According to the Globe Health Company, health and wellness describes complete physical, psychological, and also social health. In the United States, one of the most usual interpretation is that health is the lack of disease or infirmity. However, a lot of the variables that determine an individual’s wellness are social. As a matter of fact, these variables are commonly affected by cash, power, as well as institutions produced by people with cash. For that reason, it is essential to take a look at the different aspects of health and wellness prior to making any kind of decisions about your own well-being.
In medical terms, wellness is specified as a state of being without physical as well as mental disease. In clinical terminology, wellness is the lack of condition, which indicates that an individual can be regarded to be healthy by the medical profession. Despite this, the development of medicine has actually brought about the discovery of several new illness. In this standard, an individual’s feeling of health and wellness is pointless if he or she experiences physical and also mental illness. Instead, an individual’s observation of behavior is considered relevant only when it matches the medical standards for being healthy and balanced.
In medicine, health is a resource for daily life. It involves an individual’s physical, social, as well as psychological capabilities. The capability to recoup from damaging situations, preserve homeostasis, as well as protect against illness are all important variables of wellness. It is also crucial to note that psychological wellness incorporates the capacity to handle stress and anxiety, acquire skills, and construct connections. Ultimately, health is a crucial source to lead a successful life.
According to the World Health And Wellness Organization, “Health is a fundamental resource for living a pleased as well as satisfying life.” It consists of physical, mental, as well as social resources. It refers to our capability to keep homeostasis, stop damaging events, and recuperate from health problem. Mental health and wellness, on the other hand, refers to the capability to manage stress and anxiety, obtain abilities, and keep relationships. So, health and wellness is not a high-end; it is a necessary source to live a meeting life.
The Globe Health Organization defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and also social well-being. Its goals need to include minimizing the incidence of illness and advertising the capability to deal with stress. Additionally, wellness should be preserved. A healthy and balanced body is crucial for human life. It can support a healthy and balanced setting. It is an essential source for the culture. It is a required resource to live a satisfied life. The Globe Bank has a wide range of resources as well as a selection of programs.
No matter the type of medical insurance you have, you need to comprehend exactly how to preserve good health in daily life. It is essential to recognize the various kinds of medical insurance plans. The advantages of health insurance differ by area, and the prices of high-grade healthcare are high. It is recommended to get in touch with a medical professional prior to making any type of decisions. Your doctor will certainly identify whether an individual is healthy or otherwise. In a lot of cases, a physician will make a diagnosis based on their exam and the results of a laboratory examination.
Words health and wellness refers to an individual’s physical and mental wellness. The World Wellness Organization specifies it as the state of being in good physical and also mental wellness. The goal of having good health is important to your life. A healthy and balanced body will make you feel much better. A healthy mind is vital to joy. It is necessary to have the best attitude toward health and wellness. You should look after yourself and also be careful about the things you consume. It will benefit you in every aspect of your life.
A person’s health is a valuable resource in everyday life. It is specified by the Globe Wellness Organization as the state of being physically as well as emotionally healthy. It is a state of being free from condition and the risk of health problem. A person’s health and wellness is a vital part of their every day life. If a person really feels well, they have the ability to live an energetic as well as productive life. In addition to physical health and wellness, a person can additionally be happy as well as have a solid mind.
A person’s wellness is a source that permits a person to function in every day life. It includes physical, psychological, as well as social sources. It also describes the state of being in a secure atmosphere. A person’s health and wellness is a resource of social, psychological, as well as psychological health. The WorldHealth Organisation defines it as the “capacity to make it through and also thrive in all situations.” Its definition of a healthy and balanced individual can be complex.
The World Wellness Company defines health as full physical, psychological, as well as social health. In order to advertise wellness, we have to engage in activities that are beneficial to our health, decrease our participation in tasks that are undesirable, as well as prevent exposure to circumstances that can negatively influence our wellness. The Globe Financial institution specifies health as the capacity to handle brand-new obstacles and conquer imperfections, as well as the World Financial institution cites a number of instances that highlight this concept. Additionally, the wellness of a country relies on exactly how we specify wellness.
The Globe Health and wellness Organisation has assembled a report on health and wellness promo. According to this document, health and wellness is the capacity to satisfy requirements, adapt to settings, and establish abilities. Attaining this goal is important since it is vital for the quality of life. For that reason, achieving health and wellness is a crucial part of maintaining a healthy and balanced lifestyle. To attain ideal health and wellness, you need to function to enhance your general health. You can do this by transforming your practices and also way of lives, and also by finding out more regarding your body.
While the regular and pathological are both essential principles in medicine, health can also be specified in quantitative terms. For example, a person’s body’s temperature level, respiration, and also body make-up can be utilized to define health and wellness. For an individual’s physical functioning, health is not a fixed entity; it differs with the individual. An individual’s useful needs specify their state of wellness. Consequently, the duty of the physician is to support the individual’s adaptation to these conditions. is cbd oil good for anxiety uk
In terms of social and also emotional health and wellness, the meaning of health is large and also unclear. In addition to illness, health and wellness can be a state of equilibrium in the physical and also social atmospheres. The lack of any kind of illness or injury is the key standard for declaring a private healthy and balanced. However, the medical field has discovered as well as diagnosed brand-new diseases. In this clinical standard, people’s subjective experience of exactly how they really feel concerning their wellness is pointless. Instead, their monitorings of behavior can be taken as evidence that an individual is healthy and balanced.


What's the meaning of the phrase 'Walk free'?
To be released from a criminal charge without punishment, or not receive the expected or deserved punishment.
What's the origin of the phrase 'Walk free'?
This phrase originated in the USA in the early 20th century. 'Walk free' had been used literally many times before that of course. In 1764, Roger L'Estrange published a collection of Seneca's essays under the title of Seneca's Morals by Way of Abstract, which included this line:
What (says he) Shall I live in Trouble and Danger myself, and the Contriver of my Death - walk free, and secure?
The meaning there isn't far removed from the current American 'walk away from a crime without any punishment'. It is doubtful that whoever began the 20th US usage consulted the essays of Seneca first, however. Our present use of the phrase comes from the USA, not ancient Rome.
The earliest modern usage of the phrase that I've found is from the Connecticut newspaper The Bridgeport Telegram, December 1925:
"She walked free today after her fourth arrest in as many months."
Over time, 'walk free' has been shortened - in the USA at least - to just 'walk'. The US authors Sara Harris and John Murtagh's book about prostitution Cast the First Stone, 1958, includes an early citation of 'walk' in that context:
"This is a good judge sitting today... He's liable to call you a tramp, but if he can, he'll let you walk."


Students will analyze the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln and the subsequent decision that several slave states made to secede from the Union to ensure the preservation and expansion of slavery. Maps to Key Concepts 3, 4, 7 & 10
What else should my students know?
14.A Lincoln disliked slavery but believed that the Constitution protected the institution where it existed. He ran on the Republican platform of non-expansion of slavery into the territories.
14.B The first seven states to secede from the Union were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. In their declarations to the world explaining why they seceded, slavery and the political conflict over slavery were the central factors.
14.C The Confederate States of America was established in February 1861 (but never recognized by any other government or nation). Its constitution legalized and protected slavery.
14.D It is estimated that 20,000 Indigenous people participated in the Civil War on the Union and Confederate sides. Their reasons varied. The Confederacy, seeking to ally with enslaving peoples of the Southern nations, promised to protect slavery as well as Indigenous land. The Union, meanwhile, declared that, to uphold existing treaties, Native nations had to side with them. Many Native nations initially tried to remain neutral but were drawn in once the war touched their territories.
How can I teach this?
- In Lincoln’s “First Inaugural Address,” he reiterated, “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery where it exists” and asked “dissatisfied fellow countrymen” to rethink their decision to destroy the government.
- In Lincoln’s December 22, 1860, letter to Alexander H. Stephens, the future Confederate vice president, he stated that slavery was safe where it existed and outlined the differences between enslavers and Republicans, namely, “You think slavery is right and ought to be extended; while we think it is wrong and ought to be restricted.”
- States that left the Union created documents explaining why they did so. These documents cite Lincoln’s hostility to slavery as the key reason for secession. South Carolina’s “Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, December 1860” provides a useful example.
- In his famous 1861 “Cornerstone” speech, Alexander Stephens argued that slavery was central to the project of the Confederate States of America.
- In a short video by Teaching Tolerance, Christy Coleman explores the reasons that Southern states were willing to go to war to protect the institution of slavery.
- Episodes one and two of Teaching Tolerance’s Teaching Hard History: American Slavery podcast discuss the ways that slavery caused the Civil War, offering concrete strategies for teaching.
- The City of Alexandria, Virginia, offers an accessible overview of Indigenous people and the Civil War. The Cherokee Nation, which was surrounded by Confederate territory and divided in its support of Union and Confederate causes, experienced great loss. The population of the Cherokee Nation declined from 21,000 to 15,000 people after the war.
- The John Hope Franklin Young Scholars, a group of middle school historians in Durham, North Carolina, made a documentary in 2015 called The Civil Rights War about untold stories of the Civil War in North Carolina. The documentary highlights the civil rights struggles of Lumbee and Cherokee people, freedmen, and women on the home front during the war.


