Maybe you have asked, Is Diarrhea a Symptom of Corona Virus? Here are the explanation.
Is Diarrhea a Symptom of Corona Virus?
The corona Virus that causes the Covid-19 disease has three main symptoms: fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. However, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), many people who are infected with Coronavirus have mild symptoms, one of which is diarrhea.
On the official website of the WHO is mentioned, some patients who are infected with Covid-19 experience pain throughout the body, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, or diarrhea.
Research in Hubei Province
The researchers analyzed data from 206 Covid-19 patients, an average age of nearly 55 years old, which was hospitalized in three hospitals in Hubei province between January 18 and February 28, 2020. The average time from the onset of symptoms to hospital admission is 8.1 days.
Symptoms of diarrhea experienced about 20 percent of the positive Covid-19 patients studied. The remainder experience diarrhea about 10 days after they experience respiratory distress.
However, the findings suggest that patients with digestive symptoms had a longer time than the onset of symptoms until hospital admission compared to patients without digestive symptoms, 9 days compared to 7.3 days.
This suggests that patients with digestive symptoms, seek treatment later because they have not been suspicious they suffer from Covid-19 due to lack of respiratory symptoms, such as coughing or shortness of breath, the researchers explained.
A study showed the results that some of the COVID-19 infected patients experienced gastrointestinal symptoms, especially diarrhea as the first sign of the disease.
Meanwhile, volunteer patients in the study did not develop respiratory symptoms at all or only appear later in life as advanced symptoms.
The American Journal of Gastroenterology Publication
The research findings printed in The American Journal of Gastroenterology on Monday (30/3/2020) are important because some patients do not have the classic symptoms of COVID-19 such as coughs, shortness of breath, and fever.
Because of the absence of such classical symptoms, not least undiagnosed and potentially spreading the disease to others.
However, researchers noted that common digestive problems occur and do not necessarily mean that a person suffers from a COVID-19.
Meanwhile, medical personnel should be aware that the sudden gastrointestinal symptoms in people with the possibility of contact COVID-19 should at least be immediately considered as one of the main symptoms.
New England Journal of Medicine Publication
There are still many experts learn about Covid-19. For example, one study of viruses published in the New England Journal of Medicine in February 2020 found that diarrhea was not a major symptom of this virus.
After analyzing the main signs of Covid-19 in 1,099 patients in China, they concluded that fever and cough are the most common. This study specifically mentions nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea as possible regular symptoms.
Read also: The Causes of Frequent Bowel Movements
Another study mentioned that patients with digestive symptoms showed more evidence of problems in the liver and blood blockages than those who had no such symptoms.
The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) adds nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea to their online self-check of the corona virus. The CDC defines diarrhea as a process of defecation (bowel movements) that occurs three or more times in 24 hours or in an unusual amount.
Peter Chin–Hong, MD, an infectious disease specialist in San Francisco, California, said that if there is blood coming out during the bowel movements, it could be a sign there is something serious about to happen in your body and should be checked immediately to the doctor.
In the meantime, Niket Sonpal, MD, Board Certified NYC Internist and Gastroenterologist, who were not involved in this study, explained this was an important finding because of its fact in the early stages of the outbreak in China, Iran, and later Italy, in most cases, lower respiratory symptoms occur. Meanwhile, diarrhea is seen in some cases, although not as much a case of dry cough and fever.
Based on some of the studies above, although diarrhea is not a major symptom of COVID-19, diarrhea can be a mild symptom of corona virus infection
So, the answer of the question, Is Diarrhea a Symptom of Corona Virus? is Yes.
So, If you experience this, especially in recent situations, you may need to consider isolating yourself, especially if there are other common symptoms of Covid-19.
The CDC also suggests that people who are sick disinfected the bathroom after using it to avoid other family members from being infected through bodily fluids.
Thank you very much for reading Is Diarrhea a Symptom of Corona Virus? Hopefully useful.


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I was looking through some notes I made a while back concerning books and scrolls, and thought they might be of interest. Probably no blog post tomorrow – my company is hosting a charity golf course for most of the day, and then I’m going to see my daughter in a performance of Alice in Wonderland (she’s the door mouse). Until Tuesday …
Books and Scrolls
Clay Tablet: A tablet made of clay (terracotta) and either fired in a kiln to make it permanent, or simply erased if to be recycled. Writing on a clay tablet was done with a reed using cuneiform characters. A typical, large tablet weighs 15 pounds. Clay tablets cannot holds spells of more than 1st level.
Bamboo Scroll: A bamboo scroll is a collection of long, narrow bamboo slips joined together with thread. Each slip can hold dozens of pictographs. When joined together, the slips can be rolled like a scroll. Because these scrolls were heavy, they were replaced upon the invention of paper. A typical scroll weighs 10 pounds and can hold any level of spell, with such spell scrolls weighing 2 pounds per spell level so inscribed.
