Agner Fog: Cultural selection © 1999
7. Digression: Social organization among baboons
Two markedly different patterns of social organization have been observed among baboons. The hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas) living on the dry steppes of Africa is organized into groups comprising a single dominant male with a harem consisting of two or more females and their young. The most important social relations are between the harem leader and the adult females. The surplus of adult males, having no harem, live in all-male groups. The groups are joined into larger troops which often sleep together.
The closely related savanna baboons (papio cynocephalus) live in bigger groups and are rather promiscuous. The females have more influence than the males, and the most important social relations are female-female alliances (Byrne et.al. 1989).
Recent studies have shown that the chacma baboon (papio cynocephalus ursinus), which is a subspecies of the savanna baboon, will approach the social organization pattern of the hamadryas baboon under certain living conditions, although its normal pattern is the same as for the savanna baboon (Byrne et.al. 1987). One group has even been observed to change from the mating pattern of savanna baboons to the harem pattern in a few years as a result of the presence of a leopard (Anderson 1989). The change in organizational pattern took place in less than one generation, so it is impossible that genetic changes can have played any part. If we assume that this change in organizational pattern is adaptive, then it must have been controlled by vicarious social, psychological or intellectual mechanisms as a reaction to the changed ecological conditions, e.g. the risk of being eaten by a leopard.
The most probable reason why savanna baboons assemble into big troops is that it is the best defense against predators. The hamadryas baboons live on the dry steppe where food is sparse so the baboons have to forage in smaller groups. The chacma baboons live in the mountains where food becomes more and more scarce the higher up you go, and accordingly the social organization resemble the hamadryas pattern more and more the higher the altitude (Byrne et.al 1987, 1989; Wrangham 1987).
It may seem illogical, then, that a group of chacma baboons switched to a pattern resembling the organizational form of the hamadryas baboons owing to the presence of a leopard, as observed by Anderson (1989). The explanation may be that the monkeys have to stay together in larger troops during the summer in order to protect themselves against the predator. This makes foraging ineffective and the competition within the troop is sharpened. A female has no chances of feeding her young in this situation unless she allies herself with a strong male. This promotes the splitting of the social organization and mating pattern into harem groups, and the competition within the troop becomes a competition between harem groups.
The reproduction of the baboons is limited first and foremost by the scarcity of food on the dry steppe as well as on the savanna. Many young die from starvation or malnutrition, and the competition for food therefore plays a big role for the parents who have to feed their young. There is also a fierce competition between the males for access to mate with the females. These conflicts are regulated by a strict hierarchy of dominance and by the formation of alliances. The difference between the two organizational patterns with respect to competition is that with the hamadryas baboons there is competition between single-male harem groups, whereas the savanna baboons compete primarily within their troop because they are not divided into small groups. In other words, the hamadryas organization is dominated by group-external conflicts, whereas the savanna pattern is dominated by group-internal conflicts. This is the background for why I compare these two patterns with cultural r- and k-selection.
Wasser and Starling (1986) have found a considerable amount of competition between the females among the savanna baboons, which is seen in the females attempting to suppress each other's reproduction. Not surprisingly, there is also a high degree of rivalry between the males, and it is not unusual for males to kill young that are not their own in order to increase their own chances of reproducing. Females often mate with all available males during a single period of heat in order to avoid this. The males determine their paternity from the time of mating (Busse 1985), and the females create uncertainty about the paternity by mating with multiple males, thereby minimizing the possibility of the males killing their young.
Unlike this savanna pattern, there are seldom any conflicts between females among baboons living by the hamadryas pattern, and neither are any alliances between females seen (Byrne et.al. 1989). The dominant male decides everything and, due to the small size of the group, internal conflicts are rare. But when one hamadryas group comes near another then a tense situation arises. The dominant male spends a lot of energy on herding his females away from rival males from the other group (Byrne 1987).
In a hamadryas group there is a single male sitting on top of a strict hierarchy deciding everything and being able to suppress most conflicts within the group. Not so for the savanna baboons where decision processes are less simple and where females have at least as much say as the males. The similarity of these two patterns with regal and kalyptic human cultures, respectively, becomes particularly striking when we look at the sexual behavior. Mating is very rule-governed by the hamadryas baboon, and even though the male is polygamous he only mates with females belonging to his harem, and the females never mate with other males. Any uncertainty about paternity is therefore ruled out and the young can receive the full care and protection from their father.
Not so on the savanna, where there is almost complete promiscuity. The females seek 'deliberately' to create confusion about who is the father of their young in order to make all possible fathers sympathetic to their young.
Comparing with human societies, we similarly find a strict sexual moral in regal societies where adultery is severely punished, whereas there is considerably more freedom for promiscuity in kalyptic societies. Exclusive harems are only found in regal societies. A male may have mistresses in a kalyptic society, but he does not own them, and the females may at the same time have several lovers. The sexual behavior of humans in regal and kalyptic societies is the topic of chapter 10.
It must be emphasized that our knowledge about the social life of baboons is insufficient, and the above account is based on a limited number of studies. It is difficult to distinguish between cause and effect and there is considerable uncertainty about which factors determine group size and organizational pattern of the baboons. We have no empirical data that can throw light on the supposed social or psychological mechanisms leading to changes in organizational pattern. The observations about conflicts and alliances are regarded as more reliable, so that there are reasonable grounds for asserting a connection between sexual behavior and the ratio between group-internal and group-external conflicts. This connection is indeed interesting since a similar connection is observable among humans, as I will explain in chapter 10.
Of course, the comparison between humans and baboons cannot be used for proving anything about the social or sexual lives of humans, but the study of baboons shows that a causal mechanism connecting social conflict patterns with sexual behavior is indeed biologically possible.


Mexico has entered into a number of Free Trade Agreements over the past several years, most notably NAFTA. This has opened up many business opportunities that previously were restricted. Also, recent changes to the laws now allow 100% foreign ownership of Mexican companies. Though there are still some restrictions in areas considered as being in the nations best interest (oil, communications, transportation, etc) there is a wide field of opportunity from factories and assembly plants to local small business.
What is a MAQUILADORA?
Maquiladora comes from the Spanish word maquilar meaning "to perform a task for another." Today, maquiladora refers to a Mexican corporation, wholly or predominantly owned by foreigners, which assembles products for export to the U.S. or other foreign country or Mexico Market. Foreign corporations wishing to reduce their manufacturing costs in order to become more competitive in a global economy may achieve this goal by setting up a Maquiladora or Shelter of operations in Mexico. This means taking advantage of a special customs treatment, less expensive labor costs and lower operating expenses available in Mexico. A Maquiladora or Maquila is a plant in Mexico that retains a Maquiladora Permit from the Mexican government to import raw materials duty free into Mexico for manufacturing, assembly, repair or other processing. The Maquiladora Program was created in 1965 with the Border Industrialization Program. It was designed to generate employment, foreign investment, and stimulate industry in Mexico. The program was part of a worldwide movement known as global production sharing. With the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), in 1994, U.S. companies have rushed to Mexican border towns to comply, and avoid high tariffs.
The Maquila Industry has transformed the border area of Baja California, which includes the cities of Tijuana, Ciudad Juarez and Mexicali, from tourist and agricultural areas into thriving industrial centers. As of May 2002, there are over 3600 maquiladora plants employing over 1.1 million people in Mexico.
How does a Maquiladora work?
A maquiladora typically performs assembly, or sub-assembly, operations. Components are imported duty-free to Mexico, whereupon a maquiladora performs the assembly needed to complete the work. The finished product is then exported out of Mexico, or in some cases to other maquilas where it is used in another assembly operation. Typically, maquiladoras work best for labor-intensive manufacturers. Such businesses range from electronics manufacturers to pet products, medical equipment, sporting goods, apparel, cable assembly and toy makers. The essence of the maquiladora system is to reduce labor overhead. That’s why in the more than 30 years since maquiladoras were introduced, there are more than 3,500 companies, including but not limited to Sony, Ford, General Electric, General Motors and Zenith that have set up Maquila Operations in Mexico.
The degree of difficulty in establishing a business in Mexico depends on the size and complexity of the business. Large companies will naturally elicit assistance from professional consultants to establish their business, where a small business may only use a Notario to register the business and a local accountant to handle the reporting requirements.
Mexico, as a whole, and specifically the State of Jalisco, are extremely pro-active in encouraging foreign investment. The opportunities are definitely there.
Resources for doing business in Mexico:
* Mexico Business Directory - http://www.mexicodataonline.com/
Mexico Business Opportunities and Legal Framework – www.mexico-trade.com
* US-Mexico Chamber of Commerce – www.usmcoc.org/
* Canadian Chamber of Commerce to Mexico – no current website


