* UC Irvine access only
Guide to Census data
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2015
The U.S. Census counts every resident in the United States. It is mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution and takes place every 10 years. The data collected by the decennial census determine the number of seats each state has in the U.S. House of Representatives and is also used to distribute billions in federal funds to local communities. The 2010 Census represented the most massive participation movement ever witnessed in our country.
The Census Bureau's mission is to serve as the leading source of quality data about the nation's people and economy.
"The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of 10 years, in such manner as they shall by Law direct."
-- Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution of the United States
Your source for population, housing, economic, and geographic information
- American Community Survey
The American Community Survey (ACS) is an ongoing survey that provides data every year -- giving communities the current information they need to plan investments and services. Information from the survey generates data that help determine how more than $400 billion in federal and state funds are distributed each year.
- American Factfinder
American FactFinder provides access to data about the United States, Puerto Rico and the Island Areas. The data in American FactFinder come from several censuses and surveys.
The Census Bureau serves as the leading source of quality data about the nation's people and economy. We honor privacy, protect confidentiality, share our expertise globally, and conduct our work openly.
- Census 2010 Interactive Population Map
Many of the 2010 Census Demographic Profiles are ready for viewing. These profiles provide more subject detail than the recently released 2010 Census redistricting data files. These profiles provide details about race and Hispanic groups, age, sex and housing status. The profiles will be released on a state-by-state basis for each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.
- Rand State Statistics
RAND California contains these 90 databases plus about 80 detailed databases on California. RAND State Statistics contains nearly 400 Social Science databases and is made up of four sites, each with a specific geographic focus.
- Social Explorer
Social Explorer is an online research tool designed to provide quick and easy access to current and historical census data and demographic information. The easy-to-use web interface lets users create maps and reports to better illustrate, analyze and understand demography and social change. In addition to being a comprehensive data resource, Social Explorer also offers features and tools to meet the needs of both demography experts and novices...


As Dr. Sally Shaywitz (see Shaywitz, Overcoming Dyslexia, 2003) explains, “Children do not learn to read by memorizing a word list. Most children, especially those who struggle in reading, do not learn to read by memorizing phonics rules” (p. 78). We have the knowledge, the research, and the ability to teach every single child across the nation to read, so why do we cling to failed teaching methods and force students to continue to fail in reading?
For the past 25 years, nationwide testing has clearly shown that over half of the children and teens in the United States cannot read at grade level by 4th or 8th grade. The Nation’s Report Card (NPC) (see my post of 1/2/2018) stated that only 37% of 4th graders and only 36% of 8th graders across the nation can read proficiently at grade level. That is less than half. The rest of the students were shown to not be able to read at their respective grade levels, and most of these students, 78%, never catch up (NCES 2016). When we link reading failure, retention, and dropping out of school before graduation, we have a serious problem that often leads to aggression, violence, and even crime, especially when you consider that 70% of American prison inmates cannot read above the 4th grade level (National Center for Adult Literacy 2007). Depression and anxiety often accompany academic failure and reading failure, mental health and wellness problems that begin in childhood can last a lifetime.
We owe it to children to use the most effective way to teach them to read, because when children fail to learn to read that failure increases the likelihood that they will drop out of school before graduation, have trouble finding jobs, or even get involved in criminal activity. As Michael Brunner (1993) of the Department of Justice clearly explained, “The link between academic failure and delinquency, violence, and crime is welded to reading failure.” We can change that because we can teach students to read. If we use the correct teaching methods, neuroimaging research proves that even children who have previously failed can be taught to read. Neuroimaging research shows that intensive training in phonemes (letter sounds) changes the “brain and the way it functions.” This change through phonemic awareness training allows even struggling at-risk students to make significant improvement in reading (Meyler, Keller, Cherkassky, Gabrieli, & Just, 2008).
The word cat is a common example for teaching phonemic awareness. Neuroimaging research shows that it is much better to teach students to sound out the word cat (one letter sound at a time) than to teach students to memorize or simply recognize the word cat (Yoncheva, Wise, & McCandliss, 2015).
The method that I use is vowel clustering. Vowel clustering incorporates phonemic and phonological awareness by teaching students to decode or break words down into letter sounds and then to encode or reassemble those sounds back into pronounceable words. Vowel clustering does not stop at simply decoding and encoding. Vowel clustering also teaches spelling, oral reading fluency, comprehension, and writing. Vowel clustering has been tested and proven to work with struggling, at-risk, and failing students (Clanton Harpine & Reid, 2009; click on the .pdf link). I’ll also be publishing a new study on Camp Sharigan in 2019 showing that students preparing for end of the year testing through Camp Sharigan outscored students who followed traditional test-prep methods. Camp Sharigan works.
I’ll be teaching a free training workshop on vowel clustering, January 26th at 10:00 AM in Corpus Christi, Texas. Come join us. I’m also starting a ten-part series here on vowel clustering. If you have questions, contact me. (Click the mail button on the top right.)


I read about a research study that reported on the contamination of 46 different food items that were purchased from a Dallas grocery store. The researchers were trying to determine whether samples of different foods were contaminated with flame retardants that are made with bromine. They sampled deli meats, peanut butter and fish.
The alarming results revealed that 50% (!) of the foods tested positive, including the peanut butter! Why is bromine such a problem, other than the fact that it is used to make flame retardants? Bromine is a toxic substance in the halide family, which includes iodine, chlorine and fluoride. Halides compete with each other for receptors in the body and bromine can replace the iodine in your body and cause thyroid problems as well as breast and prostate problems since those organs are supposed to accumulate iodine, not bromine. You can hear Dr. Carolyn talk about this on this podcast we did for Real Good Health.
Because we are being continually exposed to bromine in clothing, furniture, computers and now foods, we must be intentional about maintaining optimal iodine levels. In my opinion it also highlights the importance of considering the purity of the foods you eat and choose to feed your family.
It is very important to limit your exposure to bromine by avoiding Gatorade, Mountain Dew, breads made from brominated flour and vegetable oil, certain deli meats and peanut butters. Also, including a high quality, natural, unprocessed sea salt will help your body eliminate bromine.
Are you confident that your foods are not contaminated?


Effective Education for Disaster Risk Reduction - Learning Matters.
Local wisdom a lifesaver for kids Sho Komine and Yasushi Kaneko / Yomiuri Shimbun Staff Writers
MORIOKA--The wisdom known on the Sanriku coast--the Pacific side of the Tohoku region--as "tsunami tendenko" saved the lives of many children in Kamaishi, Iwate Prefecture, when the massive earthquake and tsunami struck on March 11.
Of 2,900 primary and middle school students in Kamaishi--where more than 1,200 people died or are missing--only five children who left school early or were off sick on March 11 were confirmed dead. However, nearly all the other students were confirmed safe.
Since 2005, the Kamaishi city government has invited disaster management education experts to offer advice, and among the lessons' important points was "tendenko"--a word coined from the city's long history of repeatedly being hit by tsunami.
The word means to "go uphill independently at the time of tsunami caring only for your own safety, not thinking of anyone else, even your family."
On the afternoon of March 11, about 80 percent of the 184 students were on their way home from Kamaishi Primary School due to a reduced-hour schedule toward the end of the semester. Tsunami hit many school zones except on the mountainous side of town, but all the students were safe.
"I was worried about my house and family, but I ran up to a higher place without thinking," said sixth-grader Hibiki Fujimoto, 12. He said he was with his friends playing in a residential area near the school when the earthquake hit the city.
Prof. Toshitaka Katada of Gunma University Graduate School, a disaster social engineering expert, said: "Tendenko is the wisdom based on trust within families. It has a very deep meaning."
According to Katada, who advises Kamaishi on disaster management, at the time of the 1896 Sanriku earthquake, family members tried to help each other but ended up failing to escape from tsunami that destroyed the entire region.
In the Taro District (then Tarocho) of Miyako, Iwate Prefecture, only 36 of the town's 1,859 residents survived the Meiji era (1868-1912) catastrophe, Katada said.
The word "tendenko" was developed in Sanriku as a lesson from such disasters.
Katada has taught tendenko's importance since 2005 in Kamaishi, offering a special class at 14 primary and middle schools in the city.
"You might feel bad escaping tsunami alone. However, trying to confirm families' safety and whereabouts is the most dangerous thing one can do in such a situation. It's important that you mutually believe that 'They must've evacuated somewhere,'" Katada said.
Kamaishi schools conduct disaster drills to go uphill, teach tsunami velocity calculation methods in math class and discuss tsunami experiences during ethics lessons. The schools also encourage students to look for higher ground where they can evacuate on foot, and include evacuation routes in a disaster management map.
The point of tendenko is to stop looking for family members who are geographically far from each other at the time of a tsunami. However, the concept fosters a spirit of mutual aid among the people who are nearby.
Katada's instruction helped primary and middle school students cooperate with each other to escape the disaster.
Tsunami hit the Unosumaicho district in Kamaishi, with floodwaters reaching the third floor of Kamaishi-Higashi Middle School and the nearby Unosumai Primary School. Before the latest earthquake, the two schools jointly had conducted disaster exercises.
At the middle school, the announcement system malfunctioned right after the earthquake and become unable to broadcast evacuation calls. However, students were able to quickly leave the building and gym as they had practiced, and grabbed the hands of primary school students--who were also on the verge of escaping from the building--and together ran up to higher ground.
One middle school first-grader, Dai Dote, 13, held the hands of two third-grade primary school girls.
On their way up the hill, one of the girls cried and started hyperventilating, while the other became unable to speak.
"It's OK," Dote told the girls as they ran to the top of the hill, more than two kilometers from their schools. Once confirming the safety of all their friends, the girls looked relieved, Dote said.
Said Katada: "I've repeatedly told children in class that we might experience tsunami larger than ever expected. It's almost a miracle that this many children were saved. I'm proud of the children for making [lifesaving] decisions on their own."
(Mar. 29, 2011)
Add a Comment


