Li-ion 3-wheel Counterbalance Forklift Truck 1.6/2.0T
NEWLY IMPROVED CPD20L2
About The TDL161/201
The TDL series is the step-forward generation of EP’s premium class, to facilitate productive operations and increase driving comfort.
The TDL series extends the modern and streamlined appearance of L2 series. This truck also inherits EP’s in-house lithium technology, 5.4kW*2 dual drive technology and mature components, delivering powerful and constant performance to various transportation needs.
Designing with users in mind, the TDL series improves ergonomics to amplify operator driving comfort with pedal adjustment. The operator compartment also optimizes driving experience and reduces operators’ distractions through the integrated design of the operator interface components.
The TDL series, as a high-end Li-ion forklift truck, is suitable for a great variety of indoor and outdoor applications such as large warehouses, docks, side bay lorry and logistics centers. It continues to deliver strong performance and boost productivity with its Li-ion heart and dual drive units.
The TDL series adopts the hydraulic steering system and this achieves more precise and responsive operation, which demonstrates better human-vehicle interaction. Plus, the mechanical steering system comes with a simple and reliable structure with lower maintenance costs.
Electromagnetic joystick available for premium needs
For premium material handling, the electromagnetic joystick is available as an option which puts operation experience and productivity at the forefront. The joystick houses all controls of the truck and the operator are allowed to perform all functions in a palm-sized place with utmost precision.
Larger legroom to amplify driving comfort
The integrated design of the operator compartment is intended to create a larger operational space to improve ergonomics to reduce operator work-related health issues, as well as to improve operational efficiency.
Powerful and constant working performance
The lithium battery with opportunity charging and 5.4kW*2 dual drive motors guarantee the TDL series operate at full power at all times with a permanently high performance. It comes with a 48V/50A integrated charger as standard for charging convenience and 48V/150A and 48V/200A external chargers available as options to better fit in your needs.
New informative LCD display
The TDL series provides the high-resolution LCD display which is installed at the upper right corner of the cabin. Via a glance, the operator is able to find speed, working hours, battery status ,miles driven and parking status. This informative and intuitive display ensures relaxed and safe working.
Optimized truck frame for cabin installation and detachment
The TDL series features the streamlined design as the L2 series and an optimized one-piece truck frame, which is easy for cabin installation as well as detachment.


Prior to proceeding, please make sure you have completed the following required trainings. We will be confirming the completion of these modules prior to assigning access to our systems containing proprietary data.
REGIONAL POC's - please refer to your training materials, and submit your request for POC access via an Online Event Support ticket at helpme.cancer.org. This form is for standard EMC access only and will change your current POC access if you submit your request here.
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RETURNING? If you've had EMC access before, CLICK HERE to log in with your previous user name and password to reclaim your account. This will also pre-populate your contact information into the correct fields below.
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Please watch for the email notification confirming your request has been completed. During Spring and Fall, volumes may be higher - please allow 2-3 days to process your request.


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WALTARI: 'Not Enough' Single Available Online
Finland's WALTARI have uploaded the song "Not Enough" from their "Blood Sample" album at www.myspace.com/waltarimusic. The track was released as a single in Finland, where it rose to position No. 3 on the national chart.
Released in Finland last September, "Blood Sample" will be made available in the rest of Europe on April 24 via Dockyard 1, the new company formed by Dirk Putzke, Christine Stephan (both ex-Sanctuary/Noise Records) and Piet Sielck (IRON SAVIOR). The band's current lineup is as follows:
Kärtsy Hatakka - Vocals/Bass
Jariot Lehtinen - Guitar
Sami Yli-Sirniö (KREATOR) - Guitar
Ville Vehviläinen - Drums
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WATE 6 News
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
The WATE 6 News iPhone and iPad apps keep you up-to-date with Knoxville and East Tennessee news, weather, radar and video.
What's New in Version 4.9.3
The latest is always the greatest!
You can now get push notifications that open up the article directly! No more trying to find that article in the app.
We've also added a Notification Center which is where all pushed stories are in case you missed them.
We also redesigned the front page to have the extended forecast right on the front screen.
There are also some design improvements that just make the app better.
Send us suggestions and feedback as we want to make it the best news app for you!
Best Knoxville News App
The design of the app is great and it's easy to use.
6 News has the best local news coverage.
You can get push alerts for breaking stories and watch videos.
Plus, you can easily share stories via email, Twitter and Facebook through the app.
Better before 12/23 update
Update makes app look more slick, but now you have an extra folder to open rather than having everything there right when you open the app...more cumbersome to use and far less practical and useful. Who wants to open local folders, go back to see national news, open that folder etc.....update basically makes no sense and is going the wrong way.
Best News App in Knoxville!!
Beats the other local stations apps hands down in ease of use!! They also do a great job updating the news to keep it current.
- Category: News
- Updated: Dec 20, 2013
- Version: 4.9.3
- Size: 8.0 MB
- Languages: English, Spanish
- Seller: Young Broadcasting of Knoxville, Inc.
- © 2013 Young Broadcasting of Knoxville, Inc.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 6.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. This app is optimized for iPhone 5.


Clients come to Trend Technologies not only for our precision injection moulding services expertise but also for our post-moulding capabilities.
We can provide a wide range of post injection moulding services to match your specific requirements, including:
- Digital printing
- Pad printing – both automated and manual
- Laser marking
- Hot foil stamping
- Laser welding
- Ultrasonic welding
- Spray painting
- Assembly of moulded parts with bought-in components
- Label application
- Customised packaging
Our experienced teams will work with you to design a solution that best suits your needs.
Our purchasing team can assist you to source the added value components.
Our engineering team can design appropriate levels of automation to give a more cost-effective solution.
Our quality team will design appropriate fixtures to ensure that all assemblies are completed to the agreed standard.