The modern stress epidemic
According the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), stress is “the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressures and demands placed on them”, and symptoms often include heart palpitations, a dry mouth, headaches, odd aches and pains and loss of appetite for food and sex. Despite this, we often disregard this psychological problem as being a part of everyday life; a bi-product of relationships, work and money problems that is simply unavoidable.
Cast yourself back to the last time you felt overly stressed. Now consider this; is the latter a regular occurrence that is causing your day to day life to be more challenging than it should be? In 2015 and 2016, stress accounted for 37% of all work related ill health cases and 45% of all working days lost due to ill health.
Work related stress, anxiety and depression is a growing problem in Great Britain, with 488,000 cases recorded across 2015 and 2016. That’s a prevalence rate of 1510 per 100,000 workers.[i]
5 top tips for helping prevent stress
In this day and age many of us are becoming stressed to the extent that it effects how we think, feel and behave. This is not something that has to be endured and is certainly not an unavoidable part of everyday life. Simple changes to your lifestyle can make for a big impact on you mental wellbeing.
Get some sleep
According to mental health charity Mind, many people who experience stress and mental health problems also experience sleep problems, and vice versa: “Stress can cause your thoughts to race around your mind, making it difficult to sleep. You’re also more likely to experience disturbed sleep, nightmares, sleep walking and insomnia.”
5HTP could help to reduce insomnia by increasing your levels of serotonin; a chemical that is converted by the body into melatonin which is responsible for regulating sleep patterns.
Bathe with magnesium flakes
You may well be aware of the mineral magnesium’s contribution to the maintenance of normal bones and muscle function, as well as of its importance in terms of energy yielding metabolism, tiredness and fatigue and a healthily functioning nervous system. But did you know that Magnesium is needed for more than 325 biochemical reactions in the body[ii] and that it has a relationship with psychological function, or, in other words, the brain?
There are a variety of delivery methods available for making the most of magnesium. Supplements are a simple and effective way of obtaining your daily intake, particularly when they contain citrate and malate which will aid absorption into the body, and magnesium bath flakes are a great alternative treatment for those seeking complete and utter relaxation.
There is no doubting the benefits of exercise for the human mind. As well as being great for overall fitness, exercise encourages the production and release of endorphins, AKA ‘the feel good’ hormones that help calm anxiety and lift your mood. Moreover, exercise helps to regulate the release of the stress hormone cortisol, which in high quantities has been linked to heart disease, high blood pressure, depression and anxiety.
Reach for herbal supplements
A variety of herbal supplements are useful in combatting stress. ‘Growing scientific evidence for St John’s Wort shows that it can prevent stress-induced changes in the brain that activate the pituitary and adrenal glands’, says Dr Patricia Macnair. ‘In other words, it may stop the brain from switching stress on in the body.’
Take time to breathe
There is a lot to be said for taking a deep breath and taking the time to simply breathe is something you should consider working into your daily routine.
The NHS even promotes breathing as a technique for stress, anxiety and panic[iii]. Make yourself as comfortable as you can and let your breath flow as deep down into your belly as is comfortable. Try breathing in through your nose for a count of five and then letting it flow out gently for the same number of seconds.
Do this for three to five minutes daily to take control of heightened feelings of stress.


Why is there so much Vitamin D Deficiency
For those who prefer to listen and watch I have included a video of Dr Cass, the master Formulator of the product that I use personally and offer to my patients, he explains the importance of Vitamin D and the reasons behind this powerful formulation.
What Causes Vitamin D Deficiency
First of all I want to just point out that there are many vitamin D products on the market – some are synthetically produced which means the absorption factor will be extremely low so basically a waste of money and not solving the deficiency issue. Some are supplied in a tablet form which again has very low absorption and then there is the powder form in a capsule – You may have seen these forms labelled as Vitamin D – Vitamin D 1( not used now but was a combination) or vitamin D2
Having said that let us follow the process of how our body creates and uses vitamin D. Don’t worry too much about the technical names the main point is to understand how our body converts cholesterol through various chemical and systemic processes – and the importance of cholesterol in the body.
Fat-soluble Vitamin D3 is converted by the kidneys into the hormone calcitriol, the activated form of Vitamin D3 which affects a variety of target tissues including bone, intestine, muscle, brain, skin and immune system cells.
Calcitriol enhances calcium and phosphorous absorption and stimulates the synthesis of osteocalcin, an important structural protein in bone.
Calcitriol is also involved in proper cell differentiation (changing of cell function), including prostate, breast and colon cells.
Here we explore the different Forms of Vitamin D
To understand vitamin D pharmacology, one needs to be familiar with the different forms of vitamin D, namely cholecalciferol, calcidiol, and calcitriol.
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
Cholecalciferol is the naturally occurring form of vitamin D. It is the substance made in large quantities in the skin when sunlight strikes bare skin. It can also be taken as a supplement. Cholecalciferol is vitamin D; all other compounds are either metabolic products or chemical modifications, (eg. ergocalciferol D2)
Calcidiol (25(OH)D3 or 25D3) Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) is a pre-hormone in the blood that is directly made from cholecalciferol. When being tested for vitamin D deficiency, calcidiol is the only blood test that should be drawn. When someone refers to vitamin D blood levels, they are usually referring to calcidiol levels.
Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3 or 1,25D3)
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) is made from calcidiol in the kidneys and in tissues and is the most potent steroid hormone derived from cholecalciferol. In fact, it is the most potent steroid hormone in the human body. Calcitriol may have significant anti-cancer activity. It is sometimes referred to as the active form of
vitamin D. Calcitriol levels should never be used to determine vitamin D deficiency.
After the liver turns cholecalciferol into calcidiol, calcidiol follows one of two pathways.
The first priority for calcidiol is to go to the kidney where it makes enough calcitriol to regulate serum and cellular calcium. However, if the reserve is low, or if the liver phases of detoxification are compromised due to faulty conversion processes, most calcidiol takes the first pathway as survival always comes first in the physical hierarchy.
Calcitriol is a potent steroid hormone; in fact, it is the most potent steroid hormone in the human body.
So, the first pathway takes priority—as our lives literally depend on it—but it is the second pathway that’s causing all the excitement.
The second vitamin D pathway leads to the tissues and that is where all the action is. All of the amazing health benefits of vitamin D discovered in the last 10 years are from vitamin D going down the second pathway.
If any calcidiol is left over— that is if the reserve is full and the kidneys are getting all the calcidiol they need to maintain serum calcium—then calcidiol is able to take another pathway, one that leads directly to the cells.
This path is only now being fully understood and is causing excitement all around the world, especially concerning serious conditions. These are the autocrine (inside the cell) and paracrine (around the cell) functions of the vitamin D system.
These functions are crucial to understanding why we should keep vitamin D reserves full.
If there is only a small amount of calcidiol in the blood, virtually all of it goes to the kidney, which then makes extra calcitriol to keep serum calcium levels from falling, however almost no calcidiol gets to your tissues to make tissue calcitriol.
When the reserve is full, however, the leftover calcidiol goes to the many cells in the body that are able to make their own calcitriol to fight various conditions (degenerative and otherwise) – and they do so with gusto! In fact, they appear to make as much calcitriol as they can. The more calcidiol they get, the more calcitriol they make. The step is not rate-limited by its product (calcitriol) and is thus uncontrolled.
No other steroid hormone system in the body works this way; the manufacture of calcitriol in the tissues is unique. In other words, there is no negative feedback loop mechanism in place relative to calcidiol and calcitriol.
This is one of the most important facts about vitamin D.
Calcitriol is arguably the most potent steroid hormone in the human body.
It turns genes on and off at a dizzying rate. These are genes that are either making proteins that are essential to fighting cancer, or genes that are making proteins that are promoting diseases like cancer.
However, without the presence of the correct ratio of Vitamin K2 in the form of MK-7, the mechanism is thwarted. This is equally true with respect to D3. As you have discovered, these two wonderful, natural vitamins are so much more effective together than alone.
The Calcium Paradox: Vitamin D3 is required for the absorption of minerals such as calcium, whereas vitamin K2 is needed to direct the minerals to the right place, preventing an inappropriate calcification of soft tissues. Likewise, cells only produce osteocalcin and the matrix Gla-protein (MGP) in the presence of vitamin D, but vitamin K2 (MK-7) is necessary to activate those proteins to fulfil their purpose.
Why are so many people plagued by a lack of calcium in the bones (osteoporosis) along with an excess of calcium in the arteries (atherosclerosis)? Researchers have finally uncovered the connection between these two serious health conditions: Vitamin K2 (MK-7) and Vitamin D3!
Vitamin D3 and Vitamin K2 (MK-7) deficiency is a worldwide epidemic. Over 1 billion people are at risk for its associated conditions beyond just this winter’s viral concerns. Almost daily, references to vitamin D dominates the headlines. Paradoxically, very little is being said about Vitamin K2.
However, there is overwhelming evidence confirming that the safety of vitamin D is dependent on adequate vitamin K2 (MK-7). Vitamin K is the name of a group of compounds that are all related to one another. The first one discovered was Phylloquinone or K1. K1 is the form in which vitamin K produces clotting factors. Produced by plants and algae, K1 is found in green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, kale and Swiss chard, and in plant oils, such as canola and soybean oil.
In the last decade, most of the research has turned to more effective Menaquinones or vitamin K2. Supplemental vitamin K2 exists in several forms. The most common ones are the synthetic menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and the natural menaquinone-7 (MK-7).
Recent studies have shown the more expensive vitamin MK-7 to be more complete and have additional heart condition benefits including the inhibition of calcium deposits in the arteries. MK-4 has to be applied in very high pharmacological doses (milligrams) to demonstrate benefits for bone and heart health. In case of MK-7, doses in micrograms – 1000x less – are sufficient for significant bioactive effect.
The longer half-life of MK-7 results in significantly better accumulation compared to MK-4. Research shows that in only 8 days MK-7 has 6 times better absorption. All K vitamins are similar in structure but differ in the length of the “side chain”. The longer the side chain, the better effect and efficiency. Consequently, the long-chain menaquinones (especially MK-7) are the most desirable as they are nearly completely absorbed (body requires smaller doses) and stay in the blood for the longest time. Meaning, vitamin K2 is also available for tissues outside the liver, namely bones, arteries and soft tissues (Fig 1).
K2 has been reported to decrease serum cholesterol and cholesterol deposits in the aorta, contributing to the suppression of atherosclerosis.
Some Study Results
Vitamin K2 (MK-7) has been linked to a reduction in coronary heart disease. In fact, one very large and significant study conducted in the Netherlands in 2004 followed 4800 healthy men and women for ten years. It was found vitamin K2 reduced the risk of coronary heart disease mortality by 50% aortic calcification was also reduced by 30-40% in the famous Rotterdam study.
A 3-year study of 325 postmenopausal women receiving either K2 or placebo found that supplementation with K2 can prevent bone loss associated with estrogen decline. In the women given K2, bone mineral content increased, and hip and bone strength remained unchanged, whereas, in the placebo group, bone mineral content and bone strength decreased significantly.
A number of trials have shown that the combination of K2 and vitamin D3 is more effective in preventing bone loss than either nutrient alone.
Canadian Cancer Society recommends that “Adults at higher risks of having lower levels of Vitamin D should consider taking a Vitamin D supplement of 1000 IU/day all year round.” The form of Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is derived from the lanolin in sheep’s wool and should be free of Vitamin A.
Advanced Nanosphere Technology TM
Vitamin D3 with vital complement Vitamin K2 (MK-7)


