Polish satellite monitoring system will become part of the EU Copernicus program
Polish satellite monitoring system from Astri Polska will become part of the EU`s Earth Observation Programme Copernicus; it will be used, for example, by the crisis management services, the company announced.
The Earth observation programme Copernicus is an initiative implemented by the European Union in cooperation with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Environment Agency (EEA). Its main goal is to develop methods for remote monitoring of the state of the environment.
"The system developed by Astri Polska is a geoinformation service, which is an automated service providing users with specific information products based on, for example, processed satellite images, which the users can access via an Internet browser" - Astri Polska explains in a release. This is the first solution of this type developed for the Copernicus programme by a Polish company.
"We will develop the system for the European Environment Agency. It will enable monitoring of ice cover in inland waters of Europe based on the Copernicus data from the optical satellite Sentinel-2. This is particularly important for flood prevention in Europe, as one of the main causes of floods is ice in the waters" - explains Beata Weintrit from Astri Polska. Thanks to the use of satellite data, the services and institutions responsible for water management will have access to information about the condition of rivers and reservoirs in a large area within a short time after taking the photo.
"Our algorithms will be fully automatic, and the data will be processed in near real time" - the release reads. Monitoring will cover inland waters included in the database of the European Environment Agency "EU-Hydro" - rivers and canals over 50 meters wide, and water reservoirs over 100 meters wide or with an area exceeding 1 hectare.
"The service will be free and available to users all over the world. Our system will be operational by the end of the year" - Weintrit says.
Astri Polska specializes in the design and production of equipment used in the European space programs and the design of services and applications based on satellite data. It currently implements around 20 projects related to the development of space and satellite technologies and employs 80 Polish engineers.
PAP - Science in Poland, Magdalena Jarco
maja/ je/ kap/


According to the introduction, MEMS microphone includes MEMS sensor chip and application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip. MEMS capacitive sensor chip converts sound pressure into capacitance change. ASIC chip monitors the capacitance change and transmits its analog electrical signal to ADC (analog digital converter). It has small volume and strong heat resistance. It can be maintained for 8 ~ 10 minutes in reflow soldering. At the same time, it can withstand the impact of the vaporized flux and solvent in reflow soldering. After welding, the detection of its performance is very important. After reflow soldering, testing the performance of the mechanism before assembly will largely avoid the machine dismantling and scrapping caused by the detection of defects at the end of the finished product. In this stage, the test object is PCBA (print circuit board assembly), and the test process is called SA (sub assembly) test. At this time, the PCBA has been welded with MEMS microphone, ADC integrated circuit chip, etc., which has the function of receiving sound signal and converting it into analog signal and then transmitting it to the central processing unit for analysis. If poor performance is found, PCBA analysis and maintenance can be carried out.
After passing the SA test, after the MEMS microphone protection net, the mechanism upper shell and the main body of the smart speaker (including the speaker and the main control board with power amplifier function) are assembled, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the performance of the MEMS microphone, which is directly related to the user’s experience. In order to avoid the bad performance caused by the mechanism assembly and affect the use, FA (final) is introduced Assembly) test, focusing on the performance evaluation of MEMS microphone in the whole machine performance.
2 SA test
2.1 test principle and important parameters
The monomer of PCBA is MEMS microphone, the sound transmission hole is at the bottom of the part, and the signal transmission is analog differential signal transmission. This kind of microphone usually consists of a very thin silicon sensitive film and a plate (or backplane) with points to form a capacitance structure. The capacitance change between the sensitive film and the plate can detect the deviation of the sensitive film caused by sound vibration. The distance between the two plates is changed when the sound wave collides with the moving plate, which changes the capacitance of the microphone, causes the imbalance of the charge on the plate, and produces the electric signal.
Through the data comparison between PCBA to be tested and the selected standard prototype, the corresponding response curve is obtained to determine the good and bad products. The main performance parameters are raw fr (frequency response) and fi (fault injection) fr. Frequency response is an important parameter to reflect the dynamic response of MEMS microphone to frequency. In the process of acoustoelectric conversion, the ratio of the open circuit output voltage of each frequency acoustic signal to the open circuit output voltage of microphone with specified frequency under the action of constant voltage and specified incident angle acoustic wave is called the frequency response of microphone, and the unit is dB.
The test concept of bad injection fr: put the microphone sound hole and its remaining body in two independent cavities respectively, and set a loudspeaker in the cavity where the non sound hole is located to make sound. Record the frequency response of the microphone during the test. If the frequency response is suppressed, it indicates that the microphone body and PCB are welded well, and there is no or only very weak sound from the path of the microphone non sound hole MEMS sensors.
2.2 test environment
The hardware required for the test includes: independent sound card (Creative sound card), dual channel power supply (model: bk9173), power amplifier (model: GX3), passive speaker (used for making sound during bad injection test), passive speaker (model: LS50), dedicated speaker CPU circuit board (used to receive the electrical signal from UUT, CPU circuit board and UUT (unit under) Test (to be tested) are connected by FPC (flexible printed circuit board), scanner (to read the barcode of the tested object), PC (to communicate with CPU by network cable), USB interface is used to control the power controller, RS232 is used to control the test box, sound card and power amplifier are used to control the passive speaker and LS50 sound). The dotted line part indicates the test box, which includes two independent sound insulation boxes. At the same time, there are reserved holes in the middle part of the two boxes, so that the sound from LS50 in the lower box can be transmitted to the microphone transmission hole on the UUT. The UUT is placed on the silicone carrier in the upper box. The microphone transmission hole corresponds to the reserved hole in the box one by one, and other parts remain isolated from the lower box.
2.3 test process
Using LabVIEW to write the test control program, and through the network cable to generate the curve of the signal sent back by the CPU, the performance of the microphone can be judged directly by observing the curve. The test program drives LS50 to send out 10 Hz ~ 10 kHz sound source through sound card power amplifier. At this time, the microphone is in the signal receiving state. The power supply provides microphone bias DC voltage of 3.3 V and LED power supply voltage of 5.0 v V (LED is used to indicate whether the working voltage of the whole microphone array is normal). After receiving the sound signal, the microphone converts it into analog electrical signal and transmits it to the analog-to-digital conversion chip. After ADC processing, the digital signal is transmitted to the speaker dedicated CPU circuit board for more complex internal calculation. After completion, the data is transmitted through the network to the test software, and the software analyzes the data and standard The test data of the quasi prototype are compared to generate the corresponding curve and complete the raw FR test.
The fr deviation between each microphone in the microphone array and the corresponding position in the standard prototype shall not exceed ± 1dB. Similarly, after the raw FR test, the program drives the passive speaker of the upper voice cavity to make sound, and the microphone receives the sound signal. In order to simplify the test, only the frequency response of the microphone at 100 Hz is analyzed. If the test result exceeds the upper limit, it indicates that the microphone has defects in SMT welding, and the typical bad phenomenon is that the grounding ring is not sealed. Because the mass production stage can not pass the X-ray full inspection of all the microphone welds on PCBA, so the elimination of electrical test is very important.
2.4 selection of standard prototype
As mentioned above, our test is a relative test, that is, the test results of the object to be tested are compared with the test results of the standard prototype, and the deviation should be guaranteed within a certain range. Take the FR test as an example, if the fr deviation of the microphone at a certain position in the microphone array exceeds the microphone at the corresponding position of the standard prototype, it indicates that there is a problem with the microphone of the object to be tested, which may be a welding problem, or a welding problem Maybe it’s the performance of the microphone itself. The welding problems can be confirmed by X-ray detection, and the body performance problems can be checked by cross validation method. After confirming the problem point, carry out targeted repair. Because it is a relative test, the selection of the standard prototype is very important. Next, we will introduce the selection process of the prototype.
First of all, the microphone manufacturer needs to prepare a batch of microphones that have passed the strict monomer test. Under the condition of 94 dB SPL and 1 kHz, the monomer sensitivity is – 38 dbv / PA (± 1 dB). Next, the SMT process is used to solder the monomer to PCB to form microphone array. X-ray full inspection of SMT solder joints, and finally in our test environment test, get the prototype of the original curve. The fr of each microphone in the PCBA array must be 0 dB (± 0.5 dB) at 1 kHz. The test data of the prototype is stored in the fixed position of the test program, so that the program can be called and compared when testing the normal products to be tested.
3 FA test
After the SA test, the PCBA with good performance is obtained. After a series of assembly, the complete machine is formed, that is, the finished machine seen by the end user. The performance of microphone array in the finished machine can be evaluated through the SPL (sound pressure level) test of FA, and the defective products can be intercepted in the assembly factory.
3.1 test principle and important parameters
Similarly, the FA test is also a relative test. A part of the prototype selected in SA is assembled into the whole machine. The intelligent speaker and microphone array mentioned in this paper are assembled on the top of the whole machine, which is convenient to pick up sound from multiple angles. Sound check software is used to build the software test environment, and FR and phase are used to evaluate the performance. FR is used to determine whether the performance of the microphone body is damaged during the assembly process, and whether the microphone sound transmission hole is blocked during the assembly process; phase is used to determine the position matching between the microphone sound transmission hole and the reserved hole of the mechanism, and whether the reserved hole is too large or too small and the position deviation can be reflected in the test curve.