Profile Characterization for Process Development Support Characterization and peak identification of iCIEF profiles are important for understanding distribution of product charge isoforms and how they affect biological activity. To conduct iCIEF characterization, you must isolate the native protein separated by pI and accurately characterize it using orthogonal techniques such as in-line reverse-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry MS.
Modified from definitions of nanoparticle and nanogel in [refs. The basis of the nm limit is the fact that novel properties that differentiate particles from the bulk material typically develop at a critical length scale of under nm.
Because other phenomena transparency or turbidity, ultrafiltration, stable dispersion, etc. Tubes and fibers with only two dimensions below nm are also nanoparticles. The reason for the synonymous definition of nanoparticles and ultrafine particles is that, during the s and 80s, when the first thorough fundamental studies with "nanoparticles" were underway in the USA by Granqvist and Buhrman  and Japan, within an ERATO Project  they were called "ultrafine particles" UFP.
Nanoparticles can exhibit size-related properties significantly different from those of either fine particles or bulk materials. Nanopowders  are agglomerates of ultrafine particles, nanoparticles, or nanoclusters. Nanometer-sized single crystalsor single-domain ultrafine particles, are often referred to as nanocrystals.
According to ISO Technical Specificationa nanoparticle is defined as a nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale, whose longest and shortest axes do not differ significantly, with a significant difference typically being a factor of at least 3.
A colloid is a mixture which has solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium. History[ edit ] Although nanoparticles are associated with modern science, they have a long history.
Nanoparticles were used by artisans as far back as Rome in the fourth century in the famous Lycurgus cup made of dichroic glass as well Characterization optimization of flow properties the ninth century in Mesopotamia for creating a glittering effect on the surface of pots.
This luster is caused by a metallic film that was applied to the transparent surface of a glazing. The luster can still be visible if the film has resisted atmospheric oxidation and other weathering. These nanoparticles are created by the artisans by adding copper and silver salts and oxides together with vinegarochreand clay on the surface of previously-glazed pottery.
There the reducing atmosphere reduced the ions back to metals, which then came together forming the nanoparticles that give the color and optical effects. The technique originated in the Muslim world.
As Muslims were not allowed to use gold in artistic representations, they sought a way to create a similar effect without using real gold. The solution they found was using luster. In a subsequent paper, the author Turner points out that: The result is that white light is now freely transmitted, reflection is correspondingly diminished, while the electrical resistivity is enormously increased.
A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale size-dependent properties are often observed. Thus, the properties of materials change as their size approaches the nanoscale and as the percentage of the surface in relation to the percentage of the volume of a material becomes significant.
For bulk materials larger than one micrometer or micronthe percentage of the surface is insignificant in relation to the volume in the bulk of the material. The interesting and sometimes unexpected properties of nanoparticles are therefore largely due to the large surface area of the material, which dominates the contributions made by the small bulk of the material.
Nanoparticles often possess unexpected optical properties as they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects. Nanoparticles of yellow gold and grey silicon are red in color.
In both solar PV and solar thermal applications, controlling the size, shape, and material of the particles, it is possible to control solar absorption. Other size-dependent property changes include quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance  in some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials.
What would appear ironic is that the changes in physical properties are not always desirable. The high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles provides a tremendous driving force for diffusionespecially at elevated temperatures.
Sintering can take place at lower temperatures, over shorter time scales than for larger particles. In theory, this does not affect the density of the final product, though flow difficulties and the tendency of nanoparticles to agglomerate complicates matters.
Moreover, nanoparticles have been found to impart some extra properties to various day to day products. For example, the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles imparts what we call the self-cleaning effect, and, the size being nano-range, the particles cannot be observed.
Zinc oxide particles have been found to have superior UV blocking properties compared to its bulk substitute. This is one of the reasons why it is often used in the preparation of sunscreen lotions,  is completely photostable  and toxic. These nanoparticles are hard, and impart their properties to the polymer plastic.
Nanoparticles have also been attached to textile fibers in order to create smart and functional clothing. Such nanoscale particles are used in biomedical applications as drug carriers or imaging agents with work being done to try to understand the fluid dynamic properties e. A prototype nanoparticle of semi-solid nature is the liposome.
Various types of liposome nanoparticles are currently used clinically as delivery systems for anticancer drugs and vaccines. Nanoparticles with one half hydrophilic and the other half hydrophobic are termed Janus particles and are particularly effective for stabilizing emulsions.
Hydrogel nanoparticles made of N-isopropylacrylamide hydrogel core shell can be dyed with affinity baits, internally.
In condensed bodies formed from fine powders, the irregular particle sizes and shapes in a typical powder often lead to non-uniform packing morphologies that result in packing density variations in the powder compact.Read "Optimization, characterization, and flow properties of exopolysaccharides produced by the cyanobacterium Lyngbya stagnina, Journal of Basic Microbiology" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
Gas Lift Optimization Flow Assurance Field Planning Wax properties file can be obtained through detailed fluid characterization at Schlumberger-DBR facility or generated using DBR Solid DBR Solid standalone Application Overview New in The Future Summary.
The first part of my work is the characterization of the battery systems with flow-through or flow-by cell configurations. The configuration difference between two cell structures exhibit significantly different polarization behavior. A good test setup with many methods of monitoring different fuel cell and fuel properties allows you to control and analyze how the fuel cell can be improved.
Some of the parameters that can be monitored are the fuel temperatures, pressures, and flow rates. (d) Flow Properties Characterization for the Analysis of Catalyst Support Impregnation Process Performance.
An ion (/ ˈ aɪ ɒ n, -ə n /) is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).A cation is a positively-charged ion, while an anion is negatively charged.
Therefore, a cation molecule has a hydrogen proton without its electron, and an anion has an extra electron. Because of their opposite electric.


Story about Wal-Mart founder’s treatment of his employees from 1960’s
The American Prospect reviewed a couple of books about Wal-Mart, and included this charming anecdote about Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton
Around the time that the young Sam Walton opened his first stores, John Kennedy redeemed a presidential campaign promise by persuading Congress to extend the minimum wage to retail workers, who had until then not been covered by the law. Congress granted an exclusion, however, to small businesses with annual sales beneath $1 million — a figure that in 1965 it lowered to $250,000.Walton was furious. The mechanization of agriculture had finally reached the backwaters of the Ozark Plateau, where he was opening one store after another. The men and women who had formerly worked on small farms suddenly found themselves redundant, and he could scoop them up for a song, as little as 50 cents an hour. Now the goddamn federal government was telling him he had to pay his workers the $1.15 hourly minimum. Walton’s response was to divide up his stores into individual companies whose revenues did not exceed the $250,000 threshold. Eventually, though, a federal court ruled that this was simply a scheme to avoid paying the minimum wage, and he was ordered to pay his workers the accumulated sums he owed them, plus a double-time penalty thrown in for good measure.Wal-Mart cut the checks, but Walton also summoned the employees at a major cluster of his stores to a meeting. “I’ll fire anyone who cashes the check,” he told them.


2021 Global Estimates of Modern Slavery
Latest estimates show that forced labour and forced marriage have increased significantly in the last five years, according to the International Labour Organization, Walk Free and the International Organisation for Migration.
Profit estimates of forced labour
ICLS and forced labour
The 19th ICLS (International Conference of Labour Statisticians) in 2013, adopted the Resolution II concerning further work on statistics of forced labour recommending that the Office set up a working group with the aim of sharing best practices on forced labour surveys in order to encourage further such surveys in more countries. The working group should engage ILO constituents and other experts in discussing and developing international guidelines to harmonize concepts, elaborate statistical definitions, standard lists of criteria and survey tools on forced labour, and to inform the 20th International Conference of Labour Statisticians on the progress made.
Based on this decision, the ILO has initiated the "ILO Data Initiative on Modern Slavery", a global research programme to take stock of national and international initiatives measuring forced labour, human trafficking and slavery, to discuss strengths and limitations of existing methodologies and build a consensus on concepts, statistical definitions and standard list of criteria, survey tools and estimation methodologies which could be used to develop surveys in the future.


Alice and Campell used the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to build a phylogeny of Rubus. The dataset was comprised of 57 species from 12 subgenera.
Phylogeny of Rubus (rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences, Am. J. Bot., January 1999, vol. 86, no. 1, 81-97
Yang et al. investigated the phylogeny of about 20 species with distributions in east Asian. The authors focused on the subgenera Idaeobatus (14 species). Sequence data of the second intron of the nuclear gene (LEAFY) as well as data from a prevoius study (Yang and Pak 2006) from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and a the plastid intergenic spacer trnL-F was used for analysis.
No one has provided updates yet.


