- Category: Budget forecast
If you’re starting a business, you’ll probably want to ask yourself the following question: “how much do I need to sell before I make money?”
Indeed, based on the answer, you’ll be able to determine how much you want to produce, how much you want to keep in stock, how much you want to invest, etc. Basically, pretty much any decisions you make starting out will come from the answer to this question.
But how to find this answer? It’s simple: it all comes down to calculating the Break-even point.
- How is it calculated?
The break-even point refers to the minimum amount of turnover necessary for the company to make a profit.
In other words, it is the level of activity that allows, thanks to the variable operating margin, to have the means to pay all the fixed expenses of the company. As a reminder, the variable operating margin refers to the level of sales minus the variable charges (those being the charges that depend on the level of activity).
Variable expenses are also sometimes referred to as “operating expenses” while fixed expenses are also referred to as “structural expenses”.
How is it calculated?
To calculate the break-even point, you have to:
1 – Separate all the expenses of the exercise into two categories:
- Fixed expenses: Those are the ones that stay the same regardless of the level of sales. These can include, for example: wages, social charges, insurance premiums, the fees of the chartered accountant, etc.
- Variable expenses: These are the expenses that depend directly on the level of activity. Examples of such charges would be buying the supplies, the transport costs, the commissions paid per sale, etc.
2 – Calculate the variable operating margin:
|forecasted turnover – variable expenses driven automatically by these sales.|
3 – Translate the variable operating margin in percentage of the sales revenue:
|(margin on variable costs / turnover) X 100.|
4 – Obtain the breakeven point (expressed in money):
|fixed expenses / variable operating margin|
As soon as sales exceed the break-even amount, the company will start generating profits.
It is therefore a way to check the feasibility of the project, as from it, one can determine the number of hours to be billed, the average number of goods to be sold per day, etc.
For example: Let’s say I wanted to start an activity of selling sports tracksuits in fairground markets. It would be incredibly helpful to know that I should sell about 10 tracksuits a day on average in order not to take any losses.
Calculation of the break-even point:
|Turnover – variable expenses = margin on variable costs|
|Margin on variable costs / sales revenue = margin rate on variable costs|
|Fixed expenses / margin rate on variable costs = break-even point|
Keep in mind that there are two ways to express the break-even point. The one explained above expresses it in money, but it is also possible to express it in time, with the number of days, months or years required to be profitable.


The main features of the trusteeship system are outlined in the chapter on the Trusteeship Council. What follows here is a brief description of the territories originally placed under UN trusteeship in 1946.
Three types of countries became part of the UN's trusteeship system: (1) territories still administered by a nation under a League of Nations mandate, (2) territories detached from enemy states as a result of the Second World War, and (3) territories voluntarily placed under the system by states responsible for their administration. All 11 territories that were placed under the trusteeship system in 1946 have since achieved the goals of the charter, either as independent states or as parts of independent states.
Following is a list of the territories that have achieved independence. The territories are listed under their administering powers.
Nauru (coadministered with New Zealand and the United Kingdom). The territory became independent on 31 January 1968, in accordance with a 1965 General Assembly resolution setting this date as the target for accession to independence.
New Guinea. The trust territory of New Guinea was administered by Australia together with the non-self-governing territory of Papua until the two were united and became the independent state of Papua New Guinea in 1975.
Ruanda-Urundi under Belgian administration. In a special session convened in June 1962, the General Assembly approved separate independence for the two territories, which were established on 1 July 1962 as the Republic of Rwanda and the Kingdom of Burundi.
Togoland. In 1958, with the agreement of France, the UN supervised elections, and the territory became the independent state of Togo on 27 April 1960.
Cameroons. Following a notification in 1958 by its legislative assembly of the desire of the territory to become independent and acting upon the recommendation of the Trusteeship Council, the General Assembly, in agreement with France, resolved that on 1 January 1960 trusteeship status would end and the territory would become independent as Cameroon.
Somaliland. In union with the dependency of British Somaliland, the territory became the sovereign state of Somalia on 1 July 1960.
Western Samoa. In agreement with the administering authority, the UN conducted a plebiscite in May 1961, following which the territory attained independence on 1 January 1962.
Togoland . To ascertain the freely expressed wishes of the people as to their political future, the UN, in agreement with the United Kingdom, conducted a plebiscite in 1956. As a result of the plebiscite, the territory united in March 1957 with the former Gold Coast to form the independent state of Ghana.
Cameroons . Both the northern and southern sectors of the territory were administered as part of the federation of Nigeria, a British dependency. Following a plebiscite held under UN supervision in March 1961, the northern sector became part of newly independent Nigeria on 1 June 1961. Following a similar plebiscite, the peoples of the southern sector joined the newly independent state of Cameroon on 1 October 1961.
Tanganyika. Following negotiations between the United Kingdom and African leaders, the territory attained independence on 9 December 1961. It united with Zanzibar in 1964 to become the United Republic of Tanzania.
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. By the end of 1975, only the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands remained under the UN trusteeship system. It was administered by the United States under an agreement approved by the Security Council. Because it is a "strategic" trust territory, it was under the ultimate authority of the Security Council rather than the General Assembly. (See the chapter on the Trusteeship Council.)
The Pacific Islands, collectively known as Micronesia, include the former Japanese-mandated islands of the Marshalls, the Carolines, and the Northern Marianas (except Guam, which was ceded to the United States by Spain in 1898). In 1975, a covenant for political union with the United States was approved by the people of the Northern Marianas. In February 1976, the United States Congress gave final approval for granting commonwealth status to the Northern Marianas. The Commonwealth Covenant with the Northern Marianas came into force on 3 November 1986.
In a referendum held on 12 July 1978, Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap—in the Caroline archipelago—approved and ratified a draft constitution for a proposed Federated States of Micronesia. The four districts subsequently held elections, and the Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia was inaugurated on 10 May 1979. The Compact of Free Association with the Federated States of Micronesia also came into force on 3 November 1986.
On 21 December 1978, the Marshall Islands Constitutional Convention approved a draft constitution, and in a referendum held on 1 March 1979, the voters of those islands adopted it by a substantial majority. Legislative power in the Marshall Islands was vested in the Nitijela (legislature); the first general election under the new constitution took place on 10 April 1979. The Compact of Free Association with the Marshall Islands came into force on 21 October 1986.
On 2 April 1979, the Constitutional Convention of Palau adopted a draft constitution, which was approved by a referendum on 9 July. Elections were held on 4 November 1980, and the new constitution came into force on 1 January 1981. However, since its constitution required a 75% majority for the approval of the Compact of Free Association with the United States, Palau was unable to obtain approval for the compact in seven different referendums over the next 10 years.
In November 1992, Palau held a constitutional amendment referendum and changed the requirement for approval to simple majority (50% plus 1). Thereafter, the eighth plebiscite was held in November 1993 and the compact was approved by 68 per cent of Palauans voting in favor. In January 1994, the United States informed the Trusteeship Council that its government and the government of Palau intended to implement the compact as soon as practicable. Planning for the smooth transition to Palau's new status was under way. In late 1994 the two countries implemented the Compact of Free Association and with it came the official end of Palau's status as a trusteeship territory.
The delegates attending the 1945 San Francisco Conference, at which the UN was founded, included many spokesmen for anticolonialist sentiment. As a result of their efforts and generous proposals by Australia and the United Kingdom (which possessed the world's largest colonial empire at the time), the charter incorporates a pledge on the part of the colonial powers to assume certain obligations toward the peoples of their dependencies.
The pledge takes the form of a declaration regarding non-selfgoverning territories that is embodied in Article 73, Chapter XI, of the charter. Under Article 73, all UN members "which have or assume responsibilities for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the well-being of the inhabitants of these territories, …" This general obligation is then divided into five specific obligations:(a) to "ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses"; (b) to "develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions, according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples … "; (c) to "further international peace and security";(d) to "promote constructive measures of development … "; and(e) to "transmit regularly to the Secretary-General for information purposes, subject to such limitations as security and constitutional considerations may require, statistical and other information of a technical nature relating to economic, social, and educational conditions in the territories for which they are respectively responsible…."
Today, when so many of these people have claimed and won their independence, the obligations contained in the declaration may not seem very far-reaching. For example, nothing is said about preparing non-self-governing territories for actual independence—indeed, the word "independence" appears nowhere in the declaration. Although due account is to be taken of the "political aspirations of the peoples," all that is explicitly acknowledged is the obligation to develop "self-government," which does not necessarily imply independence.
However, the validity of the declaration must be considered in the context of its era. Few people at the San Francisco Conference foresaw how intense or universal the desire of colonial peoples for full political sovereignty would be. All told, the obligations included in the declaration probably represented the maximum that reasonably could be expected from colonial countries at that time. Moreover, in the circumstances then prevailing, the agreement by the colonial nations, under paragraph (e) of Article 73, to submit information to an international body concerning their own territories—in effect, to yield up a degree of their sovereignty—was a considerable concession.
TERRITORIES COVERED BY THE DECLARATION The somewhat unwieldy term "non-self-governing territory" was chosen primarily because it was broad enough to include the various constitutional designations given by administering powers to their dependencies—colony, protectorate, and so on—as well as all stages of political development short of actual self-government or independence. The declaration includes all those territories "whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government." However, the precise meaning of the phrase "a full measure of self-government" was not specified in the charter, an omission that left the door open for subsequent dispute and controversy.
At the outset, it was considered the responsibility of the eight colonial powers that were UN members to identify the dependencies they regarded as non-self-governing within the meaning of Article 73 of the charter. At its first working session, in 1946, the General Assembly adopted a resolution enumerating 74 non-selfgoverning territories that the administering countries had identified as falling within the provisions of the declaration. The eight colonial countries were Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The combined population of their dependencies—which ranged from tiny Pitcairn Island, with a population of 100 persons, to the Netherlands Indies, with 73 million—was estimated at 215 million. The dependencies of Spain and Portugal could not be included in the 1946 list, since these two colonial powers were not UN members at the time. (For the non-self-governing territories listed by the General Assembly in 1946 and subsequently, see Table 1.)