3.2 test environment and process
The SPL test box with only one cavity is used. The passive sound source LS50 is placed on the top of the test box. The whole machine to be tested is placed directly below the sound source. The whole machine communicates with PC through network cable. The sound check test system in PC controls RME sound card through USB interface, and transmits the set sound source file to power amplifier GX3. GX3 amplifies the signal and transmits it to LS50. LS50 sends out sound wave of fixed frequency band as required for microphone array to pick up. The microphone array picks up the sound wave, which is processed by the CPU inside the whole machine, and then transmits the signal to the sound check software through the network cable to generate the curve, so as to determine the performance of the whole machine.
With the development of consumer intelligent electronic products in the direction of more portable and more stable, the requirements of human-computer interaction are higher and higher, and the application of MEMS microphone is more and more widely, which has great attraction to medical treatment and automobile. Aiming at the test of MEMS microphone array used in smart speaker, this paper describes the factory end production test scheme. The test principle and process mentioned in this paper is a good reference for the product test of MEMS microphone application in different fields.
Editor in charge: PJ


|Publication number||US6026170 A|
|Application number||US 08/563,186|
|Publication date||Feb 15, 2000|
|Filing date||Nov 27, 1995|
|Priority date||Nov 27, 1995|
|Also published as||CA2236961A1, CA2236961C, DE69607765D1, DE69607765T2, EP0863721A1, EP0863721B1, WO1997019640A1|
|Publication number||08563186, 563186, US 6026170 A, US 6026170A, US-A-6026170, US6026170 A, US6026170A|
|Inventors||Alan P. Dieken, Joel R. Dufresne, Daniel V. Hulse|
|Original Assignee||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (73), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (16), Classifications (8), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Stethoscopes have long been used by physicians to monitor auscultatory sounds. Typically stethoscopes have been comprised of a head or chestpiece, a sound transmission mechanism and an earpiece assembly. The chestpiece is adapted to be placed near or against the skin, body, of a patient for gathering the auscultatory sounds. The sound transmission mechanism transmits the gathered sound to an earpiece, or a pair of earpieces called a binaural earpiece, where the physician or other health professional may monitor the sound.
Recently, some stethoscopes have utilized electronics for at least part of the sound processing path. In most of these devices, the auditory sound is picked up by a microphone usually located in a detection device which is similar to the chestpiece of a conventional acoustic stethoscope in external appearance. The electrical signal from the microphone is then processed electronically and is coupled to a speaker, or speakers, where the electrical signal is converted back into an auditory sound for reception by the physician. Of course, other electronic analysis or display of the auscultatory sound may be performed by the signal processor, in addition to the usual conversion back into an auditory sound.
The incorporation of electronic circuitry into the stethoscope has been a considerable design problem for the engineer. Electronic circuitry necessarily demands a supply of energy, most commonly a battery. Typically the batteries used in electronic stethoscopes have been of the small high energy density power cells such as those used in hearing aids, or selectively chosen and/or multiple units of more standard power cells that are operated within limited life cycles. Unfortunately, these specialized batteries are not widely available and are often expensive and difficult to dispose of.
In addition, although an electronic stethoscope allows for the provision of many desirable features, such as noise reduction, signal amplification, wider bandwidth, display of auscultatory sounds and selection of different frequency responses, the electronic scope has not gained wide acceptance due to the impression that electronic stethoscopes sound "different" or "electronic" or in some way distort the sound. Given that health care practitioners have long performed auscultation and based diagnosis on the sounds heard through a traditional acoustic stethoscope, the reluctance to change to something that sounds "different" is understandable.
Thus, there is a need in the art for an electronic stethoscope which sounds more like the traditional acoustic stethoscope but which has the additional desirable features which only an electronic stethoscope can provide.
The present electronic stethoscope is designed to emulate the frequency response of a standard acoustical stethoscope in both bell and diaphragm modes, while providing additional features attainable only with an electronic stethoscope, such as signal amplification, noise reduction, wider bandwidth, and rapid mode selection.
The electronic stethoscope includes an idealized diaphragm mode and an idealized bell mode. The idealized diaphragm mode and the idealized bell mode each include emphasized passbands that are spectrally separate. Each of the idealized diaphragm and idealized bell modes can also include a de-emphasized passband. In addition, the electronic stethoscope can also include a wideband mode. The wideband mode permits the user to hear high frequency sounds such as those associated with mechanical heart valves or some lung sounds.
The spectral separation of the idealized bell and diaphragm modes allows the user to more easily hear and distinguish between different sounds of interest. The spectral separation of the emphasized frequencies reduces masking of high frequency sounds by low frequency sounds in the diaphragm mode, and reduces masking of low frequency sounds by high frequency sounds in the bell mode. Spectral separation with preservation of the de-emphasized frequencies of the idealized diaphragm and idealized bell modes allows the user to more easily hear, differentiate and identify different body sounds, and also gives the overall impression that the electronnic stethoscope emulates the sound quality of a good acoustic stethoscope.
In the drawings, where like numerals refer to like elements throughout the several views:
FIG. 1 shows the electronic stethoscope;
FIG. 2 shows a simplified block diagram of the preferred electronic stethoscope;
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show the frequency responses of the preferred electronic stethoscope in the wideband, diaphragm and bell modes, respectively;
FIG. 4 shows a detailed electrical schematic diagram of the electronic stethoscope; and
FIG. 5 shows the preferred chestpiece of the electronic stethoscope.
Electronic stethoscopes should provide acoustic response at least equal to their conventional acoustic counterparts. Electronic stethoscopes should also be similar to the weight, feel and ease of use of their conventional acoustic counterparts. In order for the physician to gain the most advantageous use of the stethoscope, the stethoscope should provide the highest possible clarity of auscultatory sound from the patients body, as well as provide the greatest possible isolation from all extraneous sounds. In addition, electronic stethoscopes must offer sound isolation from the surroundings in which the stethoscope is used.
Electronic stethoscope 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 consists of a chestpiece 12, or stethoscope head, a headset 14 and a connecting tube 16. The binaural assembly 14 has two eartips 18 and 20 adapted to fit in the ear of a user, typically a physician or other medical professional. Tubes 22 and 24 are acoustically coupled to eartips 18 and 20, respectively. The eartips 18 and 20 effectively seal in the ear canal of the user to exclude ambient noise. Enclosure 34, located at juncture of tubes 22 and 24 with connecting tube 16, provides a location for a speaker (not shown). The speaker transforms the auscultatory sounds which are picked up by chestpiece 12 and transduced into and processed in the electrical domain back to the acoustic domain where tubes 22 and 24 transmit the acoustic sounds to eartips 18 and 20, respectively.
The preferred sound transmission system of stethoscope 10 is electronic. A simplified block diagram of the electronic sound transmission system 100 is illustrated in FIG. 2. The sound transmission system 100 includes at least one microphone 102 which acts as an acoustical transducer to receive auscultatory sounds from the body and transform the auscultatory sounds into an electrical signal. In an alternate embodiment, the stethoscope could include two or more microphones, although the system will be described with one microphone for purposes of illustration. This electrical signal is amplified and filtered by preamp/high pass filter 104. The preferred embodiment of the present electronic stethoscope is designed to emulate the frequency response of a standard acoustical stethoscope in both bell and diaphragm modes, while providing additional features attainable only with an electronic stethoscope, such as signal amplification, noise reduction, wider bandwidth, and mode selection. In the preferred embodiment, filters TF1 106, TF2 108 and TF3 110, permit selection between three different modes of operation of the electronic stethoscope. Additional filters and/or modes could be added without departing from the scope of the present invention. Emulation of the frequency response of a standard acoustical stethoscope is achieved with filters TF2 108 and TF3 110. Filter TF2 108 emulates the diaphragm mode of a standard acoustical stethoscope, while filter TF3 110 emulates the bell mode of a standard acoustical stethoscope. Filter TF1 106 provides a wideband frequency response which allows a user to hear a broad range of frequencies, including high frequency sounds such as those produced by mechanical heart valves and the like. These sounds can occur in a frequency range that is not audible with most acoustic stethoscopes.
Power/mode switch 130 provides for both power on of the circuitry and for mode selection in a single switch. Mode indicators 134 provide visual indication to the user as to the current operational mode of the stethoscope. Switching logic 132 is connected to power/mode switch 130 and controls electronic switch 112 which in turn determines which filter is being used to form the output to the user. Power amplifier 114 receives the filtered signal and the signal is output to the user via speaker 116. It shall be understood that embodiments in which speaker 116 includes one, two or more speakers are within the scope of the present invention.
