A speech therapist can help you with your child’s speech and language problems. Therapy is often one-on-one or in a small group and can last several months or years. Although language and speech problems are often lifelong, with proper support, skills can improve. Although adults do not typically seek speech therapy, some may benefit from it. Find additional information at speech therapist near me
Speech disorders affect how the brain processes language. This can interfere with word-finding, pronunciation, and comprehension. A speech therapist is trained in several treatment approaches to address language and motor speech impairments. They also work with patients to improve memory skills. Each session is tailored to the patient’s lifestyle and goals.
To become a speech therapist, you’ll need to earn a master’s degree in speech-language pathology. This graduate degree program typically combines an academic course load with clinical exposure. It requires a minimum of 400 hours of clinical experience to earn certification through the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. In order to become an SLP, you’ll also need to pass a national certification exam.
Speech therapy is an important part of treatment for a child with speech disorders. It can help children improve their communication skills by helping them to understand and produce words. It can also improve the way that they express their thoughts. Speech therapists can work with a child’s speech and language development by providing them with exercises and activities that improve their overall skills. Practicing these exercises at home will help your child improve their skills. So, don’t delay in seeing a speech therapist!
A speech therapist can also work closely with other health care professionals. They often work as a multidisciplinary team, providing information to other doctors and specialists, and referring patients as needed. For example, in treating cleft lip and palate, speech-language pathologists will work to solve speech and language issues associated with the condition. When language intervention starts early, it can minimize compensatory error patterns.
A speech therapist can also help adults who suffer from stuttering. They will teach them techniques that will minimize stuttering and help them finish difficult sounds. A speech therapist can also help adults with apraxia, a disorder of the brain caused by brain injury, disease, or damage. Patients with apraxia have difficulty pronouncing words, and are constantly groping for the right words. By working with a speech therapist, adults can regain their ability to speak properly and confidently.
A speech therapist can also help patients with dysarthria, a motor speech disorder that affects the ability to form words and phrases. In cases of dysarthria, the patient is unable to communicate in a variety of settings. A speech therapist can teach them ways to make the most out of these difficulties.
Speech therapists can work in several settings, including private practice and schools. They must obtain a license in their state before practicing. Many states require a certain number of clinical hours, while others require more. Some states also require continuing education units.
Cleveland Feeding & Swallowing Center
18626 Detroit Ave Suite A
Lakewood, OH 44107


What Is Maillard Reaction In Baking?
- The Effect of Enzymatic Activity on Browning Reactions
- The Maillard reaction
- The Maillard reaction in a hot skillet
- The Maillard reaction in the oven
- Maillard Reaction Compounds
- Non-Enzymatic Browning
- Maillard reaction requires heat
- Grilling and frying
- What is the Difference Between Baking and Cooked?
The Effect of Enzymatic Activity on Browning Reactions
The amount of yeast, length of fermentation time, and type of dough system are all detrimental to the rate and extent of browning reactions. Less sugars are available for NEB. NEB can be affected by activity from hydrolases. The amount of free sugars and amino acids can be involved in Maillard reactions if the activity of the enzymatic activity is high.
The Maillard reaction
The French chemist Louis Maillard is the inspiration for the reaction. The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an acyl and a sugar. Like caramelization.
The French chemist Louis Camille Maillard is the inspiration for the Maillard reaction. It is sometimes referred to as non-enzymatic browning. The Maillard reaction involves heat-generated chemical reactions between sugars and proteins.
The process begins with the formation of a chemical compound called glycosylamine. The Maillard response is a reaction between a diminishing sugar and ant group. It is also responsible for the development of carcinogens and might, by reducing the concentration of essential amino acids, also decrease the nutrition of foods.
The Maillard reaction in a hot skillet
The Maillard reaction is similar to the process of caramelization, in that sugars turn brown when heated. You can taste the difference. A ripe banana has a deeper, more complex flavor than un ripe one.
A raisin has a rich, smoky flavor that wasn't present in the grape. French fries are good for you because they are low in calories and they are good for you because they are good for you because they are good for you because they are good for you. The surface of meat degrades and becomes a crisp texture when cooked.
The brown "crust" on a seared steak is what is produced by this combination of the Maillard reaction and this. The Maillard reaction is not the reason for the crusty texture, but the result of the hot pan or oven drying out the meat through evaporation. 205 F is not hot enough to cause a Maillard reaction.
The Maillard reaction in the oven
The Maillard Reaction occurs when food is heated. The Maillard reaction is when the crust on a loaf of bread, baked cookies, toast, pan- fried perogies, cooked bacon, and seared steaks are all examples. When the food is dry and heat is applied, sugars and amino acids get rearranged and react to form new compounds that reflect light and give the meat a brown color.
The browning of sugar is what caramelization is about. The heat applied to the food will break down the sugars in the food and give it a sweeter flavor. Onions are a great example of a food that can benefit from both Maillard Reaction and caramelization.
The Maillard Reaction is an example of the caramelization that occurs. The air in the oven becomes hot and the cookie sheet becomes cooler. The dough is heated by the cookie sheet.
Maillard Reaction Compounds
Depending on how long you cook food and how warm you cook it, you can end up with different types of Maillard reaction compounds. There are certain reactions that will cause sweet, nutty, and caramel notes on products. Meat, fish, and sometimes even beer will have smoky, and sometimes even smilng flavor notes from other reactions.
The Maillard reaction is one of the most mysterious reactions in food science. It is one of the most taken-for-granted, least understood reactions in the world. The Maillard reaction is an extremely slow moving process if you don't have the right heat and water activity.
The effect of the browning would be hard to distinguish. A sugar molecule capable of being reduced or oxidation is a reducing sugar. Sucrose and trehalose do not contain free aldehyde or ketone groups.
The Maillard reaction does not involve sucrose and trehalose. They can be broken down into their monosaccharides in the right conditions. The creation of more linear sugar is possible because of the unstable chemical environment created by heating the sugar.
The only sugar that is involved in the Maillard reaction is linear sugar. To increase the heat, is the same thing as to increase the Maillard reaction. It should be obvious, but people prefer the taste of a loaf over a slice of bread.
Although it is primarily used for cooking, it can also be used for medical studies aimed at cardiovascular problems and diabetes. The Maillard reaction can happen in the body or in the room. The process is the same as always.
The reactions of sugars and sugars are irreversibly after the Amadori product. The Maillard reaction can be confused with the caramelization reaction. The mechanism of the latter is due to the pyrolysis of sugars, not to a reaction between reducing sugars and proteins.
The Maillard reaction improves the taste, flavor, and color of food when it is cooked. The reaction to food being stored can give unfavorable effects, such as decreased nutrition and color degradation. When sugars are heated, they form a non-enzymatic reaction called caramelization.
The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between an acyl and a sugar. Changing the amount of sugars and the availability of the amino acids can be used to control the Maillard reaction. Reducing sugars include exotic sugars like ribose.
The Maillard reaction is also known as non-enzymatic browning. It is a very complex process that involves reducing sugars and proteins. The Maillard reaction starts with a reducing sugar with amine.
Maillard reaction requires heat
The Maillard reaction requires heat. Polowsky says that you don't necessarily need heat when cooking with the Maillard reaction. It can happen under normal temperatures, but it will take a long time. If it sits for long enough, a can of Parmesan can go brown in the fridge.
Grilling and frying
The best way to make the reaction is with a hot cast iron skillet or a blow torch. In some cases, a grill can work, but the heat is applied on the grate and not evenly through the food.
What is the Difference Between Baking and Cooked?
What is the difference between cooking and baking? Baking is one of the methods that is included in the broader category of food preparation methods. Baking requires the use of indirect, dry heat from an oven to prepare food for eating, while cooking can be done a number of ways.
Baking is a more scientific method. It is harder than cooking because of the many techniques involved. There are many techniques needed for cooking, and there is more freedom in the ingredients.
Any method of preparing food by using heat is called cooking. Baking is cooking food by applying heat in an oven. Baking is one type of cooking.
Baking is done by dry heat in an oven. It is the oldest cooking method. The flour and meal used in the making of bakery products are derived from grain.