|The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: wealth.|
Wealth often means that much money is available. But there are several other aspects that can be more important. If one thinks of single persons one will look at their personal property like land and livestock. Looking at countries one thinks of GDP per capita and of natural capital.
The original meaning of the old English word for "weal", where wealth comes from, was "well-being" or welfare. (It was an adjective.)


Summary Report for:
51-9191.00 - Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders
Operate or tend bonding machines that use adhesives to join items for further processing or to form a completed product. Processes include joining veneer sheets into plywood; gluing paper; or joining rubber and rubberized fabric parts, plastic, simulated leather, or other materials.
Sample of reported job titles: Coater Operator, Glue Line Operator, Glue Reel Operator, Gluer Machine Operator, Gluing Pressman, Machine Operator, Perfect Bind Machine Operator, Sealer Operator, Utility Worker
Tasks | Technology Skills | Tools Used | Knowledge | Skills | Abilities | Work Activities | Detailed Work Activities | Work Context | Job Zone | Education | Credentials | Interests | Work Styles | Work Values | Related Occupations | Wages & Employment | Job Openings
- Align and position materials being joined to ensure accurate application of adhesive or heat sealing.
- Adjust machine components according to specifications such as widths, lengths, and thickness of materials and amounts of glue, cement, or adhesive required.
- Monitor machine operations to detect malfunctions and report or resolve problems.
- Start machines, and turn valves or move controls to feed, admit, apply, or transfer materials and adhesives, and to adjust temperature, pressure, and time settings.
- Fill machines with glue, cement, or adhesives.
- Perform test production runs and make adjustments as necessary to ensure that completed products meet standards and specifications.
- Examine and measure completed materials or products to verify conformance to specifications, using measuring devices such as tape measures, gauges, or calipers.
- Read work orders and communicate with coworkers to determine machine and equipment settings and adjustments and supply and product specifications.
- Remove and stack completed materials or products, and restock materials to be joined.
- Observe gauges, meters, and control panels to obtain information about equipment temperatures and pressures, or the speed of feeders or conveyors.
- Maintain production records such as quantities, dimensions, and thicknesses of materials processed.
- Remove jammed materials from machines and readjust components as necessary to resume normal operations.
- Mount or load material such as paper, plastic, wood, or rubber in feeding mechanisms of cementing or gluing machines.
- Transport materials, supplies, and finished products between storage and work areas, using forklifts.
- Clean and maintain gluing and cementing machines, using solutions, lubricants, brushes, and scrapers.
- Measure and mix ingredients to prepare glue.
- Enterprise resource planning ERP software — SAP
- Office suite software — Microsoft Office
- Presentation software — Microsoft PowerPoint
- Spreadsheet software — Microsoft Excel
- Word processing software — Microsoft Word
Hot Technology — a technology requirement frequently included in employer job postings.
- Adhesive or glue application systems — Edge gluers; Fiberized spray applicators; Spray glue systems; Top coat gluers (see all 9 examples)
- Air compressors
- Calipers — Digital calipers
- Cleaning brushes — Nonmetallic brushes
- Cleaning scrapers
- Conveyor feeders — Adhesive feeders
- Ear plugs — Protective ear plugs
- Electronic measuring probes — Pin type probes
- Forklifts — Wheeled forklifts
- Hand sprayers — Fiberization guns
- Heat guns — Electric heat guns
- Induction heaters — Adhesive melters
- Laminators — Extrusion laminators
- Liquid sensor — Adhesive meters
- Mainframe console or dumb terminals — Operator consoles
- Material handling hoses — Hot melt adhesive hoses
- Melting point measuring instrument — Hot melt sensors
- Offset socket wrenches — Offset socket wrench sets
- Pressure controllers — Adhesive pattern controllers
- Safety glasses — Protective glasses
- Screwdrivers — Multipurpose screwdrivers
- Spatulas — Automatic glue spreaders
- Tape measures — Measuring tapes
- Thickness measuring devices — Beta gauges
- Torque wrenches
- Ultrasonic cleaning equipment — Ultrasonic tanks
- Vacuum pumps — Adhesive pumps; Drum pumps
- Water storage tanks — Pressure tanks
- Production and Processing — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
- Mechanical — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
- English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.
- Operation and Control — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
- Operations Monitoring — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
- Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
- Monitoring — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
- Quality Control Analysis — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
- Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
- Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
- Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents.
- Repairing — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
- Time Management — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
- Troubleshooting — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
- Arm-Hand Steadiness — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
- Manual Dexterity — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
- Static Strength — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
- Control Precision — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
- Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
- Trunk Strength — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without 'giving out' or fatiguing.
- Finger Dexterity — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
- Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.
- Rate Control — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
- Extent Flexibility — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
- Multilimb Coordination — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
- Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
- Perceptual Speed — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
- Reaction Time — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
- Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
- Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
- Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
- Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
- Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
- Stamina — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
- Visualization — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
- Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
- Auditory Attention — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
- Depth Perception — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
- Dynamic Strength — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
- Flexibility of Closure — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
- Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
- Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
- Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
- Controlling Machines and Processes — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
- Handling and Moving Objects — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
- Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
- Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
- Performing General Physical Activities — Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of materials.
- Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
- Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
- Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
- Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or water craft.
- Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
- Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
- Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
- Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
- Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
- Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.
- Documenting/Recording Information — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
- Training and Teaching Others — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
- Processing Information — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
- Developing and Building Teams — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
- Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
- Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
Detailed Work Activities
- Align parts or workpieces to ensure proper assembly.
- Adjust equipment controls to regulate flow of production materials or products.
- Notify others of equipment repair or maintenance needs.
- Watch operating equipment to detect malfunctions.
- Adjust temperature controls of ovens or other heating equipment.
- Load materials into production equipment.
- Conduct test runs of production equipment.
- Exchange information with colleagues.
- Measure dimensions of completed products or workpieces to verify conformance to specifications.
- Read work orders or other instructions to determine product specifications or materials requirements.
- Study blueprints or other instructions to determine equipment setup requirements.
- Remove products or workpieces from production equipment.
- Stack finished items for further processing or shipment.
- Clear equipment jams.
- Monitor instruments to ensure proper production conditions.
- Record operational or production data.
- Mount materials or workpieces onto production equipment.
- Clean production equipment.
- Maintain production or processing equipment.
- Move products, materials, or equipment between work areas.
- Operate forklifts or other loaders.
- Measure ingredients or substances to be used in production processes.
- Mix substances to create chemical solutions.
- Operate heating or drying equipment.
- Exposed to Contaminants — 85% responded “Every day.”
- Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — 73% responded “Continually or almost continually.”
- Contact With Others — 83% responded “Constant contact with others.”
- Spend Time Standing — 17% responded “About half the time.”
- Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets — 82% responded “Every day.”
- Face-to-Face Discussions — 73% responded “Every day.”
- Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — 68% responded “Every day.”
- Freedom to Make Decisions — 40% responded “A lot of freedom.”
- Time Pressure — 45% responded “Every day.”
- Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment — 41% responded “Extremely important.”
- Responsibility for Outcomes and Results — 40% responded “Very high responsibility.”
- Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — 53% responded “Important results.”
- Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — 73% responded “Every day.”
- Exposed to Hazardous Equipment — 48% responded “Every day.”
- Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — 43% responded “Very important.”
- Consequence of Error — 48% responded “Extremely serious.”
- Responsible for Others' Health and Safety — 41% responded “Very high responsibility.”
- Physical Proximity — 42% responded “Moderately close (at arm's length).”
- Spend Time Walking and Running — 37% responded “More than half the time.”
- Frequency of Decision Making — 56% responded “Every day.”
- Work With Work Group or Team — 49% responded “Extremely important.”
- Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions — 41% responded “Continually or almost continually.”
- Importance of Repeating Same Tasks — 40% responded “Very important.”
- Duration of Typical Work Week — 47% responded “More than 40 hours.”
- Letters and Memos — 34% responded “Once a month or more but not every week.”
- Structured versus Unstructured Work — 32% responded “Some freedom.”
- Coordinate or Lead Others — 32% responded “Extremely important.”
- Spend Time Bending or Twisting the Body — 41% responded “Less than half the time.”
- Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People — 28% responded “Every day.”
|Title||Job Zone Two: Some Preparation Needed|
|Education||These occupations usually require a high school diploma.|
|Related Experience||Some previous work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is usually needed. For example, a teller would benefit from experience working directly with the public.|
|Job Training||Employees in these occupations need anywhere from a few months to one year of working with experienced employees. A recognized apprenticeship program may be associated with these occupations.|
|Job Zone Examples||These occupations often involve using your knowledge and skills to help others. Examples include orderlies, counter and rental clerks, customer service representatives, security guards, upholsterers, and tellers.|
|SVP Range||(4.0 to < 6.0)|
Interest code: RC Want to discover your interests? Take the O*NET Interest Profiler at My Next Move.
- Realistic — Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others.
- Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.
- Attention to Detail — Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.
- Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.
- Cooperation — Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured, cooperative attitude.
- Self Control — Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations.
- Integrity — Job requires being honest and ethical.
- Persistence — Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles.
- Achievement/Effort — Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks.
- Initiative — Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges.
- Adaptability/Flexibility — Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace.
- Independence — Job requires developing one's own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done.
- Stress Tolerance — Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations.
- Social Orientation — Job requires preferring to work with others rather than alone, and being personally connected with others on the job.
- Concern for Others — Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job.
- Leadership — Job requires a willingness to lead, take charge, and offer opinions and direction.
- Innovation — Job requires creativity and alternative thinking to develop new ideas for and answers to work-related problems.
- Support — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.
- Relationships — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service.
- Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.
Wages & Employment Trends
|Median wages (2020)||$17.44 hourly, $36,280 annual|
|Employment (2019)||14,000 employees|
|Projected growth (2019-2029)||Decline (-1% or lower)|
|Projected job openings (2019-2029)||1,400|
|Top industries (2019)|
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2020 wage data and 2019-2029 employment projections . "Projected growth" represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2019-2029). "Projected job openings" represent openings due to growth and replacement.


