Construction of the sophisticated plasmodesmata was linked to C4 photosynthesis, and plasmodesmata assembly finished more rapidly in maize mutants with defective C4 pathways than in wild-type plants. Aggregative movement of M chloroplasts in field-grown finger millet and maize in midsummer. ABA, which is a signal transducer in response to environmental stresses, is proposed to function as a trigger for the chloroplast movements in C4 and CAM plants. Mesophyll chloroplasts are randomly distributed along cell walls, whereas bundle sheath chloroplasts are located close to the vascular tissues or mesophyll cells depending on the plant species. S1, S2). Just as the M and BS chloroplasts are structurally and functionally differentiated, so their intracellular orientation is also different: M chloroplasts of all C4 species are randomly distributed along the cell walls, while BS chloroplasts are typically located in the centripetal position (close to the vascular tissue, as in finger millet) or the centrifugal position (close to M cells, as in maize). So who is right? Autofluorescence of chloroplasts was excited with the 543 nm wavelength of a HeNe laser and imaged using an LP560 longpass filter. 2002). 4B). with mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells in two concentric layers. Inoue and Shibata (1974) reported that absorbance of leaves from five graminaceous C4 species decreased in response to blue light (about 86 μmol quanta m−2 s−1), but the light intensity was much lower than that necessary for the obvious aggregative movement induced by white light in our experiment. Epub 2016 Oct 7. The C4 dicarboxylate cycle of photosynthetic carbon assimilation is distributed between the two cell types and acts as a CO2 pump to concentrate CO2 in the BS chloroplasts (Hatch 1999, Kanai and Edwards 1999). Another possible role of C4 M chloroplast movement is maintenance of photosynthetic activity under stress conditions. Although a fraction of the M chloroplasts did not migrate to the BS side, there is a possibility that the M chloroplasts gather to circumvent high intensity light. The M chloroplast movement in response to drought stress was also observed in maize (Supplementary Fig. 10: C3 plants possess only one CO2 acceptor. In this study, we found that M chloroplasts of C4 plants showed aggregative movement in response to strong light. The cell-specific C 4 chloroplast arrangement is established during cell maturation, and is maintained throughout the life of the cell. Therefore, it was concluded that light is required for the chloroplast movement in response to environmental stresses. M and BS cells have well developed and numerous chloroplasts. In each panel, the upper side of the leaf sections is the adaxial side. In contrast, the centripetal position of BS chloroplasts maximizes the length of the CO2 diffusion pathway between BS and M cells, and minimizes CO2 leakage from BS cells to M cells (Hattersley and Browning 1981, von Caemmerer and Furbank 2003). In C4 plants, mesophyll (M) chloroplasts are randomly distributed along the cell walls, while bundle sheath (BS) chloroplasts are typically located in either a centripetal or centrifugal position. 2004). The movement is light dependent, and evidence is provided that it is mediated by ABA. These findings suggest that M and BS cells are also differentiated regarding the control of intracellular chloroplast positioning in response to environmental changes. Although the water potential of leaf blades exposed to drought or salinity stress for 9 d was decreased to –1.83 ± 0.18 MPa or –0.80 ± 0.17 MPa (n = 4), respectively, the aggregative movement of M chloroplasts was not observed (data not shown). Scale bars = 50 μm. The leaf surface at that time was exposed to a light intensity of about 1,800 μmol m−2 s−1, which was not high enough to induce chloroplast movement in the laboratory. Under the mid-day field condition, plants were exposed to strong light and high temperature for several hours. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. The Fv/Fm values of leaf blades from finger millet and maize were 0.37 ± 0.03 and 0.41 ± 0.03, respectively and, therefore, these plants had experienced severe photoinhibition. They are composed of sectors of cells having identical genetic composition. Light-dependent intracellular positioning of mitochondria in, Blue light-dependent nuclear positioning in. Transverse sections of leaf blades from control (A–C) or salinity-stressed (D–F) plants were stained with rhodamine 123. Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis - Carbon fixation in C4 plants: Certain plants—including the important crops sugarcane and corn (maize), as well as other diverse species that are thought to have expanded their geographic ranges into tropical areas—have developed a special mechanism of carbon fixation that largely prevents photorespiration. The time required for obvious observation of chloroplast movement is also shorter in C3 plants. Changes in the intracellular arrangement of chloroplasts in response to high intensity light. Click hereto get an answer to your question  In C4 plants, bundle sheath cells have 2011 May;62(9):3213-21. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err008. Similarly, the maximum chloroplast movement in redwood sorrel occurs upon illumination with blue light at 250 μmol m−2 s−1 (780 μmol m−2 s−1 of daylight) (Brugnoli and Björkman 1992). COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. 2003, Sato and Kadota 2007). Intracellular position of mitochondria in mesophyll cells differs between C. Cell-type-specific differentiation of chloroplasts in C4 plants. A study with Arabidopsis mutants revealed that chloroplast avoidance movement decreases the amount of light absorption by chloroplasts, and therefore protects plants from photodamage under high light (Kasahara et al. The centrifugal positioning of chloroplasts in maize BS cells was not changed under the high intensity light. The intracellular positions of both types of nuclei were not changed regardless of salinity stress. B, bundle sheath cell; M, mesophyll cell; V, vascular bundle. 2009). We further observed the intracellular arrangement of mitochondria (Fig. For example, the apparent light avoidance movement of chloroplasts in dark-adapted Arabidopsis thaliana leaf occurs upon illumination with blue light at 5 W m−2 (about 19 μmol m−2 s−1) (Trojan and Gabrys 1996). The centripetal position of M chloroplasts shortens the diffusion pathway of metabolites between M and BS cells, and may contribute to keeping C4 photosynthesis active. In the bundle sheath cells, OAA … The motility and positioning of chloroplasts appear to be mediated by actin filaments and/or microtubules (Wada et al. C4 plants have better robustness no matter the objective function is biomass synthesis or CO 2 fixation. The nuclear and mitochondrial movement in C3 leaves is speculated to be an adaptive response for light as well as chloroplast photo- relocation movement, while the aggregative movement of C4 M chloroplasts independent of nuclei and mitochondria may be induced for a special physiological requirement association with C4 photosynthesis. This anatomical pattern consists of a radial arrangement of chloren- chyma around vascular bundles. Turkan I, Uzilday B, Dietz KJ, Bräutigam A, Ozgur R. J Exp Bot. Transverse sections were observed with the light microscope. The chloroplast movement in M cells of finger millet occurred under normal intensity light (500 μmol m−2 s−1) under stress conditions such as drought, salinity or hyperosmosis (Figs. The extent of chloroplast avoidance movement in A. thaliana increases in response to the intensity of white light and reaches a maximum at about 500 μmol m−2 s−1 (Kasahara et al. We also confirmed that blue light could induce the centripetal positioning of M chloroplasts but the extent of localization was not prominent (data not shown). 2008). Semi-thin sections (1 μm thickness) were cut with glass knives on an ultramicrotome. Blue-light-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the avoidance response of chloroplasts in epidermal cells of. The intracellular positions of neither type of mitochondria were changed regardless of salinity stress. This indicates that hydrogen peroxide itself cannot induce chloroplast movement in C4 plants, but further work is required to determine whether other reactive oxygen species affect chloroplast movement in C4 M cells. The authors presumed a relationship of the co-localization with their mutual metabolic interactions. Scale bars = 50 μm. This re-arrangement pattern was obviously different from the pattern observed in finger millet in which M chloroplasts mainly migrated towards the BS side and formed a partial ring around a cylinder of BS cells. In C4 plants, the bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts. However, only mesophyll … Because ABA was vacuum infiltrated into the leaf segments, M chloroplast movement is thought to be caused by a direct effect of ABA on M cells and not by secondary effects such as stomatal closure. In each panel, the upper side of the leaf sections is the adaxial side. When mature, BS and M cells have anatomically and biochemically distinct chloroplasts that must cooperate to complete the process of photosynthesis. C3 plants have high transpiration ratio : water loss/CO2 uptake 3. Transverse sections of leaf blades from control (A and B) or salinity-stressed (C and D) finger millet were stained with DAPI and observed under a bright-field (A and C) or fluorescence (B and D) microscope. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. The centripetal aggregation of C4 M chloroplasts might be to enable communication with BS cells. C4 plants possess two CO2 acceptors (primary acceptor and secondary acceptor). We investigated whether these intracellular positions are affected by environmental stresses. 2008). Mesophyll chloroplasts are randomly distributed along cell walls, whereas bundle sheath chloroplasts are located close to the vascular tissues or mesophyll cells depending on the plant species. 21380014). Therefore, it is thought that some signal associated with the osmotic stress is generated in a domain outside of leaf tissue and influences M chloroplast movement. Phospho enol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), localized to the cytosol of the mesophyll cell, catalyzes the first carboxylation step of the C4 photosynthetic pathway. S2) and, therefore, the response of C4 M chloroplasts to strong light seems to be slow. Actin filaments not only provide tracks for chloroplast movement but also anchor the chloroplasts after photo-orientation (Takagi 2003). Thus, a combination of stresses may induce chloroplast movement in C4 plants in the field. In contrast, the centripetal arrangement of BS chloroplasts was unchanged, even though they appeared to swell slightly after strong light illumination and the degree of chloroplast association was marginally reduced. Active carbon trans-port (in the form of organic acids) from the mesophyll cells to bundle-sheathcells andspeciﬁc expression of Rubiscoin the bundle-sheath cells enables Rubisco, the carboxylating enzyme in the Calvin cycle, to operate under high CO 2 The C4 M chloroplast movement may be one means of photoprotection which occurs prior to photoinhibition. The experiments with field-growing plants were conducted in August 2008 at the University Farm of Nagoya University. Given these differences, we examined whether maize also shows re-arrangement of chloroplasts in response to high intensity light. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Scale bars = 50 μm. Trends Plant Sci. and EowARDS, 1973 a, b, c). Chloroplast photorelocation movement is extensively studied in C3 but not C4 plants. Under these stress conditions, no obvious plasmolysis was observed. In this Kranz anatomy, each vein is surrounded by a ring of bundle sheath (BS) cells, followed by one or more concentric files of mesophyll (M) cells. 2005). My lecturer said that CAM plants only have mesophyll plants. The osmolality values of the solutions were determined by the freezing point method in an Osmotoron-5 (Orion Riken Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Scale bars = 50 μm. 2004a, Yamane et al. 2002). 9A, B). Slight aggregative movement of M chloroplasts was observed 0.5 h after strong light irradiation, and the one-sided distribution of M chloroplasts became more remarkable in a time- dependent manner (Fig. While C4 plants photosynthesis activities are divided between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells where carbon fixation is catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). The intracellular positioning of M and BS chloroplasts is dependent on the actomyosin system and cytosolic protein synthesis, but not tubulin or light (Miyake and Nakamura 1993, Kobayashi et al. Maize is an NADP-ME type C4 plant. The Systematic Comparison of C3 and C4 Plants can be made through Metabolic Network. Then, the sections were stained with toluidine blue O and observed with the light microscope. However, the centripetal aggregation of M chloroplasts towards the BS side could increase the diffusion distance between the intercellular air space and the primary carboxylation step (cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and M chloroplast) and, therefore, decrease the production of C4 dicarboxylates (Lal and Edwards 1996, Tholen et al. Clumping of chloroplasts in response to water stress was first found in cortical cells of P. grandiflora stems (Guralnick et al. The intracellular orientation of BS chloroplasts is thought to have physiological significance. Mesophyll cells are the cells in C4 plants that carry out light dependant reactions of photosynthesis. 2002). 9C, D). M cells in leaf blades of finger millet, an NAD-ME type C4 plant, have a great number of chloroplasts dispersed randomly along the cell walls, while BS cells have larger chloroplasts that are located in the centripetal position. 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September 17 marked the 221st anniversary of the signing of the Constitution. Students across the country spent a few minutes of their day learning about the remarkable work of our nation's founders.
This is nice, but America's schools should be doing a much more thorough job of honoring the civic mission that was the reason for their founding.
Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and one of the first advocates for public education in America, argued forcefully that schools play a crucial role in preparing the citizens of a democracy. "There is but one method of rendering a republican form of government durable," he wrote, "and that is by disseminating the seeds of virtue and knowledge through education."
With young people voting at higher rates than ever before, it might seem that the founders would be pleased with our progress. Yet civic engagement requires more than voting in presidential elections every four years. A healthy democracy demands sustained citizen participation, and our schools must give students the knowledge and tools to participate.
Sadly, civic education has been in steady decline over the past generation, as high-stakes testing and an emphasis on literacy and math dominate school reforms. Too many young people today do not understand how our political system works. They lack the tools to shape their communities through their own participation.
This shows up on national tests – though not, disappointingly, any of the tests our government uses to gauge school performance. On the last nationwide civics assessment, administered in 2006, two-thirds of students scored below proficiency. Not even a third of eighth-graders surveyed could identify the historical purpose of the Declaration of Independence. Less than a fifth of high school seniors could explain how citizen participation benefits democracy.
Equally troubling, we face a widening civic achievement gap. Hispanic and African-American students are twice as likely as their white counterparts to lack civic knowledge and skills, while low-income students score significantly lower than middle- and upper-income students. In other words, our schools' failure when it comes to civic education is especially stark in communities most in need of civic engagement.
If we hope to sustain American democracy, we need to treat civic learning as on a par with other academic subjects. To participate fully in our democracy, students need to understand our government, our history, and our laws. They need to appreciate the skills democracy imposes on us – consensus building, compromise, civility, and rational discourse – and how they can be applied to the problems confronted by their communities and our nation as a whole. Restoring this civic mission of schools will require a concerted effort in school districts, at statehouses, and by the federal government.
The federal government should embrace civic education when it revisits education reform next year. Developing and then mandating civics standards – and increasing funding for civic learning – would go a long way toward jump-starting progress.
States likewise can elevate the importance of civic learning by creating commissions to review thoroughly the state's approach to civic education, instituting civics as a graduation requirement, and funding professional and curricular development.
Schools, which the noted education reformer John Dewey called the "midwife of democracy," should include civic learning in their mission statements and incorporate civics – including discussion of controversial topics and the responsibilities of citizen engagement – into their curricula for students of all ages.
The anniversary of the Constitution and the upcoming presidential election offer a chance to reflect on the health of American democracy. Still, democracy is a sustained conversation among citizens over how best to govern their communities. It is not enough for this conversation to take place on one day, or even over the course of one campaign.
Our democratic discourse must begin in America's schools, which shape the attitudes and experiences of more citizens than any other institution.
The anniversary of the Constitution should be an occasion for reaffirming our long-term commitment to civic participation. That means restoring education for democracy to its central place in our schools. Only then can we fulfill the Constitution's promise of a more perfect union.
• Justice Sandra Day O'Connor served on the US Supreme Court for 24 years and Lee H. Hamilton (D) of Indiana served as a congressman for 34 years. They are co-chairs of the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, dedicated to restoring the civic mission of America's schools.