The stethoscope 100 is powered by a battery system 124, which is preferably a commonly available AAA battery, preferably alkaline. A low battery detection/shutdown circuit 126 monitors available battery power and indicates when the battery power is running low via low battery indicator 128. When the voltage on the battery is below a predetermined level (1 volt, for example) the low battery detection/shutdown circuit 126 removes power from the stethoscope.
To prolong battery system life, an automatic shut down circuit 118 automatically removes power from the stethoscope after it has not been used for a preselected period of time. In one embodiment, the automatic shutdown circuit removes power a preselected period of time after the stethoscope is powered on. Alternatively, the automatic shutdown circuit removes power a preselected period of time after the last time the mode changed. A voltage regulator 122 provides DC--DC conversion from the battery voltage to a higher voltage (preferably 3.0 volts) and regulates and filters the voltage provided to the stethoscope circuitry.
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show the preferred frequency responses of the filters TF1 106, TF2 108 and TF3 110, respectively. The filters TF2 108 and TF3 110 provide an idealized diaphragm mode and an idealized bell mode, respectively. Filter TF1 106 provides an additional wideband mode.
The frequency response of idealized bell filter TF3 110 is shown in FIG. 3C. The frequency response of idealized diaphragm filter TF2 108 and is shown in FIG. 3B. As shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C and as described in more detail below, the frequency responses of the filters TF2 108 and TF3 110 are preferably spectrally separate. The frequency response of filter TF1 106 is shown in FIG. 3A, and provides a wideband frequency response. The wideband mode passes body sounds and other high frequency sounds within a wide spectral band.
The idealized bell and diaphragm modes should cover the ranges of frequencies of the biological sounds of interest. The frequency content of the cardiac, respiratory, fetal, Korotkoffs sounds, and other biological sounds of interest are present in an overall frequency range of about 20-2000 Hz. To allow the user to more easily hear and distinguish between sounds of interest of different frequencies, the idealized bell and diaphragm modes each emphasize a different portion of this overall frequency range.
In the preferred embodiment, the idealized diaphragm and idealized bell modes each have an overall passband which includes an emphasized passband and a de-emphasized passband. For the idealized diaphragm mode, the preferred emphasized passband is in the range of about 200-500 Hz, while the preferred de-emphasized passband is in the range of about 20-200 Hz. For the idealized bell mode, the preferred emphasized passband is in the range of about 20-100 Hz, while the preferred de-emphasized passband is in the range about of 100-500 Hz. To provide the distinction between the emphasized and de-emphasized passbands, the relative amplitude of the emphasized passband is preferably greater than that of the de-emphasized passband.
The idealized diaphragm mode emphasizes the high-frequency sounds while preserving some of the low-frequency sounds. In this way, the idealized diaphragm mode minimizes masking of high-frequency sounds (such as cardiac murmurs) by low-frequency sounds. As shown in FIG. 3B, the frequencies in the range of about 200-500 Hz are emphasized and the frequencies in the range of about 20-200 Hz are preserved but reduced in amplitude. To emphasize the frequencies in the range of about 200-500 Hz in the idealized diaphragm mode, the relative amplitude of the emphasized passband is sufficiently greater than that of the de-emphasized passband such that the resulting difference is perceptible to a user, and the attenuation of the de-emphasized passband is small enough such that the user can still hear the de-emphasized frequencies. For this purpose, a relative amplitude of the emphasized passband is in the range of about 5-15 dB greater than the de-emphasized passband is appropriate, with a preferred relative amplitude of about 10 dB.
Conversely, the idealized bell mode emphasizes the low-frequency sounds while preserving some of the high-frequency sounds. In this way, the idealized bell mode supports medical auscultation needs by minimizing psychoacoustic "masking" of low-frequency sounds by other sounds present at higher frequencies. As shown in FIG. 3C, the frequencies in the range of about 20-100 Hz are emphasized, while the frequencies in the range of about 100-500 Hz are preserved but reduced in amplitude. To emphasize the frequencies in the range of about 20-100 Hz in the idealized bell mode, the relative amplitude of the emphasized passband is sufficiently greater than that of the de-emphasized passband such that the resulting difference is perceptible to a user, and the attenuation of the de-emphasized passband is small enough such that the user can still hear the de-emphasized frequencies. For this purpose, a relative amplitude of the emphasized passband is in the range of about 5-15 dB greater than the de-emphasized passband is appropriate, with a preferred relative amplitude of about 10 dB.
In both the idealized bell and idealized diaphragm modes, attenuation in the range of about 500-1000 Hz is about 12 dB/octave, and is about 18 dB/octave above 1000 Hz. Because the human ear is more sensitive at higher frequencies, the user can still hear sounds present at frequencies above 500 Hz in both the idealized bell and idealized diaphragm modes even though they have relatively greater attenuation. To eliminate contamination of the body sounds by other environmental sounds, such as low frequency hand tremor, external noise and electronic noise, the overall passband is restricted to about 20-1000 Hz in the idealized bell and idealized diaphragm modes, and about 20-2000 Hz in the wideband mode.
As shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C, the "cross-over" frequency of the idealized bell and idealized diaphragm frequency responses is in the range of about 100-200 Hz. A uniform, relative attenuation of 6-12 dB/octave in this range is preferred to suppress masking of diagnostically significant sounds by other simultaneous and spectrally-adjacent sounds.
The emphasized and de-emphasized passbands in the idealized diaphragm and idealized bell modes result in an electronic stethoscope in which the idealized bell and idealized diaphragm modes are spectrally separate. The spectral separation of the idealized bell and diaphragm modes allows the user to more easily hear and distinguish between different sounds of interest. The spectral separation of the emphasized frequencies with preservation of the de-emphasized frequencies of the idealized diaphragm and idealized bell modes permits the electronic stethoscope to give the overall impression that it preserves the sound quality of a good acoustic stethoscope, which generally are not narrow-band instruments. Reduced masking of the high or low frequency sounds provided by the idealized diaphragm and idealized bell modes, respectively, means better clarity for the sound of interest, leading to more effective screening and diagnosis.
The wideband mode of FIG. 3A preferably provides a wider sound band with similar gain across all frequencies in the passband, but with a slight (e.g., 3-5 dB de-emphasis below 100 Hz. The wideband mode provides a response that cannot be achieved in a traditional acoustic stethoscope, and thus allows the user to hear sounds, such as some high frequency sounds from artificial heart valves and the like, which cannot be heard with traditional acoustic stethoscopes. For initial screening functions, auscultation can begin in the wideband mode, with the ideal bell or diaphragm mode selected as the user determines the frequency range of most interest. In addition, the wideband mode may be preferred for use with an external computer-based data acquisition and display system. A data acquisition system permits software selection of different frequency responses and the ability to display and manipulate these different responses. Audio playback and manipulation is also possible. The wideband mode may be preferred for this use because it passes a wider bandwidth. It shall be understood, however, that a data acquisition system, display, audio playback, etc., can be used with any of the idealized diaphragm, idealized bell, and wideband modes.
The above described operational modes provide the physician with distinctly different and advantageous sound processing modes. The idealized bell and diaphragm modes are more spectrally separate than with traditional stethoscopes, allowing the user to more easily hear and distinguish different sounds of interest. Traditional acoustic stethoscopes typically lack a uniform relative attenuation outside of the bell/diaphragm cross-over band, due the presence of acoustic resonances. Also, the switch over between bell and diaphragm modes with traditional acoustic stethoscopes generally required gross hand movements to engage a pneumatic valve or to turn over the chestpiece. In contrast, the different transfer functions of this invention can be quickly selected with the simple and easily operable power/mode switch 130. Thus, no repositioning of the chestpiece is required to switch between bell and diaphragm modes. In addition, the wideband mode allows the user to hear a full presentation of body sounds, and is also desirable for use with a computerized data acquisition and display system, or with an amplifier and speaker system, for example. Finally, because filtering of the body sounds is performed electronically, the manufacturing process is much more precise and repeatable than earlier nonelectronic constructions.
FIG. 4 shows a more detailed electrical schematic diagram of the electronic stethoscope. Electrical auscultatory sounds are received from the microphone 102 and are input into preamp/high pass filter 104, which consists of one section of operational amplifier IC3 and associated circuit components. The signal is then input into each of the filters TF1 106, TF2 108 and TF3 110. Capacitor C4 may be used to adjust the low frequency response of filter TF1 106, if desired. The filters can be realized with digital filters (ex. finite impulse response (FIR) filters), with digital signal processing (DSP) based filters, or with analog filter sections. In the preferred embodiment, filters TF2 108 and TF3 110 are both preferably implemented using second-order unity gain analog filters, and the signal from the second-order sections are combined by analog summing resistors (R37 and R41 for TF2 108, and R3 and R1 for TF3 110). Second-order unity gain analog filters are a particularly simple and cost-effective way to implement the desired transfer functions. Such unity-gain sections give very sharp cutoffs and also prevent unwanted "gain buildup" within long chains of filter elements, thereby reducing the likelihood of nonlinear saturation effects and distortion. The second-order filters minimize the presence of unwanted environmental noise (ex. voice, air-conditioner noise, etc.). Previously-used low-order filters (typically having only a single pole) were ineffective in eliminating "ambient noise" contamination. Also, previous filter circuits were aimed at achieving simple low-pass or high-pass effects, not the shaped transfer functions of this invention.