Why are polar bears white? Although we can offer logical explanations to this question – such as ‘it provides a selective advantage when hunting seals’ – to do so is to play a teleological game of some kind. Teleology refers to the study of design and purpose in nature (or elsewhere). Before Darwin, teleology was the dominant explanatory mechanism in biology, explaining features in terms of why it was the best solution. Since Darwin, teleology has remained the dominant explanatory mechanism. All that has changed is the metaphysical justifications that are attached to these explanations.
This is a post about the philosophy of evolution. It expands upon a point raised in passing in Quid Pro Quo, which should be considered a pre-requisite for understanding this post. This in turn builds upon Popper’s Milestone, which is also required reading for full appreciation of the arguments being discussed here.
I feel it is necessary to provide some disclaimers before beginning. To anyone who objects to this discussion on the grounds that evolution is somehow in conflict with religious faith, I quote Theodosius Dobzhansky (an Orthodox Christian) who wrote in Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution:
Does the evolutionary doctrine clash with religious faith? It does not. It is a blunder to mistake the Holy Scriptures for elementary textbooks of astronomy, geology, biology, and anthropology. Only if symbols are construed to mean what they are not intended to mean can there arise imaginary, insoluble conflicts. ...the blunder leads to blasphemy: the Creator is accused of systematic deceitfulness.
And to anyone who mistakenly assumes that my criticisms in this post are meant to discredit evolution, I quote R.C. Lewontin from The Doctrine of DNA: Biology as Ideology:
No scientist doubts that the organisms on earth today have evolved over billions of years from organisms that were very unlike them and that nearly all types of organisms have long since gone extinct. Moreover, we know this to be a natural process resulting from the differential survivorship of different forms. In this sense, we all accept Darwinism as true.
But, much like R.C. Lewontin, I contend that accepting that there is something we can call the evolutionary process does not permit ideology (and hence metaphysics) to be considered a legitimate part of science, unless we choose not to enforce Popper’s milestone in which case even Intelligent Design cannot be excluded from science – a solution I hope to avoid.
Why is the Polar Bear White?
What is wrong with saying ‘the polar bear is white because it confers a selective advantage when they are hunting seals.’ The answer to this is simple: how would we test this claim? And if we cannot test it, we certainly cannot falsify its claim. As such, that places this particular statement in metaphysics and not in science.
It may help to clarify this situation if we consider some counter claims along similar lines. Consider, for instance, the scenario that at some point in the past the polar bear was hunted by a predator. In this scenario, we can claim the polar bear is white because of a selective advantage that helped them avoid predators. Also, consider the scenario that polar bear ancestors became white purely by chance, and then discovered that being white allowed them to hunt seals. The hunting of seals has become an effect when previously it was suggested as a cause!
Science does not advance by fabricating logical explanations and then accepting them because they sound reasonable – science expressly presumes that when we make a statement we can test and (to some extent) verify that claim experimentally. Claims that cannot be tested belong in metaphysics no matter how logical they sound.
Games of Teleology
Anyone can play a teleological game – and it’s fun to do so! Simply look at some animal and devise an explanation for its features or behaviour in terms of some explanatory scenario. Those that do not wish to use evolution may do so by playing a teleological game with God as the explanatory factor; those that would rather play sans Deus might prefer to use ‘selective advantages’ or something similar. The game will play quite similarly either way.
An ovate or oblong form is consequently the very best that could be adopted; and, moreover, the points with which it is covered and adorned, are evidently designed to protect the shell from external injury… At the same time a beautiful variety of tints evince that minute attention to the finishing and decorating of his works which the Deity so continually displays.
- The Conchologists Companion, Mary Roberts 1834 AD
Mary plays her teleological game with God, claiming that animals display the best form that could be adopted because of the care and attention of God.
Many citrus trees that are natives of arid regions have sour fruit to discourage animals from eating it. The flesh of a lemon is there for three main reasons: to add weight so it will roll a long way after it falls from the tree, to dissuade foraging animals from eating the seeds before they can develop, and to supply water and nutrients as the flesh rots around the germinating seeds. The main aim of any seed is to propagate the species, not to feed the local animals.
- Letter to ‘New Scientist’, Joanna Burgess, April 1999 AD
Joanna plays her teleological game with the gene-centric view. She devises an explanation for sour fruit on the assumption that “the main aim of any seed is to propagate the species”. But this is an odd claim! Because what does it mean to suggest that a seed has ‘a main aim’? She is proceeding from the assumption that the meaning or purpose of life is to propagate itself. But this is surely metaphysics, for any discussion of ‘meaning’ or ‘purpose’ must necessarily fall within this domain. This is why Einstein stated:
What is the meaning of human life, or of organic life altogether? To answer this question at all implies a religion.
(I would say it implies metaphysics, but we have already seen the argument that metaphysics is the domain of religion, not of science).
It is certainly logical to suggest that fruits in arid regions are sour because it was a selective advantage to discourage animals to eat them, thus keeping their water to themselves. Elsewhere, where water is more common, having tasty fruit that animals will eat thus spreading seeds over a wider area can be seen as a selective advantage. But does this really make sense? Are we suggesting that once upon a time all the fruits were tasty, but the desert fruits adapted to being sour? What if once upon a time all the fruits were sour, but the temperate fruits adapted to be tasty to gain the opposite advantage? There are so many possible stories we can tell, and few if any of them are testable.
The Game of Evolution
The problem occurs in part because of the assumption that evolution is purely a game of agon: species compete with each other for resources and the “fittest” (i.e. the best adapted to its environment) survives. But even if this assumption were true, the lineage of any given species spreads over millions (even billions) of years and we have only the utterly incomplete fossil record to provide clues as to what was a selective advantage at any given time. We cannot know which traits provided specific selective advantages, because we cannot see through time, and nothing in our evolutionary theories allows for us to predict that all observable traits provided an advantage at all times, or indeed at any given time.
Stephen J. Gould raised the quite legitimate point that we cannot know which traits of an organism are the results of selective advantages, and which are simply artefacts of the evolutionary process. His research had focussed on extinction by lottery, and as such it was clear to him that chance played as big a role in the history of life as competition – or to put it another way, that evolution was a game of alea as well as a game of agon. Furthermore, R.C. Lewontin noted that the usual process in biology of looking for the cause of an effect – presuming that there is such a thing as a major cause, and that all other factors can effectively be ignored – was a terribly naïve way of looking at biological systems which contain many intricately interrelated elements, and do not lend themselves to analysis through an overly simplistic model of causation.
Popper retracted his claim that Darwinism a metaphysical research program and not a testable scientific theory because he was shown evidence of biologists using optimization analysis to make predictions about changes in the statistical distributions of characteristics in real animal populations. But while the capacity to make testable assertions about future populations constitutes a scientific validation of Darwin’s theory, it categorically does not mean that teleological games played using Darwin’s theory (or something similar) are any more scientifically valid than those same games played with God. The validation of the theoretical framework is an entirely separate issue from the widespread practice of making metaphysical statements and presenting them as if they were science.
We have several sources of data from which to form scientific theories about the past. The fossil record provides evidence spanning billions of years, although it is incomplete, and its interpretation can be highly subjective (as clearly indicated by the case of the Burgess Shale). The geological record is more complete, but also more general. The genetic transcript provides some information, especially about events less than a million years ago (such as historical human migrations), but does not allow us to see very far. Radiocarbon dating is another source of data, but only about the ages of things. It is likely we will acquire some new techniques over time, but it is highly probable that we will always be interpreting the past with a mere sliver of data, at least compared with the wealth of options we have for the scientific investigation of other areas.
In the sense of identifying a single causal factor, we may never be able to say with any scientific confidence “why the polar bear is white”, although we may conjecture to our heart’s content! We are free to play our teleological games however we wish, but we should not present them as if they were science. When we make statements which lack a framework whereby they might be tested and falsified, we are blurring the boundaries between metaphysics and science. It is the confusion of these boundaries that opens the door to metaphysical models such as Intelligent Design, and anyone who wishes to keep ID out of science should therefore strive to ensure that their own scientific writing is free of metaphysical elements such as teleological games.


