linear poly(trimethylenimine) (LPTMI). Initially, the polymerization of N-(methanesulfonyl)azetidine (MsAzet) was investigated. The kinetics of this polymerization were studied, and the reaction found to be first order with respect to monomer and the number of active chain ends remains constant throughout the polymerization. Interestingly, activation occurs at the methanesulfonyl group, leading to polymer branching. This branching precludes p(MsAzet) from being a precursor to LPTMI. By more judicial selection of N-sulfonylazetidine monomers, a living, controlled AROP approach to LPTMI was achieved by copolymerizing two similar N-sulfonylazetidines, N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)azetidine (pTsAzet) and N-(o-tolylsulfonyl)azetidine (oTsAzet), to produce a statistical copolymer. Copolymerization was required as the homopolymers resulting from these monomers were insoluble in all common solvents. The copolymerization is living and controlled, producing polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. The kinetics of the copolymerization, and the reactivity ratios of the two monomers, were studied and the sulfonyl groups of the polymer were removed to provide the first example of LPTMI by living, controlled AROP. Finally, the high barrier to polymerization of N-sulfonylazetidines was utilized to produce block copolymers, containing no homopolymer impurities, in a closed system in which all monomers are present in solution at the time of initiation. ItemApplication of hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry in protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions(University of Alabama Libraries, 2016) Guan, Siqi; Frantom, Patrick A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaProteins are not static objects. They have a great variety of internal motions with different amplitudes and different timescales. These internal motions play an important role in catalytic processes. Therefore, the existence of an intimate relationship between protein dynamics and protein function is widely accepted. Due to the significance of protein dynamics, techniques have been developed to study protein dynamics including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). Compared with NMR and EPR spectroscopy, MS has less stringent sample requirements, including protein concentration and protein size. Moreover, the mass accuracy, sensitivity, and faster data analysis also have contributed to the rapid growth of MS based techniques. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), a combination of HPLC and MS, has become a common and sensitive tool to probe protein structural flexibility and solution dynamics. In this dissertation, HDX-MS was applied to study dynamic changes of proteins due to substrate binding and protein-protein interactions. The GT-A glycosyltransferase glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtGpgS) catalyzes the first step of biosynthesis of 6-O-methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLPs), which are essential to growth and existence of mycobacterium. The HDX-MS data revealed that the two substrates UDP-glucose (UDPG) and 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) can bind to MtGpgS independently, disagreeing with the previous proposal that 3PGA can only bind to MtGpgS after UDPG. Moreover, 3PGA was found to bind to or allosterically affect the UDPG binding site. Furthermore, the HDX-MS data revealed that MtGpgS may provide a necessary conformation for UDPG binding, while it goes through a large conformational change on 3PGA binding. The GT-B glycosyltransferase MshA from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgMshA) catalyzes the initial step of mycothiol biosynthesis. A large conformational change was observed in CgMshA on nucleotide binding by superimposing APO structure of CgMshA and complex structure with UDP. HDX-MS was utilized to study conformational changes of CgMshA on substrate binding from the aspect of dynamics, providing a complementary to static structures. The HDX-MS data showed that both substrates uridine diphosphate glucose-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and 1-L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate (I1P) can bind to CgMshA independently, but the I1P binding is not productive since it binds to an uncorrect site. Moreover, the I1P binding can lead to dynamic changes of CgMshA, while only UDP-GlcNAc can induce the major conformational change of CgMshA. Furthermore, the 3PGA binding cannot induce further dynamic changes of CgMshA in the presence of UDP. HDX-MS was also employed to study dynamic changes of protein complex SufBC2D from Escherichia coli on ADP/Mg2+ binding. This complex is responsible for Fe-S cluster assembly under oxidative stress. The crystal structure of SufBC2D complex has been determined, while little dynamic information is known. So HDX-MS was applied to study dynamic changes of the SufBC2D complex. The HDX-MS data revealed that SufC has a significant conformational change, which may be required by ATP binding and hydrolysis. Moreover, SufB and SufD are detected to have dynamic changes due to SufC conformational changes. These dynamic changes suggest that SufB-SufD protomer may have a conformational change in order to provide a suitable conformation for Fe-S cluster assembly. This work demonstrates that HDX-MS can be effectively used to study protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions, as well as the accompanying changes in structural dynamics. HDX-MS data detects substrate binding mechanism and conformational changes that are not available through x-ray crystallography. With these advantages, HDX-MS has been applied in study of protein structure and dynamics, studying protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions, protein folding, as well as protein therapeutics discovery and development. ItemApplications of polyamidoamine dendrimers in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells(University of Alabama Libraries, 2009) Zhu, Huizhen; Thrasher, Joseph S.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaDendrimers are highly branched macromolecules with well-ordered three- dimensional architectures. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM), the most common class of dendrimers, have been widely studied due primarily to the following three features: 1) the interior amine and amide groups that can interact with ionic metal precursors through ligand exchange reactions; 2) the presence of an interior void space in the higher generation dendrimers; and 3) the exterior primary amine groups that permit further functionaliztion. These unique structural features have inspired many potential applications. This dissertation describes two applications of PAMAM dendrimers in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). First, in an effort to improve the utility of Pt in PEMFCs, PAMAM G4 was used as both a template and a stabilizer to synthesize dendrimer encapsulated Pt nanoparticles (Pt DENs) by photoreduction. These nanoparticles are highly monodisperse, exhibit high specific activity for the oxygen reduction reaction, and are inert to methanol oxidation, showing great potential for application in PEMFCs. Then, a simplified membrane electrode assembly (MEA) has been fabricated by the electrostatic self-assembly between Nafion® and Pt DENs and characterized. Two methods were proposed to increase Pt loading: layer-by-layer self-assembly and immobilization of Pt DENs and carbon powder on carbon fibers. Approximately 80 layers were proposed to reach the required loading using a dipping machine. Immobilization of Pt DENs and carbon powder simultaneously on carbon fibers can easily be achieved by electrochemical coupling, which is promising for replacing the conventional method of electrode fabrication. Secondly, in order to reduce the methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), PAMAM G0 doped Nafion® membranes were prepared. Direct TEM imaging of the Naifon® embedded with nanoparticles demonstrates that PAMAM G0 can penetrate into the bulk of Nafion® through cluster channels to re-organize the distribution of sulfonate clusters by interacting with the sulfonic acid groups in different clusters. The presence of PAMAM G0 in the Nafion® membrane causes reduction of both methanol permeability and proton conductivity, but a very beneficial trade off can be reached when a doping concentration of 10⁻⁴ M PAMAM G0 is used. The fuel cell performance is much improved When Nafion® was treated with 10⁻⁴ M PAMAM G0. ItemApproaches to the Synthesis of Qinghaosu(University of Alabama Libraries, 1984) Muse, David Earl; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe object of this research was to develop new syntheses of bicyclic peroxides and to apply these new methods to the total synthesis of qinghaosu (Arteannuin A), a previously reported anti-malarial compound. 4 Qinghaosu has shown clinical activity in humans against chloroquineresistant strains of malaria. The most challenging feature of qinghaosu, and the biologically active portion of the compound was the peroxide bridge. ItemAzobenzene and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone donor-acceptor complexation and analysis of the magnetic anisotropy of the nitroso substituent in aromatic systems(University of Alabama Libraries, 2015) Reach, Savannah; Blackstock, Silas C.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe first part of this thesis describes the evaluation of a new electron donor-acceptor (DA) bond between azobenzene (AB) with the electron deficient quinone 2,3-dichloro-4,5-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ), the former acting as an electron-donor and the latter as an electron acceptor. A novel feature of AB is that it may exist in one of two interconvertable isomer forms, cis-AB (contracted structure) and trans-AB (extended structure). Since both of these isomers have different shapes and electronic properties, my research is designed to test the binding of the cis/trans AB isomers to DDQ in solution. Another goal is to grow cocrystals of the AB isomers with DDQ for imaging these molecular aggregates in the cocrystal state by X-ray diffraction analysis. AB/DDQ association in solution is observed optically for the trans-isomer as newly formed red complexes. Concentration of the red solutions results in trans-AB/DDQ cocrystals whose X-ray diffraction structure has been determined. Attempts to cocrystallize cis-AB/DDQ complexes have been attempted, so far without success. The second part of this thesis involves experimental and computational studies of nitrosobenzenes to evaluate the dramatic anisotropic magnetic shielding effects of the nitroso group on the NMR chemical shifts of nearby nuclei. The large magnetic anisotropy gives a ∆∂ of 3.5 ppm for the syn and anti ortho 1H NMR signals and a ∆∂ of 34 ppm for the syn and anti ortho 13C NMR signals. Fifty-six proton chemical shifts in 14 nitrosobenzene structures have been calculated using B3LYP density functional theory with several different basis sets and correlated with experimental values. In addition, forty-four proton chemical shifts from a series of simple aromatic structures lacking the nitroso group (e.g. styrene, benzaldehyde, benzonitrile, and anilines) have been added to the correlation for comparison. The best linear fit of the calculated shifts to experimental values for 1H-NMR is obtained for B3LYP/6-31G*, with an rms deviation of 0.074 ppm for 1H NMR. For 13C NMR, the best linear fit is for B3LYP/DZVP2//TZVP, with an rms deviation of 3.140 ppm. By modeling NMR shifts of nitrosobenzene, we aim to better understand the basis of the large magnetic anisotropy observed for the nitroso group. ItemBenzoic acid (C₆H₆COOH)(University of Alabama Libraries, 1920) Hood, Edward P.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe acid juice of apples and various other fruits was employed for preparing different medicines before any attempt was made to isolate the acid itself. Free benzoic acid, however, obtained by subliming benzoin, was discovered and minutely discussed by the French physician, Blaise de Vigenial (1522-96) toward the end of the sixteenth century. Benzoic acid was discovered in gum benzoin in 1608 and prepared from urine by Sholle in 1785. Its composition was established by Liebig and Wohler's classical research in 1832. In 1832 Wohler discovered the relationship between benzoic acid and hippuric acid, and in 1832, Liebig and Wohler determined the true composition of benzoic acid and established its relation to the other benzoyl compounds. ItemBorafluorenes and polyborafluorenes boron doped varients of fluorene(University of Alabama Libraries, 2017) Adams, Ian; Rupar, Paul A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaA series of novel boron containing variants of fluorene were synthesized. Boron was incorporated synthetically via lithium halogen exchange and Grignard reaction pathways. Once incorporated, the borafluorene could be polymerized or undergo further functionalization via Yamamoto and Stille coupling reactions. This incorporation of boron into a conjugated system imparted Lewis acidic and electron deficient properties into a conjugated system. It is our hope that this will dope fluorene and create novel n-type semiconductors. A novel polymer of borafluorene, poly(9-borafluorene) (P9BF) was synthesized. HOMO and LUMO levels of P9BF were estimated by cyclic voltammetry. As predicted in prior DFT studies, P9BF has a reduced band gap and a lower lying LUMO compared with polyfluorene. To examine how the HOMO and LUMO levels of borafluorene systems could be tuned, copolymers of 9-borafluorene were synthesized. Four of the copolymers were a series of donor-acceptor (DA) type copolymers. A borafluorene-fluorene (P9BF-OF) copolymer and borafluorene-diketopyrrolopyrrole (P9BF-DPP), as an acceptor-acceptor (AA) copolymer were also synthesized. The series of DA copolymers showed higher energy HOMO and LUMO levels in correlation with the relative donating ability of the donor monomer. P9BF-OF has a reduced LUMO level in comparison with P9BF. P9BF-DPP has a very low band gap (1.8eV), with absorption well into the near-IR region. To examine ways to make borafluorene more air stable, a series of borafluorenes bearing bismethylmethoxyphenyl (BMMP) ligands were investigated. Interestingly, ii bismethylmethoxyphenyl-borafluorene (BMMP-BF) exhibits an exceptionally large Stokes shift of 16000 cm-1. To extend the conjugation and change the Stokes shift, thiophene containing derivatives BMMP-BF-T, BMMP-BF-2T, and BMMP-BF-3T were synthesized. These thiophene containing compounds exhibited anomalous two wavelength fluorescence. During our fluoride titration experiments, we noticed spectral impurities when using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) as our fluoride source. Examining this more closely, we found that commercial samples of TBAF were found to absorb light at 295 and 370 nm and fluoresce as 435 nm. This was not expected for analytically pure TBAF, so we concluded that there must be an impurity present