The overall frequency response of the stethoscope is also affected by other components such as the microphone, speaker, tubing, etc. To account for these effects which might undesirably affect the overall frequency response of the stethoscope, resistors R1, R3, R37 and R41 can be adjusted to compensate for variations caused by these other components. This adjustment results in an overall frequency response that closely approximates that of the filters.
Electronic switch 112 determines which of the three filter outputs are passed on to power amplifier 114. Electronic switch 112 is preferably implemented using a quad analog switch part number 74LV4066D available from Philips Corporation. Electronic switch 112 is controlled by sequential switching circuitry 132 which is in turn controlled by power/mode switch 130. Power-mode switch 130 is preferably a single push-button switch which, in combination with switching circuitry 132, allows the user to both power on the stethoscope, make mode selections, and manually turn off the stethoscope. Switching circuitry 132, which preferably includes dual D flip-flops IC8, transistors Q2 and Q3 and associated circuit components, tracks the depressions of power/mode switch 130 an provides appropriate sequential control to switch 112. Mode indicators 134 are preferably three high efficiency LEDs and associated circuit components each of which indicates one of the three possible operational modes, broadband, diaphragm or bell, as provided by the respective filter circuits TF1 106, TF2 108 or TF3 110, respectively.
The selected filter signal is passed through a 1000 Hz low pass filter to attenuate electronic noise and further reduce amplification of ambient noise. Power amplifier 114 is a low power audio amplifier which provides differential speaker outputs to the speaker 116. The power amplifier is preferably implemented using part number MC34119, "Low Power Audio Amplifier", available from Motorola Corporation.
The circuit is preferably powered using a single, commonly available AAA battery 124. Voltage regulator 122 provides DC--DC conversion of the power from the battery and also filters and regulates the voltage supplied to the circuit. In the preferred embodiment, voltage regulator 122 is an integrated circuit implemented using part number ML4890, "High Efficiency Low Ripple Boost Regulator", available from MicroLinear Corporation.
Voltage regulator 122 can operate over a wide range of voltage (energy) from the AAA battery, as low as 1.0 volts and possibly as low as 0.8 volts or a wide range of power availability caused by quality or shelf aging of the battery. The voltage regulator 122 supplies a constant voltage to the stethoscope such that sound quality and gain are not affected by the battery condition or voltage. Thus the instrument will perform effectively deep into the end-of-life of the battery power source. Voltage regulator 122 further functions as a buffer and filter which isolates switching noise and ripple noise emanating from the DC--DC converter, the battery, or the battery connection system and other noise that would adversely affect sound quality of the instrument.
In an alternate embodiment, voltage regulator 122 is implemented using a DC--DC step-up converter in series with a linear regulator. The DC--DC converter drives the linear regulator to reduce switching noise and ripple noise on the regulated output. This implementation effectively reduces the output noise of the voltage regulator 122 to 5 mV. The linear regulator thus supplies a constant, filtered voltage to the stethoscope such that sound quality and gain are not affected by battery condition or voltage.
Variable resistor R19 allows the user to adjust the volume of the resulting body sounds as heard through the stethoscope. Preferably, the middle range provided by variable resistor R19 is about unity gain (i.e., no amplification or attenuation of the incoming signal as compared to an acoustic stethoscope). This allows the electronic stethoscope to emulate the performance of an acoustic scope in that, in at least one volume setting, the output level is about equal to that of a traditional acoustic stethoscope. To further enhance the user's ability to hear the sounds of interest, the variable resistor R19 allows enhancement (amplification) or quieting (attenuation) of the amplitude and thus the volume of the signal output of speaker 116.
Low battery detection/shutoff circuit 126 is preferably implemented using a 1.15 volt voltage detector, part number S-8051ANR-NB, available from Seiko Corporation, which in combination with associated circuit components monitors the power output of the battery 124. When low power levels are detected (e.g., less than 1.15 volts in the preferred embodiment) the low battery indicator 128 is illuminated to inform the user that battery power is low and that the battery should soon be replaced. In an alternate embodiment, low battery detection/shutdown circuit 126 causes power to be removed from the stethoscope when the battery voltage is less than 1.0 volts.
Automatic shut down circuit 118 automatically removes power from the stethoscope after it has not been used for a preselected period of time. Counter IC7 is connected through transistor Q1 to power/mode switch 130. Each time the stethoscope is powered on, counter IC7 is reset, and begins to count up to a number equivalent to a preselected period of time. In an alternate embodiment, each time the power/mode switch 130 is depressed, counter IC7 is reset, and begins to count up to a number equivalent to a preselected period of time. In the preferred embodiment, the preselected period of time is about 3 minutes. To provide for the preferred preselected period of time, the counter output Q13 is connected through Q1 to the shutdown pin on voltage regulator 122. Once the counter counts up, the output Q13 goes high, thus causing voltage regulator 122 to shut down which removes power from the circuit.
FIG. 5 shows the preferred stethoscope chestpiece 12. Chestpiece 12 preferably includes a raised center portion 26, indented gripping surfaces 28 and 30 which, in combination with protruding edges 28 and 31 and surface 32 form the indented impressions with which the user can securely, easily, and comfortably grasp the chestpiece using the thumb and one or more fingers. The preferred stethoscope chestpiece 12 is more completely described in copending and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application, filed on even date herewith, and entitled "ERGONOMETRIC STETHOSCOPE CHESTPIECE", which is incorporated herein by reference.
The chestpiece 12 includes power/mode switch 130 and rotary control 58 for adjustment of the volume of the stethoscope as described above. Mode indicators 134 are preferably LEDs 62, 64, and 66. Alternatively, the mode indicator 134 is a small LCD or other type of display screen to further reduce power consumption. Each LED 62, 64 and 66 is associated with a different one of the preferred three operational modes, idealized diaphragm, idealized bell, and wideband. The LED 62, 64 or 66 associated with the current operational mode of the stethoscope is illuminated to provide visual indication to the user regarding the current operational mode of the stethoscope.
Although specific embodiments have been shown and described herein for purposes of illustration of exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill that a wide variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations designed to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention. It shall be understood that different hardware embodiments could be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and described herein. The circuit could be implemented on a single hybrid or monolithic integrated circuit, for example. Those of ordinary skill will readily appreciate that the present invention could be implemented in a wide variety of embodiments. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the preferred embodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is intended that this invention be defined by the claims and the equivalents thereof.
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|US20020183874 *||Apr 29, 2002||Dec 5, 2002||The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of||Auscultatory training system|
|US20030147540 *||Feb 4, 2002||Aug 7, 2003||Doran Oster||Microphone emulation|
|US20040037429 *||Aug 23, 2002||Feb 26, 2004||Candioty Victor A.||Stethoscope|
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|US20050157887 *||Nov 15, 2002||Jul 21, 2005||Kim Jong-Soo||System for outputting acoustic signal from a stethoscope|
|US20080137876 *||Oct 4, 2006||Jun 12, 2008||Kassal James J||Noise rejecting electronic stethoscope|
|US20110251508 *||Jun 21, 2011||Oct 13, 2011||Kassal James J||Noise rejecting electronic stethoscope|
|WO2002032313A2 *||Oct 16, 2001||Apr 25, 2002||Bang & Olufsen Medicom A/S||Digital stethoscope|
|WO2002032313A3 *||Oct 16, 2001||Dec 5, 2002||Bang & Olufsen Medicom As||Digital stethoscope|
|U.S. Classification||381/67, 181/131, D24/134, 181/126, 181/137|
|Nov 27, 1995||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MINNES
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DIEKEN, ALAN P.;DUFRESNE, JOEL R.;HULSE, DANIEL V.;REEL/FRAME:007794/0293
Effective date: 19951127
|Aug 15, 2003||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 15, 2007||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 13, 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


I had a flight @ LDRS using a RDAS with the GPS ecpansion board. I downloaded the flight data from the RDAS with no problems but cannot get the GPS data to download. I see an index entry for the flight but when I try to download the data, I get a communications error durinmg the download.
It looks like the data will start to doenload OK but after many retries the download will quit. I've gotten as far as 50% of the data downloaded before the communucations error but that its!
Is there anything special aboiut the ribbon cable used to connect the GPS board with the RDAS unit. I'm not using a ribbon cable I made myself.


In a great condition, tested and functional
Great amplifier made by well known and reputable audio equipment manufacturer from Japan. Pioneer SA-6200 made in 1974 - at the time, the best audio devices were produced. Beautiful sound, audiophile, detailed, especially when listening to music from the turntable (has two phono inputs).
Technically in a good condition, everything works very well, no random noises.
Visually in a very good condition - all is visible in the pictures.