Git and Github
Git is a distributed version control system. The revisions are saved locally and the entire repository can be synced with other repositories.
To learn about Git,
is a good place to start, and The Git User's Manual can give all the information needed (and there are more than a handful of other tutorials on the web).
Github is a centralized service for hosting git repositories.
Github at CS
The school has its own instance of github at https://github.cs.huji.ac.il. All of the school's students and staff have an account there (using the normal unix login/password). This service is accessible world-wide, which allows to work on code at home and sync it to the cs network without the need for ftp or scp.
A one time procedure is needed to set up the git environment to work properly:
Inside the cs network
It is best to run the
command. This will set up the local git configuration and the ssh id in the github so that a password won't be needed for each sync.
The standard github instructions should work. In addition, to have the git submit command working, the following command needs to be executed:
git config --global alias.submit "push origin master:master master:submit"
Other github operations can be found in the github help
Github for exercise submission
Github can be used for working on exercises for CS courses. Each exercise needs to be specifically designated as a GIT type by the course's staff for this to work.
Once an exercise has been set for git usage, a repository will be created for each student in the github in the form:
This repository is opened for the student for read/write (push). And it is opened for the course's staff as read only (pull). If working in pairs, it will be opened for the paired student as well.
Normal submission will be disabled for git type assignments, and any attempt to submit through moodle will result in moodle taking github's last submission.
First make sure to set up the git environment (this is a one time procedure for all courses):
All the examples below are using these example parameters (as above):
- course - intro2cs
- year - 2016
- exercise - ex1
- user - penguin7
Once an exercise is defined by the course, you can access it through the web
To clone the repository and start working on it:
git clone email@example.com:intro2cs-2016/ex1-penguin7.git
To add files to the repository (e.g. some-file.py):
git add some-file.py
After working on the exercise, to commit a well defined set of changes:
git commit -a -m"commit message"
The "commit message" should be a short (or multi-lined long) description of this commit.
To push the changes to github:
This will make the changes available in github, but not considered as submitted yet
To submit the changes:
To see the local status of the git repository (local changes):
To undo changes to 'afile.py' and restore from the last commit:
git checkout -- afile.py
Once the changes have been submitted, the submission will be processed and a mail will be sent once the process is completed (shouldn't be more than a few minutes).
Important: The submission is through a special git protected branch "submit". Any advance git operations (rebase, reset --hard, merge, etc.) which might break the sync between the master branch and the submit branch, will require re-merging of them in order to work again.
If you want to use github for assignment, please contact the system in advance, as opening the github's organization for the course needs a one time manual operation (per course per semester, not per assignment).
Some general details regarding using github for submissions:
- The submission is to a special protected branch "submit", this means that once something is committed to that branch, it cannot be "uncommitted" and so you can follow to some extent the student's progress.
- Due to technical reasons, each repository is started with an initial README.md file. This file is not needed and you can instruct students to delete it (or use it).
- Each push to the "submit" branch (git submit) is logged and accessible through ~<course>/course-admin/gitdle/<assignment>/pushes/<student>
- Using git will automatically use the bodek system, as this is the system that does the checkout. When submitting through git, the submitted tar file (taken out of git) will reside in the ~<course>/course-admin/ directory as usual, and it should be considered as the real submission (not the git's).
- The repositories are not locked when the deadline has reached. Students can push changes there, but they won't be submitted to moodle (and the students will be notified by mail that their submission have failed).
- There's one additional repository opened for push for the course's staff and for pull for all students. e.g. intro2cs-2016/ex1. You may use this repository to distribute some material for the students like initial files or some tests. You will have to instruct students how to initially pull the data into their repository and merge if there are changes. If these operation is required and you need help with the merging commands, please contact the system
- In the future, there might be a status for each submitted commit to indicate if it succeeded or not. This is still under development.


Are you looking for an answer to the topic “python cyclic import“? We answer all your questions at the website Brandiscrafts.com in category: Latest technology and computer news updates. You will find the answer right below.
What is cyclic import in Python?
Generally, the Python Circular Import problem occurs when you accidentally name your working file the same as the module name and those modules depend on each other. This way the python opens the same file which causes a circular loop and eventually throws an error.
Does Python allow circular import?
Circular importing is a form of circular dependency that is created with the import statement in Python.
Avoiding Circular Imports : Design Patterns In Python
Images related to the topicAvoiding Circular Imports : Design Patterns In Python
What are cyclic imports?
In simplest terms, a circular import occurs when module A tries to import and use an object from module B, while module B tries to import and use an object from module A. You can see it on on an example with simple modules a.py and b.py: # a.py snippet. print(‘First line of a.py’) from package.
How do you avoid most likely due to a circular import in Python?
You can, however, use the imported module inside functions and code blocks that don’t get run on import. Generally, in most valid cases of circular dependencies, it’s possible to refactor or reorganize the code to prevent these errors and move module references inside a code block.
What is a circular dependency Python?
When two or more modules rely on each other, this is referred to as a circular dependency. This is due to the fact that each module is defined in terms of the others. Python cyclic imports.
What is __ init __ PY for?
The __init__.py file makes Python treat directories containing it as modules. Furthermore, this is the first file to be loaded in a module, so you can use it to execute code that you want to run each time a module is loaded, or specify the submodules to be exported.
Can you explain circular dependencies in Python and potential ways to avoid them?
Importing Python Modules is a great article that explains circular imports in Python. The easiest way to fix this is to move the path import to the end of the node module. Okay, but the thing is, I have two other modules tree.py and block.py in that package that require node.py and are required by path.py .
See some more details on the topic python cyclic import here:
Python Circular Imports – Stack Abuse
Circular importing is a form of circular dependency that is created with the import statement in Python. For example, let’s analyze the …
Why cyclic dependency errors occur – a look into the Python …
In simplest terms, a circular import occurs when module A tries to import and use an object from module B, while module B tries to import and …
So you got a circular import in Python. | by Hadrien Hamana
Python’s import system is still trying its best to mitigate the issue. You have to know that once fully imported, the module is cached, so any …
Yet another solution to dig you out of a circular import hole in …
The circular import problem in Python. Some module foo imports module bar , but bar also imports foo . On itself, it’s not necessarily a …
What is __ future __ in Python?
__future__ module is a built-in module in Python that is used to inherit new features that will be available in the new Python versions.. This module includes all the latest functions which were not present in the previous version in Python. And we can use this by importing the __future__ module.
Avoiding import loops in Python
Images related to the topicAvoiding import loops in Python
Which of the following are the signs of a poorly structured project?
Some signs of a poorly structured project include: Multiple and messy circular dependencies: if your classes Table and Chair in furn.py need to import Carpenter from workers.py to answer a question such as table.
Are circular dependencies bad?
Cyclic dependencies between components inhibit understanding, testing, and reuse (you need to understand both components to use either). This makes the system less maintainable because understanding the code is harder. Lack of understanding makes changes harder and more error-prone.
How do you avoid circular dependencies?
To reduce or eliminate circular dependencies, architects must implement loose component coupling and isolate failures. One approach is to use abstraction to break the dependency chain. To do this, you introduce an abstracted service interface that delivers underlying functionality without direct component coupling.
What is the circular dependency?
A circular dependency occurs when two classes depend on each other. For example, class A needs class B, and class B also needs class A. Circular dependencies can arise in Nest between modules and between providers. While circular dependencies should be avoided where possible, you can’t always do so.
Is __ init __ py necessary?
If you have setup.py in your project and you use find_packages() within it, it is necessary to have an __init__.py file in every directory for packages to be automatically found.
Should __ init __ py be empty?
Empty files are perfectly fine: The __init__.py files are required to make Python treat the directories as containing packages; this is done to prevent directories with a common name, such as string, from unintentionally hiding valid modules that occur later on the module search path.
LẬP TRÌNH PYTHON CƠ BẢN #31: IMPORT MODULES, PACKAGES; INIT FILE (Bổ sung)
Images related to the topicLẬP TRÌNH PYTHON CƠ BẢN #31: IMPORT MODULES, PACKAGES; INIT FILE (Bổ sung)
What is __ init __( self in Python?
The self in keyword in Python is used to all the instances in a class. By using the self keyword, one can easily access all the instances defined within a class, including its methods and attributes. init. __init__ is one of the reserved methods in Python. In object oriented programming, it is known as a constructor.
How do you structure a program in Python?
- Attributes and Imports: The structure Python Program consists of three files such as : a.py,b.py and c.py. …
- Functions: For example b.py defines a function called spam. …
- Statements: Python import statement gives file a.py access to file b.py. …
- Modules : …
- Standard library files:
Related searches to python cyclic import
- python cyclic import typing
- python cyclic import error
- python partially initialized module circular import
- how to avoid cyclic import in python
- how to handle cyclic import in python
- python import cyclic dependency
- python import library example
- partially initialized module most likely due to a circular import
- python fix cyclic import
- circular import
- python import library within function
- pylint cyclic import
- python break cyclic import
- python resolve cyclic import
- python most likely due to a circular import
- python find cyclic imports
- python type annotations cyclic import
- python cyclic import resolve
- python avoid cyclic import
- python module cyclic import
- python typing cyclic import
- circular import django
- cyclic imports in python
Information related to the topic python cyclic import
Here are the search results of the thread python cyclic import from Bing. You can read more if you want.
You have just come across an article on the topic python cyclic import. If you found this article useful, please share it. Thank you very much.