in commercial TBAF. The source of this impurity was found to be I3- which occurs from the oxidation of I-. ItemCarbohydrate sensing using boronic acid modified polymers(University of Alabama Libraries, 2019) Liang, Xiaoli; Bonizzoni, Marco; University of Alabama TuscaloosaPolyelectrolytes have attained a more prominent role in the design of supramolecular systems in recent years. In particular, commercially available poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been widely used because they have high loading capacities and good solubility in water. We focus here on using optical spectroscopy to investigate the application of PAMAM dendrimer derivatives as receptors in carbohydrate sensing, and to study the multivalent behavior of receptors covalently appended to the surface of these macromolecules. We then extended the design principles obtained from this work to linear water-soluble anionic polyelectrolytes developed in collaboration with the Kharlampieva group at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), using polymethacrylate-acrylamide co-polymers synthesized by their group. In chapters 2 and 3, we describe a carbohydrate sensing system that can operate in neutral water, using covalently modified polyelectrolytes as receptors, and common commercially available dyes as optical signaling units. Particularly, in chapter 2, boronic acid modified PAMAM dendrimers were used as receptors to differentiate common monosaccharides in water at millimolar concentration. This is a significant improvement in affinity and sensitivity over simple boronic acid receptors, particularly for work in aqueous environment, which is considered a challenging medium for carbohydrate detection. In chapter 3, these design concepts were also extended to using boronic acid modified polymethacrylate-acrylamide copolymers synthesized at UAB. Binding affinity trends of carbohydrates to boronic acid moieties were then investigated from a fundamental perspective. In chapter 4, the multivalent behavior of boronic acid moieties on surface-modified PAMAM dendrimers was characterized in detail to determine the factors influencing the onset of multivalent behavior, including the surface density of receptor sites and the overall size of the polymeric scaffold. ItemCatalytic small molecule reduction using late transition metal complexes of carbon and nitrogen donor chelates(University of Alabama Libraries, 2017) Siek, Sopheavy; Papish, Elizabeth T.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaHydrogenation reactions can be used to store energy in chemical bonds, and if these reactions are reversible that energy can be released on demand. A new bidentate chelating ligand was designed and synthesized for this project, using an N-heterocyclic carbene ring bound directly to a pyridinol ring (NHC-pyOR). This new ligand was used to make iridium complexes that were studied as catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 and dehydrogenation of formic acid. For comparison, analogous bipy derived iridium and ruthenium complexes were also tested. In general, the NHC-pyOR complexes demonstrated modest activity, where hydroxyl-pyridines found in the bipy derived systems are more active for CO2 hydrogenation under basic conditions. However, the trends were quite different for formic acid dehydrogenation reaction which will be discussed in Chapter 2. Other ruthenium (II) and iridium (III) complexes of the NHC-pyOR ligand with difference counter anions from above complexes were also synthesized. The ruthenium complexes were tested for their ability to accelerate CO2 (de)hydrogenation, but our studies show that these complexes all undergo transformations in solution and thus they are not true catalysts, but rather pre-catalysts. The use of new tridentate pincer ligands derived from NHC and pyridinol is also described. A new ligand containing (NHC-pyOR-NHC) rings binding to a metal with the pyridinol derivative were synthesized. A series of metal complexes of the type LnM were synthesized (n = 1 and 2; M = Fe2+, Co3+, and Ru2+). Preliminary results of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO show that ruthenium complexes are the most active catalysts followed by cobalt and iron, respectively. The activation of carbon dioxide and nitrite utilizing bio-inspired and proton responsive catalysts were also studied with tris(triazolyl)hydroborate (Ttz) complexes of zinc(II) and copper(II). For the biomimetic zinc complexes for CO2 activation, the synthetic result was found to be greatly depend on the steric bulk of Ttz ligand which will be discussed in detail in Chapter 6. Moreover, the electrochemical reduction of Ttz-Cu(II) complexes in the presence and absence of a proton source shows processes that are relevant to enzymatic nitrite reduction which also will be studied in Chapter 7. ItemCharacterization and catalytic applications of silver nanoparticles supported on hierarchically porous SiO_2 and Co_3O_4 monoliths(University of Alabama Libraries, 2017) Yildirim, Yasemin; Bakker, Martin G.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaHierarchically porous materials are of great interest in such applications as catalysis, drug delivery, chromatography, and electrochemical sensor arrays due to properties such as high surface area, large void volume, and tunable surface chemistry. In this study, we give the detailed report of the synthesis of supported Ag nanoparticles by nanocasting on to hierarchically porous SiO2 (silica) and Co3O4 (cobalt oxide) monoliths, as well as the use of these materials as heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation and oxidation reactions. In the preliminary work, we investigated the synthesis of Ag supported on hierarchically porous SiO2 and Co3O4 monoliths, and the catalytic activity of these monoliths for the hydrogenation of MB (methylene blue) and MO (methyl orange) dyes in the presence of NaBH4 (sodium borohydride). The SiO2 monoliths were synthesized using a sol-gel technique. The Co3O4 monoliths were prepared by nanocasting, using the SiO2 monoliths as a template. The loading of Ag nanoparticles on the SiO2 and Co3O4 monoliths was done by a solution infiltration method using aqueous AgNO3 (silver nitrate) solution followed by reduction with ethylene glycol and hydrazine hydrate. Such monoliths also were used as continuous flow monolithic microreactors for the catalytic activity and stability studies for the hydrogenation of EO (eosin-Y) dye in the presence of NaBH4. Finally, the use of these monoliths for the oxidation of cyclohexene was investigated including the effects of temperature, oxidant, catalyst loading, and substrate to oxidant ratio. All these studies are presented in different sections depending on the different synthesis, procedures, and catalytic activity occurring in each heterogeneous catalyst. ItemCharacterization and thermoelectric performance of polymer/inorganic hybrid films using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques(University of Alabama Libraries, 2019) Sutch, Tabitha Patricia; Szulczewski, Greg J.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe main goal of this dissertation was to investigate the thermoelectric performance of films of silver telluride (Ag2Te), bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanowires (NWs) dispersed in P(NDI2OD-T2). We hypothesize that the electrical properties of the films made with Ag2Te, Bi2S3, and Bi2Te3 will be n-type and behave like composite materials. Ag2Te was synthesized to make three different lengths of NWs. Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed that β-Ag2Te was synthesized with the anticipated stoichiometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Ag2Te NWs in P(NDI2OD-T2) revealed that the longest Ag2Te NWs produced homogeneous composites whereas the shorter Ag2Te NWs phase-separated. Electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficients for each composite film were determined and theoretical models were used to investigate charge-transport behavior. Seebeck coefficients confirmed that all composites were n-type. The longest Ag2Te NWs produced the highest electrical conductivities with parallel transport behavior and are promising to the field of thermoelectrics. Bi2S3 and Bi2Te3 NWs were synthesized, and their stoichiometry and structures were confirmed using XRD and EDS. SEM images of the NW/P(NDI2OD-T2) films revealed that both Bi2S3 and Bi2Te3 phase-separated. The electrical conductivity for each composite film was determined and theoretical models were applied. The electrical conductivity of the Bi2S3 and Bi2Te3 composites were slightly higher than pristine P(NDI2OD-T2), further indicating that the NWs phase-separated. Seebeck coefficients for both systems confirmed that the composites were n-type. Despite the various strategies for improving the film morphology, composites made with Bi2Te3 and Bi2S3 NWs did not produce promising results. The spin-dynamics of P(NDI2OD-T2) doped with cobaltocene were studied with continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Additionally, the electrical conductivity of cobaltocene doped P(NDI2OD-T2) films increased several orders of magnitude compared to pristine P(NDI2OD-T2). A sputter depth profile in conjunction with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze how the dopant dispersed in the polymer matrix. Temperature-dependent pulsed EPR of two different doping concentrations suggested two different relaxation rates. Overall, this study investigated the temperature-dependent spin dynamics of cobaltocene doped P(NDI2OD-T2) films and lays the foundation for further investigations on n-doped polymer system. ItemCharacterization of the carotenoid cis-bixin(University of Alabama Libraries, 2018) Tay-Agbozo, Sefadzi; Street, Shane C.; Bowman, Michael K.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaBixin, a carotenoid found in annatto, Bixa orellana, is unique among natural carotenoids by being sparingly water-soluble. Bixin free radicals have been stabilized on the surface of silica alumina and TiO2 and characterized by pulsed electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR). Least-square fitting of experimental ENDOR spectra calculated from density functional theory (DFT) calculations hyperfine couplings characterized the radicals trapped on silica alumina and TiO2. DFT predicts that the trans bixin radical cation is more stable than the cis bixin radical cation by 1.26 kcal/mol. While this small energy difference is consistent with the 26% trans and 23% cis radical cations in the ENDOR spectrum for silica alumina, the TiO2 spectrum could not be fitted due to poor signal. The ENDOR spectrum for silica alumina shows several neutral radicals formed by loss of a H+ ion from the 9, 9′, 13, or 13′ methyl group, a common occurrence in all water-insoluble carotenoids studied in literature. In addition, the continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy signal of bixin on silica alumina was intense prior to irradiation. Upon irradiation, the intensity is reduced 4-fold. On the other hand, unlike on TiO2 there was no signal prior to irradiation but signal was observed upon irradiation. The extinction coefficient bixin in chloroform is determined to be 1.1 x 105 ± 0.49 and 1.0 x 105 M-1cm-1 ±0.05 at 472 and 503 nm, respectively, while the redox potential in THF is found to be 0.94 ± 0.01V by cyclic voltammogram (CV) measurements. Based on the irreversibility of the CV, the bixin radical cation is estimated to have a short lifetime and decay rapidly at ambient temperature. ItemThe Chemical Refining of Natural Graphite(University of Alabama Libraries, 1930) Anderson, Ross Eugene; University of Alabama TuscaloosaIt is the purpose of this paper to present some of the more important aspects of the graphite industry, such as countries producing graphite, economic conditions, uses of graphite, and the nature of graphite deposits; and it is the special purpose of this paper to present the experimental efforts and results of the writer to chemically purify natural Alabama graphite, along the general lines of the Lloyd-Kennedy Process. *NOTE: This is the best available copy.* ItemChemistry of Butenolides Derived from D-Ribonolactone(University of Alabama Libraries, 1988) Blazis, Vincent Joseph; University of Alabama TuscaloosaAcetomycin was first reported by Prelog and coworkers as an antibacterial agent isolated from Streptomyces ramulosus, strain ETH 17633. This natural product has been subsequently found in culture of Streptomyces ramulosus Tue-32. The stereochemistry and absolute configuration of acetomycin was established by X-ray crystallography carried out in our laboratories on the antibiotic itself and elsewhere on a bromo derivative. ItemChromium, question of essentiality for mammals: its subcellular mechanism, toxicity, uses as a probe for DNA binding(University of Alabama Libraries, 2011) Rhodes, Nicholas Ryan; Vincent, John B.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaChromium was proposed to be an essential trace element over 50 years ago and was accepted as an essential element for over thirty years. Several studies were performed to address the question of essentiality. Male Zucker lean rats were housed in specially designed metal-free cages for six months and fed the purified AIN-93G diet with no added chromium in the mineral mix component of the diet, the standard purified AIN-93G diet, the standard purified AIN-93G diet supplemented with 200 Μg Cr/kg, or the standard purified AIN-93G diet supplemented with 1000 Μg Cr/kg. This study revealed that a diet with as little chromium as reasonably possible had no effect on body composition or glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity compared to a chromium \"sufficient\" diet. The diets supplemented with Cr had beneficial effects on the rats; the effects at these doses are pharmacological effects, the mechanism of which requires further research. Zucker obese and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were used to establish whether rats under stress (diabetes and obesity associated insulin resistance) have altered levels of chromium absorption compared to Zucker lean rats. If these conditions lead to increases in chromium absorption, then increased urinary Cr losses resulting from the conditions are unlikely to lead to chromium deficiency. The study revealed that increases in urinary Cr loss associated with insulin resistance or diabetes are offset by increased absorption. Together with the results of other recent studies, these results clearly indicate that chromium can no longer be considered an essential element. Chromium(III) picolinate, [Cr(pic)_3 ], is a commonly used nutritional supplement in humans, that has also been approved for use in animals. Health concerns have arisen over the use of [Cr(pic)_3 ] in high doses. Male CD-1 mice were used to further assess the potential for reproductive or developmental toxicity at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day [Cr(pic)_3 ]. The results suggest that paternal dietary exposure to [Cr(pic)_3 ] has little potential for adverse reproductive effects. Studies with chromium nicotinate and chromium basic carboxylate complexes containing trifluoroacetate, 3-fluoropyridine, 3-trifluoromethylpyridine, and 4-trifluoromethylpyridine are described. ItemChromium: binding studies with transferrin and peptide eeeegdd and its effect on colorectal cancer(University of Alabama Libraries, 2016) Deng, Ge; Vincent, John B.