Papyrus Scroll: Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, a wetland reed. Papyrus was cheap, but could not be folded, and thus had to be used in large, heavy scrolls. Papyrus is fragile and susceptible to damage from moisture and dryness, and it presented an uneven surface for writing unless of the very highest quality. Papyrus was abandoned for parchment by the 12th century, with Papal Bulls being some of the last things written on papyrus. Papyrus is manufactured by stripping the outer rind of the stem and cutting the interior into strips. The strips are laid side by side, horizontally. Another layer is then added atop the first, placed side by side vertically. While still moist, the two layers are hammered together. The sheet is then dried under pressure. After drying, the sheet is polished with a stone, shell or piece of wood. A typical scroll is assumed to weigh 25 pounds, with much of the weight coming from the rollers. Scrolls can hold spells of any level and should weigh approximately 5 pounds per spell level.
Book: A typical medieval book weighed between 40 and 165 lb. The Codex Gigas, for example, was 3.2 feet long, 20 inches wide and weighed 165 pounds. A rare Hebrew manuscript contained 1,042 pages and weighed 57 pounds. Given these dimensions, we can pretend that a basic book weighs 0.5 ounces per page, while a large tome weighs twice that much and provides twice as much surface for writing. A sheet of paper or parchment was called a bifolium, being a single folio folded in half to produce two leaves. Books were often bound between two thin sheets of wood that were covered by leather. When books were rare (i.e. before the printing press) they were often chained to desks.
Quire = 24 folio
Ream = 20 quires = 480 folio
Bundle = 2 reams = 960 folio
Bale = 5 bundles = 4,800 folio
Books can be printed on one of several mediums:
Parchment: Made from the skin of sheep, goats, deer and other animals. The parchmenter begins the process by selecting a disease and tick-free animal. The animal’s skin is washed thoroughly and soaked in a vat of water and lime for about a week, stirring several times a day with a wooden pole. The pelt is removed and laid over a curved, upright shield of wood. The hair is scraped out using a long, curved knife with a wooden handle on each end. The dehaired pelt is then rinsed in cold water for two more days to remove the lime. The skin is dried while stretched on a frame. The skin is secured to the frame by pushing pebbles into the skin every inch or so to make knobs, to which strings were tied. It was not uncommon to see holes in finished parchments where tiny tears made in the scraping process were stretched out in the stretching process. The parchmenter now ladles hot water over the stretched skin while scraping with another curved knife called a lunellum. The parchment is finally allowed to dry completely, shrinking and tightening as it does. Once dry, the scraping begins anew. Finally, the parchment can be removed and rolled up for transportation or sale. A scribe would purchase the parchment in this condition, cutting it to his desired size and buffing it before use with chalk. Parchment sheets were usually sold by the dozen.
Vellum: High quality parchment made from calf skin.
Paper: Made from plant pulp, fibers, rags or cellulose. Paper is cheaper than parchment, but not as long lasting.
Types of Books
- Atlas (Geography)
- Bestiary (Fauna)
- Chronicle (History)
- Cookery (Recipes)
- Dialogue (Philosophy)
- Grimoire or Grammary (Magic)
- Herbal (Flora)
- Lectionary (Religion)
- Lexicon (Language)
- Manual (“How-to” on war, hunting, politics, etc.)
- Principia (Science, mathematics, alchemy)
- Romance (Stories meant for entertainment)
Image from here.


In the aftermath of each act of senseless youth violence, parents, teachers and civic leaders amplify the national discussion about the need to educate our nations children in values and morals.
One program has been successfully doing so for almost two decades, with results.
by Marc Steven
Naida Segura, counselor at the center, explains why. I introduced The Way to Happiness to the Center after I saw it mentioned in a professional journal, she says. I was impressed with the way it provided the specific information the kids needed to turn around their lives.
The The Way to Happiness which Segura refers to is a pocket-sized booklet containing 21 precepts comprising all of the basic, time-honored and common sense morals of a sound society. Each precept is explained with brief text.
Although these children come from very difficult situations, once they have been exposed to The Way to Happiness, they are able to make good choices, says Segura. It is written in a style that is very simple and clear. It gives the children enough understanding to overcome peer pressure and environment or familial situations that would have them otherwise make the wrong decisions.
Segura takes the students through each precept of the booklet in depth, and observes that the children realize aspects of their lives that they can change. The children then visit elementary schools in the area, under a program called the Student Experience Exchange (SEE), using The Way to Happiness to set a good example one of the precepts in the booklet.
Students in the SEE program tell younger students, I want to make sure you dont make the same bad choices that I made, and Im going to tell you why, says Segura. The students have already worked out why in reading and applying principles from The Way to Happiness.
It is truly amazing. My students have the undivided attention of the younger ones, Segura states. The program has given my kids self-esteem and confidence, a sense of value.
The Center started the The Way to Happiness program with 5th-grade students, but according to Segura, the demand from the teachers was so great that they extended the program to all elementary grades.
Students contribute to a variety of other community projects, such as collecting food and clothing for the disadvantaged, and visiting the elderly. Segura finds that the kids will volunteer if they know what good will result.
The Way to Happiness has also been included in the activities of a family counseling group within the district, in which the hearing officer mandates a precept from The Way to Happiness as the focus for a specific community service project. An example of such a precept, according to Segura, is the one to be competent.
Each precept is so fundamental that it encompasses many areas of life. I can see it blossom, Segura says. The booklet has generated a lot of interest. The program for teaching morals that was in place before just was not working.
small revolution is occurring in part of the San Antonio, Texas school system, spearheaded by the Harlendale Alternative Center for at-risk kids. Three hundred and fifty 6th 12th grade students sent to the Center as the result of disciplinary hearings have been undergoing radical shifts in their outlook in just six to nine weeks.