16 June 2017 at 11.48am | Comment on this article
The story begins…
Defeated by the Romans in battle, King Mitridate returns home to his fiancée, Aspasia. But he soon finds himself embroiled in a conflict with his treacherous older son, Farnace, who wants Aspasia himself. Meanwhile, Mitridate’s younger son Sifare and Aspasia have fallen in love. Will Mitridate renounce his bride, or punish both his sons?
A remarkable teenage achievement
Mozart was just 14 when he began work on Mitridate, re di Ponto, to a commission from the Teatro Regio Ducal in Milan. Mozart tailored each of the opera’s roles precisely to the singer performing, and provided the full, complex orchestral textures that the Milanese favoured. Mitridate began rehearsals on 5 or 6 December 1770. The premiere was on 26 December, with the young composer conducting. Although the opera was successful and ran for 22 performances, it then disappeared from the repertory for two centuries.
From French drama to Italian opera seria
Mitridate, re di Ponto has a libretto (by Vittorio Amadeo Cigna-Santi) loosely based on the French dramatist Racine’s acclaimed 17th century play Mithridate, in turn based very loosely on the real-life story of the despotic king Mithridates VI of Pontus. The subject was popular with 18th-century opera composers. Mozart’s opera, even more than Racine’s play, deviates considerably from historical fact, in order to accommodate the love triangles and themes of honour and ambition expected in opera seria.
A singers’ opera
Mitridate follows traditional opera seria practices in having the drama’s action conducted through recitatives, while the characters express their emotion in arias; there are only two ensembles. The arias range from virtuosic displays such as Sifare’s ‘Soffre il mio cor’ to more reflective, soul-searching numbers such as Aspasia’s ‘Nel sen mi palpita dolente il cor’.
An exotic spectacle
Graham Vick’s production pays tribute to the spectacle of 18th-century opera (and Mozart’s own fascination with fashion), with elaborate crinolined richly-coloured costumes, decorated in sumptuous embroidery. The acting style is influenced both by Baroque gesture and oriental theatre.
Mitridate, re di Ponto runs 26 June–7 July 2017. Tickets are still available.
The production is staged with generous philanthropic support from Hélène and Jean Peters.


Curious about ancient art? Delve into the wonderful works of the Anasazi and Pueblo peoples in this art criticism and archaeology lesson by Kenny Mencher.
Explore the unique art and culture of the Navajo tribe! In this lesson, learn about Navajo art, the collective unconscious, and important cultural symbols.
Are Navajo blankets crafts, religious artifacts, or products for tourists? All three! In this lesson, learn about this fascinating history and development!
The Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest have an elaborate culture, rich in art and symbolism. Learn about the Tlingit, Kwakiutl, and Haida.
Continue to learn about the Pacific Northwest Native Americans in the second part of a lecture that explores the rich symbolism found in their art and culture.
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The Sogdians were the middlemen of the transcontinental trade known as the Silk Road, amassing great wealth, which financed a flowering of civilization in their homeland–the area around Samarkand in present-day Uzbekistan. But they were also purveyors of culture to their imperial neighbors, transporting craftsmen, artists, Buddhist monks and others, and introducing new artistic and religious ideas and contributing to military and diplomatic affairs as far west as Europe and as far east as Japan from as early as 550 BCE until approximately 1000CE. Despite their remarkable influence, the Sogdians remain an understudied and underrepresented culture in the history of Eurasian studies.
This team-taught, project-based course will investigate Sogdian culture and explore how best to use digital media to create a fuller, multi-faceted portrait of them. As part of an ongoing digital exhibition project at the Smithsonian Institution’s Asian museums of art — the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery – aimed at increasing awareness of Sogdian importance in the region, students will work to find ways to tell the story of how Sogdians’ adaptability and mobility allowed them to influence the art and culture of people across Asia without the traditional trappings of empire wielded by the adjacent Iranian, Chinese, and Byzantine empires.
Students will work with scholars of Sogdian culture, with curators from the Smithsonian, and with digital exhibition specialists. Students will research topics relevant to the Sogdians and explore questions of interaction and digital design to develop texts for the exhibition and prototypes for the design of the exhibition’s web site. The course will show the practical applications of collaborative interdisciplinary humanities scholarship and highlight the challenges of making coherent and complex intellectual arguments for broad audiences in the digital medium.
Additional Support Faculty, Curators, Staff
· Nancy Micklewright, Head, Public and Scholarly Engagement, Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institute
· Sören Stark, Assistant Professor of Central Asian art and Archaeology, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, NYU
· Judith Lerner, Visiting Research Scholar, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, NYU
· Aleksandr Naymark, Professor of Fine Arts, Design, Art History, Hofstra University
· J. Keith Wilson, Curator of Ancient Chinese Art, Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institute
· Jesse Merandy, Director of the Digital Media Lab, Bard Graduate Center
Directions to Bard Graduate Center
M86 cross-town, M10 on Central Park West, M7 or M11 on Columbus Avenue
B or C train to 86th Street and Central Park West; walk 1/2 block west.
1 train to 86th Street and Broadway; walk 2.5 blocks east.
DRAP-GA 3009-001 (24525)
LAG Student Tech Ctr
Bard Graduate Center
38 W. 86th St.
Prof. Kimon Keramidas
Draper Interdisciplinary Program
Office Hours: Thurs. 4-6pm
Prof. Abigail Balbale
Bard Graduate Center
Office Hours: Wednesdays, 2-4
P: 212 501 3086


What Is legislation?
The Encyclopaedic Australian Legal Dictionary (LexisNexis AU) provides a useful summary:
Legislation and case law together constitute the primary sources of law.
1. A law or body of laws formally made or enacted. The term is often confined to those laws promulgated by a legislature (statute law or Acts of Parliament) but in its broadest sense it also encompasses law made by other bodies under the authority of Parliament (delegated legislation).
2. The process of making or enacting law.
Also known as 'lawmaking' or 'statute-making'.
See also Act of Parliament; Bill; Common law; Delegated legislation; Enactment; Legislative process; Promulgation
The process by which laws are created and promulgated by the Commonwealth Parliament and respective State parliaments. Usually, a bill is introduced into one of the houses of parliament, is passed by that house and agreed to in identical form by the other house, and receives the assent of the Crown, becoming an Act of Parliament.
See also Bill; Legislation
Material that does not form part of an Act but which may assist in the interpretation of that Act. Such material includes explanatory memoranda, reports of law reform commissions and parliamentary committees and second reading speeches. While at common law it was not permissible to have recourse to such materials, for the purposes of statutory interpretation (Commissioner for Prices and Consumer Affairs (SA) v Charles Moore (Aust) Ltd (1977) 139 CLR 449 ; 14 ALR 485 ), consideration may now be given to such materials to confirm the ordinary meaning of a word or phrase or where there is ambiguity: for example (CTH) Acts Interpretation Act 1901 s 15AB; (NSW) Interpretation Act 1987 s 34(1).
Also known as 'extrinsic aids'.
See also Act of Parliament; Golden rule; Literal rule; Statutory construction; Travaux préparatoires


Prescribing drugs that lower “bad” cholesterol is a common approach to treating heart disease, but scientists from the Karolinska Institute think there may be another solution.
Atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by the development of plaques in blood vessels that impede blood flow, is a common marker of heart disease. Immune cells called T cells and dendritic cells are regular occupiers of atherosclerotic plaques, where a collection of these cells and other debris floating through blood vessels ultimately pack together and block the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. By targeting these immune cells, Karolinska Institute scientists believe they could develop a method for treating heart disease completely separate from techniques focused on lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL), AKA “bad” cholesterol.
The main “ingredient” of this new technique is a protein called PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9). PCSK9 proteins degrade LDL receptors, which results in increased amounts of LDL. Thus, PCSK9 inhibitors are prescribed to lower LDL cholesterol. But there’s yet another use for PCSK9 inhibitors.
The scientists needed to find a way to inhibit immune cells promoting the formation of atherosclerotic plaques without suppressing the entire immune system. So, they needed to know what specifically activates the T cells and dendritic cells found in atherosclerotic plaques. They discovered two key players: PCSK9 and oxidized LDL.
When LDL becomes oxidized, a modification is made to the lipoprotein that promotes its interaction with and uptake by macrophages, making oxidized LDL a clear marker for cardiovascular disease.
Researchers collected T cells from carotid arteries from people with atherosclerosis and from healthy individuals. Dendritic cells were taken from human peripheral blood. They combined dendritic cells with oxidized LDL before adding in T cells.
They found that oxidized LDL both triggered production of PCSK9 proteins and induced dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation into helper cells. However, inhibiting PCSK9 reversed the effects.
“This changed a pro-inflammatory profile into an anti-inflammatory state that is potentially anti-atherosclerotic,” explained lead author Prof Johan Frostegård. “The benefits of PCSK9 inhibition extend beyond lowering LDL cholesterol.”