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaChromium as the trivalent ion has been proposed as an essential element for decades. Although that status has recently been discredited, doses of Cr3+ have been shown to generate improvements in insulin sensitivity and blood cholesterol levels in animals that have problems with their glucose and lipid metabolism systems, especially in type 2 diabetic rodent models. The mechanism for these effects at a molecular level is unknown. Transferrins are a class of protein that can reversibly bind 2 equivalents of metal ions. Biologically, transferrins are the main iron transport proteins in plasma. A role for transferrin in the delivery Cr3+ from plasma to tissues has been proposed. Studies have shown that Cr3+ readily binds to the two metal-binding sites in the two lobes of apotransferrin. The Cr3+ binding is accompanied by intense changes in the transferrin’s ultraviolet spectrum. This intense changes arises from chromic ion binding to two tyrosine residues in the two iron-binding sites of transferrin and allow the binding of Cr3+ to transferrin to be monitored. The rate at which Cr3+ binds to transferrin and the stability of Cr-transferrin recently has received considerable attention. In vitro spectroscopic studies previously found that the generation of Cr2-transferrin needs two weeks to guarantee a stoichiometric amount of Cr3+ binding. However, this study indicates that in the presence of 25 mM (bi)carbonate, the concentration in human blood, two Cr3+ ions bind rapidly and tightly to apotransferrin. Glycation of transferrin alters how tightly the protein binds iron and may alter the conformation of diferric transferrin, presumably changing its ability to deliver the iron to tissues. Given that Cr3+ complexes has been proposed as nutritional supplements to improve symptoms of type 2 diabetic subjects, understanding the ability of glycated transferrin to bind and transport Cr is significant, especially for determining the appropriate dose of Cr. This study examined the binding ability of Cr3+ to glycated serum transferrin and the transport of Cr in vivo by glycated transferrin. The results suggest that glycation of transferrin in subjects with elevated blood glucose levels should lower the ability of Cr from pharmacological agents to enter tissues. Additionally, these studies with glycated transferrin also indicate that heat treatment of transferrin makes dramatic change on its conformation and Cr binding ability. ItemComparative Reactivities of Axial and Equatorial Carbinol Derivatives(University of Alabama Libraries, 1961) Williams, George C.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaIn an earlier work, rates of reaction of iodide ion with cyclopentylmethyl bromide and cyclohexylmethyl bromide in dry acetone were determined. These two compounds reacted at about the same rate, but there were differences in the entropies of activation and in the energies of activation. Cyclopentylmethyl bromide was found to have the lower entropy of activation. This lower value suggests that it is more difficult for the cyclopentylmethyl bromide molecule to assume the transition state. Since the favorable conformation for the bromomethyl group in cyclohexylmethyl bromide is the equatorial one, and since the bromomethyl group of cyclopentylmethyl bromide is similarly oriented, it was decided to study bromides in which the bromomethyl group is rigidly held in the axial or in the equatorial position. Then, by determining rates of reaction of iodide ion with these bromides, the effects of the different conformations would be apparent.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Evaluation Product : Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI)\nThe Multispectral Thermal Imager is a space-based research and development project sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Nonproliferation and National Security. MTI's primary objective is to demonstrate advanced multispectral and thermal imaging, image processing, and associated technologies that could be used in future systems for detecting and characterizing facilities producing weapons of mass destruction. However, ARM and the MTI have an arrangement that allows ARM to receive MTI images.\nThe MTI system consists of a single satellite in polar orbit (580 km) carrying an advanced multispectral and thermal imaging sensor. MTI's 15 spectral bands are selected to collect data needed to derive a broad range of information on facilities and activities, including surface temperatures, materials, water quality, and vegetation health. To enhance accuracy, additional bands provide simultaneous information on atmospheric water vapor, aerosol content, and sub-visual cloud presence.\nBrookhaven National Laboratory\n30 Bell Ave.\nUpton, NY 11973-5000\n|Resource(s)|| Data Directory\n|Content Time Range||2000.10.01 — 2003.05.02|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The aim of the Adaptation Support Tool is to assist users in developing climate change adaptation policies by providing guidance, links to relevant sources and dedicated tools.\nThe European Commission's EU strategy on adaptation to climate change includes a Staff Working Document that provides guidelines on developing adaptation strategies. For developers of physical assets and infrastructure specific guidelines are available on how to incorporate resilience to current climate variability and future climate change within their projects.\nThe tool is based on the policy cycle, which highlights that climate change adaptation is an iterative process that will help ensuring decisions are based on up-to-date data and knowledge. This iterative process will be supported by monitoring and timely assessment of measures. In its design the Adaptation Support Tool borrows from the UKCIP Adaptation Wizard and various risk assessment frameworks.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Venetischer Aristotelismus im Ende der aristotelischen Welt: Aspekte der Welt und des Denkens des Cesare Cremonini (1550-1631).\nCesare Cremonini (1550-1631) enjoys today the dubious distinction of having declined to look through Galileo's telescope because he already knew from Aristotle everything that could be known about the heavens. Galileo clearly had him in mind when drawing his portrait of Simplicio, the Aristotelian stalking horse in his two great dialogues. Yet at the time, Cremonini was considered one the greatest philosophers of the age, commanding a salary at the University of Padua double that offered to Galileo after his spectacular telescopic discoveries. In this book - originally a dissertation - Heinrich Kuhn attempts to reconcile Cremonini's two reputations and to give him a place not merely in the history of ideas as the opponent of Galileo and of the new philosophy, but more importantly in the history of philosophy itself. Unfortunately, as Kuhn notes, Cremonini never articulated a comprehensive rebuttal of the new philosophy, or even a systematic account of his own Aristotelianism. Instead, both in his independent works and in the commentaries on Aristotle required for his teaching - beyond the exposition of the text - he confined himself to particular topics of controversy within natural philosophy.\nAfter a thorough account of his life and circumstances of his career teaching natural philosophy at the University of Padua, Kuhn describes Cremonini's contributions to a number of these controversies, documenting them with working editions of extracts from his unpublished works. The occasion of many of these controversies turns out to have been Cremonini's opposition not to the new philosophy of Galileo and others, but to Galenic medicine when it disagreed with Aristotelian natural philosophy. The points of conflict included the perennial controversy over the human intellect and the roles of the agent and possible intellects, Galen's ascription of materialist causes to the soul and its dispositions, the origin of body heat, and whether the nerves originate in the brain (as Galen taught) or in the heart (as Aristotle taught). Galileo would later use Cremonini's stand on this last as an example of slavish adherence to Aristotle in the teeth of the dearest evidence of the senses. As documentation, Kuhn has edited extracts from the commentary on Aristotle's De generatione animalium 2. 3, parts of the commentary on Aristotle's De anima 3, and the entire Question on Whether the Soul} Character Follows the Temperament of the Body (Quaestio utrum animi mores sequantur corporis temperamentum).\nIn astronomy, Cremonini repudiated not only Copernicus, but all mathematical innovations since Aristotle, rejecting even the epicycles and deferents of Ptolemy in favor of Aristotle's simple cosmology of homocentric spheres. For him, Aristotle's cosmology and his natural philosophy in general were not necessarily true (since other explanations were possible), but they were true nonetheless since they best explained the phenomena. For Cremonini, then, their truth rests not so much on Aristotle's authority as on reason itself.\nIronically, it was this intransigent Aristotelianism that brought Cremonini to the attention of the Inquisition. Called up to answer for his teachings on the eternity of the world, the souls of the celestial spheres, the essential unity of the human mind and body, and on the merely possible immortality of the human soul, Cremonini refused to bring Aristotle into conformity with orthodoxy. He successfully defended himself as simply interpreting Aristotle correctly, which was exactly what the University paid him to do. Nevertheless, he claimed that his own religious views were entirely orthodox. According to Kuhn, Cremonini was neither merely a paper philosopher nor a closet atheist, but a philosopher who recognized the limits of both natural philosophy and theology.\nThe Inquisition was likely more sympathetic to Cremonini's debunking of astrology. In arguing against astrological influences, Cremonini credited the heavenly bodies with only two forms of influence here below - light and movement - and relegated all the rest to superstition. Shrewdly, he suggested that astrology arose as a form of political control by the few of the credulous many. Kuhn edits excerpts from his commentary on Aristotle's Meteora 1 to document these views.\nFinally, Kuhn has also edited here the inventory of Cremonini's books and the Paduan arts rotulus for 1628-1629, and compiled a complete catalogue of Cremonini's works.\nThis is a book of considerable scholarship: thoroughly researched, exhaustively presented, and fully documented, it contains the definitive materials for all future work on Cremonini. That said, there is much here that I could do without, including the ruminations on scientific revolutions, paradigm shifts, and overlapping domains of knowledge - all illustrated with puzzling diagrams - and the discussion of Hegel's history of philosophy and whether Cremonini fits into it. In general, the book is rebarbative: it bristles with intrusive and digressive footnotes, it constantly harangues with bold-face, italics, underlining, and quotation marks, and its tone throughout is excitable and disputatious. If this dissertation had been thoroughly and ruthlessly edited, we would now have the definitive book on Cremonini.\nW. R. LAIRD Carleton University\n|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback|\n|Article Type:||Book Review|\n|Date:||Mar 22, 1999|\n|Previous Article:||Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti: A Literary Career.|\n|Next Article:||Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaisance Florence.|", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Sclerochronology (from the Greek sklero, meaning 'hard', and chronos, meaning 'time') is the study of periodicities stored in accreted hard parts and skeletons of various extant and extinct organisms.\nThis project was archived in December of 2014.\nThe Integrated Marine Protected Area Climate Tools (IMPACT) project. Building upon existing partnerships, NOAA will develop a comprehensive set of climate products, including climatologies, for MPAs through a pilot project at the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS).\nIn the last decade, progress has been made in reducing the uncertainty associated with global climate models; however uncertainty remains about climate changes at finer geographic scales. Entrusted with the stewardship of many of the most ecologically, economically and socially important marine resources in U.S. waters, managers at NOAA’s Sanctuaries need accurate and timely decision-making tools to take proactive steps in facing the threat climate change poses to the resources.\nBasic climate information must be readily available to inform managers of current and expected climatic conditions in their specific region. Like their Marine Protected Area (MPA) colleagues at the local, state and regional level, sanctuary managers are generally ill-equipped to analyze raw climate data on their own. Rather, sanctuary managers require tailored products at scales appropriate to informing them of the status and trends of resources and the changes they should expect both locally and regionally as a result of a changing climate.\nFor more info, please visit the IMPACT Overview page.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Accueil » Amazon cuts back on private label offerings due to pressure from competition regulators Amazon cuts back on private label offerings due to pressure from competition regulators Faced with competition infringements, Amazon makes commitments to Brussels and reduces private label offers in the U.S.A. Through Sophie Baqué. Published on 01 August 2022 à 10h55 - Update on 21 October 2022 à 21h42 Resources … In the U.S.A., Amazon (retail sales: US$374 billion in 2021, up 17%, out of a total of US$470 billion) represents 8% to 10% of the retail market, equivalent to Walmart. According to the WSJ, since January 2022, Amazon reduced private label items (the item shows more than 50% off) and reduced orders for large quantities.… This article is for subscribers only Already have an account? Log in You are not registered yet ? Sign up for a free trialfree for 1 month Online services : studies, analyses, databases and much more Daily Briefing : latest news digest Weekly letters Last name First name Email address Sophie Baqué Essentials Synthèse et historique de tous les contenus sur une thématique suivie en détails par la rédaction Les dernières publications Pre-orders, on-demand manufacturing, planning are all innovations in a supply chain Quick commerce and new online players. What is a value proposition and challenges for brands? Analyzes Synthèse et historique de tous les contenus sur une thématique suivie en détails par la rédaction Les dernières publications Ads.txt: which advertising providers do retailers work with?", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Download 2016 Karikuy PDF Guide\nThe 2016 edition of our Karikuy Guide is free to download. This small guide gives you valuable trip information and recommendations.