Shipping by a courier with a tracking option (Europe - continent). The rest of the World
via Poczta Polska (Polish post).The item will be very well packed! I warmly invite you to participate in the bidding.
The SA-6200 is Pioneer's medium powered, versatile stereo integrated amplifier.
It features an equaliser amplifier section with extra wide dynamic range signal acceptability, extended frequency response and wide power bandwidth with low distortion.
It handles up to 2 pairs of speaker systems, 2 turntables, 2 tape decks (for easy tape to tape dubbing), as well as 2 auxiliary sound sources and a microphone. Pre and power amplifier sections may be separated and used independently.
Power output: 15 watts per channel into 8Ω (stereo)
Frequency response: 15Hz to 80kHz
Total harmonic distortion: 0.5%
Damping factor: 30
Input sensitivity: 7.5mV (mic), 2.5mV (MM), 150mV (line)
Signal to noise ratio: 90dB (line)
Dimensions: 415 x 132 x 328 mm
Weight: 9.4 kg
|Member since:||February 8, 2017|
The seller will ship the item(s) within 3 working days after receiving confirmation of payment.
Shipping costs are for mainland destinations only.
|Rest of Europe||$42.91|
Question about this lot?


5G / LTE
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- Magic Office - Setup
- Advanced Downloads for LTE devices
- 3G / 4G (LTE) cards / dongles and VPN
- Firmware to (re)flash LTE3302-M432
- Getting started with the WAH7608
- How can I find the optimized position for my LTE device using the LTE ALLY app?
- How do I configure carrier aggregation on the WAH7706 (LTE4506)?


FCC Interference Statement This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. NOTE This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules.
The Specifications of ZSR0104C Series 1 RJ-45 10/100Mbps Ethernet Port 4 RJ-45 10/100Mbps Ethernet Ports Reload Button Reloading Factory Default Settings Client OS Support Win95/98/ME/2000/NT/XP/Mac/ Linux/Unix Configuration User-Friendly Web Configuration Tool Firewall Preventing Hacker’s Scan/Preventing DoS/Service Filter/Stateful Packet Inspection/IP Filter/MAC Filter Network Address Translation DHCP Client Obtaining a Dynamic WAN IP Address from ISP...
Table of Contents FCC Interference Statement...ii The Specifications of ZSR0104C SERIES... iii Chapter 1 Introduction... 1 1.1 The ZSR0104C SERIES Broadband Switch Router .1 1.2 Physical Features of ZSR0104C SERIES ...1 1.3 Non-Physical Features of ZSR0104C SERIES...1 1.4 Package Checklist...3 1.5 Installation Requirements ...3...
3.2 Connect Ethernet Hub/Switch to ZSR0104C SERIES 7 3.3 Connect Wireless Access Point to ZSR0104C SERIES 7 3.4 Connect Cable/xDSL Modem to ZSR0104C SERIES7 3.5 Power up ZSR0104C SERIES ...8 Chapter 4 Use Your ZSR0104C SERIES ... 8 4.1 Check the Web Proxy...8 4.2 Wizard Setup...8 A.
Anti PING and TCP/UDP Echo Attack ...31 Application Filter ...32 URL Filter ...32 6.1 Troubleshooting ...34 Router’s Hardware Failure...35 Failed Connection between ZSR0104C SERIES and Client PC ...35 Failed Connection on ZSR0104C SERIES’s WAN Side ...36 DNS (Domain Name System) Failure ...36 6.2 Forget Password? ...36...
User’s Manual. 1.1 The ZSR0104C SERIES Broadband Switch Router ZSR0104C SERIES Broadband Switch Router is the ideal router for sharing a single IP address with multiple users, providing firewall security, and accessing WAN with high speed for Home and SOHO (Small Office and Home Office) needs.
LAN clients. Therefore the LAN clients “share” the only one WAN IP address, and it is called Broadband Switch. ‧ Firewall ZSR0104C SERIES provides prevents Ping and TCP/UDP Echo Attack, Hacker’s Scan, and Denial of Service (DoS). Also it offers Service Filter and URL Filter (by Keyword). ‧...
1.4 Package Checklist Please check the package contents of ZSR0104C SERIES to verify that you have received the items below. (Figure 1-1) One ZSR0104C SERIES Broadband Switch Router One Straight-Through Ethernet Cables One AC Power Adapter 7.5V / 0.7 A)
concepts of ZSR0104C SERIES. Enjoy your use of ZSR0104C SERIES! Organization of This User’s Manual Chapter 1, Introduction It briefly describes the features of ZSR0104C SERIES. Chapter 2, Get to Know the Hardware It explains the LED and port functions on the front and back panels. Chapter 3, Install Your ZSR0104C SERIES It explains the hardware setup.
Chapter 2 Get to Know The Hardware This Chapter explains ZSR0104C SERIES LED and Port functions. 2.1 LED Indicators ZSR0104CP Front Panel ZSR0104C Front Panel Device Indicators Power: The Power LED illuminates whenever ZSR0104C SERIES is powered on. Status: The Status LED will be continuously on when the power is supplied. It takes around 15 seconds to boot.
2.2 Back Panel On the back panel, ZSR0104C SERIES has 4 RJ-45 10/100Mbps Ethernet LAN ports, and 1 RJ-45 10/100Mbps Ethernet WAN port. In addition, it has a Reload button and a Power Connector (7.5V 0.7A). (Figure 2-2) ZSR0104CP Rear Panel ZSR0104C Rear Panel 1.
SERIES power adapter into the power outlet. Step 3. It takes around 15 seconds to reset. The Power LED will turn on Green initially. Wait for it becomes Red then release the Reset button. Step 4. Try to connect http://192.168.1.1/ via your Web browser. Use the user name “admin” and the password “admin ”...
The WAN and LAN 100 LED will be continuously on when the transmission mode is 100Mbps. It will be off when the transmission mode is in 10Mbps. Please use the correct AC adapter. It may cause damage to the router if An improper AC adapter was used.
Step1. Launch a web browser on your client PC connected to ZSR0104C SERIES. Then point the Web browser to http://192.168.1.1 (http://192.168.1.1 is ZSR0104C SERIES default IP address.) If the router IP address was configured with different IP address, use the configured IP address instead of 192.168.1.1. Please make sure your computer IP address is located in the same subnet of the router IP address.
You will see 4 options as followed. If Internet access is through the cable modem, Please click the selection button of the “Cable Modem ”. Then click “Next” button. A. Cable Modem Connection Two option fields might be required to enter by some Internet Service Providers. a.
The default WAN Setting of ZSR0104C SERIES is Cable Modem Connection without Host Name and MAC Clone If you don’t know the MAC address of your Network Interface Card, follow the steps to obtain the information. The MAC address information might be helpful when you need to use MAC Clone.
Fixed - IP is a WAN access type provided by some Internet Service Providers. You need to enter the information of IP address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, Primary DNS Server, and Secondary DNS Server. C. PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) Connection If Internet access is through the PPPoE, please click the selection button of The”...
Idle Time field: If the Idle Time was specified with non-zero number, ZSR0104C SERIES router disconnects the PPPoE session after there was no data traffic on WAN interface within the specified “Idle Time” minutes. c. Auto-reconnect field: Once there is any outgoing data traffic, the router automatically re-establishes the PPPoE session.
Idle Time field: If the Idle Time was specified with non-zero number, ZSR0104C SERIES router disconnects the PPTP session after there was no data traffic on WAN interface within the specified “Idle Time” minutes. b. Auto-reconnect field: Once there is any outgoing data traffic, the router automatically re-establishes the PPTP session.
IP address, use the configured address. Make sure the computer IP address locates at the same subnet as router address. Press “Enter” key after typing the router IP address. The status menu appears and shows the current system status and all available settings.
Click the “Advanced Setup “ (see Figure 4 – 2) and will be displayed, Figure 5 - 1. Step 3. The Router Status screen will show up and tell the current WAN and LAN IP settings of your ZSR0104C SERIES, including IP address, Subnet Mask, Gateway, Primary DNS, and Secondary DNS.
5.3 Time Click the “System/Time” button, will see the Figure 5-3 If you want to assign the timeserver, enter the IP address then click “Apply” button to save. If sntp server gets time from network, the system time will display now time, else time is NULL. Local time means the pc’s time, you can also set the pc’s time for system time.
Click the check mark of the “Allow administration from WAN side with port” to enable the remote access the NAT router. You can change the HTTP server default port number, 80, to any number in the range 1 to 65535 if it is desired or the port 80 of a virtual server is enabled.
• The network connection from the computer to the NAT router, which is targeted for the firmware upgrade. To make a local network connection, user can plug one end of Ethernet cable into the computer’s Ethernet port and the other end of cable to the NAT router’s one of four LAN ports.
Through the “Choose file” menu, locate the latest router firmware and open it. For example, the latest firmware file, zonet_2004.bin, is located and opened, the file name will appear at the entry of the firmware file name. Step 3. Click the “Apply” icon from the firmware upgrade page After clicking the “Apply”...