Deconstruction involves carefully dismantling a building and salvaging the parts that can be re-used. Material coming from deconstruction often includes, but is not limited to, lumber, doors, windows, cabinetry and hardwood flooring. By choosing deconstruction, homeowners and builders can save precious natural resources and help divert material from the landfill.Since we are renovating an older house, it is particularly easy to find a suitable salvaged replacement from a "scrape" or remodel. Our original front door from 1911 may be rotted and cracked, but a similar door may be in excellent shape and need only a coat of paint.
Where to Look:
ReSource (Boulder and Fort Collins, CO)
Habitat for Humanity ReStores (Nationwide)
The ReUse People of America (CO, WA, CA)


Sep 8, 2019 - Explore Lisa Landy's board "Feelings", followed by 1936 people on Pinterest. 3.596155 . Science,Social & Emotional Growth,Mathematics. Now here is a list of fun questions for kids to help them express their emotions. Play some word games to learn and practise emotions and feelings vocabulary. Feelings Bingo – Encourage kids to recognize their emotions during an untraditional game of Bingo. But is it the best way to explain the feeling of "missing out" to kids? Feb 10, 2018 - Explore Desiree See's board "feelings chart for kids" on Pinterest. Learn Family and Feelings for kids is a free educational game for children between 1 to 4 years. There are so many feelings to name. Listen to this traditional children's song. Kids will also enjoy playing with the feelings wheel at the back of the book that allows them to spin a girl’s eyes and mouth to create different feelings. Feelings & Emotions Games. Create your own hero! That's a good start. Emotions. Depending on what happens to us, we may become happy, angry, frustrated, sad, scared, excited or one of many other emotions! Dealing With Death . After the initial months of their birth, knowing their papa and mamma, it is time for them to get to know others. Grateful, glad, cozy. This is a free limited version of the Montessori game. Understanding feelings and emotions for kids is an important social skill for preschoolers and toddlers. If you don’t have a laminator you can buy no heat laminating sheets at most dollar stores. This is a free limited version of the Montessori game. Every single day things happen that stir up our feelings and emotions! Perfect for preschool circle time. Loved, friendly, peaceful. After the initial months of their birth, knowing their papa and mamma, it is time for them to get to know others. This game gives children a chance to play about what different feelings look like. 3.93725. You can keep it simple by using the primary feelings. See more ideas about emotions, feelings, social emotional. Children participate in literacy activities that help them build vocabulary and word recognition skills around topics that relate directly to their daily lives and experiences. Nov 12, 2020 - This board is for activities and information dealing with the general concepts of emotions and feelings. Types of Feelings. How many feelings can you name? Moreover, love is the emotion that includes many other emotions and feelings, such as gratitude, interest, joy, awe and more. 2. Shipped to You. 99. Create stories with Elmo, Abby … Sadness is a feeling wherein we feel upset and may want to cry. Apps; Shop; Parents; TV Times; Settings ; Being able to recognize and name feelings is the very first step in helping children manage their feelings. CBT for Kids: Thoughts, Feelings, & Actions. FOMO. How to Use The Feelings Chart. Family members, whom they do not know, beset many kids. Sesame Street Elmo's School Friends . See more ideas about feelings, school social work, counseling activities. And it can give you the chance to talk with your child about all kinds of different feelings. Therefore, get the kids moving with a freeze dance. You can use this chart however you want and in whatever way works best for your child. But, I recommend printing the chart and laminating it. This is a free limited version of the Montessori game. Managing our emotions is hard, whether you are four or six or forty six! What is Sadness? How to use feeling in a sentence. You can check out The Happy Printable Journal made especially for kids to help them express their feelings. I also enjoy books with rhyming text. Emotions and feelings 1. Play with Elmo and his friends at school. Understanding and appreciating others’ feelings can be difficult, Yes, FOMO classifies as a feeling now. Mad, upset, worried. Probably not. PBS KIDS: Feelings Games More Games Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum Hero Maker. Sesame Street Storybook Builder. Now that you know how useful feelings charts for adults and kids are, it’s time to learn how to create a feelings chart at home. Please be sure to also see our boards on Grief, Anger, and Depression and Anxiety (includes BiPolar Disorder) . Kids Feelings Chart, Educational Poster, Kids Emotions, Homeschooling, Montessori Learning, Classroom Art, Digital Download, 2 File Sizes, TipToesAndCheeryOhs. You can make your own chart by following these steps: Choose the feelings to include in your chart Start by identifying the feelings that you what to focus on. After the initial months of their birth, knowing their papa and mamma, it is time for them to get to know others. From shop TipToesAndCheeryOhs. See more ideas about feelings, feelings and emotions, social emotional. Feeling Words to Use and Teach . Research has shown that CBT can be effective for children as young as 7 years old, if the concepts are explained in a simple and relatable manner. Play some word games to learn and practise more emotions and feelings vocabulary. In turn, this helps them approach feelings and relationships in a more sophisticated and well-adjusted way. Resources for Teaching Emotions with Kids Emotions Self-Awareness Unit. Giving our kids a solid foundation for emotional health is so important. Welcome to 2019. Favorite Add to Self Regulation Zones. Sometimes we feel happy, sad, worried, lonely and so much more. Help your child explore their feelings through color, by using this My Many Colored Feelings activity. See Also: Self Esteem, Conflict Resolution . For Teachers. See more ideas about school social work, emotions, social emotional. 17. Feeling definition is - the one of the basic physical senses of which the skin contains the chief end organs and of which the sensations of touch and temperature are characteristic : touch. For Kids. The idea that feelings drift into our bodies and minds and that they don't last forever is an important one to grasp.


Antonio da Correggio: "Jupiter and Io" (1532).
The painting depicts Jupiter in the form of a cloud as he steals a kiss from the beautiful river nymph Io.
Click on image for full size
Kunsthistorishes Museum, Vienna
Io was a priestess of the Greek goddess Hera. Hera was the jealous wife of Zeus, the
king of the gods. Zeus
was indeed very unfaithful. When Zeus fell in love with Io,
he transformed himself into the shape of a dark cloud to hide himself from his jealous wife.
However, noticed the small cloud and suspected
that the cloud was one of Zeus's tricks. Thus, she approached to check the
true nature of the cloud. As soon as Hera arrived, Zeus immediately transformed Io
into a white cow to avoid his wife's wrath. But Hera guessed the intrigue and asked if Zeus wanted the cow as a gift. Zeus could not refuse such a little gift without giving himself
Thus, Hera tied the poor cow and sent her faithful servant Argus to watch over Io. Argus had a hundred eyes and only a few were ever closed at any time. To free Io, Zeus sent his son Mercury to sing and tell boring stories to make Argus sleep with all his eyes. Mercury told so many stories that finally Argus close all his hundred
eyes. Only then did Mercury kill Argus and untie Io, who ran home free.
Yet when Hera
discovered what had occurred, she was so furious that she sent a vicious gadfly to sting the cow forever. Moreover, to honor the memory of her faithful servant, Hera put the hundred eyes of Argus on the tail of her favorite bird, the peacock. The hundred eyes could not see any more but beautifully decorate the tail of the peacock.
Meanwhile, Io, who was still prisoner into the shape of a cow, could not get rid of the malicious gadfly. Finally, after Zeus vowed to no longer pursue his beloved Io, Hera released Io from her inhuman prison, and Io settled in Egypt, becoming the first queen of Egypt.
The Jovian moon Io was named for the mythological character Io by
Johannes Kepler, and Simon Marius. And finally, when Voyager 1 passed Io in March 1979
and imaged the surface, the image clearly showed the hoof print of a heifer!
Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store!
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The rare geometric arrangement of planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune in the 1980's made it possible for the Voyager spacecrafts to visit them over a 12 year span instead of the normal 30. They...more
Callisto was a river nymph, descended from the river god Inachus,TBD. Callisto was the favorite companion of the goddess Diana. She accompanied Diana on the hunt and attended her at her bath after the...more
One day the god Jupiter caught a glimpse of the beautiful Callisto and fell in love with her. Knowing that Diana had warned Callisto of the deceitful ways of men and gods, Jupiter assumed the guise of...more
In due time Callisto bore a boy child named Arcas. When Jupiter's wife Juno saw this evidence of Jupiter's infidelity she became enraged, and changed Callisto into a bear. Callisto was ashamed and afraid,...more
Europa was the beautiful daughter of the Phoenician king of Tyre, Agenor. Zeus (Jupiter), the King of the gods according to Greek mythology, saw Europa as she was gathering flowers by the sea and immediately...more
In Greek mythology, Apollo was the son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Letona). He was the twin brother of the goddess Artemis. He was the god of the Sun, logic, and reason, and was also a fine musician and...more
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Because they’ve read more than enough books while still in medical college, reading might not be an obvious hobby choice within doctors. But, learning is a life-long process and often, text books are not sufficient. We present to you a list of books that are a must-read for members of your profession (and which are not textbooks). In what little leisure time you find in your busy day, feel free to pick one or more of these medical and literary books:
1. Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong by Angela Saini
Sexism in the medical field has cost women their lives. With great care, Angela Saini has ruffled pages with decades of research that tried to downplay women compared to men in several areas. The majority of these apparent “sex differences” were actually the product of biased researchers or flawed studies. Inferior provides impetus to the discourse surrounding gender discrimination in science in meaningful ways. A timely and worthy read!
2. Second Suns by David Oliver Relin
In this transporting book, David Oliver Relin brings our attention to the work of Geoffrey Tabin and Sanduk Ruit, two ophthalmologists who have dedicated their lives to restoring sight to some of the world’s most isolated, impoverished people through their very own Himalayan Cataract Project. The book is a perfect culmination of the raw emotions behind restoring sight and lives of thousands of patients and the tactical steps taken by the medical industry to find the right balance between making money and helping others.
3. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot
Henrietta Lacks, a thirty-one-year-old black woman, died after a gruesome battle with cancer but not before the doctors at Johns Hopkins took some cells from her failing body. These cells were used for research without her or her family’s consent. Labeled “HeLa”, Henrietta’s cells were reproduced by the billions over the following sixty years and have been instrumental in experiments across a wide range of biological science. Rebecca Skloot brilliantly shows the story of the Lacks family, its connection to the dark history of experimentation on African Americans and the resulting birth of bioethics and legal battles over whether we control the stuff we are made of.
4. Complications: A Surgeon’s Notes On An Imperfect Science by Dr. Atul Gawande
Dr. Atul Gawande, a surgeon by profession, explores the power and limits of medicine in this gripping account of true cases. Complications lay bare a science, not in its idealized form but as it actually is — uncertain, perplexing, and profoundly human. The writing is eloquent with a clear love for surgery. Most of the stories are detailed in a simple language, making it an interesting read for medical professionals and laymen alike.
5. The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee
In this book, Siddhartha Mukherjee examines cancer with a cellular biologist’s precision, a historian’s perspective, and a biographer’s passion. The result is an astonishingly lucid and eloquent chronicle of a disease humans have lived with—and perished from—for more than five thousand years. Mukherjee, with the insights of his predecessors and peers, highlights our physical and intellectual struggle with overcoming cancer, who has proved to be an infinitely resourceful adversary.
6. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Dr. Yuval Noah Harari
In Sapiens, Dr. Yuval Noah Harari spans the whole of human history, from the very first humans to walk the earth to the radical breakthroughs of the Cognitive, Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions. He takes us on a journey of how the currents of history have shaped our human societies, the animals and plants around us, and even our personalities. Sapiens challenges everything we thought we knew about being human: our thoughts, our actions, our power … and our future.
7. When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi
One day he was a doctor treating the dying, and the next day he was a patient struggling to live. Paul Kalanithi was a lover of literature, a neurosurgeon, a scientist, a son and brother, a husband and father, who got diagnosed with stage IV metastatic lung cancer. Read this autobiographical memoir with a side of tissues as it takes you through the journey of a doctor transitioning into a patient, trying to find every piece of normalcy he could for his wife and upcoming child and understanding the meaning of life while in the hands of death.