\nKarikuy Humanitarian Program\nIn the highlands of Peru children are dying due to the extreme cold weather. Watch a video of our recent visit to donate winter jackets, wool hats and blankets to the local children.\nKarikuy Peru Blog\nCheck out our Peru blog for more in depth content and exclusive articles regarding news and events within Peru and the Karikuy Organization..", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Phase change in subducted lithosphere, impulse, and quantizing Earth surface deformations\nC. O. Bowin et al.\nAC: Author comment | RC: Referee comment | SC: Short comment | EC: Editor comment\n- Printer-friendly version - Supplement\n- RC C423: 'Review of \"Quantizing Earth Surface Deformations\" by Bowin et al.', Anonymous Referee #1, 14 Apr 2015\n- RC C584: 'Interactive comment on \"Quantizing Earth surface deformations\" by C.O. Bowin et al.', Anonymous Referee #2, 04 May 2015\n- EC C613: 'Quantizing Earth Surface Deformations', Juan Carlos Afonso, 07 May 2015\n- AC C716: 'Author's reply comments', Carl Bowin, 02 Jun 2015", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Use the filter menu and interactive map to explore the past competitions offered and grants awarded through the Environmental Literacy Program.\nTo learn more about project findings and outcomes, view the summaries of our grantees’ summative evaluation reports.\nSailing Elementary Teachers Towards Ocean Literacy Using Familiar Water Resources\nThis project plans to increase elementary and undergraduate ocean science and related Great Lakes science literacy that aligns with the Michigan Curriculum, the national science standards, and the Ocean Literacy Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts. We will 1) develop an elementary storybook and other elementary classroom materials that support ocean and Great Lakes literacy, 2) train pre-service elementary teachers to use this Storybook, 3) develop undergraduate activities that support the NOAA Education Plan and Ocean Literacy in teacher education courses at Eastern Michigan University (EMU), and 4) train teachers in Detroit and Dexter (MI) and Golden (CO) to use an elementary storybook and related activities that support Ocean Literacy. The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and oceanographic experts at EMU and the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) will partner with us to develop the elementary storybook. This elementary resource will be freely available to all teachers, via the internet (see http://www.windows2universe.org/teacher_resources/ocean_education/curre…). Our second objective is that teachers will relate ocean and Great Lakes science to theirs and their students' lives. We will accomplish this by 1) producing teacher-friendly web resources that make Great Lakes data from GLERL accessible for use by elementary teachers and 2) teaching pre-service teachers to interpret these data during undergraduate, inquiry activities at EMU. Our third objective is to measure environmental, ocean and Great Lakes literacy among pre-service teachers and their students before and after implementation of targeted instruction. We will accomplish this via 1) assessing pre- and in-service teachers' content knowledge and ability to apply content knowledge in ocean and Great Lakes science, 2) assessing elementary children for content knowledge and ability to apply content knowledge in ocean and Great Lakes science, 3) performance assessments of pre- and in-service teachers' abilities to interpret environmental data, 4) standardized tests of Earth Science content knowledge, and 5) surveys of pre- and in-service teachers' attitudes towards ocean literacy and supporting materials.\nResilience from the Youth Up\nAs climate impacts ratchet up across the United States, the Great Lakes region tends to fly under the national radar. While the Great Lakes do not experience hurricanes, rising sea levels, or large-scale wildfires, the local climate has become increasingly erratic in recent years. The region, however, is one of the most unprepared in the country to cope with these impacts. A recent Grosvenor report (2014) on climate resilience among 50 global cities ranked Detroit last among 11 U.S. cities for adaptability and only better than three cities for overall resilience, which incorporates both climate vulnerability and adaptability factors. Of U.S. cities with more than 100,000 residents, Detroit has the highest percentage of African-American residents (80.7%, U.S. Census 2016). Still recovering from bankruptcy, the city also has a 39% poverty rate, which impacts over 56% of children (ibid). These socio-economic factors, coupled with other environmental justice concerns, such as a centrally located incinerator and an asthma rate of 15.5% among adults resulting in over 3,000 hospitalizations annually, make Detroit residents particularly vulnerable to climate impacts. This project will address the urgent need to increase resilience by working with high school students and teachers in Detroit and southeast Michigan to increase their awareness of climate change and develop projects that help their schools and neighborhoods become resilient to increased occurrence and intensity of heat waves, storm events, and flooding. Using NOAA assets, including GLISA localized climate data and Sea Grant outreach and education expertise, high school students and teachers will partner with climate scientists to explore local climate impacts firsthand and to develop resilience strategies and projects that protect vulnerable households and neighborhoods and contribute to broader sustainability initiatives. The City of Detroit seeks this involvement as it ramps up a new Office of Sustainability and seeks proposals to develop the city's first Sustainability Framework. The effort is a partnership with EcoWorks, Great Lakes Integrated Sciences + Assessments (GLISA), Michigan Sea Grant (MISG), Southeast Michigan Stewardship Coalition (SEMIS), Eastern Michigan University, Civic Research Services, Inc., and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In each of the next three years, 200 students from various high schools in the Detroit and Ypsilanti areas will participate in weekly activities related to the grant. The four primary objectives of the program include: 1) Engage students in assessing and quantifying climate vulnerabilities of their schools, neighborhoods, and surrounding community. 2) Using a place-based education (PBE) model, prepare educators to engage students in creating plans and completing projects that increase community resilience. 3) Empower high school students to teach residents about local climate impacts and increase understanding of resilience strategies to mitigate extreme weather events or other environmental hazards. 4) Contribute to the completion and implementation of local sustainability and climate action plans in Southeast Michigan.\nThe Global Decision Room: An Interactive Science-on-a-Sphere Installation\nThe Orlando Science Center has assembled a project team to create a unique environmental science learning tool: THE GLOBAL DECISION ROOM. Founded on, and enhancing, the Science On a Sphere (SOS) digital globe, the Global Decision Room is an interactive theatre that puts visitors in the role of being decision makers on behalf of the behavior of large populations on the planet. The results of global decisions relating to the environment are seen played out on SOS. The interactive strategy that is created for the Global Decision Room will be flexible and well integrated into the SOS software platform, making it possible to design other educational story scenarios that can use the same system. The Global Decision Room is designed as a multi-use, high impact, exciting content delivery platform. This proposal is based on a well developed initial educational premise, but the resulting construction of the Global Decision Room will be the perfect environment for other educational topics of interest to NOAA's outreach strategy. As new datasets become available in the future, new interactive stories will be developed for the Global Decision Room. The Orlando project brings with it significant additional funding from the Department of Education, the Department of Energy, the Orlando Utilities Commission, and the Florida Hydrogen Initiative, which will greatly leverage the funding from NOAA. Partners in the project include a strong technical team from the University of Central Florida and the Florida Solar Energy Center, interactive digital media experts from the Institute for Simulation and Training, the creative design team \"i.d.e.a.s.\" located at Disney-MGM Studios, and the XhibitNet interactive multimedia design team.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "2007 JALBTCX Topographic Lidar: Saipan, CNMI\nThese files contain topographic lidar data collected by the CHARTS system in Saipan,\nCNMI. This file contains both first and last returns. The data points representing\nbare earth have been classified as such using TerraScan. Classification values are:\nClass 1: Unclassified Class 2: Ground\nCite this dataset when used as a source.\n||Online access information not available.\n|| Format not available\nNOAA Coastal Services Center\nDocumentation links not available.\n|Dataset Progress Status\n|Data Update Frequency:\n|| As needed\nThis data set was collected for the CNMI Coastal Resources Management Office, CNMI\nDepartment of Public Works, and the CNMI Emergency Management Office. The U.S. Army\nCorps of Engineers, Honolulu District project manager was Milton Yoshimoto (contact\nnumber: 808-438-2250). A footprint of this data set may be viewed in Google Earth\n||The purpose of this survey is to collect topographic lidar across the island of Saipan\nto support the production of 2-foot contours.\n- Any conclusions drawn from the analysis of this information are not the responsibility\nof JALBTCX, the Coastal Services Center, or its partners. Disclaimer While every\neffort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the\nlimits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages\ncaused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the\ndata to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied,\nnor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.\n- Department of Commerce (DOC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),\nNational Ocean Service (NOS), Coastal Services Center (CSC)\n- Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX)\n- NOAA's Ocean Service, Coastal Services Center (CSC)\n||2007-05-06 to 2007-05-09\n|Spatial Reference System:\n|Spatial Bounding Box Coordinates:\n|Spatial Coverage Map:\n- United States Territory\n- Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI)\n- Use Constraints: Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since\nthis data set was collected and some parts of this data may no longer represent actual\nsurface conditions. Users should not use this data for critical applications without\na full awareness of its limitations.\n|| Fee information not available.\nLineage information for: dataset\n- NOAA Coastal Services Center\n- DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department\n- 2007-11-14T00:00:00 - These data were collected using the CHARTS system. It is owned by the Naval Oceanographic\nOffice (NAVO) and operated through contract. The system collects topographic lidar\ndata at 20kHz and hydrographic data at 3kHz. The system also collects RGB imagery\nat 1Hz. A CASI-1500 hyperspectral line scanner is integrated with the system as well.\nAircraft position, velocity and acceleration information are collected through a combination\nof Novatel and POS A/V equipment. Raw data are collected and transferred to the office\nfor downloading and processing in SHOALS GCS software. GPS data are processed using\nPOSPac software and the results are combined with the lidar data to produce 3-D positions\nfor each lidar shot. These data are edited using Fledermaus software where anomalous\ndata are removed from the dataset. The edited data are written to the national grid\nsystem 1 km tiles using chartsLAS, a program written by NAVO. This program reads data\nfrom the original binary format files and produces separate ASCII files for first\nand last return data. Using a model calculated by NAVO, data were converted from ellipsoid\nto Mean Sea Level heights using the program datum_shift, written by NAVO. The model\nfile Saipan_Adjustment.fin was used for the corrections. The LAS files output form\nchartsLAS were read into TerraScan and filters were applied to classify ground points.\nPoints designated as ground are assigned a classification value \"2\" and all other\npoints are assigned the classification value \"1\" which represents an unclassified\n- 2010-12-01T00:00:00 - The NOAA Coastal Services Center (CSC) received files in LAS format. The files contained\nLidar intensity and elevation measurements. CSC performed the following processing\non the data for storage and provisioning purposes within Digital Coast: 1. The data\nwere converted from UTM coordinates to geographic coordinates (WGS84). 2. The LAS\ngeoreferencing information was updated to reflect the tidal vertical datum Mean Sea\nLevel (MSL). 3. The LAS headers were updated and sorted by latitude.\n- 2011-05-03T00:00:00 - The NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) received Lidar data files by ftp.\nThe data received compressed containing LiDAR data from the NOAA Coastal Services\nCenter. The data are currently being served via Digital Coastl at http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/.\nThe data can be used to re-populate the system. The data are provided in LAS format.\nLAS format is an industry standard for serving LiDAR data. The data are exclusively\nin geographic coordinates, however, the datums used vary. Most are NAD 83, however\nsome are in ITRF. Vertical systems include both ellipsoid (ITRF and NAD 83) and NAVD\n88. For NAVD 88 values, Geiod 03 is primarily used; however, data received in NAVD\n88 prior to 2003 was processed using Geoid 99.\n- 2007 CNMI Saipan CHARTS Survey\n- Description of Source: Source Contribution: LidarSource Type: hard drive\n- Temporal extent used:\n2007-05-06 to 2007-05-09\nLast Modified: 2011-11-19\nFor questions about the information on this page, please email: email@example.com", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "There’s a front page story, complete with an eyecatching picture, in the National Post today asking Is De Guzman Alive? I’ve posted up some comments on Bre-X before in connection with audit procedures, consensus, skeptics etc. at Bre-X #1, Bre-X #2 and Bre-X #3. De Guzman is the geologist at the heart of the salting of Bre-X assays, who supposedly committed suicide in March 1987 after the fraud was discovered. I’m also writing this note because I wanted to figure out a way to mention the season finale of 24 (which I watch faithfully.)