“When we storm forward and climb out of the trenches, we see the empty, unknown land in front of us where death goes about its business […] it appears as if a new dimension has opened up to us. Then we suddenly see up close, […] what awaits us in the land of the dead: the enemy. That is an unforgettable moment.” – Ernst Jünger (Kittler, 132)
The term terra cognita meaning “unknown land” in Latin, was created during the Age of Exploration in the mid 15th century lasting through the 19th century. Francaviglia writes, “The use of Latin as a universal language for knowledge was endorsed at the end of the Middle Ages, and so the term terra incognita perfectly captured both the spirit of the times and the character of unknown places” (Francaviglia 25). Latin becomes a signifier for knowledge and legitimation, revealing exploration as above all else the search for knowledge.
The search for terra incognita involves three stages of inscription:
- the map as rational inscription
- the sea as irrational and fleeting inscription
- culminating with the gaze as relational and authoring inscription
Mapping the Unknown (Hic Sunt Dracones)
The acquisition of knowledge and the need to know has been the main fuel for exploration. World maps during the Age of Exploration were in flux, mirroring the age itself, since there were still bodies of land to be discovered and rendered onto the map. The map as evidence of rationality and legibility also exhibited gaps of unknown spaces pointing to its own limitations and lack. Expeditions sought to fill in all of the missing spaces to complete and solidify the scientific reason proposed by the map and reassert its legitimacy. The gaps undermine the authority of maps and name it as something unstable. These unknown spaces were often marked with the phrase terra incognita, although there is also account of some displaying the phrase hic sunt dracones or “here be dragons,” emphasizing the fear and intrigue induced by the unknown as well as its presence as a threat to knowledge, rationality, and authority. The unknown, then, destabilizes the logic of the map as archive.
During the Age of Exploration, there was a rediscovery of ancient Greek maps, and Ptolymey’s world map completed in 391 A.D. served as a model for maps made in the 15th century. Although Ptolymey’s map was lost, writing and description of the map allowed scholars to make reconstructions, “The fact that the original was lost also enhanced its intrigue to an age searching for an elusive past” (Francaviglia, 26).
State sponsored expeditions, acquiring knowledge as emphasizing state power
Ship becomes extension of state, state prosthetic
ship also as crypt and sea becomes crypt carrier (coffin traveling along the water) - danger and death was a huge part of these explorations. ship doubles as home and crypt, doubles again as the state and state crypt
map used to be a palimpsest, written over, rewritten, making additions
The Sublime as Blackbox and Erasure
“But in what we are wont to call sublime in nature there is such an absence of anything leading to particular objective principles and corresponding forms of nature that it is rther in its chaos, or in its wildest and most irregular disorder and desolation, provided it gives signs of magnitude and power, that nature chiefly excites the ideas of the sublime.” (Kant 70)
Mise en abyme?
The sea insofar as it is the sublime is blackboxed, allowing one to experience it only through its projected surface interface, therefore one can only stand at the threshold or edge of the sublime. One can not enter into the sublime because it would result in death or complete madness. The sublime is blackboxed through and through, entering it wouldn’t unlock it as blackbox, it would continue to be lux, the impenetrable and opaque body of light. The threshold of the sublime then is like an event horizon, the position of the self at the interface of one’s own potential obliteration by the immense engulfing threat of nature.
The sea also denies writing. It is an unstable writing surface and acts as liquid erase, as each trace the ship leaves in the water vanishes in the moment it appears, it is swallowed and buried. The ship is not permitted to leave a trail or to mark on the water. In this sense it functions like a mystic-writing pad that strikes back where the writer cannot control the erasure of writing, but rather it is immediately subsumed into the unconscious and the act of writing becomes synonymous with the act of erasing.
Regime of Vision
The Sovereign Gaze
“Cartesian thought, for Ricoeur, ‘is contemporaneous with a vision of the world in which the whole of objectivity is spread out like a spectacle on which the cogito casts its sovereign gaze’” (Jonathan Crary, 48).