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Area codes 706 and 762 are telephone area codes in the north american numbering plan (nanp) for the northern and west central parts of georgia, but excluding metropolitan atlanta. The numbering plan area (npa) is divided into two disconnected geographical regions. To determine the location of an area code use the directory below. The resulting page will tell you the state, province or nation where that area code is used along with information about other area codes used in that location. If you wish to look up an area code by location use the link under united states area codes or canada area codes. (706) 647-8111 the (706) 647-8111 phone number is connected to the state of georgia within the following cities: augusta, columbus, and athens. Sign up to find more information regarding the (706) 647-8111 phone number, owners, and address history. The 706 area code is located in the state of georgia, and according to intelius data, covers roughly 748,552 phone numbers. Columbus is the largest city within this area code with a population of about 181,710. Have you received a call from a number with a 706 area code? figure out who is calling you by performing a reverse phone lookup search. New brunswick, along with newfoundland, was assigned area code 506 in 1955. Newfoundland (now newfoundland and labrador) subsequently received a distinct area code, 709, in early 1962. Area code 782 is an overlay area code for the same numbering plan area, introduced in august 2014, to relieve number exhaustion of 902. Fixed phone numbers in india are comprised of a single country code (+91), a 1-5 digit area code, a 0-4 digit region code, and a 50-80 digit line code. Making a call with the wrong country, area, or region code can be costly. Browse our sites area and region codes by region and city to ensure you have the correct information for your calls. Search area code on the 506 area code map in fredericton. Search for the name and address of any phone number area code 506. Browse area code 606 phone numbers, prefixes and exchanges. The 606 area code serves lexington, somerset, winchester, ivel, morehead, covering 118 zip codes in 47 counties. Overlay area codes were introduced to generate more phone numbers in areas with greater demand. Additional area codes are also planned to provide relief to regions with exhaust dates in the next four years. California has the highest number of area codes (35), followed by texas (27) and new york (19). Area code 706 area code 706 is in georgia and covers 15882. Area code 706 contains 242 non-unique postal area zip codes. Each area code has its own search page. This telephone number /prefix location search service is compiled from available information. If you know of a prefix we do not have or you spot an error, let us know but don't get upset about it. Cell phone tracker is developed for the people who have a valid reason to track a phone in a safe way. This online service allows you to track locations by phone number without notifying the phone owner. The greatest advantage is you could find mobile number current location via online map Stealth Mode:, location of phone number 706 area code.
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Location of phone number 706 area code. To understand how Spyic works without the user finding out about it, let us take a peek into how Spyic works for Android and iOS. For iOS Target Devices, location of phone number 706 area code. For iOS devices like iPhones and iPads, Spyic’s iOS solution requires no app installation in the target device at all! iOS devices come with an inbuilt iCloud backup feature. Spyic uses this backup data to extract important information about the user. Therefore, since you are not accessing the target iOS device at all, the target user has no chance of finding out his location is being tracked.
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Location of phone number 706 area code, location of phone number 706 area code
I absolutely agree, location of phone number 706 area code. hi.nice post.thanks for sharing this. I live in India the apps you mentioned aren’t available in India please change them and suggest me a best free call recorder app for my iPhone thanks. I have a personal HTC phone. The best recording is called ‘Call Recorder Pro’ from ‘Clever Mobile’ and have it installed in all our Android Phones. Unfortunately, I am supplied an IPhone for business purposes. Being on the road continually, I can’t always take notes to recall details. So, my outgoing short calls through IPhone, and all incoming through my Androids. The IPhone just becomes a Hot Spot and is not used for anything more. https://escape-net.eu/groups/create/step/documents/ Search area code on the 506 area code map in fredericton. Search for the name and address of any phone number area code 506. Mary's athens phone numbers dial 706 plus the number you wish to reach: most frequently called numbers (area code 706+) main number 389-3000 billing. Browse area code 706 phone numbers, prefixes and exchanges. The 706 area code serves augusta, atlanta, columbus, athens, dalton, covering 131 zip codes in 59 counties. The area codes locator shows the coverage area for each phone number area code. Area code locations are also listed by city next to the area code maps on this page. Find area codes using the area code search function on areacode. With area codes search, you can find city area codes in the united states, canada and elsewhere. A local number creates a sense of being local to potential customers. For example, a realtor in the suburbs of chicago with an 847 area code may want to advertise a phone number closer to central chicago, within the 312 area code. Any phone calls to the 312 area code number can be forwarded to the realtor’s cell phone, home phone, etc. Reverse phone lookup – 706 phone number search best results for georgia reverse phone lookup; 1 + 706 + 7-digits! international dialing format: exit code + country code + subscriber number exit code 011: usa, canada, nanp countries and u. Find 760 area code details including city, time zone, and map. Lookup area code 760 phone number, name, and location. Get more information on the 342 phone number you received. Please enter your search location. Phone number(s) in area code 342. Cell phone tracker is developed for the people who have a valid reason to track a phone in a safe way. This online service allows you to track locations by phone number without notifying the phone owner. The greatest advantage is you could find mobile number current location via online map. If you get a text, then you should be able to assess it for yourself. If it is a call and mo one left a voicemail ignore it. Just because it comes from 855 is not proof it is a scam. There are many other reasons why you just need to identify the owner of a phone number. Try it today by typing the first number you are researching into the search field above! 1,379,043,021 total records available. Phone numbers in the 706 area code can be found in 111 cities or locations
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|By Marketwired .||
|February 27, 2013 04:05 PM EST||
BEDFORD, MA -- (Marketwire) -- 02/27/13 -- Insulet Corporation (NASDAQ: PODD), the leader in tubeless insulin pump technology with its OmniPod® Insulin Management System, today announced financial results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2012.
Fourth Quarter Results
Fourth quarter 2012 revenue increased 23% to $57.8 million, compared to $47.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2011. Gross profit for the fourth quarter of 2012 improved by 26% to $25.3 million, as compared to a gross profit of $20.1 million for the fourth quarter of 2011. The increase in both revenue and gross profit was driven by continued growth of the OmniPod customer base both in the U.S. and international markets during the fourth quarter of 2012.
Operating loss for the fourth quarter of 2012 was $6.1 million, compared to an operating loss of $10.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2011, an improvement of over 40%. The decrease in the operating loss is mainly driven by the increase in gross profit quarter over quarter.
Net loss for the fourth quarter of 2012 was $10.2 million, or $0.21 per share, compared to a net loss of $14.3 million, or $0.30 per share, for the fourth quarter of 2011.
