Using helicopters, icebreakers, fishing vessels, and autonomous surface and underwater vehicles for over a decade, Fiammetta Straneo and her group have been probing the edge of massive calving glaciers in iceberg-choked fjords in Greenland to explore what is the Achille’s heel of glaciers – the marine edge where glaciers meet the sea.
Their goal? Collapsing ice shelves and calving of large icebergs in Greenland and Antarctica have recently become major drivers of sea level rise. The rapidity of these changes has come as a surprise, revealing major gaps in our understanding of how ice sheets respond to a changing climate. To a large extent, these gaps are due to a lack of measurements so Fiammetta and her group have probed in these polar environments to improve models of sea-level rise predictions.
Watch — Navigating the Perilous Waters at the Edge of Glaciers to Understand Sea Level Rise – 2019 Keeling Lecture
“When you talk about diversity of the soil, human beings we carry our soil with us. And we give that a very fancy term which is all the rage these days which is ‘microbiome.’ And as we see microbes diminishing in the soil, we are also seeing the same things happen in ourselves,” says Kelli Gray-Meisner, RDN.
Super blooms, extreme weather, fires, insects, and human health, these seemingly separate things impact each other – for better or worse. Join a panel of experts as they tease out the relationships being built and destroyed by climate change. They also share how we as individuals can work to limit negative impacts and create positive outcomes.
Watch — Climate Change: What it Means for Our Agriculture & Our Health – Future Thought Leaders Series Presented by the Berry Good Food Foundation
Over the past 30 years, arguably the most significant innovation in environmental policy has been the introduction of policy instruments that rely upon market forces to control pollution. You may know it as “cap-and-trade.” This policy debuted in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and has since spread from a focus on acid rain in the US to the development of carbon markets around the world. China is the most recent large emitter to announce a national carbon market.
This talk by Dan Dudek at the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at UC Santa Barbara reviews the major innovations of this policy tool, its migration around the world, and prospects for the future.
Dudek joined the Environmental Defense Fund in 1986. He has participated the development of several environmental initiatives including the Montreal Protocol, the US acid rain program, the Kyoto Protocol, and California’s AB-32. He has been an adviser and consultant to numerous governments and organizations. He has served on the Secretary of Energy’s Advisory Board; US EPA advisory committees; and on two councils that personally advise China’s Premier on environmental issues. He launched EDF’s China Program in 1995 to develop programs for the control of both conventional and greenhouse gas emissions. His work now focuses on India’s air quality problems.
Watch From the Adirondacks to Beijing: One Economist’s Journey.
New programs on The UC Climate Solutions Channel explore what climate change is, the science behind what we know, and what we can do about it.
The Natural Climate Solutions Symposium, from UC Davis
Enjoy highlights from this lively and informative symposium on natural climate solutions hosted by the Policy Institute for Energy, Environment and the Economy at UC Davis.
Harness the Sun: America’s Quest for a Solar-Powered Future
Philip Warburg explores a range of solar technologies. A seasoned environmental lawyer, Warburg makes a case for embracing this technology as he talks about what is happening around the country and what more could be done.
Climate Change is Here. Now What?
Berkeley Lab Scientist, Bill Collins, discusses what we know about climate change, how we know it, and what we can do about it. Collins serves as the director for the Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division at Berkeley Lab. He is also the director of the Climate Readiness Institute, a multi-campus initiative to prepare the Bay Area for climate change.
Check out The UC Climate Solutions Channel for more videos on climate change research and solutions.
The news about climate change is serious. The scientific consensus is clear – it’s getting worse and if we don’t address it, our planet will suffer. Browse this collection of some of the finest voices on climate change, as the University of California continues to lead the world in researching its causes and developing best practices to mitigate its impacts.
Public lectures, panel discussions, interviews, animations, mini-documentaries – UCTV’s newest theme channel features easily watchable programs that will inform your understanding of what’s at stake and show how you can join the ten UC campuses and be part of the climate solution.
Visit The UC Climate Solutions Channel.