This post is part 2 of a 2-part series. Read the 1st one here.
Article 23 in the Draft Constitution
When the Constitution was being drafted, the Rights under Articles 29 and 30 were clubbed under a common Article 23. This Article had 3 clauses. Clause 3 had 2-sub-clauses. The entire Article consisted of clause 23(1), 23(2) and 23(3)(a) and 23(3)(b).
Two crucial amendments to Draft Article 23
On the 8th of December 1948, Pandit Thakurdas Bhargava moved 2 important amendments to the above draft. In a significant development, both these amendments were accepted in full by Dr B R Ambedkar.
The first amendment proposed a re-write of sub-clause 2. The proposed wording was
“No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them“
While justifying this amendment, Pandit Bhargava laid down his arguments on 3 different aspects
1) The first change was to replace the word ‘minority’ with ‘any section of the citizens’. This was proposed because Pandit Bhargava felt that when it came to educational rights, there should NOT BE any discrimination between majority and minority
“In educational matters, I cannot understand, from the national point of view, how any discrimination can be justified in favour of a minority or a majority”
2) The second change was to include institutions which received State aid, in addition to those institutions which were run by the State
3) The third, and *critical* change, was to remove the word ‘community’ from the clause and replace it with ‘race or caste’. This was done because Pandit Bhargava felt that whatever was conveyed by the word ‘community’ was already fully captured by the words ‘religion’ and ‘language’. His full explanation on this aspect is given below
“Now, Sir, the word ‘community’ is sought to be removed from this provision because ‘community’ has no meaning. If it is a fact that the existence of a community is determined by some common characteristic and all communities are covered by the words religion or language, then ‘community’ as such has no basis. So the word ‘community’ is meaningless and the words substituted are ‘race or caste’. So this provision is so broadened that on the score of caste, race, language, or religion no discrimination can be allowed”
As noted above, this entire amendment was accepted by Dr B R Ambedkar and the same was included in the Constitution as Article 29(2)
This was a change to Article 23(3)(a) which eventually became Article 30(1). Let us look at the ‘before’ and ‘after’ versions of this clause.
“All minorities, whether based on religion, community or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice”
“All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice”
As highlighted, the key, and only, change made here was the deletion of the word ‘community’.
Pandit Bhargava, while debating this amendment, made the following submission
“This is an amendment to amendment No. 690. There is not much to be said. The word ‘community’ as I said before has no meaning. No common characteristic can differentiate one community from another which is not covered by the words ‘religion or language’. These words sufficiently cover the field that is sought to be covered by the word ‘community’. Therefore the word ‘community’ has no meaning in that provision and therefore it should be deleted.”
The key part of the submission here is the referral to the explanation of the previous amendment. Pandit Bhargava said that the purpose of removal of ‘community’ was because it was sufficiently covered in the remaining words itself.
Dr B R Ambedkar’s explanation of the term ‘minorities’
While finally discussing inclusion of these 2 amendments, some relevant portion of Dr Ambedkar’s speech is extremely important.
While initiating the discussion on the amendments, he said thus
“Sir, of the amendments which have been moved to article 23, I can accept amendment No. 26 to amendment No. 687 by Pandit Thakur Dass Bhargava. I am also prepared to accept amendment No. 31 to amendment No. 690, also moved by Pandit Thakur Dass Bhargava”
Thus, at the outset, he accepted the two amendments.
Then, Dr Ambedkar gave a detailed explanation of the term minorities. Instead of paraphrasing it, I reproduce relevant portions as-is
“The first point that I would like to submit to the House as to why the Drafting Committee thought it necessary to alter the language of paragraph 18 of the Fundamental rights is this. On reading the paragraph contained in the original Fundamental Rights, it will be noticed that the term “minority” was used therein not in the technical sense of the word “minority” as we have been accustomed to use it for the purposes of certain political safeguards, such as representation in the Legislature, representation in the services and so on.
The word is used not merely to indicate the minority in the technical sense of the word, it is also used to cover minorities which are not minorities in the technical sense, but which are nonetheless minorities in the cultural and linguistic sense. For instance, for the purposes of this article 23, if a certain number of people from Madras came and settled in Bombay for certain purposes, they would be, although not a minority in the technical sense, cultural minorities…..
The article intends to give protection in the matter of culture, language and script not only to a minority technically, but also to a minority in the wider sense of the terms as I have explained just now. That is the reason why we dropped the word ‘minority’ because we felt that the word might be interpreted in the narrow sense of the term, when the intention of this House, when it passed article 18, was to use the word ‘minority’ in a much wider sense, so as to give cultural protection to those who were technically not minorities but minorities nonetheless…”
I have supplied emphasis in the above quotes to the most important portions of the speech. The following can be gathered from the speech.
By stating that the meaning of minorities is NOT THE SAME as in political safeguards, Dr Ambedkar has clearly stated that the term here goes beyond religious minorities and SC/STs since the entire discussion around guaranteed representation in legislature and services was based on religion (Muslims and Sikhs, especially) and to SCs and STs.
Dr Ambedkar has also clearly stated that these rights are for those who are minorities in the cultural and linguistic sense. Since all religions apart from Hinduism have already been covered under Article 30(1) anyways, the term ‘cultural minority’ would be redundant for them and therefore it is referring to Hindu communities only.
In the third portion of the speech quoted, the highlighted part shows that Dr Ambedkar feared that the word minority would be interpreted in the narrow sense of the term i.e as non-Hindus. Hence he kept referring to the phrase ‘technically not minorities but minorities nonetheless”
We should also remember that when all these discussions took place, all the clauses and sub-clauses were under one single Draft Article (23). Therefore, the explanation of the term minorities provided by Dr Ambedkar is fully relevant to what eventually became a separate Article 30.
One additional point. When Pandit Bhargava defended the removal of the word ‘community’ from Article 30(1), he said his explanation for this was exactly the same as it was for Article 29(2) which means it was meant to be ‘race and caste’ also which was covered under the umbrella term of ‘religion’.
Based on all this distinct evidence, we can safely conclude that the phrase ‘based on religion’ in Article 30(1) not only means minorities when compared across religions, but ALSO MINORITIES WITHIN A RELIGION.
Therefore, communities such as Lingayats, Vokkaligas, Brahmo Samaj and others, who form a distinct minority ‘community’ under the broader Hindu religion also qualify for Rights under Article 30(1) WITHOUT HAVING TO MOVE OUT OF HINDUISM.
- Constituent Assembly Debates, Volumes V and VII
- The Framing of India’s Constitution, A Study – By B Shiva Rao, First Published 1968