"2012 was an extremely successful year across all fronts for Insulet, with strong revenue growth and expanded gross margins driving us to operating cash profitability* in the fourth quarter," said Duane DeSisto, President and Chief Executive Officer of Insulet. "The year culminated with our most exciting accomplishment, FDA clearance of the new OmniPod. We have begun shipping the new OmniPod to new customers and expect to begin transitioning our existing customer base to the new OmniPod in the coming weeks. Looking ahead to 2013, we expect continued growth to be driven by robust demand for the new OmniPod, which retains all the easy-to-use features of the original OmniPod, and is over a third smaller in size and a quarter lighter."
Full Year Results
For the year ended December 31, 2012, revenue increased 39% to $211.4 million from $152.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2012 was $92.3 million, an improvement of 38%, as compared to a gross profit of $66.7 million, for the year ended December 31, 2011.
Operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2012 was $36.0 million as compared to an operating loss of $42.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2011. Total operating expenses were $128.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $109.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. This increase in operating expenses was primarily related to the June 2011 acquisition of Neighborhood Diabetes, the expansion of our commercial team and higher research and development costs associated with the development and approval of our next generation OmniPod.
Net interest expense was $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to $14.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. Income tax expense was $0.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2012, compared to income tax benefit of $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2011. Income tax expense in 2012 primarily related to federal, state and foreign taxes. Income tax benefit in 2011 primarily resulted from acquired deferred tax liabilities which were used to offset preexisting deferred tax assets and reduced the amount of the valuation allowance required.
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2012 was $51.9 million, or $1.08 per share, compared to $45.8 million, or $0.98 per share, for the year ended December 31, 2011.
As of December 31, 2012, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $57.3 million compared to $94.0 million at December 31, 2011. In January 2013, the Company sold approximately 4.7 million shares of common stock at $20.75 per share and received net proceeds of approximately $92.8 million.
For the year ending December 31, 2013, the Company estimates that revenue will be in the range of $240 to $255 million. For the first quarter ending March 31, 2013, the Company expects that revenue will be in the range of $56 to $59 million.
Insulet will host a conference call on Wednesday, February 27, 2013 at 5:00PM Eastern time to discuss the Company's fourth quarter and full year 2012 results and present information concerning its business, strategies and outlook. To listen to the conference call, please dial (877) 831-5664 for domestic callers and (832) 412-1780 for international callers. The passcode is 98386780. A replay of the conference call will be available two hours after the start of the call through March 27, 2013 by dialing (855) 859-2056 (domestic) or (404) 537-3406 (international), passcode 98386780. An online archive of the conference call will also be available by accessing the Investor Information section of the company's website at http://investors.insulet.com.
* Operating cash profitability is defined as operating loss plus certain non-cash expenses such as depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation.
About Insulet Corporation
Insulet Corporation is an innovative medical device company dedicated to making the lives of people with diabetes easier. Through its OmniPod Insulin Management System, Insulet seeks to expand the use of insulin pump therapy among people with insulin-dependent diabetes. The OmniPod is a revolutionary and easy-to-use tubeless insulin pump that features just two parts and fully-automated cannula insertion. Founded in 2000, Insulet Corporation is based in Bedford, Mass. For more information, please visit: http://www.myomnipod.com.
The 2012 financial results contained in this news release are subject to finalization in connection with the preparation of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. This press release contains forward-looking statements concerning Insulet's expectations, anticipations, intentions, beliefs or strategies regarding the future, including those related to its expected revenue, the future operations of the Neighborhood Diabetes business, planned expansion in the U.S. and abroad, particularly with respect to its agreement with Ypsomed, product demand, the impact of the OmniPod System on the insulin pump market, regulatory matters and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are based on its current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on Insulet. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting Insulet will be those that it has anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond its control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: risks associated with the Company's dependence on the OmniPod System; Insulet's ability to increase customer orders and manufacturing volumes; adverse changes in general economic conditions; impact of healthcare reform legislation; risks related to the implementation of a national mail-order competitive bid program; Insulet's inability to raise additional funds in the future on acceptable terms or at all; potential supply problems or price fluctuations with sole source or other third-party suppliers on which Insulet is dependent; failure by Insulet to retain supplier pricing discounts and achieve satisfactory gross margins; failure by Insulet to retain key supplier and payor partners; international business risks; Insulet's inability to obtain adequate coverage or reimbursement from third-party payors for the OmniPod System and potential adverse changes in reimbursement rates or policies relating to the OmniPod System; failure to retain key partner payors and their members; failure to retain and manage successfully Insulet's Medicare and Medicaid business; potential adverse effects resulting from competition with competitors; technological innovations adversely affecting the Company's business; potential termination of Insulet's license to incorporate a blood glucose meter into the OmniPod System; Insulet's ability to protect its intellectual property and other proprietary rights; conflicts with the intellectual property of third parties, including claims that Insulet's current or future products infringe the proprietary rights of others; adverse regulatory or legal actions relating to the OmniPod System; failure of Insulet's contract manufacturers or component suppliers to comply with FDA's quality system regulations, the potential violation of federal or state laws prohibiting "kickbacks" or protecting patient health information, or any challenges to or investigations into Insulet's practices under these laws; product liability lawsuits that may be brought against Insulet; reduced retention rates; unfavorable results of clinical studies relating to the OmniPod System or the products of Insulet's competitors; potential future publication of articles or announcement of positions by physician associations or other organizations that are unfavorable to Insulet's products; the expansion, or attempted expansion, into foreign markets; the concentration of substantially all of Insulet's manufacturing capacity at a single location in China and substantially all of Insulet's inventory at a single location in Massachusetts; Insulet's ability to attract and retain key personnel; Insulet's ability to manage its growth; failure to integrate successfully the Neighborhood Diabetes business; intense competition among distributors of diabetes supplies impairing Neighborhood Diabetes' business; loss by Neighborhood Diabetes of an opportunity to sell insulin pumps supplied by Insulet's competitors; failure by Neighborhood Diabetes to retain key supplier and payor partners; failure by Neighborhood Diabetes to retain supplier pricing discounts and achieve satisfactory gross margins; failure by Neighborhood Diabetes to retain and manage successfully its Medicare and Medicaid business; existence of unanticipated liabilities arising in connection with the Neighborhood Diabetes business; fluctuations in quarterly results of operations; risks associated with potential future acquisitions; the costs associated with the acquisition of Neighborhood Diabetes; Insulet's ability to generate sufficient cash to service all of its indebtedness; the expansion of Insulet's distribution network; Insulet's ability to successfully maintain effective internal controls; the volatility of Insulet's common stock; risks related to future sales of its common stock or the conversion of the 5.375% Convertible Senior Notes due June 15, 2013 or 3.75% Convertible Notes due June 15, 2016; potential limitations on Insulet's ability to use its net operating loss carryforwards; anti-takeover provisions in its organizational documents; and other risks and uncertainties described in its Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 28, 2012 in the section entitled "Risk Factors," and in its other filings from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of its assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Insulet undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements.