The Beechcraft Bonanza is an American general aviation aircraft introduced in 1947 by The Beech Aircraft Corporation of Wichita, Kansas. As of 2010[update] it is still being produced by Hawker Beechcraft and has been in continuous production longer than any other airplane in history. More than 17,000 Bonanzas of all variants have been built.
At the end of World War II two all-metal aircraft emerged, the Model 35 Bonanza and the Cessna 195, that represented very different approaches to the premium-end of the postwar civil aviation market. With its high wing, seven-cylinder radial engine, fixed tailwheel undercarriage and roll-down side windows, the Cessna 195 was little more than a continuation of prewar technology; the 35 Bonanza, however, was more like the fighters developed during the war, featuring an easier-to-manage horizontally-opposed six cylinder engine, a rakishly streamlined shape, retractable nosewheel undercarriage (although the nosewheel initially was non-steerable, or castering) and low-wing configuration.
Designed by a team led by Ralph Harmon, the model 35 Bonanza was a relatively fast, low-wing monoplane at a time when most light aircraft were still made of wood and fabric. The Model 35 featured retractable landing gear and its signature V-tail (equipped with a combination elevator-rudder called a ruddervator), which made it both efficient and the most distinctive private aircraft in the sky. The prototype 35 Bonanza made its first flight on 22 December 1945, with the first production aircraft debuting as 1947 models. The first 30-40 Bonanzas produced had fabric-covered flaps and ailerons, after which, those surfaces were covered with magnesium alloy sheet.


First held in the year 1972 by the Autism Society, April is Autism Awareness Month. The purpose of this is to emphasize the need for public awareness to promote acceptance, celebrate differences and be more inclusive towards the autistic community.
You are probably aware of the prevalence of autism in your community, but are you aware that it is the fastest-growing developmental disorder to date? It also affects one in every 54 children in the United States.
There are many ways that you can observe Autism Awareness month with your child. You can participate in local group activities, which may include fundraisers or walks. You can also read books about autism to your child. Lastly, you can create a craft or activity with your children while discussing autism and how it affects people around you.
My family chose to use Wikki Stix’s Multi Sensory Resource Kit to make this DIY sensory board and packet of sensory cards.
A sensory board is a board on which you attach tactile and visual objects (hinges, zippers, buttons, etc.) to be explored. It is designed for children anywhere between the age of six months to three years old.
Sensory boards and cards can help children with autism by allowing them to stimulate their senses at their own pace. The boards have been utilized to promote cognitive development, expand expressive communication, encourage social interactions and improve motor development.
A sensory board can be made from strong cardboard, wood or even a big plastic lid. We used a large rectangular shaped cardboard box. We also made a packet of sensory cards using sturdy cardstock, leftover craft supplies and Wikki Stix!
Use strong glue or a hot glue gun to attach the various items to your sensory board (except for Wikki Stix, as they do not require glue!).
There are no set rules when it comes to sensory boards, and you can make yours as cost-effective as possible with items you already have at home – this also makes it a great project to use up any unwanted materials in the house.


Ethanol Fuels and Gas Tank Problems
Fuel Systems > Ethanol Fuels and Gas Tank Problems
Many states are now using ethanol blended fuels and others are considering mandating its use. As a boater there are issues you should be aware of when using this fuel in your boat.
A quick search on the internet reveals numerous articles about problems with ethanol when used in marine environments. The major problems are addressed below.
- Ethanol can break down resins and fillers in fiberglass gas tanks, causing them to leak.
- Resins leached from fiberglass tanks can go through the fuel system, sticking to valves and other internal engine parts. These deposits have caused bent pushrods and have clogged intake valves.
- The alcohol attracts water, leading to increased corrosion in metal gas tanks.
- Water in the fuel affects the octane and leads to knocking and decreased performance.
- Ethanol acts as an efficient solvent, gradually cleaning out the accumulated gunk in fuel tanks and lines, and clogging carburetors.
- Certain rubber gaskets and fuel lines are weakened by ethanol.
Fuel PropertiesIt helps to know the terminology of fuels being sold. Ethanol is grain alcohol, produced mostly from corn in the U.S. It is used as an "oxygenate," an additive blended with gasoline to reduce exhaust emissions by introducing additional oxygen molecules to the combustion process. Two ethanol blends are currently available in many parts of the United States and Canada:
- E10 Ė A blend of 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline. This is the most common ethanol fuel available.
- E85 Ė A blend of 85% ethanol and 15% unleaded gasoline.
Some boat users, particularly those with newer boats or engines, have experienced no ill effects from using E-10 fuels. E-85, however, is classified as an "alternative fuel" and can be used only in "flex-fuel (FFV)" engines. Only those designed to burn high concentrations such as E85 can utilize the unique combustion characteristics and tolerate the corrosiveness of the alcohol. Never put E-85 in your outboard. While the effects of E10 fuel can be mitigated in boat engines, the marine industry advises that using greater than 10% ethanol in your fuel will damage your engine.
Alcohol fuels are very prone to phase separation, when the weight of the ethanol and water will sink to the bottom of the fuel tank and get picked up by the motorís fuel system. (Even small amounts of water can harm the fuel system). Increased water in the fuel also decreases octane rating, so performance and fuel economy are affected. Other problems such as increased stalling, misfire, hesitation and difficulty maintaining boat speed during trolling have also been reported.
Since the 1970s, most non ethanol gasoline sold has a component called MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) added to the base gasoline to increase oxygen in the fuel, boosting octane. Though this additive is being phased out due to concerns over pollution of drinking water aquifers, it still is in use in many areas. Mixing ethanol with MTBE fuels creates a gel-like substance that gums up fuel and combustion systems.
So What Can You Do?
So, what steps can you take to address the problem? If you have an older boat the problems can be even worse. The ethanol may merely accelerate the stress from normal wear and tear of years of use.
- First, inspect your fuel tank.
- Look for signs of corrosion in metal tanks.
- If you have on older boat with a fiberglass fuel tank, you should replace the tank with a new plastic tank. Polyethylene fuel tanks are not affected by ethanol, age well and are incredibly durable. Any boat with a fiberglass gas tank that was not specifically designed for ethanol, especially ones built before the mid 1980ís, are particularly suspect.
- Avoid replacing your tank with an aluminum tank. Contact with water and other metals, inside or outside of the tank, causes pitting and crevice corrosion in the marine environment. Contact with water in the bilge, particularly salt water, is especially corrosive over time. Welds on aluminum tanks are another area of weakness. Again, polyethylene tanks are very durable and not as affected by the constant movement and expansion of fuel, which causes stress on aluminum tanks.
- Fuel tanks that are above deck are relatively easy to replace. As you would expect below deck fuel tanks are a little harder to get switched out.
- Inspect fuel lines and gaskets. Ethanol can affect many plastics and rubber. The alcohol present in automobile gasoline is often not compatible with the rubber seals and materials found in marine applications. Most fuel hoses made after 1984 and marked with SAE J1527 are designed to withstand ethanol. Check for wear, cracks and brittleness.
- Pick up a supply of fuel filters to absorb deposits that are loosened from the fuel system. After a few months of use the filters may not have to be changed as often. Consider installing a water separating filter kit if you do not already have one.
- Adjust your engine. Your boat engine might run rough or the mixture ratio might be off. You (or your mechanic) might need to tinker with the idle adjustment screws, and low and high-speed air/fuel adjustments.
- Never mix older fuels with ethanol. The different properties of the fuels and how they react to water may cause further problems. Evidence suggests that the combination creates a gel-like substance that can clog passages in carburetors, especially in outboards. Run the tank dry before you change fuels. Outboard manufacturers also recommend adding an injector cleaner to the fuel.
- Donít let your fuel sit around for a long time. The shelf life of ethanol might be as short as six weeks. Use a fuel stabilizer if you are not using your boat for more than a few weeks. This inhibits oxidation of the fuel, which leads to the formation of deposits. Once fuel has phase separated, fuel additives will not have the desired affect. The water has to be removed and the depleted fuel safely disposed of. Many suggest storing your boat with a full tank. If you needed an excuse to get out and use your boat more, this may be it. With a full tank you are ready to go.
- Never run E85 in outboard engines. Fuels containing up to 10% ethanol (E10) are considered acceptable in many engines currently being manufactured. However, fuels containing higher levels of ethanol are not considered acceptable to use and may void manufacturer warranties.
Please consider purchasing any needed fuel system components from us here at iboats.com.
To look at our selection of tanks, filters and components, simply CLICK HERE.
Sign Up to Receive iboats.com Transom Newsletter: Includes 'How To' tips, special sales, and more.
Disclaimer for iboats.com Review Articles:
The information and articles provided in this e–monthly and/or in any publications provided by iboats.com are for general purposes only and intended to help you make better decisions about your boat and boating equipment. Such information is not intended to substitute for instructions from the manufacturer, dealer or marina about your specific boat or boating equipment and iboats specifically disclaims any liability for damage to your boat or equipment arising from your following suggestions in this e–monthly. For more details about your equipment or application, we suggest you contact the manufacturer of your boat or other equipment.
All materials contained on the iboats.com site and on this Review publication are protected by United States copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed (except for use of the iboats.com "Email to a Friend"), transmitted, displayed, published or broadcast without the prior written permission of iboats.com or in the case of third party materials, the owner of that content. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from copies of the content.
Disclaimer for iboats.com Review Articles:


Hart County was created by an Act of the Legislature, dated December 7th, 1853, and was laid out in 1854 from territory taken from Franklin and Elbert counties. Other territory was added from time-to-time and several changes made to its boundary lines.
In May of 1854 the Judges of the Inferior Court (County Council) purchased, for $200, 100 acres of land on which to locate the county seat. The land was purchased from the heirs of James Vickery and was laid off into streets, squares and lots. This land became Hartwell.
Hart County is bordered on the north and west by Lake Hartwell, on the south by Elbert County, and on the west by Madison and Franklin Counties. On the east is South Carolina with the counties of Anderson and Oconee bordering Hart's boundary line. Lake Hartwell is a man-made lake that was created by Act of Congress (The Flood Control Act of 17 May 1950), creating Hartwell Dam and Lake Hartwell. Lake Hartwell was created from February 1961 to March 1963. With the flooding of Lake Hartwell, several communities were lost to the lake waters. Several graves (and even entire cemeteries) were relocated to other areas within the county.
Hart County has many unique place names, which have been listed on various Hart County maps. Other communities have not been listed on the map of Hart County, but they have very unsual names. Some of these unique place names are:
Hart County, Georgia was named for Nancy Morgan Hart, an early settler and a Revolutionary heroine who served as a rebel spy and killed five Tories who threatened her home. A correspondant for the Savannah Morning News said that it was called Hart County ... "to perpetuate the memory of that 'Honey of a patriot' mentioned in George White's Statistics, under the name of Nancy Hart, and a fit tribute for such a brave hearted woman." Hart County is the only county in Georgia, and possibly the United States, named for a woman.
Would you like to learn more about Hart County and the famous heroine of Hart county? Please click on to the link below:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-Hartwell Dam and Lake
This page was last updated on -11/17/2013


Despite strong empirical support for the association between perceived food affordability and dietary intake amongst families with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP), there is limited evidence of the most effective strategies for promoting more positive perceptions of healthy food affordability among this group. This paper reports findings from a pilot intervention that aimed to improve perceptions of healthy food affordability amongst mothers.
Participants were 66 mothers who were the parents of children recruited from primary schools located in socioeconomically disadvantaged suburbs. Intervention group participants viewed a slideshow focussed on healthy snack food affordability that illustrated cheaper healthier alternatives to common snack foods as well as food budgeting tips and price comparison education. A mixed between-within ANCOVA was conducted to examine group differences in perceived affordability of healthy food across three time points. Results revealed no difference in perceived affordability of healthy food between the two groups at baseline whereas at post-intervention and follow-up, mothers in the intervention group perceived healthy food as more affordable than the control group.
Focussing on education-based interventions to improve perceptions of healthy food affordability may be a promising approach that complements existing nutrition promotion strategies.
Keywords:Diet; Fruit and vegetable consumption; Mothers; Food affordability
Amongst families of low socio-economic position (SEP), cost is cited as one of the most common barriers to both maternal and child healthy eating [1-3], and there is evidence that when funds are limited, more affordable options high in sugar and fat are often consumed, resulting in poor nutrition and increased obesity risk [4,5]. While it is noted that actual food prices impact food decision making, changing food prices can be difficult and expensive. Whilst nutrition promotion efforts should continue to focus on making healthy food more accessible and affordable, the psychological mechanisms attached to food choice and consumption, such as perceptions of healthy food affordability, are also important and should not be overlooked . Intervention approaches targeting food cost, such as ‘fat tax’ or food subsidies, are often touted as solutions to epidemics of poor eating, yet may be less effective if healthy foods are perceived as high cost relative to less healthy options. Despite empirical support for the association between perceived food affordability and dietary intake amongst low SEP families , there is limited evidence of the most effective strategies for promoting more positive perceptions of healthy food affordability among this group. Improving perceptions of healthy food affordability may offer a feasible, population-based preventive-orientated approach to nutrition promotion. The purpose of this paper is to report findings from a pilot intervention that exposed a group of mothers to a psycho-education based slideshow depicting healthy affordable snack food, with the aim of improving their perceptions of healthy food affordability. The minimal psycho-educational approach was chosen on the basis that it is feasible, low-cost and addresses perceptions of lack of affordability of healthy food which is a commonly reported barrier to healthy eating [1,6].
Participants & procedure
Participants were 66 mothers who were the parents of children recruited from primary schools drawn from a random sample of 33 suburbs ranked in the lowest quintile of relative neighbourhood disadvantage in the state of Victoria. Our sample size yielded sufficient power based on a priori sample size calculations that incorporated results from previous studies, 90% power, alpha 0.05 and adjusting for a time effect. Senior staff from forty primary schools were approached in 2011, of which 13 consented researchers to advertise their study via school newsletters and study flyers. The number of mothers per school ranged from 1-13 and all mothers resided in the same suburb as the school their child attended. Consenting participants were randomised to either intervention or control group. Both groups completed two surveys and viewed a slideshow during a one-on-one session with the researcher in a private room located on school grounds. A survey, which measured sociodemographic characteristics and perceived affordability of healthy food, was completed three times in total; 1) prior to viewing the slideshow (Time 1), 2) immediately after viewing the slideshow (Time 2) and 3) four weeks after viewing the slideshow (Time 3). Completion of the survey at time one and two occurred on the same day as the intervention. The total sample of participants at time two was 57 (83.8% retention rate).
Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Deakin University Human Ethics Advisory Group, Faculty of Health [#HEAG-H 71_2011].
Participants viewed an automated slideshow focussed on healthy snack food affordability. A slideshow format was selected to ensure delivery consistency across groups (i.e. the same slideshow can be used multiple times with 100% consistency in content), to minimise cost, and to test the utility of the slideshow format as a method to potentially maximise resources and therefore, reach for future replication. Snack foods were selected given they comprise a significant proportion of overall consumption, are provided in high quantities in Australian children’s lunchboxes and are foods associated with poor nutrition and obesity . Selected snack foods for the slideshow were based on a) common snack foods consumed by Australian children  and b) fruit and vegetables that can be readily consumed as snacks. The slideshow content was based on resources from the Western Australia Food Cent$ program  and local Government food security program resources. Pilot testing of the slideshow was conducted with a convenience separate sample of mothers prior to delivery. Pilot participants provided feedback (e.g. slideshow content, timing, visual appeal etc.) on the slideshow. The slideshow included illustrated examples of cheaper healthier alternatives to common snack foods as well as food budgeting tips and price comparison education. For example, part one of the slideshow included a voice recording with illustrations of paired snack food items whereby the viewer was asked which of two items were cheaper (e.g. a snack bar or an apple), followed by the prices to reveal the healthier item was cheaper. Participants were also shown in the slideshow how to provide healthy snacks by buying in bulk (e.g. 1 kg yoghurt versus 6 × 200 ml containers) or using homemade items (e.g. popcorn). The price comparison education component of the slideshow illustrated how to compare prices p/kilogram of healthy and less healthy items. Participants were also shown how much money they could save by changing to healthy and cheaper snack food options. The slideshow lasted approximately 10 minutes. Control group participants were shown a 10 minute slideshow on bicycle safety and completed the same survey assessments as the intervention group.
Perceived affordability of healthy food
Perceived healthy food affordability was assessed using a scale devised for the current study using items adapted from previous studies conducted by the authors  and others [10-12]. The perceived healthy food affordability scale comprised the following: a) 5 items designed to assess attitudes towards the cost of healthy food (e.g. “I feel that healthy snack food options are too expensive”) and b) 5 items designed to assess purchasing behaviour relevant to the cost of healthy food (e.g. ‘Sometimes my family cannot afford to buy healthy and nutritious food’). Each item was scored on a six-point scale ranging from ‘Strongly disagree’ (1) to ‘Strongly agree’ (6). A total scale score for perceived affordability of healthy food was produced by summing the 10 items, with a maximum range of 10-60. Lower scores indicate the perception that healthy foods are more affordable. Using Cronbach’s alpha, internal reliability of the scale at each time point was 0.91, 0.93, and 0.93 for baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up respectively.
Sociodemographic characteristics (Covariates)
Mothers provided information regarding their age, highest level of education, weekly household income, and number of children.
To minimize the impact of missing data at time 3, an intention to treat approach was applied and mothers who were missing data for perceived affordability of healthy food at T3 (n = 12) had missing scores replaced with their baseline score. Although 68 mothers participated at baseline, one mother missing baseline outcome data and one mother missing education data were excluded from analyses, leaving a final sample of 66 mothers.
T-tests and chi-square tests were used to assess group differences in baseline sociodemographic characteristics. To assess the effect of the intervention on participants’ perceived affordability of healthy food, a mixed between-within (time X group) ANCOVA was conducted, with perceived affordability of healthy food across the three time points as the outcome, and intervention group as a between subjects predictor. Participants’ age, highest level of education, household income, and number of children were included as covariates in the model. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample are presented in Table 1. A significant main effect for group (F = 4.960, p = .030, ηρ2 = .076) and time × group interaction (F = 5.339, p = .006, ηρ2 = .082) was observed with a medium effect size highlighting a difference in perceived affordability of healthy food between the intervention and control group that varied by time of intervention delivery. Specifically, post-hoc tests revealed no difference in perceived affordability of healthy food between the two groups at baseline whereas at post-intervention and follow-up, mothers in the intervention group perceived healthy food as more affordable than the control group (Table 1 and Figure 1).
The results from this pilot study provide preliminary support for an education-based intervention targeting perceptions of healthy food affordability. Compared to mothers in the control group, mothers in the intervention group perceived healthy food as more affordable post-intervention, a change that was sustained at follow-up.
Despite the empirical impetus on perceived healthy food affordability as a key mechanism for consumption of a healthy diet, nutrition promotion interventions targeting cost have focused primarily on ‘upstream’ fiscal food policies, namely providing financial assistance or reducing the prices of healthier foods in relation to less healthy alternatives . Whilst there is evidence that price reductions can increase healthy food purchasing, these results are tempered by evidence that a) unintended compensatory purchasing of high calorie foods can result, being counter to health, and b) increased purchasing typically declines substantially over time . Although cost is very important, it is only one component of successful nutrition-related behaviour change, and is a difficult and expensive component to target, particularly if the price reduction needed to increase healthy food purchasing is substantial . Although it is not impossible that the negative side effects of pricing strategies may also occur when targeting perceptions of cost, given that major ongoing support and resources are required to sustain price-reduction strategies, focussing on education based interventions to improve perceptions of healthy food affordability may compliment evidence based price reduction strategies and provide a feasible long-term solution to nutrition promotion strategies amongst families of low SEP.
Limitations of the study include the small sample size, potential for socially desirable responses from the intervention group, potential effect of discrepant education levels in the intervention vs control group, and loss of participants at follow-up. Nonetheless, the findings provide tentative support that a brief education-based intervention may reduce mothers’ perceptions of the costs of healthy food. Future research efforts should focus on establishing whether the effects observed in the current study can be generalized to a larger sample and whether the materials can be successfully translated into a format easily accessed by larger numbers (e.g. DVD, advertisements etc). Further research of this nature should also include cost-effectiveness analyses to ascertain the cost-related feasibility of these formats. Further, given our study did not assess the impact of improved perceived healthy food affordability on purchasing behaviours and dietary intake, future research is needed to examine the effectiveness of the intervention on healthy food consumption amongst mothers and children residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Nutrition promotion interventions should incorporate strategies that focus on improvements to perceptions of healthy food affordability as a preventively-orientated adjunct approach relative to more resource-intensive methods targeting food cost alone.
The authors declare that there are no competing interests.
LW designed and coordinated the study and drafted the manuscript. GA conducted the statistical analyses. LT, TW, KB & DC contributed to the study conception and design. GA, LT, TW, KB & DC contributed to the conceptualisation and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The present study was funded by a NHMRC Strategic Award, ID 374241. Lauren Williams and Lukar Thornton were funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council Capacity Building Grant, ID 425845. Kylie Ball is funded by a NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship, ID 1042442. We gratefully acknowledge support from Sarah Carr, project Research Assistant, who recruited mothers and assisted with the overall management of the study.
We also gratefully acknowledge the parents who participated in this study.
Williams L, Ball K, Crawford D: Why do some socioeconomically disadvantaged women eat better than others? An investigation of the personal, social and environmental correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption.
Bihan H, Castetbon K, Mejean C, Peneau S, Pelabon L, Jellouli F, Le Clesiau H, Hercberg S: Sociodemographic factors and attitudes toward food affordability and health are associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in a low-income French population.
Ball K, McNaughton SA, Ni Mhurchu C, Andrianopoulos N, Inglis V, McNeilly B, Le HND, Leslie D, Pollard C, Crawford D: Supermarket healthy eating for life (SHELf): protocol of a randomised controlled trial promoting healthy food and beverage consumption though price reduction and skill-building strategies.
Waterlander WE, de Boer MR, Schuit AJ, Seidell JC, Steenhuis IH: Price discounts significantly enhance fruit and vegetable purchases when combined with nutrition education: a randomized controlled supermarket trial.