Journal Name: Modern Asian Studies: Volume 36 - Issue 03 - July 2002
Print ISSN: 0026-749X Online ISSN: 1469-8099
Land of the Morning Calm, Land of the Rising Sun: The East Asia Travel Writings of Isabella Bird and George Curzon (pp513-534)
Jihang Park (Department of Western History Seoul National University, Korea)
The developments in East Asia in the late nineteenth century became a matter of great interest to Britain. The rise of Japan and the wrangles among the great powers over China and Korea were some of the issues that put East Asia in the spotlight. In China, Western powers had been contending fiercely for economic and political hegemony since the Opium War. Japan, after abandoning its national policy of seclusion in 1854, carried out the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and was driving towards rapid Westernization. Here modernization took place in a relatively smooth manner and there was no need to fear external threats, but domestic tensions were inevitable. Finally Korea, after being forced to open its doors in 1876, suffered from acute dissensions between conservatives and progressives, and fierce competition between China, Japan and Russia over hegemony in Korea complicated the situation further.
Not Such an 'Unpromising Beginning': The First Dutch Trade Embassy to China, 1655–1657 (pp535-578)
Henriette Rahusen-De Bruyn Kops (Georgetown University)
As early as 1613, the leadership of the Dutch East India Company [VOC] recognized the importance of direct trade with China. Attempts to gain a foothold on the Chinese coast by use of force in the early decades of the century were unsuccessful. Beginning in 1624, the Dutch used a fortified settlement on the island of Taiwan as the next best thing to a mainland base. When their position on Taiwan was threatened in the middle of the century, the VOC directors decided to try to get their mainland trading privileges through diplomacy. Although later embassies have received more extensive scholarly attention, relatively little research has been done into the expectations and strategies of the various parties involved in the first VOC embassy of 1655–1657.
Surviving Economic Crises in Southeast Asia and Southern China: The History of Eu Yan Sang Business Conglomerates in Penang, Singapore and Hong Kong (pp579-617)
Stephanie Po-Yin Chung (Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong)
Prologue: Business Environment and Economic Behavior
For more than two decades, sociologists, historians and economic geographers have produced many case studies on Chinese family businesses. A major consensus of these works suggests that 'networking', especially ethnic and familial, is extremely important to Chinese businesses. Various models and theories have been employed to explain this phenomenon. Notable among these explanations is the idea of Chinese entrepreneurship. According to this idea, such ethnicity-based groups as the Cantonese and the Fujianese (of the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian), are regarded to be culturally oriented towards business entrepreneurship and the cultivation of business networks. Before the outbreak of the Asian economic crisis in October 1997, many researchers believed that 'Chinese entrepreneurship' and the 'business culture of networking' contributed to the success of Chinese businesses in Asia (especially in the 'Four Little Dragons' of coastal Asia). For example, Confucian ethics and its emphasis on familial and ethnic networks is regarded as an asset for business expansion by Chinese international enterprises based in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. After the outbreak of the crisis, more research on the nature of Chinese entrepreneurship and the culture of networking was carried out. This research started from a different angle. The reliance on politically secured economic privileges (i.e.; nepotism), was identified as a defect of networking and thus, one of the major underlying causes of the crisis. The claim that the culture of networking contributes to business success actually offers a readily available explanation for its failure as well (see for examples Redding, 1990; Yeung, 1997; Yeung, 1998).
Congress Radicals and Hindu Militancy: Sampurnanand and Purushottam Das Tandon in the Politics of the United Provinces, 1930–1947 (pp619-655)
William Gould (Centre of South Asian Studies University of Cambridge)
A recent trend in the historiography of north India has involved analyses of 'Hindu nationalist' motifs and ideologies within both mainstream nationalist discourses and subaltern politics. A dense corpus of work has attempted to provide historical explanations for the rise of Hindutva in the subcontinent, and a great deal of debate has surrounded the implications of this development for the fate of secularism in India. Some of this research has examined the wider implications of Hindutva for the Indian state, democracy and civil society and in the process has highlighted, to some degree, the relationship between Hindu nationalism and 'mainstream' Indian nationalism. Necessarily, this has involved discussion of the ways in which the Congress, as the predominant vehicle of 'secular nationalism' in India, has attempted to contest or accommodate the forces of Hindu nationalist revival and Hindutva. By far the most interesting and illuminating aspect of this research has been the suggestion that Hindu nationalism, operating as an ideology, has manifested itself not only in the institutions of the right-wing Sangh Parivar but has been accommodated, often paradoxically, within political parties and civil institutions hitherto associated with the forces of secularism. An investigation of this phenomenon opens up new possibilities for research into the nature of Hindu nationalism itself, and presents new questions about the ambivalent place of religious politics in institutions such as the Indian National Congress.
The Master and the Maharajas: The Sikh Princes and the East Punjab Massacres of 1947 (pp657-704)
Ian Copland (Monash University)
During the spring, summer and autumn of 1947 India's richest province, the Punjab, played host to a massive human catastrophe. The trigger for the catastrophe was Britain's parting gift to its Indian subjects of partition. Confronted by a seemingly intractable demand by the All-India Muslim League for a separate Muslim homeland—Pakistan—a campaign which since 1946 had turned increasingly violent, the British government early in 1947 accepted viceroy Lord Mountbatten's advice that partition was necessary to arrest the country's descent into civil war. 'Mahatma' Gandhi notably excepted, the leadership of the Congress party came gradually and reluctantly to the same conclusion. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru's deputy, likened it to the cutting off of a diseased limb. But in accepting the 'logic' of the League's 'two-nation' theory, the British applied it remorselessly. They insisted that partition would have to follow the lines of religious affiliation, not the boundaries of provinces. In 1947 League president Muhammad Ali Jinnah was forced to accept what he had contemptuously dismissed in 1944 as a 'moth-eaten' Pakistan, a Pakistan bereft of something like half of Bengal and the Punjab and most of Assam.
The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s–1990) (pp705-751)
Yoginder Sikand (Royal Holloway, University of London)
The Jama'at-i-Islami is, by far, one of the most influential Islamic movements in the world today, particularly strong in the countries of South Asia. Its influence extends far beyond the confines of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, and the writings of its chief ideologues have exercised a powerful impact on contemporary Muslim thinking all over the world. Much has been written about the movement, both by its leaders and followers as well as by its critics. Most of these writings have focused either on the Jama'at's ideology or on its historical development in India and Pakistan. Hardly any literature is available on the evolution and history of the Jama'at in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. This is unfortunate, because here the Jama'at has had a long history of its own, which has followed a path quite distinct from the branches of the movement in both India and Pakistan. Furthermore, the Jama'at has played a crucial role in the politics of Kashmir right since its inception in the late 1940s, a role that has gained particular salience in the course of the armed struggle in the region that began in the late 1980s and still shows no sign of abating.
Modern Asian Studies (2004)
Copyright ©2004 Cambridge University Press
(This journal is available online at: http://titles.cambridge.org/journals/
Posted with permission from the publisher.


There is a lot of concern about the damage that a virus can do to your PC. With the prevalence of Microsoft Windows, this has certainly emerged as the primary platform for virus writers to target. While the anti-virus crowd has managed to stay one step ahead, there are radical virus protection features that are starting to make their way to your desktop.
In particular, automatic detection for buffer overflow conditions is becoming a primary feature. Popular anti-virus software vendor McAfee provides buffer overflow protection as a new feature in version 8.0, and Microsoft is planning to release Data Execution Prevention (DEP) in a future update to MS Windows that will perform a similiar function.
There is a significant problem here, buffer overflows are lurking in virtually every software program ever written for the Windows platform. This includes both commercially distributed and internally developed applications, many of these programs will require updates to function on a DEP enabled MS Windows platform or with the latest release of McAfee.
A buffer overflow results when a program attempts to use more memory then it has allocated. In a typical program there are numerous allocations that take place on an ongoing basis. As long as the overallocation doesn’t step into some critical memory, your program continues to run happily. If, however, an overallocated segment of memory happens to be adjacent to an active program function, then the function will get overwritten by the number of bytes you are overallocating.
Virus writers can exploit buffer overflows to compromise your system. Essentially, if an application can always be found following a specific data memory allocation, then you can send the program more data then it can hold and when this memory is full it will start overwriting the memory representing the program. At this point, you could overwrite the privileged application memory with your own virus and thereby gain elevated system access.
Fortunately, every Intel CPU since the 80286 has supported protect mode operation. When running in protect mode, an application only has visibility to the memory that belongs to that application. So it is not possible for a program running locally to allocate itself into the same memory the operating system kernel is using. This means that the only way for virus to inject themselves are by relying on intrinsic functions of a defective application. For example, the Microsoft JPEG library had a buffer overflow that could be exploited by embedding your virus into an image.
Detecting buffer overflow conditions require sophisticated software that track memory allocations from your program. Not only that, some programs rely on proprietary memory management strategies that would be immune to this detection. One might argue this is not the kind of thing you would want to detect; rather, the defective application should be properly tested by the author of the software to eliminate buffer overflow conditions.
In either case, software vendors are going to be forced to update their code. Applications that are stopped as a result of buffer overflow will require an update in order to cotinue functioning. This technology won’t fix the problem and a lot of software is going to be nonfunctioning because of it.
A more appropriate solution is to adopt new memory management strategies, in particular the automated management facilities native to platforms like Java and the .NET CLR are ideally suited to this task. If computer users are going to be forced to update all of the applications on their system, why not use a new technology that already addresses this issue. Rather than update Microsoft Office to fix memory bounds issues in C/C++, why not install Microsoft Office .NET and rely on the .NET CLR to provide reliable memory functions that don’t require explicit allocation/deallocation.