New research using satellite technology has found that overall, despite deforestation, the earth is getting greener.
For the period 2003-12, we found that the total amount of vegetation above the ground has increased by about 4 billion tonnes of carbon.
Deforestation in the tropics in South America, Southeast Asia and elsewhere “has been offset by recovering forests outside the tropics, and new growth in the drier savannas and shrublands of Africa and Australia.”
The following image shows light vegetation growing over very large areas. It reminds me of the country we saw last year on our Red Centre holiday, driving in the Northern Territory west of Boulia and north of the Simpson Desert, which would be classified as ‘drier savannah’.
The map they created of Australia (below) shows vigorous growth in the east and northeast in the higher rainfall areas. Some of this would be mountainous forest area, but a good deal of it would be pasture land used for grazing.
Four billion tonnes sounds like a lot of carbon, so we need some perspective. First multiply by 3.67 and that gives an equivalence of about 14.7 billion tonnes of CO2. Back in 2006 in the Stern Review the total world output of humanly generated greenhouse gases from all sources, not just CO2, was from memory 43 Gt of CO2 equivalent. Now that has increased to about 50 Gt CO2e per annum. So I make it that the increased greenhouse gas output over 10 years could be about 35 Gt.
These are very rough calculations, but it makes the extra greenery look quite significant.
Lindsay Wilson has done an historical account of carbon sinks and sources:
That makes 26.4% historically absorbed on land, 29.5% by the ocean and 44% remaining in the atmosphere as the ‘airborne fraction’. Then is not now, but I understand the rough proportions are now 25% absorbed by land, 30% by the ocean and 45% remaining in the atmosphere.
Back in 2009 the airborne fraction was assessed at 43% and found not to change much over the years.
These figures need to be done by real scientists. However my back of the envelope accounting suggests that trees may be more than pulling their weight as a carbon sink. Nevertheless the oceans are still acidifying and atmospheric concentrations are still increasing by about 2.5 ppm each year. So while the news is good there is no reason to crack out the champagne just yet.
There are some other cautions too.
First, I understand shrubs and trees have a lower reflectivity than grasslands. Hence if the trees thicken then more heat will be absorbed by the planet. This is especially true of the tundras.
Second, the Amazon is still a worry. A recent study shows that the carbon absorption capacity has reduced by a third during the last decade, that’s a billion tonnes each year.
About half the rainfall in the Amazon is generated by transpiration. Reducing the tree cover increases the likelihood of drought, which exposes the forest to die-back and fire. I can’t confirm the size of the carbon store of the Amazon, but from memory it’s about 70 billion tonnes, and I think that’s carbon rather than CO2. I did read that there were 5 billion trees in the forest. In any case it’s big and its preservation has global significance.
Third, thickening of forest cover is not all good news for food production. As shrub and tree species, native or otherwise, invade grassland at some point the shrubbery takes over and the grass is lost. Thickening in general can negative for productivity.
Back in 2007 a government report found that the Queensland beef industry was broadly neutral in terms of greenhouse emissions, with methane from ruminants being absorbed by extra tree cover. The present research would tend to support that view.
We live in a complex world.
Update: On reflection, I think the additional greening possibly needs to be measured against the whole land-based carbon sink function. If so then it’s rather lacking.
That’s why we need real climate scientists in this specialty to do the calcs!


It was announced last Monday that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) would be investing $4 million into research surrounding dietary effects on Alzheimer’s disease. This money has been awarded as a five-year grant to researchers that will use the funding to explore the benefits of a healthy and anti-inflammatory diet. Specifically studying older residents of a multicultural New York neighbourhood, they will look into the potential this diet will have in lowering the risk of cognitive decline. Yasmin Mossava-Rahmani, a nutrition scientist and associate professor of clinical epidemiology and population health, from the Albert Einstein college of Medicine, is planned to lead the project. The study is driven by the fact that inflammation, caused by a typical “western diet” due to the high contents of fats and sugars, increases the risk of developing several diseases including diabetes cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers will investigate the progression of 300 individuals aged 40-65 in a multicultural community in the Bronx, New York for 27 months. Half of the group will adhere to the new planned diet while the other half will be kept to their usual diet for comparison. To test the results both groups will take blood and cognitive test analyses.
SOURCE: Alzheimer’s News Today, November 20th, 2017 https://alzheimersnewstoday.com/2017/11/20/nih-awards-4-million-grant-to-research-anti-inflammatory-diet-and-alzheimers-risk/
AUTHOR(S): Patricia Inacio
DATE RETRIEVED: Monday November 27, 2017


Dust is a widespread problem in workplaces, including in the industries that we’ll talk about in this article. The management needs to craft a proactive and robust plan for dust suppression. This is necessary to promote the health and safety of the workers and the public. Dust control strategies also demonstrate concern for the environment.
Before we start, if you have a business from any of the industries we’ll mention below, check out Bosstek for the best dust suppression technologies.
More than just being a nuisance, construction dust is a serious health risk. Inhaling dust from construction activities results in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, silicosis, lung cancer, and asthma. It can cause disability and death. One of the most common types of construction dust is wood dust, which is from working with wood-based materials. The materials used in construction activities, such as marble and concrete, can also generate dust.
Like in construction, mining activities also produce dust that endangers workers. Mining activities release dust in the air, which is a major health risk to workers and people around the construction sites. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, extraction, processing, and transporting activities in mining sites can result in respirable dust that poses serious health threats. Drilling, excavating, blasting, bagging, stockpiling, crushing, and conveying are other mining activities that can generate dust.
Manufacturing operations also produce dust. Regardless of what it is the company manufactures, chances are, the raw materials and the processes will produce airborne dust particles. They can be toxic and combustible. In indoor manufacturing plants, a good solution is to install appropriate ventilation systems that will direct dust away from the source. Understanding material properties also helps minimize dust in the workplace. Implementing a robust dust control strategy is crucial for improving product quality.
- Waste Dumps
Dust control equipment, such as misting cannons, is effective not only for controlling dust particles but also for odor management. The machine produces water mists that saturate dust and odor at the source. To add, waste dumps process construction waste, which is why dust is present in the site.
- Golf Courses
It is annoying to play golf when dust confronts you. It is not only uncomfortable but also unhealthy. Dust also affects vision. With the right suppression technologies, dust does not need to be a problem. The same thing applies not only in golf courses but also in football fields and event grounds, among others.
- Metal Extraction
Extracting metal also produces dust. This happens in many industries where metal is a common material, including automotive, aerospace, and medical technology. Cutting, grinding, sawing, welding and milling metal will produce dust. Mobile dust extractors offer a promising solution to prevent dust particles from causing harm.
Dust is a danger to humans, animals, and the environment. It results in health problems, including lung cancer. This has serious repercussions, even dust. Regardless of the industry, businesses should invest in innovative dust suppression technologies and deal with the root cause of the problem.


The last school bell is an awaited sound – it announces the end of the day for the students. But for teachers, it is a different story. We tend to forget that our mothers in school are also mothers in their homes.
As government employees, teachers are expected to a 40-hour work a week. This excludes all the outside hour efforts exerted to prepare for learning materials or respond to student inquiries. Outside the school, they have their responsibilities as a child to their mothers, a sister to their siblings, and most significantly, a mother to their children. This scenario is seemingly exhausting to realize, and indeed it is.
The expectation for a teacher to deliver quality education is extreme and is growing unrealistically. Educating students is the general idea of the role of teachers, but behind the scenes, this includes lesson planning, material preparation, and a susceptible implementation. The weight of guiding hundreds of unique students can be too much. No matter the effort put into teaching, these very guiding lights are trapped in the country’s education system that can lack support for the teachers themselves.
Further into this lifestyle is their undertaking as a mother. They remain responsible for assuring that their children develop into mature and responsible adults while managing their homes.
Both roles are laborious and demanding. And depending on their priorities and standards, being a teacher and a mother requires sacrifices and boundaries to coincide. “[This] taught me to strategically balance work and family. If I go home, I leave my work at school, and when I am in school, I leave my family concerns,” shares Precila Baclig, a homeroom adviser and a Physics and Research teacher.
The pandemic has especially been challenging in establishing boundaries of work and home for our female protagonists. It begs the confrontation to be a mother to their students in their family’s territory.
This situation also seeks them to learn new mediums to reach their students. During the days when they are to conduct their classes from their homes, they are forced to make ends meet with the technical difficulties and environmental distractions that exist.
“I am lucky that my students are understanding. They immediately give me feedback,” says Baclig on cases of external factors that she cannot control during her classes.
Constantly, these women face challenges from the system in their pursuit of nurturing society’s future. The least we can do is to appreciate their efforts. But this does not eliminate the fact that they need governmental support to help them stand by their duties as mothers and teachers.
This is a modern generation. Women are their persons and can earn for their families. But add this with their structural responsibilities as a mother, we then see a person of strength and character.
It is exhausting to manage hundreds of children, but for the mothers in classrooms and homes, it is a lifestyle – and this does not end after the sound of the bell.