INSULET CORPORATION CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Three Months Ended Year Ended December 31, December 31, ------------------------ ------------------------ 2011 2012 2011 2012 Restated ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- (Unaudited) (In thousands, except share and per share data) Revenue $ 57,829 $ 47,192 $ 211,369 $ 152,255 Cost of revenue 32,510 27,112 119,033 85,543 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- Gross profit 25,319 20,080 92,336 66,712 Operating expenses: Research and development 5,847 5,804 24,359 21,863 General and administrative 12,824 12,498 51,240 44,083 Sales and marketing 12,734 12,290 52,708 43,233 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- Total operating expenses 31,405 30,592 128,307 109,179 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- Operating loss (6,086) (10,512) (35,971) (42,467) Other expense, net (4,039) (3,785) (15,684) (14,576) ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- Loss before income taxes (10,125) (14,297) (51,655) (57,043) Income tax benefit (expense) (69) (40) (212) 11,212 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- Net loss $ (10,194) $ (14,337) $ (51,867) $ (45,831) =========== =========== =========== =========== Net loss per share basic and diluted $ (0.21) $ (0.30) $ (1.08) $ (0.98) =========== =========== =========== =========== Weighted average number of shares used in calculating basic and diluted net loss per share 48,219,735 47,424,738 47,924,324 46,689,880 =========== =========== =========== =========== Results for the year ended December 31, 2011 have been restated to correct errors in the accounting for income taxes as reported on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 8, 2013. INSULET CORPORATION CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As of December 31, 2011 2012 Restated ---------- ---------- (Unaudited) (In thousands, except share data) ASSETS Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 57,293 $ 93,955 Accounts receivable, net 33,294 23,190 Inventories 14,867 11,838 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 4,482 3,652 ---------- ---------- Total current assets 109,936 132,635 Property and equipment, net 25,422 19,422 Intangible assets, net 22,963 29,002 Goodwill 37,536 37,536 Other assets 2,202 2,727 ---------- ---------- Total assets $ 198,059 $ 221,322 ========== ========== LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Current Liabilities Accounts payable $ 9,361 $ 11,418 Accrued expenses 19,026 13,064 Deferred revenue 5,445 2,582 Current portion of long-term debt 14,429 - Other current liabilities 25 931 ---------- ---------- Total current liabilities 48,286 27,995 Long-term debt 103,730 108,540 Other long-term liabilities 1,867 2,052 ---------- ---------- Total liabilities 153,883 138,587 Stockholders' Equity Preferred stock, $.001 par value: Authorized: 5,000,000 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011. Issued and outstanding: zero shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011 - - Common stock, $.001 par value: Authorized: 100,000,000 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011. Issued and outstanding: 48,359,063 and 47,504,131 shares at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively 48 48 Additional paid-in capital 525,679 512,371 Accumulated deficit (481,551) (429,684) ---------- ---------- Total stockholders' equity 44,176 82,735 ---------- ---------- Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 198,059 $ 221,322 ========== ========== Amounts as of December 31, 2011 have been restated to correct errors in the accounting for income taxes as reported on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 8, 2013.
Stephanie Marks for Insulet Corporation
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José Carlos Pedro is a Full Professor at University of Aveiro, Portugal, and President of the Institute of Telecommunications, where he also leads the Wireless Circuits and Systems’ research group. His main scientific interests include nonlinear analysis techniques, active device modeling and the analysis and design of various nonlinear microwave circuits, in particular highly linear mixers and multicarrier power amplifiers.
Pedro was editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Technology, and leading author of Intermodulation Distortion in Microwave and Wireless Circuits (Artech House, 2003) and Nonlinear Circuit Simulation and Modeling – Fundamentals for Microwave Design (Cambridge University Press, 2018), He has contributed more than 200 peer-reviewed papers and conference presentations. He served on the IEEE Portuguese MTT/AP/ED Joint Chapter and the MTT-11-Microwave Measurements’ Technical Committee, and on organizing and technical program committees of a number of major conferences of his field, namely, the MTT-IMS and the EuMC.
Prof. Pedro received the Marconi Young Scientist Award in 1993, the 2000 Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) Measurement Prize and the 2015 EuMC Best Paper Microwave Prize. He was an IEEE MTT-S Distinguished Microwave Lecturer from 2014 to 2016, and in 2016 was awarded the Microwave Distinguished Educator Award. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.
He received his diploma, doctoral and habilitation degrees in electronics and telecommunications engineering, from the University of Aveiro, where he has taught since 1993.
Despite the many studies that have been undertaken to understand the wonderful world of nonlinearity, most undergraduate electrical engineering programs are still confined to linear analysis and design tools. As a result, the vast majority of microwave designers still cannot profit from the significant technological advancements that have been made in nonlinear circuit simulation, active device modeling and new instrumentation for performance verification. So, they tend to conduct their designs relying on experience, empirical concepts, and many trial and error iterations in the lab.
This talk will reveal the ubiquitous presence of nonlinearity in all RF and microwave circuits and the recent efforts made to understand, model, predict, and measure its diverse manifestations. We aim to bring microwave engineers’ attention to newly available techniques, and attract researchers to pursue further studies on this scientifically exciting topic.