Higher Education, Virtual Education, Open Education
Martin Trow (Reflections on the transition fro elite to mass to universal access: forms and phases of higher education in modern societies since WWII, 2007) reflects on how attitudes before access and functions of higher education have changed as we move from bringing higher education to an elite (0-15% of the population), to the masses (15-50%) to providing it universally (>50%).
- Attitudes before access move from being a privilege, to a right to some qualified ones to an obligation.
- Functions of higher education move from being a preparation for the roles of the elites, to the transmission of skills and a preparation for some technical and economic functions, to adapting the whole population to a quick social and technological change.
Though, some problems arise: the university system cannot accommodate everyone aiming at accessing higher education. What the university can offer — content, experience, certification — usually comes with a trade-off with quality. And, thus, quality has decreased in the higher education system. More people gets in the system, the level of education remains stable (or decreases) and less (in relative terms) people graduates. There is a new iron triangle: access, cost and success.
But now we have the Internet. Now what? What should be done in higher education, given those problems and the fact that we now have the Internet?
A first answer was open courseware: digitize all the existing “knowledge” and make it available for free.
Now, MOOCs have brought yet another debate on the table, again related to access. But access to what? Is there an instructional path? Does even having an instructional path equal learning? Four aspects for the debate about MOOCs:
- Do they scale?
- How do we manage the huge amount of data that they generate?
- Do they represent a different pedagogic approach?
- Where are the learning outcomes?
Weaknesses of the MOOC model:
- Traditional/handmade model of instructional design. Why are we still working individually in teaching and instructional design? MOOCs reproduce the lecture hall and reproduces it online: videos, quizzes… they are not much different — from a pedagogic point of view — from the traditional way. Not that it is wrong, but can we go a step further? For instance, we know that active learning is much better for the building of new knowledge.
- Inability to produce relevant research. For instance, we do know that socialization plays an important role in learning, but most MOOCs do not take that into account. Many of them ignore the possibilities of study groups.
- P2P virtual environments are based on social networks. Peers help each other to learn how to learn. How are MOOCs approaching this fact?
What about scale? Communities of experts, co-creation models, are very much related with communities of learning. Thus, learning environments should not be intimate.
About research, one has to begin to put the right questions, and then gather data to try to answer them. Like what is the best predictor of academic performance in the last year of undergrad education. Is it family income? Social class? How well they did in their admission test? Other factors?
In the future, one would like to see communities of experts that make up the curricula and then inform communities of learners. A community of learners should be supported at any time by a community of experts that can, in an informal environment, help them through their learning process: peer-based learning environments. We need open information, we need problems that need being solved in groups. There are digital platforms — or mixes of digital tools — that come very handy to create these P2P learning environments.
Combine technology, virtuality and openness, to be used by individuals, by classrooms, by institutions or by groups of peers. This is what is being done at UCI OpenChem.
Q: what elements should MOOCs have to (a) guarantee learning and to (b) reduce drop out rates? Cooperman: there has to be interaction among the peers. The key of learning is about facilitating communities of learning, P2P learning environments.
If you need to cite this article in a formal way (i.e. for bibliographical purposes) I dare suggest:
Peña-López, I. (2015) “APROPIATIC (V). Larry Cooperman: Higher Education, Virtual Education, Open Education” In ICTlogy,
#147, December 2015. Barcelona: ICTlogy.
Retrieved month dd, yyyy from http://ictlogy.net/review/?p=4374


Learning technologies in mobile scenarios
Magí Almirall, Office of Learning Technologies, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Spain
In ancient Greece, learning was a collective activity, and a pedagogue was usually a slave that walked along with you to help you in understanding the world. These are the roots of mobile learning: collective knowledge sharing with no boundaries of time or space.
A set of projects were designed to adapt mobile learning scenarios from a user-centered design (UCD) perspective
It is very important keeping the user in mind when designing a learning initiative (at the technical and also at the non-technical levels).
The project consisted in analysing how users (UOC students) were studying online and, after that, 6 projects to adapt the learning process were designed to improve their learning experience:
- My Way: that adapted content to be delivered in many different supports, like audiobooks (including Daisy for visually impaired people), videobooks, ePub, MobiPocket, etc. The idea leading the project is that the best learning content format depends on the scenario.
- Annotation: this project allows including Layers to your own content. Layers organize your activity, can be shared, sent to the student, etc. Learners will define uses that we may not imagine, test and observe it.
- Mobile Classroom: a project to put your virtual classroom on your mobile phone, but selecting only what makes sense on a mobile phone. The idea behind the project is bringing the student the alerts they might need at the appropriate time.
- Mobile widgets: content and services from the online campus are created for the iPad interface, campus mobile, campus e-book, etc. so that the most relevant campus services are accessible in these mobile devices. The idea is to bring the same information for any device… which at its turn is quite a challenge, as devices are many and new ones appearing each and every day.
- Foreign languages self-assessment: Mobile scenarios need more interactive contents, that’s why language teaching has a more interactive approach (quizzes, self-assessment activities) in the mobile scenario in comparison with a stationary scenario, where other kind of more static content can be displayed.
- Campusproject.org: the goal of this project is to connect the virtual campus with any kind of platform, service, content existing on the Internet and bring it into the virtual campus. Interoperability is used to connect with other institutions, to expand the own learning tools, etc.
Steve Vosloo: How is content processed or developed to be adapted to any format? A: If content is written in DocBook, then translation to other formats is almost straightforward. On the other hand, people’d rather have video formats for their small devices, and would rather have iPads for content, as they are more friendly that other screens.
Ismael Peña-López: Most projects here presented were about content-student interaction. Are there any projects that deal with person-to-person interaction? A: There are two ongoing projects in this line. One is called Speak Apps and it is about adapting the Tandem platform to the mobile world. The Tandem platform enables students in differents parts of the world to team up and study foreing languages, the languages being respectively foreign or their native ones. Another project is adapting the Langblog platform for mobiles.
UOC UNESCO Chair in Elearning VII International Seminar: Mobile Technologies for Learning and Development (2010)
If you need to cite this article in a formal way (i.e. for bibliographical purposes) I dare suggest:
Peña-López, I. (2010) “Mobile Technologies for Learning and Development (XI). Magí Almirall: Learning technologies in mobile scenarios” In ICTlogy,
#85, October 2010. Barcelona: ICTlogy.
Retrieved month dd, yyyy from https://ictlogy.net/review/?p=3560


Community Labs in Public Libraries
Given their historic role of curating information, libraries have the potential to be key players in combating misinformation, political bias, and other threats to democracy. This research project seeks to support public libraries in their efforts to address misinformation by developing library-based community labs: spaces where patrons can collectively explore pressing social issues. Community labs have become popular across many European countries, where they are used to instigate democratic debate, provide discussion spaces and programming, alleviate community tensions, and promote citizenship and mutual understanding. This project aims to adapt a community lab model for use by public libraries in Washington.
After an initial literature review and conversations between interested libraries and the research team, we will carry out interviews with staff from the 10 participating libraries.The goal of this stage is to develop a more concrete vision for the design of the community labs. Interviews will explore what library programs have been popular in the past, the experiences that librarians and community members have had with misinformation, and what priorities community members might have for the community labs. These interviews will help the research team select two rural libraries as project sites for the development of community labs.
To develop community labs tailored to the needs of the communities, researchers will set up design workshops to bring together library staff and community members to co-develop core elements of the lab. Topics of conversation will include the format of programming, relevant topics that the community would like to see addressed, what would motivate library patrons to engage with the community lab, and more. Using these discussions and a combination of research methods, including pre- and post-surveys, participant observation, qualitative interviews, and storytelling to evaluate the programs to help further refine the community labs.
The two libraries that participate throughout the entire project will come away with their own community labs, which they can choose to sustain long-term. Other libraries throughout Washington will have access to the plans and curriculum produced by the project, so that they can choose to design and implement their own labs.