For a report to be effective, you must present all the data and facts accurately. Moreover, you also need to converse with your readers in an acceptable and easily comprehensible manner. This article will help you with an insight into a systematic approach that is required to create an effective report, irrespective of the subject of your report. Given below are some important steps that will help you to produce a remarkable report:
Preparation and Planning
When it comes to reports, one cannot stress enough on the significance of planning. You must not commit the mistake of putting anything on paper before you overall plan is looking good to you, as if you do so, it will be like starting to build a wall without having laid the foundation. As a part of effective planning for your report, you must set achievable objectives, gauge the intellectual competency of your readers, gather relevant information, design a framework, test, amend and improve the designed framework. These steps or activities form the planning stage, and the time and effort you will put in these steps will make a huge difference to the efficacy of your report.
Setting a practicable objective
It is extremely important that you set and establish clear objectives, and this is possible only if you are absolutely confident and certain about the purpose of the report that you intend to produce. In the absence of well-defined objectives, you as a writer will not know what to write and how to write
in your report. This is especially vital as only a set of well-defined objectives can help you determine on useful research material or information that can be included in the report, which inadvertently will help you pitch your report at the accurate level.
Gauging the intellectual competency of your reader base
The next vital step is to gauge and identify the intellectual competency of your reader base. For instance, if your report were meant for high school students, it would make very little sense to include complex, doctoral level data or information. You must take care to ensure that the style, structure, content and presentation matches the knowledge and expertise levels of your intended readers. You must also very cautiously include and address all the questions and concerns that your readers are likely to raise.
Gather relevant information and data
Depending on the nature of your report, you will either need to collect very little or a great deal of information. However, to determine on the right expanse of information, and hence you would require to indulge in a thorough brainstorming session, either alone or with people who are knowledgeable in the subject that you report deals with. It helps to begin at the core of your overall topic, and consequently break down information, as it helps you cover all the major points, and hence mind-mapping is the best way to determine on the right information. Mind mapping is an extremely efficient research tool as it not only facilitates easy linking of facts and important concepts, but its open-ended nature also helps the writing to easily add or delete a thought or information.
Preparing the basic structure or outline of your report
Once you have all the necessary information with you, the next step is to create a practicable outline or skeletal framework that will help you in a lucid organization and expression of the collected data and information. This step will also help you identify any gaps or discontinuities in the flow of ideas. As a report writer
, you must pay special attention to the outline as it can help your report with a sturdy sense of perspective.
When you start working on your report's outline, try and begin with determining on a working title. The next step should be to work on the overall structure, i.e. to design a beginning, a body and an end. Ideally, the beginning of your report should include a title, foreword, preface, acknowledgements, contents page, abstract and introduction. In the same way the body or middle of your report should have the main body as well as any substructures that you intend to include in the body of your report. The end of your report should include the conclusion, recommendations, appendix, references, bibliography, glossary and index.
Test and revise the skeletal framework of your report
An effective framework is the foundation for an effective report. While working on the basic structure, you must cautiously ensure that your report includes not only the structure and the requisite content, but also specifies the relative connotations and correlation between the important facts and findings associated with the subject of your report.
Undertake your project
Once you have completed all the above steps, then you are ready to undertake your project. In this step, you should handle all the gathered information and date to bestow your basic structure with an actual form. In simper terms, this is the stage when you actually need to compile and put your thoughts and ideas on paper. Since you have the basic structure in place, you should cautiously include the necessary information under the apt headings or sections. Needless to mention that this stage is very crucial as this is the stage where you need to ensure that your planning is realized.
Make the Content of Your Report Look Good
Ensure that all the information is presented in a professional and aesthetically appealing manner, which simply means that all the figures, images, graphics and illustrations
used by you in the report should be professional in presentation, and should be accurate as well. You can take the help of a professional graphic designer if you prefer; however, it is not actually required, especially as many of the inbuilt programs, software and tools in your computer can facilitate you to come up with some incredibly professional designs, graphics and presentations. You simply need to spend some time to get acquainted with these tools to create and produce an aesthetically appealing as well as interesting report.
Once again, it must be stressed here that planning is undoubtedly the most important aspect if you want to produce a report that guides and impresses your readers as you desire. If your planning is right, then you can produce a good report with minimal effort in the remaining steps.
By keeping the above points in mind, you are sure to produce reports that are not only high-impact and professional in presentation
, but also influence the readers, as you desire.