Sometimes people think that bullying and conflict are the same thing, but they aren’t. In one way or another, conflict is a part of everyday experience, in which we navigate the complexities of how we interact. Typically minor conflicts don’t make someone feel unsafe or threatened. Bullying, on the other hand, is a behaviour with intention to hurt, harm or humiliate and the person targeted is not able to make it stop.
Conflict vs. Bullying
Bullying is different from conflict.
- Conflict is a disagreement or argument in which both sides express their views.
- Bullying is negative behaviour directed by someone exerting power and control over another person.
RocketKids delivers character education, life-skill learning, and growth mindset videos and lessons to classrooms and homes. Our content is for kids, by kids. Our mission is to help our kids reach their full potential and be their best self, while giving back to the teachers, counselors, and parents who value these important skill-sets. Share the knowledge!


The body’s entire metabolic process depends on an alkaline environment. When we ingest too many acidic or acid-producing foods, excess acid corrodes tissues and organs, which leads to illness, sickness and disease. In addition, acid also provides a favorable environment for harmful bacteria and other micro organism that can damage organs, glands and body cells.
The body’s pH Level / pH Scale
The pH level is a measure of acidity or alkalinity, which takes numerical values from 0 (maximum acidity) through 7 (neutral) to 14 (maximum alkalinity). The saliva, blood, urine, digestive juices, mucus and the fluids inside and outside the body’s cells each have an optimum pH level; blood pH is the most telling of all. The ideal blood pH is slightly alkaline, with a normal range of 7.35 to 7.45. If the pH moves below 6.8 or above 7.8, the cells of the body stop functioning and the human will die. Consequently, the body continually struggles to maintain its ideal pH.
Acidosis Will Interrupt Cellular Activities
In other words, over-acidified body cells (which leads to acidosis) will interrupt cellular activities and functions. It is the root of all sickness and disease. And it is also what causes overweight: to protect itself from potentially serious damage, the body creates new fat cells to store the extra acid. The key to restoring our body to its ideal pH is to create the proper balance of alkaline and acid forming foods. Since our body’s pH level is slightly alkaline, our diet should also reflect this.
Therefore, we should ingest at least 75% of alkalizing foods, like green vegetables, and never more than 20-25% of neutral and acidifying foods. Eating foods that are alkalizing transforms our body’s balance from dangerously acidic to slightly above neutral. Here are some simple strategies that can help to remove the acid wastes in the body (by adopting these habits the body’s pH level will gradually be balanced).
Better Eating Habits to Remove Acid Wastes
„X Eliminate red meat and reduce the portion size of any fish, chicken or turkey
„X Eliminate dairy products and replace milk with Soy or almond milk
„X Use bread with no or very little yeast
„X Try to not consume processed food or if you do, limit it
„X Take extra virgin olive oil along with flax seed oil, as often as you can
„X Eat big salads as a whole meal: put in tomatoes, avocados, cucumbers, zucchini, other vegetables, almonds, salmon or soba noodles, and add sunflower, pumpkin or sesame seeds
„X Consider using wraps to wrap your veggies and salads, sprouted tortilla wraps or organic flour tortillas are great to use (not corn)
No More Fat Cells in an Alkaline Environment
Besides, there is another nice side effect should the focus be put on an alkaline diet: as the acidic environment is eliminated, there will be no need for new fat cells to form. That means the fat in our body is no longer needed, and literally melts away. When we achieve pH balance, our body naturally drops to its healthy weight, our food cravings will diminish and our energy levels will increase immensely.


Direct Bilirubin - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester
Bilirubin is also part of bile, which your liver makes to help digest the food you eat. A small amount of bilirubin in your blood is normal. Healthy adults make 250 to 350 milligrams (mg) of bilirubin each day. Some bilirubin is bound to a certain protein (albumin) in the blood. This type of bilirubin is called unconjugated, or indirect, bilirubin.
DA: 70 PA: 91 MOZ Rank: 63


What are Adverbs
A word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree etc. is called Adverb.
So adverbs tell the qualities of verbs, adjectives or other adverbs in relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause and degree etc.
Adverbs of Manner
The Adverbs which tell the qualities of a verb, adjective or other adverb in relation of manner are called the Adverbs of Manner.
Following are some adverbs and their examples:
Nicely, Badly, Quickly, Slowly, ill, Thus, So etc.
His behavior hurt me very badly.
He guided the ball nicely.
Ramesh returned the ball quickly.
She ran very slowly.
He is an ill-mannered person.
This music is so disturbing.


The Indian summer monsoon brings torrential rains to Southeast Asia from June through September every year in a weather event with massive impacts on local economics, infrastructure, and culture. In summer, winds from the southwest carry moisture from the Indian Ocean and deposit it over the Indian subcontinent. Around October, the winds reverse direction, and only certain regions receive the remaining moisture.
The topography of the subcontinent further contributes to the intensity of the monsoon, with the Himalayas and the Western Ghats acting as barriers that trap severe weather above India. Despite its seasonality, the timing, duration, and intensity of the Indian Summer Monsoon vary widely, and scientists are keen to improve modeling and prediction methods to account for this kind of variability.
Using observations from an instrument called the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite, Raju et al. evaluated how changes in temperature and moisture with respect to altitude influence monsoon development. They used the data to model monsoon characteristics, including precipitation, easterly wind shear, low-level moisture distribution, and the temperature of the troposphere (the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere).
By combining observations and a regional model, the team was able to more accurately forecast patterns of precipitation across the region. The forecast monsoon features are highly correlated with observations, indicating their potential value for future predictions of the Indian summer monsoon. The AIRS data may be the key to more realistic models of temperature and moisture processes that drive monsoon development and behavior. Seasonal forecast improvements would have tremendous implications for lives and livelihoods throughout the region, especially during the extremes (drought or flood). (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, doi:10.1002/2014JD023024, 2015)
—Lily Strelich, Freelance Writer
Citation: Strelich, L. (2015), Improving Indian summer monsoon prediction, Eos, 96, doi:10.1029/2015EO039685. Published on 20 November 2015.


Today I would like to explain the word, ”Jippo（十方）” which literally means “ten directions.”
"Ji" or "Ju" （十）means ten and "Po" or "Hou"（方） means directions.
Jippo （十方）or ten directions is very popular phrase in Buddhist sutras, which indicates “every and all directions.” I guess you are familiar with this “Jippo” if you chant Jodoshu Otsutome book.
Isshin kyorai Jippo Hokai Jojubu......meaning,
"Reverently I adore the Buddhas who always dwell in the ten directions of the universe."
Ishhin Kyorai Jippo Hokai Jojuho.....meaning, "Reverently I adore the Dharma which always dwell in the ten directions of the universe."
Isshin kyorai Jippo Hokai Jojuso.......meaning,
"Reverently I adore the Sangha which always dwell in the ten directions of the universe."
Then what is ten directions?
First, I believe you can easily guess four directions which is called “Shihou（四方）” in Japanese.
This is the very basic four directions and universal. However, I knew the orders of four directions were not universal when I studied cross-cultural comparison.
In English, as you know, it is said as
“North, South, East and West.”
In China and Japan, four directions are listed as
"East, West, South and North."
In Buddhist sutras, they are listed as
"East, South, West and North."
There is another word “Roppo（六方）” meaning “Six directions.” Roppo（六方）means these four directions plus Above/Up (Heaven) and Below/Down (Earth.)
Then other four directions are called “Shi-I（四維）” as
East-South 東南…..South-East (English)
West-South 西南…. South-West(English)
West-North 西北…..North-West (English)
East-North 東北…….North-East (English)
So Jippo or actual ten directions are "Shihou (four directions)+Shii(other four directions)+ Up+Down." They are;
- East 東
- South 南
- West 西
- North 北
- Up 上
- Down 下
- East-South 東南
- West-South 西南
- West-North 西北
- East-North 東北
In Buddhism, there are countless Buddha lands in ten directions of the universe. For non-Buddhists, it may be hard to believe Buddha lands in the universe.....However, I believe countless Buddha lands are maybe like countless suns and their solar systems in the universe. It's really amazing the scale of Buddhism is as vast as universe!
By the way, in Japan, there used to be a belief that the word “NEWS” stands for;
"News" was said to be “information from four directions of North, East, West, and South.” Though it sounded true but it was not. “News” is the plural form of “new” which means “something new information.”