Virtual machines (VMs) are an abstraction of physical hardware turning one server into many servers. It functions as a virtual computer system with its own CPU, memory, network interface, and storage, created on a physical hardware system. Software called the hypervisor allows multiple VMs to run on a single machine.
In the VM world, the operating system actually running on your computer is called the host and any operating systems running inside VMs are called guests.
A container is a standard unit of software that packages up code and all its dependencies so the application runs quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another. Containers are exceptionally “light”—they are only megabytes in size and take just seconds to start.
Each VM includes a full copy of an operating system, the application, necessary binaries and libraries – taking up tens of GBs. VMs can also be slow to boot.
- Different VM, different operating systems are possible. like windows, linux etc.
- Higher disk space as each VM is heavy
- Bootup time is more, as it needs to boot the entire OS
- More isolation between different VM
- Containers share a common operating
- Light in size, as there is no guest OS
- Bootup time is faster
- Less isolation as underlying kernel is shared bw different containers
What is Docker Engine here:
Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS) products that uses OS-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers. Containers are isolated from one another and bundle their own software, libraries and configuration files; they can communicate with each other through well-defined channels. All containers are run by a single operating system kernel and therefore use fewer resources than virtual machines.
The software that hosts the containers is called Docker Engine.
It was first started in 2013 and is developed by Docker, Inc.
Virtual machines and containers differ in several ways, but the primary difference is that containers provide a way to virtualize an OS so that multiple workloads can run on a single OS instance, where with VMs, the hardware is being virtualized to run multiple OS instances. Containers’ speed, agility, and portability make them yet another tool to help streamline software development.


This is Jean Iron's first report for the period July 31 to August 7, 2018
from Longridge Point (51.798942N, 080.69204W) on the southwest coast of
James Bay in Ontario about 910 km (565 mi) north of Toronto. Two other crews
are at Little Piskwamish and Northbluff Point. Locations shown on map in
link #1 below. The vast tidal mudflats and coastal marshes make James Bay
one of the most important shorebird stopover sites in North America. Surveys
under the direction of Christian Friis of the Canadian Wildlife Service with
partners Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Bird Studies
Canada and Trent University in conjunction with a larger conservation
initiative involving the James Bay First Nations and Nature Canada.
LONGRIDGE CREW: The 7 surveyors are Doug McRae (crew lead), Isabel Apkarian,
Jean Iron, Michael Runtz, Hannah Shinton, Riley Walsh and Ross Wood. Hannah
Shinton is a student with the Environmental Visual Communications course
that is run through Fleming College and the Royal Ontario Museum. She is
producing a video on how traditional ecological knowledge and western
science can work together to help protect important areas and species such
as the James Bay coast (Mark Peck pers. comm.).
SHOREBIRD OBSERVATIONS: 26 species of shorebirds to date. Maximum counts for
each species listed below. Arrival dates of juveniles reported. Observations
only for Longridge Point.
Black-bellied Plover: 76 adults on Aug 6.
American Golden Plover: 1 adult on Aug 1 to 6.
Semipalmated Plover: 173 adults on Aug 3. First juvenile on Aug 3.
Killdeer: 8 on Aug 5 including 1 ad and 2 half-grown young.
Whimbrel: Seen daily, high counts 18 on Aug 2 and 17 on 3rd and 6th.
Hudsonian Godwit: 232 on Aug 2. After fattening most will fly non-stop to
Marbled Godwit: 4 on Aug 3. An isolated population of a few thousand birds
breeds at southern James Bay. This eastern population migrates southwest to
the Gulf of California, not to the Atlantic or Gulf Coasts as once believed
before satellite tracking.
Ruddy Turnstone: 311 adults on Aug 6.
Red Knot: Endangered rufa subspecies. 1500 adults (about 40 flags read) on
Aug 1 and 411 on 2nd. Adult knots fatten and undergo variable amounts of
body molt before most migrate non-stop to South America. No juveniles yet
but still early for them. Juveniles do not molt while at James Bay.
Stilt Sandpiper: 2 molting adults on Aug 6.
Sanderling: 69 molting and fading adults on Aug 6.
Dunlin: 21 adults (no juveniles) on Aug 1. Subspecies hudsonia. This
subspecies molts in the north before migration which accounts for its late
arrival in the south with most arriving there after mid-September.
Baird's Sandpiper: Adult on Aug 6 by Riley Walsh.
Least Sandpiper: 86 adults and juveniles on Aug 6.
White-rumped Sandpiper: 3728 molting adults on Aug 2. James Bay may be the
most important fall staging area for this sandpiper in North America. After
fattening most overfly southern Canada and the United States going to South
Buff-breasted Sandpiper: Adult on Aug 2.
Pectoral Sandpiper: 303 adults on Aug 3.
Semipalmated Sandpiper: 3388 adults on Aug 3. First 2 juveniles on 6th. Low
number of juveniles for the date. Most James Bay birds go via the Bay of
Fundy to South America. These are the two most important stopover sites for
southbound Semipalmated Sandpipers in North America.
Peeps: 2503 unidentified on Aug 3, probably mostly Semipalmated and
Short-billed Dowitcher: 1 adult on Aug 3. Most adults have departed the
north. First juvenile on Aug 6.
Wilson's Snipe: 14 on Aug 3.
Spotted Sandpiper: 5 juveniles on Aug 6.
Solitary Sandpiper: 3 adults on Aug 6.
Greater Yellowlegs: 91 adults and juveniles on Aug 4. Ross Wood and Jean saw
a Greater Yellowlegs catch and eat a Wood Frog.
Lesser Yellowlegs: 212 adults and juveniles on Aug 3. There has been a
marked decline in numbers of this yellowlegs. Hunting mortality on the
wintering grounds is a threat. Ross Wood is attaching 9 satellite
transmitters on adult Lesser Yellowlegs as part of an international study to
determine migratory routes, wintering areas, assess survival and return
rates. Ross is taking blood and feather samples. Genetics and stable
isotopes will be used to determine origins of birds taken on the wintering
Wilson's Phalarope: 4 juveniles on Aug 7. A small isolated population nests
in the prairie-like marshes of James Bay.
Red-necked Phalarope: One on Aug 3.
SHOREBIRD BREEDING POOR IN 2018: It was an overall a poor breeding season
for shorebirds in the Canadian Arctic. A poor breeding season was also
reported in Greenland and the North Slope of Alaska. The situation this
summer was mainly a delayed (late) snow melt such that many birds did not
breed. Those birds that did nest late had low success. Summer storms also
caused nest abandonment and many nests were depredated. Paul Smith of the
Canadian Wildlife Service commented, "I expect that juvenile numbers should
be low, but I would be happy to be wrong."
SELECTED BIRD SIGHTINGS: American Black Duck, 21 on Aug 6. Black Scoter, 685
mostly molting males on Aug 6. Bonaparte's Gull, 591 on Aug 4, almost all
adults some starting to molt, couple of juveniles. Little Gull (3), adult,
juvenile and first summer/second winter on Aug 4. Arctic Tern, 2 adults and
1 juvenile on Aug 3. Common Tern, 34 on Aug 4. YELLOW RAIL, 4 heard ticking
sometimes all night from camp. Ross Wood banded a Yellow Rail on Aug 4.
Sora, 2-4 every day in pond near camp. Peregrine Falcon, 1 on 1, 3, 4, 6
Aug. Merlin, 2 on Aug 1, 5, 6. Bohemian Waxwing, 2 on Aug 3. Olive-sided
Flycatcher, 1 on Aug 4. Northern Shrike, 1 juvenile on Aug 3 and 5th. Canada
Jay, 3 regulars but not tame. Boreal Chickadee, 3 on Aug 3, regular.
Tennessee Warbler, 10 on Aug 1. Northern Waterthrush, 2 on Aug 4.
Clay-colored Sparrow, 3 on Aug 3. LeConte's Sparrows, 4-6 everyday, still
singing. Nelson's Sparrows, 8 on Aug 6 (James Bay subspecies alter) still
singing. Winter Finches: Purple Finch, 1 on Aug 4 and 5. White-winged
Crossbill, 5 on Aug 3. Common Redpoll, 1 on Aug 1 and 3. Pine Siskin, 36 on
MAMMALS: Beluga (White Whale) 3 on Aug 3. Black Bear, 2 near camp and fresh
scat seen. Polar Bear (1 at Longridge 18 July 2016) is rare south of
Akimiski Island (see map link #1) where the world's most southerly
population spend the summer. River Otter, 1 on Aug 6 seen by Michael Runtz
and Isabel Apkarian.
1. Map of southern James Bay shows location of Longridge Point.
2. Population Estimates of North American Shorebirds (2012)
3. Southbound Shorebirds - Annotated Checklist.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Survey camps are rented from the Moose Cree First Nation.
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) provides
accommodations in the staff house while crews are in Moosonee. Thanks to Rod
Brook of MNRF for logistical support. MNRF helicopter transports crews to
and from the camps. Thanks to Paul Smith (CWS), Declan Troy and Lisa Pollock
for information on shorebird nesting success this summer. Jean thanks an
anonymous donor for financial assistance.
This is Jean's 15th consecutive summer surveying birds in the Hudson Bay
Lowlands including her 10th consecutive year surveying shorebirds on James