\nThe season ended with the President giving deniable orders and trying to kill Jack Bauer to remove the connection between the administration and the attack on the Chinese consulate. To avoid assassination, Jack faked his own death in cooperation with his associates and was last seen walking towards Mexico, just after saving Los Angeles from nuclear destruction. Jack had had a long day.\nAs to the faked death: is life imitating art or vice versa? It made some sense that de Guzman might have been murdered, as he was the direct link between the physical fraud and any people that might have sponsored it. It makes sense that he might have pulled a Jack Bauer and faked his own death. But de Guzman’s suicide made no sense. It looks like there is a little more to come in this story.\nSo I figured out how to mention 24. It’s hard to figure out how Jack will get back to CTU to save the world again next year. My guess is that the Chinese will not accept Jack’s convenient death and Jack will have to be found. But who knows? There’s a Canadian connection to 24 – Kiefer Sutherland (Jack Bauer) is a Canadian and apparently some of the writers are. One of my friends won a silent auction at a Toronto charity for a bit part in 24. I watched carefully for him in the background at CTU, but he seems to have been left on the cutting room floor.\nA moral to the Bre-X story, which I posted before and refresh again: I’m convinced that the Bre-X fraud originated not from the financiers, but by the field geologists. Incomes for field geologists in micro-cap companies are very hit and miss; it’s not like being a civil servant. If they sent good news to head office about better and better results, Bre-X could raise more money and keep the exploration funding going. The wheels fell off because, in mining businesses, you can objectively tell eventually whether there is ore or not. For some one on the business side of speculative exploration, even where there is no overt fraud, you have to be wary of your own geologists, who are unconsciously inclined to make the exploration seem more promising than it may actually be.\nThe amount of money being spent on climate research is a big amount. So when UCAR (the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research), who receive a huge amount of federal funding for climate reasearch, issues a national press release announcing that Ammann and Wahl had merely submitted a paper supposedly showing that they had \"confirmed\" the hockey stick, do you think that there is a touch of self-interest in their behavior? Update (Wed. aft.) : Roger Pielke, who knows the institution, suggests in a comment below quite reasonably that the press release probably originated from the self-interest of the individual scientists, rather than corporate self-interest. I don’t view self interest in these matters on behalf of individual scientists in exclusively monetary terms, since people fight over prestige as well as money.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Group Leadership: Efficacy and Effectiveness\nGroup Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,\nA model of leadership effectiveness including leadership efficacy, anxiety, and self- and collective efficacy for the task was hypothesized and tested in 2 laboratory studies. Groups of 3 people, 1 designated as leader, performed distinct employee hiring tasks in both studies. The empirical model from the combined samples indicates that leaders high in leadership efficacy experienced higher levels of self- and collective efficacy for the task and lower levels of anxiety, and lower levels of anxiety were related to higher self-efficacy for the task. Additionally, the model indicates that the leaders' self-efficacy for the task was associated with their collective efficacy, which in turn predicted the followers' collective efficacy. The followers' collective efficacy strongly predicted group performance. The results are discussed in terms of both their practical significance and their theoretical implications.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "FeedZim 2016 Conference & Expo.\nWed, May 18. 6:00AM - 10:00AM\nZimbabwe Agricultural Society Corner Samora Machel street and Rengai Tangwena street Harare, Zimbabwe\n#Produce Zimbabwe: Feed Zimbabwe Concept Note. Zimbabwe can and must feed itself. It must even produce for export. But we need a back to basics approach to find our feet, and morph and map a solid, sustainable and practical way for enhancing production and productivity in the reality of climate change, and the current land tenure system, while invoking a value chain approach with shared accountability and responsibility, to lift ourselves out of this food insecurity quagmire and elevate Zimbabwe’s standing and status as a robust and formidable agricultural nation. The LEADS discussion is a unique collaborative approach to unraveling and understanding the 2015 season, to gain insight into the disruptive reality of drought, followed by a unified approach to highlighting and prioritising the actions/activities to ensure and assure a bigger and better harvest during the 2016/2017 season. This interactive discussion will also provide useful ideas and insights for policy makers to accelerate agricultural development. We will, collaboratively, identify opportunities while analysing current thinking on agricultural development. For more information about this expo please contact the following emails and telephone numbers: firstname.lastname@example.org email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.org email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.org email@example.com Tel : +263 4 780 963-6 Mobile : 0772 411 294", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Come join natural henna artist Charitie Bolling for an exciting workshop designed to educate you about the history and traditions of henna. Many cultures have practiced this delicate art form and have celebrated life and death using henna. There will be a short presentation given by Charitie, demonstrations of henna technique, and time to apply henna to yourself!\nTeens 13 to 18 are welcomed to this event. If you are under 18, you must get a permission slip signed by a parent or guardian.\nContact librarian Gregory Hom by email (email@example.com), phone (415.355.5660), or by speaking with him at the Portola library.\n*Funded by Friends of the San Francisco Public Library.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Outdoor Toys Sunshades & Beach Chairs Wet/Dry Bags Water Bottles Featured. Lilly Pulitzer Outdoor Sale. Shop All Beach Sale Shop Our Family Of Brands. Pottery Barn Beach Pottery Barn Teen Beach Beach. Our towels boast plush fabric with UPF 50+ sun protection for the ultimate pool day. Blackboard Learn Stay Connected: Licensed to Abu Dhabi University by Blackboard Inc. Home/; Blog/; FAQ/; Contact. English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Chinese Learn English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Arabic and more languages with professional Berlitz Courses in UAE. In order to study in the best fitting learning environment our language school does not only offer private classes but also group instruction programs. Choose between courses for private persons, corporate business training and lessons for teenagers and kids.\nThe cross-river Norman Park Ferry provides direct access to New Farm Ferry Terminal, which is then serviced by the CityCat linear ferry line between Northshore Hamilton and The University of Queensland via the Brisbane central business…\nMirvat Bulbul | Birzeit University Mirvat Bulbul joined Birzeit University in 1999 as a full time faculty member in the Department of Civil Engineering. She completed her PhD degree at Cambridge University in 1998. In addition to her teaching post, she had served in a number of administrative posts within the university including Assistant to the Vice President for Academic Bedaya Center For entrepreneurship and Career Development\nMirvat Bulbul | Birzeit University\nBarclays Barclays is a trading name and trade mark of Barclays PLC and its subsidiaries. Barclays offers corporate banking products and services to its clients through Barclays Bank PLC and its subsidiary companies. Submit your app for approval - BlackBerry Developer Submit your app for approval Managing apps and running reports Learn how to add and manage apps on the BlackBerry World vendor portal. Managing vendor portal accounts Learn how to apply for a vendor account for the vendor portal, and how to create user accounts and testing accounts.\nIt was my third trip to the well-organized, clean, bright, fully stocked, competitively priced, easily accessed store. The budtender who assisted me on my first two visits to the store was excellent.\nFrom Egypt Call Attijariwafa bank 24-Hr 16222 Outside Egypt Call Attijariwafa bank 24-Hr +202 25296100 Call Attijariwafa bank Premier 24-Hr +202 25291300 Please do not include any confidential information in any emails you send to us. If you need to refer to specific account details, call or write to us instead. If you have a suggestion, … Ticketing BoxOffice for Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Jordan Lebanon Ticketing Boxoffice, Lebanon Events, Saudi Arabia Events, Jordan Events and Entertainment كريم عبدالعزيز | سواح برس Kinokuniya: يحظر متجر بيع الكتب في سيدني CBD شركة التدريب التي يرجع تاريخها الارتفاع المفاجئ في أكثر من 35 مشتري المساكن الأول", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "- 'All of that stress came flooding back' | Homeowners fear plans for nearby landfill are back on\n- Don't get iced by scammers while trying to score Carolina Hurricanes tickets\n- 'We can all tell the story' | Charlotte artists team up to turn Carolina Hurricanes jerseys into visual concept of 'Black Excellence'\n- Charlotte artists collaborate to tell the story of 'Black Excellence' through new Carolina Hurricanes jerseys\n- Warm, dry week increases wildfire threat for Hill Country\nENNIS, Texas (CBSDFW.COM) – For now, reception centers opened around the state to help direct evacuees to local resources will remain open.\nAlthough Laura has moved on, the destruction will keep some families away from their homes for week — if not, forever.\n“It’s bad. It’s real bad in Lake Charles,” said Norma Vitor, while stopped at the reception center in Ennis. “We don’t know what we going back to, some of us going back to nothing.”\nAnd some fellow evacuees admit to having grown weary with fighting a losing battle with the weather.\n“Rita took one, Ike took one, Harvey almost took one,” said Jason Moorman. “But, Emelda took everything and we started over again.”\nMoorman says his family was just moving into a new home, after losing his third to hurricanes.\n“I think it’s time to move out of Southeast Texas. Lost a lot of things,” said Moorman. “And I’m tired of it. I’m tired of it.”\nEven those evacuees whose homes still stand aren’t eager to return.\n“A lot of downed power lines, a lot of tree damage,” said Marissa Myers, who evacuated from Orange, Texas. “They’re estimating two to three weeks without power, and it’s too hot for me to have my son over there with no power.”\nCalvin Lazard agrees. He evacuated from Beaumont and says he plans to rent a hotel room until it’s safe to return.\n“We got that humidity,” said Lazard, “So if I go back and have to stay with no lights, it’s pretty rough.”\nThey all expressed gratitude for the reception centers which offered Wi-Fi, water, snacks, restrooms and help with securing hotel rooms.\nEmergency management staffers are encouraging more hotels to make rooms available as evacuees are facing extended stays now away from their homes.\n“All we can do is just pray,” said Vitor. “And just allow God to take care of us.”", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Dr. Sarat Kumar Acharya, CMD NLC India Limited (NLCIL) at 32nd Indian Engineering Congress, Chennai stated that though renewable power generation is increasing rapidly, without steady supply and affordable energy storage system, the demand for fossil fuel based power is unlikely to drop rapidly.\nAccording to a report Dr. Acharya presented the current & future Indian Power Scenario on the third day of the Indian Engineering Congress hosted by the IEI Tamil Nadu State Centre.\nElaborating on India’s total installed power capacity and the projected requirement fuelled by rapid pace of development, Dr. Acharya stressed the need to go for low carbon power generation.\nQuoting the Environmental issues including the Paris Agenda on Climate Change, he explained the measures taken/being taken to address the concerns and issues of Thermal Power Plants. He emphasized that high efficiency clean advance coal use and environmental friendly technologies such as Super Critical, Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion, Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion, and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle are to be adopted to increase the efficiency from 38% to about 50%.\nDr.Acharya also highlighted the steps started by the Government to achieve the emission norms, setting up of Renewable Energy Power Plants across the country to promote green energy, initiatives taken up in the generation sector and distribution sector with relevant statistics.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The room was spacious but needed more of a sitting area with its space availability. TV was unusually small for the room. THe water pressure in the shower was horrible, although the shower head was very nice. Little disappointed we had a shower stall and not a tub/shower combo. Apparently the hallways and elevators are NOT air conditioned which was... More\n- Reservation Options:\n- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Priceline, IHG, Travelocity, Booking.com, Expedia, Orbitz, Tingo, Hotels.com, BookingOdigeoWL, Agoda and Venere so you can book your Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites - Veteran's Expressway reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.\n- Also Known As:\n- Holiday Inn Express Hotel And Suites - Veteran`s Expressway\n- Holiday Inn Tampa\n- Tampa Holiday Inn\n- Holiday Inn Express Tampa", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Brood patch temperature during provocation of incubating common eiders in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard\nAbstractIn this short note we describe the behaviour and body changes of three incubating female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) during provocation made by humans approaching the nest. The study site was near the settlement of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Temperture transmitters were implanted subcutaneously at the brood patch and data recorded using a VHF receiver. We found that the female experiment exhibited a passive defence response (“freezing”), accompanied by a significant drop in brood patch temperature (0.6 °C) during provocation; this temperature drop lasted for 5 minutes. These accord with other studies of the physiological changes which the passive defence response in birds and other animals.