Starting with some elementary properties of nonlinear circuits (like nonlinear signal distortion, harmonic generation, frequency conversion and spectral regrowth), we will show that nonlinearity is present in all wireless circuits, either to perform a desired signal operation or as unintentional distortion. In this way, we will show how oscillators, modulators or mixers could not exist without nonlinearity, while power-amplifier designers struggle to get rid of its distortion effects.
After this theoretical overview, we will introduce some recent advancements in nonlinear microwave circuit analysis tools and illustrate different types of models that are currently being used to represent and predict device, circuit, and system performance. Finally, we will focus the talk on the key metrics that are used to characterize nonlinear behavior, as well as newly developed lab instruments and their ability to assess device performance.


|Publication number||US3947668 A|
|Application number||US 05/381,170|
|Publication date||Mar 30, 1976|
|Filing date||Jul 20, 1973|
|Priority date||Oct 20, 1972|
|Publication number||05381170, 381170, US 3947668 A, US 3947668A, US-A-3947668, US3947668 A, US3947668A|
|Inventors||Al Al-Shaikh, Erik B. Dahlin|
|Original Assignee||Measurex Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (18), Classifications (15)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation in part of copending application Ser. No. 299,225 filed Oct. 20, 1972 in the names of Al Al-Shaikh and Erik B. Dahlin.
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling pulp refiners and more particularly to refiners used in manufacturing paper.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,568,939 in the name of Brewster et al discloses in detail the existing state of the art in controlling pulp refiners. In general, the major refining action is accomplished by a group of base refiners arranged in various series and parallel flow paths; a tickler refiner provides for fine or high frequency control of the quality of the output stock. One such quality in the case of paper is known as freeness.
An inherent problem in the control of refiners is the time delay between the base refiners and the output of the tickler refiner. such delay is caused in part by the time constants in the refining operations of all of the refiners. In addition, transport delay or lag is caused by a machine chest between the base refiners and tickler refiner which serves as a mixing tank for the output of the base refiners. Typical values are a time constant of five minutes and a transport lag of 3.5 minutes.
As discussed in the above Brewster patent, if there is a deviation of overall refining action from a set point, one would ideally desire that the maximum corrective action initially occur at the tickler refiner. Then, as the effect of subsequent control action at the base refiners is sensed, the loading of the tickler refiner is reduced back to 50% of capacity. In order to accomplish the foregoing, Brewster discloses an improved control system for adjusting the loading on the base refiners as a group.
However, the prior art does not disclose an integrated control system where both the tickler and base refiners are automatically controlled such that the output of the tickler refiner is closely maintained at the desired target with only minor variations. In addition, where the base refiners are arranged in a complex series-parallel matrix no simple control method has been provided. Such a method is, of course, very important where an overall integrated control scheme is desired.
It is, therefore, a general object of the invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for controlling pulp refiners.
It is another object to provide an integrated control system for both base and tickler refiners.
It is another object to provide a simple control method for a complex series-parallel matrix of base refiners.
In accordance with the above objects there is provided a control system for controlling a predetermined process variable the system having first and second manipulated variables upon which the process variable is dependent with disparate response times. The system includes first processing means for manipulating the first variable the processing means having relatively fast dynamic response for allowing high frequency control of said variable but being restricted in control range. Second processing means manipulate the second variable such processing means having a large control range relative to the first processing means but a much longer response time relative to the fast dynamic response. The first processing means is series coupled to the output of the second processing means. Means are provided for sensing the process variable at the output of the first processing means and comparing the sensed process variable to a target value to provide an error signal. Means responsive to the error signal cause the second processing means to manipulate the second variable to fully compensate for the error signal. Feedforward means responsive to the error signal cause the first processing means to change the first manipulated variable from an optimum operating value to a value which fully compensates for the error signal and thereafter which gradually changes the value back to the optimum value in accordance with the response time of the second processing means.
Feedforward means are responsive to said error signal for causing the first output control signal to change from an optimum operating value to initially load said tickler refiner means to fully compensate for the error signal and thereafter gradually change the loading back to the optimum value in accordance with the time delay.
In addition, there is provided a method of distributing the total energy requirement of a matrix of pulp refiners arranged in a plurality of parallel lines i where i = l,n each of the parallel lines having one or more refiners, j, in series where j = l,m. The method comprises initially determining the participation, Pij, of each of said refiners. Thereafter at every control interval the specific energy, Eij, required from a given refiner is determined in accordance with ##EQU1## where ET is the average specific energy of all refining and Fi is flow through a parallel path, i. Adjusting the loading on a given refiner in accordance with any change of Eij then occurs.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a control system embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating the transfer functions of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are characteristic curves illustrating the operation of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a generalized block diagram of the base refiner portion of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram representative of an algorithm performed in the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram representative of another algorithm performed in the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is an example of a series parallel matrix of base refiners; and
FIG. 8 is a flow chart based on FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is illustrated the overall system of the present invention which is logically divided into four horizontal sections as illustrated in the drawings. These are the process section 11 where the actual processing of, for example, paper pulp is accomplished, a control section 12 which is interfaced with process section 11 by interface section 13 and an operator section 14. The process section 11 includes base refiners, R1, Ri and Rn in parallel paths which receive incoming paper pulp on a flow line 16, refines the paper pulp, and thereafter supplies it to a common machine chest 17 where it is mixed together. The n indicates any total number of parallel paths and i represents any one path. Electrical energy is consumed in each refiner and is related to the per unit mass of fiber going through each refiner. This is ternmed specific energy and its units are kilowatt-seconds per dry gallons per minute. One measure of the specific energy of the refiner or its loading is the amount of current which is required by its driving electric motor. An equivalent measure is the temperature rise of pulp across a refiner.
A so-called tickler refiner 18 connected to the output of machine chest 17 provides for fine or high frequency control of the quality or freeness of the output stock. Although only one tickler refiner is shown two or more may be used in various series-parallel combinations. This output stock is in normal course coupled to a headbox 19 which feeds in a manner known in the art a layer of paper pulp to a rotating wire mesh 21 to initially form a paper sheet or web. The sheet is, of course, thereafter steamed, compressed and manipulated to form the final finished sheet material. A measure of the grinding or refining action of both the tickler and base refiners is termed freeness and this can be measured by a vacuum type gauge 22 located at mesh 21.