Before coming to power Hitler had mixed feelings about Germany’s capital. On leave there in 1916 he had been shocked by the gloomy “unpatriotic” atmosphere, and as an adopted Münchener he shared some of the traditional Bavarian resentment toward Berlin. After 1918 the nationalist Right attacked “Red Berlin” as the cradle of the November Revolution and the Spartacus uprising, the source of the supposed moral and cultural “decadence” of the Weimar Republic, and the home of one-third of Germany’s Jews. However, postwar claims that Hitler always disliked Berlin are unconvincing. “I have always been fond of Berlin,” he claimed. “If I’m vexed by the fact that some of the things in it are not beautiful, it’s precisely because I’m so attached to the city” (Richie 1998, p. 962).
It was Josef Goebbels who was responsible for creating Hitler’s new affection for the “truly Germanic” city of Frederick the Great and Bismarck. As Gauleiter of Berlin Goebbels created and built up the Nazi organization, which had less than 200 members when he took over, into a dominant force in the city, confronting the Communists and Socialists on the streets and in the meeting halls, penetrating the huge working-class districts as well as middle-class areas. He brought Hitler to speak in Berlin for the first time on 16 November 1928, before 16,000 people in the Sportspalast, the first of many such rallies in years to come. Nevertheless, the Nazi vote in free elections was always lower in Berlin than in Germany as a whole. At the height of their electoral success in 1933, when the Nazis gained 43.9 percent of the national vote, the figure for Berlin was 34.6 percent.
In the early years of the Third Reich Berlin continued its decadent ways as “an island of modernity in a world of Nazi provincialism” (Richie 1998, p. 442). Its opulent hotels, restaurants, and nightclubs provided a suitable setting for the hypocritical corruption of the Nazi elite, in stark contrast to the peasant fantasies they were peddling to the people. Here the elite and rich could dance to “decadent Negro” jazz music, theoretically banned in the Reich, and consume the finest food and wines. But the vibrant avant-garde culture of the Weimar period was destroyed and hundreds of artists imprisoned or driven into exile, while the persecution of the Jews destroyed a community that had lived, prospered, and made an enormous contribution to the life of Berlin for centuries. Hitler had his own plans for the capital of the Reich.
Hitler reportedly told Albert Speer in 1936: “Berlin is a big city, but not a real metropolis. Look at Paris, the most beautiful city in the world. Or even Vienna. Those are cities with grand style. Berlin is nothing but an unregulated accumulation of buildings. We must surpass Paris and Vienna” (Speer 1971, p. 122). Hence his megalomaniac plans for rebuilding the city. Berlin would become “Germania,” the leading city of Europe, filled with monstrous neoclassical buildings and monuments. “His motivating idea,” Alexandra Richie writes, “was that everything had to be longer, bigger, wider, taller and more massive than the buildings in any other capital” (Richie 1998, p. 471). The centerpiece, a 3-mile north-south avenue, would stretch from the new central railway station, under a gigantic Triumphal Arch bearing the names of all the Germans who died in World War I, and culminate in the domed Volkshalle, the largest building in the world, seven times greater than the dome of St Peter’s in Rome.
Comparatively little was actually built, and few of Hitler’s buildings survive today. Berliners, Germans, and the world were meant to be overawed and intimidated by Hitler’s new Reich Chancellery, 150 times the size of Bismarck’s residence, Hermann Goering’s gargantuan Air Ministry, and Goebbels’s suitably overpowering Propaganda Ministry. Hitler delighted in scrutinizing the models built by Speer, even down to the last days in the bunker. His real legacy to Berlin, however, was the almost complete destruction of the city by Allied bombing and the final horrendous battle against the Red Army. The broad and grand “East-West Axis,” along which the Wehrmacht had marched proudly on Hitler’s fiftieth birthday in 1939, became a guiding path for bombers bent on the destruction of Berlin. The capital of the new Reich ended as a divided city, the beleaguered center of Cold War conflict. The Wall separating East and West Berlin, the symbol of Hitler’s legacy of Cold War division, was finally demolished by crowds from both sides on 12 November 1989.
Suggestions for further reading:
Richie, Alexandra. 1998. Faust’s Metropolis: A History of Berlin. London: HarperCollins.
Schäche, Wolfgang. 1995. “From Berlin to ‘Germania,’” in Art and Power: Europe under the Dictators 1930–45. London: Hayward Gallery, pp. 326–329.


What Are the Symptoms of Chronic Lyme Disease?
Lyme disease is acquired through the bite of a black-legged, or deer, tick that is infected with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Symptoms include headache, fatigue, fever and skin rash. Left untreated, Lyme disease can develop into a chronic condition with additional symptoms.
Chronic Lyme disease, also known as third stage or late stage Lyme disease, can result from an incorrect diagnosis or insufficient treatment. According to the Lyme Disease Research Database, it may also occur if the bacteria are not all killed, or if conditions are ideal for the bacteria to grow. An example would be if you do not continue your treatment of the disease as instructed by your physician. Symptoms may disappear for periods of time and return after weeks, months or years. There may be times where your symptoms are worse.
Chronic Lyme disease can lead to arthritis, a condition that affects your joints. It typically results in joint pain and stiffness in knees, hips, elbows and shoulders, but may also affect smaller joints such as hands, wrists, fingers and toes. Chronic Lyme disease may also cause stiffness in your neck, or cause pain in your ribs or chest.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome causes pronounced fatigue that is not relieved by rest and sleep. Physical activity or mental exertion may make the condition worse. Other symptoms include muscle and joint pain, headache, sore throat and tender lymph nodes in your armpits or neck.
Neurological problems that may occur with chronic Lyme disease include the perception of numbness and tingling, itching, vibrations and burning or crawling sensations. Other symptoms can include facial nerve palsy (Bell's palsy), headaches, aseptic meningitis (a non-infectious inflammation of the membranes around the spinal cord and brain), encephalitis (an inflammation of the brain) or encephalopathy, which is exhibited by memory loss, anxiety, panic, depression or cognitive problems.
Chronic Lyme disease can result in heart conditions such as irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) and inflammation in the heart's lining (pericarditis). According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, Lyme disease may cause long-term heart problems such as heart failure.
Other symptoms include sweating, vision impairment such as blurriness and light sensitivity, tinnitus (ringing in your ears), hearing loss, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, urinary urgency and frequency, pelvic pain, hepatitis and tremors. In pregnant women, it can result in an intrauterine infection. It is possible that Lyme can be transferred to the fetus, particularly during the first trimester.
Chronic Lyme disease is not progressive and is not fatal. However, the symptoms can be incapacitating. Early and thorough treatment for Lyme is important to avoid the chronic condition.
- BananaStock/BananaStock/Getty Images