\nAuthors contributing to Polar Research retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to the Norwegian Polar Institute. Read the journal's full Copyright- and Licensing Policy.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Is hard Styrofoam recyclable?\nStyrofoam known as Expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) is a lightweight cellular plastic material. Styrofoam is 98% air, which makes the item bulky and hard to dispose directly. Styrofoam is hard to be recycled directly from the recycling bin. When thrown in the garbage bin it ends up taking up precious space.\nHow can you tell if Styrofoam is recyclable?\nIf you look at the bottom of a Styrofoam cup you will find a universal recycling symbol with the number 6 in the center, denoting the type of plastic from which the cup is made. All plastics are labeled in this system, however, this particular form of plastic is NOT accepted in your recycling bin.\nWhy can Styrofoam not be recycled?\nExpanded Polystyrene (EPS) cannot be collected in your council recycling service. Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a lightweight, rigid cellular plastic that is used widely as a packaging medium.\nWhat Styrofoam is recyclable?\nThe answer is ‘NO‘, Styrofoam (or polystyrene foam) is not able to go into your curb side recycling bin. Styrofoam items can include take away coffee cups, take away food containers, meat trays and packaging on some home appliance items.\nWhat can Styrofoam be recycled into?\nNow, recycled EPS can’t be used to make insulated cups, foam trays or anything else that will come in contact with food. However, it can be used to make items like outdoor furniture, roofing tiles, coat hangers, seedling containers, door and window frames, packing peanuts and so much more.\nDoes Home Depot recycle Styrofoam?\nThat’s exactly what The Home Depot has done. … The Home Depot plans to have 20 more in operation by the end of 2020. “Between the MDOs and RLCs, we now recycle not only metal, hard plastics and shrink wrap,” says Lindsey. “But we are now recycling Styrofoam packaging and the CFCs from reclaimed appliances.”\nCan bubble wrap be recycled?\nBubble wrap is completely recyclable, but cannot be accepted curbside or grouped in with the rest of your home and business recycling. Your recycling bin is probably full of what is known as hard plastics: bottles, containers, jugs, and more. … Plastic bags (read more about plastic bag recycling)\nWhat happens to Styrofoam in landfill?\nStyrofoam contains polystyrene which breaks down so slowly that it is not considered a biodegradable product. When it comes to how long does it take styrofoam to decompose, according to Styrofoam facts, most of the polystyrene that ends up in landfills can take anything between 500 to 1 million years to decompose.\nIs Styrofoam biodegradable?\nStyrofoam is non-biodegradable and non-recyclable. According to Washington University, Styrofoam takes 500 years to decompose; it cannot be recycled, so the Styrofoam cups dumped in landfills are there to stay.\nIs Styrofoam recyclable NSW?\nPolystyrene can’t be recycled from your kerbside recycling bin, however many councils still make it possible for you to help the environment and recycle polystyrene. … Once collected, your polystyrene will be recycled and re-manufactured into domestic building products.\nIs soft packing foam recyclable?\nExpanded Polystyrene (EPS) is 100% recyclable and is being recycled by businesses and consumers across the world. EPS can easily be recycled into new foam packaging or durable consumer goods like cameras, coat hangers, CD jewel cases and more.\nIs Styrofoam recyclable Boston?\nStyrofoam, napkins, paper towels, tissues, straws, coffee pods etc.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "A copy of this work was available on the public web and has been preserved in the Wayback Machine. The capture dates from 2009; you can also visit the original URL.\nThe file type is\nWe discuss a model for evolutionary game dynamics in a growing, network-structured population. In our model, new players can either make connections to random preexisting players or preferentially attach to those that have been successful in the past. The latter depends on the dynamics of strategies in the game, which we implement following the so-called Fermi rule such that the limits of weak and strong strategy selection can be explored. Our framework allows to address general evolutionarydoi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/8/083031 fatcat:quddio3y7jajjdxhtq43hrezwe", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "EN32 Energy taxes\nAssessment made on 01 Nov 2008\nDPSIR: Driving force\n- ENER 032\nPolicy issue: Are environmental costs better incorporated into the pricing system?\nThe proportion of tax in final energy prices decreased for transport fuels and natural gas between 1995 and 2006/7 in the EU-15, whilst it increased for electricity, despite rising end-user prices for all fuels (see EN31). Member States are increasingly looking towards environmental taxes to raise prices and to encourage consumers to reduce demand and thus reduce the environmental impacts of energy use. However, it is difficult to define the optimal levels of tax required to meet multiple energy policy objectives: ensuring security of supply; affordable energy; and reducing environmental impacts. Member States have therefore tended to set taxes and adjust levels based on their own experience of fiscal needs and environmental effectiveness.\nChanges in the share of taxation in energy prices are dependent on the form of taxation applied. For example, Value Added Tax (VAT) applied as a % of end-user prices ensures that the share remains unchanged, whilst the share of taxation from an excise duty applied per litre of fuel will decrease as the price of energy increases. Hence the decrease in the share of transport fuels has been driven primarily by an increasing global price for oil (see EN31) which has risen faster than any tax changes. For example, the fuel duty escalator in the UK, aimed at keeping fuel tax rising ahead of inflation to curb pollution and congestion, was stopped in 2000.\nDetails of specific tax rates for each Member State are contained in DG TAXUD's (2008) Taxes in Europe Database. For further details of transport fuels and prices see EEA transport indicator TERM21.\nThe proportion of energy taxes in final energy prices is generally lower for industry compared with household and transport users. This reflects concerns for industrial competitiveness. Voluntary agreements and the provision of tax reductions for energy intensive industries are common throughout all Member States. For example, the Danish CO2 tax system offers significantly reduced tax rates to firms that agree to energy conservation measures.\nThe share of taxes in household electricity prices in 2007 varied across member states from a high of 55% in Denmark to 5 % in the case of Malta. The average for the EU-15 is 24%. Similarly, the share in gas prices ranges from 56 % (in Denmark) to 5 % (in the UK) with an EU-15 average of 22 %. The wider differences in taxation in this sector tend to reflect different priorities. Whilst most taxation in the household sector provides some revenue raising, high taxes in Denmark are part of deliberate policy to encourage energy efficiency (following from the earlier oil crises in 1973 and 1979). By contrast, the rate of VAT in the United Kingdom is set at a much lower level as the emphasis is primarily on affordable supplies of energy for all consumers, particularly those with lower incomes.\nTax rates in the new Member States are typically lower, although many have significantly increased tax rates, particularly on transport fuels, during recent years (EEA, 2005). In addition, rises have occurred due to the expiration of a number of temporary derogations from the minimum levels set in the Energy Taxation Directive 2003/96/EC (see COM/2006/0342 final).\nThe share of 'environmental' taxes in total tax revenue varied significantly across EU member states in 2005, from around 11.6 % in Denmark to 5.2 % in Belgium. However, the average share for the EU-15 decreased from 6.9% to 6.4%, with the share of energy taxes (excluding transport) dropping from 5.3% to 4.7%. The change in the percentage of taxation also varied considerably over the period 1995 to 2005, with six member states increasing their share by more than 25%, whilst more than nine member states reduced their share by over 10%. The share of taxes applied directly to pollution/resources is much smaller, with the exception of Denmark and the Netherlands where it accounted for around 2.6% and 1.6% of total revenue, respectively, in 2005.\nA number of countries (such as Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Poland and Lithuania) have seen increases in the share of 'environmental taxes' in total tax revenue of over 50% from 1995 to 2005. This has been driven largely by an increase in energy taxes (via a combination of broadening the tax base, increasing existing taxes and introducing new taxes). Whilst growth in taxes on pollution/resources has been more rapid in a number of cases this has been from a very low base. A notable exception is Denmark where the share of pollution/resource taxes in total revenue increased from 0.7% in 1995 to 2.6% in 2005 from the introduction of excise duty on a number of polluting substances (such as nitrogen or certain pesticides).\nThe use of environmental taxes is linked to the issue of Environmental Tax Reform (ETR). This aims to shift the tax burden from welfare-negative taxes (e.g. on labour) to welfare-positive taxes (e.g. on environmentally damaging activities, such as resource use or pollution) as this can lead to a win-win in terms of addressing both environmental and employment issues (European Commission, 2007). Analysis of 6 countries (Denmark, Netherlands, UK, Sweden, Finland, Germany) that implemented ETR (in relation to energy/CO2 taxes) over the period up to 2004 indicated a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of around 2-6% (COMETR, 2007).\nFor references, please go to http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/en32-energy-taxes-1 or scan the QR code.\nPDF generated on 26 Apr 2017, 06:12 PM", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Absolutely, at the present time, you’d find many kinds of go gadget just everywhere. But there are numerous devices and supplies out there lately that not solely make wage-earning simpler and extra efficient however generally more fun, too. We can help you enhance a desk with funky stationery supplies and comical mugs, cool gadgets and government toys too. This gadget has a good looking, real walnut end and adds somewhat fashion to your desk, while maintaining your headphones neatly organized.\nThere are some gadgets which are not just limited to workplace use but assist mobility. And rightly so, as a result of it has change into inevitable to spend money on these technological gadgets if you’d like your private home workplace to be in tune with occasions. Sometimes there are just days when you’ll be able to’t cease yawning at work and simply need to crawl under your desk and, nicely, take a nap.\nAdditionally they look really modern and we love the stand that you place the sets on. In addition to wanting good the Jabras are the primary certified Skype for Enterprise headset meeting Open Workplace & Outdoor necessities. The Xtorm Power Stage is the perfect resolution to charge totally different Apple gadgets on the identical time. If you desire the look of wooden in your office, the YOUMI Multi-Perform Stereo is the perfect gadget.\nThis high grade hub features automatic over-present safety for every port, hot swapping plug-and-play connection, and the power to daisy chain up to 127 USB units for those who’re really crazy. These gadgets aren’t just fun for fun’s sake. Gone are the times when a house office meant a desk, couple of chairs and a filing cabinet. An Internet connection, in as we speak’s era, is certainly one of many nice dwelling office devices and vital.\nThe world of devices is tiered; devices fall into certainly one of four classes: mechanical, electronic, programmable, and application. Join as much as 24 USB gadgets with lightning quick 480Mbps switch speeds. We have now all sorts of workplace devices and provides to personalise your desk whether you’re at work or at dwelling. We even have a great number of laptop gadgets to your laptop or pc together with novelty mice and screen wipes.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "NTSB Identification: MIA95LA040A\nNonscheduled 14 CFR\nAccident occurred Thursday, December 15, 1994 in MEMPHIS, TN\nProbable Cause Approval Date: 05/09/1995\nAircraft: CESSNA 208B, registration: N927FE\nInjuries: 3 Uninjured.\nNTSB investigators may not have traveled in support of this investigation and used data provided by various sources to prepare this aircraft accident report.\nTHE PILOT OF CESSNA 208, N927FE, STATED THAT AS HE TAXIED TO RUNWAY 18L HE DID NOT SEE ANY AIRCRAFT EXCEPT AN AIRCRAFT WHICH WAS AT THE HOLD SHORT LINE. HE THEN NOTICED THE SILHOUETTE OF DOUGLAS DC3, N24320, AHEAD OF HIM BUT WAS UNABLE TO STOP PRIOR TO COLLIDING WITH THE AIRCRAFT. HE STATED THE TAIL NAVIGATION LIGHTS AND BEACON LIGHTS ON THE DC3 WERE NOT OPERATING. HE ALSO STATED THE TAXIWAY WAS WET AND THERE WAS A GLARE FROM LIGHTS ON A NEARBY RAMP. POSTCRASH EXAMINATION OF DC3 BY FAA INSPECTORS INDICATED THE TAIL NAVIGATION AND BEACON LIGHTS WERE INOPERATIVE.\nThe National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: THE INABILITY OF THE PILOT OF CESSNA 208, N927FE TO SEE DOUGLAS DC3, N24320, AS HE TAXIED TO TAKEOFF DUE TO INOPERATIVE TAIL NAVIGATION LIGHTS AND BEACON LIGHTS ON THE DC3 AND DUE TO GLARE ON THE WET TAXIWAY. Full narrative available\nIndex for Dec1994 | Index of months", "label": "No"}