Compared to the western industrialized countries, Japan is considered to be a late developer in the industrialization of its economy, but since the mid-1970s at the latest, Japan’s industry has been among the most competitive in the world. This applies in particular to the steel industry, shipbuilding, motor vehicle production as well as machine tool construction and the electronics industry, i.e. those branches that have a high export share. Around 20% of global production capacities in the field of electronics and information and communication technology are in Japan; The country has a top position in the field of industrial automats and robots. Japan also occupies a leading position in the chemical industry, especially pre-products for the high-tech sector, as well as in environmental and energy technology. Since the large industrial companies in their own country lack an even remotely adequate raw material base, they are oriented towards imports and exports. The ports on the Pacific side are therefore important locations for light and heavy industry. The industrial belt follows from Tokyo Nagoya , Kyōto , Osaka , continues in the coastal area of the Inland Sea and extends over North Kyūshū, Fukuoka and Sasebo to Nagasaki. The manufacturing industry employs 25.6% of the workforce; its share in GDP is 29.3%.
Mining has a subordinate position in Japan and has now been almost completely given up in the course of structural policy. In 2002, the last coal mine on Hokkaidō was closed. Apart from coal, Japan has only minor mineral resources (zinc, copper, limestone), and most of its raw material requirements have to be imported. The country only has sufficient quantities of limestone (for the cement industry) and pyrite (for the production of sulfuric acid).
As a country starting with letter J according to Countryaah.com, Japan relies heavily on imports for its energy supply; over 90% of the primary energy requirement has to be imported. The most important energy source for electricity generation is natural gas (share 27.5%), followed by hard coal (26.9%), until 2011 nuclear energy (26.9%) and crude oil (7%); hydropower accounts for 6.9%. Since the 1973 oil crisis, Japan has been trying to reduce its dependency on imports and has relied primarily on nuclear power for electricity generation (2012: 936 billion KWh). In 2011, 17 nuclear power plants with a total of 54 reactor blocks were connected to the grid, generating around 30% of the electricity. After the Fukushima disaster In March 2011, all nuclear power plants were initially shut down, but as early as June 2012 the government planned to put two reactors into operation at the Ohi nuclear power plant on the west coast of Honshū against popular protests. Japan currently has 48 nuclear reactors that are due to come back online after a safety review. The start was made in August 2015 at the Sendai nuclear power plant in the southwest of Kyushu; eight more reactors followed by the end of 2018.
The transport infrastructure in Japan is relatively well developed despite the sometimes difficult geographical conditions. The roads not only connect the economic centers, but also extend to the peripheral regions in the north of Honshū and on the island of Kyūshū in the south. In long-distance passenger transport, the importance of motor vehicles is steadily increasing. Most of the goods traffic also takes place on the road. The expansion of the road network could not keep up with the increase in motor vehicles, so that traffic jams continue to occur in high numbers. The traffic volume is concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. Half of the freight traffic and two thirds of the passenger traffic move on only 28% of the total area of Japan. The latter would not be manageable without efficient rail transport in local public transport. In Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Kobe, Sapporo, Yokohama, Fukuoka, Sendai and Kyoto there are subways for inner-city traffic.
The railroad does not play a role in freight traffic, but it does play a role in long-distance passenger traffic and transports around 24 billion passengers a year. The Shinkansen high-speed train has been offering comfortable connections between major cities that have been gradually expanded since 1964. The longest connection has existed since 1975 between Tokyo and Hakata on Kyūshū with a length of 1,180 km, in the north the Shinkansen lines extend to Aomori and Niigata. After completion (1988) of the Seikan tunnel between the islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō, the travel time from Tokyo to Sapporo was reduced from 22 to 15 hours. A Shinkansen connection to Nagano was established for the 1998 Winter Olympicsbuilt, opened a 128 km long route on Kyūshū at the beginning of 2004. Apart from the Shinkansen routes, the seven successor companies of the former state railway (JNR: Japanese National Railways), which was privatized in 1987, suffer from declining revenues and high costs.
In 2016, the Japanese merchant fleet comprised 3,999 ships with a total of 21.5 million GT. Shipping and shipbuilding have faced considerable difficulties in recent years. The importance of the sea ports also decreased. The most important ports are Nagoya, Chiba , Yokohama , Kitakyushu, Osaka and Kobe as well as the capital Tokyo.
The deregulation of air travel in the mid-1990s resulted in an increase in domestic passenger transport as competition created new providers and price cuts. The market continues to be dominated by the major airlines All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Air Lines (JAL). The largest international airports are Narita International Airport near Tokyo and Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay, which opened in 1994 as the world’s first offshore airport. The largest number of passengers (2016: 80.1 million) goes to Tokyo-Haneda Airport, which mainly handles domestic Japanese air traffic. The opening of international airports in Nagoya (2005) and Kobe (2006) continues to intensify domestic Japanese competition.