A harness is a device that is worn on one or more horses to be harnessed to a cart. Reindeer and dog harnesses are the prototypes of the modern horse-drawn carriage.
Depending on the way the horse is used, the harnesses are divided into two main types: saddle-pack (if the horse is used for riding) and the harness itself, when the horse is a draft force. In this case, it consists of a collar, shorts, harnesses, saddle.
The clamp is the main part of the harness. As standard, it consists of three parts: pliers, clamps and lining. If the clamp is intended for a shank harness, then it has two tugs, and when harnessing with strings, horse lobes are used.
The clamp size and shape, as well as strength, depend on the pliers. The root part of the trunk of hard trees (maple, elm, birch) is considered the best material for making ticks. Clamps weigh from 3 kg for driving horses to 10 for draft horses.
In the drawbar harness, a shoe is used instead of a collar. But when comparing a boot with a collar, the advantage is recognized for the latter. The main disadvantage of the shorts is that it puts pressure on a smaller area on the horse's body, which causes scuffs on the horse's chest and withers. In addition, it absorbs moisture and, when dried, warps and becomes very hard.
To transfer the traction force from a horse to a cart in a shank harness, yoke tugs and shafts (if the harness is shank) are used. They are intended to soften the force of sudden jolts, therefore they must be elastic and very strong. Tugs are made from the backbone of rawhide.
When using a shank harness, a saddle must be included in the harness. Its configuration depends on the horse's back and can be "standing", "humpbacked" and "flat". A carpenter is usually placed under the saddle, which is made from matting for summer and dense felt for other seasons.
When working on rough terrain, a harness must be used in a harness. It serves to hold the braking of the cart when stopping, descending a slope or trotting. The main part of the harness is the rim strap that surrounds the horse's body and attaches to the yoke.


- What is the most common thing in the universe?
- Do you die instantly in space?
- What’s bigger than the universe?
- What is the biggest celestial object?
- How many dead bodies are floating in space?
- What would kill you first in space?
- What is the darkest thing in the universe?
- What is the oldest thing in the universe?
- Which is bigger sun or star?
- What is the brightest object in the universe?
- What animal can live the longest?
- What is the longest thing on earth?
- Is anyone lost in space?
- What is the most powerful thing in the universe?
- Are quasars dangerous?
- What is the largest animal in the world 2020?
- Who has biggest nose in the world?
What is the most common thing in the universe?
HydrogenHydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second.
However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8.
All others are substantially less common..
Do you die instantly in space?
Water and dissolved gas in the blood forms bubbles in the major veins, which travel throughout the circulatory system and block blood flow. After about one minute circulation effectively stops. The lack of oxygen to the brain renders you unconscious in less than 15 seconds, eventually killing you.
What’s bigger than the universe?
In fact, the photons in the cosmic microwave background have travelled a cool 45 billion light years to get here. That makes the visible universe some 90 billion light years across. That’s big but the universe is almost certainly much bigger. The question than many cosmologists have pondered is how much bigger.
What is the biggest celestial object?
The largest known ‘object’ in the Universe is the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall. This is a ‘galactic filament’, a vast cluster of galaxies bound together by gravity, and it’s estimated to be about 10 billion light-years across!
How many dead bodies are floating in space?
However, of the roughly 550 people who have so far ventured into space, only three have actually died there.
What would kill you first in space?
The most immediate threat in the cosmic vacuum is oxygen deprivation. Assuming that you don’t hold your breath during decompression, it will take about 15 seconds for your O2 deprived blood to get to your brain. … Simple loss of oxygen will likely kill you faster than anything else in the vacuum of space.
What is the darkest thing in the universe?
Black holes are the darkest things in our universe because they emit no light whatsoever in any wavelength.
What is the oldest thing in the universe?
Astronomers have confirmed the discovery of one the oldest and most distant objects ever known in the universe — a star-forming galaxy 12.8 billion light-years away that started forming within a billion years of the Big Bang that kickstarted everything.
Which is bigger sun or star?
Although the Sun appears larger to us than any other star, there are many stars which are much larger. The Sun appears so large compared to the other stars because it is so much closer to us than any other star. The Sun is just an average sized star.
What is the brightest object in the universe?
The brightest object in the universe has been discovered, a quasar from when the universe was just 7 percent of its current age. The quasar, now known as PSO J352. 4034-15.3373 (P352-15 for short), was discovered 13 billion light-years away from Earth by the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) radio telescope.
What animal can live the longest?
Bowhead whalesBowhead whales can live for over 200 years. One particular bowhead was estimated to be 211. With a lifespan that can exceed 200 years, the bowhead whale is the longest-living marine mammal.
What is the longest thing on earth?
Blue whaleHeaviest living animalsRankAnimalMaximum mass [tonnes]1Blue whale1902North Pacific right whale1203Southern right whale1104Fin whale1206 more rows
Is anyone lost in space?
As of 2020, there have been 15 astronaut and 4 cosmonaut fatalities during spaceflight. Astronauts have also died while training for space missions, such as the Apollo 1 launch pad fire which killed an entire crew of three.
What is the most powerful thing in the universe?
These explosions generate beams of high-energy radiation, called gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which are considered by astronomers to be the most powerful thing in the universe.
Are quasars dangerous?
Although quasars are known to drive strong winds and jets of relativistic particles that can be dangerous in their own right, Forbes and Loeb looked at the damage caused by their light alone.
What is the largest animal in the world 2020?
A gigantic 46-metre (150ft) long organism called a siphonophore was discovered on March 16, 2020, during an expedition near the Ningaloo Reef off Western Australia.
Who has biggest nose in the world?
Mehmet ÖzyürekMehmet Özyürek (born 17 October 1949) has been confirmed as having the world’s longest nose recorded. His nose measured 8.8 cm (3.55 inches) when it was last measured on 18 March 2010. He lived in Artvin, Turkey.


Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 15/12/2012 (1595 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
DORSET, England — Witnessed from across the Atlantic, Britain’s heated debate over Justice Brian Leveson’s inquiry into the press after a phone-hacking scandal must be startling.
Surely such a venerable democracy would never contemplate using legislation to regulate journalists? The notion is no doubt unthinkable to Americans, whose freedoms are protected by the Bill of Rights.
Well, Brits are considering ways to regulate the press, and they should. I say this as a singer and songwriter who believes in free speech, because this isn’t about censorship. It’s about two concepts of freedom.
The American concept of freedom, as expressed in the Constitution, is relatively new. The United States was established in the late 18th century by a radical republican settlement whose authors sought to be free men in their own dominion, no longer subject to taxation and rule by a distant empire. That urge to be free from central-government control still animates American democracy.
We British have a different tradition. Our current, unwritten constitution dates to 1689. It is only the most recent in a series of settlements that have their roots in the great dynastic struggles of the Middle Ages, and which established the rights of British citizens.
The first of these settlements produced the Magna Carta in 1215, when England’s barons, tired of King John’s tyranny, forced him to sign a document limiting the monarch’s power. Another settlement came in the 16th century, when Henry VIII broke from the authority of the pope in Rome. This was part of Europe’s Reformation, a process of shifting from Catholicism to Protestantism that, among other things, stimulated nationalism and the spread of the printing press.
The third great settlement emerged from the English civil wars that pitted Crown against Parliament in the mid-17th century. Once again the English railed against the tyrannical power of a monarch who believed he was above the law. Charles I lost that struggle, and England briefly became a republic, until the monarchy returned. Even then the question of who ruled was unresolved and Parliament staged a coup, ousting James II in favor of the Dutch leader, William of Orange.
Before he took the throne in 1689, William was required to sign a Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary power and privileges. That document, a division of powers between the Crown and Parliament, gave birth to the constitutional monarchy that still underpins the British state.
What is significant about these great settlements is that they all occurred before the modern notion of freedom was established. Before Thomas Paine asserted that freedom was vested in individual liberty, the British found their freedom through their collective struggle to hold those in power to account. That’s a crucial difference.
To this day in the U.S., the concept of freedom is most loudly expressed by those who wish to be free from the institutions of society — freedom from taxation, regulation and the impositions of elites. On this side of the pond, it is more often articulated by those who wish to be free to participate in society — to have freedom from poverty, treatable illness and discrimination.
These two ideas of freedom explain why Americans and Europeans (and the British are Europeans) sometimes look at each other’s choices in bafflement. Why do Europeans not enjoy the right to carry a gun? Why do Americans not enjoy the right to free health care?
The fault line seems to run between those who emphasize individual liberty and those who stress social responsibility. Both strands exist in Britain. With Leveson’s inquiry into the ethics and practices of the press after the News Corp. phone-hacking case, these differing approaches to freedom have sought to pull the report’s conclusions in opposing directions.
Newspaper proprietors and some politicians, for example, have reacted against Leveson’s proposal to base a new press regulator on laws. They say that freedom of the press offers us protection from tyranny and that any legislation would undermine this protection.
Yet in order to perform that important duty, the newspapers must have the trust of the people. Sadly, in the past decade, an ever more powerful group of proprietors has betrayed that trust to such an extent that one of our newspapers, News Corp.’s News of the World, was put down by its owner like a dangerous dog.
Appalled by the illegal hacking, false accusations and prurient invasions of privacy that Leveson’s 2,000-page report catalogs, the British people — as we have done throughout our history — sought a new settlement. This time it isn’t with kings John, Charles and William or the Catholic Church, it’s with the press. The new settlement that Leveson outlines would hold newspapers and their owners to account, while enshrining their rights in statute for the first time.
Over the past 50 years, the British press has been regulated by a commission consisting of representatives of the major publishers. This selfregulation manifestly failed to rein in the worst excesses of checkbook journalism. Some editors clearly adopted a laissez-faire attitude toward the commission’s voluntary Code of Practice. Under the protection afforded a free press, they mistook liberty for license.
Leveson’s report calls for the press to set up a new regulator that is independent from Parliament and the newspaper industry — a recommendation that editors have signed on to, albeit reluctantly.
The trouble is that the British people know they’ve been here before: Leveson’s report was the sixth inquiry into press behavior since World War II. So what guarantees do we have that the press will no longer bend the rules to suit itself? To ensure that every editor adheres to a new Code of Practice for British journalists, Leveson suggests that it be backed up by legislation.
This debate is over how we respond when those who claim to protect us from tyranny act like tyrants themselves. It is the same territory on which all our great struggles for liberty have been played out. Magna Carta established that no one in England is above the law. This fundamental principle should be at the heart of good journalism, as summed up in the old maxim that the job of a newspaper is to comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable.
What to do when the newspapers themselves constantly act as if they are above the law? Without the ability to hold the most powerful people in our society to account, our freedoms will always be at the mercy of tyrants — and that includes the press. Democracy itself is a product of the endless struggle to strike a balance between freedom and accountability. Leveson’s recommendations are part of that balancing act; they are not an attack on free speech.
Billy Bragg is a singer-songwriter and activist based in Dorset, England.
— Bloomberg News


More than 300,000 gallons of water per second was released from the Glen Canyon Dam into the Grand Canyon today.
This man-made flood is made to simulate natural ones that used to nourish the Grand Canyon's ecosystem:
"This gives you a glimpse of what nature has been doing for millions of years, cutting through and creating this magnificent canyon," Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne said after he pulled the lever releasing the water from the Glen Canyon Dam.
More than 300,000 gallons of water per second were being released from Lake Powell above the dam near the Arizona-Utah border, enough water to fill the Empire State Building in 20 minutes, Kempthorne said.
Link - Thanks kyax!


Last summer I went to Chambers Lake, near Cameron Pass, to see its two outflows, a highly unusual and unstable distinction—most lakes have one outflow. An outflow to the north feeds the Laramie River, which flows into Wyoming, and an eastern outflow feeds Joe Wright Creek that flows into the Cache la Poudre. Regrettably, Chambers Lake is now highly managed and both outflows are buried in tall cement dams. However, I found a fascinating native wildflower.
Walking along the trail to Lost Lake I noticed a plant that had no green tissue. I inferred, from its lack of photosynthetic tissue, that it had to be parasitic and later I learned that this was pinedrops, Pterospora andromedea.
Pinedrops has reddish stems that one author described as bubble gum pink. Its stems are unbranched and usually between two and three feet tall, although one account reports stems taller than six feet. Some of the stems that I found were already dry and had turned brown and had shriveled, but had not toppled. Although I had not noticed leaves, pinedrops has vestigial leaves lacking chlorophyll that looked like spikes tightly appressed to the lower portion of the stems. The pink stems bore white flowers that resembled dangling urns.
Similar flowers are seen on blueberries, common manzanita, kinnikinnick and snow flower, all relatives in the family Ericaceae, the heath or heather family. The plant most closely related to pinedrops is the brilliant red, parasitic plant called snow plant or snow flower, Sarcodes sanguinea, which parasitizes the roots of trees. It is native to some mountain ranges in Oregon, California and Baja California.
Pinedrops is a parasite on the roots of pines, but the relationship is neither as simple nor as direct as that. The basal portion of pinedrops becomes associated with mycorrhizal fungi attached to the roots of pine trees. Ectomycorrhizal fungi and many species of trees are mutualists, partners in a mutually-beneficial relationship. The fungi increase the root area of the tree, enabling it to secure more minerals and water. In return, the fungus receives carbohydrates and nutrients from the tree.
Pinedrops seeds are tiny, dispersed by the wind, short lived, and difficult to germinate. Laboratory studies found that pinedrops seeds require a specific chemical that diffuses from a species of mycorrhizal fungus. As a seed develops into a plant, its roots become encased in fungal threads called hyphae.
Pinedrops parasitizes the mycorrhizal fungus directly, stealing water, minerals, carbohydrates and nutrients, but supplying nothing in return. In effect, it parasitizes a mutualism after germinating in the grasp of a fungus.
Three genotypes, or perhaps ecotypes of pinedrops are known. One genotype is found in New England and Michigan and Wisconsin, and it is quite rare and it appears to be on the border of local extinction in widely dispersed, tiny populations. Two genotypes are found in western states and both are common. It is important to note that each of these genotypes or ecotypes requires a different species of mycorrhizal fungus to germinate, grow and survive to maturity. The three fungal species are very closely related, but critically different from the perspective of pinedrops genotypes. The two western genotypes can be intermixed in a forest, but their association with their specific fungus is absolute. The problem with the dwindling populations in the east is suspected to lie in its absolute requirement of one species of fungus, which might be adversely affected by some change, such as habitat deterioration in the form of acid rain or the concomitant increase in soil acidity.
Although the association of pinedrops genotypes with fungal species is absolute, the association of mycorrhizal species with pine host species is much looser. A field study in California found both of pinedrops’ mycorrhizal species on the roots of bishop pine, Jeffrey pine, lodgepole pine, and sugar pine. A fussy pinedrops can only utilize a single species of mycorrhizal fungus, but that generalist fungus uses a variety of pine species for hosts. The pinedrops plant that inspired this column was growing beneath lodgepole pines.