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+{"text": "This project is funded by the Comer Science and Education Foundation\n18 Aug 04 – The southwest laterals of Gurreholm Dal\nThe morning weather was overcast with low clouds and light winds. We planned to sample boulders on the lateral moraine set on the southwest side of Gurreholm Dal. The downslope portions of these moraines are very dissected and difficult to trace, but well-formed at elevations of 350 m a.s.l. We walked to the upvalley limit of the outer moraine at about 410 m a.s.l., where the moraine becomes a small fan deposit. This elevation may approximate a former ELA position. The three main moraines range over some 60 m in elevation. We retrieved four rock samples on the upper moraine, one on the intermediate moraine and one on the lower moraine. These samples will form a sequence for this side of the valley. Six samples turns out to be a record number of samples in one day for Meredith and we are now claming it as a record for Scoresby Sund. An early dinner at 22:00 – we are starting to get the schedule moved back toward normal. We walked 10.7 km and 680 m of relief. It was a full day of hammering on rocks and the arm muscles are developing nicely, but the need for chisel sharpening is getting dire.\n19 Aug 04 – More shells – Konglomeratelv\nWe descended from camp along the east side of Konglomeratelv to collect shells to define the uplift curve. Weather in the morning was partly overcast, but turned sunny in the afternoon. At 105 m a.s.l. we started to find shells and continued to do so down until 36 m a.s.l. We found multiple shell samples from stream exposures but only rarely did we observe shells in their stratigraphic context. We spent considerable time discussing this problem. The species of shell varied with elevation – Mya truncata at higher elevations and more varied at lower elevations. A total of 14 samples put the shell tally in the lead of the rocks. Supper was at 20:30, with time even for hot chocolate. We walked 14.3 km with 780 m of relief.\n20 Aug 04 – A big boulder – Gurreholm Slugt\nWe returned to the area identified as a moraine bank and to the Gurreholm Slugt to measure relic shorelines and sample boulders on the moraine bank. Brenda found the best example of a relic shoreline at about 128 m a.s.l., which may or may not correspond to a sea level of 134 m suggested by Sugden and John in 1965. The general surface texture was observed to change at about 128 m a.s.l., with a smooth surface below and a glacial signature above. On the moraine bank we employed our extensive rock climbing skills toscale the “big boulder” and retrieve a rock sample. Since bigger is better, this was a no-brainer sample that Meredith had been dreaming of for a couple of days. The top was weathered a bit but with a moderate amount of work we got the prized sample. The rock and shell samples from the moraine bank should allow us to date the same feature with two different techniques, providing a cross-check of the methods. We retrieved a total of three rock samples for the day. Since we got home “early” Tom decided to core the small lake above camp. He only got about 15 cm of section with the improvised corer, and it most likely is too young to help this project. We walked 7.7 including the boulder). The evening clouds had the look of snow.\nto August 23\nReturn to Glacial Chronology home page", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "New look for Daily Climate homepage\nWe live in a fast-paced world. You deserve a fast-paced news stream.\nWe're proud to offer an update on our desktop website: Same great news selection, now better organized and much easier to access.\nGone are the tiny photos and small type. We live in an increasingly visual world, and our new site reflects that. We also give you quick access, on the right side of the page, to top stories in several of the subtopics we track: Politics, causes, resilience, solutions, good news, and the United Nations (yes, it's still relevant).\nAnd we make it easy to sign up for our daily newsletter – 15 to 20 top stories of the day, hand-picked by our editorial team and delivered free to your inbox by 8a ET every morning.\nWe live on a changing planet and publish on an ever-changing medium. It was time for The Daily Climate to catch up. We hope you enjoy the changes. Whether you do or don't, we value your feedback: firstname.lastname@example.org", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "After the late October basin delineation meeting here at NSSL, we chose prototype areas in Virginia and south Texas. The NED data quality in Virginia is relatively low while the data quality in south Texas is high. Therefore, these two areas should represent the full spectrum of delineation results. In addition, both areas are coastal with relatively flat terrain, and thus should provide good insight into the extent to which burning in streams from the National Hydrography Dataset will be necessary.\nIn late November, EROS sent the NED and digital line graphics (DLG) hydrography data (including streams and lakes) for the prototype areas. (Figure 1 - Image of NED data for the prototype areas.) They also sent their AMLs (ARC/INFO scripts) for delineating sub-basins within the 8-digit HUC basins. These scripts are amazingly efficient, with the average HUC requiring only about 3 1/2 to 4 hours processing time. (Figure 2 and Figure 3 - Images of delineation status by HUC in Virginia and Texas prototype areas.) However, the assignment of Pfafstetter IDs is not included in these scripts. Paul Jendrowski has written Avenue scripts (for use in ArcView) to do Pfafstetter codification, but there is still more work to be done in this area.\nOne of the issues we have been working to resolve is whether or not we can use Pfafstetter codification from top to bottom. Our initial idea was to begin with the three-, four-, or five-digit Pfafstetter basins delineated from the 1-km resolution GTOPO30 elevation data, and add Pfafstetter digits as we further divided these basins. However, because of the coarse resolution of the GTOPO30 data, the basins derived from it may not be accurate enough to use as starting points. Seann Reed (OH) recently sent the 400-meter resolution flow direction grids he has developed for three River Forecast Center (RFC) regions. Using the Avenue Pfafstetter scripts, we delineated basins (approximately the size of the 8-digit HUC basins) with Pfafstetter codification. These flow direction grids seem to provide the added resolution necessary to derive reasonable starting point basins, and many of these basins actually correspond to the 8-digit HUC basins. Ideally, we would like to use the 400-meter flow direction grids to determine starting point basins for the entire country. However, this depends on the availability of the 400-meter grids. The other option suggested by Kris Verdin at EROS is to use the HUCs as the starting point basins and then use the Pfafstetter codification within the HUC framework. Thus, each basin would be identified by the 8-digit HUC it is in, plus its own Pfafstetter ID within the HUC basin. These sub-basin IDs would not be as efficient and meaningful as IDs based solely on Pfafstetter codification, but this may be our only alternative. We will be discussing these issues further with Kris Verdin, Seann Reed, and Paul Jendrowski.\nDespite the Pfafstetter issues still to be resolved, the results we are seeing so far are very encouraging. The delineations we have done in Virginia and Texas look EXCELLENT!!! (Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6 - Images of the location of HUC 12090205 in south Texas and the basins delineated in the northern portion and southern portion of this HUC.) At this point, it does not appear we will have to burn in streams to correct errors in the elevation data very often, if at all. There are generally a couple small basins in each HUC where the delineation could be improved slightly, but so far we have not seen anything to necessitate burning in streams. This will save quite a bit of time and manpower and allow us to concentrate on the full-scale delineation when the data arrives. The RAID disk arrived last week and our new workstations arrived a few weeks prior to that, so we are very close to being ready for full production mode. Ken, Gina, Seann, and I will be attending a NED-H collaborators meeting at the EROS Data Center on Jan. 25-27 to work out details relating to methodology and transfer of data sets. We will provide another web-page update after the meeting.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Brand-new legislation in just a few US states comes with brought about that decriminalization for marihauna work with; and then show health and wellbeing thing what is more offers brought to the forth cannabis mainly because a helpful treatment plan for the majority of health and wellbeing conditions. There are plenty of hangman’s halter products and services currently available possible positive and then treatment. Function, picking up a spectacular CBD medication dosage for stress will depend on various reasons, consisting of conditions such as to example of this body weight, grow old, challenge, genetics, and everything you’ve always dreamed of towards achieve. Fresh Cannabis comes with THCa and also CBDa, non-psychoactive precursors involved with THC and then CBD. Carry on make use of your hempen necktie source gas product very long subsequently after ones tattoo design will definitely always be recovered in addition to wanton with a longer period, truer skin icon colour combination and even dermis health. For the purpose of benchmark, cannabinoids are usually materials that has an change upon cannabinoid receptors found on a variety of people tissue.\nCBD, following extraction, may just be generate during an number of products and services in order to offer the nation’s thorough effects. A lot of these websites are written and published by means of renewable party families, several general practitioners, pertaining to educational and also informational causes simply and are also not even meant to convince people for the CBD item. The particular group the fact that received your CBD acquired noticeably fewer anxiety and stress, intellectual disadvantages and pain health of their dialog effectiveness, compared to placebo group. CBD and additionally THC each attach to assist you to our bodies over the endocannabinoid system, a significant sign technique the cause of managing a few features.\nAny discount package could also specify in the event that incorporates full-spectrum, entirely shrub, or perhaps separate CBD, for the reason that stated. A CBD fuel is undoubtedly lawful just once it actually is without a doubt made provided by ‘ hemp Cannabis ‘, which are often some of those Cannabis factories harvested pertaining to features creation, to get hangman’s rope flatulence processing, and / or intended for any CBD development. Most of us next diluted all the selection through organically grown hangman’s halter seeds air to confirm appropriate CBD target relative to device potency. Almost all Noble CBD’s programs include only 0.3% THC. These non-intoxicating cannabis selection presents were ascribed with the help of supporting deal with a large amount of medicinal conditions – as a cbd hemp oil result of epileptic seizures for you to panic and anxiety to be able to bloating so that you can sleeplessness.\nRealistically, it does not take soreness plus anxiety and stress which help this difficult for subjects to help you have the precise a better standard of sleep. Thus far, the foodstuffs in addition to Illegal drug Admin carries neither of them approved the thing or played the idea by using scientific trials, yet Foria will be marketing and advertising it totally healthy plus user-useful – declaring all the cannabis is just built with no pesticides or herbicides and this the product is usually constructed not having serious contaminants. Our biggest success originates from using both equally CBD essential oil underneath the lingua while at the same instance working with the particular CBD spray (or substantial effective salve) to your important joints through soreness.\nAssociated with naturally-occurring stuff like VG as opposed to all the way more quality PG. In case you carry through love PG, quite a lot of VG so that you can PG ratios offers you countless other modification the moment you are looking for to find the fantastic mix of cannabis or maybe CBD vape liquid mix. Reliable because 1969, chances are you’ll assume known quality in addition to awesome appeal on the subject of Irwin Naturals CBD 15 milligram 60 Sgels products. It is actually self evident to help you Altman, might take a look at analysis THC, the fact that CBD supplies aid to get you are not incendiary or even autoimmune scenarios, although if you’re searching intended for remedy, that should result of THC.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "PGA golf tournament wins major sustainability trophy\nOne of the first events on the US PGA Tour has been awarded with a major sustainability distinction.\nGolf continues to make advancements towards sustainability.\nEarlier this year, the Professional Golf Association (PGA) released its first report into the game’s social and environmental impact. The aim being to make golf sustainable for the 21st century.\nAnd now, one of the first events on the US PGA Tour has been awarded with a major sustainability distinction.\nThe Heritage Classic course, also known as the RBC Heritage, is based on the South Carolina coast at Hilton Head Island. It’s a popular spot for golf and there are a variety of other courses in the area, three of which have also received a level of certified for sustainability by the GEO Foundation.\nThe awarding body is an international non-profit organisation aimed at advancing sustainability throughout the game.\nFor a tournament to win its new honour requires meeting strict criteria and embedding environmental initiatives aimed at transforming the way a course operates.\nThe Heritage has met the challenge with a whole suite of changes, including powering the entire whole tournament through renewable energy and deploying an extensive carbon tracking system. This has led to 100 percent of its carbon footprint being offset.\nAn extensive waste management system was used at the event as well, leading to 22 tons of waste being recycled, and any unused food donated to local causes.\nThese systems have also been used to ensure the course is sustainable year-round, and not just during the few days when the PGA Tour is in town.\nRBC Heritage Vice President of Operations, Morgan Hyde said the accolade was a testament “to all the great things that the tournament has stood for to date, and all that we want it to in the future.”\n“We will continue to innovate and push the boundaries of sustainability in our bid to deliver the most value we can in the local area, and be a leader for sustainability in and through golf globally,” he added.\nJonathan Smith, Executive Director of GEO Foundation commented: “Here is another excellent example of a sports event with a large following and global profile stepping into sustainability – in relatively quick time and with impressive results…It’s wonderful to see what a committed group of people can achieve in and through golf to help tackle critical issues of climate change, resource efficiency and ecosystem function.”\nClimate Action is hosting the 3rd Sustainable Innovation in Sport Forum on 2-3 May at the Amsterdam ArenA in the Netherlands. To find out more, visit the Sustainable Innovation in Sport website.\nPhoto Credit: RBC Heritage", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "September 23, 2022\nJanuary 18, 2023 through February 15, 2023\nWednesdays 3-5pm Eastern Time (Hybrid)\nThe goal of the course is to familiarize NOAA/university researchers, Sea Grant professionals and agency/org. partners with different types of ocean satellite data, different tools, and teach participants how to use satellite data in their own research/outreach using their choice of software (R, python, ArcGIS/QGIS, Matlab).