What Are Afterburners In Jet Engines - Are They Different Than Turbochargers?
This is my latest research over jet aircraft technology after many months. The last hub I wrote on military aircraft was “11 most expensive fighter jet aircraft in the world”, and today I am sharing information on afterburners, turbofans, and turbochargers in jet engines. I hope you will like it.
What are afterburners?
Interestingly, afterburners are used to increase the thrust of jet engines by burning fuel after the turbine (turbojet engine) or after the core part (turbofan engine). The maximum thrust that can be obtained by the engine depends upon how much fuel you can burn in the combustor before melting down the turbine that just follows the combustor. So there is a limit to which fuel can be injected into the combustor. To increase power even beyond that, fuel is added to the hot stream of gases which still contains oxygen in it to burn the fuel. In turbofan applications, the exhaust is rich in oxygen since the bypass air forms around 80% of the total thrust. After the turbine, there is a ring of injectors which inject fuel into the incoming hot gases exhaust to produce additional thrust. Afterburners can augment the thrust to 180% of the maximum engine thrust but the fuel consumption increases up to three times with this technique. This is the reason why afterburners are not found in commercial airliners (exception Concorde Aircraft) but in military aircrafts. Afterburners are only engaged during takeoff, emergency situations (like outrunning the enemy) or while going from subsonic to supersonic regime where transonic drag is very high.
Afterburners are entirely different than turbochargers
In a cylinder of an engine, the volume is fixed so the maximum amount of fuel that can be burnt in it without choking the engine is also fixed because of the volume of oxygen inside the cylinder. So if you want to burn more fuel, you need to have more air. Turbochargers compress the air and push it into the cylinder to burn more fuel. Turbochargers derive their power from the engine exhaust. So turbochargers are nothing but air compressors that are used in engines to obtain more power from the same volume engine without a turbocharger.
Afterburners are not so efficient
Afterburners are not very efficient because of the fact that the exhaust gases have lesser percentage of oxygen than the incoming air and most importantly, the air is not compressed as done in compressor before combustion. In an afterburner, the fuel burns in open uncompressed stream of air/gases.
Turbofans do have afterburners
If you will search with keywords “Harrier jet afterburner” in google search, you will find links to two or three game sites and links to NASA and Ehow to understand about afterburner in a Harrier. A Harrier Jet is a unique design and for accommodating afterburner, you need to have variable nozzles. When the afterburner is used, the amount of gases exiting the nozzle increase and the nozzle is required to open up to increase the exit area. If a fixed nozzle is used, it will cause the compressor to stall because of rematch. Since Harrier uses 4 swiveling nozzles, this is the reason for it not having afterburners because it is difficult to make variable swiveling nozzles.
If you closely study the platypus-type exhaust of F 117 Nighthawk, you must be able to observe the fixed geometry nozzle. It is an interesting fact that F 117s don’t use afterburners because of stealth reasons. No afterburner system has been developed so far where the exhaust could be cooled. It uses a non-afterburning turbofan. Some people confuse the mixing of bypass air to the exhaust gases to cool them down. In turbofan engines, it is a common technique to increase the life of turbines and to reduce IR signatures. I hope the above information about afterburners in jet engines is helpful for you.


Versions of "Dear Elizabeth"
Using Elizabeth Bishop's words found in letters to May Swenson, which describe Bishop's pet birds, the "Bicos de Lacre," otherwise known as the common waxbill, Swenson wrote "Dear Elizabeth" which was published in The New Yorker on October 9, 1965. There are twenty-two extent drafts of "Dear Elizabeth" in the May Swenson Papers housed by Washington University Special Collections. These drafts demonstrate how Swenson arranged and rearranged the lines to obtain different visual and rhythmic effects. They also show her meticulous consideration of punctuation in her creative process. The published version and ten drafts have been transcribed here. Images of the original document are also available for select versions. In addition, these eleven versions are available for line-by-line comparison.
Line-by-line Comparison of Various Versions of "Dear Elizabeth"
The published version and ten of these drafts are available for line-by-line comparison in "The Versioning Machine," an open-source software tool created by the University of Maryland's Institute for Technology in the Humanities. Click here to view the side-by-side comparisons of these texts in a new window.


Self-Seeded Programmable Parametric Fiber Comb Source
Agency / Branch:
DOD / DARPA
Coherent light consisting of multiple-frequency combs is commonly used in metrology. Various methods of generating combs exist which are suited for different applications. Mode-locked lasers naturally output a train of phase-locked spectral lines and are a very simple way of generating a comb. These lasers do not operate in the continuous wave regime and the generated comb has very limited flexibility. Such features make mode-locked lasers ill suited for certain applications like differential absorption LIDAR or ranging. One interesting method for comb generation uses a frequency-shifting element to repeatedly shift re-circulating optical fields. The method has a rich set of operating modes, including the possibility for the comb frequencies to shift in time creating an effective chirp. However, the bandwidth and noise characteristics of the signal are limited by the Erbium-doped-fiber amplifiers used in the loop. Parametric nonlinearities can lead to a wide range of interesting effects such as phase-sensitive amplification which, unlike typical phase-insensitive amplifiers, can amplify a signal without adding noise. Other properties of parametric amplification can include the generation of additional frequency components, a huge gain bandwidth (>200nm) with engineerable spectral shape, and an ultrafast (sub-ps) response allowing nearly instantaneous control of the process. We propose to investigate the use of parametric amplification for generating agile optical frequency combs. We will combine techniques used in communications, sensing and standard optical comb generation to suggest possible designs and evaluate their use in real-world applications.
Small Business Information at Submission:
Vice President of Engineering
1801 Maple Avenue, Rm 6322 Evanston, IL 60201
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Supermassive black hole mergers are one of the most dramatic phenomena
in the Universe. For a few hours, they can emit as much power in gravitational waves as all the
stars in the Universe produce in light. Moreover, they are an important element in determining
the mass distribution of the entire population of supermassive black holes. However, none has
yet been caught in the act, in large part because they are rare, and no one knows what sort of
light they should emit along with the gravitational waves. It is the goal of this project to
combine astrophysical knowledge about the environments of supermassive black hole binaries
with detailed physical simulation of gas flows in the immediate neighborhoods of these binaries
and explicit computation of the time-dependent spacetimes in which the gas is placed in order
to predict the light observers should search for in order to find examples.
Intellectual Merit: Over the past ten years, our group has built the
knowledge base and computational methods needed to reach this goal, and we are now ready
to take the final steps. We have built a ``multipatch" simulation infrastructure to
permit simulation of gas accretion in the approach to merger; to avoid prohibitive
computational cost, it is necessary both to compute the changing spacetime by means
of post-Newtonian and other sorts of perturbative approximations and to create simulation
tools permitting separate treatment of subregions within the binary environment. We
have also built post-processing tools to transform fluid simulation data into
predictions of photon radiation, accounting for the principal radiation mechanisms,
opacities, and photon propagation through dynamical spacetimes. In the work we proposed,
we will first study the immediately pre-merger state with a view both to understand
its specific physical mechanisms and to prepare realistic initial data for a separation
calculation of events during the merger itself. The second step is then to take that
data and compute how matter behaves during the merger proper and the subsequent relaxation
phase. We will use our post-processing machinery to predict EM spectra and lightcurves
throughout all these phases.
Broader Impacts: Because this program fits so squarely within the NSF ``Big Idea"
Windows on the Universe, our research will contribute to one of the major goals of the agency.
In particular, it strengthens the work of the LIGO, NanoGrav, and LSST projects. In addition,
the two postdocs participating in the project will learn both about the techniques of this
new field and about very large-scale computation, strengthening the US technical workforce.
Ancillary efforts by the PIs enhance the teaching program at each of their universities.
Both PIs also contribute to public outreach through a variety of channels.


Why travel here: Siracusa is truly a summation of Sicilian splendor, and if there is one city in Sicily that personifies this magnificent island it is Siracusa. The city is 3,000 years in the making and combines Greek and Roman civilizations with ancient Jewish culture and baroque masterpieces.
Great history of Western civilization: Founded in 734 BC by Greeks from Corinth, Siracusa grew to become a city larger than Corinth and Athens, turning into a capital of Magna Crecia. It became an intellectual magnet that attracted the best brain power of the ancient world: from Aeschylus and Pindar of theater and poetry to Archimedes in mathematics and physics. The Romans invaded Siracusa in 211 BC, killing Archimedes and the city’s splendor along with him. Even though Siracusa remained the capital of Sicily under the Romans, its glory days were gone. When it was taken over by the Saracens Arabs, Siracusa was reduced to a fortified town. The 17th century earthquake served as a catalyst for the city’s renewal, and beautiful baroque buildings and squares came into being.
Today, a visitor comes to Siracusa enticed by its two main attractions: a tangled maze of historic alleyways and squares of the Ortygia peninsula, and the world-renowned Greek Archeological Park of Neapolis. For the Jewish history pilgrim, Siracusa has a recently-discovered Miqwe (Jewish ritual bath), the oldest in Europe. It is also the city where one can visit the first synagogue and the first Rabbi in modern Sicily, 522 years after the Edict of Expulsion.
Discover Ortygia: there are four main points not-to-be-missed
First and foremost: Piazza del Duomo. While admiring this masterpiece in baroque city planning and its beautiful cathedral, note the huge Doric columns inside and outside the building. Behind the baroque façade added by Andrea Palma in the 17th century, what you encounter is nothing less than an amalgamation of Sicilian history: Byzantine apes, Norman font, mediaeval ceiling, and most importantly, the great Greek Temple of Athena Minerva of the 5th century BC. Praised by the philosopher Cicero, who saw the Temple in the 1st century BC, this ancient Greek masterpiece is alive and well, and manifests itself to the world, safely embraced inside the cathedral. In Sicily and in Siracusa, the past had never been erased but accepted and lovingly accommodated with tact and sensitivity. As a perceptive traveler, you will see the Cathedral of Siracusa as a real Ark of human covenant.
Caravaggio fans: Do not miss the small church Chiesa di Santa Lucia alla Badia at the southern end of the Piazza del Duomo, where the Burial of Santa Lucia by Caravaggio is displayed. Also, while strolling along the medieval Ortygia streets in its Judaic district, discover the church San Giovanello (St. John the Baptist), which used to be a synagogue. To the immediate right of the church is the house where Mario Minniti lived. A native of Siracusa, Mario was a painter, a friend, a follower, and perhaps, a sometime lover of Caravaggio, who he met while living in Rome. Mario was probably instrumental in helping a fugitive Caravaggio to secure the Santa Lucia commission. You know Mario Minniti’s face from Caravaggio’s Bacchus in the Uffizi and the Vatican, his Lute Player in the Hermitage, and from the Fortune Teller in the Capitoline Museums of Rome.
Jewish history seekers and history lovers: Via Alagona is one of the most picturesque medieval streets in the old Jewish neighborhood called Giudecca. There in the Alla Giudecca Hotel, you have a rare treat: an ancient Jewish ritual bath or Miqwe that is located 20 meters beneath the street level.
To see the contemporary synagogue, you have to leave the Ortygia peninsula and take a cab or drive about twenty minutes north into the Siracusa proper. Centro Sefardico Synagogue is located on Via Italia 88, near the Tribumanle Nuovo. To meet the rabbi Rav di Mauro, call him at 340-81-7434 or email at firstname.lastname@example.org. Tell him that you were referred by his friend Irene Shaland, the travel writer.
Castle and fortress lovers: The fourth not-to-be-missed site in Ortygia is an often overlooked Castelo Maniace. Marking the southern tip of the Ortygia peninsula, this massive fortress was built by the Swabian Emperor Frederick II in the 13th century.
Siracusa in Greek and Roman times — Parco Archeologico della Neapolis: Even if you are not a Classicist, this is a unique destination. Siracusa is the only place in the world where you can compare and understand Greek and Roman mentality side by side when you see Teatro Greco and Anfiteatro Romano one next to another. This is I think our good luck to have the Greek and the Roman worlds separated by several centuries but located few steps away in the Siracusa Archeological Park.
Anfiteatro Romano is oval in shape and represents a closed space where everything is designed for the human eye: spectacles, sports of blood, to be seen and enjoyed by everyone. Cages with wild animals were placed all around the oval and the gladiator had to open one and fight whatever jumped out of the cage. Teatro Greco was cut out of the rock above the city in the 5th century BC. This is where Aeschylus staged his dramas. The Teatro’s architecture tells us about its builders and its audience: the theater is open wide with nature as its only backdrop. The acoustics are incredible: this is where theater was understood as an intellectual, almost religious event. Only in Siracusa the Greek intellectual world of Aeschylus and his Gods coexists with the Roman bread-and-circus killing spectacles.
When you visit Siracusa, go to the Archeological park and take a few minutes to ponder the meaning of these two civilizations, their rise and fall, and their contributions to our own contemporary outlook on intelligence, art, and war.