Follower of Jesus and among the first to reach Jesus' tomb on Easter.
Jesus cured Mary Magdalene of demon possession and she became one of a group of women who followed him and ministered to him, beginning in Galilee (Luke 8:1-3). Mary witnessed the crucifixion and was among the first to visit the empty tomb on Easter and to see the risen Christ. As the first to bear witness to the resurrection (John 20:17-18), some Christian traditions remember Mary as the "apostle to the apostles." Other traditions have identified her as a prostitute, but the Bible provides no basis for this.
AUTHOR: Robert Brusic, Seminary Pastor Emeritus


Sinsharishkun (Sin-shar-ishkun; Sîn-šarru-iškun, c. 627 – 612 BC), who seems to have been the Saràkos (Saracus) of Berossus, was one of the last kings of the Assyrian empire, followed only by Ashur-uballit II.
He was the son of Ashurbanipal, and possibly the brother of the last Assyrian king, Ashur-uballit II (612–605 BC). He is the last king who has years attested in most Babylonian records. Little is known about this king due to the lack of sources for his time. It seems that he ascended the throne sometime around 627 BC. After the death of the powerful Ashurbanipal, the vast Assyrian Empire began to unravel, due to a series of bitter internal wars over who should rule. Sinsharishkun's rise to power was marred by severe violence, crippling internal civil war, and upheaval within the Assyrian Empire. He had to unseat the usurper Sin-shumu-lishir, after his older brother and predecessor, Ashur-etil-ilani, had previously been deposed by Sin-shumu-lishir. During this confusion, a host of Assyria's many colonies and puppet states took advantage of the anarchy to quietly free themselves from Assyrian rule, most the Chaldeans, Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Scythians, and Cimmerians.
Last Strike against Babylon
After temporarily defeating his rivals, Sinsharishkun faced a much larger threat. Babylon, a vassal state of Assyria for three centuries, took advantage of the anarchy within Assyria and rebelled under the previously unknown Nabopolassar, the leader of the Chaldean peoples of south eastern Mesopotamia, in 626 BC.
What followed was a long war fought in the Mesopotamian heartland. Nabopolassar tried to capture Nippur, the main Assyrian center of power in Babylonia, but was defeated by Assyrian reinforcements. However Nabopolassar did manage to take the city of Babylon itself with the help of the Babylonian citizens, and was crowned king in the city circa 625 BC.
Sinsharishkun, crippled by civil war in Assyria proper, then lost more ground before succeeded in recapturing Uruk in the far south in about 624 BC, only to quickly lose it again. Sin-shar-ishkun led a large army to Babylonia in 623 BC to finally crush the Babylonian and Chaldean rebels, however yet another major rebellion broke out in the Assyrian homeland. A relief army was sent back north, but promptly joined the rebels, so that the usurper could reach the capital Nineveh without interference, and claim the throne. Chronicles for the next few years are mostly absent due to the civil anarchy in Assyria, however eventually Sin-shar-ishkun was able to quell the latest homeland rebellion. Crucially, precious time was lost to solve the Babylonian problem, with Nabopolassar taking advantage to entrench himself as ruler of most of Babylonia. In 620 or 619 BC Nabopolassar successfully captured Nippur and so became the master of Babylonia. However, he was forced to contend with Sin-Shar-Ishkun's Assyrian armies encamped in the Babylonian heartlands attempting to unseat him for the next four years.
War in the Assyrian heartlands
This stalemate ended in 616 BC, when Nabopolassar entered into an alliance with Cyaxares, king of the Medes, who had also taken advantage of the unremitting civil wars in Assyria to free his Iranian peoples: the Medes, Persians and Parthians from the Assyrian yoke and form them into a powerful force. In 616 BC, this alliance of peoples, now also including the Scythians and Cimmerians felt strong enough to move the center of operations northward and launch an attack on the war ravaged Assyrian heartland. In the years that followed Ashur, Kalhu, and Nineveh were besieged and destroyed amid bitter fighting.
The fate of Sinsharishkun is not certain, as the section of the Babylonian chronicle in which he is mentioned at the siege of Nineveh is damaged. It is likely that he was killed defending his capital during Battle of Nineveh (612 BC) by Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes/Persians and Scythians.
Despite the loss of its major cities, an independent Assyria endured, centered on its last capital city of Harran under its last king Ashur-uballit II. However this too was overrun by the alliance in 608 BC, and a final victory was achieved at Carchemish in 605 BC.
The fictional discovery of the tomb of Sinsharishkun just before the outbreak of the First World War is the central topic of the novel Land of Marvels by Barry Unsworth.
- Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq
- Na'aman, N., "Chronology and history in the late Assyrian empire"', Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 81 (1991), 243-267.
- Zawadzki, S., The fall of Assyria and Median-Babylonian relation in light of the Nabopolassar chronicle, Poznan 1988.
- Unsworth, B., Land of Marvels: a Novel, Hutchinson, London 2009.
Sinsharishkun of Assyria
|King of Assyria


Sukhothai is located on the lower edge of the northern region, 427 kilometres north of Bangkok or some 298 kilometres south of Chiang Mai. The province covers some 6,596 square kilometres and is divided into 9 Amphoes: Muang Sukhothai, Ban Dan Lan Hoi, Khiri Mat, Kong Krailat, Sawankhalok, Si Nakhon, Si Samrong, Si Satchanalai and Thung Saliam.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND : Sukhothai Thailand
Sukhothai was the first kingdom of the Thais in this peninsula. Two princes-Pho Khun Pha Muang and Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao combined their forces and fought the Khmers who commanded an extensive empire throughout this part of the world.
They drove the Khmers out of Sukhothai, a major frontier post of the Khmer Empire, and established it as their capital in 1238. Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, urged by the people to be king, was enthroned with the royal title of Pho Khun Si Indrathit.
King Si Indrathit had two sons-Pho Khun Ban Mueang and Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng. After his death, Pho Khun Ban Mueang succeeded him. His brother, Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng, ascended the throne in 1278 and reigned for forty years. He was Thailand's first great king.
One of Thailand's finest warriors, King Ramkhamhaeng made Sukhothai a powerful and extensive kingdom which included many parts of what are today neighbouring countries. A number of ancient cities paid him tribute.
King Ramkhamhaeng opened direct political relations with China and made two trips to China - the first in 1282 to visit Emperor Kublai Khan and the second in 1300 after Kublai Khans death.
From the second visit, he brought back Chinese artisans who taught the Thais the art of pottery. Today, the old Sangkhalok Potteries are eagerly sought by collectors.
A major achievement of King Ramkhamhaeng was the revision of various forms of Khmer alphabets into a system suitable for the writing of Thai words. The alphabet that he invented in 1283 was essentially the same as that in use today.
During his reign, there was prosperity and happiness. There was water in the paddy-fields and fish in the water.
A stone inscription reads in part, This Muang Sukhothai is good. In the water there are fish; in the field there is rice. The ruler does not levy a tax on the people who travel along the road together, leading their oxen on the way to trade and riding their horses on the way to sell. Whoever wants to trade in elephants, so trades. Whoever wants to trade in horses, so trades. Whoever wants to trade in silver and gold, so trades.
King Ramkhamhaeng also promoted religion and culture, and through his efforts, Buddhism progressed among the people. Inspirational faith gave birth to classic forms of Thai religious arts. Images of the Lord Buddha sculptured during the Sukhothai Era are cultural treasures which impart a feeling of peace and serenity.
A total of eight kings ruled Sukhothai. The gradual decline of Sukhothai occurred during the reigns of the last two kings. The end of this first Thai kingdom occurred in 1365 when it became a vassal state of Ayutthaya, a young and rising power to the south. Ayutthaya became the capital of Thailand before Thon Buri and Bangkok.