NMAT by GMAC is a computer based test that consists of 120 questions to be answered in 120 minutes. The exam has three sections- Language Skills, Quantitative Skills and Logical Reasoning. The sections are individually timed. The level of difficulty of questions is easy to moderate level of difficulty. The goal of the test-taker should be to maximize the score and not to answer difficult questions. The key to success in an NMAT exam is to be quick in arriving at the right answers. Only practice and conceptual clarity will enhance your speed in the exam.
48 questions in 60mins. Questions are based on basic quantitative aptitude and data interpretation skills. To answer the QA questions, a thorough knowledge of concepts is essential. If you’re not able to arrive at how to begin solving the problem within 15 seconds of reading the question, it is advisable to move on to the next question. A strong conceptual knowledge will sail your boat smoothly.The data interpretation questions are generally calculation intensive, but easy to answer. In the DI set, it is prudent to solve only for the questions that have been asked for.
32 questions in 22mins. The section consists of reading comprehensions, vocabulary & grammar based questions on synonyms, antonyms, para jumbles, fill in the blanks, sentence correction etc. Unlike CAT, the reading comprehensions are less inferential and more knowledge-based. Tricks to ace this section are to learnnew words every single day and to improve your reading speed.
40 questions in 38 minutes. This section will have verbal reasoning questions like statement-assumptions, strong arguments and non-verbal reasoning questions like arrangements, selections, alphanumeric series, symbol based logic etc. Speed and accuracy play a crucial role in answering these questions since you get approximately a minute to answer one question. Any set not understood in the first 25-30 seconds of reading it, should be skipped.
Taking mocks is the most essential part of the preparation. Take as many mocks as you can. It is more important to assess the mocks than to simply attend mock exams. Assessing mocks will provide a clear idea about stronger and weaker sections. Also, within a section, it provides a clear understanding of the concepts that need to be revisited and learnt well. Go back to the chapters and get the basics right.
The order of the sections plays a vital role in the candidate’s performance. It is best to start with the strongest section, followed by the weakest and then the remaining section. Remain calm and keep a track of time during the exam.
Schedule your attempts properly so you have ample time for preparation to overcome your shortcomings. Try to get acquainted with the use of plastic notepad and marker before the exam.
This article is written by By IMB Students – Apeksha Kothari and JeffinJohnykutty
Disclaimer: The article is written by SDA Bocconi Asia Center students based on their personal preparation and experience.


The joint which connects the jaw to the skull is called the temporomandibular joint. It is responsible for the movement of the jaw. Pain in the jaw and facial muscles, impairing jaw movement, occurs due to Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMD).
Causes of Jaw Pain
- JInjury to the jaw or the face muscles.
- Arthritis in the facial joints.
- Movement of the disc between the ball and the socket of temporomandibular joint.
- Grinding or clenching of teeth.
- Too much stress.
- Accident or injuryThe lower jaw is named the mandible while the upper jaw is called the maxilla. The upper jaw is fixed, whereas the lower one in mobile. Movement of the lower jaw helps us to talk, chew, etc. It is connected to four muscles: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid; each occurring in pairs, on each side of the skull, working together to facilitate lower jaw movement.
Symptoms of Jaw Pain
- Locking of the jaw.
- Swelling of jaw muscles.
- Difficulty in opening the mouth wide.
- Pain while chewing.
- Ringing in the ears.
- Impaired vision and balance.
Treatment for Jaw Pain
Jaw pain renders talking and chewing food to be very troublesome. Minor pain subsides with home remedies like ice packs and massage. But if the pain persists, medical attention is advised because the pain could be an arthritic pain. Accidents or injuries can also cause dislocation in the jaw which demands immediate medical attention.
Chiropractic treatment for this condition can involve one or more of the following:
- Gentle adjustments and myofascial release reduces muscle tension, nerve irritation and improve mobility of the jaw.
- Exercise and nutritional supplements speed up the process of recovery
- Change in lifestyle reduces stress to the jaw area, speeds up recovery and prevents further damage.
Scientific way to tackle Jaw Pain
The revolution in chiropractic treatment has been the Sigma Adjuster which holds the power of curing dislocation and joint pain. The Sigma Adjuster is a computerized equipment which enables the practitioner to locate the point of diclocation or misalignment of bones with pinpoint accuracy. The Adjuster provides graonic details of the anomaly and is and upon diagnosis can be used to correct the problem. It applies gentle mechanical pressure upon the problem area to relieve tension of the muscles, realign the dislocated bones and put an end to the pain.
Jaw pain one of the most common ailments today, affecting multitudes with women being more vulnerable to it than men. With timely treatment, the pain goes away without any damage to the teeth or the jaw. With deferred treatment, the pain and the problem complicate, erode the teeth and jaw joint and impairs chewing, talking, etc.
Although home remedies work perfectly for minor discomforts, serious and persistent pain demands medical attention. With the Sigma Adjuster, PPHC has treated thousands of patients with jaw pain to cure them permanently of their ailment. Call us now to get yourself a pain free life with no side effects of conventional medicine.


Today we know that the human brain can identify images in milliseconds, but have you ever wondered if #technology has advanced enough that functions like those of the human eye can be performed by computers, and even more so make decisions about the visual data that grasp?
The answer is "yes", since technology has advanced in such a way that through Artificial Intelligence (#AI) and specifically with #MachineVision, #DeepLearning and #ComputerVision, it is capable of capturing images that, by processing them, allows it to learn without the need for formats or models, which results in greater efficiency in operational functions and decision-making.
Systems equipped with Machine Vision technology are revolutionizing the processes of industries in different sectors. Examples of this are:
• Health: X-ray analysis, syringe check, contact lens check.
• Automotive: Quality control systems in the manufacture of tires and brakes.
• Electrical: robotic manufacturing of electrical circuits.
• Logistics: Packaging of parts, verification of dates and batches.
• Technological Development: Creation and development of Software.
Machine Vision along with new technological advances such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (#IoT), #BigData among others, are being key to the future of various industries, and provide great benefits in manufacturing processes such as:
• Facilitate the identification and solution of problems during production processes
• Increase production quality, guaranteeing that production complies 100% with the specifications determined by the manufacturer.
• Minimizes human errors, increasing the precision of manufacturing processes.
• Reduction of waste and saving of resources in the production of products.
• Detailed data feedback throughout the production process to optimize resources.
Thus, new technologies such as Machine Vision have come to stay, since through this powerful technology, machines today can detect what can happen imperceptibly to the human eye.


Teresa Heinz Professor of Cognitive Psychology
Areas of Expertise
Cognitive Science, Developmental, Learning Science
Among the many puzzles that language presents to the developmental psychologist, perhaps the most fascinating is the relative ease with which a toddler picks up a first language. Although infants know nothing of the rules of grammar and have only a fragmentary understanding of the physical and social world, they are able to master the core structures of language by the age of three. The ease with which children master their first language contrasts with the more painful and incomplete process of learning a second language in adulthood.
My approach to this problem views language acquisition as an emergent process. Eschewing the traditional opposition between nativism and empiricism, I believe that we can better understand language learning as a process grounded on competitive Darwinian processes that operate across a variety of time scales, including a phylogenetic scale, an ontogenetic scale, and a synchronic processing scale.
On the synchronic time scale of online language processing, I view utterances as providing cues that adjudicate the competition between alternative interpretations. Beginning in 1978, Elizabeth Bates and I worked with over 20 colleagues studying processing in 18 different languages to elaborate what we call the Competition Model. The Competition Model views language processing as a series of competitions between lexical items, phonological forms, and syntactic patterns. Competition Model studies have shown that learning of language forms is based on the accurate recording of many exposures to words and patterns in different contexts. If a pattern is reliably present in the adult input, the child picks it up quickly. Rare and unreliable patterns are learned late and are relatively weaker even in adults.
More recently, I have attempted to relate the communicative functions postulated by the Competition Model to the process of perspective-taking. This process allows the human mind to construct an ongoing cognitive simulation based on linguistic abstractions grounded on perceptual realities. The perspective-taking approach views the forms of grammar as emerging from repeated acts of perspective-taking and perspective-switching. Grammatical devices such as pronouns, case, voice, and attachment can all be seen as ways of expressing shifts in a basically ego-centered perspective. One major goal in this new line of research is to better understand the brain mechanisms underlying perspective-shifting.
On the ontogenetic time scale, we can examine language emergence in at least two ways. One methodology uses neural network models to simulate the acquisition of detailed grammatical structures. Beginning in 1989, I have worked on building connectionist models for the acquisition of morphology, syntax, and lexicon in English, German, and Hungarian. More recently, I have examined the ontogenetic emergence of language from a more biological viewpoint, using data on language processing from children with early focal lesions. The results of studies of these children using reaction-time methodologies and standardized tests indicate that, although they have completely normal functional use of language, detailed aspects of processing are slower in some cases. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging technology, we have pinpointed areas of activation involved in specific linguistic tasks. These results have allowed us to evaluate a series of hypotheses regarding sensitive periods for the emergence of language in the brain.
Models of language learning need to account not only for the acquisition of a first language by children, but also for the learning of second languages. The connectionist perspective on second language learning emphasizes the role of transfer and interference. Empirical studies in the Competition Model framework have supported these predictions. We still need to construct a clearer view of the ways in which declines in brain plasticity lead to a loss in language learning ability over time. However, for adults who are able to activate underlying compensatory processes such as the phonological loop and motivational supports, language learning is still possible in adulthood.
Finally, on the phylogenetic time scale, researchers have begun to examine the ways in which language has emerged through competitive Darwinian processes. My work on perspective-taking, competition, and brain mechanisms suggests that the most likely account of the origin of language is one grounded on social mechanisms. In this sense, the elaboration of an emergent account of perspective-taking suggests a Vygotskyan approach to language evolution.
1961-1965: As an undergrad at the University of California, Berkeley, I majored first in Geology and then Rhetoric, along with a minor in Spanish.
1965-1968: During the Vietnam War, I continued graduate studies in Psycholinguistics, while teaching Headstart in San Francisco's Mission District
1968-1974: After receiving my M.S., I focused on child language acquisition and completed a Ph.D. thesis on the learning of Hungarian in 1974
1975-1981: I was an Assistant Professor and then tenured at the University of Denver
1981-now: I have been a Professor in Psychology at CMU, eventually with courtesy appointments in Modern Languages and the Language Technology Institute
Current Course Offerings
- Language and Thought: language learning, language processing, and language evolution
- Analytic Research Methods: non-experimental methods such as corpus analysis, conversation analysis, or task analysis
- Crosscultural Psychology: culture, history, universals, variation, kinship, evolution, and belief
- Graduate Core Course in Cognitive Psychology: a student-directed survey of each area of cognitive psychology