Program encourages volunteers to take care of Mauna Kea
By CAROLYN LUCAS-ZENK
Stephens Media Hawaii
Traveling to the top of Mauna Kea in 1825, Scottish botanist James Macrae described in awe “one plant of the Syginesia tribe, in growth much like a Yucca, with sharp pointed coloured leaves and green upright spike of three or four feet producing pendulous branches with brown flowers, truly superb, and almost worth the journey of coming here to see it on purpose.”
He was writing about the Mauna Kea silversword that grew in abundance and was the only plant he saw during the final mile of his journey.
This endemic plant, also called ahinahina, had a historical range that dominated the mountain’s subalpine and alpine ecosystems at the 8,500- to 12,500-foot elevations. Today, the Mauna Kea silversword is a federally endangered species. The population declined severely by the pressures of grazing ungulates and other vegetation, said Fritz Klasner, natural resources program manager for the Office of Mauna Kea Management.
Restoration and recovery efforts are under way through the Office of Mauna Kea Management, state Department of Land and Natural Resources and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. DLNR propagates silverswords in its greenhouse and strives to reintroduce thousands of seedlings annually. The Office of Mauna Kea Management and its volunteers have helped with the outplantings, including planting 200 silverswords in the state’s enclosure next to the Onizuka Center for International Astronomy Visitor Information Station at the 9,500-foot elevation, Klasner said.
The newly planted silverswords are encircled with neatly stacked rocks, which help collect the fog drip — a key source of moisture. The plants are also watered twice a week for about a month, then once a week for another five months or until winter, the wet season, hits. The Office of Mauna Kea Management coordinates the watering and helps monitor the site. Approximately two-thirds or three-fourths of the plants survive. Once a root system is established, the silverswords are expected to live 30 to 50 years on Mauna Kea, Klasner said.
The Office of Mauna Kea Management started a volunteer program in 2012 as a way to engage the public in helping take care of the mountain in a meaningful way. It also serves to educate people about the unique resources and the activities that occur there, Klasner said.
Volunteers get a rare look inside the observatory support facilities at Hale Pohaku, where astronomers and technicians who work at the summit go to acclimate or live while working. They also enjoy presentations from various speakers, including natural resource managers, cultural practitioners, entomologists, scientists and researchers who share information about Mauna Kea or their work.
The Office of Mauna Kea Management, which falls under the University of Hawaii at Hilo’s chancellor, is tasked with achieving “harmony, balance, and trust in the sustainable management and stewardship of the Mauna Kea Science Reserve through community involvement and programs that protect, preserve, and enhance the natural, cultural and recreational resources of Mauna Kea while providing a world-class center dedicated to education, research, and astronomy.” It manages the area starting at the 9,200-foot elevation and extending to the 13,792-foot summit. This encompasses the 11,288-acre Mauna Kea Science Reserve, the midlevel facilities at Hale Pohaku and the Summit Access Road, Klasner said.
The Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce and Board of Realtors helped launch the office’s volunteer program by rallying members to participate in invasive weed pulls around Hale Pohaku and along the road corridor.
Volunteers typically help remove invasive species, such as fireweed, fountain grass, common mullein, telegraph weed and poppies, by hand. Planting rare silverswords is a unique opportunity, one that’s made possible by DLNR, which makes the seedlings available, provides planting instructions and obtains the needed permits, Klasner said.
Removing invasive plants is important for several reasons. Invasive plants can harm native bird populations, including the palila, a critically endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, through the displacement of native forest and shrub lands. They can also prevent forest recovery by smothering the native plant seedlings; change the fire regime; alter habitats; and serve as ideal homes for unwanted predators or insects. For example, the Argentine ant is a serious threat to native flora and fauna because of its appetite for seeds, nectar and arthropods such as moths and bees, which are pollinators of the silversword, Klasner said.
While the removal may not eradicate invasive plants, the efforts are making a difference — one that can be seen. Areas once completely taken over by invasive plants are now relatively sparse. The expansion has decreased or stopped. This continuing control is giving native species a better chance at becoming more established and, in some cases, in perpetuity, Klasner said.
Eventually, the Office of Mauna Kea Management plans to plant various native species, further helping restore areas and increase the native plant diversity.
The work days, consisting of no more than 50 volunteers at a time, take place at least once per month. So far, more than 1,500 volunteer hours have been donated this year, already surpassing last year’s total of 1,200 hours, Klasner said.
To get involved or for more information about the volunteer program, call Klasner at 933-0734 or email email@example.com.
Email Carolyn Lucas-Zenk at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Comprehensive Analysis Of Graphic Designing As A Career In India
Graphic design seems to be a steadily rising career for some. With the increasing popularity of ad campaigns and the Adobe Creative Cloud—particularly Photoshop and Illustrator—graphic design seems to be a go-to career path for many upcoming young professionals. With the competition between goods-based corporations and advertisers intensifying by the second, there seems to be no shortage in demand for new graphic designers. While it might not be the highest paying career of them all, graphic design is still a reputable profession to consider. In India, where forty percent of advertisements are visual, it would be wise for an upcoming professional to have some working knowledge in graphic design.
Requirements for graphic designers seem to be similar worldwide. One key requirement is to have an educational background in graphic design. With more than twenty colleges solely dedicated to graphic design, students have a considerable amount of options when seeking an education. Students can study graphic design in two-year professional degree programs, four-year Bachelors’ programs, or two-year Masters’ programs. These programs, as a whole, center on the practical and theoretical aspects of graphic design. In short, the students will have knowledge in areas such as photography, illustration, typography, packaging, and web design in addition to a plethora of other working concentrations. Given that the world is digitally-based now, there is also a special emphasis on graphic design software.
Using the MIT Institute of Design’s undergraduate program as an example, beginning courses for graphic design would obviously teach the basics. Students will learn the basics of design—such as color, geometry, form, space and drawing. Students can expect to incorporate that bit of working knowledge into computer software programs such as Adobe Photoshop. As their course work intensifies, students are expected to gain knowledge of communications and how design plays into it. Most of their practical coursework would involve creating ad campaigns to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of graphic design.
Gujarat seems to be a hub for graphic design in India, having at least five design schools based there. With options such as Animation, Communications Design, and Graphic Design, students are afforded the opportunity to receive an excellent education in Gujarat. One of the more affordable schools to receive a graphic design through would be the Kalapurnam Institute of Visual Effect and Animation. Offering diplomas in graphic design, students can receive certification and knowledge in graphic design for only Rs. 15,500. Even better, some of their courses can be taken online.
As for salary, graphic designers fare considerably well. For a junior graphic designer, their base salary starts at Rs. 90,000 per annum. However, a more experienced graphic designer can expect to earn up to Rs. 800,000. All things considered, a career in graphic design is not one to be ignored. Given that the industry is booming and the demand for graphic designers is increasing each year, aspiring graphic designers have an ample amount of options at their disposal. With a variety of colleges at which to study and bountiful employment opportunities, a graphic designer seems to be well off nowadays.


(NaturalNews) Researchers from Newcastle University have scientifically proven that Hyptis crenata, also known as Brazilian mint, is a powerful pain reliever that works just as well as Indometacin, a synthetic drug similar to aspirin. A traditional remedy for treating the flu, stomach problems, high fevers, and headaches, Brazilian mint was found to be extremely powerful and safe.
The team, led by Graciela Rocha, set out to perform the study using the traditional preparation of the herb. Surveys were conducted in Brazil to figure out exactly how this was done and how much should be consumed in order to achieve beneficial results. The preparation the team ended up using consisted of the herb's dried leaves being steeped in boiling water for 30 minutes. Once cool, the tea was consumed in the same way as any other brewed tea would be. The results indicated efficacy in a wide range of ailments.
Graciela emphasized the fact that more than 50,000 plants worldwide are used for some type of medicinal purpose and that researchers should focus on identifying these types of plants and testing their efficacy. Since more than half of all prescription drugs are derived from plant compounds, it is a worthy effort to study plant medicines in their natural, safe forms.
Findings were put forward at the 2nd International Symposium on Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants in New Delhi, India and are set to be published in the society's journal Acta Horticulturae. Clinical trials are the next step for the group who hopes to discover not only the various effective dose levels for various pains and illnesses but also the specific characteristics of the herb that make it so advantageous.
Comments by Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
Living in South America, I find myself surrounded by abundant natural medicine. I can't walk fifty feet out my front door without discovering medicinal plants.
South America is an undiscovered medicine chest that continues to remain largely ignored by western nations. Ecuador, for example, offers seemingly countless medicinal plants that have yet to be properly studied and understood. Brazil, meanwhile, is a huge, incredibly biodiverse nation with a rich collection of undiscovered medicinal plants that very quite literally save the western world from chronic disease.
In Ecuador, I recently took a weekend trip and harvested fresh Sangre de Drago from the trees found in the local rainforests. We also harvested tres filos herb from the local hillsides, and we even found some amazing guayusa herb leaves that we harvested to make some invigorating tea. In these three herbs alone, thousands of medicinal compounds exist. Most are entirely unknown by western science, but they were well understood in function by the South American Indians who inhabited regions throughout South American which now include Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and several others.
In addition to his lab work, Adams is also the (non-paid) executive director of the non-profit Consumer Wellness Center (CWC), an organization that redirects 100% of its donations receipts to grant programs that teach children and women how to grow their own food or vastly improve their nutrition. Click here to see some of the CWC success stories.
With a background in science and software technology, Adams is the original founder of the email newsletter technology company known as Arial Software. Using his technical experience combined with his love for natural health, Adams developed and deployed the content management system currently driving NaturalNews.com. He also engineered the high-level statistical algorithms that power SCIENCE.naturalnews.com, a massive research resource now featuring over 10 million scientific studies.