The moment of coming upon terra incognita and witnessing it is also a moment of engaging with the unknown as it becomes known. The male gaze of the explorer acts as a stylus writing onto the land, making vision synonymous with writing, and authoring the land as a blank page in that moment of recognition. The gaze as stylus not only writes onto the land, but also pierces and penetrates it. This moment of recognition is also an impass. In the seeing of terra incognita, it is no longer unknown, and becomes transformed by being placed within the field of vision. Just as the ship symbolically acts as state power, so to the male gaze acts metonymically/indexically as the sovereign gaze of the state which renders legible the previously illegible.
Is this the land writing back on the gaze?
Afterimage as Possession and Parallax
A metaphoric afterimage is created in the moment of seeing terra incognita. The impression of this unforgettable moment creates an image that the explorer can take with him when he leaves. In the afterimage, the land as Other is remediated and re-presented. This idea is most clearly expressed in Lacan’s statement “No doubt, in the depths of my eye, the picture is painted” (Lacan, 96). This afterimage bceomes an objectified image of the land which remains under visual possession by the explorer. This also reveals that the land has the power to write back onto the explorer. The image becomes detached from the actual land, or the signified detached from its signifier, echoing Crary’s discussion of the afterimage as an “…optical experience that was produced by and within the subject (Crary 98).” The explorer is able to evoke this image and carry it as a possession. The eye becomes the archive which holds the image as a file. This is a similar effect to the mystic-writing pad. The image is written onto the eye and then subsumed into memory.
The explorer himself becomes a medium for carrying and transporting the afterimage of terra incognita, acting as Iris as opposed to Hermes, internalizing the message into his body. This internalization of the afterimage as message is also an internalization of the Other. The unknown is taken in by the explorer where it is consumed and transformed, then released and rewritten as something known. Upon returning to the home state, the afterimage is described as the photographic documentation of the land. This reveals the afterimage as parallax, as it is the slippage between the parallel lines of sight of the image and the recollection of the image, and results as the displaced product of the two.
The Spyglass and the War Machine
telescope as dioptric
frames and borders the image, excludes periphery
land becomes a target (Kittler, photography and targeting)
Vision is enhanced via a prosthetic (spyglass/telescope)
cuts into the landscape, reforming and reorganizing the land (Walter Benjamin - surgeon/cameraman?) dissects and reshapes the subject
Crary, Jonathan. Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. Boston: MIT Press, 1992.
Horn, Eva. "Knowing the Enemy: The Epistemology of Secret Intelligence." Boston: MIT Press Journal Grey Room, 2003
Kant, Immanuel. The Critique of Judgment. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987.
Kittler, Friedrich. Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Lacan, Jacques. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 1978.
Francaviglia, Richard V. Mapping and Imagination in the Great Basin: a Cartographic History. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2005.


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Packed with need-to-know information, this handbook should be every painter's companion in the studio. With students and painters with limited time in mind, chapters focus on essentials: colours required for a basic palette; preparing a support; which are the most vibrant and permanent pigments etc., while describing how materials and techniques have developed over the centuries and how to apply them for the best results. The emphasis on practical advice will appeal to artists who like to explore and experiment, are economically minded, or simply find satisfaction in doing it all themselves. The author includes recipes for making glazes, acrylic ground, gesso and pastel sticks; information on photographing and archiving work yourself; a guide to setting up a studio; and the results of the author's own extensive testing of materials from paints to papers. The Painter's Studio Handbook is an ideal quick reference work for artists working in all media wanting to get started with a minimum of fuss with their painting or drawing.


This voluntary initiative came from Green economy policies, practices and initiatives
Description/achievement of initiative
Source: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany
The new Renewable Energies Heat Act entered into force on 1 January 2009. It stipulates that owners of new buildings must cover part of their heat supply with renewable energies. This applies to residential and non-residential buildings for which a building application or construction notification was submitted after 1 January 2009.