Where is Santa from? This question comes to everyone’s mind. Today, we are going to unveil the true story. How many of you know that St. Nicholas is the man behind the story of Santa Claus. He was a priest of 4th century who lived in Myra (New name Turkey). He was an exceptionally rich man. His parents left him a huge amount of money after their death. He was a kind man who helped the poor people by giving them secret gifts. There are a few legends about St. Nicholas, despite the fact that we don’t know whether any of them are valid!
Once upon a time, there was a poor deserving man who had three girls. The man was so weak financially that he was not able to give dowry to his daughters. And that’s why his daughters couldn’t get married. One night, Nicholas subtly dropped a sack of gold down the chimney into the house. The pack fell into a stocking that had been hung by the fire to dry by the oldest daughter. Another day, the same thing happened for the second daughter.
At last, the poor man tried to discover the individual who had given the cash. So he covered up by the fire each night until he found Nicholas dropping a pack of gold. Nicholas asked him to not tell anybody about this help. But, soon the news spread out and when any person got a mystery gift, it was imagined that perhaps it was from Nicholas.
In light of his graciousness Nicholas became a Saint. St. Nicholas isn’t just the holy person of kids yet additionally of mariners! One story recounts him helping a few mariners that were gotten in a loathsome storm off the shore of Turkey. The storm was seething around them and everyone was alarmed that their ship would sink underneath the waves. They appealed to St. Nicholas to help them. All of a sudden, he was standing on the deck in front of them. He requested the ocean to be quiet, the tempest decreased, and they could cruise their ship securely to port.
St. 1Nicholas was deported from Myra and later put in jail during the abuse by the Emperor Diocletian. Nobody truly knows when he was expired, however it was on sixth December in 352. In 1087, his bones were missed from Turkey by some Italian mariners. Those bones are presently kept in a Church in the Italian port of Bari. On St. Nicholas fiesta day (sixth December), the mariners of Bari still convey his statue from the Cathedral out to ocean, so he can favor the waters thus give them secure sails consistently.
How St. Nicholas turned into the Santa Claus?
In the sixteenth Century in northern Europe, after the reconstruction, the stories and conventions about St. Nicholas became less popular. However, somebody needed to deliver gifts to youngsters at Christmas, so in the UK, he progressed toward becoming ‘Father Christmas’. Moreover, he was famous with the name of ‘Père Nöel’ in France. where is Santa from was still a mystery.
In a few nations including Austria and Germany, gifts provider turned into the ‘Christ kind’ a goldilocks infant, with wings, which identifies the new conceived child Jesus. In the early United States he was popular with the name ‘Kris Kringle’. Afterward, Dutch pilgrims took the old stories of St. Nicholas and Kris Kringle and St Nicholas turned into ‘Sinterklaas’ or as we call today ‘Santa Clause’.
Numerous nations particularly in Europe, observe St. Nicholas’ Day on sixth December. In some other European nations, kids hand stockings on the fifth December to be loaded with gifts. They additionally trust that if they put some feed and carrots in their stockings for Sinterklaas’ reindeer, they will present a few desserts.
Did you realize that Rudolph and Santa’s different reindeers may well be all young ladies? Just female reindeer keep their horns all through winter. Furthermore, by Christmas time most guys have disposed of their tusks and are sparing their vitality prepared to grow another combine in the spring.
So where is Santa from? Some individuals think Santa Claus lives at the North Pole. Yet, everybody believes that he goes through the sky on a cart that is dragged by reindeer. He enters the houses through the chimney at night and gives presents for the kids in socks or packs, under the family Christmas tree.
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Spider-inspired discs could be the new glue
In recent years we've seen a number of attempts at artificially replicating the strong-yet-light characteristics of spider silk. It turns out that the silk itself isn't the only thing that's inspiring scientists, however. Researchers from the University of Akron have recently created their own version of the "attachment discs" that spiders use to secure their silk fibers to surfaces, when building webs. These man-made discs could conceivably prove superior to conventional glues as a form of adhesive.
When spiders want to join a silk fiber to a surface, they don't simply press the end of that one fiber to the surface and hope that it holds. Instead, they pin it down by depositing an array of finer fibers that criss-cross over top of it – sort of like the staked-down ropes that the Lilliputians used to hold down Gulliver, in Gulliver's Travels. That jumble of fibers (seen below) is known as a pyriform attachment disc.
Led by Prof. Ali Dhinojwala, the U Akron team created artificial versions of these discs, using electrospun polyurethane fibers. These were used to effectively hold underlying nylon threads to surfaces.
It is now hoped that such discs could one day serve as a type of inexpensive biomedical adhesive, perhaps being used to bind fractures or bond ligaments onto bone. They might also simply become a stronger alternative to conventional glue and tape.
"Instead of using big globs of glue, for example, we can use this unique and efficient design of threads pinning down a fiber," said Dhinojwala. "The inspiration was right in front of us, in nature."
A paper on the research was recently published in the Journal of Polymer Physics.
Source: University of Akron


WASHINGTON, D.C. – Today, the Zero Emission Transportation Association (ZETA) released a new report showing that electric vehicles (EVs) are delivering vast cost savings to drivers. This report includes data that illustrates the cost-per-mile trends for both EVs and gas-powered vehicles since the beginning of the year. This report’s publication comes just after President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction into law, unlocking billions of dollars in funding for the production and sale of electric vehicles.
“Our analysis shows that American EV drivers are saving thousands of dollars on vehicle operating costs because, compared to gasoline, electricity is cheaper, more stable, and produced locally,” said Joe Britton, the Executive Director of ZETA. “EVs aren’t just better for the environment and public health—they are also better for Americans’ wallets.”
A poll commissioned by ZETA earlier this year found that 71% of American drivers are considering an electric vehicle for their next car. The United States’ domestic EV industry is growing, but American-made EVs sales still make up just a fraction of all auto sales.
Here are some key facts from the report:
- Gas prices are inherently volatile—and they always will be. EVs, on the other hand, operate independently of global oil markets, so their operating costs are not subject to the same fossil fuel price shocks, disruptions, and supply shortages. Instead, EVs run on electricity, which is cheaper than gasoline, is price-stable, and is domestically produced from increasingly renewable and local resources.
- EVs are far cheaper to drive than gas-powered vehicles. Nationally, gas-powered vehicles are 3-5 times more expensive to drive per mile than EVs. In several states (including Arizona, Florida, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Virginia), EVs can be driven at just 15-20% of the cost of gas-powered cars per mile. In addition to examining this month’s data, this ZETA report also looks back at the past seven months, and the data confirms that over time, EVs are markedly cheaper to drive per mile—and experience far greater price stability—than gas-powered vehicles.
- The total cost of EVs is lower than that of gas-powered vehicles. In many cases, EVs are already comparable in price to similar new gas-powered models. And in addition to their fuel cost savings, EVs require less maintenance than gas-powered vehicles, too. EVs can save drivers between $1,800 and $2,600 on operating and maintenance costs per year, according to Consumer Reports.
- EVs will cost even less to buy if Congress passes strong EV tax credits. The proposed EV tax credit expansion in the clean energy tax plan will further reduce EV sticker prices, making it cost less to both buy and drive an EV. Furthermore, EV tax credits will help ensure that Americans can buy American-made EVs (rather than imports produced by our foreign competitors), which will create millions of good-paying American jobs and help the United States win the global clean transportation race. If we don’t invest now, the U.S. will concede this race to our foreign competitors, hurting all Americans.
Find the entire analysis here.
The Zero Emission Transportation Association (ZETA) is a federal coalition focused on advocating for 100% EV sales by 2030. ZETA is committed to enacting policies that drive EV adoption, create hundreds of thousands of jobs, secure American global EV manufacturing leadership, drastically improve public health, and significantly reduce carbon pollution.


What is the basic pharmacology?
Description. Basic Pharmacology, Third Edition aims to present accounts of drug actions and their mechanisms in a compact, inexpensive, and updated form, and explain the basis of the therapeutic exploitation of drugs.
Which of the following terms describes administration of a medication through the membranes of the cheek?
Buccal Medicines: Giving Buccal Medicines. A buccal medicine is a medicine given between the gums and the inner lining of the mouth cheek.
Which segment of the population has the greatest risk of experiencing potentially adverse drug interactions?
Among adults age 65 and older, 40 percent are taking five or more medications. These older adults, who are typically taking multiple medications for multiple conditions, are among those at highest risk for drug interactions, though it is important to note that serious drug interactions can happen to anyone.
Which of the following is an example of a generic drug name?
For example, paracetamol is a generic name. There are several companies that make this with brand names such as Panadol®, Calpol®, etc.
What is Type A ADR?
Type A Reactions Type A (augmented) reactions result from an exaggeration of a drug’s normal pharmacological actions when given at the usual therapeutic dose and are normally dose-dependent. Examples include respiratory depression with opioids or bleeding with warfarin.
What are six factors that determine the effects of a drug?
Factors influencing drug effects
- Type of drug.
- Quantity of drug used.
- Method of drug use.
- Time taken to consume.
- Gender, size and amount of muscle.
- Use of other psycho-active drugs.
- Mood or attitude.
What is chemical name of drug?
The chemical name is a scientific name based on the compound’s chemical structure (e.g., 6-thioguanine) and is almost never used to identify the drug in a clinical or marketing situation. The generic name is granted by the USAN Council and is commonly used to identify a drug during its useful clinical lifetime.
Why do medicines have two names?
They’re the names for the active ingredients. You may have noticed that every brand-name drug has a second name — for instance, Prozac® (fluoxetine). That second name, fluoxetine, is a name for the active ingredient, which is the same whatever the brand or generic form.