Referring now to control section 12 the output of the vacuum gauge 22 on line 23 is compared with a vacuum target 24 and the difference on line 26 is in effect an error signal. A vacuum error may be due either to a change of target or variations in the measured value of the vacuum. The error signal on line 26 is coupled to the block 27 labeled vacuum control algorithm which has an output a specific energy change command ΔET which is coupled both to the tickler refiner 18 and the network of base refiners R1, Ri, Rn.
In the case of the tickler refiner, the ΔET specific energy change signal is processed by a feed forward predictor control unit 28 which has as its output on line 29 a ΔE tickler or specific energy change or loading of the tickler which is required. This is coupled to a tickler control algorithm unit 31 which effectuates the desired change in loading of tickler refiner 18 by means of tickler interface unit 32. Since the specific energy is related to both flow, F, in gallons per minute and consistency, C, which is a measure of the water content in the paper pulp flow, these values are coupled to the tickler control algorithm through the measurement lines 33 and 34. Interface unit 32 accomplishes the change of loading on line 36 of the closed loop control which is completed by the current sensing line 37 back to interface unit 32.
In general, the feed forward predictor control unit 28 operates on an algorithm which contains a model of the refining process. Based on this model, it will predict when the change in base refiners approaches the tickler and it will then force the tickler gradually back to its midrange with minimal or no disturbance of the vacuum reading on line 23. The result of this procedure is the tickler will always be ready for control of any upset including high frequency upsets either in the actual vacuum due to random variations or in the vacuum target.
The ΔE output of vacuum control algorithm 27 is also coupled to a distribution algorithm unit 38 which properly distributes the required change of specific energy to the various base refiners. In FIG. 1 only three refiners are illustrated in parallel; however, there can be a complex matrix of refiners as illustrated in FIG. 4. The output of the distribution algorithm control unit 38 is coupled to a current control algorithm unit 39 which is provided for each refiner and is interfaced with that particular refiner through an interface unit 41. The loading of these refiners is accomplished in the same manner as the tickler refiner. Also, the distribution algorithm unit 38 has as inputs the consistency, C, for the main flow line 16, the flow rate, F, for each refiner and the applied voltage, α. In addition, there are participation factors for each refiner designated P11, Pij, Pnm. The overall distribution system will be discussed below.
To provide for manual control, a select switch 42 allows the specific energy change line, ΔET to be disconnected and the distribution output of unit 38 to be coupled to a specific energy target line 43.
FIG. 2 illustrates the transfer functions of the process of FIG. 1 where the feed forward predictor unit 28 has a Z function P(Z) and tickler refiner 18 has the function G2 (s) where s, of course, is the Laplace operator. Hold blocks 44 and 46, designated H(s) indicate that the system is digital in nature or that there are discrete sampling intervals, T. Finally the base refiners R1,n and the machine chest 17 are indicated with the transfer function G1 (s). The following equations (1), (2) and (3) illustrate these functions. ##EQU2## where k1 is the vacuum/base refiner, L1 is the base-vacuum transport delay, Υ1 is the base refiner-vacuum time constant, k2 is the vacuum/tickler gain, L2 the tickler-vacuum transport delay, and Υ2 the tickler-vacuum time constant. The overall process GT (s) is illustrated by equation (4). ##EQU3##
As may now be apparent, the general problem in the control system as illustrated in FIG. 2 is that due to the machine chest which introduces long delays, only low frequency disturbances can normally be regulated. With the introduction of the tickler refiner, it is possible to control high frequency disturbances also. However, the tickler refiner has a limited operating range and, therefore, it is important to keep the tickler at an optimum or mid range operating state so as to achieve more effective control at all times. The feed forward predictor control unit 28 with its transfer function P(Z) adjusts the tickler refiner's specific energy so as to correct immediately for changes in vacuum. Once the base refiner's effect is apparent it backs the tickler to its mid range. Of course, as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 1, both the base refiners and tickler refiner when an upset in vacuum occurs are immediately shifted to correct such error. In other words, the ΔET error signal is supplied both to the base refiners and the tickler refiners. This is clearly illustrated in FIG. 2.
The design criteria for the feed forward controller is illustrated by the equation (5).
P(Z) * Z[H(s) * G2 (s)] + Z[H(s) * G1 (s)] = Z[H(s) * GT (s)] (5)
In words, equation (5) states that the combination of the transfer functions of the feed forward predictor, the tickler refiner and the base refiners and machine chest should equal the overall transfer function of the process with, of course, the sampling intervals being compensated for by the H(s) function. Substituting equations (1), (2) and (3) and (4) in equation (5) yields equation (6). ##EQU4## where: N1-N2 = Integer value of (L1 -L2)/T assuming that L1 >L2. T equals sampling period. Equation (6) can be simplified since in most applications the base refiners-vacuum time constant, Υ1, is at least five times the tickler refiner-vacuum time constant, Υ2. Thus, assuming Υ2 is equal to zero equation (6) becomes ##EQU5## Converting the Z transform algorithm equation (7) into the function of the specific energy, Etick, applied to the tickler and the total average specific energy, ET yields equation (8). ##EQU6## As disclosed in the above Brewster patent, specific energy may also be measured by sensing the temperature rise across a refiner rather than measuring current and flow. Thus in equation (8 ) Etick may be replaced by DTtick and ET by DTT where
Dttick = Δ temperature rise across tickler refiner, and
Dtt = average Δ temperature required.
The foregoing substitutions can be made throughout this description. From a computer standpoint, equation (8) may be modified to form equation (9). ##EQU7## where K1 = e- T/.sup.υ.sbsp.1
k2 = k1 /k2
K3 = O = e- T/.sup.υ.sbsp.2
k4 = (l1 - l2)/t
k5 = l - e- T/.sup.υ.sbsp.1
n = algorithm output sequence number.