Research into the summative assessment experiences of teachers in Zimbabwean primary schools resulted in Ms Lucia Musekiwa being awarded a PhD in Curriculum Studies.
The aim of her research was to provide more insight for education authorities, the schools examination board, school administrators, teachers, learners, parents and all stakeholders about assessment practices in primary schools.
Musekiwa, who says her research calls for formative, continuous assessment, discovered that most rural and farm schools were under-resourced and, as a result, are mostly disadvantaged in final summative examinations.
The study was prompted by the universal shift in perspective about assessment which promotes formative and continuous assessment modes in teaching and learning. The research presents assessment as being for learning rather than as a one-time final score that judges and determines the whole of the learner’s life from primary level upwards.
‘The efforts and attempts to change the assessment system in Zimbabwe have been acknowledged, though they have largely remained on paper, disadvantaging capable learners,’ said Musekiwa.
The findings revealed that teachers’ experiences of a summative assessment at Grade 7 level, which is still the sole final assessment at this level in Zimbabwe, has had more negative impacts than positive ones, particularly for the majority of the less privileged learners and under-resourced schools.
Study participants identified the following as influences and impacts associated with summative assessment: pressure, anxiety, stress in both learners and teachers emanating from preparation for the one final examination, and negative judgements of learners and teachers in response to the results, thereby impacting the quality of teaching and learning in the classroom.
Musekiwa argues that ‘If the results are to be true reflections of the learners and schools, socio-economic factors surrounding the learners and schools need to be considered in assessment practices.’
A high teacher-pupil ratio emerged as a significant negative factor in the area of sole summative examinations at Grade 7 level, and one which led to unprofessional instructional practices to cope with the demands of these terminal examinations. Inadequate resources were another challenging factor in a situation of one sole final examination.
The use of English for teaching, learning, and examination purposes was revealed as a challenge to most disadvantaged learners and under-resourced schools, in particular, those with no facilities and supportive resources to aid mastering the language and in improving pass rates, especially through summative assessment. Therefore, different categories of schools mattered in whether summative assessment enabled equitable, neutral, and fair assessment.
Emerging from the findings was consensus on merging formative, continuous, and summative forms of assessment. A holistic approach to assessment was called for, taking into cognisance the diverse backgrounds of learners and schools.
The publication and comparison of results emerged as a demotivating factor for low-income schools and disadvantaged learners.
Musekiwa suggests ‘a more balanced and holistic assessment structure at the Grade 7 level that caters for diverse populations and environments in Zimbabwe.’
‘My wish is to contribute more information and shed more light on embracing the fusion of formative assessment into continuous and summative assessment for final evaluation and decisions for Grade 7 learners in Zimbabwe in a bid to accommodate all categories and socio-economic statuses of schools and learners,’ she said.
Musekiwa thanks family, friends and her supervisor Dr Lokesh Maharajh for his ‘outstanding and unwavering assistance, advice, guidance, and helpful direction throughout this study.’
Musekiwa hopes to become a lecturer and to research and write more on related issues in the education system.


When Mitt Romney’s immigration advisor Kris Kobach boasts that 5.5 million “illegals” could be forced out of the U.S. during the first term of a Romney presidency, it is no idle claim. There is a model for “self-deportation” that led to the expulsion of up to 700,000 Mexicans during the mid 1950s: Operation Wetback. This quasi-military nationwide effort launched by the Eisenhower administration in 1954 is a clear example of how the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens can be trampled when hysteria and prejudice reach a fever pitch. The offensive name was only the beginning of its xenophobic nature.
In less than a year Operation Wetback led to the arrest of over 80,000 people of Mexican origin in the U.S. and is credited with forcing the voluntary expulsion of up to 700,000 others. The operation targeted Mexican-American communities in California and Arizona and employed roadblocks along with the cordoning off of entire neighborhoods to indentify “illegal aliens.” Random stops of persons who appeared to be "Mexican" were also employed. These indiscriminate interrogations of people based purely on their ethnicity were organized and fully sanctioned by the federal government. Allegations of widespread harassment and beatings were later supported by lawsuits settled in favor of U.S. citizens victimized during the operation. Many of those detained were released hundreds of miles inside the Mexican border to discourage their return.
The motivation behind the draconian Operation Wetback reflects the bipolar nature of U.S./Mexico labor relations.
After the massive “Mexican Repatriation” during the Great Depression, the entry of the U.S. into WWII brought a new round of labor shortages. Again in need of cheap labor, the U.S. and Mexico entered into the Bracero Program which brought a new wave of Mexican workers to American farms and factories. Although the demand for cheap labor continued after GIs returned from the war, tensions mounted. After complaints of labor law violations by some Bracero workers, a backlash arose claiming that "uncontrolled immigration" by undocumented workers were depressing wages and creating unwarranted employment competition. Thus, Operation Wetback was born.
Will the Romney/Kobach “self-deportation” work today? Not likely, according to a recent study by the Center for American Progress. The study indicates that many of the undocumented today have been in the U.S. for decades and will not easily abandon their strong family ties forged here. The study also cites a lack of opportunities in the migrants’ native countries and the high cost of returning as additional factors against self-deportation. However, this will not likely deter nativists from attempting a repeat of Operation Wetback, making the human costs of such a scheme all the more tragic.
“If America could deport the illegal invaders back then, they can sure do it today!” boasts a nativist website in reference to Operation Wetback and the Repatriation of the Great Depression. These incidents and others like the unlawful Japanese interment during WWII, prove that fear and prejudice have often trumped the guaranteed constitutional rights of U.S. minority citizens in the past.
Ironically, nativists are especially fond of invoking the “rule of law” to justify punitive legislation like Arizona’s SB-1070. Yet the concept of a “rule of law” in the U.S. was created to prevent mob rule from violating the rights of individual citizens. This is exactly the opposite of what occurred with Operation Wetback when U.S. citizens were harassed and arrested purely on the basis of their ethnicity.
The overwhelming majority of the nation’s nearly 50 million Latinos are here legally. Simplistic solutions like Romney/Kobach self-deportation scheme will not just fail, they will very likely antagonize a large portion of the Latino community. That is not a good recipe for domestic tranquility. For proof, one need only look at the ugly side of similar scenarios such as the Chechens in Russia, the Basques in Spain, the Tamils in Sri Lanka and the mother of all ethnic conflict, the Balkans.
The solution to the presence of some 11 million undocumented people in the U.S. will likely be messy and involve compromise. But the alternative could be something no one except the far-right militias want.
Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture - Cordelia Candelaria, Peter J. García, Arturo J. Aldama
Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954 - Juan Ramon Garcia
Race, gender, and punishment: from colonialism to the war on terror - Mary Bosworth, Jeanne Flavin
Wikipedia – Operation Wetback