What to look for when buying
Pay attention to the shoe’s proper length, width and depth when fitting your child’s shoe. Poorly fitting children’s shoes can cause toe problems, ingrown toenails, hammer toes, calluses and bunions.
Children’s feet grow in spurts, and they require new shoes every three to four months. Most early toddlers (under 16 months of age) grow more than one-half a foot size in two months. Toddlers from age 16 to 24 months grow an average of one foot size (0.5cm) every three months. The young child, 24 to 36 months old, grows approximately one foot (0.5cm) size every four months, and children over 3 years of age experience increases of one foot size (0.5cm) every four to six months.
Remember, shoes should be comfortable from the start. If new shoes need to be “broken in,” it means either they were not properly designed or not properly fitted for your child’s foot.
Measure your child’s foot from the top of the longest toe to the end of the heel. If one foot is longer than the other (quite common among children), then measure the longer foot. Then check the size chart. The child’s feet in centimentres refers to the insole length of the shoe. E.g. if your child’s foot is 14cm, the corresponding size should be EUR size 22. The allowance has been made in the size chart.
result in a child trudging or reluctant to run. Although many Asian parents like to buy bigger shoe sizes for their children, it is really not encouraged as this causes stress on the child’s feet while running. The child has to use more energy to lift the foot and this may result in falls or worse, the child may start to dislike running. When a child takes off running happily in his new pair of shoes without any hesitation, you know you have bought the right sized shoes. A wrong sized shoe will cause a child to reduce or stop activity altogether.
We all love to share our used baby stuff with our friends such as bottles and clothes. However, shoes is something that is greatly discouraged, though not many parents are aware of this. A pair of shoes that has been worn will have the corresponding feet impresses that are formed from the child’s gait (walking style/impact points). Every person’s gait is different. Hence if a child wears a pair of second hand shoes that are very different from his/her gait (impact points), this could result in falls, or more invisibly, a change in his gait which could adversely impair his feet development. Foot sprains may not be apparent in children (as compared to adults wearing a pair of wrongly gaited second-hand shoes), as the bones on their feet are still very soft. But long-term wearing may cause the feet (and legs, in order to balance the impact of the shoes) to be formed not as nicely as a good, new pair of shoes would. And such “ugliness” will only be apparent when the child is older, and cannot be reversed.
The foot is a complex structure comprised of 26 bones. These bones are designed to support the entire body, adapt to uneven surfaces and absorb shock. A baby’s foot contains more cartilage than bone, which, over time, will fuse and harden into adult bones. Although the structure of the foot develops fully by the first 2 years, the bones themselves will not fully develop and harden until around the age of 18. This is why it is crucial to have good shoes early on, so that the bones are allowed to develop naturally.
Shoes consist of four parts: the upper, the insole, the outer sole and the heel.
The upper part of the child’s shoe should be made of leather, canvas or the newer mesh materials. Children’s feet perspire heavily, and the upper part of their shoes should be made of breathable materials. Leather or canvas allows the foot to breathe. Avoid man-made material, such as plastic.
Make sure the insole is made of absorbent material. Raf Raf’s padded insoles provide support and aids to absorb the impact when children run in the shoes. Most children do not need a special arch support. All toddlers younger than 16 months have flat feet and only fully develop an arch by the age of 6 to 8 years. Raf Raf Insoles are breathable and can be washed.
The outer sole provides traction, cushioning and flexibility to the shoe. It also protects the feet from sharp and dangerous objects on the ground. Outer soles should be flat, made with rubber or materials with patterns or grooves to make it non-slippery. Some outer soles that are too thick can make young children clumsy and cause falls and should be avoided. Conversely, outer soles that are too soft (e.g. only a leather lining) can cause the child to develop tiptoe walking, as they are unable to place their feet firmly on the ground. It is a fallacy to look for extremely light shoes for children. Look for soles that are firm yet flexible, soft yet not overly flimsy.
Toddlers do not need heels on their shoes. Flat outer soles make it easier to begin walking. Older children from 7 years old can wear shoes with heels, but they should not be too high (taller than one inch), as tall heels can cause the foot to slide forward and cramp the toes against the inside of the shoe.
During the first several years, your child’s foot continues to take shape. At this time, problems such as flat foot or high arch may become noticeable, but usually no specific treatment is necessary. If severe, these problems may be symptoms of other, more serious conditions and your child may need a physician’s examination and diagnosis.
Here are some of the more common developmental foot conditions:


The 1932 Washington quarter is a type of US quarter which has been minted first in 1932 and still remains one of the most popular US coins of all time. Struck in .900 fine silver, the Washington Quarter was originally intended to only be a one year issue, however, it was minted in different version for many years after. The original design was issued to commemorate George Washington’s 200th birthday.
Design of the Coin
The obverse of this coin sows George Washington facing left in profile and was designed by sculptor John Flanagan and his initials can be found at the base of George Washington’s neck along with the date of minting, in this case, 1932. Both the phrases, ‘Liberty’ and ‘In God We Trust’, can be found at the top and to the left of Washington’s head respectively.
The reverse of the coin was also designed by sculptor John Flanagan and features a bald eagle. On this edition of the coin, the mintmark appears below the eagle’s talons. This side of the coin bears the motto ‘E Pluribus Unum’, which translates to ‘one out of many’ and also appears on the great seal of the United States.
The honour of the original design was given to Laura Gardin Fraser who had designed the Oregon Trail commemorative coin. Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon was unimpressed with the design which Ms Fraser had created and therefore decided there would be a second contest in which would decide the final design of the coin. Fraser again won. This was again ignored and the assignment was consequently handed to John Flanagan.