Bandipur National Park
Halfway down the Mysore-Ooty highway, the Deccan Plateau rises to meet the wrinkled folds of the Western Ghat mountains. Here lies one of India's best-known wildlife reserves - Bandipur National Park. It is situated within Chamarajanagar district in the southern Indian state of Karnataka, and abuts the states of Tamil Nadu & Kerala. Endowed with a moderate climate and diverse geographical features, the park supports a remarkable variety of flora and fauna, making it a veritable paradise for wildlife. In 1973, Bandipur became one of the first of India's Tiger Reserves and the southernmost of the nine reserves specially established under Project Tiger. In 1974, intention was declared under the Wildlife Protection Act to notify it as a National Park.
FLORA & FAUNA: The scrub jungles towards the eastern limits of the park consist of stunted trees, interspersed with bushes and open grassy patches. Towards its north-western fringes, there is a gradual shift in the vegetation from open dry deciduous forests to tropical mixed deciduous forests. These diverse habitats support an enormous diversity of animal life.
With the onset of pre-monsoon showers in April, Bandipur begins to unfold in all its glory. The resident birds commence their breeding activities. The air is filled with their melodious calls. Sprouting grass in the meadows and view lines attract elephants and the majestic gaur in large numbers. For the tourist who comes to watch the larger mammals in their natural surroundings, Bandipur is a paradise from April to October. Even before this, during summer, when dryness prevails over most parts of Bandipur, the backwaters of the Kabini Reservoir in the north-western portion of the park host huge congregations of large mammals, especially the elephant and the gaur. This unique feature makes a breathtaking spectacle, and is almost the only one of its kind in Asia.
MAMMALS: Herbivores: Elephant (Elephas maximus), Gaur (Bos gaurus), Sambar (Cervus unicolor), Chital or Spotted deer (Axis axis), Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) or Barking deer, Mouse deer (Tragulus meminna), Four horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), Wild pig (Sus scrofa), Grey langur (Presbytis entellus), Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), Slender loris (Loris tardigradus), Black naped hare (Lepus nigricollis), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica), Common giant flying squirrel (Petaurists petaurista), Three striped palm squirrel (funambulus palmarum).
Carnivores: Tiger (Panthera tigris), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Leopard cat, Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Rusty-spotted cat, Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), Dhole or Asiatic wild dog(Cuon alpinus), Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Golden jackal (Canis aureus), Common mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Striped-necked mongoose (Herpestes vitticollis), Ruddy mongoose (Herpestes smithii), Smooth Indian otter (Lutra perspicillata), Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata).
BIRDS: Over 230 species have been identified. Some of the important groups include Herons, Storks, Egrets, Ducks, Kites, Eagles, Falcons, Quails, Partridges, Wildfowl, Lapwings, Sandpipers, Pigeons, Doves, Parakeets, Cuckoos, Owls, Nightjars, Swifts, Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, Barbets, Woodpeckers, Larks, Swallows, Shrikes, Orioles, Drongos, Mynas, Minivets, Bulbuls, Babblers, Flycatchers, Warblers, Thrushes, Chats, Tits, Nuthatches, Wagtails, Flowerpeckers, Sunbirds and Munias.
REPTILES: Marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Indian pond terrapin, Starred tortoise (Geochelone elegans), Common Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis), Indian chameleon (Chameleo zeylanicus), Forest calotes, Southern green calotes, Skinks (Mabuya spp.), Geckos (Hemidactylus), Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus), Spectacled cobra, Russell's viper (Vipera russelli), Common krait, Indian python (Python molurus), Checkered keelback, Green whip snake, Common Indian bronzeback (Dendrelaphis tristis), Flying snake, Wolf snake, Trinket snake (Elaphe).
Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park
Earlier known as Nagarahole National Park, this park got its name from the Nagara Hole ("Snake River" in Kannada) which runs eastwards through its centre. Nagarahole river flows through the park before it joins the Kabini river that also acts as a boundary between Nagarahole and Bandipur (the other facet of the Nilgiris Biosphere in Karnataka).
To its south east, the Kabini Reservoir connects the park to Bandipur National Park, while the Waynad Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala adjoins to the Southeast. To the west, coffee plantations separate the park from Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary.
FLORA & FAUNA: Covered chiefly by moist and dry deciduous forests, dominated by teak and rosewood, the terrain is gently undulating and well watered by streams. The drier eastern limits of the park consist of regenerating dry deciduous forests. Moving west, there is a gradual increase in rainfall which signals a shift in the vegetation from deciduous forests to tropical moist and semi-evergreen forests. Interspersed with these forests are swampy fallows called hadlus, which are dominated by grasses and represent favoured grazing areas of many wild herbivores. These diverse habitats contribute to the phenomenal abundance and enormous diversity of animal life in Nagarahole throughout the year.
With the onset of the pre-monsoon showers, the grandeur of Nagarahole begins to unfold. Most of the resident birds commence their breeding activities. The air is rent with the melodious calls of birds. Sprouting grass in the meadows and view lines attract elephants and the majestic gaur in large numbers. For the tourist who comes to watch the larger mammals in their natural surroundings, Nagarahole is a paradise from September to May.
As the backwaters of the Kabini Reservoir in the south-eastern portion of the park recede and fresh grass appears, the stage is set for huge congregations of large mammals, especially the elephant. This unique feature makes a breathtaking spectacle and is almost the only one of its kind in Asia.
Herbivores: Elephant (Elephas maximus), Gaur (Bos gauras), Sambar (Cervus unicolor), Chital or Spotted deer or Axis deer (Axis axis), Muntjac or Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Chevrotain or Mouse deer (Tragulus meminna), Four horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), Wild pig (Sus scrofa), Hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus), Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), Slender loris (Loris tardigradus), Black-naped hare (Lepus nigricollis), Indian Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica), Malabar Squirrel, large brown Flying Squirrel (Petaurista petaurista), Threestriped palm squirrel (Funambulus palamarum), Giant fruit bat (Pteropus giganteus).
Carnivores: Tiger (Panthera Tigris), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Leopard cat (Felis bengalensis), Jungle cat (Felis chaus), Rusty spotted Cat (Felis rubiginosa), Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), Dhole or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Golden jackal (Canis auereus), Common mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi), Striped necked mongoose (Herpestes vitticollis), Brown mongoose (Herpestes fuscus), Ruddy Mongoose (Herpestes smithii), Common Indian otter (Lutra lutra), Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) and Flying fox (Ptreopus giganteus), the largest Indian Bat.
BIRDS: Over 250 species of birds have been identified in the Park. Some of the important groups include Herons, Storks, Egrets, Ducks, Kites, Eagles, Falcons, Partridges, Quails, Peafowl, Owls, Lapwings, Sandpipers, Pigeons, Doves, Parakeets, Cuckoos, Nightjars, Swifts, Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, Barbets, Swallows, Larks, Woodpeckers, Shrikes, Orioles, Drongos, Mynas, Minivets, Bulbuls, Babblers, Flycatchers, Warblers, Thrushes, Chats, Tits, Nuthatches, Wagtails, Sunbirds, Flower-peckers, and Munias
REPTILES & INVERTEBRATES: Reptiles include Marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Indian pond terrapin, Star tortoise, Common Indian monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis) , Indian chameleon, Forest calotes, Southern green calotes, Skinks (Mabuya spp.), Geckos, Common rat snake, Spectacled cobra, Russell's viper, Common krait, Indian python (Python molurus), Checkered keelback, Green whip snake, Common Indian bronzeback, Flying snake, Wolf snake and Trinket snake.
Anshi National Park
Anshi (250 sq. km) was earlier part of Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary. It was proposed to be made a National Park on 2nd September 1987, and the final declaration is awaited. The park lies in the Western Ghats, adjoining the state of Goa. To its north is Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary.
GEOGRAPHY: It is located in Uttara Kannada district from 14°54' to 15°07'N latitude and 74°16' to 74°30'E longitude. Altitude varies from 27 m to 927 m, and temperatures from 15°C to 35°C. Average annual rainfall is about 4700 mm. It is interesting to know that despite the high rainfall in this area, waterholes go dry very early in summer. This is because the soil is very lateritic with very minimal water-holding capacity. To overcome the scarcity of water for animals in the park, a bore well pumps water into a man-made tank.
FLORA: The area has semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. Some common tree species in the area are Callophyllum tomentosa, C. wightianum, Garcina cambogia, G. morealla, Knema attenuata, Hopea wightiana, Tetrameles nudiflora, Alstonia scholaris, Flacourtia montana, Machilus marcrantha, Carallia brachiata, Artocarpus hitsuta, A laoocha and Cinnamomum zeylanicum.
FAUNA: Mammals in the park include elephant, gaur, wild pig, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, mouse deer, common langur, bonnet macaque, slender loris, tiger, jungle cat, leopard (black panther), leopard cat, small Indian civet, common mongoose, jackal, wild dog, sloth bear, malabar giant squirrel, giant flying squirrel and porcupine. King cobra, python, cobra, rat snake, viper and krait are among the snakes that inhabit the park. The king cobra is commonly seen in the Gund range. Interesting birds include the great pied hornbill, malabar pied hornbill and ceylon frogmouth.
Bannerghatta National Park
Bannerghatta (104.27 sq. km) is conveniently placed just 22 km south of Bangalore, and consequently well visited. It was proposed to be made a National Park on 6th September 1974 and is awaiting final declaration.
GEOGRAPHY: It is located in Bangalore district from 12°34' to 12°50'N latitude and 77°31' to 77°38'E longitude. Altitude varies from 740 to 1034 m, temperature from 20° to 35°C and the average annual rainfall is 700 mm.
FLORA: The area has mostly dry deciduous forests and thorny scrub, with patches of moist deciduous forests along the streams. Tree species in the park include Anogeissus latifolia, Schleichera oleosa, Terminalia tomentosa, T. arjuna. Grewia tilaefolia, Santalum album, Shorea talura, Emblica officinalis, Vitex altissima, Wrightia tinctoria, Randia sp. Zizphus sp. and Albizzia sp. Bamboos are common in the park, the dominant species being Dendrocalamus strictus. A small area of the park has plantations of Eucalyptus, Bauhinia purpurea, Samanea saman and Peltphorum pterocarpum.
FAUNA: Mammals in the park include leopard, gaur, elephant, jackal, fox, wild pig, sloth bear, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, common langur, bonnet macaque, porcupine and hare. A tiger has recently been sighted in the park.
Kudremukh National Park
Kudremukh (600.32 sq. km) is one of Karnataka's more recent parks, the intention to declare it a National Park being issued on 2nd September 1987. Located in the Western Ghats, it has one of the most beautiful landscapes with evergreen and semi-evergreen forests and grassland shola habitat, which is characteristic of the higher altitudes of the Western Ghats. However, there are a number of settlement enclosures within the park, including the Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), the country's largest mining and pelletization complex.
GEOGRAPHY: It is located in the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Chikmagalur from 13°01' to 13°29'N latitude and 75°01' to 75°25'E longitude. Altitude varies from 134 to 1892 m, the highest point being the Kudremukh peak in the south of the park. The park has a pleasant climate, with temperatures ranging from 17° to 28°C. Annual rainfall varies from 1778 to 6350 mm, with an average of 4000 mm. The park is flanked by coffee and tea estates on the north and east, while there is a drop down the Western Ghats to sea level to the west. To the north-west, a forest corridor connects the park to Someshwara Sanctuary. A central ridge runs north-south through the park and the rivers Nethravati, Tunga and Bhadra are believed to originate here at Ganga Moola.
FLORA: The park has mostly evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Shola grassland habitat is found at elevations above 1400 m. The shola forests in the park and in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary represent the northern limit of this vegetation type. Evergreen trees include Poeciloneuron indicum, Heligrarna arnottiana, Artocarpus sp., Calophyllum sp., Alstonia scholaris, Canarium strictum, Syzygium cumini, Flacourtia montana, Symplocos spicata, Hopea parviflora, Mesua ferra and Evodia roxburghiana. There are also a few plantations of Eucalyptus, Casuarina and Acacia auriculiformis.
FAUNA: Mammals in the park include tiger, leopard, wild dog, jackal, lion-tailed macaque, common langur, sloth bear, gaur, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, Malabar giant squirrel, giant flying squirrel, porcupine and mongoose. Reptiles are represented by snakes and tortoises. The bird life in the park is very good and includes fairly rare birds like the Malabar trogon, great pied hornbill, Malabar whistling thrush and imperial pigeon.