Copyright United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs


Organizational Influence on Individual Perceptions: The social representations of the Aboriginal military in the Canadian Armed Forces
In the context of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report, the Canadian state is in the process of reaching out to Aboriginal communities. Public organizations must therefore be actively involved in integrating Aboriginal people into their communities so that they are representative of Canadian society as a whole. The question of the perceptions of Aboriginal employees becomes crucial because it may be a factor that facilitates or restricts the access of these people to public organizations. As such, Aboriginal people have a special, complex and rich relationship with the military. It seemed relevant for us to study the perception of the Canadian military with Aboriginal people. Using the theory of social representations, this research exposes the structure of these perceptions. We have discovered that the military perceives the army through the prism of excellence and legal authority. Thus, the perception scheme is not a priori an obstacle to the integration of Aboriginal people, but there are indeed prejudices and stereotypes on the periphery of the representational structure. These prejudices and stereotypes could constitute an obstacle to the effective integration of this population.


For many writers and students, note cards (also known as index cards) are one of the best tools for planning large works and organising ideas. I use them all the time as part of my analogue note-taking setup, but also at my desk when I’m working through big ideas.
Conceptually, cards can exist on their own, or be grouped together into sequences or categories. Each card can be moved around spatially and reordered in ways that normal notebook pages cannot. This allows easy ordering and random access.
The physical limitations of the card help keep the content short and to the point. Having both a front and back helps add an extra dimension, if required.
In my system, the cards are used in addition to my notebooks and digital tools for many things, including:
- Forming and processing ideas into groups or sequences
- Planning order and estimated effort of tasks
- Making disposable notes for myself or other people
- Writing down phone numbers and details for calls to make
- Testing pens and ink (this happens regularly!)
- Anything random I don’t want to keep
- Doodles (like below!)
I have found the business card size to be better for my usage. I get blank ones with rounded edges from eBay – they’re cheap to buy in bulk and I’m happy with the quality for now. I used to use full size note cards, and certainly enjoyed using them, but now I’ve tried the smaller size, I find the larger ones to be too big for most of my tasks.
For me, the main benefit of their size is their portability. You can fit business cards into slots for bank cards as well as dedicated containers like portable business card cases, archive boxes, and other organisers. There’s no way I could fit a full size index card into my wallet!
Here’s an example of use when planning to make a phone call.
When I am going through my notebook on an evening, I may write down the details of a call to make to a utility company the next day. I would still write down the task in my notebook, but the phone number, account details, and any other bits of relevant information would be on the note card in my wallet.
Making the call could be done anywhere, as I always have my wallet in my pocket.
When I am done, I would tick the task in my notebook and copy down any new information gained from the call. After that, the note card can be either disposed of or stored for future reference. Though I don’t currently keep an archive of these cards, but I may want to in the future. Right now I copy the information down into Field Notes or OneNote as required, then put the card itself in the recycling.
I recently got a repositionable glue stick, which has similar properties to the glue on the back of a Post-it note.
When you use this glue on the back of one of these note cards it can be used just like a Post-it note, including repositioning and sticking to walls. I will see how often I use this over time, but I did use this method at the start of the year in order to priorities projects and move ideas around. Sticking them on my wall helped keep my desk clear while I was grouping and ordering.
Finally, I’d like to see this size of card gain more of a following. It would be fantastic to see a company like Nock Co. produce their DotDash cards in business card sizes. They are probably my favourite of the full size 3 × 5 note cards on the market, but I have yet to find anything of this quality in the business card size.


Located 240 kilometres east of Darwin in Australia’s tropical north Kakadu National Park is the largest national park in Australia. The park covers almost 20,000 square kilometers it is approximately the size of Israel. This unique archaeological and ethnological reserve has been inhabited continuously for more than 40,000 years.
Approximately 300 Aboriginal people reside in the park, including traditional owners and Aboriginals with recognized social and traditional attachments to the area. The park contains one of the highest concentrated areas of aboriginal rock art sites in the world; the most famous examples are at Nourlangie Rock and Ubirr, sacred and art sites.
The traditional owners Bininj Mungguy have lived on and cared for this country for more than 50,000 years. Their deep spiritual connection to the land dates back to the Creation and has always been an important part of the Kakadu story.
The secret to discovering Kakadu is taking your time. You’ll find stories, secrets and sights never imagined. It is impossible to appreciate the full breadth and beauty of the park in a fleeting visit – if you can afford the time, spend a week or more.