\nThe course will cover :", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "The best way to celebrate Global Running Day is by going for a run, of course. But the next best thing is to reward our efforts with new gear and race registrations. Below are the best sales and contests that are happening today. Hurry—most of these deals are one day only. We’ll be updating the list throughout the day as well, so check back!\n1 day only sale, with various discounts for registration on all races.\n50% off a year’s subscription with the code GLOBALRUNNING\nThe website has partnered with tons of great races to offer discounts on registration. Featured races include runDisney, Divas Running Series and the Color Run. However there are many more races to choose from, helpfully broken down by state.\n13.1% off all running jewelry orders, no discount code needed.\nUp to 75% off select items in their Global Running Day sale.\nFree shipping on orders over $75\nPledge to run today and Ragnar will offer $80 off registration for a relay race.\n10-20% off running shoes.\n20% off orders with code RUNDAY and FREE US Shipping for orders $50+ (after discount).\nEnter for a chance to win a pair of #ASICS, @jaybirdsport headphones and a @runkeeper subscription by posting a picture of your #GlobalRunningDay run on Instagram with #GearUpForGRD & #Promotion.\nPost a photo of your run today on Instagram with #GUforaRun and #GUFORIT for a chance to win a box of Stroopwafel.\nBest running-while-eating-chocolate-ice-cream pic (in honor of both Global Running Day and National Chocolate Ice Cream Day) gets a free rabbit outfit. Use #rabbitrunsforchocolate and tag @RunInRabbit on Instagram to enter.\nTag @saucony on Instagram and use #RunYourWorld for a chance to win a free pair of shoes.\nKara Goucher is partnering with @skechersperformance to give one winner a pair of her favorite everyday training shoe, the Skechers GOrun Forza 2. To enter, follow @karagoucher and @sketchersperformance on Instagram, post a running photo on Instagram, using #GlobalRunningDay & #Skechersperformance, and comment on Kara’s photo.\nThe brand is hosting giveaways on their Instagram page at 9 a.m.; 11 a.m.; 1 p.m.; 3 p.m.; 5 p.m.; 7 p.m. All EST.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "This stops you from spreading the same virus to another part of your body. Putting abreva on the sores down there does help with the pain but I’ve never tired to just tough it out before and I want to know if that is a good idea? The highest rate of the disease occurs in women aged 15-19 years and in men aged 20-24 years. Minor canker sores are small, oval-shaped ulcers that heal within one to two weeks with no scarring. It is called as a ringworm as long as the fungal infection occur on your body skin, it will be called as an athlete’s foot when the ringworm occur on your feet; while jock itch refers to a ringworm that occurs on the groin. See what your medical symptoms could mean, and learn about possible conditions.\nViewer Comments: Genital Herpes – Symptoms and Signs. Treatment With treatment, the chances of full recovery is good. People who post that God can and will cure you if you ask, you lift my spirits! I agree with your doctor that if you’ve had coldsores for 4-5 years, that you’re not going to pass it to a site below the belt. Jeffrey D. Data reveal that rAAV2 particles are imported through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) rather than nuclear membrane budding into the nucleus.\nSores will heal and disappear on their own, but taking the drugs can make the symptoms less severe and make them go away faster. The papule often has a dimple in the center. Genital herpes is usually a sexually transmitted infection. Typically, HPV clears or goes away on its own, but when it doesn’t go away it can cause genital warts or certain cancers. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed. One of the most active viruses at that time is herpes virus, also called Herpes Simplex virus or just HSV, causing herpes of lips (herpes on lips) , girdle herpes, mucous membrane herpesor genitalia herpes and often misspelled as Herpies or Herpies simplex virus.\nPoison sumac is quite abundant along the Mississippi River. If you have persistent or unusual vaginal itching or irritation, please visit your OB/GYN or midwife to figure out what’s going on. Please be careful. I never have read or heard of anyone else having it that severe but I did. A heart murmur, detectable with a stethoscope, is an abnormal sound, usually a “swoosh,” occurring during a heartbeat. Does Herpes go away on its own?\nEven if the symptoms go away, you still need to finish all of the medicine. As for cold sores that won’t go away. Oral herpes is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. They may also extend down the chin and neck. Herpes can be passed from one partner to another or from one part of your own body to another part. It would be wrong, as many doctors and nurses do (usually the result of misunderstanding the virus themselves), to simply state that in the majority of cases the body’s immune system will rid itself of the virus.\nI’d really like to hear what you people have to say becasue this would already be my 5th outbreak this year. Cancer (June 22 – July 22) – Your problem is you have been looking for a life partner that shares your values, your interests and your intellect. It was a small action but it was done out of love and what I didn’t expect was what I would feel afterwards. Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). See the different ways the cold sore virus can spread. So what causes them and what can you do?\nRed bumps and a rash of smallpox cases as we have seen in other forms when the rash breaks of cold sores. The threats of heart attack are lessened, if not eliminated 3. Herpes simplex eye infection is caused by a type of herpes simplex virus. I went to my GP and she said it could be chlamydia or gonorrhoea! Some types can cause health problems including genital warts and cancers. Cold sores can cause genital herpes through oral sex.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "With a group of leading international specialists, we’ve written a chapter on lifestyle changes and consumption emissions for the UNEP Emissions Gap 2020 report. Ahead of its release on 9 December, we reflect on the role of ‘knowledge’ in driving lifestyle changes, and the importance of creating the right social and structural conditions for behaviours to shift.\nA recent paper published in the journal Climatic Change adds fuel to an old fire that continues to smoulder away: the role of ‘knowledge’ in driving behaviour change and public engagement on climate change.\nThe authors examine what they call ‘carbon numeracy’ by asking study participants in the US to rank the impact of different behavioural changes on emissions, and make estimates of the trade-offs between different actions (e.g. how many hamburgers equate to taking a flight, in terms of climate impact).\nPerhaps unsurprisingly, people’s carbon numeracy was not especially strong – most participants were not able to consistently rank different actions correctly in terms of their carbon impact. For instance, people taking part in the study judged the impact of recycling to be more significant for reducing emissions than reducing air travel or becoming vegetarian, and correctly answered tradeoff questions less than 20% of the time.\nFrom these results, the authors drew a stark conclusion:\nOld ways of campaigning?\nThe findings are interesting because they seem to support the ‘old’ way of thinking about campaigning on climate change, which prioritised the provision of information, and relied (often implicitly) on the so-called ‘deficit model’ of public engagement (whereby people would care more, or change their behaviours, when their ‘deficit’ of knowledge was addressed).\nMore contemporary approaches have emphasised the importance of values, worldviews, social norms and political ideology in determining engagement with climate change, and underpinning meaningful low-carbon lifestyle changes.\nThe ‘nudge’ approach (also known as ‘Behavioural Insights’) offers a third route, with a more agnostic take on the role of knowledge (focusing instead on changes in the decision-making environment and avoiding questions of ‘persuasion’ altogether).\nBut the authors’ take on their findings represents an unusually reductive assessment of people’s agency and ability to make the ‘right choice’. Taking a few steps backwards, away from the study’s findings and looking to the wider context of public engagement, perhaps there is a different interpretation.\nFocus on the behaviours that matter\nCampaigns have too often focused on ‘simple and painless’ behaviour changes, prioritising plastic bags and coffee cups over more impactful lifestyle shifts around diet and travel. As the authors of the new study note, this creates a strong ‘availability’ bias whereby people assume the actions they hear the most about are more impactful than they really are. So at a minimum, campaigns need to focus on the behaviours that matter – something we discuss in our chapter on lifestyle change in the soon-to-be-released UNEP Emissions Gap 2020 report.\nThe study found that the accuracy of people’s hamburger vs flight estimations was not driven by how much they cared about climate change (or their political orientation – a good proxy for climate concern in the US), but primarily on basic numeracy.\nClearly knowledge does matter to some extent. Arguably, the pendulum has swung so far away from the deficit model for some practitioners that there’s a risk that knowledge is discounted altogether. But what kind of knowledge matters?\nBeing able to roughly rank the impact of different actions is the kind of knowledge that has practical value, and seems a valid target for campaigner energy. But calculating hamburger-to-flight ratios is something that no one other than climate geeks would need to do.\nCreate the right conditions for social transformations\nCarbon labelling is a long overdue development that would certainly help people to make the best possible decisions. But as other social transformations make clear, this approach is necessary but not sufficient for changing behaviours. Over the last decade, levels of smoking have reduced rapidly in many countries around the world – this has been driven not only by labelling (health warnings) but also by shifting social norms and structural changes (laws and regulations).\nCampaigns across policy and advocacy must create the conditions under which it’s clearer (by focusing on the right kinds of behaviour), socially desirable (by promoting positive social norms) and perceived as fair (by mirroring any behavioural changes with structural shifts) to make the ‘right decision’.\nThat way, nobody needs to calculate hamburger-to-flight ratios to do the right thing.\nSign up to our newsletter\nThank you for signing up to our newsletter\nYou should receive a welcome email shortly.\nIf you do not receive it, please check your spam folder, and mark as 'Not Spam' so our future newsletters go straight to your inbox.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "Fish comprises about 20 per cent of the animal protein in the diets of over 3 billion people. The contribution of fish to dietary animal protein can reach 50 per cent in the world’s poorest regions, and up to 90 per cent in small island developing states. As highlighted by the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), this important role of fisheries is threatened by changes to the environment associated with increased emissions of greenhouse gases, including higher water temperatures and increases in ocean acidification, changing marine fish distribution. Add to that stress from overfishing and land-based pollution dead zones from land-based pollution, all of which reduce fish abundance and species diversity. Aquaculture, a one of the fastest growing animal-food producing endeavors, is affected by warming temperature, displacing species, like fresh water mollusks. Fisheries play a crucial role in providing food security and opportunities to earn income, particularly in developing countries.\nFood production systems, including fisheries that wisely use climate information can make better informed decisions at policy, institutional and community levels so as to improve the efficient use of limited resources and increase fisheries production by reducing impacts of climate risks and enhancing opportunities. The Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) — established by WMO and its partners FAO, WFP, World Bank, UNDP, WHO, UNESCO and other organizations — supports the development and sharing of information products based on climate predictions targeting the most climate-vulnerable sectors and populations and help to improve food security\nTo promote awareness of the importance of climate information products and services for fisheries, both capture and aquaculture, WMO as the lead organization of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) has co-organized with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. (FAO) a lunch-time side event at the fifteenth meeting of the United Nations Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (ICP) (New York, 27-30 May 2014), whose theme, proposed by Norway, is “the role of seafood and global food security”.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "We know that applying superlative skills to the design of outstanding electronic and software solutions isn’t enough. Conceiving a stand-out technology product also requires critical creative input from talented industrial design consultants and a trusted supply chain.\nMoving your new product rapidly and efficiently from prototype to volume production requires access to world-class manufacturing facilities. That’s why a crucial aspect of TDI’s professional service delivery is the close collaborative ties we have built with outstanding industrial design professionals and contract manufacturers. When you engage with TDI to design hardware and software for a new product, you also gain the opportunity to access the specialist resources of our external design and manufacturing partners.\nWe also offer support contracts to sustain a healthy product – guarding out for regulatory changes, component obsolescence and seeking competitive advantages through enhanced functionality.", "label": "No"}
+{"text": "After the success of Nanosafe 2008 and Nanosafe 2010, the third edition Nanosafe 2012 has been hold from 13th to 15th November 2012 in Minatec, Grenoble, France .\nThe three-day programme for this conference included :\nChair: Frédéric SCHUSTER (CEA, FR) François TARDIF (CEA, FR)Co-chair: Georgios KATALAGARIANAKIS (EC, BE)\nCEA is a French government-funded technological research organisation in four main areas: low-carbon energies, defense and security, information technologies and health technologies. A prominent player in the European Research Area, it is involved in setting up collaborative projects with many partners around the world.", "label": "No"}