Are you a plant lover looking to expand your collection beyond the traditional indoor houseplants? Consider growing rubber trees, a versatile plant that can thrive both indoors and outdoors. With their striking structure and rapid growth, rubber trees are a popular choice for indoor houseplants. However, they can also be grown outdoors, provided you provide the right conditions.
In this article, we will explore the differences between growing rubber trees indoors and outdoors, and provide tips for proper lighting, watering, and temperature control to help you grow healthy and thriving rubber trees. If you’re looking for a plant that can adapt to different environments and add a unique touch to your indoor or outdoor space, rubber trees are an excellent choice.
In this article, we’ll cover everything you need to know to grow rubber trees successfully. We’ll begin by discussing the differences between growing rubber trees indoors and outdoors, including the impact of lighting, watering, and pruning techniques on their growth. Then, we’ll provide tips for acclimating your rubber tree to outdoor conditions, protecting it from sun and wind, and managing its sensitivity to temperature and humidity.
Whether you’re new to plant parenting or a seasoned gardener, this guide will provide valuable insights for growing healthy and thriving rubber trees.
- Rubber trees can be grown both indoors and outdoors, with different growing conditions required for each.
- Indoor rubber trees require consistent moisture, good drainage, and bright, indirect light, while outdoor rubber trees need warm temperatures and protection from extreme weather conditions.
- Rubber trees can grow up to 10-15 feet tall when planted in the ground outdoors, but typically reach about 10 feet in height when grown indoors.
- Rubber trees are low-maintenance houseplants that can benefit from occasional fertilization, but may be prone to pests and diseases and can be toxic to pets if ingested.
Indoor Rubber Trees
If you want to add a lovely and low-maintenance indoor plant to your home, consider an indoor rubber tree plant. These versatile houseplants are known for their quick growth and beautiful structure, typically reaching about 10 feet in height when grown indoors.
To keep them healthy, make sure they’re consistently damp with good drainage and porous soil, and provide them with plenty of bright, indirect light. Proper pruning throughout the seasons is also essential to control height and branching.
With these decorating tips in mind, you can enjoy a beautiful indoor rubber tree plant that adds life and lushness to any room. However, keep in mind that rubber trees can be prone to common pests such as spider mites, mealybugs, and scale insects.
Keep an eye out for any signs of infestation, such as yellowing leaves or webbing, and treat the plant promptly to prevent the pests from spreading.
Growth and Structure
When growing a Rubber Tree plant, you should pay attention to its growth and structure. Ensure to strategically prune it throughout the seasons to control height and branching. This will not only keep your plant looking aesthetically pleasing but also maintain its overall health and prevent it from becoming too tall and top-heavy.
Rubber Trees have a lovely structure and quick growth, making them a popular indoor houseplant. However, they can also be grown outdoors under the right conditions.
To propagate a Rubber Tree plant, you can use air layering or stem cuttings. Air layering involves making a small cut in the stem, wrapping it with moss, and covering it with plastic wrap until roots develop. Stem cuttings can also be taken and propagated in water or soil.
While Rubber Trees are low-maintenance plants, they can be prone to pests and diseases such as spider mites and root rot. To prevent these issues, ensure your plant is not overwatered and has proper drainage, and regularly inspect the leaves for any signs of infestation or disease.
Watering and Soil
To properly care for your Rubber Tree plant, make sure to keep the soil consistently damp while also providing good drainage and using porous soil. To achieve this, water your Rubber Tree regularly, keeping the soil moist but not soaking wet. Watering techniques vary depending on your plant’s location, but generally, indoor plants need watering every 7-10 days, while outdoor plants may need watering more frequently during hot weather.
When it comes to soil types, Rubber Trees prefer well-draining soil that’s rich in nutrients. A good soil mix for Rubber Trees consists of equal parts peat moss, perlite, and sand. You can also add some organic matter, such as compost or worm castings, to increase the soil’s fertility. Remember to repot your Rubber Tree every 1-2 years to provide fresh soil and more space for growth.
By following these watering and soil tips, you can ensure that your Rubber Tree plant thrives and remains healthy for years to come.
For optimal growth, you should place your Rubber Tree plant in a location with lots of bright, indirect light. Rubber Trees thrive in areas with filtered or dappled sunlight, so it’s best to avoid placing them in direct sunlight, which can scorch their leaves.
A north-facing window or a spot near an east-facing window is ideal for indoor Rubber Trees. If you don’t have access to natural light, artificial light sources like grow lights can also be used to provide the optimal exposure for your Rubber Tree plant.
It’s important to note that Rubber Trees can be sensitive to changes in lighting and may exhibit signs of stress or leaf drop if exposed to too much or too little light. To avoid this, monitor your plant’s lighting needs and adjust its placement accordingly.
Remember that lighting needs can vary depending on the season, so it’s important to pay attention to your Rubber Tree’s behavior and make necessary adjustments to ensure optimal growth.
One way to keep your beautiful Rubber Tree plant looking its best is by strategizing how and when to prune it. Pruning your Rubber Tree plant will not only help control its height and branching but also promote new growth, which can lead to a fuller and healthier plant.
Here are some tips on pruning your Rubber Tree plant:
- Prune your Rubber Tree plant in the spring or early summer when it’s actively growing.
- Use sharp and clean pruning shears to make clean cuts.
- Remove any dead, damaged, or diseased leaves and branches.
- Cut back new growth by one-third or half to encourage branching and bushier growth.
In addition to pruning benefits, it’s also important to watch out for common pests and diseases that can affect your Rubber Tree plant. Some common pests that can infest your plant include spider mites, mealybugs, and scale insects. To prevent these pests, regularly inspect your plant and keep it clean.
As for diseases, Rubber Tree plants can be susceptible to leaf spot, root rot, and bacterial blight. To prevent diseases, avoid overwatering, provide good drainage, and keep the plant in proper lighting conditions.
Versatility and Low-Maintenance
You can easily incorporate a Rubber Tree into your home decor as a versatile and low-maintenance houseplant that adds beauty and greenery to any space. These plants are known for their adaptability and ability to thrive in a variety of indoor environments, making them an ideal choice for those who want a plant that requires minimal care.
When it comes to low maintenance care, Rubber Trees are the perfect plant choice for busy individuals or those who may not have a green thumb. They require little watering and can tolerate a range of lighting conditions, making them an ideal choice for any room in your home.
In addition to their low maintenance needs, Rubber Trees also have versatile uses. Not only do they add beauty to your living space, but they also help purify the air by removing toxins such as formaldehyde and benzene.
Overall, Rubber Trees are a great investment for anyone looking to incorporate a beautiful, low-maintenance plant into their home decor.
Outdoor Rubber Trees
If you’re considering adding a Rubber Tree to your outdoor garden, it’s important to remember that these plants require warm temperatures and proper sunlight, water, and protection from extreme weather conditions. The Rubber Tree hails from the rainforests of South and Southeast Asia, where they can grow up to 130 feet tall. When planted in the ground outdoors, they can reach up to 10-15 feet in height. However, proper acclimation and care are necessary to ensure your Rubber Tree thrives.
Here are some tips for outdoor rubber tree care:
- Gradually acclimate the plant to outdoor conditions before leaving it outside overnight
- Pay attention to where the plant is placed outdoors, protecting it from direct sunlight, wind, and drafts
- Move the plant back indoors before running indoor heat all the time
- Pay attention to watering needs when moving the plant
Additionally, potential pests and diseases can affect outdoor Rubber Trees. Monitoring for and treating these issues promptly can help your plant stay healthy and strong.
Ideal Growing Conditions
To achieve optimal growth, it’s important to provide the Rubber Tree plant with consistent moisture, well-draining soil, and plenty of bright, indirect light. When growing an outdoor Rubber Tree, it’s important to pay attention to the ideal growing conditions to ensure your plant thrives. The following table outlines the ideal growing conditions to keep in mind:
|Bright, indirect light
|Consistent moisture without letting soil become waterlogged
|Well-draining, porous soil
|Air layering or stem cuttings
|Pests & Diseases
|Common pests include spider mites, mealybugs, and scale insects. Common diseases include leaf spot and root rot.
When it comes to propagation, Rubber Trees can be propagated through air layering or stem cuttings. However, it’s important to keep an eye out for common pests and diseases that can affect your plant’s growth. Common pests include spider mites, mealybugs, and scale insects, while common diseases include leaf spot and root rot. To prevent these issues, make sure to maintain proper growing conditions and regularly inspect your plant for any signs of infestation or disease. By providing your Rubber Tree with the proper growing conditions and monitoring for pests and diseases, you can ensure that your plant stays healthy and thriving.
When considering where to plant your Rubber Tree, it’s important to take into account the USDA Hardiness Zones that can support the plant’s growth. Rubber Trees thrive in warm temperatures ranging from 65°-85°F, making them suitable for growth in USDA Hardiness Zones 10-12.
However, if you live in a region with colder temperatures, you can still grow your Rubber Tree outdoors by taking extra precautions. To adapt to changing weather conditions, gradually acclimate your Rubber Tree to outdoor conditions by exposing it to the elements for a few hours each day before leaving it outside overnight.
Pay attention to where the plant is placed outdoors, protecting it from direct sunlight, wind, and drafts. Move the plant back indoors before running indoor heat all the time, and be sure to pay attention to watering needs when moving the plant.
Rubber Trees can be sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity, so it’s important to monitor their growth and adjust as necessary.
Height and Growth
You can control the height and branching of your Rubber Tree plant by strategically pruning it throughout the seasons. This will not only keep your plant at a manageable height, but it will also encourage fuller growth and a more aesthetically pleasing shape.
When pruning your Rubber Tree, focus on removing any dead or damaged branches, as well as any growth that’s extending beyond the desired height or width. You can also pinch off new growth at the tips of branches to encourage more branching and a bushier appearance.
In addition to pruning, proper propagation methods and pest prevention can also help ensure the healthy growth of your Rubber Tree plant. To propagate your plant, you can use air layering or stem cuttings. For pest prevention, keep an eye out for common pests such as spider mites and mealybugs, and use natural remedies or pesticides as needed.
With these tips in mind, your Rubber Tree plant can thrive both indoors and outdoors.
Acclimating to Outdoor Conditions
If you plan to move your Rubber Tree plant outdoors, it’s important to gradually acclimate it to the new conditions. Sudden exposure to outdoor elements can shock the plant and cause damage, so follow these steps to ensure a smooth transition:
Start by placing the plant outside for a short period of time each day and gradually increase the amount of time it spends outdoors.
Choose a spot that offers protection from direct sunlight, wind, and drafts.
Monitor the plant closely for signs of stress, such as drooping leaves or discoloration.
Before leaving the plant outside overnight, make sure it’s been acclimated to the outdoor conditions and is ready to thrive.
It’s also important to note that Rubber Trees can be toxic to pets if ingested, so be mindful of where you place the plant in your yard. Additionally, Rubber Tree sap is a substance with various uses, including the production of rubber products and medicinal remedies. Keep these factors in mind as you enjoy your new outdoor addition.
Protection from Sun and Wind
Now that you’ve successfully acclimated your rubber tree to outdoor conditions, it’s crucial to protect it from the elements. Sun and wind protection is essential for the plant’s health and growth.
Rubber trees require bright, indirect light, so placing them in direct sunlight can scorch their leaves. Consider shading the plant with a sheer curtain or placing it under a tree canopy.
In addition to sun protection, wind can also be damaging to rubber trees. Strong gusts can cause the leaves to dry out and fall off, stunting the plant’s growth. If you live in a windy area, consider placing a windbreak around the plant. This can be a fence, a row of shrubs, or even a temporary structure like a trellis.
By providing your rubber tree with sun and wind protection, you can ensure it thrives in its outdoor environment. Remember to monitor the plant’s growth and adjust its placement if necessary.
Sensitive to Temperature and Humidity
Maintaining consistent temperature and humidity levels is crucial for the health of your rubber tree plant. Rubber tree plants are native to Southeast Asia, where they grow in the humid, tropical climate. This means they thrive in environments with high humidity levels and warm temperatures.
To control humidity levels, you can use a humidifier or place a tray of water near the plant to increase moisture in the air. It’s also important to monitor the temperature in the room where the plant is being grown, as rubber tree plants are sensitive to fluctuations in temperature. Avoid placing the plant near drafts or in areas where the temperature fluctuates frequently, such as near a window or air conditioning unit.
By monitoring the temperature and humidity levels and making adjustments as needed, you can ensure that your rubber tree plant thrives and remains healthy.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can rubber trees be grown in colder climates?
You can grow rubber trees in colder climates with greenhouse cultivation. Ensure they get enough sunlight, warmth, and proper winter care. Innovative technology can help you maintain optimal conditions for your plants.
How often should indoor rubber trees be fertilized?
To keep your indoor rubber tree healthy, fertilize every 2-3 months during growing season with a balanced liquid fertilizer. Propagate through stem cuttings or air layering. Incorporate fertilization and propagation into your plant care routine for optimal growth.
Are rubber trees safe for pets to be around?
Rubber trees can be toxic to pets if ingested, so it’s important to keep them out of reach. If you want pet-friendly houseplants, consider alternatives like spider plants, Boston ferns, or African violets.
Can rubber trees be used as outdoor shade trees?
Yes, Rubber Trees can be used as outdoor shade trees. They offer outdoor benefits like providing shade and enhancing the beauty of your surroundings. However, they require more maintenance than indoor rubber trees because of changing weather conditions and pests.
How often should outdoor rubber trees be watered during the growing season?
To keep your outdoor rubber tree healthy during the growing season, water it deeply once a week or when the top inch of soil feels dry. Make sure it receives bright, indirect sunlight to thrive.