Because of its diversity of land systems from marine and coastal habitats (which support substantial turtle and dugong populations) through to the arid sandstone escarpment, Kakadu is one of the world’s richest wildlife parks. Is home to 68 mammals (almost one-fifth of Australia’s mammals), more than 120 reptiles, 26 frogs, over 300 tidal and freshwater fish species, more than 2 000 plants and over 10 000 species of insects. It provides habitat for more than 290 bird species (over one-third of Australia’s birds). Its internationally important wetlands are a major staging point for migratory birds. Some of these species are threatened or endangered. Many are found nowhere else in the world and there are still others yet to be discovered.
The Creation Ancestors gave Bininj/Mungguy a kinship system linking people to all things and the cultural responsibility to look after them all. They have always understood the biodiversity of country and their traditional ancestral knowledge is a vital part of managing Kakadu’s rich environment.


Proofreaders need to be pedants with an unwavering eye for detail. The discipline differs from copy-editing.
Because errors can happen during the design process, remember your final proofread should take place after:
- the print document has already been laid out, complete with images and captions, or
- the web content has been uploaded to the web.
When proofreading, check that:
- you have incorporated all edits from previous versions into the final version
- all content conforms with this style guide
- the images match text and captions
- elements such as page numbers, tabs and headings are correct
- line breaks, white space and tables have all been positioned appropriately.
If checking web content, also check that:
- the page conforms with web accessibility guidelines
- all hyperlinks are labelled correctly and work.
Other useful tips:
- Its fine to start on screen, but your final proof should be on a hard copy.
- Proofing is best done in (at least) two stages: one proof for sense and style, and one for spelling, grammar and punctuation.
- When proofing for sense and style, put yourself in the user's shoes.
- Check the style aligns with Monash branding.
- Be methodical. Take one line at a time. Use a ruler to guide your eyes.
- Read one word at a time. Most people read about four words at a time, so you need to make a conscious effort to stare at each word in turn. This isn't as slow as it sounds; its just a different reading technique. Some proofreaders read the copy backwards.
- Note any queries that need to go back to the content owner or the writer. Ask them.
- If you don't know a word, or you are unsure it is spelled or used correctly, look it up.
- Proofread in a quiet environment. Don't listen to music. Schedule frequent short breaks, and enforce a break if your concentration starts wavering.
- Read the content aloud. (Under your breath, preferably.) This helps you to spot faulty sentence construction and bad grammar.
Do not proofread your own work if you can help it. If you must, schedule another task between writing/editing and proofing.


complementarity as conservative Catholics use the term, however, is more than biology.
This is the core of “complementarity,” and it would not seem to require an international colloquium to explain.
Notice he said that complementarity is “a root” of family, not “the root.”
complementarity also means, of course, than men and women are fundamentally different.
complementarity com·ple·men·tar·i·ty (kŏm'plə-měn-tār'ĭ-tē)
The correspondence or similarity between nucleotides or strands of nucleotides of DNA and RNA molecules that allows precise pairing.
The affinity that an antigen and an antibody have for each other as a result of the chemical arrangement of their combining sites.
The concept that the underlying properties of entities (especially subatomic particles) may manifest themselves in contradictory forms at different times, depending on the conditions of observation; thus, any physical model of an entity exclusively in terms of one form or the other will be necessarily incomplete. For example, although a unified quantum mechanical understanding of such phenomena as light has been developed, light sometimes exhibits properties of waves and sometimes properties of particles (an example of wave-particle duality). See also uncertainty principle.


Science - We will explore the different animal groups and use this to help us identify the features of different dinosaurs. We will also discuss animal's and dinosaur's diets.
History - The history of dinosaurs and looking at the chronology of history.
Art - Observational drawings of fossils and landscape drawings.
Geography - We will be building our map reading skills by hunting for fossils!


In general, GCC expects the system C library to provide most of the headers to be used with it. However, GCC will fix those headers if necessary to make them work with GCC, and will install some headers required of freestanding implementations. These headers are installed in libsubdir/include. Headers for non-C runtime libraries are also installed by GCC; these are not documented here. (FIXME: document them somewhere.)