If click the “OK”, will appear firmware upgrade programming page, please wait for 35 seconds, the Nat will restart. When the firmware update is in process, please do not plug out the power adapter of ZSR0104C SERIES. The sudden disconnection of power supply may damage the flash hardware and cause the malfunction of ZSR0104C SERIES.
button on the confirmation page to make the ZSR0104C SERIES reboot. (See Figure 5 - 6) Figure 5 – 5 Figure 5 – 6 After clicking the OK button, Please remember: use 192.168.1.1 to access web page after reboot”. 5.7 Dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) If ZSR0104C SERIES acquired its WAN IP address via the DHCP or PPPoE schemes, its IP address is likely different from previous one after ZSR0104C SERIES is rebooted or PPPoE session is re-established.
Step 1. Select DDNS service provider. ZSR0104C SERIES supports two DDNS service providers, www.dyndns.org. Browse the DDNS service provider’s web page and register a new account there. Your DDNS service provider will provide you the account ID and password. Step 2. Go through the DDNS settings in ZSR0104C SERIES DDNS section. Select one DDNS service provider, and fill in the necessary information form DDNS service provider such as ID, password, and related settings etc.
If dyndns.org was selected, User Name, Password and Host Name are mandatory; Enable Wildcard, Mail Exchanger and Backup MX are optional. Step 3. Update the IP address. When WAN public IP address changes, ZSR0104C SERIES will automatically inform your DDNS service provider the new IP address, or you can force the IP address update by clicking the Update button.
receive the same LAN IP address, when ZSR0104C SERIES assigns IP addresses in the next time. The Pool Range of Assigned IP Address When DHCP is enabled, you can assign a group of LAN IP addresses. The group is called as “the pool.”...
5. DHCP Client List When DHCP is enabled. Will see how many DHCP clients get IP address form the NAT. If you want to enable DHCP in your PC, refer to A.1 Enable DHCP in Your PC in Appendix A: Configure TCP/IP in Your PC.
As illustrated as above, when ZSR0104C SERIES obtains traffic of Port 21 from the Internet, it will forward it to the FTP server with LAN IP address 192.168.1.2. If ZSR0104C SERIES receives traffic of Port 80, it will re-direct it to the Web server with LAN IP 192.168.0.3. To enable Virtual server, enter the port number to specify the service type, and the server’s LAN IP address for the traffic destination.
You can set up your personal computer or network-ready device to be a public or local DMZ hosts. In general, Internet applications use only one unique port and can pass through a NAT Router by enabling Virtual Server. However, some special applications need to implement multiple ports, port ranges, dynamically assigned ports, and special protocols. ZSR0104C SERIES can support the transparent pass-through of these special applications, such as FTP, NetMeeting/H.323, MSN Messenger, etc.
illustrated Then you will be able to communicate with your friend via NetMeeting. Besides, the other LAN clients behind ZSR0104C SERIES are still protected by its firewall, and the traffic initiated from the Internet is denied to access these LAN clients To activate Local DMZ Host, please check the Enable item and assign the LAN IP address of the LAN host.
To enable Public DMZ Host, check Enable below Public DMZ Host and enter the public IP address of the device you want to assign as the Public DMZ Host. Then click the button Apply to make your settings take effect. The server in the Public DMZ is not protected by ZSR0104C SERIES firewall.
3. URL Filter If you want to restrict your LAN clients from accessing certain websites, enter the keywords of the websites in the blank. ZSR0104C SERIES will examine the packet information when receiving the packet with port 80 from the WAN. If it finds the listed keywords, it will drop the packet and LAN clients cannot obtain the information from the website.
Checked this item, the LAN client can access to the following services. For example, forwarding port 21.The LAN client only can access ftp in the Internet. Please refer to Appendix B: Common Port Numbers. 5. MAC Filter A. Disable Checked this item, the LAN client can access to Internet. B.
PC, the possible reasons could be as followed. Please check them in the following sequence. Router’s Hardware Failure. Failed Connection between ZSR0104C SERIES and Client PCs. Failed Connection on the ZSR0104C SERIES WAN Side.
Please refer to the solution for each reason and solve your problem. If the problem persists, please contact our authorized distributor or dealer for technical support. 1. Router’s Hardware Failure Solution: 1. Make sure the Power adapter is securely plugged into a power outlet and Power LED is 2.
3. Failed Connection on ZSR0104C SERIES WAN Side Solution: 1. Check if the WAN link/act LED is continuously on or flashing. 2. Verify that your WAN access type and the corresponding information are the same as the datasheet provided by your Internet Service Provider. 4.
Appendix A: A.1 Disable Web Proxy When the Web Proxy is disabled, your Web browser can obtain information from ZSR0104C SERIES without the Web Proxy block. This section is divided into 4 parts as followed, “Disable Web Proxy for Windows 95/98/ME/2000/NT,” “Disable Web Proxy for Windows XP,” “Disable Web Proxy for Mac,”...
Step 2. Click the Connections tab. Press the LAN Settings... button. (Figure A -22) Step 3. Verify the item “Use a proxy server” is not checked. Then click the OK button to close each the Internet Options window. (Figure A-23) Figure A–22 Figure A–23 Page 38...
D. B. Netscape Step 1. Open Netscape and click the Stop button. Choose Edit and then click Preferences... A Preferences window will pop up. (Figure A-24) Step 2. In Category, find Proxies under the advanced item. (Figure A-25) Figure A–24 Figure A–25 Page 39...
Step 3. Check Direct connection to the Internet. Then click the OK button. (Figure A-26) 2. For Windows XP If you use Windows XP, follow the steps to disable Web Proxy in your Web browser. A. Internet Explorer Step 1. Open Internet Explorer and click the Stop button. Choose Tools and then click Internet Options.
Step 2. Click the Connections tab. Press the LAN Settings... button. (Figure A-28) Step 3. Verify that the item Use a proxy server for your LAN is unchecked. Then click the OK button to close each the Internet Options window. (Figure A-29) Figure A–28 Figure A–29 Page 41...
B. Netscape Step 1. Open Netscape and click the Stop button. Choose Edit and then click Preferences... A Preferences window will pop up. (Figure A-30) Step 2. Choose Proxies under the advanced item. (Figure A-31) Figure A–30 Figure A–31 Page 42...
Step 3. Check Direct connection to the Internet. Then click the OK button. (Figure A-32) 3. For MAC The instructions are based on Mac OS 8.5. It is similar to Mac OS 7.x and above. Follow the steps to disable the Web Proxy. G.
Verify IP settings in your client computer to make sure the network is working and learn your client PC’s LAN IP address and your ZSR0104C SERIES Router’s IP address. This section is divided into 5 parts, including “Verify IP Settings for Windows 95/98/ME,” “Verify IP Settings for Windows 2000/NT 4.0,”...
Step 2. Run the WINIPCFG command. (Figure A-34) Step 3. To release the previous IP settings in your computer, choose your network interface card in the menu. Then click the Release button. (Figure A-35) Step 4. To obtain new IP settings from WPD –140, click the Renew button. As listed below, the IP address is your client computer’s LAN IP address, and the Default Gateway is ZSR0104C SERIES IP address.
2. For Windows 2000 /NT If you use Windows 2000 or NT, follow the steps to verify the IP settings in your client PC. The steps and screenshots here are based on Windows 2000. It is similar to the other Windows Operating System.
Step 3. To release the previous IP settings in your computer, run the command “ipconfig / release.” (Figure A-39) Step 4. To obtain new IP settings from WPD –140, run “ipconfig / renew.” As listed below, the IP address is your client computer’s LAN IP address, and the Default Gateway is ZSR0104C SERIES IP address.
3. For Windows XP If you use Windows XP, follow the steps to verify the IP settings in your client computer. Step 1. Go through the path “Start→Run.”(Figure A-41) Step 2. Enter command and press the OK button. (Figure A-42) Step 3.
Step 4. To obtain new IP settings from WPD –140, run “ipconfig / renew.” As listed below, the IP address is your client computer’s LAN IP address, and the Default Gateway is ZSR0104C SERIES IP address. Make sure that your IP Address is 192.168.1.xxx (xxx ranges from 2 to 254), your Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0, and your Default Gateway is 192.168.1.1.
“route –n”, the IP address of your Default Gateway will be displayed. It means your router’s IP address. Make sure that your IP address is 192.168.1.xxx (xxx ranges from 2 to 254), your Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0, and your Default gateway is 192.168.1.1. These values confirm that your ZSR0104C SERIES is functioning.
It is a kind of TCP/IP protocol that sends the error message, the control message, and the information messages to a network device. For instance, a router uses ICMP to notify the sender that its destination node is not available. A ping utility can send ICMP echo request to verify the existence of an IP address, too.
‧ RJ-45 Connector It is a connector that connects Ethernet devices via an Ethernet cable. ‧ Router It is a network device that divides a large network into small sub-networks, and that transmits packets with a routing table. ‧ Server A server is the computer that enables its clients to access files stored in it, to make printing, and to communicate within the same Ethernet network.