See what questions
a doctor would ask.
The Cambridge Diet has developed as a very low calorie diet (VLCD) and is now used as both a VLCD and as the foundation for a range of weight management programs. The diet uses pre-packaged foods and the company claims that all the programs are based around a nutritionally complete formula food providing 100% of the Recommended Daily Allowance of all vitamins, minerals and trace elements. However, the Cambridge Diet program is extremely calorie restricted and supplies as few as 415-500 calories per day. The pre-packaged, formulated foods are available in a range of flavours in powder, liquid and bar form. The Cambridge Diet comes in a number of different formats. These include individual meals in sachets of powder which are mixed with water to produce soups and milkshakes. There are also ready-mixed Tetra Briks and chocolate-covered meal bars. Cambridge is available in a number of flavours. The Cambridge Diet is only available through independent Cambridge counsellors who provide a personal screening, advisory, monitoring and support service. These counsellors are trained but are not necessarily licensed medical professionals.
Very low calorie diets, such as the Cambridge Diet, are based on the fact that if a dieter takes in fewer calories than he or she needs for energy, then the body will burn stored fat for energy, which will result in weight loss and a leaner appearance. Medical guidance and caution is needed when considering the extremely restrictive Cambridge Diet. Caloric intake may be too severely restricted for many people and lead to rebound weight gain. This is due to the fact that severe calorie restriction results in the body going into "starvation" mode, which leads to a lower metabolism, the body's way to try to prevent complete starvation. This often leads to gaining even more weight then was lost after the diet has been discontinued. This encourages "yo-yo" dieting patterns that are unhealthy and do not result in effective weight control. Severe calorie and nutrient restriction can also lead to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), low blood pressure, dizziness, and weakness. They can also result in ketoacidosis, a condition in which severe restriction of calories or carbohydrates leads to dangerously high levels of acids called ketones build up in the blood and can poison the body.
The most effective weight loss diets include enough calories to allow dieters to lose about one to two pounds per week. Rapid weight loss is not recommended. Good, effective weight loss plans also advocate for a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise, while the Cambridge diet actually cautions against anything but the mildest activity while on the diet. Due to the severe restrictions of the Cambridge Diet, it is not recommended for many people with many conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease. Any diet may have the potential to be harmful, so consultation with a health care provider before starting the Cambridge Diet or any diet plan and exercise program is recommended.
Other diets similar to Cambridge Diet include:
Conditions associated with Cambridge Diet include:
The following foods may be restricted or excluded from Cambridge Diet:
The following foods may be focused on as part of Cambridge Diet:
The following are potential risks or complications of the diet (Cambridge Diet):
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In Detroit, the 50th anniversary of the cataclysmic riots of July 1967 has been inescapable—from museum exhibits to street tours of historic hot spots to the new Kathryn Bigelow film. Of all the cities that erupted that decade—Watts, Newark, Chicago, Milwaukee, Harlem, Washington, D.C., and hundreds of others—Detroit was the worst. Federal troops and armored tanks were dispatched to American streets. Buses were used as mobile prisons. Over five chaotic days, more than 1,000 people were injured and more than 2,000 buildings were destroyed. Forty-three people were killed, mostly African-Americans. My city is still dealing with the repercussions, both physical and psychological.
But even here, in the deadliest of the 1960s riots, the number of fatalities does not match the worst of our modern-day mass shootings. This week, at least 58 were killed by a shooter firing military-style rifles at rapid speed in Las Vegas, and more than 515 were injured. At Orlando’s Pulse nightclub in June 2016, a shooter murdered 49 people in just a few hours. At Virginia Tech in 2007, a shooter killed 32 people. At Connecticut’s Sandy Hook elementary school in 2012, it was 20 children and six adults—matching the death toll from Newark’s five-day uprising in 1967, and doing it in the course of a single morning.
We think of urban rebellions as a defining crisis of 1960s America. Today, it is mass shootings, which are far more common than riots ever were back then—and far deadlier. In the wave of riots from 1964 through 1971, 228 people were killed across more than 750 different disturbances. So far, in 2017 alone, there have been 273 mass shootings in which at least four people—not including the shooter—have been shot. That averages about one a day. In all, 300 people have been killed this year by mass shooters, and the grim numbers emerging from Nevada may yet add to that total.
Why, then, is it taking us so long to see mass shootings as a systemic crisis, as we did 50 years ago when one city after another exploded into violence? Back then, there were some ham-handed and even harmful attempts to respond to the riots. Some local police departments began to stockpile sophisticated weapons, train squads of sharpshooters and send undercover agents into poor black neighborhoods. But there was also a recognition that civil disorders were a pattern, not a series of inexplicable tragedies.
Before the fires in Detroit had cooled in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson went on national television to announce the creation of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. It was a bipartisan team of 10 men and one woman chaired by Otto Kerner, the former governor of Illinois. What became known as the Kerner Commission also included New York City Mayor John Lindsay, the chief of police in Atlanta, the executive director of the NAACP, and Edward W. Brooke, a Massachusetts Republican and the only African-American member of the U.S. Senate.
This group was tasked with answering three questions about the unrest in America’s cities: What happened? Why did it happen? And what can be done? Over seven months, they conducted rigorous field studies, interviews, hearings, data analysis, surveys and other research, tracing both full-blown uprisings and close calls in cities all across the country.
Johnson had asked for a diagnosis of “the conditions that breed despair and violence.” He got more than he bargained for.
On February 29, 1968, five months ahead of schedule, the commission released an exhaustive, six-volume report attacking the racism, poverty and inequality built into American cities. It was issued as a mass-market paperback with an introduction by New York Times columnist Tom Wicker. It sold more 740,000 copies—more than the Warren Commission’s report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Marlon Brando read excerpts on “The Joey Bishop Show.” Inspired by the text, Archbishop John Dearden, the head of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, ordered Catholic clergy to give sermons on combating racism. The Kerner Report represented a genuine cultural moment when America acknowledged a systemic problem and, at least for a time, tried to grapple with it.
The report is most famous for declaring, “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal.” It detailed the profound demographic changes in the cities and suburbs over the 20th century, and wrestled with pervasive myths, like the one that claimed that if impoverished European immigrants could assimilate to life outside their ghettos, so could African-Americans. And it was unambiguous in its findings. “What white Americans have never fully understood—but what the Negro can never forget—is that white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto,” read the summary introduction. “White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it.”
To remedy this, the report also listed concrete recommendations “on a scale equal to the dimension of the problems.” Far more federal and state investment in education, jobs, public housing, and social services was needed—paid for with more taxes, if necessary. More racial and ethnic diversity was needed in newsrooms. Better training and accountability measures for police officers was a must. There needed to be more investment in early childhood education, and more effort to focus suburban communities on the physical, social and cultural environment of the core city. “These programs will require unprecedented levels of funding and performance, but they neither probe deeper nor demand more than the problems which called them forth,” the commission wrote. “There can be no higher priority for national action and no higher claim on the Nation’s conscience.”
And yet, for all the care that went into crafting the Kerner Report—and for all the publicity it generated—at the highest levels of government, its recommendations were largely ignored. Johnson scarcely commented on it and was reportedly irritated that it didn’t give more credit to his Great Society programs. Many conservatives scorned the report for failing to hold the rioters responsible for their own actions. Richard Nixon’s election to the presidency that fall—won in part on his “law and order” agenda—pivoted the nation to a new era of politics that, to say the least, did not include a comprehensive urban agenda.
But the report is nonetheless an invaluable documentation of a national crisis. It informed a few pieces of major policy: the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968, which Congress passed when civil unrest again overtook American cities in the wake of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination, and the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, which was designed to construct more low-income housing. A few years later, it was modified to move more subsidized housing programs into the suburbs.
In 1969, the Federal Communications Commission applied Equal Employment Opportunity rules to its broadcasters, after being petitioned to do so by the United Church of Christ. In declaring that licensees who discriminated against employees would violate their public interest obligations, the FCC cited the Kerner Report’s contention that “the media can contribute greatly” to confronting America’s “serious racial crisis.” In 1990, the report was referenced by the U.S. Supreme Court in a ruling about the constitutionality of the FCC’s policies on minority ownership.
The Kerner Report also motivated change on the local level. The American Jewish Committee formed task forces and advised members on “Implementing the Kerner Report: What You Can Do”—suggesting, for example, that they shelter and feed people who lost their homes, provide displaced business owners with assistance to reopen their stores, and partner whenever possible with black-owned suppliers and contractors. Just before the first anniversary of the Detroit rebellion, the Michigan Catholic School Superintendents’ Committee integrated black history into all subjects taught in its 675 schools statewide, and developed in-service training programs for its staff. Today, a Detroit journalism collaborative is using the Kerner Report as a “baseline for examining the city’s progress in the decades since.”
For all the varied responses, the very existence of the Kerner Report in 1968 acknowledged that there was an underlying dysfunction in American society that must be faced.
So why is there no Kerner Report for mass shootings?
Mass shootings are more common and more deadly than the rebellions of the 1960s. No one is spared—not children, not high schoolers, not college students, not churchgoers, not health care workers, not military officers and not members of Congress. Yet many are reluctant to recognize a pattern for what it is.
A well-funded independent federal commission could be tasked with piecing together how and why mass shootings plague our country. It would need to dig deep into a number of thorny issues—gun policy, health care, the criminal justice system, the tenuous balance between security measures and civil liberties. It would not erase the good work other organizations have been doing for years to chronicle and diagnose our plague of mass shootings, but incorporate it. To be most effective, the commission would need to be transparent, releasing not only a report, but also the data, transcripts and all other material that emerged in its investigation. Like the Kerner Report, it could be written and distributed in a way that invites citizens to engage with the material directly through community groups, libraries, popular culture and other venues.
Perhaps the greatest obstacle to a Kerner Report for our new era of violence would be to find the kind of public and private leaders who are committed to serving on a bipartisan committee in an honest, serious way. It was no picnic for the commission in the 1960s—up until late in the process, both liberal and conservative members considered splitting off and filing dissenting reports. But they came together in the end, and the report had greater power because of it. As the New York Times described it in 1968, “the report is essentially a series of compromises among 11 very different individuals. But it is not the report the same commission would have written eight months ago.”
“Most of them never in their lives would have signed a report like this at the outset,” a staff aide told the Times. “In the first meetings, most of the talk was about Rap Brown and Stokely Carmichael (militant Negro leaders) and conspiracies. But they heard witnesses, they read, they visited the ghettos. And they began to understand the depth of the problem.”
Politics in 2017 is polarized, perhaps around no issue more than gun violence. It is difficult to imagine a bipartisan commission, let alone one appointed by President Donald Trump, working like this. But when a problem is systemic, it repeats itself endlessly until something is done to stop it. The Kerner Commission recognized this 50 years ago: “It is a responsibility so critical that even an unconscious choice to continue present policies has the gravest implications. That we have delayed in choosing or, by delaying, may be making the wrong choice, does not sentence us either to separatism or despair. But we must choose. We will choose. Indeed, we are now choosing.”
A worthy Kerner Report for mass shootings will be one that has the courage to call for serious, multifaceted action that makes our modern-day plague of bullets a distant memory. And it will refuse to accept the regular mass murder of our fellow citizens as part of American life.


Andaman and Nicobar islands is an archipelago situated in the Bay of Bengal. The total length of Andaman Islands is 467 Kilometres. The nearest city of mainland of India is Chennai which is located at the distance of 1190 kilometres from Port Blair.
The highest peak of Andaman is situated in North Andaman. It is known as Saddle Peak which is as high as 732 metres. Dense forests cover the entire group of islands. The island is home to many Mud Volcanoes. The 10 degree channel separates Andaman and Nicobar.
These islands mainly have two seasons; summer and monsoon. Summer is experienced from January to April andmonsoon is experienced the rest of the year. The temperature does not go on any extremes and the weather remains pleasant throughout the year.