Several of the headers GCC installs are in the ginclude
directory. These headers, iso646.h,
stdarg.h, stdbool.h, and stddef.h,
are installed in libsubdir/include,
unless the target Makefile fragment (see Target Fragment)
overrides this by setting
In addition to these headers and those generated by fixing system
headers to work with GCC, some other headers may also be installed in
libsubdir/include. config.gcc may set
extra_headers; this specifies additional headers under
config to be installed on some systems.
GCC installs its own version of
<float.h>, from ginclude/float.h.
This is done to cope with command-line options that change the
representation of floating point numbers.
GCC also installs its own version of
<limits.h>; this is generated
from glimits.h, together with limitx.h and
limity.h if the system also has its own version of
<limits.h>. (GCC provides its own header because it is
required of ISO C freestanding implementations, but needs to include
the system header from its own header as well because other standards
such as POSIX specify additional values to be defined in
<limits.h>.) The system’s
<limits.h> header is used via
libsubdir/include/syslimits.h, which is copied from
gsyslimits.h if it does not need fixing to work with GCC; if it
needs fixing, syslimits.h is the fixed copy.
GCC can also install
<tgmath.h>. It will do this when


Recently, there was a discussion on Twitter about the validity of using custom elements in the <head> section of web pages.
Custom elements are part of the Web Components specifications, allowing developers to create HTML elements tailored to their needs.
Using custom tags, developers can build reusable and self-contained HTML elements that function independently from the rest of the code.
On Twitter, an individual asks: “Anyone know if it’s technically valid to have a custom element in the document head?”
John Mueller, a Search Advocate at Google, suggested that this practice could potentially disrupt how Google renders and indexes the page.
“Using custom elements in the <head> likely breaks page rendering in Google Search. If there are ‘search’ meta tags, etc. below the custom elements that should be in the <head> (like robots noindex), Google may not recognize them during rendering.”
Understanding How Google Renders Web Pages
To fully grasp the implications of Mueller’s statement, it’s important to understand how Google renders web pages.
The rendering process is like cooking, transforming the recipe into the final product users see in their browsers.
As Google’s crawler retrieves the HTML, the rendering process begins by interpreting the code and assembling the resources to display the web page visually.
The SEO Implications Of Custom HTML Tags
While custom tags benefit developers, their impact on SEO cannot be ignored.
Custom tags can affect SEO because search engines like Google traditionally rely on standard HTML tags to understand a page’s content and structure.
For example, if a custom element is used in the <head>, Google may not recognize the standard tags that follow during rendering.
This could result in Google missing important meta tags relevant to SEO.
The Argument Against Using Custom HTML Tags
Although custom HTML tags offer flexibility, there are reasons to use them cautiously.
In addition to Mueller’s concerns, custom HTML tags can potentially cause compatibility issues with older browsers and screen readers.
There are also possible clashes in the global namespace and concerns about separating functionality, meaning, and presentation.
An Alternative: JSON-LD Tags
For those who want to improve SEO while retaining the flexibility of custom tags, JSON-LD tags are a promising alternative.
When structured properly, this data can be used in a <script> tag of type application/ld+json to provide structured metadata about the page.
This makes it easier for search engines to interpret the content.
This script communicates key information about an organization to search engines, increasing the chances of the page ranking in relevant search results.
While web development continues to change with exciting new tools, the impact of custom HTML tags on SEO is still being understood.
Those concerned about compatibility or SEO issues may prefer to use standard HTML tags or JSON-LD as alternatives.
Featured Image: Darko 1981/Shutterstock


Ralph was extremely frustrated with everyone because many of the boys did not care that the fire went out. Ralph realizes that fire is one of the most important things since that is the thing that is supposed to get them rescued off of the island. The boys, besides Ralph, are showing their evil by not caring that this happened to them instead they just brush it off like it is no big deal but in reality it is a huge deal for their survival. The way that Ralph was brought up in his society shows that he can control his evil reactions in tense situations since he does not want to lash out at somebody. Even though Ralph is from a controlled society, he was very eager to join the society that was taking place which leads to the killing of Simon: “The beast was on its knees in the center,...leapt on to the beast, screamed struck, bit, tore...they could see
Golding’s timeless novel, Lord of the Flies, has an impact on society because it shows how boys, representing the world, may react in different situations and how human nature can create chaos, turning good to bad; a pandemonium civilization . The novel shows the inner self of each person will appear eventually , it only depends on how strongly you believe in your own conscience which Ralph possesses. As a leader Ralph is a better chief although he can’t regulate the group of boys well, the boys still choose Ralph instead of Jack as he cares for others and their survival unlike Jack. The reader experiences how people could change into ‘Jack’ easily and because of a lack of organization or rules, we would end up killing each other, as the boys do.