With each passing month, certain foods and?fad diets?come in and out of favor. One food that’s been on the “bad” list for a while is bread?more specifically, gluten. “Today, as many as one in three Americans avoids gluten?a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye?thereby eliminating grains and cereals from the diet,” notes Lisa Mosconi, Ph.D., an integrated nutrition health coach and associate director of the Alzheimer’s Prevention Clinic at NewYork?Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center.
These numbers are staggering, and while only 1% of the population suffers from Celiac disease and approximately another 6% have other gluten sensitivities and should also avoid gluten,?“for the other 93% of us, a?gluten-free diet?is not only unnecessary but can do more harm than good,”?warns Mosconi, who recently expounded on this topic on MindBodyGreen.
IS GLUTEN BAD FOR THE?BRAIN?
Those living without gluten allergies avoid gluten for a number of reasons, but one has to do with scares over its effects on the brain. Mosconi says that as a neuroscientist with backgrounds in nuclear medicine (aka brain imaging) and nutrition, she’s frequently asked whether gluten is bad for the brain and whether it should be avoided.?“The short answer is: No,?do not fear gluten,”?she assures. “From the point of view of those who rely on peer-reviewed science, there is no conclusive scientific evidence of a connection between gluten consumption and cognitive decline in dementia.”
WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR BRAIN WHEN YOU CUT?CARBS?
In fact, avoiding gluten if you don’t need to can actually have more negative effects for your brain. “First off, the witch hunt against gluten has led many people to go on low-carb diets,” Mosconi notes. “Since fiber comes mostly from grains (besides vegetables and legumes), low-carb diets can be alarmingly low in fiber as well.” She explains that among the scientific community, “there is a strong consensus that a diet rich in carbohydrates and fiber is crucial for brain health and Alzheimer’s prevention.” Fiber deficiencies also harm our guts and subsequently our microbiome, which can also pose negative long-term effects on the brain and incite brain fog, confusion, and even anxiety.
WHAT HEALTHY CARBS SHOULD WE BE?EATING?
Mosconi lists complex carbohydrates?such as whole grains, brown rice, oats, and sweet potatoes?as foods that provide a great number of health benefits, especially for the brain. Packed with brain-supportive nutrients like antioxidants, B vitamins, and minerals, it’s not surprising that these high-fiber foods have been found to make up a great portion of the diets of individuals who have lived to 100 or older.
For those who have Celiac disease or are sensitive to gluten, Mosconi advises focussing on gluten-free grains like rice, amaranth, buckwheat, millet, quinoa, sorghum, and teff. Last but not least, vegetables and fruit are technically carbs, but they should be a hefty portion of your daily diet. Ultimately, Mosconi reminds us to spend less time figuring out what’s wrong with one isolated nutrient?like gluten?and more time improving our overall diets with wholesome foods.
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University of Turin
The University of Turin was founded as a studium in 1404, under the initiative of Prince Ludovico di Savoia. From 1427 to 1436 the seat of the university was transferred to Chieri and Savigliano. It was closed in 1536, and reestablished by Duke Emmanuel Philibert thirty years later. It started to gain its modern shape following the model of the University of Bologna, although significant development did not occur until the reforms made by Victor Amadeus II, who also created the Collegio delle Province for students not natives of Turin.


All kids play. You can provide them with toys or a sandbox or figurines of their favorite cartoon characters, but they don’t need any of those things. They’ll play wherever they are and play with whatever they have.
Maybe you have seen little kids stuck at an airport running around with “toys” such as an empty soda bottle or a plastic spoon. Who knew those things could be so entertaining? They make it look so fun you feel like joining in!
We want to give our children the best opportunities to learn and to play. We try to make sure they have the best teachers and even the best schools if we have a choice in the matter. We enroll them in soccer, gymnastics, basketball, and other sports and try to teach them the rules and the fine points of the games. It’s only natural to try to guide them.
However, one of the best things we can do for our children is to let them play on their own without any structure, rules, or guidance.
The science of play
According to scientific study, playing changes the neural connections in the front parts of children’s brains, called the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain helps regulate emotions and aids in problem-solving and planning abilities.
This brain development is accomplished by free play, where children use their creativity and own ideas to come up with a desired game or type of play. Think back to the kid with the soda bottle. No one had to tell her how to play with it. It was the only offering the parents had, and she did all the rest.
Wrestling, making a fort, creating animals out of sticks, figuring out a game with a ball—all these activities help the brain build new circuits to aid in various social interactions and play. Children will find this type of play on their own if parents let them. Giving them the environment and opportunity is essential, but let them play on their own and in their own way.
A structure for unstructured play
Ironically, one of the best ways to induce unstructured play is the play structure. Don’t let the words mislead you. Commercial play structures provide a vehicle for creativity* but your children will do all the playing without instruction or any help from you.
Play can be a source of physical activity and development. Running, climbing, jumping, and other activities will develop strength, agility, and fine motor skills. Play structures offer attachments such as swings, slides, climbing ropes, and bridges. Usually, there is an inside of the structure that can serve as a fort or hideout conducive to social activity and development.
Children build self-confidence through play by meeting challenges from their peers or being able to traverse the horizontal ladder with only their arms or climbing the rope all the way to the top. Natural, unstructured learning will take place as games are created, modified, and played. Children will learn to share and take turns.
Socialization skills are fine-tuned as children learn to play well together, cooperate, and share. Remember some of the yard and playground games of your youth? The rules often changed to offer a new twist, or in some cases, to give scheming children a greater advantage. However, all these things need to be discussed, worked out, and implemented by the children involved.
Animals play, too
Animals are the same as children in their creative, unstructured play. Have you ever seen kittens stalk and jump on each other? Rats do the same thing: jump and pile on each other, chase one another around the cage, and wrestle for food. We often refer to our children as playing like puppies, so we know dogs offer many examples of unstructured play.
Dogs and puppies get in on whatever action there is. You may have had a good pair of shoes that served as an excellent play toy without your prior knowledge. Maybe the new pillows you bought are missing some stuffing from a past day’s play.
Play is much the same across many different species of animals. It is unstructured and looks that way, but they do follow some conventions if not rules. They don’t actually hurt each other on purpose, although it sometimes happens, just like with people. They take turns and usually involve everyone. In this way, play helps both animals and people develop social skills and create bonds among each other.
Play for success
Studies have shown children who play often are better students. An accurate prediction of academic success is how socially skilled children were in third grade. Those who played well with others and played often had a better chance to succeed academically later in school.
Traits like the ability to cooperate, to share, and to show empathy all were developed in the play environment and translated into academic success later in their schooling. Recess is being reconsidered as an educational tool now too, rather than just a break from learning.
Yes, we need balance. No one wants children playing all day, especially unsupervised. Certainly, they need to study, too, and to do their homework. Keep in mind, though, that when children play—especially in an unstructured environment—they are learning and developing many skills that will aid in their future success. Let them play, and let them tell you about how much fun they had and about the friends they have made.
*This is not a paid link, it was included because of the quality of the content.