Making the Right Decisions
Over the past few decades, the teaching of morals in schools has been on a rapid decline, replaced by more modern psychological and psychiatric-based teachings which stress that kids figure out their morals and values on their own. (See also Disorienting a Generation,.)
The teaching of morals in schools has been frowned upon by some educators because of religious implications since morals have traditionally been linked to religion even if the morals being taught in schools are not religious in content.
With the The Way to Happiness, Segura says, the students are making choices and decisions about values. Knowing how to do so is basically a human right, not a religious issue.
After four years of implementing The Way to Happiness program, the Harlendale Alternative Center was awarded first place for the 1998/1999 school year in the national Set a Good Example contest which uses the booklet.
Every now and then I meet or find out about one of our graduates from the program. I just came out of the hospital, for instance, recounts Segura, where I bumped into a graduate. He had returned to school and completed his studies, and then found a job at the hospital.
The Way to Happiness Set a Good Example Contest is conducted by the Concerned Businessmens Association of America (CBAA), a national organization which encourages private sector business owners and individuals to take action if they are unhappy about the $200 billion that declining moral values amoung our youth is costing the economy each year.
Based on countless results in elementary, middle and high schools, and in special education settings like that of the Harlendale Alternative Center, the CBAAs lifeblood for the two decades of its existence has been the single program to implement The Way to Happiness booklet in different settings in society.
After 15 years of running the Set a Good Example school contest, more than 12 million students in America have been reached with The Way to Happiness in nearly 11,000 schools.
The program has received hundreds of awards and recognitions from mayors, governors, congressmen and senators. In a 1994 study conducted in schools using The Way to Happiness materials, 85% of the teachers noticed positive changes in their pupils and 88% of the students felt they had gained from the booklet; 97% of the teachers wanted to continue with the program and 77% of the students said they used the precepts in their everyday lives.
With almost 51 million grade-school children and 108,520 schools in America, there is still some way to go, but consider the effect on society of the millions of students who are graduating with a solid grounding in morals.
An Amite, Louisiana high school principal gave an idea of that power when she said, We are still reaping the rewards of having been involved in the Set a Good Example program. The seventh graders who began the program at our school are now graduating seniors who have distinguished themselves in all areas, including academics, athletics, drama, music and leadership roles. They have established goals and have a well-developed work ethic. They truly represent the ideals ... of the Set a Good Example project.
The moral seems to be that if one treats children with dignity, recognizes their goodness, and shows them what to do, one receives good in return. If children dont know the rules of the game, are coerced with drugs, coddled with confusing counseling and left with the idea that they should decide for themselves what is right or wrong, then confusion, at best, results.
One 8th grade student on the The Way to Happiness program put it this way: If adults set a good example for us, then we learn to set a good example for younger kids. Who else do we have to look up to for help in our lives? If young people are going to do great things, then they need great examples.
An Idea Whose Time Has Come
It may seem remarkable to some that a small booklet with a common sense moral code could create such positive effects. The power of an idea whose time has come cannot be disputed. The desire for an effective moral education is on the minds of teachers, parents and politicians throughout the country. A poll of parents showed that 79% were in favor of public schools teaching morals, which they rated second in importance only to writing and speaking skills.
With 53 million copies distributed in 57 countries and in 22 languages since it was first released 18 years ago by author and humanitarian L. Ron Hubbard, this little booklet is proving to be an easy and effective answer to the enormously complex problems that result when a society parts company with its moral code.
The Way to Happiness Foundation, which oversees the distribution of the booklet around the world, also runs programs in U.S. schools. More than 2,000 schools have participated to date. One such program is the annual Creating a Better World essay contest, asking children to write about how they feel particular precepts should be implemented to improve society. Not surprisingly, children have had much to say about where our society is going.
One 13-year-old girl showed The Way to Happiness to her friends, who had been drinking, stealing, taking drugs, being promiscuous, and had dropped out of school and been in trouble with the police several times. They realized how much harm they were doing and weaned themselves off the drugs, stopped drinking and eventually quit everything else they were doing that was illegal and immoral. The precept Do Not Do Anything Illegal saved my friends lives, and mine. Now we read and use all the precepts every day. We are spreading The Way to Happiness to everyone, and one by one, creating a better world, the student wrote.
A 15-year-old boy with a remarkable flair for writing stated, There is a place where violence is commonplace and expected much as unpleasant weather. Where nothing is thought of armed robbery. Where narcotics and hallucinogens are sold like newspapers. Where the only safe haven can be found in alliance with a group of armed and hardened people who are forever defending and conspiring against other affiliations. Where brutal crimes are punished by temporary confinement measured in hours, or black marks on ones record, or not at all. This fence-and-metal-detector-encircled institution is the high school. In this environment, the individual student is liable to fall back to very primitive philosophies to survive, in place of the morals that were never taught. The governments solution is to build vandal-proof drinking fountains. We must bring students the morals in The Way to Happiness. We must bring them today. For without them, the future is dark.
The CBAA and The Way to Happiness Foundation also direct additional projects using The Way to Happiness to address the subjects of drugs, crime, violence and gang life, most of which are run in coordination with family service agencies, police departments and delinquency prevention groups.