‧ Virtual Server (Port Forwarding) A NAT Router can function as a Virtual Server that can forward the service packet specified with a port number to the LAN host specified by the LAN IP address. In other words, ZSR0104C SERIES can open the port for the service with specified port number and then “forward”...


This post was originally published on this site
Television viewers in Seattle can now get a taste of the future as ONE Media 3.0, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sinclair Broadcast Group, has combined both television and radio services for delivery in Seattle using the NextGen TV standard.
Consumers can now receive both television and radio programming in the new format. Using radio content from its over-the-top Internet service, STIRR, the audio channels will be available for free immediately to anyone with a NextGen television set connected to the web. Included among the radio channels will be Stingray Hits List, Stingray Hot Country, Stingray Latin Hits and a dozen others. The new service coincides with the launch of seven television stations using the new digital standard.
Piloted by ONE Media 3.0 in Nashville, NextGen radio services, branded as “STIRR XT,” are now available in Seattle. ONE Media says the new technology brings a new “age of radio” into the listening environment of NextGen viewers by using NextGen-enabled TVs and mobile devices to expand the reach of audio services. Combining these Internet audio services with over-the-air radio is next on the horizon for the Seattle market.
Michael Bouchard, ONE Media’s VP of technology strategy, said: “This breakthrough technology lays the groundwork for our future plans of enhancing the reception of terrestrial over-the-air radio services throughout the country, as NextGen TV is deployed by broadcasters everywhere.”
The STIRR radio channels (along with some STIRR video channels) will be available immediately to anyone with a NextGen TV connected to the Internet.


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The Lightning cable works just like the one for the iPhone 5, iPod Touch, and all other Lightning-enable devices. The cord is easier to plug in, but the connector requires new cables for video-out and camera-photo-importing functions.
October 30, 2012 6:00 PM PDT
Photo by: CNET
| Caption by: Scott Stein
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The VDO-5300W Internet Camera is an advanced security system that allows you
to watch and listen remotely. This full-featured camera connects to an Ethernet
network in a building or campus, to broadband Internet as well as to a wireless
local area network (WLAN).
It provides you with high-quality video and
audio. Equipped with built-in Web server, a micro-phone for listening, and a
motor for rotation, this camera can be panned and tilted remotely, accessed and
controlled from any PC/Notebook over a local network or through the Internet.
With motion detected image recording, time-saving trigger event playback, alert
message and powerful software for multi-camera monitoring and management, this
camera provides a comprehensive system for convenient surveillance from both a
local site or remotely from anywhere in the world.
This Internet Camera
comes with a built-in CPU and Web server, providing a low-cost solution for
security needs. Its integrated Web server eliminates the need to connect the
camera to a computer. Once installed, you use the built-in IP address to gain
access to the camera, view live streaming video, and make changes to camera
You can install your camera at home then view the images from
anywhere in the world on a computer running Internet Explorer. Directly
connected to the Internet without going through any computer, this camera is
simple to install and easily integrates with your network
The camera is mounted on a motor for rotation to capture
images from different angles. From a remote site, you can manually rotate the
camera's horizontal and vertical movements. The camera movement angles can also
be set up for automatic panning and tilting in rotation according a pre-set
Surveillance software is included to let you view up to 16
cameras on a single computer screen at one central location. Images can be
recorded to your computer's hard drive manually or according to a pre-set
schedule. The camera can be connected to external alarms and sensors, and you
can set up automated email alerts for sending through the Internet to alarm you
instantly of all unusual happenings.
Instead of recording 24 hours a day,
7 days a week, images can also be recorded only when motions are detected. This
saves disk space and eliminates the time wasted to view unnecessary images.
Images can be directly archived straight to your computer hard drive or to a
Network Attached Storage. Playback consumes little time with triggered event
browsing and fast database searching.
The camera uses MPEG-4 Short Header
Mode to stream live video at up to 30 frames per second for real-time viewing. A
built-in microphone allows you to listen while watching live images. The camera
can also be attached to an external, more powerful microphone and a TV in a
private room, where you can monitor streaming images and listen to surveillance
The camera provides a 10/100BASE-TX port for connection to an
Ethernet network without going through any PC for cost-effective surveillance in
and around a building. This Ethernet port can also be used to connect to a
broadband Internet via a home gateway router. It also provides an 802.11b+
wireless LAN interface, allowing you to do surveillance wirelessly in and around
a building from a PC without connection to a wired network.


Historically a cable certification PASS meant that an Ethernet cable would perform all certified tests at the tested speed. In other words, for a 1 Gb certification, a result of PASS meant that the cable would support up to 1 Gbps. At the recent Mobility Field Day (#MFD), NetAlly's CTO James Kahkoska explains why there is more to the story.
"The specifications are often misunderstood as the maximum something WILL work, when in fact, they are the limits on which the PHY MUST work. Ethernet PHYs are usually designed to perform well beyond the limits."
"How much stuff can you cram at one time?"
The LANBERT media qualification app is a testing methodology that runs on certain NetAlly network testers that can test Ethernet cable and fiber to see the maximum speeds it is capable of with respect to the ETH PHY. Can a 1Gbps certified cable actually transport 10Gbps? Often it can, resulting in significant savings using existing cable infrastructure.
Don't "Heisenberg" your network. NetAlly runs tests on one interface while test management is accessed using another. In other words, viewing a live test does not interfere with the results of the test.
Here is a test of a pair of copper ETH cables connected using a coupler. A scenario that would not pass traditional cable certification. LANBERT shows that it can carry 54 Billion frames over the course of an hour with zero errors.
1 hour test with 2 Off-the-shelf 1G ETH cables with a coupler
Result: 54 Billion frames with 0 errors
James also showed a cable test that did not pass a 1Gb certification but could transmit data at 5Gb, thus the gap between certification and reality.
Cable fails 1G cert but will pass at 5Gbps with 0 errors
It is important to note that LANBERT is not a cable certification tool. It is still recommended to use certified cable runs on installation. However, the cabling infrastructure may not need to be replaced when installing equipment capable of much faster throughput than the cable was initially certified.
How much did it cost to certify your existing installation? How much would it cost to pull all new cable and certify? What does it cost to 'LANBERT' your existing cable? A pair of LinkRunner 10G's can run a LANBERT test and cost less than the alternatives, by far.
I want to point out that James' presentation was exactly how I like presentations to be. His deep knowledge and experience with the subject allowed him to follow a set of bullet points and go. He didn't read it off a script and answered all the questions thrown at him by the delegates. He ran live demos. It was a very dynamic and educational presentation.
Bonus content: Watch James' presentation to see how your office chair may be affecting your network. Hint: ESD
Worry less about cable length and PoE. The thing to be concerned about is ESD. "It is probably the biggest thing in deploying your new n-Base-T AP's over existing cabling."
Watch the NetAlly presentations here - https://techfieldday.com/appearance/netally-presents-
ere isere iere ereereHer-mobility-field-day-6/


With news buzzing about the final beta version of its iOS 7, Apple’s (NASDAQ:AAPL) efforts to come up with a new way of sending gifts on iTunes are also causing a stir. The U.S. Patent Office published the application by Apple for a system that would enable users to send content to other users as gifts both online and via near-field communication when users weren’t accessing the Internet. It would make purchased content more easily transferable if approved.
ITunes users already have the ability to send users a gift of a song or other type of content through email or directly through the server, but this system would not require an Internet connection. The near-field communication would keep the digital-rights management authentication in place and permit transfer “to the giftee device using a peer-to-peer connection,” according to the company’s patent application.
Of course, one could make the point that peer-to-peer communication is at the moment impossible on iOS devices. So far, no reports have surfaced saying that fact will change with the launch of iOS 7, now in its sixth beta version with the grand master version headed to developers within weeks. Regarding the peer-to-peer communication system, copyright watchdogs will be happy to know that these gifts would have to be authenticated and paid for in order to have the transaction go through.


JDSU (NASDAQ: JDSU) says it now offers RFC 6349 testing as a virtualized network function (VNF). The TrueSpeed VNF software package can reduce costs and truck rolls and is interoperable with the company's hardware-based TrueSpeed capabilities contained within StrataSync-enabled T-BERD/MTS handheld network test and measurement instruments.
RFC 6349 is an IETF standard set of tests that measure the end-to-end throughput of TCP transmissions. It also enables troubleshooting of underperforming links.
Offering the TrueSpeed VNF recognizes the fact that network performance that was once predictable in a dedicated, hardware-based network appliance may now be affected in new ways when a new virtual network element is installed. For example, physical links between network equipment that previously had been accessible for monitoring and troubleshooting are being replaced by virtual interfaces, with functional connections within software in the same or different physical servers. Therefore, test capabilities must be virtualized as well.
Use of the TrueSpeed VNF has three principal benefits, JDSU says:
- It enables RFC 6349 compliance testing remotely, without the need to dispatch a field technician or dedicated test equipment.