ORAL CANCER IS A SUBJECT we’d all prefer not to have to think about, but it’s critical to have a basic understanding of risk factors and symptoms. More than 5,000 people in Australia were diagnosed with oral cancer last year, and that number is expected to rise. That’s why, in honor of Oral Cancer Awareness Month, we’re dedicating a blog post to giving our patients the tools they need for early detection.
`Oral Cancer Risk Factors
There are several risk factors that increase a person’s chances of developing oral cancer. Some of them are out of our control, such as age and sex. Men are twice as likely as women to develop oral cancer, and it is far more common in people over 45. But there are plenty of risk factors that we can control, the biggest of which is tobacco. A whopping 85 percent of oral cancer cases are linked to some kind of tobacco use (even e-cigarettes). The next biggest avoidable risk factor is frequent, heavy alcohol consumption.
A few of the less-obvious risk factors include getting too much sun (which can cause lip cancer), HPV, and neglecting your oral hygiene, particularly if you also smoke. You can eliminate this risk factor by brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and scheduling regular dental appointments!
Symptoms To Watch Out For
Unfortunately, even people with none of these risk factors will sometimes develop oral cancer anyway, which is why it’s important to be able to recognize the symptoms, which include:
- A sore in the mouth or on the lip that doesn’t heal
- Red or white patches inside the mouth
- Unusual lump on lip, mouth, neck, or throat, or strange thickness in the cheek
- Persistent sensation of having something stuck in the throat
- Numbness of mouth or tongue
- Difficulty with chewing or swallowing
- Chronic bad breath
If you do have one or more of the risk factors for oral cancer, getting regular general health screenings can catch it before you even notice any symptoms. The earlier oral cancer is caught, the easier it is to beat it.
Where Does The Dentist Fit In?
Another way oral cancer is caught early is at regular dental exams! In addition to checking your teeth for cavities and your gums for signs of gum disease, your dentist can spot many of those early symptoms of oral cancer while they’re looking at your mouth, which is just one more reason why it’s so important to keep scheduling your dental appointments!
Even if you don’t have oral cancer or any of the risk factors, you can still help the people who are fighting this disease. Ask us how you can get involved!
We look forward to seeing you soon!
The content on this blog is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of qualified health providers with questions you may have regarding medical and dental conditions.


What is Myocardial Infarction?
Myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when the heart muscle is starved for oxygen long enough that cardiac cells die. Blockage of one or more coronary arteries by formation of a blood clot (thrombus) or slow blood flow, caused by low blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythm or atherosclerosis (narrowing of blood vessels), are the most common causes of MI.
Why Study Myocardial Infarction?
MI is a life-threatening condition affecting over 3 million people a year. Irreversible damage occurs within 30 minutes of oxygen deprivation, so fast response in MI recognition and treatment is necessary to not only prevent further damage to the heart, but to prevent death. Researchers studying MI are interested in a number of aspects surrounding the event, including risk factors, prevention, treatment (before, during and after MI), and pain management during an event to decrease the workload of the heart.
Questions Researchers are Asking
- What markers might be used to predict the event?
- Can life-style changes (diet, exercise etc.) make a measurable difference?
- Are there drug therapies or surgical programs that can prevent MI?
- When should preventative measures be taken?
- Can the oxygen supply be restored before cell death occurs?
- If cell death occurs, how can the damage be contained?
- Is there a way to repair damaged/dead cardiac cells?
How is Myocardial Infarction Studied?
Animal and cellular models are used to study the various aspects of MI. Animal models used to study MI include mice, rats, rabbits, canines, swine, and non-human primates. These animal models may be used as whole animal models, where measurements like pressure, heart rate and electrocardiogram are used as biomarkers of ischemia and MI. Additionally, there are a number of models that employ isolated tissues to study the progression of MI. These isolated systems often need to merge data from multiple sources.
DSI and the Harvard Bioscience family have solutions for cardiomyocyte isolation, isolated heart perfusion, telemetry that measures pressure, heart rate and electrocardiograms in freely moving subjects, as well as hardwired solutions capable of combining telemetry with other systems used in tissue research. Cardiovascular data can be collected and analyzed with the Ponemah Software Platform.
DSI implants are designed for monitoring and collecting data from conscious, freely moving animals. Implants are offered in different sizes to support a variety of animal species including mice, rats, dogs, swine, and non-human primates. Several telemetry models are capable of monitoring ECG, blood pressure, temperature, and activity simultaneously or individually.
Short durations of functional endpoints are collected non-invasively from chemically or physically restrained animals that are connected to external devices capable of monitoring surface ECG, blood pressure or third party signals and recording directly into an acquisition and analysis computer system.
ECG and blood pressure signals are collected from conscious, freely moving animals wearing a jacket which contains and protects a small JET device capable of monitoring cardiovascular data and transmitting data to an acquisition and analysis computer system.
For mouse to small rabbit hearts, Hugo Sachs perfusion systems are designed for simple and constant flow perfusion for cardiomyocyte isolation from small rodent hearts. Can be adapted for other small rodent organs in situ or ex vivo . Easy to set up, operate and maintain.
Hugo Sachs’ IH series of isolated heart perfusion systems is the gold standard for cardiac physiology measurements in both retrograde heart perfusion and working ejecting heart perfusion modes. Modular in design, our systems provide the flexibility to tailor a system to fit your research needs and the data can be acquired and analyzed in Ponemah, limiting the amount of systems in your lab.
1080 Myocardial Infarction articles citing DSI in Google Scholar


Use of Recycled Tire Rubber in Concrete
More than 250 million scrap tires weighing more than 3 million tons are generated each year in the United States (Naik and Siddique 2002). This is considered as one of the major environmental challenges facing municipalities around the world because waste rubber is not easily biodegradable even after a long period of landfill treatment. One of the solutions suggested is the use of tire rubber particles as additives in cement-based materials.
Although concrete is the most popular construction material, it has some limited properties: low tensile strength, low ductility, low energy absorption, and shrinkage and cracking associated with hardening and curing (Wang et al. 2000). Several studies performed recently showed application of the recycled tire rubber might improve these weak characteristics of concrete.
While rubberized asphalt has been used for decades on roadways (in fact, Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) set in 1991 mandated the use a minimum of 5% recycled rubber by weight of asphalt place and the percent of rubber used was to increase gradually up to 20% by the year 1997. The mandate was revoked in 1996 (Khatib et al. 1999)), rubberized concrete is a technology infant. Many studies have been performed to investigate the feasibility of the usage. Since a number of ways to use the recycled rubber in the concrete design are possible and there are still many factors and properties that should be investigated, it may be difficult to expect that mass production-base rubberized concrete is able to be available in the market today or next week. However, many study results have proven the mechanical and environmental advantages of the use of recycled tire as addition to cement concrete.
Many experiments were done to find out appropriate methods of rubber application. Commonly, fully replacing coarse aggregate (gravel) or fine aggregate (sand) with rubber is not appropriate because the loss of strength is too severe. However, with small portion of aggregates replaced, the loss in compressive strength was not significant. A research study by Khatib et al. (1999) and Schimizze et al. (1994) suggested that rubber should not exceed 17-20% of the total aggregate volume. Experiments under the laboratory environments commonly presented that the use of rubber in the concrete cement mix reduced drying shrinkage, brittleness, and elastic modulus, which might improve the overall durability and serviceability of concrete cement.
- Recycling of scrap tires suggesting an environmental solution.
- Reduction of plastic shrinkage cracking
- Diminishment of the vulnerability of concrete to catastrophic failure
Recently, Dr. Zhu (Arizona State University) tried to apply rubberized concrete in the real world cases including dozens of residential and commercial sites. Crumb rubber of 8 percent of the cement weight was used.
- Large variation of concrete performance according to the application method and ratio of rubber usage - sensitive to variations in procedure (Chung and Hong 1999)
- Costly procedure of rubber particle preparation
- Chung, K., and Hong, Y. (1999). "Introductory behavior of rubber concrete." Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 72, 35-40.
- Naik, T. R. and Siddique, R. (2002). "Properties of concrete containing scrap tire rubber - an overview." UWM CBU Report No. CBU-2002-06.
- Wang, Y., Wu, H. C., and Li, V. C. (2000). "Concrete reinforcement with recycled fibers." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 12(4), 314-319.
- Khatib, Z. K., and Bayomy, F. M. (1999). "Rubberized portland cement concrete." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, 11(3), 206-213.
Neither the Construction Industry Institute nor Purdue University in any way endorses this technology or represents that the information presented can be relied upon without further investigation.


It is important to understand that it is hard cutting certain hard materials like metals and diamond. It is essential to know that in as much as they are hard to cut, these materials are still utilized in a variety of ways while making some devices. It is important to acknowledge the fact that metals are the primary materials that are used in making machinery. To get the materials into the required shapes, they must be sliced. One is supposed to know that the metals are cut using a proper machine. You are supposed to know that waterjet is one of the inventions that can be used in cutting the metals. This machines makes the use of water and certain abrasions to make this happen. A jet of water at high velocity and pressure is applied here. There are advantages of using the waterjet cutter. The following are some of them.
It is important to have in mind that waterjet cutter slices the metals without increasing temperatures. You are supposed to have in mind that the heat is low when slicing is done using this device. It should be noted that the metals will not melt nor get distorted. It is important to understand what high heat can do to metals. After understanding this, it will be easy to appreciate the waterjet devices.
The second benefit is that it can cut into any direction. You are required to know that there are those that are unidirectional. What you need to know is that such machines restrict one when it comes to shaping the metals. Therefore, it is necessary to appreciate the waterjet cutters. It is necessary to know that this machine can also slice any other material. One is required to know that there are no materials that cannot be sliced using the waterjet cutter. It is essential to realize that the device can cut without making holes on the material being drilled.
The other thing that you are supposed to know is that it is environmentally friendly. It is important to know that there are machines that cannot be used in open areas because they pollute the environment. It is important to understand that the waterjet cutter is unlike such tools since it can be used anywhere without any problems. You are also expected to understand the fact that the machine does not create any hazardous vapors.
One is required to understand that when it comes to speed, the waterjet cutter is also rated high. It is worth appreciating the fact that some of the tools that are used for cutting can delay you due to low speed. It is hence required that this machine is used here.


The Prisoner of Chillon: A Fable
by George Gordon, Lord Byron
The Prisoner of Chillon: A Fable Theme of Man and the Natural World
There isn't actually all that much nature in "The Prisoner of Chillon" – after all, the whole thing takes place in a dreary dungeon. The middle brother (the hunter/outdoorsman guy) wastes away and dies in prison because his memories of nature are so strong that he can't stand being in a dungeon. But, for the speaker, memories of the world outside the dungeon actually keep him going. The glimpses the prisoner has of the natural world – the bird that appears at the grate after his youngest brother dies, the view of the lake and mountains he can see from the grate – give him the will to live after everyone dear to him has died.
Questions About Man and the Natural World
- How is the prisoner able to survive the death of his younger brother?
- What is the significance of the bird? Why does it cheer him up?
- Why does the speaker have to turn away from the view of the natural world (line 357)?
- What effect does the sound of water have on the speaker (line 117)? Why is this?
Chew on This
The mysterious bird that visits the speaker at line 266 represents the power of the natural world to heal the speaker's troubled mind.
The appearance of the bird in "The Prisoner of Chillon" can be viewed as the inevitable influence of Romantic-era nature poetry on Byron.