By FRANCES LAMBERTS
Perhaps it was with maintaining the precious heritage of wild nature and its creatures in mind that E.B. White located his children’s classic, The Trumpet of the Swan, in Montana. There, in 1935, the Congress had set aside the Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge to preserve the last trumpeter swans, their numbers down to 73.
The story is about serious matters – a swan (Louis) overcoming a major handicap, people (the boy Sam) helping a non-human species to survive, and the need for creatures to mate if their life-form is to continue.
It doesn’t seem pure coincidence, either, that our state now has two official wildflowers. Under Governor Haslam in 2012, it adopted the Tennessee Coneflower as second wildflower, Passionflower being the first. Echinacea tennesseensis, uniquely our state’s heritage because it is found nowhere else, had just been de-listed from the Endangered Species Act protection the year before.
The plant delights with rose-purple petals turned upward, tracking the sun, and gives sustenance to butterflies and myriad other pollinating insects, songbirds dining on its seeds. Thought to be extinct, the state’s Heritage office and federal Fish and Wildlife Service had worked 32 years to bring it back to secure status, through listing under the ESA.
When Congress passed the ESA, unanimously in 1973, it noted that many species of fish, wildlife and plants had already been rendered extinct – some 500 since the 1500s – “through economic growth and development untempered by concern and conservation.” It found many more species to be threatened with disappearance, even though of great aesthetic, recreational, scientific and other values to the nation and its people.
The law pledged to conserve species, whether endangered and imminently at risk of vanishing or if threatened to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
The Congress stipulated that the listing of a species, in either category, be based on the best scientific data, independent of economic considerations and associated political influence. The need-for-listing decision would depend solely on a species’ remaining numbers and the threats to its survival.
The Trump administration is now proposing a rule to which it seeks public input. The proposal would strip key provisions of the current ESA law. It would abolish protection of threatened species, except under special, additional review by the agency, for all future listings. It would end the fundamental principle that basic science only – not alleged cost – determine ESA protection. It would no longer require federal agencies to consult with the Fish and Wildlife Service on at-risk species’ presence, and incorporate some ameliorative measures if needed, before issuing permits for various projects.
In 2012, Americans paid just $5.40 per person for implementation of the ESA as designed by the Congress. Through this law, we can still appreciate Noshi and Shima and other bald eagles, the trumpeter swan and the Tennessee Coneflower. It has saved from extinction 99 percent of the wildlife and plant species under its care.
Input to the rule-making must be received by September 24. Electronically go to http://www.regulations.gov, entering docket number FWS-HQ-ES-2018-0007 in the search box. Comments may also be submitted via hard copy.


Plan to Teach a Demonstration Lesson
You got the call! After investing hours in the job search, a prospective employer has called to invite you for an interview. You’ve prepared for this moment by researching the district’s website, reviewing sample interview questions, participating in a mock interview, and developing questions to ask the interviewer. However, when the caller indicates that you should plan to teach a ten-minute lesson, your anxiety level escalates. As you graciously thank the caller for the upcoming interview and opportunity to teach a lesson, your inner voice is screaming, “Where do I start?!”
First of all, don’t panic. You’re a teacher. You can do this! Don’t let the audience and abbreviated time frame intimidate you. Here are some tips to help you prepare an A+ demonstration lesson:
Consider the employer’s objectives. What are they looking for? The observers will be interested in several components, including: a) planning and preparation; b) classroom environment; c) knowledge of content/teaching strategies; and d) professionalism.
Planning and Preparation
• Prior to the interview, ask who your “students” will be and how many you should anticipate. Will you teach “real students” or administrators, school board members, teachers, and/or parents posing as students? Additionally, be clear on the parameters—time, context, number of students, topic, etc.
• This is not the time to stretch your creativity. If possible, choose a lesson that you have implemented before and revise it for the abbreviated time frame. Demonstrate your strengths.
• Your plan should be thorough; provide a cover sheet with the rationale for your lesson.
• Don’t try to cover too many objectives in your lesson. Keep it focused.
• Rehearse the lesson—time it and have it critiqued.
• Anticipate that you will have little set-up time. Keep your plan simple! Don’t assume that any resources are available. You may inquire about available technology, but don’t rely on it.
• Consider taking the first minute to have students prepare name tags so that you can call on them by name. They can wear the name tag or write their name on a sheet of tri-fold paper, positioned upright on their desks.
• Be prepared for the unexpected. There may be contrived discipline problems from administrators, for example.
Knowledge & Teaching Strategies
• Engage the students—this is key!
• At the end of the lesson plan, describe “extensions,” i.e. “If I had more time, I would …”
• Try to ask some higher-order thinking questions.
• Plan for differentiated instruction—even if particular student needs aren’t revealed beforehand. In your lesson plan, indicate how you will accommodate various needs.
• Demonstrate your resourcefulness by researching the district and local community website. If possible, “localize the lesson” by incorporating a school mascot, tradition or community landmark.
• Check out professional association websites for resources; mention this in your lesson plan or cover sheet.
• Along with your thank-you letter after the interview, include a self-reflection: “If I taught this lesson again, I would …”
With conscientious planning, your mini-lesson will truly show the prospective employer the teaching strengths you bring to the classroom. Therefore, prepare carefully, practice, and pursue this phase of the interview process with confidence. You’re ready to demonstrate your passion for teaching!
Do you have other tips for handling the demonstration lesson? If so, please post.
Deborah R. Snyder
Associate Director, Education Career Services
Grove City College, PA, on behalf of AAEE


Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center; Department of Pediatrics
Adolescent; Age Factors; *Body Composition; Child; Estradiol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Insulin; Leptin; Longitudinal Studies; *Menarche; Physical Fitness
Life Sciences | Medicine and Health Sciences
AIM: To present a visual representation of changes in body composition, leptin, insulin, estradiol and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in relation to menarche in girls. METHODS: Participants were a subset of healthy girls (n = 108) enrolled in a longitudinal study of growth and development conducted at the General Clinical Research Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Participants were seen annually from before menarche until 4 years postmenarche for measures of body composition and serum levels of leptin, insulin, estradiol and FSH. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance. Standardized body composition and hormone levels were smoothed and plotted relative to menarche to visualize patterns of change. RESULTS: At menarche, the mean percentage body fat (%BF) of girls was 24.6% (SD = 4.1%) after menarche %BF was approximately 27%. Leptin levels averaged 8.4 ng/mL (SD = 4.6) at menarche and were approximately 12 ng/mL after menarche. Changes in leptin levels closely paralleled changes in %BF. Insulin, estradiol and FSH levels followed expected patterns relative to menarche. Leptin began rising closer to menarche than did insulin or the other sex hormones. Conclusion: We provide a visual presentation of hormonal and body composition changes occurring throughout the pubertal period in girls which may be useful in generating new hypotheses related to the timing of menarche.
Rights and Permissions
Citation: Acta Paediatr. 2008 Oct;97(10):1454-9. Epub 2008 Jul 24. Link to article on publisher's site
DOI of Published Version
Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)
Bandini, Linda G.; Must, Aviva; Naumova, Elena N.; Anderson, Sarah E.; Caprio, Sonia; Spadano-Gasbarro, Jennifer L.; and Dietz, William H., "Change in leptin, body composition and other hormones around menarche--a visual representation" (2008). Open Access Articles. 1904.