Human brands: powerful and risky
Human brands such as Calvin Klein and David Beckham – brands that are people as well as productized brands for sale in the marketplace – are at once hugely powerful as well as highly risky. They are powerful because human brands convey a level of authenticity and potent cultural meaning that non-human brands cannot match. This grants the resonance, differentiation and personal connections required for brands to thrive in today’s commoditized world. But human brands are risk-laden because people present increased chances for undesirable events such as illness or misconduct, and these reputational challenges can diminish returns. How can managers harness the power of human brands while reducing the risk associated with them?
To answer this question, we leverage a medieval legal theory developed by History Professor Kantorowicz some decades ago to explain how a king can be both a mortal human and a legal entity that lives on across time (see Box 1).
Human brands: powerful and risky
The King’s Two Bodies: A “body natural” and a “body politic” make human brands different
How can a King can be both a mortal human (“the body natural”) as well as a legal entity which will live on in the form of another person when the current king dies (“the body politic,” or public, when we talk about brands)?
A key insight from this theory is that the two bodies are inextricably interwoven and can never be separated; their competing interests work at odds and need to be managed simultaneously. The two-bodied framework highlights what makes human brands different from other brands: It is their very humanness – the physical and social realities, mental biases and limitations of being human – that introduces risk while generating the ability for enhanced returns. Four tenets of the body natural can create imbalance or inconsistency across the brand’s two bodies: mortality, hubris, unpredictability and social embeddedness (see Figure 1).
None of these qualities manifest in traditional non-human brands and all of them present risks requiring active managerial attention. Rather than treating humans as brands and making humans into brands for sale in the commercial marketplace, our framework forces a focus on the deeply human qualities of the human brand.
The risks a body natural imposes on the brand
The first characteristic of the body natural is perhaps the most obvious: The body natural is mortal, and this means that one day the person in the human brand will die. Typically, companies seek to separate the body natural from the body public. This strategy is encouraged in a stock market that demands an endgame wherein the brand is not dependent on the person for its vitality. In the case of the Martha Stewart human brand, to prepare for her eventual death, managers tried to distance Stewart the person from Stewart the brand. This strategy was not successful: The body natural provides the primary source of meaning and cannot be excised without diminishing human brand value.
A sense of infallibility is another quintessential human quality that introduces risk to human brands. Some charge that Hillary Clinton lost the election because hubris clouded her ability to understand her status among voters; the media criticizes President Donald Trump daily for hubris that impedes effective decision-making. Hubris privileges the body natural over the body public, putting the human brand system out of balance and at risk.
Human brands are also risky because of the unpredictability of human nature. Managers of traditional brands are taught to carefully control the marketing mix in order to convey a consistent message over time, but it is part and parcel of human nature to not be “on brand” at all times. The body natural inadvertently leaks meanings every day and these meanings do not always align with the brand’s positioning. Indeed, this very quality lends authenticity in a powerful way that non-human brands can never match. As President Trump’s press secretary knows too well, balancing the authenticity derived from being unpredictable with the risk of being inconsistent is hard to get right.
Human brands are socially-embedded – they live within complex webs of families, friends and colleagues – and these relationships introduce unintended risks to the human brand. A large part of the cultural meaning of a human brand stems from what others reveal about the brand to the public. This lends intimacy to the consumer-brand connection, as consumers feel they know the “real” person behind the brand, not the managed image. But, brand managers do not have control over what connected others will reveal. In Martha Stewart’s case, testimonies of family members and subordinates exposed a person starkly at odds with the brand image of domesticity and perfection. Ivanka Trump’s fashion brand suffers at the hand of her connections to her father.
Human brands are risk-laden because people present increased chances for undesirable events such as illness or misconduct, and these reputational challenges can diminish returns.
How to handle risk and deploy the power of human brands
Proper management of the sources of risk in the human brand requires attention to two guiding principles: consistency and balance between the two bodies of the brand.
- Find the right balance
Mortality and hubris can lead to an imbalance, where one body is privileged over the other. To reduce this risk, governance structures, succession plans and the public relations toolkit can be judiciously applied to ensure that the body public, in the case of mortality risk, or the body natural, in the case of hubris, does not dominate.
- Ensure Consistency
Unpredictability and social embeddedness can lead to inconsistency between the two bodies – when the person does one thing and the brand says another – and righting this relationship is a core task of human brand managers. Inconsistency can have positive effects on perceived intimacy and authenticity of the human brand, but only if the magnitude of distance between the body natural and body public is not too great and if implicated meanings are not central to brand positioning. Managers should avoid brand platforms that contradict human nature or unrealistically constrain the body natural.
- Monitor consistency and balance permanently
With human brand management, active stewardship of the body natural is an ongoing process, not just something to be engaged during times of brand crisis. Brand tracking systems can be designed for this, with metrics including the risk of hidden meanings in the body natural, difference between claimed and revealed meanings in the brand’s two bodies, and the valence of dominant personality traits of the body natural. Monitoring press coverage, social relations and public positions held by the body natural will help keep human brands on track.
In conclusion, the two-bodied system is a novel framework that uncovers the sources of risk in human brands and highlights strategies to unleash their power.