Herring gulls notice where approaching humans are looking, and flee sooner when they’re being watched, a new study shows.
Researchers approached gulls while either looking at the ground or directly at the birds.
Gulls were slower to move away when not being watched – allowing a human to get two metres closer on average.
Newly fledged gulls were just as likely to react to human gaze direction as older birds, suggesting they are born with this tendency or quickly learn it. MORE


Good news for soppy romantics – the world isn’t going to come to an end after Valentine’s Day.
At least that’s according to space boffins who are tracking an asteroid that is set to hurtle past Earth on February 15, missing our planet’s surface by a mere 36 000km.
The near-Earth asteroid, called 2012 DA14, is to make a record close approach to Earth for an object of its size (45m in diameter). A repeat can be expected in about 40 years.
The close encounter has got the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa’s Durban centre very excited – but not concerned that it will crash into Earth, destroy a city or cause a tsunami.
“Hundreds of asteroids strike the Earth’s atmosphere daily and burn out before they hit the ground,” said Logan Govender, chairman of the society’s Durban centre.
“What makes this asteroid different is that it would pass inside the ring of the geosynchronous weather and communication satellites orbit, about 36 000km away from the Earth, the closest an asteroid of this size would approach Earth.”
According to the book “Orbital Mechanics”, a geosynchronous orbit is an orbit around Earth with an orbital period of one sidereal day (23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds), matching Earth’s sidereal rotation period. An object in this orbit would return to the same spot in the sky after one day.
Govender explained that while this may be the closest an asteroid of this size would pass Earth, 36 000km was still quite a distance.
“The distance from here to London is about 10 000km, so it would be that trip three times over.”
He said it would not crash into Earth’s surface, but even if it did, 70 percent of the planet is covered by water, which would be the most likely landing spot.
Should it land in the sea, it would cause a tsunami, said Govender. Should it hit land, it would have the capacity to wipe out a city the size of Durban.
Nasa said on its website it can accurately predict the asteroid’s path, and that there was no chance that 2012 DA14 might be on a collision course with Earth.
The asteroid was discovered last February by astronomers at the La Sagra Sky Survey programme in southern Spain.
At the time, Nasa reported that the asteroid had just made a fairly distant passage by Earth, about seven times further than the moon.
“Since 2012 DA14’s orbital period around the sun has been about 368 days, which is very similar to the Earth’s, the asteroid made a series of annual close approaches,” according to Nasa. “This year’s the closest approach, and is the closest the asteroid will come for at least three decades.”
However, the agency said it would only appear as a point of light in the biggest optical telescopes.
Govender said it would be too small for the naked eye but could be seen using binoculars fixed on a tripod or a telescope.
The best viewing will be in east Europe, parts of Asia and Australia. It would be closest to Earth next Friday at 9.30pm in South Africa.
Nasa said that although it would be close enough to pass inside the ring of geosynchronous satellites, it would still be well above most of them, including the International Space Station.


Question: The quantity supplied and the price of product Z are given below:
|Price (Rs. Per Kg.)||Quantity Supplied (Kgs. in thousands)|
Draw a supply curve for the supply schedule of product B and find the type of elasticity of supply using the curve.
The supply curve for product Z is shown in Figure
In 5.21, when the price of product Z is Rs.50, the quantity supplied is 30,000 kgs. When price increases to Rs.55, supply reaches to 35,000 kgs. This shows that the proportionate change in quantity supplied is equal to the change in the price of product Y. Therefore, the supply of product B is unit elastic (es=1).


DescriptionWhen two magnets are attracted to each other, you know there's likely to be a collision. Our Buzzing Stunt Magnets do something you may not expect - they scream! Toss these two unique magnets into the air, or lay them on a low friction surface about 15 cm apart. As they collide, they produce a high-pitched clattering sound. Some say it sounds like a cicada or high voltage sparking. We say it's amazing! What makes the sound? Why does one magnet turn when the other is spun around? This is a great puzzler for students. Critical thinking and problem solving ahead!
Buzzing Stunt Magnets (Set Of 2)
This product is shipped from our supplier's warehouse in CT, United States
This product is brand new and includes the manufacturer's warranty, so you can buy with confidence.
A 25% handling charge is levied against all authorized returns except those due to our error. Unauthorized returns are subject to a 40% handling charge. Damages & defects must be reported to us within 14 days.
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5 Sphynx is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at May 9, 2018 upload by Admin in Cat Breeds.
A Basic Introduction to Cat Eye Care – The eyes of your feline friends have often been used on horror films. But if you are a pet owner, you will know that the cat’s stare is really the opposite of what’s being portrayed in films. That is why you have to know the importance of cat eye care.
I Love You
How do cats say these words? Through their eyes, of course. That is why you shouldn’t be frightened by that gaze. How does this work? First, the cat stares at you for a long while. And after that, it blinks its eyes slowly. Some people tag this as a cat’s kiss. But you can also say that this is your cat’s way of saying that it loves you.
But how do you return the favor? Easy, just follow your cat’s lead. Stare at it for a long time and then slowly blink your eyes. See? Cats’ eyes can also be used as elements for romantic films.
Not a Third Eye
Don’t believe the horror films you see. Cats don’t have a third eye. Their eyesight is really sharper than with humans. Instead of a third eye, what cats have is a third eyelid. This is called a nictitating membrane.
This inner eyelid protects the eyes of the cats from harm and also from dryness. You will notice that when a cat is sick, this membrane will somewhat close. This should alarm you to call the vet or get your cat to them fast.
But this third eyelid will also show once a cat is happy. So you will know what mood your cat is in just by looking at the membrane.
Your feline friend’s pupil of the eyes should also be observed. A change in the size of one pupil can be an indication of an inflammation. It can also be a sign of a kind of a disorder in neurologic called Horner’s Syndrome. Or worse, it can also indicate tumors or injuries in the central nervous system.
The Nocturnal Vision
Do not believe what others say that cats are color blind. They see some. They may not see as clear as humans do, but it’s not that they cannot see any colors at all.
Cats can also see clearly from afar. It’s very different from people. They find it blurry to be looking at things that are so close to them.
Yes, cats have the nocturnal vision. But they can’t see in complete darkness. Do you see the muscles on their iris that surround the pupils of their eyes? They are constructed in a way that it narrows into a vertical split when they are exposed in the bright lights. And it opens fully when the acts are in a quite dim light.
This feature of the cats may be traced back to their roots. They can use such to hunt for food during the night if they were left out in the jungle or left with no one to care for them.
So forget about the horror flicks. You’ve already got the thrills. Not it’s time to put some effort into cat eye care. Do not let a minor thing worse. Call the vet immediately when something’s amiss. You don’t want your cat to lose their sight or even lose their lives. It is always better to be safe than blind.
Read More : 5 Ragdoll Cats
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LifeAct’s mission is to prevent youth suicide through educating middle and high school students to recognize depression and warning signs of suicide, and to access help for themselves and their friends.
Untreated mental illness lies at the root of many barriers to adolescent success and is an underlying cause of suicide. The early detection and treatment of mental illness saves young lives.
11min Every 11 minutes, someone in the US dies by suicide.
132 deaths by suicide every day in the US
75% of all mental illness develops by age 24
LifeAct is evidence based. Our partners at University Hospital and Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital guide our curriculum development and evaluation. A 2017 research study found students who participated in the LifeAct program had significant gains in knowledge about the signs and symptoms of depression and received immediate benefits. It was proven that participation in the LifeAct program does not create risk. View poster here.
LifeAct Connects Students to Mental Health Resources
LifeAct’s evidence-based programs for middle and high school students teach adolescents to see themselves as the “first line of defense” in recognizing depression and preventing suicide.
- Universal prevention school-based program
- Trained instructors create personal connections and skillfully teach challenging material
- At-risk youth are identified and to connected to school support through our referral process
- Empower youth to advocate for their mental health and lift the stigma of depression and suicide.
Our program is aligned with the recommendations of The Suicide Prevention Plan for Ohio 2020-2022. The Vision for this plan states Ohio will reduce the number of suicides every year until not one life is lost. LifeAct supports this vision through identifying youth at risk for suicide and connecting them to mental health resources.
The Quality and Effective Practice Registry is a listing of successful strategies and programs across Ohio that achieve positive outcomes related to academic and social-emotional needs of K-12 students. LifeAct is proud to be a part of this registry, find the registry here. Or view our entry here.
This program makes information ‘real’ and ‘relative’ to the scholars in my class. They get to see how many of their peers are also experiencing or dealing with stress and/or depression…I feel this program is very thorough in covering signs/symptoms and responses to stress, depression and suicide
Nora Wright, Teacher at Lorain High School
I liked the fact that this program and the people in it are willing to recognize symptoms of depression and say: “It’s not just a phase, this is serious, this IS real!
Student from Solon Middle School


Home > For Students > Programs For Middle School Students
The following Classroom Extensions are offered for Upper Elementary students and are aligned to the NYC SCOPE AND SEQUENCE.
Simple and Complex Machines (Aeronautics: Forces and Motion)
Experience and test airplane AND shuttle flight!
Weather & Climate (Aeronautics: Weather)
Explore how weather affects airplane flight!
Geology (Voyage to Mars or Halley’s Comet)
Discover how astronomers identifiy different space materials as you simulate a mission to Comet Halley! (half day only)
Interactions Between Matter and Energy (Voyage to Halley’s Comet)
Discover how different atomic structures make gasses produce different spectral fingerprints AND simulate a mission into space!
Earth, Sun, and Moon System (Voyage to Mars of Halley’s Comet)
Learn about the orbits of comets as you simulate a mission to Comet Halley! (half day only)
Forces and Motion on Earth (Aeronautics: Forces and Motion)
Learn about the forces that make an airplane fly and simulate a mission to Comet Halley!
Forces and Motion in Space (Toys in Space)
Discover how forces and motion in space seem different than forces and motion on Earth AND simulate a mission into space!
|Classroom Extensions to NYCCSSE for NYC DOE schools (registration required)||$150||(NCSE00001)|
|Classroom Extension to NYCCSSE for non-NYC DOE schools (registration required)||$450||pay by check|
Payment can be made through FAMIS before March 26th or by check.