Climate and Human Health
Mental health disorders range from mild disorders, such as social phobias, to severe diseases including depression and suicidal ideation. Many mental health disorders can lead to other chronic diseases and death. Stress-related disorders result from abnormal responses to acute or prolonged anxiety, and can include obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Mental health tends to be a low research priority in public health and whose impacts on human and societal well being are often underestimated. Mental health concerns are among some of the most potentially devastating in terms of human suffering, and some of the most difficult to quantify and address. Climate change affects the psychological well being of a person indirectly, and can be some of the most devastating effects in terms of human suffering, and the most difficult to address and quantify. The severity of mental health impacts following extreme weather disaster depends on the degree to which there is sufficient coping and support capacity during and after the event. Extreme weather and other climate related events can have a variety of psychological impacts on communities and individuals, from acute traumatic stress to chronic mental disorders, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep difficulties, social avoidance, irritability, and drug or alcohol abuse. Chronic mental disorders can also lead to additional negative health effects.
- Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, wildfires, and flooding, create stress. Prolonged exposure to stress can result in a decline in mental health.
- Prolonged heat or cold events create chronic stress situations that can cause or exacerbate health problems, particularly in populations already suffering from mental health or stress-related disorders
- Extreme weather events lead to damage or loss of property, death or injury of loved ones and can increase the incidence of mental health problems and stress-related disorders
- Extreme weather events and sea-level rise cause the displacement of people, particularly already vulnerable members of society, increasing the risk of mental health and stress-related disorders
Mitigation and Adaptation
- Strategies to better understand the gaps that currently exist in mental health infrastructure, resources, and services to ensure that adequate resources are allocated to enable services to prepare and deal with challenges associated with climate change
- Help for individuals in identifying their mental health needs and increasing their awareness of resources within their communities
- Eradicating the stigma attached with mental health so that individuals will seek mental health care services following extreme weather and other climate-related events
- While some adaptation strategies may prevent the displacement and migration of some communities, socioeconomically disadvantaged communities may not be able to effectively implement those strategies, threatening overall mental health and well-being
- Understanding of how psychological stress acts synergistically with other forms of environmental exposures to cause adverse mental health effects
- Developing mental health promotion and communication programs related to proposed climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies
For more information, please visit the chapter on Mental Health and Stress-Related Disorders in A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change (Full Report) (4MB).


Explanation: It was a quiet day on the Sun. The above image shows, however, that even during off days the Sun’s surface is a busy place. Shown in ultraviolet light, the relatively cool dark regions have temperatures of thousands of degrees Celsius. Large sunspot group AR 9169 from the last solar cycle is visible as the bright area near the horizon. The bright glowing gas flowing around the sunspots has a temperature of over one million degrees Celsius. The reason for the high temperatures is unknown but thought to be related to the rapidly changing magnetic field loops that channel solar plasma. Large sunspot group AR 9169 moved across the Sun during 2000 September and decayed in a few weeks.
Credit: NASA/Trace Project
Kool Image Sunspot Loops in Ultraviolet


A few weeks ago, Toyota launched its 2011 Toyota North America Environmental Report (EAP). The EAP report highlights the achievements Toyota has made in reaching its environmental targets and describes the car company’s fuel efficient cars, which include its most fuel-efficient vehicles: the Prius and Corolla. The report claims that the Prius, which gets 51 mpg in the city and 48 mpg on the highway, has saved American consumers over 900 million gallons of gas when compared to the average car, $2.5 billion in fuel costs and 14 million tons of carbon emissions.
Toyota first introduced the Prius, the first mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid powertrain vehicle, to the global market in 1997. In April 2011, Toyota celebrated the one-millionth Prius in the U.S. Worldwide Prius sales topped two million in October 2010, and global Toyota hybrid sales passed three million in March 2011.
Prius topped both the EPA and Natural Resources Canada’s list of the most fuel-efficient vehicles for 2011, and was named the best overall value of the year for the last nine years in a row by IntelliChoice. So what’s next?
Toyota debuted the Prius v in January 2011 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The Prius v, which went on sales this fall, is a midsize vehicle that provides over 50 percent additional interior cargo space than the current Prius.
Toyota’s other “green” vehicles
Toyota debuted the RAV4 EV Prototype-Phase Zero, the second generation RAV4 EV, at the Los Angeles Auto Show in 2010. Built as a collaboration between Toyota and Tesla Motors, Inc., its launch is planned for 2012. It has a driving range of 100 miles and produces zero emissions.
Toyota began a lease program for fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs) in the U.S. and Japan in 2002 with universities and corporate customers. There are currently over 60 FCHVs in service in California, New York and Connecticut with universities, corporations and government agencies. Toyota plans to deploy over 100 FCHV advanced vehicles by 2013 with universities, private companies and government agencies in California and New York as part of a demonstration program.
Toyota met most of its environmental targets
Toyota met the majority of its environmental targets. However, it did not meet the goal to reduce energy use by 27 percent per vehicle produced by 2011 from a 2002 baseline. The good news it that the company has reduced its total energy use in North America over the last five years.
Toyota did meet the goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from manufacturing by 10 percent per vehicle produce by the end of 2012 it committed to as part of a voluntary Department of Energy program. The company reduced carbon emissions at U.S. plants by 17 percent per vehicle.
Toyota set the goal of reducing its nonsaleable waste to 30 kg per vehicle by 2011, and achieved the target in 2007. Although the U.S. sales headquarters campus missed its target of recycling 75 percent of its waste by 2010, it missed by only one percent, as it achieved a 74 recycling rate by 2011.
Photo: Flickr user, danielctw


In this article we will discuss about the features and significance of chytridiomycetes.
Salient Features of Chytridiomycetes:
The members of the class Chytridiomycetes, commonly called chytrids, are mostly aquatic, but a few species occur on the soil as saprophytes and some as parasites on many land plants.
The important features of this class are:
(i) Most of the members are unicellular, but some advanced taxa form short chains of cells which are attached to the substratum with the help of rhizoids. Some forms possess undeveloped mycelium.
(ii) Chitin and glycan are the main constituents of the cell walk
(iii) In unicellular forms the thallus is holocarpic (whole vegetative thallus transforms into one or more reproductive structures), whereas in filamentous forms it is eucarpic (some part of the vegetative thallus transforms into reproductive structure, while the rest remains vegetative).
The members of the class may be epibiotic (reproductive bodies present on the host’s surface) or endobiotic (live completely within the cells of the host) and monocentric (having only a single reproductive structure) or polycentric (having more than one reproductive structures).
(iv) The thallus is coenocytic but sex organs are separated from vegetative part by a septum.
(v) Asexual reproduction takes place with the help of zoospores which are posteriorly uniflagellate. The flagellum is of whiplash type. Zoosporangia are spherical or pear-shaped and inoperculate or operculate.
(vi) Planogametes are also posteriorly uniflagellate.
(vii) The zygote is formed by the fusion of planogametes and it is transformed into a resting spore which produces zoospores on germination.
Significance of Chytridiomycetes:
(i) Some of the soil-inhabiting Chytridiomycetes attack the underground as well as aerial parts of the higher plants and cause diseases which are of great economic significance. For example, Synchytrium endobioticum causes black wart disease of potato; Urophlyctis alfalfae causes crown wart of alfalfa (Medicago); and Physoderma maydis causes brown spot disease of maize (Zea mays).
(ii) Many chytrids indirectly harm humans and animals. They parasitize and destroy the phytoplanktonic forms of algae that form an important link in food chain of aquatic ecosystems.
(iii) Various species of Allomyces and Blastocladiella have been found to be valuable research tools in studying morphogenesis.
(iv) Species of Coelomomyces (C. anophelescia) are endoparasites on mosquito larvae and can be utilized for the biological control of the mosquito (Anopheles spp.), which is an important vector for the spread of malaria in human beings.
(v) Members of Blastocladiales and Monoblepharidales generally appear to function as decomposers of detritus in the aquatic and soil ecosystems.