A cultural history of the shipping container as a crucible of globalization and a cultural paradigm.
We live in a world organized around the container. Standardized twenty- and forty-foot shipping containers carry material goods across oceans and over land; provide shelter, office space, and storage capacity; inspire films, novels, metaphors, and paradigms. Today, TEU (Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit, the official measurement for shipping containers) has become something like a global currency. A container ship, sailing under the flag of one country but owned by a corporation headquartered in another, carrying auto parts from Japan, frozen fish from Vietnam, and rubber ducks from China, offers a vivid representation of the increasing, world-is-flat globalization of the international economy. In The Container Principle, Alexander Klose investigates the principle of the container and its effect on the way we live and think.
Klose explores a series of “container situations” in their historical, political, and cultural contexts. He examines the container as a time capsule, sometimes breaking loose and washing up onshore to display an inventory of artifacts of our culture. He explains the “Matryoshka principle,” explores the history of land-water transport, and charts the three phases of container history. He examines the rise of logistics, the containerization of computing in the form of modularization and standardization, the architecture of container-like housing (citing both Le Corbusier and Malvina Reynolds's “Little Boxes”), and a range of artistic projects inspired by containers. Containerization, spreading from physical storage to organizational metaphors, Klose argues, signals a change in the fundamental order of thinking and things. It has become a principle.


Breakthrough 'could stop bacteria from becoming drug resistant'
In April, the World Health Organization released the first global report on drug resistance, in which experts warned "the world is headed for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again kill." Now, scientists from the University of East Anglia in the UK say they have made a breakthrough in the fight against drug resistance.
Drug resistance, also referred to as antimicrobial resistance, is the ability of microbes - such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites - to develop in the presence of drugs that would usually kill or stunt their growth. Such microbes are deemed "superbugs."
The main function of microbes is to reproduce, rapidly spread and survive in the body. They do this by adapting to new environments. When an antibiotic stops the microbes from growing, they can undergo genetic changes that allow them to survive and create a defensive barrier, which is how antimicrobial resistance occurs.
In this latest study, recently published in the journal Nature, researchers have discovered how the defensive barriers of superbugs are built, which could lead to the development of new drugs to which bacteria are unable to develop resistance.
Research 'provides the platform for urgently needed new generation drugs'
To reach their findings, the team analyzed a class of bacteria called gram-negative bacteria. Certain types of gram-negative bacteria - such as Escherichia coli - have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics.
Researchers analyzed gram-negative bacteria and discovered how cells of the bacteria build their defensive barrier to make them drug resistant - a finding that could pave the way for a new generation of antibiotics.
According to the researchers, the cells of gram-negative bacteria have a dense lipid-based outer membrane that acts as its defensive barrier, protecting it against attacks from the human immune system and antibiotics.
It has been unclear as to exactly how the bacteria creates its defensive barrier, until now.
The research team, including Prof. Changjang Dong of the Norwich Medical School at the University of East Anglia, have discovered how the cells of the bacteria transport lipopolysaccharides to their outer surface, therefore building a protective barrier.
"We have identified the path and gate used by the bacteria to transport the barrier building blocks to the outer surface. Importantly, we have demonstrated that the bacteria would die if the gate is locked," explains Prof. Dong, adding:
"This is really important because drug-resistant bacteria is a global health problem. Many current antibiotics are becoming useless, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths each year.
The number of superbugs are increasing at an unexpected rate. This research provides the platform for urgently needed new generation drugs."
Lead study author Haohao Dong, also of the Norwich Medical School at the University of East Anglia, says that as a result of this research, new drugs may be able to attack the defensive barrier of bacteria rather than the bacteria itself.
Talking to Medical News Today, Prof. Changjang Dong explained:
"If we target the machinery for building the outer barrier of the bacteria, that means the drugs just need to attack the outer surface of the bacteria. [The drugs] will not necessary go inside the bacteria and will not be subject to bacterial efflux that pumps out the drugs, which are two main drug resistance methods bacteria have. Therefore, pathogenic bacteria will hardly develop resistance against the drugs we will develop using this approach."
He told us that the team are now working on the development of small molecules that specifically target the defensive barrier of bacteria.
Medical News Today recently reported on a study, also published in the journal Nature, which suggests that studying drug resistance in soil bacteria may help defeat superbugs.
Written by Honor Whiteman
Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without the permission of Medical News Today.


- Patience + Perseverance = Pride
Genealogy research is not for the faint of heart. It is important to remember to be patient. It is better to go slow and steady rather than rush through your research. Nothing is worse than making an error early on and climbing the wrong family tree. It is better to pass on a well-documented family history than a legend, half-sourced and half-imagined.
- Go Wide Before You Go Deep!
In the black community, extended family, adopted family, and “play cousins” were important members of the family despite their variety of connections. The best way to bust through a brick wall is often to go around it. Instead of researching your direct ancestors, research their siblings, cousins, neighbors, and friends. Our ancestors lived, worked, and worshipped in communities. Their communities were unlike the semi-isolation we have designed for ourselves in modern society. There were no long commutes, or attending a church several counties over. This makes research a little easier. It means someone who lived near your ancestors could provide clues to their contribution to society via their lives. So, as you are browsing records, take special note of who lived close, who signed for their birth and death certificates and who married their children.
8. Follow the Money
Researching African-American history is complicated. This is particularly true when researching enslaved ancestors during the Antebellum Era. If you are trying to find your enslaved ancestors, you often have to work double time. First, research your kin. Next, research the white families in the community to identify who held property. This work is hard-emotionally and otherwise. Yet, it is the only true way to find enslaved people who were considered property.
- Surprise! You May Have More European Ancestry Than You Think
According to a recent genome study, the average European ancestry carried by self-identified African-Americans is roughly 25%! It is important to note that definitions of race has changed with time. Often racial classifications were made by third-party’s observation and based on phenotype. If a person appeared to have any visible European ancestry, they were documented as mulatto.
This does not mean the person had one white parent and one black parent. Rather, they simply appeared to have mixed ancestry based on their physical features. This means that even if you do not have any white ancestors for several generations, it is not uncommon to have several generations of mulattoes climbing up in your family tree.
Keep in mind, Native Americans and other ethnicities which did not fit into the black-white binary of American race classification could also be classified as mulatto. Race was and is highly subjective. Interestingly, some people of color consciously passed for white to take advantage of opportunities available to white Americans. This might explain how the same genetic study reveals that self-identifying whites in the South may carry African DNA.
- Take a DNA test!
Speaking of DNA…Take a test. Any test from one of the major companies is better than no genetic genealogy research.
Disclaimer: DNA testing is not a substitute for validated oral history and thorough paper history research. However, it can provide hints, confirm the right direction, and even connect you with living cousin matches!
Enough about my sales pitch. And, no I am not sponsored by any DNA company. I know that it has personally helped me solve family mysteries and confirm family legends. I even have more cool people to call family.
What Genealogy Research Means to Me
As a person of African-descent, I grew up not knowing where the majority of my ancestors originated. Claiming the second largest continent was not enough. I so wanted to be able to claim an African nation. Before I began my genealogy research, I could only identify Louisiana as the birthplace of my people.
Today, my confidence has risen. I am now able to confidently claim that my ancestors came from 5 major regions: Senegambia, Kongo-Angola, France, Germany and Indigenous America. I may not know the names of my African ancestors who were taken captive, nor do I know their individual stories. But, there is a bridge which connects me to my ancestral homelands and to my modern-day kin.
Learning your family history is more than names, dates and places on a piece of paper. It is the discovery of self, knowing you have a place in this world and remembering the joys and pains of those who came before you.
Remember their stories and discover yourself.
Happy Ancestor Hunting!
Click here to receive help from an expert with your African American research.


The National Trust for Historic Preservation has named the Sun-n-Sand Motor Hotel as one of America’s 11 Most Endangered Historic Places for 2020.
In a release, the Mississippi Heritage Trust provided some background on the historic location in Jackson:
Constructed in 1960 in the heart of Mississippi’s Capital City, the Sun-n-Sand exemplifies mid-century design with its metal screens, large expanses of glass and colorful Googie sign. During its 40 years of operation, the Sun-n-Sand was the home away from home for Mississippi legislators. The Sun-n-Sand is where a young State Representative, John Grisham, wrote A Time To Kill and where the courageous women of the interracial, interfaith movement “Wednesdays in Mississippi” met to further the cause of Civil Rights.
The Sun-n-Sand closed its doors in 2002 and was named to the Mississippi Heritage Trust’s list of the 10 Most Endangered Historic Places in Mississippi in 2005. Over the years, the Mississippi Heritage Trust has fielded numerous calls from developers interested in the property, but the owner, who was receiving a reported $78,000 a year from the State of Mississippi to lease the hotel’s parking lot, was unwilling to sell.
In 2019, the State of Mississippi purchased the Sun-n-Sand for a reported $1.1 million dollars and stated its intention to demolish the building to construct a parking lot. Since that time, community leaders have been advocating for the State of Mississippi to consider proposals from interested developers to convert this Mississippi Landmark into apartments, live-work units, or a hotel rather than demolish it. The threat to this modernist building that speaks to Mississippi’s political, architectural, literary, and Civil Rights is imminent, as the State of Mississippi has already received bids for demolition.
According to the Mississippi Heritage Trust, to demolish the Sun-n-Sand and build a 260-spot surface parking lot, it will cost the state an estimated $2,095,000.
“The Sun-n-Sand Motor Hotel has a history that is as vibrant and distinctive as its architecture, and the National Trust believes it can have an even brighter future,” stated Katherine Malone-France, Chief Preservation Officer for National Trust for Historic Preservation. “Reusing and revitalizing the Sun-n-Sand would help the State of Mississippi celebrate its rich history—including the story of ongoing racial reconciliation represented by ‘Wednesdays in Mississippi’—while putting the building back into use in a way that could create jobs and stimulate economic growth.”
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