While it is best to start moral education early on in life, it is not too late for the 1.8 million Americans in jail a figure expected to rise to 3.5 million over the next five years who went through school without the benefit of a workable Morals 101.
The Way to Happiness booklet has also been finding its way into prisons and judges chambers. Where 80 percent of released offenders are behind bars again within a year, between 80 and 98.5 percent of those who have completed a The Way to Happiness program designed for inmates stay honest and straight after release. The prison program using The Way to Happiness is run by Criminon, an international criminal rehabilitation group. Currently, 2,250 prisons in the U.S. are participating in the program.
As contained in Precept Four of The Way to Happiness, Bringing a child into the world today is a little bit like dropping one into a tigers cage. But, as the author also later stated, If people... could give each other a way to happiness, yes, the world would change. Think what would occur if people became decent to one another again!
With a simple booklet like The Way to Happiness, and programs to implement it such as the Concerned Businessmans Association of Americas Set A Good Example Contest and The Way to Happiness Foundations Creating a Better World Essay Contest, the distinct possibility exists that educators and parents can rapidly alter the direction schools and society have taken over the last few decades, and create the kind of world we would all rather live in.
The Way to Happiness program has given my kids self-esteem and confidence, a sense of value.
Harlendale Alternative Center
For further information on The Childrens Set a Good Example Campaign and School Contest, contact Concerned Businessmens Association of America (CBAA) at 13428 Maxella Avenue No. 248, Marina del Rey, California 90292. Website address: www.cbaa.org, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org.


(Pest, July 8th, 1869 – Budapest, January 13th. 1931)
He studied at the Teacher Training Secondary School, the so-called Model Grammar School of Péter Pázmány University of sciences and he graduated from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Budapest.
He joined the Paris Compagnie de Fives Lille factory and worked in the eletro-technical division. It is here that he became acquainted with the theory and design of two and three-phase induction (asynchronous) motors operating on the rotating magnetic field principle.
Invited by András Mechwart, the general manager of the Ganz Factories Group, he returned home in 1898 and, under his leadership, the experiments relating to the first series of three-phase motors were started. As a result of this, the first example of the F series was completed in 1895.
It is in 1896 that, by using a 1000 mm gauge test track, the experiments with a 500 V, 15 Hz two-phase electric carriage started. These experiments determined the activity of technical historical importance that Kandó performed in the field of AC railway traction.
At that time, no electric traction existed suitable for the standard-gauge railways that were exclusively steam operated, due to the lack of an electric locomotive operating at a voltage significantly higher than that used then. It was Kálmán Kandó who created a locomotive of this type first. Based on the plans developed under the leadership of and using the calculations performed by Kandó, the Ganz Factory undertook the electrification of the 106 km Valtellina railway in North-Italy between 1898 and 1902. The success rested on the selection of the line voltage of 3000 V, which was significantly (4 to 5 times) higher than that used earlier. However, such a high voltage required electric motors and switching devices of proper design; indeed, the successful electrification of the Valtellina railway was based on the technical solutions of these new structural elements.
The favourable traction results of the locomotives planned by Kandó lay in the excellent parameters of the motors calculated by him. In fact, he selected the dimensions and utilised the active materials in a manner that, due to the high saturation of iron cores and the low magnetic leakage, the motors were less sensitive to the line voltage variations and, as a result of the high short-circuit current, they were capable of exerting high torque.
Incited by the success achieved with the Valtellina railway, the Italian Government established the factory named Societa Italiana Westinghouse in 1905, and invited Kandó to undertake the management of this factory and the planning of the three-phase locomotives. His activity in Italy resulted in the development of a series of locomotives used for freight trains and mountain passenger trains.
In spring 1915, Kandó returned home and occupied a post at the railway department of the general staff in Vienna. It is here that he formulated the basic principle, since then world-wide accepted, that the electrification of standard-gauge railways is reasonable only if they can be connected, by means of simple transformer substations, directly to the standardised frequency national power system.
The last results obtained by Kandó were the electric locomotives provided with frequency converters, put in service in 1928.
Memberships: Honorary doctor of the József Technical University (1922), member of the Upper House of Parliament (1927), correspondent member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1927).
Honours: Wahrmann-prize, Corvin Wreath, Order of the Italian Crown.


Baseball is a sport with a tremendous amount of quantitative batting data being generated from batting averages, slugging percentages, and numbers of hits, walks, strike outs and a host of others. In particular, batting is an activity that has rigorous demands for eye-hand coordination requiring concentration and good visual acuity as well as depth perception. There is general agreement that vision training is beneficial to various sports related activities but an objective and quantifiable assessment validating the concept is relatively lacking in the literature . The time it takes for a pitched ball to reach the plate is approximately 0.4 seconds. In that time the batter needs to spot the pitch, assess rotation and direction of the ball to finally make a decision to swing or not . When swinging the bat the batter must consider both the timing of the swing and the angle of the swing. The swing takes approximately 0.2 seconds . With the velocity of action potentials being approximately 60 m/s and approximately 2 mS needed to cross each synapse, and a minimum of 5 synapses crossed that means it can take as long as 0.03 seconds to process the swing. Therefore, there remains only about 0.17 seconds to decide to swing. As a physical activity batting is ideal for assessing and quantifying the benefits and affects of high performance vision training.