….Planted as a CUTTING in 1908! Franklinia or The Franklin Tree. You can find this sprawling tree in bloom right NOW on the Chinese Path/Explorer’s Garden at the top of Bussey Hill at the Arnold Arboretum. This shot reminds me of a Dutch still life with the ants!
The first reported encounter with this tree on the continent was in the British colony, Georgia. John and William Bartram first observed the tree growing along the Altamaha River in 1765:
“We never saw it grow in any other place, nor have I ever since seen it growing wild, in all my travels, from Pennsylvania to Point Coupe, on the banks of the Mississippi, which must be allowed a very singular and unaccountable circumstance; at this place there are two or 3 acres of ground where it grows plentifully” (W. Bartram, 1791).
While it’s difficult to transplant, once established Franklinia can survive a century or more like the one pictured here. The tree is now extinct in the wild for a number of reasons but mainly due to overcollection by plant collectors and a fungal disease introduced with the cultivation of cotton plants. Because Franklinia does not tolerate compacted clay soil (which, unfortunately are the conditions in Cambridge) or any disturbance to its roots, the tree is a bad candidate for urban environments. True, it’s not planted much in Cambridge or Boston yet, it looks so familiar…At Jean Brooks Landscapes, we love planting Stewartia which is in the same family as Franklina and has a VERY similar look. Both have the colorful exfoliating bark. Both have the same red leaf in autumn and the same fried-egg- looking flower. Stewartia has a smaller, more delicate flower than the Franklinia which has a heartier, rubbery, magnolia-like petal.
If you get the chance, I highly recommend visiting the Arboretum in the new few days. Foliage color is at its peak AND the Franklinia atop Bussey Hill, the miraculous survivor from a 1908 cutting is still in bloom!


The US Space Force has had many challenges to think about in the recent past:
- China Anti-Satellite (ASAT) weapons testing
- Russia ASAT test accident in 2021 causing more than 1,500 pieces of debris in space
- Chinese robot wars, for example drones delivering robot dogs
- Russian nesting dolls – a satellite that attacks other satellites.
Our society relies on space. Communications and navigation are two topics that impact the world of aviation. With concerns that space could be the next location for warfare and cyber-attacks, this is something to consider seriously in our industry.
The lines between air and space are blurring as the FAA needs to be integrated into the support of space missions. Working together with the FAA, the US Space Force is aligning to try and increase the efficiency of launches and reduce the amount of time for which airspace closures are needed.
When we consider uncrewed aircraft the importance of increased data exchange and flight certifications come into play. Today, a flight plan is filed by an organisation that is certified to fly a crewed flight, and as long as the aircraft doesn’t deviate from that plan, all is well. If they don’t file and fly anyway or deviate from a filed flight plan, then the Department of Defense gets involved. The topic of data has many levels associated with it. What data is shared, how to protect data, what is the classification of data, what is the data and how will it be used?
As far as space traffic management, the question is whether this is management or coordination? As commercial space traffic increases, we will move from the transportation of equipment to the transportation of humans. As this point it must move from today’s coordination to actual management of this traffic.
Space situational awareness also must evolve. Work with industry partners on unclassified data will help to build solutions for this in the future than can then be transferred for use with classified data. An effort which is helping to support this goal is Operation Olympic Defender. This effort led by U.S. Space Command to enhance the resilience of space systems, deter hostile acts in space and reduce the spread of orbital debris.Today the members in addition to the US, are the UK, Australia and Canada. France, Germany and Spain are discussing becoming members. The ultimate goal of this programme is to ensure free and fair use of space.
Looking ahead, three priorities for the future:
- Working with allies in case there is ever a need to fight a war in space
- Developing data exchange via machines to allow seamless coordination of information
- Reduction of debris in space.
There’s a lot to think about related to space beyond the fun topics such as space travel. National security enforced through the protection of space will become a more pertinent topic as world affairs continue to evolve over time.
Major General DeAnna M. Burt is the Special Assistant to the Vice Chief of Space Operations, United States Space Force. As Special Assistant to the Vice Chief of Space Operations, Major General Burt oversees strategic staff initiatives and assists the Vice Chief of Space Operations in organizing, training and equipping space forces in the United States and overseas, integrating space policy and guidance, and coordinating space-related activities for the U.S. Space Force and Department of the Air Force.
As Commander of U.S. Space Command's Combined Force Space Component Command, she led more than 17,000 joint and combined personnel with a mission to plan, integrate, conduct, and assess global space operations to deliver combat relevant space capabilities to combatant commanders, coalition partners, the joint force, and the nation.


At the University of Alabama men’s basketball game that had occurred on November 19, 2021, officials on the court had not been wearing masks. During the women’s basketball game, that had occurred two days earlier, court officials had been wearing masks. At both games masks had been worn by people seated at the scorer’s table, where the official scorers and official statisticians sat.*
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) had published guidelines for basketball games that recommended that “all individuals, regardless of role or function, always wear a mask/face covering prior to entry and within the competition venue.”
Alabama basketball superfan Luke “Fluffopotamus” Ratliff, who had died due to complications related to Covid-19, had been honored at a game on November 9, 2021. The University of Alabama had on November 5, 2021, decreed that face coverings will no longer be required for fully vaccinated individuals. Most basketball fans had not worn masks at games at the season opening double-header on November 9th and during subsequent games.
Throughout the country, including at the University of Alabama, there had been an epidemic of influenza at college campuses. The University of Michigan (U-M) had joined with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in an attempt to better understand “how this flu season may unfold regionally and nationally in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic.” The U-M’s Vice President for Communications Dana Elger published a statement that said that “any of the same tools used to prevent the spread of COVID-19 also help prevent the spread of flu. In addition to wearing a mask and getting vaccinated.”
It had long been thought that mask wearing would have likely reduced the transmission of the flu virus. The National Center for Biotechnology Information in 2010 published “The Effect of Mask Use on the Spread of Influenza During a Pandemic.” The CDC had issued guidance on the use of face masks to control seasonal influenza viruses.
CNBC‘s Cory Stieg wrote, “Many people are more lax now about wearing masks and social distancing compared with last year, which could lead to an earlier and more dangerous flu season.”
Had Crimson Tide hoop fans been walking into a petri dish of influenza viruses at Coleman Coliseum? Had this contributed to the campus influenza outbreak or, even worse, to more Covid-19 infections? Would the continuation of the indoor mask wearing policy at the University of Alabama have been particularly helpful in preventing exposure to viruses at basketball games?
U-M’s Elger had written: “The timing of the increase in cases comes as many U-M students prepare to depart from campus to destinations across the country and globe as individuals return to their permanent residences for the Thanksgiving break.”
Would there have been, along with turkey and pumpkin pies, infectious viruses at tables in T-Town and throughout the nation on Thanksgiving 2021?
*Attempts to reach out to representatives of the University of Alabama basketball departments to determine why only some officials had been wearing masks had not been successful.


1998 32¢ W.E.B. Du Bois, Social Activist
Celebrate the Century – 1900s
Issue Date: February 3, 1998
City: Washington, DC
Printed By: Ashton-Potter (USA) Ltd
Printing Method: Lithographed
Perforations: 11 ½
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1868. He was educated at Fisk University, Harvard University, and the University of Berlin. In 1895 he became the first Black to receive a doctor of philosophy degree from Harvard. W.E.B. Du Bois went on to teach at Atlanta University.
Du Bois was a historian, a sociologist, an editor, and a writer. In addition to writing numerous speeches and articles, he edited four magazines and published nineteen books. One of his best-known books, The Souls of Black Folk was a collection of essays published in 1903.
W.E.B. Du Bois is probably most famous for his role as a leader of the American civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century. In his efforts to fight racial discrimination, he founded the Niagara Movement in 1905. This led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Du Bois edited their monthly magazine, The Crisis, and was actively involved with the organization until 1934.
Du Bois worked to fight prejudice while promoting black culture. Although he had many controversial beliefs and affiliations, he made important contributions to the improvement of civil rights in the United States.


Author(s):Dr Lisetta Lovett
The 19th century was characterised by a growing reform movement which led to major statutory changes. The therapeutic energy and optimism of the reform movement was, however, eventually defeated by the excessive confinement of people who might be mildly socially deviant rather than insane.
In this module, the second in a two-part series reviewing major concepts of madness throughout history, we describe:
Finally, we review the major changes in mental health act legislation during the early part of the 20th century, which were precipitated by the First World War.
Find more content