The end of the year also means the beginning of extra celebrations. Don’t let these fun celebrations be full of excess sugar, fat and calories. Make it a goal to limit these at your celebrations.
There are a lot of tips and ideas for how to create a healthy and fun celebration so people won’t even realize the candy and high calorie goodies are missing from the party. I really like the resource “Making Celebrations Healthy and Active”from the Choose MyPlate website. Below is a summary of what you will find in each section.
Section one contains ideas for selecting healthy foods and delicious drinks. It provides several healthy ideas from each of the five food groups. A few examples include serving fruit kabobs, sweet potato fries, whole grain crackers, hot chocolate or hummus.
In section two you will find tips to make party planning easy. It has several active games such as “Mirror Image” and “Freeze Dance.” And if you prefer not to completely eliminate sweets, this section gives suggestions such as using mini-cupcakes or snack size candy bars.
My favorite section is Section 3, “Let the Party Begin.” This section provides you with several party themes from pirates, to dance fever, to a fiesta and more. Unfortunately, there are not any holiday specific themes, but you can certainly use and adapt the other party themes to fit a holiday party.
If the party is at a location that does not allow homemade snacks, don’t feel like you are limited to buying prepackaged foods. Instead, make preparing the food part of the party. Children enjoy making simple foods and it is also provides them a hands-on opportunity to learn more about food. Who knows, making a snack may even be the highlight of the party! Section 3 includes several easy party foods children can make such as ants on a log, fruit parfait, and an orange and banana frosty.
If you are a teacher or ECFE parent educator, you can use the “Creating Healthy and Active Celebrations” as the basis for a parent session on healthy eating and being active. Families will discover creating an active and healthy celebration can be lots of fun!
Visit Making Healthy and Active Celebrations on the MyPlate website to view the different sections and access other party resources.
Mary Schroeder works for the University of Minnesota Extension which helps to connect community needs with University of Minnesota resources. Specifically the Health and Nutrition programs and resources focus on disease & obesity prevention, healthy school environments, and continuing education for community professionals. You can link to the Extension Health and Nutrition website at: http://www.extension.umn.edu/health/
Mary Schroeder, MPH, RD, LD
Health and Nutrition
University of Minnesota Extension


According to the Venerable Bede, a Christian scholar of the eighth century A.D., Melchior brought the gift of gold to the baby Jesus. Melchior is the traditional name of one of the three Magi, or Wise Men.
The Bible says that after Jesus was born, wise men from the east came to visit him bearing three gifts: gold, frankincense and myrrh. Over time, the story of the Three Wise Men developed, and they received names: Melchior, Balthasar and Caspar. Bede states that Melchior was an old man, Balthasar was a middle-aged man and Caspar was a young man. Other traditions assign other identities and gifts to the names. For example, the J. Paul Getty Trust website states that in Andrea Mantegna's masterful painting "Adoration of the Magi," Melchior is the middle-aged visitor bearing frankincense.