This program was designed for the University of Cincinnati baseball team and was reviewed by Institutional Review Board and was compliant with all human subjects rules. Similar programs have been developed by Nike Sparq system. Three times a week they performed two one minute sessions on the athletes. The reason for doing multiple sessions is to demonstrate consistency and improvement with the tests. The staged and progressive nature of the tests also helps keep the athletes engaged. Tachistoscope, Brock String, Eyeport, Rotary, Strobe Glasses, Near Far Training, and Saccades.
The Dynavision is a eye-hand coordination device that tests and improves visual motor skills . The off the shelf, *A training session is an established Dynavision protocol . It uses traditional eye-hand reaction training to assess visual fields and improve reaction times. This training drill takes one minute. The result is a number of hits in one minute as well as the average reaction time for each hit.
The Tachistoscope is a device that trains the brain to recognize images faster, and loosely correlates to batting average . We flash numbers on a screen, typically starting with 1 number at 0.25 seconds, gradually adding more numbers [up to 4] randomly placed on the screen, and also including different backgrounds at increasingly faster flashes. We also start with simple contrasts such as black on white and make them increasingly more difficult such as darker green letters on a lighter green background. This is called contrast sensitivity and is very effective in training an athlete to recognize objects in his visual field faster.
The Brock string is a classic visual training aid that uses a string and colored balls . Ours was an eight foot string with 5 colored balls. Typically the athlete would have the nearest end of the string by their nose and have it extend away from them parallel to the ground. The athlete needs to focus on the balls, set along the 8” string, back and forth for 1 minute. This requires adaption and convergence of the eyes to find and focus on the balls. The exercise conditions the eye and lens muscles to quickly make adjustments.
The rotary (Bernell Corporation of Mishawaka, IN) is a vision pursuit device that has letters and numbers attached by Velcro. It rotates at increasing speed as the athlete improves the ability to call out and point the laser pointer at the appropriate letter/number in alphabetical/numerical order. This is done for 1 minute both clockwise and counterclockwise.
Strobe glasses are LED lenses that flash and completely block the signal to the eyes as objects are in motion . They are set to flash more rapidly in the initial training stages and are gradually slowed up as the athlete gets adapted to the training. The slower the interval, the more difficult the task due to less visual input due to the LED’s interruptions. The brain is forced to visualize where the pitch is going by processing the information it gets from the eyes faster. It is used for batting practice and the effect is that batters report that the pitch seems to be moving slower and they can pick up the ball coming out of the pitchers hand easier.
Saccades are rapid movement of both eyes in the same direction from one object to another voluntarily . We set charts of random letters on a wall, both horizontally and vertically and had the players stand at varying distances and focus from one chart to another, calling out the letters they see in order on a line, alternating from one chart to another for a period of 1 minute. This is done in many forms such as looking over and alternating shoulders after looking forward at another chart. This simulates a fielder chasing a hit ball.
Near Far Training
Near far training consists of the subject focusing on two different cards approximately 18 inches and 10 feet away . The athletes focus back and forth on the card and count how many iterations they can do. The cards have rows of random letters so that they have to track their progress in a similar fashion to the Saccades.


The worldwide seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) has changed over the last two decades, indicating a declining incidence of HAV and HBV infections. from three countries (A, B from Korea; C, D from Japan; and E from the USA), and trough titers in plasma were estimated. Concentrations of anti-HAV antibody ranged from 1,888C8,927 mIU/mL and estimated trough titers exceeded the minimal protective value in all evaluated IVIG products. Concentrations of anti-HBs antibody ranged from 438C965 mIU/mL in products A and B and were 157, 123, and 1,945 mIU/mL in products C, D, and E, respectively. Estimated trough titers in products A, B, and E exceeded the minimal protective value but those in products C and D did not reach this threshold. These data demonstrated that available IVIG products generally provide sufficient antibodies against HAV and HBV to protect patients with PAD, although the trough concentrations of anti-HBs antibody in two IVIG products did not reach the minimum protective value. values were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test to compare the GMTs of antibodies between products A and B. Ethics statement There are no ethical declarations because this study did not use human or animal subjects. RESULTS Titers of antibodies against HAV and HBV in commercial IVIG products Anti-HAV antibody titers in IVIG products ranged from 1,888 mIU/mL (product C) to 8,927 mIU/mL (product A). The GMTs of anti-HAV antibody in AZD8330 products A and B were 5,667 mIU/mL (95% CI, 4,489C7,154) and 5,814 mIU/mL (95% CI, 5,143C6,572), respectively, and there was no significant difference between the anti-HAV antibody titers of products A and B. Anti-HBs antibody titers ranged from 123 mIU/mL (product D) to 1 1,945 mIU/mL (product E). The GMTs of anti-HBs antibody in products A and B were 686 mIU/mL (95% CI, 562C838) and 506 mIU/mL (95% CI, 480C533), respectively. The GMT of anti-HBs antibody AZD8330 in product A was statistically higher than that in product B (< 0.05) (Table 1). Table 1 Concentrations of anti-HAV and anti-HBs antibodies in 19 lots of IVIG products from Korea, Japan, and the USA Estimated trough titers of specific antibodies against HAV and HBV in the recipients serum Estimated trough titers of