National Electrical Code Articles and Information
National Electrical Code Top Ten Tips:
Article 300 -- Wiring Methods
by Mark Lamendola
Please note, we do quote from copyrighted material. While the NFPA
does allow such quotes, it does so only for the purposes of education
regarding the National Electrical Code. This article is not a substitute
for the NEC.
These are the 10 NEC Article 300 items we deem most important, based
on the pervasiveness of confusion and the potential costs of same.
The language throughout NEC Article 300 misplaces the word
"only," but the meaning where this is misused is still clear
if you interpolate just a bit.
- NEC Article 300.3 addresses conductors and enclosures. (B)
requires all conductors of the same circuit to be in the same
wireway. One reason for this is the basic physics involved when the
electromagnetic fields of conductors interact. Many other reasons
make this requirement of great practical value.
An exception to it
does exist, and there are sometimes practical reasons for taking
advantage of that exception. (C) allows conductors at or below 600V
to be mixed in the same enclosure, cable, or raceway regardless of
their voltage. That mixing is safe from the standpoint of the NEC,
but the more of it you do the higher your risk of misoperation and
other problems. Good engineering practice demands separating wiring
systems as much as is practical. Thus, you would run 5V signal wires
in one wireway, 120V control wires in another, and 480V power in yet
anotheróeven though you might terminate them all in one control
cabinet. Even inside the cabinet, you want to route and bundle the
wires so as to maintain the maximum separation that is reasonably
attainable. Motor drive power and output wiring deserves extra
attention in this regard.
- NEC Article 300.4 addresses protection against physical damage.
Many folks who run nonmetallic-sheathed cables (e.g., Romex) donít
consider adding protection. In residential applications, this is
usually unnecessary, but a hole drilled off-center could easily
leave the wiring susceptible to puncture from a nail or screw driven
to support shelving, cabinets, or other wall-mounted objects.
- NEC Table 300.5 provides the minimum cover requirements for buried
cable of 0 to 600V.
- NEC Article 300.8. Raceways or cable trays containing electrical
conductors cannot contain elements of other systemsóno water
pipes, gas pipes, or any other non-electrical system elements can
run in those electrical wireways. The intent of the NEC Article
300.8 also means, for example, running Romex through an A/C duct is
a Code violation.
- NEC Article 300.11 addresses the issues of securing and
supporting. Cables and raceways must have their own supportóindependent
of other systems. Their supporting structures cannot be piggybacked
onto other supports. For example, you canít hang conduit from
ceiling grids, but you can clamp to the I-beams or rafters to hang
rod and strut specifically for the conduit.
(C) prohibits using wireways to support other wireways, cables, or non-electrical
equipment. Thus, using cable ties to secure the wiring for that new
PA system to conduit is a Code violation. A chief concern of NEC
Article 300.11 is that electrical wireways be independent. They may
share a supportófor example, you can strap multiple conduits to a
strut suspended by two rods. But, you cannot then strap a strut to
those conduits and hang a secondary set of rods to support another
set of conduit or anything else.
- NEC Article 300.12 requires mechanical continuity of raceways and
- NEC Article 300.13 requires mechanical and electrical continuity
for conductors in raceways. In other words, you cannot have a splice
in a raceway (but you can have it in a box or conduit body that has
an accessible cover). NEC Article 300.5 does allow splices in
direct-buried conductors. Thatís because you can use instruments
to locate the splices and you can excavate to get to them. However,
itís much more difficult to do maintenance and inspection on
conductors that are in raceways.
- NEC Article 300.15 explains the exceptions noted in our comments
in the preceding item, and it addresses similar issues in 13
- NEC Article 300.19 and NEC Table 300.19(A) provide specifics on
conductor and raceway supports.
- NEC Article 300.20 requires conductors to be grouped together to
reduce heating (this takes advantage of magnetic field interaction
and cancellation). It contains two exceptions. (B) prescribes a
technique few people know about. In fact, when this appeared in
EC&M Magazine, many readers thought it was a hoax. It is not.
The technique involves cutting cooling slots in the holes through
which a single conductor passes. This item has an exception and an
FPN. It is worth becoming familiar with.
Don't take your
electrical exam twice
Learn more about:
Electrical Calculations |
How the NEC is arranged
- The first four Chapters of the NEC apply to all installations.
- Article 90 precedes Chapter One, and establishes the authority of the NEC.
- Article 80 follows the body of the NEC; it exists as Annex H. It provides the requirements for administration.
- Chapters 5, 6, and 7 are the "special" chapters, covering special: occupancies, equipment, and conditions (in that order).
- Chapter 8 provides the requirements for communications systems.
- Chapter 9 provides tables.
- The appendices provide mostly reference information.
- Appendix D contains examples that every NEC user should study.
Try your NEC moxy:
- Do you know the difference between bonding and grounding? Hint: Look in the NEC, Article 100.
- Does the NEC refer to grounding incorrectly in any of its articles? Yes! So be careful to apply the Article 100 definitions. Don't ground where you should bond.
- When doing motor load calculations, which Article covers hermetic motors? Answer: While Article 440 covers the application of hermetic motors, it does so only by amending Article 430 because hermetic motors are a special case of motors. For motor load calculations, refer to Article 430.
- Does the NEC provide a voltage drop requirement? Yes! It does so in a special case, which is Article 648 Sensitive Electronic Equipment. But for general applications, it does not provide a requirement; it merely provides a recommendation in a couple of FPNs.
- Take our Code Quizzes.
Remember other applicable codes, rules, standards, and references:
- OSHA's electrical worker safety rules.
- IEEE standards.
- NETA standards.
- NFPA standards.
- International Codes (if applicable to the installation).
- State Codes (if the state has them).
- Local ordinances and permit requirements.
- Local fire codes.
- Manufacturer requirements or guidelines.
- Customer security requirements.
- Industry standards.
- Your company's own internal standards, practices, and procedures.
- Engineering drawing notes.
Master the NEC |
Become a Motor Maintenance Guru
Codebookcity is a subsidiary of Mindconnection, LLC. If you have any questions,
comments, or concerns, please write to sales @ mindconnection.com. We do want
We support engineering and the construction trades. Based in Kansas
City, we also participate locally. Here are the meetings of the IEEE Kansas City Section and Society Chapters:


PSYCHOLOGY IN THE NEWS ARTICLES
Psychological Effects of 9/11 As the 9/11 memorial in New York City opened, thousands gathered to remember those that lost their lives. The collective voice of America on September 11, 2011 was “We Will Never Forget.” Those words were plastered on major online news sources. They were published on the signs of memorial service attendees.
Child Sexual Abuse Penn State’s Jerry Sandusky. The BBC’s Jimmy Savile. Both men known for decades for their positive public image and philanthropic work with children, now known as pedophiles. How did these men get away with abusing so many children for so long?
Suicide Among Our Protectors
The recent cover story in TIME magazine explored the disturbing reality that every day one US Army soldier commits suicide. These soldiers are not killed by a suicide bomber or a roadside IED. These soldiers are dying, an average of one a day, at their own hands. Some of the soldiers have experienced combat and some have not.
Impact of the Economy on Mental Health
In the current state of the economy, financial stress is unfortunately very prevalent and its psychological impact is pervasive. Worrying about money is a natural part of life, but the proportion of people who report being “stressed” about money is constantly increasing, affecting every aspect of daily functioning, including work life, home life, and involvement in the community.
April is Autism Awareness Month
Autism is one type of brain development disorder characterized by difficulty with social connection, communication, and repetitive behaviors. When very severe it can cause significant behavioral challenges that make it nearly impossible for a family to go out in public, have a peaceful meal, or even be safe in their own home.
Steubenville Rape Case
On the night of August 12, 2012, over the course of six hours, a 16 year- old high school girl who was intoxicated to the point of unconsciousness was sexually assaulted repeatedly by two local high school football players, ages 16 and 17. The events occurred in front of peers and were documented by her assailants and dozens of onlookers through hundreds of live tweets, texts, photos, and videos. These were then sent to more friends and posted to several social media sites.
The President Urges Bringing Mental Illness Out of the Shadows Approximately 1 in 5 Americans struggles with mental health problems. About 40% receive mental health services. The most recent statistics show that 22 veterans commit suicide every day. The suicide rate has risen in every branch of the military. This year brought tragedy in the form of almost one mass shooting every month.


On October 10, twenty-one European States signed a Council of Europe treaty aimed at strengthening the principles and rules for the protection of personal data at international level. The treaty was signed during a ceremony in Strasbourg by Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Uruguay, one of the six non-European states that have so far joined it.
The treaty, an Amending Protocol, updates the Council of Europe’s Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, also known as “Convention 108”, which also constitutes the only existing international treaty addressing the right of individuals to the protection of their personal data.
Among the innovations of the Amending Protocol there are:
- Stronger requirements regarding the proportionality and data minimisation principles, and lawfulness of the processing;
- Extension of the types of sensitive data, which will now include genetic and biometric data, trade union membership and ethnic origin;
- Obligation to declare data breaches;
- Greater transparency of data processing;
- New rights for the persons in an algorithmic decision making context, which are particularly relevant in connection with the development of artificial intelligence;
- Stronger accountability of data controllers;
- Requirement that the “privacy by design” principle is applied;
- Application of the data protection principles to all processing activities, including for national security reasons, with possible exceptions and restrictions subject to the conditions set by the Convention, and in any case with independent and effective review and supervision;
- Clear regime of transborder data flows;
- Reinforced powers and independence of the data protection authorities and enhancing legal basis for international cooperation.


Adding a Ramp
Most homes will need at least a small ramp for accessibility. Keep in mind not only will wheelchair users need a ramp but individuals who use walkers or canes, strollers, or have shortened strides will appreciate the lack of stairs. Even furniture movers will be happy they aren't carrying heavy furniture and appliances up large stairways. Ground level entries can be appreciated by almost everyone.
For many individuals using wheelchairs or walkers the difference between being able to access a doorway, or not, may often be measured in mere inches. Attention to detail can make the difference between achieving entry or excluding, or even injuring, someone. When the ADA's Wheelchair Accessible Construction Requirments for wheelchair accessible construction are not met, the results often limit or exclude entirely a person with a disability. Many times these failures can also be dangerous to everyone using the ramp.
Before beginning a ramp project do your homework. For ease of reference we recommend the following sources:
- For ADA Regulations, Information, Design Standards, Publications or Technical Assistance, log on to http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/ .
- For more information regarding ramps we also recommend viewing the following publication: Wood Ramp Design: How to Add a Ramp That Looks Good and Works, Too (pdf version) http://www.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/pubs_p/docs/rampbooklet296final.pdf
- ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities http://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/buildings-and-sites
Here are a few points to consider as you begin your ramp project.
Common Errors in Wheelchair Accessible Construction
- Landing areas are too small. Wheelchair users must be able to stay on a flat, level surface and still open a door without rolling back into slopped sections of the ramp. This prevents roll offs. Adequate maneuvering clearance must be provided at all doors both in front and to the side.
- Landing areas where ramps change directions, such as 90' turns or switch backs, are too small. Wheelchair users are unable to go up or down the ramp because they are unable to make the turn on a level surface. This makes the ramp unusable. Again, the minimum landing size should be 60 inches by 60 inches.
- Improper door handles. Door handles, pulls, latches, locks, and other operating devices on doors at the top of a ramp (considered by the ADA as an "Accessible door" see ADA 4.13.9) must have an easy to grasp shape. It should be graspable with only one hand and not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist to operate. Optimal hardware consists of lever-operated mechanisms, push type and U-shaped handles. If using a sliding door operating hardware MUST be exposed and useable on BOTH sides of the door.
- Improper slope. ADA requires ramp slopes be 1:12. Twelve inches of horizontal slope for every inch of vertical rise. Example: If the level from the doorsill to the ground is 15 inches the ramp MUST be a minimum of 15 feet. When a walkway or other pedestrian surface has a slope of greater than 1:20, is more difficult to maintain control of a wheelchair. Wheelchair users may not be able to climb up the slope without having to use railings. Individuals using crutches, walkers or canes may loose their balance and falls may result.
- Improper, or missing, railings. It is absolutely imperative that ramps be outfitted with proper railings or edge protection. Edger protection may be used for smaller, broader ramps, while those rising at steeper angles and longer distances will require railings. Lack of railings or edge protection can result in injury if a wheelchair user rolls off the side of the route. Individuals using walkers, canes and crutches may likewise suffer injuries from falls where railings are not present. Railings must be periodically checked to ensure they are intact and in good repair.
- Ramp is too narrow. Most ramps should be no narrower than 36 inches. Allow space for manual wheelchair users to maneuver their hands on the OUTSIDE edges of their wheels.
- Doorsill/Threshold is too high. Where possible doorsills should be an even transition from outside to inside. In some instances it may be necessary to countersink a doorsill. This will prevent tripping and allow wheelchair users easier roll over thresholds.
The following graphics are samples of a ramp proposal that was submitted as part of a grant application. Note the slope, safety features and overall design of the ramp. This project was approved for a state funded grant and built for the family shortly thereafter.