24 April 2015
San Francesco - Cappella Guinigi
Climate change directly impacts agricultural production. It triggers accelerated growth and early flowering in certain plants as well as changes in the rural agricultural calendar and viticultural practices. In addition to changes to the species’ growth itself, they are also increasingly impacted by the spread of pathogens and pests over a wider geographic area and the decrease in usable water and land resources. While crops in some parts of the world benefit from the changing climate, anthropogenic climate change is posing an overall negative impact on agriculture and the food security that is dependent on it. Agriculture and food will play a prominent role in the post-2015 development agenda. The agro-food sector alone accounts for some 80 percent of total freshwater use, 30 percent of total energy demand, and 12-30 percent of man-made greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. With global food production expected to increase 70 percent by 2050, the sector is facing unprecedented resource pressures, with more on the horizon. A sustainable development path for future food systems will require transformative changes in technologies, policies and behavior of all actors along the whole food chain. New technologies and new business models for farming and food processing will need to play a major role. R&D investment in the agro-food sector is a prerequisite for achieving a sustainable intensification of agriculture and wise investments would need to become available in the next 10-20 years. Agriculture and its associated food practices play a two-sided role in the climate change challenge. On the one hand, agriculture is in itself a major contributor to the atmospheric greenhouse gases that cause climate change. On the other hand, crops also capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sequester it, thereby mitigating part of the greenhouse gas effect. Whether the goal is climate change mitigation or adaptation, we need to develop strategies that intelligently manage agriculture and food supply. This is essential if we are to ensure that the ten billion people who will inhabit this planet by 2050 have access to sufficient and nutritious food. And that this access is sustainable.
Valentini, Riccardo - Università degli Studi della Tuscia - Viterbo


The ISBN is a key element in the book industry.
What is an ISBN? An ISBN is the 13-digit International Standard Book Number used to identify books. Bookstores and distributors use them to organize their databases. An ISBN has five parts: the Bowker prefix, the country, the publisher, the title, and the check digit.
What is its purpose? Your book’s International Standard Book Number is used to identify, find, and order your book. It streamlines cataloging by book sellers, libraries, universities, wholesalers, and distributors.
You need an ISBN for each edition and type; for example, a hardback copy would need a different number than a paperback copy. Ebooks are not universally required to have ISBNs because sellers have immediate access to their digital files.
Search engines can also find your book based on its ISBN.
Where can I get an ISBN? Bowker is the official ISBN Agency for the United States. It is solely responsible for the assignment of the ISBN prefix to those publishers with a residence or office in the United States. Bowker also promotes the use of the Bookland EAN bar code format.
How much does an ISBN cost?
Bowker reduced ISBN block pricing in 2010!
- Single ISBN: $125.00
- Ten (10) ISBN: $250.00
- One Hundred (100) ISBN: $575.00
- One Thousand (1000) ISBN: $1,000.00
You can also get single ISBNs (cheaper) from CreateSpace through an arrangement with Bowker.
Get access to FREE book publishing tools, resources, and a growing online community of authors. Learn how.
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Dunes are threatened by human activity, sometimes intentional other times unintentional. To counteract this, dune management is a necessity. Stabilizing dunes takes multiple actions, from planting vegetation to installing wooden fences to retain sand, a lot of work is required to stop erosion.
In Sligo, multiple dune systems have been designated a special Area of Conservation under the habitats Directive of the EU. These areas are sometimes restricted and are fenced off with chestnut paling fencing. Please refrain from walking through these areas and allow revegetation to commence in these areas.


A leading website for english education high quality english worksheets on reading comprehension, parts of speech, spelling, matching, vocabulary, synonyms and. Reading comprehension & the ged writing, (test 1) as well it follows then that helping our students become stronger, “strategic readers” will serve them. Ged showing top 8 worksheets in the category - ged once you find your worksheet, just click on the open in new window bar on the bottom of the worksheet to print or. Find ged essay lesson plans and teaching resources from ged essay topics worksheets to ged essay transition words videos, quickly find teacher-reviewed educational. Help writing a ged essay ssays for sale samples free ged math worksheets time worksheet oclock quarter and half march madness teacherlingo com worksheets. We're sorry, this course is no longer open for enrollment this online course will prepare students to take the language arts, writing (part 1 and part 2.
An overview of the ged essay requirements along with free resources to ged essay — reasoning through language arts use our sample prompt to write out a. Thanks to the quiz and worksheet, you have the chance to quickly review your understanding of essay evidence on the ged writing test the quiz has. Ged 2014 test help and ged math help teacher resources including printable free ged math worksheets, pre-ged math assessment test, math flashcards, and math videos.
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1. Draw Weight
In comparison, the greatest crossbows frequently have a draw weight of 50 lbs. A draw weight of about 150 lbs is suggested for animals ranging from big rabbits to whitetail deer. It is suggested to use a draw weight of about 200 lbs when confronting dangerous animals like bears or moose that could charge you.
Let-off is a common issue when talking about conventional compound bows. As you get closer to the finish of the draw, the draw weight starts to diminish, allowing you to hold the draw for a longer time. When using a typical bow for hunting, this is crucial. However, with a compound bow, the entire weight is supported by your trigger mechanism. As soon as the bow is cocked, the draw weight is irrelevant. Best crossbows are therefore exempt from let-off.
3. Crossbow Width
For a long time, it was believed that the accuracy was greatly affected by the distance between the points of the recurve arm or the axles of the compound bow. Recent tests support the opposite. Although there is always room for improvement, it has recently been found that this variable doesn’t matter at typical hunting or target distances.
4. Power Stroke
One of the most crucial and little-understood components of crossbow design is this. The distance between the bowstring’s resting position and its completely drawn point is known as a crossbow power stroke. The draw length is the same as it would be with a conventional bow. This is especially true for recurve crossbows. However, arrow speed is always affected by other factors.
The arrow speed, which is measured in feet per second, is the first (fps). This merely shows how quickly the arrow is going, and it is constant no matter how far away you fire. Unlike arrow speed, this measurement reveals how much energy your arrow has transferred to its target.