For coronaphobics and lockdown believers, the United States serve as the poster child for how not to handle the pandemic. The Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 dashboard (Fig. 1) shows cumulative “case” counts by US counties using proportional circles – a suitable cartographic choice, although the bright red colour on dark background is questionable, as discussed elsewhere. The ten-and-a-half million cumulative cases and nearly a quarter-million deaths as of November 10th, place the US at the top of the COVID-19 world rankings. But are these numbers actually big? And what can we gather from the spatial pattern of cases?
With 330,000,000 residents and counting (Worldometers.info), the 10 or so million known infections amount to just about 3% of the population. Of course, most of these 3% never noticed any symptoms or were only mildly ill. Nevertheless, according to OurWorldInData.org, the US have exhibited weekly excess mortality from late March to late September in the order of 10% up to 45%. The normal death rate in the US is less than 1 in 100 per year, resulting in under 3 million annual deaths or about 50,000 to 60,000 deaths per week (CDC,gov). Weekly mortality in the spring of 2020 was between 60,000 and close to 80,000, and in the summer of 2020 between 55,000 and below 65,000. Thus, while every human fatality is tragic, the population-level numbers are not out of proportion and we always have to view big numbers in conjunction with related numbers, which will be even bigger for as large a country as the US.
In addition to comparing COVID-19 data to reference variables such as total population or total mortality, we also need to consider historical benchmarks. It is relatively easy to find tables or charts online that include last year’s data, or the last 3-5 years for comparison, but it is quite enlightening to look a bit further back in time. I learned this from reading discussions about Sweden on Twitter, where user @HaraldofW, a self-proclaimed “Citizen Producing Graphs”, presented monthly deaths statistics for the no-lockdown country, which show that April 2020 was only the 15th-deadliest month since 1990 (Fig. 2), and no other month of this year made it into the top-20. Without denying that a serious respiratory disease is going around, this comparison certainly should put to rest the claim that Sars-CoV-2 is a once-in-a-century pandemic.
I do not have the same monthly data for the US and it was difficult enough to find the annual death counts and total population numbers since 1980 shown in the chart in Fig. 3. Overall, annual mortality in the US (grey bars) has been increasing almost every year along with the significant growth in population (line chart). However, if you adjust the raw death count to the 2019 population (black bars), you can see that mortality was quite stable through the 1980s and 1990s, declined markedly through the 2000s, and has climbed again from a low in 2009 to the levels seen in the 1980s. Again, this is not intended to trivialize fatalities from COVID-19, from influenza, or from any other cause-of-death, yet it means that we need to extend our focus beyond the immediate context to gain a more balanced, proportionate perspective on the current pandemic. Once we add the final 2020 mortality into the graph, or the monthly and/or state-specific data to the corresponding timelines, we will be able to determine whether, and by how much, 2020 was different than previous years that we have considered “normal” by all accounts.
OurworldInData.org also notes that the total excess deaths of 275,000 is only partially explained by the confirmed COVID-19 deaths; while they insinuate on some of their maps and charts that the death toll of COVID-19 may be higher than what is known, I think it is more likely that we are seeing the impact of lockdowns. Just today, more anecdotal evidence for this concern came from Ontario, Canada, with a 40% increase in fatal opioid overdoses during the pandemic, from Berlin, Germany, with a 60-fold increase of emergency calls for attempted strangling/hanging from single-digit numbers in 2018 and 2019 to almost 300 so far in 2020, and from Arizona, where a school superintendent raises concerns about rising under-age suicides. The latest web site to collect news reports about the collateral damage from lockdowns is http://thepriceofpanic.com/. For a more systematic overview of possible deaths from the ongoing crisis management, I refer to Dr. John Ioannidis’ paper on “Global perspective of COVID‐19 epidemiology for a full‐cycle pandemic”. The table from that paper reproduced in Fig. 4 is particularly concerning with respect to the medium- and long-term horizon for excess deaths, which will make it difficult to assess the true cost of lockdowns.
Another Twitter discovery brings me to my second main point for this post: the division(s) between the American states with respect to Sars-CoV-2 spread, impact, and response measures. The anonymous account @EthicalSkeptic and the associated blog at https://theethicalskeptic.com/ analyzes COVID-19 data from a number of unusual perspectives. For one of the recurring graphs, this analyst separates the states into hot, southern states and cooler northern states to reflect possible differences in seasonality of Sars-CoV-2. For example, the @EthicalSkeptic’s November 5th update shows the peak of daily cases in the northern states in mid-April compared to the much later peak in the south in mid-July, while we are normally presented a single composite curve that suggests two pandemic waves have already happened in the US. What follows is my attempt at replicating the north-south comparison along with examining another distinction between coastal and interior states.
Based on a separation of 36 northern states (about 214 million people, including Washington DC) and 15 southern states (about 115 million people), detected COVID-19 “cases” (i.e. PCR test-positives) in the northern US (green) form two waves with peaks in April and July and are currently (end of October) rising far above those peaks (see Fig. 5). Note that I don’t relate these counts to issues with the testing strategy and test reliability discussed in other posts! The southern states (orange) had their first peak in July and currently only show a modest increase. The COVID-19 “death” counts (i.e. fatalities from any cause but with a positive PCR test result) present two distinct peaks for the two groups of states. This shows the current disconnect between case detections and fatal outcomes, and overall, a country as large as the US in terms of population and geography should probably not be analyzed as a unit nor be subject to nation-wide pandemic response policies.
Another experiment led me to the second classification above. I was interested in checking whether there was a geographic pattern in the recency of Sars-CoV-2 spread across the US. For that, I normalized the daily new “cases” for each state by that state’s maximum daily count. Then, I multiplied the normalized values by an index for each day, ranging from 1 for January 22nd to 292 for November 8th. The sum of these products will be larger the more (relative) “cases” occur late within the time frame. The result (see Fig. 6) seemed to suggest that coastal states (broadly defined!) tend to have later peaks than interior states, thus the second classification into 29 coastal states (226 million people) and 22 interior states (102 million people). However, in looking at the blue-brown graphs in Fig. 5, it appears that there is a greater difference in total numbers than in seasonality. Both groups already had two peaks in cases and deaths, with the coastal states displaying much higher counts and the interior states currently “catching up” in terms of “cases”. This could be due to including New York with its large but early peak in the coastal group. All this again points to the need for more localized analyses and response measures.
In fact, the pandemic response in the US is decentralized with different state governments taking rather distinct routes. One tool for examining these differences quantitatively is the Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT). Researchers at Oxford University created an index to measure the stringency of lockdowns across the globe and within the UK and US. The stringency index is one of several indices documented at https://github.com/OxCGRT/covid-policy-tracker. It combines eight sub-indices representing “containment and closure policies” (e.g., scope of school closures, cancellation of public events, etc.) and one sub-index representing “health system policies” (H1 – presence and extent of public information campaign). On the maps in Fig. 7, I display the daily average stringency index using the thickness of “prison bars” on top of case and death rates per million state population.
Overall, the US presents a patchwork of low-to-high stringency combined with different levels of “cases” and “deaths”. For example, Maine, New York, and New Mexico have the highest average stringency index values combined with case rates in the lower half but highly variable death rates, including New York with the second-highest death rate in the US (as of November 8th, 2020). As another example, Oklahoma and Utah seem to have gotten away with relatively lax government responses and low death rates, yet their case rates are in the medium range. Any conclusions from these maps need to be drawn with great caution as we cannot determine causality between the two aggregated variables, both as a general rule and here specifically due to the temporal component. For example, in the corona believers’ favourite scenario of a strict lockdown and a flat curve, did government response actually come first or was the epidemic curve already on the decline?
The scatterplots in Fig. 8 illustrate the same data numerically rather than geographically. I also asked Excel to plot a trendline based on the data points. The first graph shows that greater stringency (averaged over the duration of the pandemic) has a marked correlation with lower case rates. However, the second graph illustrates that greater stringency does is not associated with lower death rates; in fact, states with stricter lockdowns have a slight tendency to have higher death rates!
For the reasons already noted, it would be premature to draw definite conclusions from these maps and graphs. Statistical and geospatial analyses based on aggregate data can demonstrate correlations between variables, and spatial associations between high or low values within and between variables, but not causality. They can however suggest the direction of additional research to detect the underlying causes of a phenomenon such as infectious disease spread. The data that I used here certainly raise questions about the magnitude of the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic in historical context, the geographic and seasonal patterns of the epidemic curve, and the proportionality of government response measures. In addition, all population-level COVID-19 data rely on the PCR test for the presence of Sars-CoV-2 in healthy and ill individuals, a test that is increasingly scrutinized worldwide for what it can actually tell us, and what it cannot. While these questions are further studied, we should use long-established public health practices and common sense to restore our free, democratic societies.


The Economist looks at new evidence that certain types of pesticides may be the cause of recent dramatic declines in bee numbers around the world:
In the winter of 2006 beekeepers in America noticed something odd—lots of their hives were dying for no obvious reason. As the months passed, reports of similar phenomena began coming in from their European counterparts. Mystified scientists coined the label “colony collapse disorder” (CCD) to describe what was happening. Since then, much brow-sweat has been expended trying to work out just what CCD really is.
Dying bees are a problem, and not just for apiarists. Bees pollinate many of the world’s crops—a service estimated to be worth $15 billion a year in America alone. And there is no shortage of theories to explain the insects’ decline. Climate change, habitat destruction, a paralysing virus, fungal infection and even a plague of parasitic mites have all been proposed. But one of the leading ideas is that the bees are suffering from the effects of neonicotinoids, a class of commonly used pesticides, introduced in the 1990s, which are toxic to insects but much less so to mammals.