anti-HAV antibody ranged from 76 mIU/mL (product C) to 357 mIU/mL (product A). All IVIG products exceeded the minimal protective level, 20 mIU/mL, assuming that IVIG was infused to patients with PAD at the dose of 400 mg/kg, which is the recommended dose. Estimated trough titers of anti-HBs antibody in products A, B, and E exceeded the minimal protective level, 10 mIU/mL, assuming that IVIG was infused to patients with PAD at the dose of 400 mg/kg. However, estimated trough titers of anti-HBs antibody in products C (6 mIU/mL) and D (5 mIU/mL) did not reach the minimal protective level AZD8330 (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Expected trough levels of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibody (A) and anti-hepatitis B surface (HBs) antibody (B) in various intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) products, assuming an infusion dose of 400 mg/kg. Short bars indicate the geometric mean ... DISCUSSION This is the first comprehensive study to evaluate and compare the concentrations of antibodies against HAV and HBV in commercial IVIG products from Korea and other countries. Most of the IVIG products in this study contained sufficient antibodies against HAV and HBV to protect PAD patients from HAV and HBV infections through IVIG replacement therapy. Commercial IVIG products are produced from a pool of plasma samples collected from 10,000C40,000 donors and contain millions of different IgGs (24). The constituent pathogen-specific antibodies in IVIG may vary according to the cumulative exposure to the infections and vaccination status of the donor population. The IVIG products in this study were manufactured by Korean, Japanese, and USA companies using plasma collected from their respective Rabbit Polyclonal to EFNA2. local populations. The incidence of HAV infection has declined in Korea, Japan, and the USA. Consequently, the seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies has recently been reported to be low among people under the age of 40.
We reviewed details from a US pharmacy benefits supervisor data source from 2004 through 2005 during intervals with small influenza activity. and adamantanes such as amantadine and rimantadine (2). NIs are suggested by the Globe Health Company for treatment of avian influenza trojan (H5N1) an infection because isolates possess demonstrated adamantane level of resistance (3). Through the fall of 2005 NIs had been in limited source (4). In 2005 concern was portrayed in the medical books about feasible personal stockpiling AZD8330 of NIs for make use of during an influenza pandemic (5). We undertook this research to consider proof oseltamivir stockpiling to comprehend the magnitude from the practice also to discern who was simply getting and prescribing these medications. We collaborated using a pharmacy benefits administration firm to examine antiviral prescriptions AZD8330 and oseltamivir prescription completing america during calendar weeks 36-44 in 2004 and 2005. These weeks had been chosen because that they had small influenza activity in either calendar year and because reviews of oseltamivir stockpiling happened during this time period in 2005 (6–9). The scholarly research We used a data source from Medco Wellness Solutions Inc. (Franklin Lakes AZD8330 NJ USA) a pharmacy benefits administration company portion >50 million US associates. From ADRBK2 January 2002 through Might 2006 We examined filled prescriptions for oseltamivir by associates. Obtainable member data included demographic information medication dispensed prescriber pharmacy and identification dispensing history. Member-level historical pharmacy dispensing data had been utilized to assign associates into persistent disease classifications (10). Prescribers were cross-referenced with an American Medical Association member data source to determine years and area of expertise since medical college graduation. We could actually cross-reference 64% of prescribing doctors by area of expertise and years since medical college AZD8330 graduation. The Centers for Disease Control and Avoidance (Atlanta GA USA) driven that institutional review plank approval had not been necessary for this research because we received aggregated data that was private and not discovered. To assess mass media insurance we queried the LexisNexis US Information data source (www.lexisnexis.com) for total regular news reviews from August 1 2003 through August 30 2006 discussing avian influenza and oseltamivir. Regular virologic data in the Globe Health Company and Country wide Respiratory and Enteric Trojan Surveillance Program collaborating laboratories had been utilized to assess US influenza activity during 2004 and 2005 (6 7). Oseltamivir prescription prices had been computed per 100 0 enrolled associates and per 1 0 prescribing doctors. Binomial distributions had been used to estimation variances for prices. Relative price ratios (RRs) and 95% self-confidence intervals (CIs) had been computed for 2004 and 2005 data. AZD8330 P beliefs <0.05 were considered significant statistically. Analyses had been performed with SAS edition 9.0 statistical software program (SAS Institute Cary NC USA). Regular prices of loaded prescriptions for oseltamivir and percentage of examples positive for influenza from Oct 1 2002 through June 1 2006 had been temporally associated prior to the 2005-06 influenza period (Amount 1). Through the fall of 2005 prescriptions for oseltamivir elevated without an linked upsurge in the percentage of examples examining positive for influenza. On the other hand through the same period there is a temporal romantic relationship between every week oseltamivir prescription prices and media reviews of avian influenza and oseltamivir (Amount 1). Amount 1 Regular influenza activity oseltamivir prescription prices for enrollees of most age range and AZD8330 LexisNexis personal references to avian influenza and oseltamivir USA 2003 *Globe Health Company and Country wide Respiratory and Enteric Trojan ... The percentage of oseltamivir prescriptions to total anti-influenza prescriptions elevated from 37.0% in 2004 to 76.9% in 2005 (Table 1). The 2005 oseltamivir prescription price of 133/100 0 during weeks 36-44 was ≈5× the 2004 price of 27.3/100 0 (RR 4.88 95 CI 4.79-4.97) (Desk 1). Desk 1.