- It enables network technicians to ensure high-quality service delivery through automated evaluation of performance between various Internet points of presence, data centers, and network handoffs. Operators can leverage their installed base of server resources to evaluate customer experience and provide actionable information.
- When field technicians need to be involved, these technicians can use TrueSpeed VNF as the far-end for their RFC 6349-compliant tests without a second device or technician.
"As networks move toward becoming virtualized, operators must access solutions that are standardized for what it takes to meet the high demands of ensuring service quality in complex virtual network settings -- TrueSpeed VNF is a game changer," said Olga Shapiro, program manager for Measurement and Instrumentation at Frost & Sullivan, a global research group. "Impressively, JDSU has broken through with the first industry-compliant test software that serves the virtualized environment. An innovation perfectly timed while NFV [network functions virtualization] and SDN [software-defined networking] stay top of mind as both challenging and promising network architectures."
"Virtualized and software-defined networks are transforming the communications industry as new building blocks that help keep pace with technology change, unpredictable data traffic, the cloud and more -- it's vital that test be virtualized, too," said Sue Spradley, senior vice president and general manager in JDSU's Network and Service Enablement business segment. "TrueSpeed VNF is a test-industry first to ignite confidence among network operators and enterprises knowing that a dynamic solution developed in close collaboration with customers will ensure quality and reliability when deploying, installing and maintaining in a virtual world."
For more information on field test equipment and suppliers, visit the Lightwave Buyer's Guide.


u-blox has launched two “explorer kits” aimed at letting product developers evaluate the potential of Bluetooth direction finding and high precision indoor positioning.
Designed for low power consumption, simple deployment, and low cost of ownership, the u-blox XPLR-AOA-1 and XPLR-AOA-2 explorer kits make it easy to test the technology’s capabilities to enable a variety of applications including access control, collision detection, smart appliances, indoor positioning, and asset tracking.
“We see huge potential for global Bluetooth ecosystem to finally deliver a low power, high precision solution for locating people and things indoors,” says Erik Carlberg, Senior Product Manager, Product Center Short Range, at u-blox. “We look forward to engaging with early adopters of the technology and fine-tuning our solution, expanding the positioning expertise of u-blox into the indoor environment.”
Bluetooth direction-finding makes it possible to determine the direction that radio signals travel from a mobile tag to one or several fixed anchor points. Using angle-of-arrival (AoA) technology, anchor points comprising an antenna array that is connected to a Bluetooth receiver can detect the direction, or angle, to the mobile tag, which transmits a Bluetooth signal. When a constellation of such multi-antenna anchors is deployed, AoA technology can be used to triangulate the precise location of a mobile device or tag.
Both explorer kits use the u-blox NINA-B4 Bluetooth 5.1 low energy module featuring Nordic Semiconductor’s nRF52833 Bluetooth® Low Energy System-on-Chip (SoC). Running on the SoC’s embedded MCU, u-blox u-connectLocate software calculates the angles of the incoming signals with no additional processing required. In the case of the XPLR-AOA-2, a positioning engine software is included to triangulate the position of the tag.
To provide a great experience for the end-user, u-blox is partnering with Traxmate, whose enterprise asset tracking platform is supported by XPLR-AOA-2. This solution offers a hardware-agnostic, cloud-based tracking system that makes it easier to set up the tracking environment, create buildings, upload floor plans, and specify the placement of the anchor points.
Users can use their offering to track the location of assets in real-time via the web or a dedicated smartphone app.


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This post is regarding sending our own data from an external audio codec to the Kintex-7 FPGA kit and then to the ad-fmcomms1 with NO-OS support. Go through the various threads with similar content I have planned to proceed in the following way:
1) Disconnect the DDS blocks in the AD9122 PCORE.
2) My own audio data from the codec which has been processed in the FPGA (say FIR filtering) will be converted into an IP core.
3) Then my custom IP core should have a FIFO interface to the AD9122 PCORE where my IP core should be sending data to the FIFO interface which in turn will send 64 bits of data in one 'dac_clk_div' clock cycle which turns out be 125 MHz to the PCORE. Inside the PCORE the 64 bits of data ( 'I' sample) goes to the SERDES which will serialize the data and send 16 bits of data at 'dac_clk' clock rate which is 500 MHz to the DAC.
My doubt is regarding point 3. Have I have understood the functioning of the AD9122 PCORE correctly by going through the materials and various answered questions in the forum?
Once this is done what other changes have to be made especially in the 'C' code?


SIP ALG source address translation
When a SIP call is started by a phone on a private network destined for a phone on the Internet, only source address translation is required. The phone on the private network attempts to contact the actual IP address of the phone on the Internet. However, the source address of the phone on the private network is not routable on the Internet so the SIP ALG must translate all private IP addresses in the SIP message into public IP addresses.
To configure the FortiGate for source address translation you add security policy that accepts sessions from the internal network destined for the Internet. You must enable NAT for the security policy and add a VoIP profile.
When a SIP request is received from the internal to the external network, the SIP ALG replaces the private network IP addresses and port numbers in the SIP message with the IP address of the FortiGate interface connected to the Internet. Depending on the content of the message, the ALG translates addresses in the Via:, Contact:, Route:, and Record-Route: SIP header fields. The message is then forwarded to the destination (either a VoIP phone or a SIP server on the Internet).
The VoIP phone or server in the Internet sends responses to these SIP messages to the external interface of the FortiGate. The addresses in the response messages are translated back into private network addresses and the response is forwarded to the originator of the request.
For the RTP communication between the SIP phones, the SIP ALG opens pinholes to allow media through the FortiGate on the dynamically assigned ports negotiated based on information in the SDP and the Via:, Contact:, and Record-Route: header fields. The pinholes also allow incoming packets to reach the Contact:, Via:, and Record-Route: IP addresses and ports. When processing return traffic, the SIP ALG inserts the original Contact:, Via:, Route:, and Record-Route: SIP fields back into the packets.
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BBC Radio 1 listeners will be able to send the radio station free picture messages from their mobile phones for the first time on Friday 11th December, as part of its 'Access All Areas' week.
Listeners in the United Kingdom will be able to send free picture messages to the BBC Radio 1 messaging number (81199), for a chance to see their images featured on the BBC Radio 1 website.
Mobile industry trade body, The Mobile Data Association (MDA), brought together each of the UK’s major mobile network operators to form a partnership with the BBC which aims to get more young people involved with the station. The MDA has also launched an educational website with the long-term aim of helping people to send picture messages: http://www.getsettings.org.
Ben Chapman, Interactive Editor at BBC Radio 1, said: “Our goal is to mix the listeners’ picture messages with images of our DJs in an innovative way, so they all follow the theme of a well known piece of music. It’s a brilliant opportunity for Radio 1 to produce interactive content while explaining how to get the most out of mobile phones, and it encourages more interaction with our DJs.”
Martin Ballard, Operations Director at the MDA, said: “BBC Radio 1’s Picture Messaging Day should provide a springboard to generate further interest in the medium. Our getsettings website aims to address configuration issues around older handsets in circulation and SIM-only contracts. But the emergence of increasingly sophisticated and affordable devices means users can begin to capitalise on the rich mobile messaging facilities which are now available, as they did with text messaging at the beginning of the decade.
”Getsettings will provide a single unified hub of settings information for the Picture Messaging Day and into the future.”
WIN plc, a leading enabler of mobile media, entertainment and data services, is providing the technology which allows picture messages to be received and managed by the BBC.
For more information please contact, Tamsin Morgan, BBC Radio 1, 0207 765 5460 or Mark Hawkins, MDA, 07949 023795.
Notes to Editors:
About the picture messaging day
1. The following networks are participating and have agreed to provide free picture messages to the Radio1 text number 81199 for the day: 3, O2, Orange, T-Mobile, Tesco Mobile, Vodafone and Virgin Media.
2, This does not include pictures sent from Eire, the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.
3. Only picture messages sent to the Radio 1 text number 81199 between midnight Thursday 10th December and midnight Friday 11th December will be free.
4. Mobile handsets with integrated cameras should all be able to send picture messages. Most phones are now instantly set up to send picture messages 'out of the box'.
5. Mobile handsets which have been used on a different network or are being used with ‘SIM only’ contracts might need to have the correct settings installed. These are available from the Mobile Network Operators' websites or further information and links are available at http://www.getsettings.org.
6. Customers must have Picture Messaging (or MMS) included in their contracts (pre pay or post pay) and Picture Messaging must be enabled on their handsets.
About The Mobile Data Association
The MDA reflects the common voice of the mobile data industry. The longest established dedicated Mobile trade association in the UK promotes the use and benefits of mobile data throughout industry and business. Press, regular industry conferences and seminars, and the operation of websites (www.themda.org and www.text.it) help promote a high level of awareness amongst users and advisers, directly influencing operational management.
In addition, the Association provides a forum for members of the industry to meet and share information on technical and business issues.
Tamsin Morgan, BBC Radio 1
0207 765 5460
Mark Hawkins, Mobile Data Association