Presentation on theme: "Robert C. Kohberger, Ph.D. VP Planning and Project Management Licensing a New Vaccine on the Basis of Surrogate Endpoints: A Practical Example 19 September,"— Presentation transcript:
Robert C. Kohberger, Ph.D. VP Planning and Project Management Licensing a New Vaccine on the Basis of Surrogate Endpoints: A Practical Example 19 September, 2003
2 Correlates and Surrogates? Nomenclature: In the relatively small universe of vaccine researchers, statisticians have tried to to emphasize the difference between a surrogate and a correlate. But this effort has not always been successful. Not clear if vaccines will ever have, in the strict definition, a surrogate of efficacy Correlates and surrogates often used interchangeably
3 Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccine: U.K. Timeline 1994: discussions began within the U.K. Department of Health. Included public health, academic, regulatory, and manufacturers representatives 1995: assay standardized (to U.K. standards) and trials began 1998: Trials completed and reported 1999: Vaccine licensed on basis of surrogate endpoints 2002: Clinical efficacy reported 2003: Protective levels reported
4 What Was the Efficacy Surrogate? Primary - hSBA Serum Bactericidal Antibody Assay using human complement a measure of the ability of the antibody to kill the organism. Secondary - avidity binding ability of antibodies considered by many to be a measure of the memory of the antibodies elicited by the vaccine memory: ability of immune system to recognize and respond to an organism when antibody levels in serum are essentially zero
5 Why Was It Chosen? Thought to be fastest route to licensure meningococcal C disease serious problem in U.K - estimated in 1999 there would be 1,500 cases and 150 deaths clinical trial in U.K. would be time consuming and expensive - would any manufacturer consider such a trial for U.K. licensure? - incidence rates - population - U.K. pricing policies. Difficult to justify expense considering UK reimbursement policies. needed information for different age groups on schedule and number of doses - infants, toddlers, school age
6 Why Was It Chosen? Vaccinologists and immunologists considered hSBA to have validity as efficacy surrogate 1969 study demonstrated with naturally acquired antibody hSBA levels correlated with protection In military recruits 3/54 cases had hSBA > 4 while 444/540 non-cases had hSBA > 4. A value of 4 in hSBA then considered as a protective level. Experience with H. influenza vaccine demonstrated immunogenicity measurements correlated with clinical efficacy. Vaccine highly effective worldwide Both IgG (ELISA) and OPA related to protection. A memory response has been clinically demonstrated MnC a similar vaccine in that a polysaccaride is conjugated to a carrier
7 How was the Surrogate Chosen? Consultative Group PHLS - Public Health Laboratory Surveillance NIBSC - National Institute of Biological Standards and Control CAMR - Center for Applied Microbiology and Research ICH - Institute for Child Health MCA - Medicines Control Agency Manufacturers: Wyeth, Chiron, NAVI (Baxter) Agreements Reached MCA would license vaccine on the basis of immunology - sufficient proportion of subjects obtain hSBA > 4 - safety demonstration - follow-up after licensure for efficacy PHLS primary responsibility for clinical trials, immunogenicity evaluation, and follow-up
8 Trial Implementation PHLS primary responsibility for clinical trials and immunogenicity evaluation assay development trial design - joint with manufacturers trial implementation - joint with manufactures - site selection, monitoring, data management routine serology evaluation trial reporting - joint with manufacturers License submission - manufacturers including CMC and Clinical sections Cost Sharing: Department of Health and manufacturers
9 Results: Licensed in 1999 Meningococcal C disease (0-19 years of age): 1999 incidence - 700 2001 incidence - 100 reduction = 87% Meningococcal C disease deaths (0-19 years of age): 1999 incidence - 109 2001 incidence - 51 reduction = 53% Vaccination coverage >80% (age dependent - infants vs catch-up)
10 Results: Licensed in 1999 Disease incidence compared temporally and with meningococcal B disease. Reduction determined to be real Approximately 90% Vaccine Efficacy Screening Method (Farrrington) Disease Incidence Through 2003 remains low Success !
11 Other Issues Serologic Assay WHO coordinated consultation on standardization of hSBA assay. Meetings 1995-1996 (during the trial) because of extensive experience, led by U.K. included worldwide participants agreement reached and published in 1997 With an increasing number of meningococcal assays being done, became clear there was a problem with human complement variability in key characteristics reliable and sufficient source of supply baby rabbit complement proposed as alternative
12 Other Issues Serologic Assay WHO coordinated consultation on standardization of rSBA assay, comparison with hSBA, value of protective level with hSBA Meetings 2000-2001 Agreement on assay procedures Disagreement on protective level General consensus that with rSBA 128 predicted protection. Could not agree on titers between 8 - 128 Note that original basis of hSBA (done in 1969) as surrogate never had such precision.
13 Other Issues Validation of Protective Level (2003) Population based correlates ratio of % vax subj. > protective level / % control subj. > protective level should be similar to the clinical efficacy relative risk individual correlates requires all subjects to have serology done after vaccination. Or at least a sufficient (and random) sample of cases and non- cases Results: Conclusion 4 overestimates, 16 underestimates VE and 8 is mostly likely the protective level
14 Lessons Learned Compelling Need for Product Licensure on the Basis of Surrogates disease incidence or inability to do clinical efficacy trials safety must be demonstrated risk for efficacy is assumed. In this case primarily by regulators (UK Department of Health), but also manufacturers (because this is UK, a lesser extent) Clear understanding and agreement on surrogate: immunologic assay(s) worldwide regulators, academics, and manufacturers WHO Vaccine Division is a useful coordinating group
15 Lessons Learned Efficacy evaluation after field use critical Obtaining agreement on immunological measurements is time and effort consuming WHO consultative meetings lasted over two years with significant work done by all parties Value lies in cost and the speed in time to market of a product.
16 References Andrews N, et al. Validation of serological correlate of protection for meningococcal C conjugate vaccine by using efficacy estimates from postlicensure surveillance in England. 2003 Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immun. 10:780-786. Farrington, CP. Estimation of vaccine effectiveness using the screening method. 1995 Int. J. Epidemiol. 22:742-746. Maslanka SE, et al. Standardization and a multilaboratory comparison of N. meningitidis serogroup A and C serum bactericidal assays. 1997. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immun. 4:156-167. Miller E et al. Planning, registration, and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story 2002 Vaccine 20:S58-S67. Ramsey ME et al. Efficacy of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in teenagers and toddlers in England 2001 The Lancet 357: 195- 196.


The SAT exam is an admissions test used by many colleges and universities to assess a potential student's academic strengths and readiness for college. The SAT Test serves a similar purpose as the ACT Test. Standardized tests such as the SAT and ACT are used in the admissions process along with other factors such as high school grades, class rank, community service, recommendations and extracurricular activities. The intent of the SAT is to measure a student's capabilities in the core areas of reading, writing and mathematics. SAT Test Scores range from 200 to 800 for each of the sections, for a total potential score of 2400. Students typically take the test in the spring of their junior year and/or the fall of their senior year. There are seven SAT Test Dates for the U.S., Puerto Rico and the U.S. Territories.
SAT Test Format
The main sections of the SAT are: critical reading, writing and math. The majority of the questions are multiple choice although there are also "grid-in" questions in the math area. There is also an essay in the writing section. The SAT Test is made up of 10 sections. The first section is a 25 minute essay. Sections 2 through 7 are 25-minute sections. Sections 8 and 9 are 20 minute sections and section 10 is a 10 minute multiple choice writing section. The table below summarizes the sections.
||Number of Questions
|SAT Critical Reading||70 minutes (Two 25 minute sections and one 20 minute section)||67 questions (19 sentence completion and 48 passage-based reading questions)||Short and long reading passages. Measures sentence completions and passage-based reading.|
|SAT Math||70 minutes (Two 25 minute sections and one 20 minute section)||54 questions (44 multiple choice and 10 response questions)||Covers basic mathematical skills that are typical for a student at the end of junior year. You will be tested on: number and operations; algebra and functions; geometry and measurement; and data analysis, statistics, and probability.|
|SAT Writing||60 minutes (two 25 minute sections and one 10 minute section)||40 questions||One essay and 49 multiple choice questions (25 on improving sentences, 18 on identifying sentence errors, and 6 on improving paragraphs)|
Try our free SAT practice tests to help you prepare.
SAT Test Registration
The SAT test is administered on Saturdays and is offered seven times per year (November, December, January, March, May, and June). Most high school students take the SAT for the first time during the spring of their junior year. Many students will also take the test a second time during the fall of their junior year.
The easiest way to register for the SAT is online by going to http://sat.collegeboard.org/register.
SAT Registration Fees
There are a myriad of fees associated with your SAT registration. The basic SAT registration fee is $50. The fees for the subject tests vary based on how many tests you take, and the type of test it is. In general, the SAT subject test fees are a one time registration fee of $23 per registration plus an additional fee of either $12 for non-language tests or $23 for a language test. In addition to the standard registration fees, there are additional fees charged for phone registrations, changes to test types, locations or dates, late registrations, and waitlisting. There are also fees associated with sending your scores to schools or requesting more information about the specific questions and answers on your test. All of the test and registration fees are non-refundable.
SAT Test Scores
There are three main sections on the SAT: mathematics, critical reading, and writing. Each of these sections is scored on a scale from 200-800. Your total potential score on the SAT is 2400. In addition to these scores, you will also receive two subscores on the writing component: an essay score (ranging from 2 to 12) and a multiple-choice score (ranging from 20 to 80). Your main scores on the SAT are derived by giving you 1 point for a correct answer and subtracting 1/4 point for an incorrect answer. Any questions that you skip are not counted towards your score. This raw score is then converted into a scaled score (in the range of 200-800) by a statistical process referred to as "equating". To determine how well you did on the SAT you can compare your scores to others who have taken the test (by looking at your percentile rank). You should also compare your scores to the scores of students that attend your target colleges. Please refer to Test-Guide.com's full section on SAT scores for more complete information on how scores are calculated and how to compare your scores to other test takers.


|Day & Time
|Method of Instruction||On-Line Only|
This course is designed to introduce students to the study of the mind, brain, and human behavior. Participants are introduced to many of the broad areas of scientific research in psychology.
The course establishes a strong grounding in scientific principles and methodology and then applies these concepts to areas such as personality, learning, memory, prejudice, and psychopathology.
Students are encouraged to think about how empirical methods can be used to study the human condition, to recognize and appreciate experimental rigor, and ultimately to question common assumptions about human behavior found in ordinary discourse and the popular press.
Armed with an understanding of the scientific method and an introduction to important findings in psychology, participants conduct their own research. The course includes asynchronous work, which students are expected to complete between class sessions.
|Department||Pre-College Programs (SHSP)|
|Enrollment||16 students (22 max) as of 7:38PM Saturday, September 30, 2023|
|Subject||Pre-College Prog: Science of Psychology|
|Division||School of Professional Studies|