The difference between 185 and 195 tires is that 185 tires are narrower than 195 tires. This makes them better suited for handling, while 195 tires are better for grip and stability.
If you’re wondering what the difference is between 185 and 195 tires, you’re not alone. These two sizes are very similar, but there are some key distinctions that you should be aware of. Here’s a quick breakdown of the main differences between 185 and 195 tires:
185 tires are typically narrower than 195 tires. This means that they provide less contact with the road, which can lead to reduced traction. 195 tires are wider than 185 tires.
This gives them better grip on the road, making them ideal for high-performance driving. 185 tires have a lower load index than 195 tires. This means that they can’t carry as much weight as their larger counterparts.
195 tires have a higher load index than 185 tires. This allows them to carry more weight, making them ideal for heavy-duty applications.
185/65R15 or 195/65R15 which one to choose? Don't Worry we have got all your answers
Difference between 185/65R15 And 195/55R15
When it comes to choosing the right tires for your car, there are a lot of factors to consider. One important factor is the size of the tire. Two common sizes for passenger vehicles are 185/65R15 and 195/55R15.
So, what’s the difference between these two sizes? The first number in each size (185 and 195) refers to the width of the tire in millimeters. The second number (65 and 55) is the aspect ratio, which tells you how tall the sidewall is relative to the width.
The R in each size means that it’s a radial tire. And finally, the 15 refers to the diameter of the wheel that it will fit on (in inches). Generally speaking, wider tires provide better traction and stability, while taller tires offer a smoother ride.
So, if you’re looking for better performance, go with a wider tire like 185/65R15. If you prioritize comfort over everything else, then a taller tire like 195/55R15 would be a better choice.
Can I Use 195 Tire Instead of 185?
If you’re looking to upgrade your tires, you may be wondering if you can use a 195 tire instead of a 185. The answer is yes, you can use a 195 tire in place of a 185, but there are a few things to keep in mind.
First, a 195 tire is wider than a 185 tire.
This means that it will stick out further from the side of your car. If you’re not careful, this could lead to the tires rubbing against the inside of your wheel well when turning or going over bumps. Second, because the 195 tire is wider, it will also have a different rolling circumference than the 185 tire.
This means that your speedometer and odometer will no longer be accurate. You’ll need to recalibrate them to account for the difference in size. Third, wider tires typically don’t handle as well as narrower ones.
They’re more likely to slip and slide in wet or icy conditions. And they may make your car feel less stable at high speeds. So if you’re thinking about upgrading to 195s, just be aware that there are some trade-offs involved.
What Does the 195 Mean on a Tire?
The 195 on a tire indicates the width of the tire in millimeters. This is measured from sidewall to sidewall, and does not include the diameter of the wheel. The width of a tire affects many factors including traction, handling, and fuel economy.
A wider tire will typically have more grip than a narrower tire, but may sacrifice some fuel economy and handling due to increased rolling resistance.
Is It Better to Have Wider Or Taller Tires?
There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on a number of factors, such as the type of vehicle you are driving and your personal driving preferences. That said, there are some general pros and cons to both wider and taller tires that you may want to consider before making a decision.
Wider tires generally provide better traction and stability, especially when cornering or driving in wet conditions.
They also tend to wear down more slowly than narrower tires. On the downside, wider tires can be more expensive and may not fit into certain wheel wells. They can also cause increased road noise.
Taller tires typically offer a smoother ride due to their increased contact with the road surface. They can also improve fuel economy by reducing rolling resistance. However, tall tires can be more susceptible to punctures and may require frequent replacement due to the higher amount of tread they have in contact with the ground.
Can I Use 185 65R15 Instead of 195 55R15?
There are a few things to consider when deciding if you can use a 185/65R15 tire in place of a 195/55R15 tire. First, the 185/65R15 is 1.4 inches taller and 0.8 inches wider than the 195/55R15. Second, the 185/65R15 has a weaker sidewall than the 195/55R15.
Third, the 185/65R15 has a different load index and speed rating than the 195/55R15. The load index is a measure of how much weight the tire can safely carry; the higher the number, the greater the weight capacity. The speed rating is an indication of how fast the tire can go without deteriorating; again, higher numbers indicate greater speeds.
The load index and speed rating for each tire are listed on their respective sidewalls; for example, a195/55R15 would be rated 91H while a185/65r14 would be rated 86T. Given these differences, it’s not recommended to use a185/65r14 in place ofa195s 55r16 – doing so could jeopardize your safety on the road.
185 and 195 tires are both considered to be wide-body tires. The main difference between the two is that 185 tires have a wider tread width than 195 tires. This means that 185 tires will provide better grip and traction on wet or icy roads.
They also tend to last longer than 195 tires.


White Sands Missile Range News Release
2008 June 12
It was a learning experience for students and former students from Fredericksburg High School when they launched an experimental rocket out of West Center 50 at White Sands Missile Range May 31.