Since 1960, during every presidential race, Moorestown Friends Upper School students have campaigned earnestly on behalf of the Democratic and Republican candidates as a uniquely immersive American civics lesson. From 1960 to 1996, MFS held Mock Political Conventions, during which students acted as the campaign managers and delivered impassioned speeches to rally support for their nominee. The Mock Political Convention simulated national politics and typically featured the party that was out of power at the time. In 2000, the quadrennial tradition transitioned to what is today’s Mock Primary Election (MPE). To mirror the real election, if an incumbent president is running, the school only holds a primary for the other party.
This is one in a series of videos introducing specific Moorestown Friends School vocabulary – traditions, programs, values, phrases, and landmarks. This video was produced and edited by Andrew Rowan ’19.


The world of sewage is a wonderful place full of wonderful words. One of which is "cesspit".
But what actually is a cesspit? How does one work? In this blog, we'll go through everything you need to know about cesspits.
To put it simply a cesspit is a sealed, fully-enclosed tank that collects and stores sewerage. However, it does not treat any of the waste that is collected, it simply stores it to be emptied when needed.
So, it's purely a holding tank without an outlet. None of the waste collected is treated or drained. It simply collects waste and stores it in an underground tank.
Cesspits, like septic tanks, are normally buried underground, for this reason, they won’t take up too much room. Of course, you will have one or more manholes that are needed for access when emptying.
As there is no drainage or outlet cesspits require a lot of maintenance and upkeep. You'll be looking at getting a cesspit emptied every month, possibly more depending on the size of your household and your water usage.
It's important to note that when you do get a cesspit emptied you should use a registered waste handler. This will ensure any waste will be disposed of properly.
It's down to you to ensure you employ a registered waste carrier, and make sure you get all the correct paperwork. Make a note of the disposal site as well.
In rural areas, septic tanks are the more common and preferred option. However, your soil could fail soak away tests, or if the property doesn't have a watercourse or surface water drain the sewage can go into, a cesspit is really your only other option.
Most of the time cesspits are only used as temporary sewage systems. Think construction sites, or often in locations where they won’t be used often and thus won’t need to be emptied as often.
For example, having a cesspit as the main sewage system for a house should be avoided. However, it wouldn't be uncommon at a campsite.
Cesspits don't need to be registered, but if you plan to install one you will need to getting planning permission to do so.
As you can probably infer from the above a cesspit is pretty simple in the way it works.
Your drains are connected to the underground tank with all waste water flowing into here. Here it is simply stored until it needs to be emptied.
Like septic tanks and other holding tanks this answer depends on a few variables. The main two being:
If you use a cesspit you will need to have it emptied more often than aseptic tank. The above two factors will determine whether it needs to be emptied monthly, quarterly or yearly.
However, the cesspit may also need to be emptied at any point between those time periods so it's important to keep on top of maintenance.
The general recommendation for cesspit emptying is every six weeks.
This regular emptying interval will avoid the build-up of solids or the possibility of an overflow. Both of which you want to avoid!
This really depends on the size of your cesspit, as it would for the size of your septic tank. Cesspits should be emptied and inspected more than septic tanks, this will also add to the overall cost of having a cesspit. If you want to get a quick idea of you can get a quote from us today.
Cesspits and septic tanks both collect wastewater and sewage from households or businesses that don't have a mains sewer connection. However, there is one key difference between the two.
A septic tank offers a simple treatment process, whereas a cesspit simply collects waster water and sewage.
Most of the time a cesspit is a sealed underground tank with the sole purpose of just collecting wastewater and sewage. There's no processing or sewage treatment involved and it’s important to note that cesspits are storage only and cannot have an outlet.
However, a septic tank can store and uses a simple treatment process that allows the treated wastewater to drain away to a soakaway or stream.
In short, yes cesspits are legal in the UK. You do not require a permit for cesspools and you do not have to comply with the general binging rules that apply to septic tanks. You do however need to get planning permission and building regulations approval if you wish to install a cesspit at your property.
If you do own a cesspit the most important thing you need to do is stay on top of its maintenance. As laid out by the government.
You must maintain your cesspool and make sure it:
The Environment Agency or your local council can make you repair or replace your cesspool if it’s in poor condition.


Frequently Asked Questions
Doesn’t sugar/starch do the same thing?
Sugars (glucose, fructose, corn syrup) are very hydrophilic. That means they need to be given with large amounts of water or they may draw water into the gut from the body. In some dogs this causes gastric upset (vomiting/diarrhea) and even dehydration!
Starches (bread, potatoes, rice, barley) require digestion to break them down into sugars that can be absorbed. This process takes time and, unfortunately, the window of opportunity to utilize the GLUT4 pathway closes long before the starch can be fully digested.
What’s so bad about insulin?
Insulin is necessary to transport sugars into cells. As long as enough sugar is present, the body is balanced. Unfortunately, the sugar level in the blood drops before the insulin level, resulting in hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Hypoglycemia causes fatigue and a sluggish response to commands. This effect is especially evident when large doses of sugar (or starches) are given.
Why doesn’t maltodextrin release insulin?
Maltodextrin is not a sugar. It is a small complex carbohydrate that doesn’t trigger the release of insulin.
When do I give Glyco-Gen Energy Shakes?
Glyco-Gen Energy Shakes should be given within 30 minutes of exercise. A second dose 45-60 minutes later may provide additional benefit to a very exhausted dog. In addition, if a dog tends to get exhausted during work, a half-dose given 15-20 minutes before work could prove helpful.


You may have many questions when you find out that you are pregnant, but some of the most common concerns revolve around nutrition and food safety. These are some basic guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to get you started. As always, your situation may be different and so always discuss specifics with your provider.
How much weight should I gain?
This depends on your pre-pregnancy BMI (body mass index - a calculation from your height and weight). In general, however, if your pre-pregnancy weight is normal you should gain between 25 to 35 pounds. Most women stay within this goal with an increase of only 300 extra calories a day (equal to about 2 tablespoons of peanut butter and one slice of whole wheat bread). If you are underweight, however, you may need to gain more weight, and if you are overweight, less. Your doctor can help you to come up with a specific weight goal.
What foods can't I eat?
Alcohol, of course, is not recommended in pregnancy, but there are other restrictions. Other foods can put you at risk for listeriosis, a bacterial infection that causes miscarriage and stillbirth. Unpasteurized milk and cheese can put you at risk, as can raw or undercooked shellfish, meat, or poultry. Deli meats and hotdogs are okay if they are heated until they are steaming hot.
What about fish?
That depends on the fish! Certain large fish may contain too much mercury to be safely eaten in pregnancy. High levels of mercury exposure in pregnancy may lead to nervous system damage in the unborn child. If you are pregnant you should avoid eating Shark, Tilefish, Swordfish, and King Mackerel and limit your intake of albacore tuna to 6 ounces a week.
You may eat fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury, but no more than 12 ounces a week. If you want to eat fish caught by family or friends from local waterways check for local advisories first, and do not eat more than 6 ounces.
Do I need to take extra vitamins or supplements?
It is important to take enough folic acid and iron in pregnancy. Usually prenatal vitamins have enough of both of these nutrients. Folic acid can prevent neural tube defects and is most effective if it is taken before pregnancy through the first trimester. For most women 400 mcg of folic acid is enough, though some women are at a higher risk. If you have a history of a child with a neural tube defect or take certain medications you may need 4mg a day instead.
Iron helps to support the growing baby an extra blood supply. During pregnancy you need 27 mg of iron daily, though if you develop anemia you may need more.
Can supplements be dangerous?
Many supplements and herbs are not well studied in pregnancy and therefore should be avoided. To be safe, review any medications (prescription or not) you are taking with your doctor. Certain supplements are known to be dangerous in excess. High amounts of vitamin A (over 10,000 IU a day) can cause birth defects.
What else should I know?
Many different things can affect your nutrition and nutritional needs in pregnancy. Pre-existing medical problems, prior pregnancy history, and carrying multiples are only a few of the factors that can change your needs, so it is important to maintain a dialogue with your provider and discuss any concerns you may have.


Between the TrainsMath brain teasers require computations to solve.
Two trains are on a head on collision course. The trains are currently 65 miles apart. The north bound train is traveling at 55 miles per hour and the south bound train is traveling at 80 miles per hour. What is the distance between the trains two minutes before they collide?
AnswerIf the trains are moving toward each other we combine their speeds to give us their speed basis. So: 55+80=135mph. Divide this speed by 60 minutes to give the speed they are traveling each minute=2.25 miles/minute. Therefore: 2 minutes before impact they are 4.5 miles apart.
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