Flu in pigeons, flu in humans...
The labor market and the influence of flu
For some time now, the labour market has been under severe pressure.
For every 100 people leaving, only 85 people are entering. Only 80% of those entering the labour market want to work. The labour shortage remains structural. Unfortunately, only an announced economic contraction can relieve the pressure in the near future.
There are no vacancies for pharmacists either. We are looking in vain for another colleague to join us for a whole career. Our duties are becoming more extensive and, for example, we recently had to deal with corona vaccinations and, later this year, combined influenza vaccinations. The government wants to increase the crucial vaccination rate by lowering the threshold.
Influenza in humans, is still a serious disease, causing significant economic damage each year and one million deaths worldwide. At the end of last year, two months earlier than usual, the flu virus became active. This is being watched with suspicion as the season’s peak is still to come.
Traditionally, the influenza virus is monitored in Southeast Asia (northern hemisphere) to find out which variants (AB and HN strains) are circulating there. This helps us to have the appropriate vaccines available in the autumn. Predicting is always good but never perfect. This is why the effectiveness of the flu vaccine is a little lower (+/- 60%) than that of the Corona vaccine (+/- 90%). However, there has been an increase in effectiveness against influenza due to recent vaccines with 4 different strains. Their effectiveness is, therefore more than sufficient for epidemic control if vaccination coverage is high enough (80% or more).
So the global recommendation is increasingly explicit and generic:
"Get vaccinated" is also for those who do not belong to a risk group (a healthy middle-aged person has a one in three chance of developing complications due to a risk factor such as smoking or drinking alcohol). This is why pharmacists are involved. They can help keep the threshold low and thus increase vaccination rates.
The origin of the flu
The reservoir of this influenza virus is waterfowl, to which it is highly contagious and dangerous. It then spreads to all birds, for which it can also be highly contagious and fatal.
Reassortment = the exchange of genetic material from one species to another.
Sometimes the virus is transmitted to pigs, which (depending on the variant) may or may not easily infect each other. Exceptionally, it can be transmitted from pigs to humans and, depending on the variant, from human to human…
There are several components to this influenza virus.
Influenza A has two key features on its surface: Haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) provide the adhesion to the cell, which allows the virus to enter the cell.
If we can block this with antibodies , it is harder for the virus to attach. The neutralised virus in the blood can be eaten by special cells (phagocytosis).
Sixteen H traits and nine N traits provide all possible combinations with their familiar names (H 1 N1 or H3 N1...).
Due to constant mutation (viruses have been doing the same thing for 200 million years), there exist:
- Antigenic drift: these are minor changes = "facelifts" to the traits (tacks). They require slight changes to the vaccine every year to protect us from an annual epidemic.
- Sometimes, antigen shift occurs. This is a significant change = "completely new model". Big, complex parts of the virus are changing by reassortment of genetic material (between pigs and humans, for example), for which no background immunity exists, so a whole new vaccine is needed, but before that, a global pandemic, because it takes a long time to develop a whole new vaccine.
A "perfect viral storm" could be on the horizon if influenza and corona both surprise us with mutations to which we have no immunity(*).
The flu virus undergoes such a shift about four times every century.
In 1918 Spanish flu (H1N1): caused more casualties than WWI.
In 1957 Asian flu (H2N2).
In 1968 HongKong flu (H3N2).
Influenza in animals
The daily “De Tijd” wrote last week: "Avian flu is hitting harder than ever”.
Fortunately, our pigeons are not at high risk in this chain of infection. (**)
They can be infected with the avian influenza virus but do not usually become ill (**).
In addition, they do not usually spread the virus to others.
Our National Pigeon Fanciers' Association is closely monitoring the situation where the measures have only caught the pigeons in the restricted zones (blast zone, e.g. 3 to 10 km around a hotspot).
Otherwise, no measures apply outside the restricted areas.
We may yet
• participate in competitions;
• transport your pigeons;
• release your pigeons outside the loft.
👉🏻 Racing pigeons are hardened due to the rigour selection of the sport, where only those with robust immune systems survive, despite the use of antibiotics, which tend to weaken them.
This touches on the basis of the Comed method and is all the more reason to focus on antibiotic-free care, which only increases their resistance to bird flu and similar diseases. Our desire is to continue our sport in spite of all the virus circulations and, of course, to perform more purely with pigeons as sharp as possible.
There were fears of an H1N1 pandemic in the United States in 2009. There were fears of a global tsunami with major socio-economic consequences.
The virus was a unique combination of influenza A virus genes never before identified in animals or humans. This combination of viruses and genes was closely related to the North American H1N1 pig lineage and to the H1N1 influenza viruses of the Eurasian pig strain. For this reason, initial reports suggested that it was a swine flu virus. However, no exposure to pigs was found when the first human cases were investigated. It soon became clear that this new virus was circulating in humans and not in the pig herds of the USA. Worldwide, the death toll is estimated at between 150,000 and 600,000.
We experimentally infected three different pigeon species (meat, city and race) with two different doses of H7N9 avian influenza virus A/Chicken/China/2013 by intranasal and intraocular inoculation (IN + IO) or intravenous injection (IV) to determine the susceptibility of pigeons to the newly emerged avian influenza virus subtype H7N9. In addition, the potential for transmission of H7N9 to pigeons by direct close contact with experimentally infected pigeons and chickens was evaluated. The results showed that none of the experimentally infected pigeons showed clinical signs, irrespective of the route and dose of infection. Of the 12 racing pigeons that were randomly selected and had necropsy, none of them had coarse lesions. Consistent with this finding, the virus was not isolated from all pigeons. No detectable levels of H7-specific antibodies were found in any of the pigeons. In contrast, conjunctivitis was present in 11 out of 31 chickens infected with H7N9 by inoculation with IN + IO or by contact with chickens infected with IN + IO. The virus was isolated from all of the 31 chickens, and antibodies specific to H7 were detected in these chickens. However, no clinical signs were observed in any of the IV-infected chickens or chickens in direct contact with IV-infected chickens. There has been no isolation of virus from these chickens and no detection of H7-specific antibodies. Overall, our conclusion is that at the doses used, pigeons have little or no susceptibility to the H7N9 virus and are unlikely to be a reservoir for the virus.
However, the virus is a cause of conjunctivitis in chickens and can be transmitted to susceptible hosts by direct contact.


The Progressive Muscle Relaxation technique (PMR) serves as an effective antidote for stress. Join Ascellus Clinical Psychologist Bunny Falk, R.N., Psy.D., for an explanation and exploration of this technique, its benefits and exercises that teach you how to alleviate stress.
What is the Progressive Muscle Relaxation technique?
Developed by Dr. Edmond Jacobson in 1929, PMR reduces muscle tension through intervals of muscle-tensing activities, stress-releasing phases and mental recognition in the difference in sensation between tense and relaxed. Our bodies respond to stress-provoking thoughts and events by tensing muscles, thereby increasing our subjective experience of stress. PMR provides relief because stress response and relaxation are incompatible and cannot occur at the same time. By purposefully switching between tension and flexion the body releases the muscles.
Benefits of using this technique
PMR can be done almost anywhere, at any time and is an easy technique to help you care for yourself during stressful times. It is a valuable strategy for reducing tension and managing
- Tension headaches
- Tender shoulder and neck muscle pain
- Achiness that accompanies muscle tension
The more often PMR is practiced, especially when you’re not feeling stressed, the better the response will be when you are feeling stressed.
*Remember, stress response and relaxation are concurrently incompatible.
Throughout this exercise, you’ll tense different muscle groups for five to seven seconds and then relax them for 20-30 seconds before moving on to the next group of muscles.
While you un-tense each muscle group, it’s helpful to say to yourself, “Let go of the tension” or “I’m feeling calm and rested.” Notice the difference as your body feels quickly releases the tension in each muscle group.
You can practice PMR either sitting or lying down. Begin by taking a slow, deep breath in through your nose, and then slowly exhale through your mouth. Do this three times.
Now, perform the exercises as follows:
- Curl your fists tightly, tighten your biceps and forearms. Hold for 5-7 seconds. Let go and relax for 20-30 seconds.
- Wrinkle your forehead and put your head back. Now, roll your head slowly clockwise in a complete circle and then in reverse. Force your face into a frown, squint your eyes tightly, purse your lips, hunch your shoulders. Hold. Let go and relax.
- Take a deep breath, arch your back and expand your chest. Hold your breath to the count of three. Exhale. Relax.
- Take a deep breath and push out your stomach. Hold the breath and slowly count to 3. Let it go and relax.
- Flex your feet and toes by pointing your toes toward your shins, now tighten your shins. Hold. Let go and relax.
- Curl your toes and tighten your calves, thighs and butt. Hold. Let go and relax.
- Assess your body for any residual tension. If you feel any, repeat the tense-and-relax exercise for that muscle group.
For more small group exercises and practice in clear communication, be sure to read more in our Practice Exercises blog series and learn more about cognitive behavioral therapy techniques that change outcomes.
Bunny Falk,. R.N., Psy.D., Assistant Provider Medical Director provides clinical oversight to Ascellus’s national provider network where she develops policies and procedures for best clinical practices and ethical guidelines as Chairperson of the Ascellus Credentialing Committee. With more than 33 years in private practice, Dr. Falk has held clinical, teaching and consulting positions at several universities and healthcare companies, including Nova Southeastern University, Magellan Health and University of Miami Behavioral Health.
Ascellus – Integrated Medical Case Solutions – is the premier behavioral medicine network for pain and trauma response with evidence-based outcomes and a proven track record for transforming workers’ compensation cases. Ascellus makes intervention efficient with a national network of 1,500+ psychologists and psychiatrists in all 50 states.
Ascellus bridges the gap between mental and physical health to accelerate recovery for our nation's workforce. By connecting the workers' compensation industry with our expert behavioral care and evidence-based treatments, we deliver high-quality outcomes, helping injured workers reemerge with increased strength, purpose and resilience in the workplace.