Note that in equation (9) in practice the last term of the equation would not be used since K3 is equal to zero since Υ2 equals zero. However, if this time is significant, then the last term would be utilized and derived from the more complete equation (6).
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show the operation of the feed forward algorithm when as illustrated in FIG. 3A a step change in target is created at zero iminutes. Specifically, the target change in inches of vacuum is 3.8 inches to 4.0 inches. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, in two to three minutes the vacuum has been changed to the new target and variations are less than ±0.1 inches. FIGS. 3B and 3C illustrate respectively the application of ΔET to the base refiners and the tickler refiner. Initially from a time of approximately zero to 4 minutes both the base refiners and the tickler refiner are identically loaded to accommodate the step change in vacuum. The time constant of the application of ΔET is due to the vacuum control algorithm which will be discussed below. After the 4 minute period, the base refiners' specific energy in FIG. 3B remains nearly constant over the next 25 minute period, the small variations being due to measured vacuum variations. The lower curve of FIG. 3B designated "output response base refiners" is the effective response at the vacuum measurement point and indicates that in approximately 31/2 to 4 minutes the effect of the change in loading of the base refiners begins to be felt. Thus, the transport lag between the base refiners and tickler is substantially 31/2 minutes; and the time constant, in other words, the 63% point, is approximately five minutes. The curve of FIG. 3B is essentially the difference between the upper curve of FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C. Finally as shown in FIG. 3C, tickler's specific energy at its mid range was 4.0 kilowatt-second/dry gpm moved to 5.1 and then gradually, using the feed forward algorithm process model, returned at approximately the 28 minute point to its initial optimum or mid range value.
Referring now to the vacuum control algorithm unit 27, (FIG. 1) in general the overall system of base refiner control, tickler refiner control, and the feed forward predictor control appears to the vacuum control algorithm as the process with a gain equal to that of the base refiners-vacuum, a transport delay equal to that of the tickler-vacuum and a time constant equal to that of the tickler-vacuum. The vacuum control algorithm is a typical single loop, transport delay, λ tuned algorithm as illustrated in equation (10)
ΔET = Q/(G*L) [E.sub.(n) - (l-L) * En -1) ] (10)
L = 1 - exponential [-T/TC]
t = sample period
TC = tickler to vacuum time constant
Q = 1 - exponential [-LAMBDA * T]
Lambda = the reciprocal of closed loop time constant with control
G = tickler to vacuum gain
E.sub.(n) = present vacuum error
E.sub.(n-1) = previous vacuum error.
Referring now again to FIG. 1, as was discussed above, a distribution algorithm unit 38 provides for distribution of any change of specific energy among the matrix of base refiners. In many paper mill situations, a series parallel arrangement or matrix of refiners is used as illustrated in FIG. 4. In general, each of the various parallel paths are designated, i, where i varies between l and n and the numbers of refiners in series in each parallel path is designated by j which varies between l and m. Thus, a generalized refiner is given by the subscript ij. As further illustrated in FIG. 4, therefore, the following designations may be made.
Fi = Flow through refiners Rij (j=l,m) which are in series and have the same flow
Pij = Participation factor for refiner Rij
Eij = Specific energy of refiner Rij
Et = average specific energy of all refining ##EQU8##
The specific energy of the given refiner, Eij is given by ##EQU9## where PT represents an overall participation factor. Since the specific energy and arrangement of series refiners is additive, then ##EQU10## Combining equations (11) and (12) gives ##EQU11## Substituting for PT of equation (13) in equation (11) gives the distribution algorithm ##EQU12## As can be seen from equation (14) the major term by which ET is multiplied will remain constant as long as the relative flow through each refiner and its participation factor remains unchanged. As discussed above, Eij may be replaced by DTij and ET by DTT.
The specific energy required from a given refiner is then converted to the required target current Iij using ##EQU13## where C is equal to the stock consistency through refiner Rij and α equals the line voltage (RMS voltage/1000). Specific control of refiner current is achieved by comparing the refiner currents' measured value, for example, referring to FIG. 1, the measured value of a current line returning to interface unit 41, to the target current algorithm Iij and then using typical LAMBDA tuned two term algorithm to complete the control action. Of course, as discussed above temperature measurements, T, may be used as a measure of specific energy.
In order to obtain the initial participation factor values the steps of FIG. 6 should be performed. Thus, Eij, the specific energy of each refiner in actual operation or a nominal value is computed by the associated equation shown in the Figure. Thereafter, the total specific energy ET is computed as shown. Next, each base refiner participation factor, Pij is obtained by multiplying the specific energy for that refiner Eij by the total participation factor, PT and dividing by the total specific energy, ET. Normally, PT is 1 but the algorithm does not necessarily require this unity relationship. Thus, the final participaton factors P11 . . . Pij . . . Pnm are computed and supplied to the distribution algorithm shown in FIG. 5. Once the system is in operation, the operator may at his option change any participation factor. When this is done the algorithm of FIG. 6 must again be computed.
for bumpless transfer it is preferable that the values of the participation factors be read out for the operator to be used at start up.
While the control process is being carried on to manufacture, for example, paper, if any of the base refiners exceeds its high or low currents, that is, saturates, then its participation factor in the distribution algorithm shown in FIG. 5 is temporarily set to zero. Once it returns to its operating range as a result of a ΔET change opposite in sign to the one that caused it to saturate then its old participation factor is used. If any base refiner is outside of its high or low current range and any participation factor is changed by the operator then to calculate the new, Eij, the participation factor should not be set to zero.
An example of the application of the distribution algorithm of FIG. 5 is illustrated in FIG. 7 where two refiners E11 and E12 are in series in one parallel path which has three quarters of the flow and the other refiner E21 is in a second parallel path by itself which has one fourth of the flow. The relative participation factors are indicated. From the calculation from the term illustrated in FIG. 5 and from equation (14) ##EQU14## Therefore: ##EQU15##
The above distribution algorithm may also be used to control a matrix of tickler refiners.
Moreover, the distribution algorithm is based upon specific energy for each refiner--and the control of energy is open loop; that is, the total energy required is initially specified by an operator who also selects participation percentages for each refiner as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 6. In contrast, the Brewster patent continuously measures total specific energy and uses this information in a feedback loop to control participation factors and loading of the base refiners.