William Golding has very developed characters in Lord of the Flies, Ralph and Jack to be specific. Ralph is good at involving everyone in his decisions, but not good at reprimanding and punishing the boys. Jack knows how the boys feel and relates with them, but he can not identify his priorities or achieve them. These two leaders are both intelligent, but can not control their desire to kill. Without all the downfalls and all of the good qualities in Ralph and Jack would have been very different leaders, which might have a good thing for the boys, or could have make the situation even worse.
“They get a chance to do everything.” (p.22) Since Bigger wasn’t at the opportunity of being able to be an aviator, he had to go in a search for a job. He ended up working for the Dalton family. He did not like his job ... ... middle of paper ... ... to Bessie, to even considering the thought of killing himself. The feeling never actually leaves him. It frightens him, and I don’t think it would be so bad if it weren’t for the discrimination and segregation.
He would be “as happy as a fly” (Morrison 142) if he could just escape the people he feels is holding him back and causing him so much despondency. Throughout... ... middle of paper ... ...lps Milkman realize how to fly and find himself. Flying is one thing that will make anyone feel boundless and free from worries and trouble. Everyone wants to feel this kind of freedom, however unless they can fly, they are unable to. It’s obvious that Milkman would want to feel this freedom from all of the burdens that he has been presented with through out the entirety of his life.
Most gulls only learn the simple facts of flight how to get from shore to food and back. The others gulls just care for eating and not for the flying, however Jonathan loved to fly more than he loved to eat. He knew this was not a way to think and even his parents were dismayed by his daily experimentation. They asked Jonathan to be normal and even though he agreed he would go back to his old self and kept trying to fly. He learned about speed and tried, not successfully, to fly the fastest that he could fly but every time he would lose control and crash into the water.
A ship may be near and there is no smoke to signal them. “Are you all off your rockers?” (Golding 108). Some may say the isolated environment caused the boys to argue with one another about the many issues that rose between them, but common sense seems to dictate the boys’ age related thinking made the majority of them decide to follow Jack’s belief that a fire was not important. If a fully mature group of men were on the island in the same situation, the majority of them would know Ralph was correct in thinking a fire was a necessary for smoke in making a signal for a large chance at rescue than without one. Only immature brained individuals like most of boys were on the island, would think otherwise and not realize their lives depend upon that smoke
In the case of this movie, the elected officials would be represented by Jack because he was representing the concerns of the boys in the group as he was trying to keep them all “safe” from the monster that lurked the island. The monster became the main concern of these boys and they were generally concerned of their safety. The bureaucracy would be represented through Ralph as he ended up with less support from the boys but the boys that did stick with him were more concerned about his expertise and skill and did not let the illusions of the monster steer them away. To compare both, in the movie considering these two groups as the bureaucracy and elected officials, the constant clash of the boys was apparent and clear to see. Jack and Ralph were not able to agree on specific situations and resulted in getting nothing done, which is why they ended up splitting.
Also he says “acting like a crowd of kids” as if was the adult on the island trying to help the “kids”. More proof of his clear thinking is the fact that Ralph relies on Piggy’s good advice to succeed. Without Piggy, Ralph would be lost. As the story progresses we see the boys drift apart however we see Piggy try to retain order as an adult might. When there is going to be a fight he says, “Come away.
Unfortunately, it is because of his age and lack of experience that he understandably fails to maintain order when the constraints of civilization are overpowered by the boys’ savage impulses. Had they listened to him, many wiser decisions would have been made regarding their survival. Firstly, a notable trait that distinguishes Ralph from the other children on the island is his ability to think more rationally. As the boys become influenced by Jack’s rule, they regress into uncivilized savages that lack discipline. Whereas, Ralph is wisely able to keep the boys under order, which is particularly apparent through the meetings that he regularly holds.