Published: 09/12/2015 - Updated: 03/08/2020
Author: Dra. Loredana Lunadei, PhD
Estrogen is one of the most important feminine hormones that affects life in general. It is responsible for women’s sexual characteristics, like the development of breasts and the menstrual cycle, and it is the hormone that determines when adolescence begins, by increasing in a female’s eggs.
Estrogen production in the woman’s body stays within a certain range for up to 30 years, and when these levels start to decrease, the hypophysis starts to help produce hormones that stimulate the ovaries, like luteinizant or the FSH hormone. As these hormones are activated, and estrogen levels decrease, certain symptoms arise, like hot flashes or night sweats. Men also use FSH and LH hormones to create sperm, as well as to stimulate testosterone production, which means that they too can experience these same symptoms.
Estrogen also influences and participates in other bodily functions, like the tightness of skin, they help keep bones strong and stable, they protect against arteriosclerosis, and they influence blood vessel health. That’s why whenever estrogen levels are low, there is a greater risk of suffering from osteoporosis and arteriosclerosis.
When levels are low, however, one options that a lot of doctors and women suggest is to start hormone treatments to avoid certain consequences, but it’s very important that you contemplate the effects this may have before starting certain treatments with estrogen. The body could start experiencing undesirable side effects, as this in some ways distorts the body’s natural process, which is that of regulating estrogen levels. Uncontrolled or imbalanced increases in estrogen levels could cause side effects like cancer, tumors, myomas, endometrium problems, headaches, unusual bleeding, etc.
High estrogen levels at a certain age could cause symptoms like sudden and severe vomiting, dizziness or weakness, sudden complete or partial vision loss or double vision, numbness or weakness in a leg or arm, pain or pressure in the chest, bloody cough, difficulty thinking clearly, remembering or learning, lumps or other changes in the breasts, nipple secretions, as well as pain, sensitivity or redness in the legs.
Low Estrogen levels
Estrogen levels are considered to be low according to age, but are generally between 10 to 20 pg/ml, which could be caused by anorexia, menopause, or other conditions. High resistance training could also reduce estrogen levels. Symptoms of low estrogen levels include fatigue, extreme exhaustion, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and difficulty concentrating.
High Estrogen Levels
Estrogen levels are considered to by high according to age as well, but the approximate range is somewhere around 200 pg/ml. Estrogen levels increase and throw the body off balance when the individual is obese, has cardiovascular and digestive problems, as well as stress, anxiety, etc. Symptoms could include fatigue, depression, constant mood changes, insomnia, and any of the aforementioned symptoms as well.
If you truly want to cure your body and put it in permanently optimal conditions, you need to respect its natural processes. Most of all, do not try to avoid the problem with chemical treatments, but rather work with your body using certain foods and natural alternatives like foods rich in isoflavones, including soy isoflavones, raw vegetables, foods rich in enzymes, drinking juices ,etc. You also should consider the medicinal effect that re-evaluating your life has. Focusing on new ways of seeing women’s experiences, as well as having a fluid, joyful attitude that comes with learning to understand your emotions.
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Grapefruit and estrogen
Grapefruit is a citrus fruit that looks similar to an orange, but has a different color, taste, and properties. It has amazing weight-loss properties, and also helps cleanse the body, sweeping out fats and harmful cholesterol. For a lot of women, this makes grapefruit a perfect friend. The pulp in grapefruit also contains certain acids that should be reconsidered by women older than 40 years of age.
Grapefruit pulp increases estrogen levels, and considering everything previously mentioned, this could be undesirable because of the risk the poses for contracting certain cancers and bodily imbalances in women. We should point out, however, that just the pulp is what causes these effects. Grapefruit seeds, on the other hand, have very positive health effects.
So it’s best to substitute grapefruit with other foods that help maintain good women’s health, like pineapple, which is a wonderful cleanser and helps to balance the body’s organs and systems. It’s also a good idea to include sprouts, avocado, and primrose oil in your diet, the latter of which is great for helping stabilize women’s hormones naturally.
Important note: If you have very high estrogen levels, it is important that you practice meditation and relax. The body is greatly weakened under stress, when you don’t accept how you are, or if you don’t like your body.
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About the author


Pterostilbene: A Cholesterol and Blood Sugar Improving Anti-Cancer Nutrient
Byron J. Richards, Board Certified Clinical Nutritionist
Pterostilbene, like its cousin resveratrol, is gaining world-wide attention for its rather dramatic ability to improve human health, protect against the diseases of aging, and extend lifespan1.
Pterostilbene is found in small amounts in blueberries and grapes, but the most cost effective source is from the bark and heartwood of a tree that grows in India and Sri Lanka (Pterocarpus marsupium
or Indian Kino Tree).
Pterostilbene for Blood Sugar and Lipid Metabolism
Extracts ofPterocarpus marsupium have been used in Ayurvedic medicine for several thousand years for the treatment of diabetes. Modern day animal research on Pterocarpus marsupium
helps support its traditional folk medicine use, showing it can:
In today’s marketplace extracts of Pterocarpus marsupium can be standardized for its most important biologically active compound, pterostilbene6 (pronounced “tero-STILL-bean”). This nutrient is a type of polyphenol known as a stilbenoid, as is resveratrol. Stilbenoids are very small molecules that are readily absorbed, wherein they participate in antioxidant systems, anti-inflammatory systems (lowering NF-kappaB and unfriendly nitric oxide8), and can have profound regulatory impact on multiple gene signals. Pterostilbene has two methoxy and one hydroxyl group, whereas resveratrol has three hydroxyl groups. These small differences in an otherwise identical structure enable quite different function. For one thing this enables pterostilbene to be absorbed into cells easier and makes it slower to be cleared out of the body, compared to resveratrol. Pterostilbene excels as an antioxidant between cells (such as inflammatory tissue damage9) whereas reseveratrol excels at protecting cells in the blood. Resveratrol specializes in activating the longevity gene SIRT1, whereas pterostilbene has a profound effect on the fat/lipid metabolizing gene PPAR (both nutrients activate many genes). Stilbenoids are synthesized by plants in response to infectious attack, making them excellent immune support nutrients. The unique structure of pterostilbene makes it 5-10 times as potent an anti-fungal as resveratrol.
When pterostilbene enters a cell, it easily binds to the receptors for PPAR activation10, enabling improved metabolism of triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood sugar. Hamster studies show that PPAR activation with pterostilbene11 lowered LDL cholesterol by 29%, lowered blood sugar by 14%, and boosted protective HDL cholesterol by 7%.
The major problem of high blood sugar is that it caramelizes healthy body structure by forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs), thereby speeding the decline of the kidneys, heart, eyes, and all things flexible. A new study shows that pterostilbene can directly block the formation of AGEs12. Another study showed that pterostilbene lowered hemoglobin A1C13 in diabetic rats (a marker that predicts AGEs formation). And yet another study showed that this versatile nutrient prevented damage to the liver and kidneys14 of diabetic rats.
The abnormal proliferation of cells within the walls of arteries takes place during the plaque formation process. An animal study shows that pterostilbene15 inhibited this undesirable process. The researchers concluded that “pterostilbene may be a potential anti-proliferative agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis.”
The metabolic science on pterostilbene along with its traditional folk use, warrant its inclusion along with other synergistic nutrients to support healthy metabolism of lipids and blood sugar.
Pterostilbene as an Anti-Cancer Nutrient
One of the great problems of being overweight is that it significantly boosts the risk for cancer including aggressive breast and prostate cancer. Not only does pterostilbene help support the return of normal metabolism, it is one of the most heavily researched anti-cancer compounds.
As a small molecule, pterostilbene has no problem gaining access into cancer cells. It appears to be a cancer cell’s worst nightmare. It damages a cancer cell’s membrane and DNA and induces death signals causing self-destruction. This was recently shown with studies of both breast and prostate cancer cells16. In another recent breast cancer cell study, pterostilbene caused the energy-producing system within the cancer cell to malfunction and generate massive amounts of free radicals instead of energy, resulting in breast cancer cell death17. Similar findings have now been demonstrated with pancreatic cancer cells18. Pterostilbene has also been shown to inhibit colon cancer19, lung cancer20, liver cancer21, and skin cancer22.
In a recent study with bladder cancer cells23 pterostilbene was shown for the first time to activate the autophagy process wherein a cell is commanded to eat itself, thereby inducing cell death. In normal health, autophagy is used to help keep a cell clean, which prevents cancer. It is amazing, that the intelligence to help healthy cells and help kill cancer cells exists, by important mechanisms like autophagy.
Pterostilbene is a nutrient you are sure to hear more about. It works by multiple mechanisms at the gene level to promote metabolic health and the risk of cancer.
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