The control concept of the present invention is in general applicable to many control situations involving other than the specific embodiment disclosed. In general, the concept relates to feedback control over a process variable (such as freeness) which, may be sensed by and which may be controlled by two manipulated variables. In the present invention the first and second manipulated variables would be the specific energy targets or the loading of the base refiners and the tickler refiner. The tickler refiner in general has a fast dynamic response which allows for high frequency or fast control of its loading; however it is restricted in control range. On the other hand the base refiners have a relatively large control range compared to the tickler refiner but a much longer response time. The response time is in part due to the inherent time constant of the base refiners themselves and the transport lag which is in part due to the machine chest connecting the base refiners to the tickler refiner. The present invention teaches how to effectively coordinate the two manipulated variables so that each one can be used to advantage guaranteeing both high frequency control and range control under all operating conditions. In other words, the high frequency control capability of the tickler refiner would be used to immediately correct any disturbance in the process and thereafter the tickler refiner can be returned to its midrange automatically and under computer control to provide a smooth transition to allow the control action of the base refiner to take effect. It is apparent that this control scheme may be applied to many other similar processes.
FIG. 8 is a self-explanatory flow chart based on FIG. 1 with common reference numerals indicating corresponding portions from which one skilled in the art could easily code a general purpose digital computer.
Thus, from the foregoing, the present invention has provided an improved method and apparatus for controlling pulp refiners and more specifically provided an integrated control system for both base and tickler refiners and a simple control method for a complex series-parallel matrix of base refiners.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US2699095 *||Nov 10, 1953||Jan 11, 1955||Honeywell Regulator Co||Control apparatus for pulp refiners|
|US3490689 *||Sep 23, 1966||Jan 20, 1970||Beloit Corp||Automated machine system|
|US3568939 *||Oct 3, 1968||Mar 9, 1971||Westvaco Corp||Method and apparatus for controlling pulp refiners|
|US3657524 *||Jun 15, 1970||Apr 18, 1972||Ibm||Dual mode process control with continuous feedback during coarse mode|
|US3711687 *||Jun 27, 1968||Jan 16, 1973||Bunker Ramo||Computer control of parallel paper mill refiners for controlling the freeness of stock by controlling the stock temperature rise through each refiner|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4228509 *||Apr 7, 1977||Oct 14, 1980||Kennedy James P||Multivariable control system for regulating process conditions and process optimizing|
|US4294412 *||Sep 27, 1979||Oct 13, 1981||Sca Development Aktiebolag||Method and apparatus for controlling wood pulp grinding machines|
|US4500950 *||Apr 12, 1982||Feb 19, 1985||Westinghouse Electric Corp.||Industrial process control apparatus and method|
|US5050063 *||Aug 1, 1989||Sep 17, 1991||Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.||Method for controlling the characteristics of an aqueous solution|
|US6324490||Jan 25, 1999||Nov 27, 2001||J&L Fiber Services, Inc.||Monitoring system and method for a fiber processing apparatus|
|US6752165||Mar 6, 2001||Jun 22, 2004||J & L Fiber Services, Inc.||Refiner control method and system|
|US6778936||Mar 20, 2001||Aug 17, 2004||J & L Fiber Services, Inc.||Consistency determining method and system|
|US6807510||May 5, 2003||Oct 19, 2004||Honeywell Acsa Inc.||Model predictive controller for coordinated cross direction and machine direction control|
|US6892973||Jan 7, 2003||May 17, 2005||J&L Fiber Services, Inc.||Refiner disk sensor and sensor refiner disk|
|US6938843||Jun 5, 2002||Sep 6, 2005||J & L Fiber Services, Inc.||Refiner control method and system|
|US7104480||Mar 23, 2004||Sep 12, 2006||J&L Fiber Services, Inc.||Refiner sensor and coupling arrangement|
|US8540845||Apr 27, 2011||Sep 24, 2013||Centre De Recherche Industrielle Du Quebec||Method and system for stabilizing dry-based density of wood chips to be fed to a chip refining process|
|US8679293||May 2, 2008||Mar 25, 2014||Centre De Recherche Industrielle Du Quebec||System and method for optimizing lignocellulosic granular matter refining|
|US20040225469 *||May 5, 2003||Nov 11, 2004||Backstrom Johan U.||Model predictive controller for coordinated cross direction and machine direction control|
|US20050211809 *||Mar 23, 2004||Sep 29, 2005||J&L Fiber Services, Inc.||Refiner sensor and coupling arrangement|
|US20070137806 *||Dec 15, 2005||Jun 21, 2007||Honeywell International Inc.||Rapid sampling assembly for thermo-mechanical pulp control application|
|US20100121473 *||May 2, 2008||May 13, 2010||CENTRE DE RECHERCHE INDUSTRIELLE DU QUéBEC||System and method for optimizing lignocellulosic granular matter refining|
|US20120255691 *||Dec 20, 2010||Oct 11, 2012||Karlstroem Anders||Procedure For Controlling The Pulp Quality From Refiners|
|U.S. Classification||700/8, 162/254, 700/128, 162/252, 700/44, 162/DIG.10, 241/28, 241/33|
|International Classification||G05B13/02, D21D1/00|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10S162/10, G05B13/0205, D21D1/00|
|European Classification||D21D1/00, G05B13/02A|


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Entertainment Gaming Asia Inc. (NYSEMKT:EGT) is a Pan-Asian gaming company that develops and operates casinos and also leases electronic gaming machines to the gaming industry. EGA's slot operations operate on a revenue participation basis to provide high-quality gaming machines to Pan-Asian gaming markets. The company mainly focuses on the Philippines and Cambodia under long-term contracts with gaming venues and hotels.
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Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


Blogging has become one of the most popular ways to share information and ideas online. However, if you’re new to blogging, you might be wondering how long your blog posts should be. There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the ideal blog post length depends on several factors, including your niche, your audience, and your goals. In this post, we’ll explore the different factors that influence blog post length and provide some tips on how to optimize your blog posts for search engines.
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