Why Do Sheep Curl Their Upper Lip
What is the Flehmen Response
Why Do Sheep Curl Their Upper Lip – The curling of the upper lip in sheep called flehmen response or flehmening, is an instinctive behavior, behavior pattern in which an animal curls back its upper lips exposing its front teeth, inhales with the nostrils usually closed, and then often holds this position for several seconds.
It may be performed over a site or substance of particular interest to the animal (e.g. urine or faces) or may be performed with the neck stretched and the head held high in the air. Flehmen is performed by a wide range of mammals including ungulates and felids.
The behavior facilitates the transfer of pheromones and other scents into the vomeronasal organ located above the roof of the mouth via a duct that exits just behind the front teeth of the animal.
An animal investigating odors or tastes at sites of particular interest or perhaps more generally may perform the flehmen response. This response is characterized by the animal curling back its top lips exposing the front teeth and gums, then inhaling and holding the posture for several seconds.
The behavior may be performed over particular locations, in which case the animal may also lick the site of interest, or it may be performed with the neck stretched and head held high in the air for a more general gustatory investigation.
The flehmen response often gives the appearance that the animal is “grimacing”, “smirking” or “laughing”.
Function of Curled Upper lip
The main function of flehmen is to transfer air containing pheromones and other scents to the vomeronasal organ, a chemosensory organ located between the roof of the mouth and the palate. This provides chemical cues that animals use in a variety of ways.
Identifying Reproductive Status:
Male individuals commonly use the flehmen response as an olfactory mechanism for identifying the reproductive state of females of the same species based on pheromones in the female’s urine or genitals.
This is exhibited in sheep; flehmen by rams, after sniffing the ewes’ external genital region, occurs most frequently on the day before estrus , when the ewes were sexually receptive.
Flehmen behavior also plays a role in reproductive synchrony between females. In the sable antelope, the frequency of flehmen changed seasonally, with the highest levels just prior to conception. Female antelopes associated closely with other females in the same reproductive state. Flehmen rates between females anticipated birth synchrony.
Additionally, the level of synchrony was predicted by the frequency of female urine sampling during the previous year. Flehmen is a mechanism used by female sable antelopes to manipulate the timing of both conception and birth of offspring.
In the American bison, flehmen behavior in females has also been shown to stimulate the onset of estrus and copulation synchronization.
The flehmen response is not limited to conspecific communication. Goats have been tested for their flehmen response to urine from 20 different species, including several non-mammalian species.
This study suggests there is a common element in the urine of all animals, a pheromone, which elicits flehmen behavior. Specifically, chemical pheromone levels of a modified form of androgen , a sex hormone, were associated with the response in goats.
Mares commonly show a peak in flehmen response during the first few hours after giving birth. Smelling the newborn foal and the amniotic fluids associated with birth often produce the reaction.
Immature animals: In young horses, both colts (males) and fillies (females) exhibit flehmen behavior towards other conspecifics with neither sex performing the behavior more than the other.
However, it has been reported that young colts flehmen up to five times more frequently than fillies, and fillies flehmen more frequently than mature mares. Young elephants also have a flehmen response to stimulants. The VNO of newborn elephants displays a structural maturity similar to adults, which supports the conclusion that flehmen at only six weeks of age is used to deliver chemical pheromones to a functional vomeronasal organ
Physiology / Jacobson’s Organ
The flehmen response draws air into the vomeronasal organ or Jacobson’s organ, an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. This organ plays a role in the perception of certain scents and pheromones.
It is named for its closeness to the vomer and nasal bones and is particularly well developed in animals such as cats and horses. The vomeronasal organ is found at the base of the nasal cavity.
It is encompassed inside a bony or cartilaginous capsule that opens into the base of the nasal cavity. Animals that exhibit flehmen have a papilla located behind the incisors and ducts which connect the oral cavity to the vomeronasal organ; horses are an exception, they exhibit flehmen but do not have an incisive duct communication between the nasal and oral cavity.
Romantic Chemical Cues
The chemical cue obtained by an animal exhibiting the flehmen response is the presence of a non-volatile organic compound. In contrast to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), non-volatile organic compounds are those carbon compounds that do not participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions or evaporate under normal atmospheric conditions.
The vomeronasal organ detects non-VOCs, which must have direct contact with the odor source. Sources of non-VOCs relevant to the flehmen response include pheromones and hormones excreted from the genital regions or urine of animals.
Reproductive Behavior of Sheep
Rams have characteristic courtship patterns that precede mating. Typically a ram approaches a ewe in a low stretch position with the head angled to the side. Often the ram contacts the flank of the female kicks out a foreleg and sniffs the vulva.
After contact by the ram, the ewe often urinates. The ram sniffs both the vulva and urine, and the flehmen response usually occurs in which the ram arches the head upwards and with an open jaw draws odors rapidly over the nasal passage and turbinates. The flehmen response is believed to facilitate the detection of estrus. Some rams will mount several times before ejaculating, and others may service a ewe during the first mount.
Furthermore, sexually inexperienced rams or ram lambs often have orientation problems with respect to mounting behavior. Young rams are typically subordinate to more experienced rams and the dominance order can affect the efficiency of multiple-sire mating.
At least three rams per multi-sire pen are recommended to lessen dominance effects. Within a group of ewes, rams also show some preference for certain females while ignoring others in estrus and this accounts for some differences in the distribution of lambing.
Sheep Farming for Wool Profitability Table
|Sheep||Lambs / 3 Per Yr||Space Required 20 Sq Feet - Each||Grazing Acres .3 / Sheep||Feed Required / Yr $100||15 Lbs Wool / Year||Average Price $ 10 / LB Wool||Total Revenue Possible|
|1||3||60 sq ft||.9 acres||$ 300||45 lbs||$ 450||$ 150|
|2||6||120 sq ft||1.80 acres||$ 600||90 lbs||$ 900||$ 300|
|5||15||300 sq ft||4.5 acres||$ 1,500||225 lbs||$ 2,250||$ 750|
|10||30||600 sq ft||9 acres||$ 3,000||450 lbs||$ 4,500||$ 1,500|
|20||60||1200 sq ft||18 acres||$ 6,000||900 lbs||$ 9,000||$ 3,000|
|30||90||2,700 sq ft||27 acres||$ 9,000||1,350 lbs||$ 13,500||$ 4,500|
|40||120||4800 sq ft||36 acres||$ 12,000||1,800 lbs||$ 18,000||$ 6,000|
|50||150||3,000 sq ft||45 acres||$ 15,000||2,250 lbs||$ 22,500||$ 7,500|
|100||300||6,000 sq ft||90 acres||$ 30,000||4,500 lbs||$ 45,000||$ 15,000|
|200||600||12,000 sq ft||180 acres||$ 60,000||9,000 lbs||$ 90,000||$ 30,000|
Sheep can Produce 2 - 30 lbs of wool per year depending on Breed
Raw washed Wool Runs $ 6 - $ 14 using average $ 10
Feed 5 Months Buying Hay $ 100 rest Grazing
Please Check my Numbers
Sheep Farming for Milk Profitability Table
|Sheep||Lambs / 3 Per Yr||Space Required 20 Sq Feet - Each||Grazing Acres .3 / Sheep||Feed Required / Yr $100||Wool $ 15 lb / Year||Average Price $ 10 / LB Wool||90 Gallon/ Yr each ewe||Price $ 30 per Gallon||Total Wool Revenue Possible||Total Revenue Milk and Wool|
|1||3||60 sq ft||.9 acres||$ 300||45 lbs||$ 450||270||8100||$ 150||8,250|
|2||6||120 sq ft||1.80 acres||$ 600||90 lbs||$ 900||540||16,200||$ 300||16,500|
|5||15||300 sq ft||4.5 acres||$ 1,500||225 lbs||$ 2,250||1350||40,500||$ 750||41,250|
|10||30||600 sq ft||9 acres||$ 3,000||450 lbs||$ 4,500||2700||81,000||$ 1,500||82,500|
|20||60||1200 sq ft||18 acres||$ 6,000||900 lbs||$ 9,000||5400||162,000||$ 3,000||165,000|
|30||90||2,700 sq ft||27 acres||$ 9,000||1,350 lbs||$ 13,500||8100||243,000||$ 4,500||247,500|
|40||120||4800 sq ft||36 acres||$ 12,000||1,800 lbs||$ 18,000||10,800||324,000||$ 6,000||330,000|
|50||150||3,000 sq ft||45 acres||$ 15,000||2,250 lbs||$ 22,500||13,500||405,000||$ 7,500||412,500|
|100||300||6,000 sq ft||90 acres||$ 30,000||4,500 lbs||$ 45,000||27,000||810,000||$ 15,000||825,000|
|200||600||12,000 sq ft||180 acres||$ 60,000||9,000 lbs||$ 90,000||54,000||1,620,000||$ 30,000||1,650,000|
Sheep can Produce 1/2 Gallon Milk per day / 180 Day Lactation
Raw Sheep Milk $9 - $25 per Quart - Used $ 30 per Gallon for Table
Feed 5 Months Buying Hay $ 100 rest Grazing
Please Check my Numbers
18 Breeds of Hair Sheep FAQ Table
|Hair Breeds of Sheep||Country Origin||Purpose of Breed||Use||Ewe Weight|
|Katahdins||Caribbean / Maine / Africa||To Graze Power lines / instead of Chemicals||Meat||120 - 160 lbs|
|Dorper||South Africa||Thrive in Africa / Hot Climate||Meat / Fast Growing||230 LBs|
|Blackbelly||America||Hot Climates||Meat||150 LBs|
|St. Croix||Carribean||Came on Ships for Meat for sailors||Meat||150 lbs|
|Romanovs||Russia||Primarily for Meat||Meat|
Wool - Double Coated
|Blackhead Persian||Africa / Somaila||Bred for High Quanity of Fat||Meat||120 lbs|
|West African Dwarf||South / Central Africa||Meat||55 lbs|
|Red Maasi||East Africa||Bred for Hardiness and parasite Resistance||Meat||77 Lbs|
|Wiltshire Horn||England||Do not suffer from Flystrike||Meat||149 lbs|
|Royal White||United States / Texas||Bred for Tender Meat and Disease Resistants||Meat||175 lbs|
|California Red||Not completely Hair sheep/ Combination of both/ Prod 2 lambs Yr||Meat||140 lbs|
|Damara||Egypt||Vigorous with fast growing / in extreme conditions||Meat||110 lbs|
|Pelibuey||Cuba / Mexico||Tropical Sheep||Meat||75 lbs|
|Africana||Columbia / Venezula||Meat||110 lbs|
|Morada||Brazil||Survive Scrub||Meat||66 lbs|
|Brazillian Somaila||South Africa / Somali||Meat|
|Uda||Africa||Long Legged Sheep||Meat||88 lbs|
|Touabire||Africa||Dairy / Meat||77 lbs|
Minature Breeds of Sheep
|Breed||Height||Weight / Full Grown||Food Per Day||Lifespan||Wool / Hair Sheep||Cost|
|Quessant Sheep||!8"||28 - 30 Lbs||1/2 - 1lb||10 - 12 Yrs||Wool||$ 350 - 450|
|Baby Doll Southdown||18"||75 lbs||2 - 3 Lbs||10 - 12 Yrs||Wool||$ 350 -450|
|Southdown Sheep||18" - 24"||130 lbs||6 - 6 lbs||10 - 12 Yrs||Wool||$ 180 - $ 600|
|Cheviot Sheep||20"||130 Lbs||6 - 6 lbs||10 - 12 Yrs||Wool||$ 180 - $ 600|
|Border Cheviot||20"||130 lbs||6 - 6 lbs||10 - 12 Yrs||Wool||$ 180 - $ 600|
|Shetland Sheep||24"||75 - 100 lbs||6 - 6 lbs||10 - 12 Yrs||Wool||$ 50 - $100|
|Navajo - Churro||20"||110 lbs||6 - 6 lbs||10 - 12 Yrs||Wool||$ 200|
Amount of Food they Need
Wool - They Need to be Sheared Hair Sheep - Do not Grow Woll but shed Hair once a year
Pricing Depend whether you just want Sheep Or you want to Breed
10 Breeds of Sheep FAQ Table
|Breeds of Sheep||Country Origin||Purpose of Breed||Use||Ewe Weight|
|Suffolk Sheep||Britian / Suffolk||Fast Growing||Meat||250 - 350 Lbs|
|Merino Sheep||Spain||Softest Wool||Wool||100 - 200 Lbs|
|Hampshire||Britain||Best Tasting Mutton||Wool / Meat||200 Lbs|
|Romney||England / Romney Marsh||Disease Resistance||Wool / Meat||225 - 275 Lbs|
|Lincoln Sheep||England||Produce Longest Fleece In World||Wool||250 - 350 Lbs|
|Dorper Sheep||South African||Fast Growing Meat||Meat||230 Lbs|
|Turcana Sheep||Romainia||Adapted Alpine Pasture||Wool / Milk / Meat||175 - 200 Lbs|
|Rambouilette Sheep||France||Strong / Hearty / All Climates||Wool / Meat||300 Lbs|
|Leicester Longwool||United Kingdom||Fast growing / Good Fleece||Wool||200 Lbs|
Sheep Associations 10 Breeds of Sheep
|Breeds of Sheep||Country Origin||Purpose of Breed||Use||Ewe Weight||Association For Info|
|Suffolk Sheep||Britian / Suffolk||Fast Growing||Meat||250 - 350 Lbs||United Suffolk Sheep Association|
|Merino Sheep||Spain||Softest Wool||Wool||100 - 200 Lbs||American and Delane Merino Sheep Association|
|Hampshire||Britain||Best Tasting Mutton||Wool / Meat||200 Lbs||American Hampshire Sheep Association|
|Romney||England / Romney Marsh||Disease Resistance||Wool / Meat||225 - 275 Lbs||American Romney Breeders Association|
|Lincoln Sheep||England||Produce Longest Fleece In World||Wool||250 - 350 Lbs||National Lincoln Sheep Breeders Association|
|Dorper Sheep||South African||Fast Growing Meat||Meat||230 Lbs||American Droper Sheep association|
|Turcana Sheep||Romainia||Adapted Alpine Pasture||Wool / Milk / Meat||175 - 200 Lbs||?|
|Rambouilette Sheep||France||Strong / Hearty / All Climates||Wool / Meat||300 Lbs||American Rambouilette Sheep Breeders Association|
|Leicester Longwool||United Kingdom||Fast growing / Good Fleece||Wool||200 Lbs||Leicester Longwool Sheep Breeders Association|


104 , 2016-09-12 , 金沢大学大学院人間社会環境研究科 = Graduate School of Human and Socio-Enviromental Studies Kanazawa University
According to the Nihon-shoki (the oldest chronicles of Japan), rikishi was a designation for strong men of great repute. The study of the rikishi is deeply connected with sumo wrestling and has been treated as the history of sumo. Archaeological research on rikishi has studied the rikishi haniwa (terracotta figures depicting a rikishi). The henpei-mage (flat topknot hairstyle), characteristic of the rikishi haniwa, has never been examined substantially. However, in recent years, an opinion has emerged that it is the figure of the sumo wrestler wearing a mask; thus, it is necessary to re-examine conventional understanding of the henpei-mage including the interpretation around archaeological genealogy.
In this paper, I analyze the henpei-mage of the rikishi haniwa and examine its character based on how mounded tombs were constructed. I then compare it and the hairstyles of rikishi depicted in mural paintings of the mounded tombs of Koguryo. By clarifying their similarities and differences, I attempt a new interpretation of the henpei-mage.
Based on this examination, it is thought that the rikishi was a hereditary social group attached to the local elite. The evidence that the hereditary social group and the sumo came across the sea is not seen in documented historical materials and other archaeological documents. However based on the comparative analysis in this paper, I point out that its evidence is not only the figure, a loincloth and half-nakedness, but also the henpei-mage hairstyle that are common to both. I conclude that the henpei-mage of the rikishi haniwa is a reflection of sumo being the imported performing arts.