Culture as poetics elucidates the social and symbolic constructions of culture. It emphasizes the ordinariness of everyday life. Such constructions include rites of passage, social rituals, and those social performances that instantiate and reconstitute values and norms of the culture. Rites of passage are cultural instances of performance that explain the ways in which people move from one point in time to another on their journey of life. Humans engage in life crises and enact ceremonies, such as rites of passage, in order to offer safe travel from one instance in life to another. Other categories of cultural performance include ceremonies with strangers, pregnancy and childbirth rites, initiation rites, betrothal and marriage rites, and separation or funeral rites.
Littlejohn, Stephen W and Karen A.Floss. (2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory.USA:SAGE.654
Penanggungjawab naskah :
Edwina Ayu Kustiawan
Published at :


Ho‘oponopono, or setting to right, is a method of interpersonal conflict resolution practiced in the traditional Native Hawaiian culture. As a highly collectivistic society, the Native Hawaiian community generally perceives interpersonal conflict as negative and to be avoided or ignored whenever possible. However, when interpersonal conflict between members of the community creates much distress for any of the parties involved or the community at large, ho‘oponopono is likely to be performed. Essentially, then, the overall goal of ho‘oponopono is not only to resolve interpersonal conflicts but also to restore a sense of togetherness and harmony among all members of the community.
A third party, normally a respected elder of the community, serves as the facilitator. This elder is responsible for monitoring and controlling both the verbal and the nonverbal behaviors of the disputants as he or she guides them through an opening, discussion, resolution, and closing phase. In the opening phase, the facilitator typically says a prayer to bless the conflicting parties. He or she then encourages the disputants to conduct themselves in a sincere and truthful manner and may remind them about how the whole community has been affected by their discord. The elder then outlines the alleged problem and describes how ho‘oponopono will proceed.
During the second phase, the discussion, the facilitator attempts to identify the source(s) of the problem. This phase is normally the most timeconsuming because family members and others who have been affected by the conflict may share their views at this juncture. As can be expected, this process of uncovering the cause(s) of the conflict can also be extremely emotional. Therefore, the elder must be able to steer all participants away from blaming and recrimination. Should tempers flare at this point, the leader would call for a period of silence to bring emotions under control. He or she would then remind participants of the purpose of ho‘oponopono and emphasize selfscrutiny over finding fault with others.
In the third phase, resolution, parties express sincere apologies and ask for forgiveness. It is important that forgiveness is granted, for this symbolizes a release from the ties of conflict and discord that linked the disputants. If forgiveness is not given, ho‘oponopono is not complete.
Littlejohn, Stephen W and Karen A.Floss. (2009). Encyclopedia of Communication Theory.USA:SAGE.654
Penanggungjawab naskah :
Edwina Ayu Kustiawan
Published at :


Not only is dog mess unpleasant, it is human health hazard. The biggest threat to public health is toxocariasis – an infection caused by worms commonly found in dogs intestines. This can cause serious illness, and even blindness.
If you fail to clean up after your dog, you could be issued a fixed penalty notice of £75. The maximum penalty for committing an offence is £1,000 in a magistrate's court.
Dog mess is a public health hazard - Bag it! Bin it!
Dog faeces can contain the eggs of the Toxocara worm (a type of round worm). Humans can become infected by accidentally ingesting worm eggs or by eating food that is contaminated with soil containing the eggs. One of the major forms of toxocariasis (the condition the Toxocara worm can cause) is damage to the eye - reducing vision and in some cases causing blindness.
Children are at higher risk of contracting toxocariasis as they are more likely to come into contact with soil or sand that contains the faeces. Cases of toxocariasis have also been found in sportspeople where dog faeces have been left on recreational play areas and sports pitches.
Toxocara worm eggs need time to develop in areas such as soil for several weeks before they are able to infect humans, which is why it's vital you clean up your dog's mess immediately. If the mess is not picked up, any worm eggs present can develop and infect anyone who comes into contact with them in the future.
Cases of toxocariasis can be reduced if owners are responsible and pick up their dog's mess immediately, and by ensuring their dog is wormed regularly.
It's the law to pick up after your dog
If a dog fouls in a public place, by law the owner or person in charge of the dog at the time must clean up after it and put the mess in a bag tied tightly and place it in a public refuse bin.
It is the responsibility of the dog owner or the person in charge of the dog to clear up any dog mess left by their dog. Being unaware that the dog has fouled, or not having suitable means of removing the mess is not a reasonable excuse for failing to clean up after a dog
A 'public place' is means any area that is open to the air and where the public are entitled or have a right to access it.
Some examples covered by this law include:
- Highways, including roads, pavements, public footpaths and byways
- Parks and green spaces
- Town centres and shopping precincts
- Car parks
- Playing fields, including school grounds
What else can I do?
As well as clearing up your dog's mess as a dog owner, you can help reduce any health risk to the public by regularly worming your dog.
If you have information about a dog walker who fails to pick up,
report it today.


Many learned to make two spaces behind a sentence in school, but you are not using a typewriter anymore, so just insert one space. Why space-space is a no-no? First of all, most typewriters used non-proportional fonts where every character is of the same width. For instance, consider a word like “skiing.” The lower-case i takes up the same space as the n. Having the two “i” after each other means there is a lot of white space. While reading, our minds separate sentences based on space between sentences. But, if there is an “m” at the end of a sentence, followed by another wide character, only separated by a period and one space, the resulting white space visually appears to be less than between two “i.” In other words, typewriter typefaces were designed in a way that all the characters occupy the same amount of space. These are so-called non-proportional fonts or monospaced typefaces (wide characters are squeezed; narrow characters are unnaturally wide). An example for such a monospace font is Courier. See the example below.
However, practically all fonts used on computers are proportionally spaced typefaces, where the width of each character is customized to accommodate the natural shapes of the characters. As a result, the type sets more tightly, which makes word spaces stand out more. And, to conclude, this makes a single space after a sentence a sufficiently large white space, or visual cue, to separate two sentences. When I explain this I often hear that people understand this, but for them after decades of writing like this there is no way they can change the habit of adding an extra unnecessary space after a sentence. You can try to use AutoCorrect options in your text processing software replacing automatically “period-space-space” with “period-space.” However, this does not work for Microsoft Word 2003.