The rocket, which had been designed and built by the students, had been in development since 2000. The Rocket, called the Redbird 11, carried a scientific payload skyward before suffering a mechanical failure and falling back to Earth. “It was a powerful launch, you could hear it and feel it,” said Bret Williams, an instructor with the Aerospace Studies program. It’s suspected that the Redbird 11’s engine oxidizer system failed, causing the rocket to crash.
The rocket was one of two launches attempted May 31. Both rockets are liquid fueled rockets equipped with scientific payloads. A previous attempt to launch the Redbird 10 and 11 last August failed when both rockets had engine trouble and were not able to generate enough thrust to launch.
The Redbird 11 had a target altitude of 93,000 feet, where it was to deploy a small satellite. The satellite, designed by Stanford’s Space Systems and Development Laboratory, was equipped with a GPS system, cameras, and other data collection devices. The purpose of the satellite was to collect data as technical demonstration of Stanford’s capabilities. The satellite did not survive the crash. Some components, such as the engine exhaust nozzle and some parts of the tail section, were recovered.
Redbird 10, which the students also attempted to launch May 31, carried a payload designed by students at Purdue University. Redbird 10’s payload was to study fluid dynamic in micro gravity. The goal of the payload was to discover new ways of moving propellant from a storage tank to an engine. Data collected from the attempts made in August gave the students insight into what went wrong, which they used to redesign the rocket for the May 31 launch. “We had to totally regutt the rocket for this,” said Rebekah Sosland, a senior at Fredericksburg who worked on the nosecone and integration on the Redbird 11, and hopes to one day work for NASA.
Constructing rockets of this type can be a challenging process for professionals and students alike and designing and developing the rockets was not without its challenges. “(The Stanford team) being in California and us in Texas, it was hard to make sure that everything fit and all the measurements and calculations matched,” said Sosland. Though more challenging than the typical high school physics class, The Aerospace Studies program gives the students actual developmental experience, making them not only learn the science behind aerospace engineering, but also learn how to implement it. Robert Deaver, a former student who was in the very first year of the program in 1996 and 97, and is now working on his master’s degree at the University of Tennessee, said he feels the program better prepared him for his master’s work. “An undergraduate degree focuses on math and books, this focuses on application and problem solving, and that helps very much with research and experiments,” Deaver said.
This story was originally titled "Students Launch Experimental Rocket at WSMR".
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1679. This week’s topic is : The Case of the Man with the Weak Arm Albert, a seventy-two year old African-American man, is brought into the emergency room by his daughter. Approximately 45 minutes before arriving, Albert dropped his book when his right arm and hand “fell asleep”. When he tried to rise, he noticed his right leg was weak and he needed to hold onto the couch to stand up. He had a difficult time talking because the right side of his face and mouth were “numb” and his tongue felt “thick”. In obtaining a medical and family history it was noted that Albert has smoked at least 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the last 40 years and both of his parents died of strokes when they were in their mid sixties. He has previously been diagnosed with both essential hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. He admits to “skipping” his anti-hypertensive medication because of the unpleasant side effects it causes. Albert notes that he has been experiencing short (5 10 minutes) incidences of weakness on his right side, but he attributed this to the position he was in, causing his arm or leg to “fall asleep”. He has also noticed that he is having mild headaches, but recently, these have been less frequent. Physical examination indicated that Albert was alert and anxious, but his speech was slurred. He was afebrile, had a respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute, a regular heart rate of 86 beats per minute and a blood pressure of 190/120 mm Hg. Albert had no irregular heart sounds and presented with slight bilateral edema of the ankles. Examination of the nervous system indicated intact tactile sensory function, decreased strength of the right extremities, a diminished gag reflex, diminished right deep tendon reflexes, and right facial droop. Based on these symptoms the emergency room physician suspected a thrombolytic stroke and immediately ordered a head CT scan and various blood tests. The physician also discussed the relative benefits and risks of various treatments and courses of action with Albert and his daughter. Albert was given aspirin for possible thrombosis and a b-blocking anti-hypertensive and his condition was monitored closely while awaiting the test results. Results of the laboratory tests indicated hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, normal blood clotting times and platelet numbers. In addition, the head CT was normal. Despite the treatments initiated, Alberts condition continued to deteriorate. While his blood pressure decreased to 170/84 mm Hg, his heart rate was elevated to 100 beats per minute and became irregular. He continued to demonstrate decreased sensation on his right side, slight dysarthria, and further decreases in strength in both right extremities. Based on these results, treatment with plasminogen activator was initiated and an electrocardiogram (ECG) was conducted. The results of the ECG indicated atrial flutter. After 5 hours, Alberts condition improved to the point that the hemiparesis and dysarthria were at baseline levels and his blood pressure was stabilized at 156/70 mm Hg. Further treatments were then initiated to stabilize Alberts atrial flutter and hypertension. He was given digoxin, which stabilized the atrial flutter and heart rate at 80 beats per minute and an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor was prescribed for the hypertension. An echo-cardiogram indicated bilateral stenosis of the carotid arteries. Anti-thrombolytic therapy (325 mg aspirin/day) was also prescribed. Albert was encouraged to stop smoking and to modify his diet and was discharged. What symptoms suggested that Albert was having a stroke? What risk factors did Albert present which would support the symptoms observed? Why does Alberts treatment include aspirin?