Acton is underlain by the Nashoba Formation, an assemblage of old metamorphic rocks which were reshaped and covered during the continental ice ages. Original sandstones or similar sedimentary rocks were altered by heat and pressure over geologic time into metamorphic rock. The formation is largely gneiss, a relatively coarse-grained rock, which shows different layers of minerals upon close examination.
The mineral composition of the rocks in the Nashoba Formation varies considerably, and numerous subdivisions have been identified. Most of the formation in Acton is biotite gneiss, which contains small plate-like crystals of the mineral biotite, a black form of mica. The arboretum area is entirely underlain by this particular type of rock. Throughout the Arboretum, outcrops of bedrock show at the land surface. Several near Wood Lane are particularly easy to find, as is the outcropping just east of the reading circle.
The Nashoba Formation is relatively old, dating back to the Ordovician geologic period, which occurred between 430 and 500 million years ago. It has been subjected to extreme forces over geologic time as at least one mountain range rose and was eroded away. As a result, the formation is extensively folded and faulted. Hansen maps a fold axis through the Arboretum centered at the rock outcrop near Wood Lane. Elsewhere in Acton, the various subgroups within the Nashoba Formation are mapped as elongated bands that stretch from northeast to southwest, although no such bands are mapped within the Arboretum.
Faults separate the formation from the neighboring rocks to the northwest and southeast. These faults are minor and do not present a significant geologic hazard. Nonetheless, small magnitude earthquakes occur once every year or two. If residents even notice these earthquakes, they often mistake them for a large truck passing on the road, although sometimes they are accompanied by a sudden loud noise like a cannon shot.
The Nashoba Formation is punctuated in places by younger volcanic rocks, known as the Acton granite. Granite deposits were formed when molten magma intruded from the subsurface into the Nashoba Formation. The intrusions, which are relatively small features, were mined in the past in several small quarries in Acton. A group of cut granite stones lie off the Highland-Bog trail towards Wood Lane. These stones show the remnants of drill holes where the stones were broken off from a much larger boulder. The remaining part of the boulder is not granite. It shows a flat, rather crystalline surface typical of the Nashoba Formation and was apparently the wall of the fault into which granite intruded long ago. The cut granite stones remaining near the boulder are similar to the large foundation stones seen in colonial houses and barns around Acton. For some reason, these particular cut stones were never removed and used.
Glacial Striations and Deposits
The geologic character of Acton is largely determined by younger deposits that overlie the bedrock. These varied formations were deposited during the continental ice ages, which ended 10,000 years ago, a very recent time geologically. During the ice ages, sheets of ice over a mile thick in places blanketed Canada, the north central United States, and New England. The glaciers formed, wasted away, and reformed although only the effects of the most recent ice age are clearly discernible in the area's geology.
During each ice age, massive sheets of ice moved over the landscape, scraping, and re-depositing rocks and sediment. In Acton, the last glacier moved more or less due south. Glacial striations, marks scraped by the moving glacier and the rocks it carried, can still be seen on smooth rock outcrops. The high bedrock ledge on the edge of the meadow near Wood Lane shows glacial striations that point more or less south, roughly parallel to Wood Lane. The striations are difficult to see, but can be seen as rough indentations that all line up at an angle of about 45 degrees from the grain of the rock.
The ice ages resulted in numerous and varied geologic deposits, formed when the glacier passed and also during the post-glacial period as the melting glacier produced torrents of water. Much of Acton is blanketed by glacial till, a compact mixture of sediment. Till is composed of a wide range of grain sizes, from very fine clay particles to large boulders. These various grain sizes were compressed under the moving glaciers into a poorly sorted mixture that is tight, almost impervious, to water. The widespread till deposits are also known as ground moraine.
The rocky soils that discourage farming in New England are typical of these glacial till soils. Colonial farmers removed the rocks from the soil on a yearly basis, forming them into stone walls like those seen at the Arboretum. In several places on the Arboretum, the soil was too thin or poor for farming; and rocks were simply dumped in large piles there. High water tables and poor drainage that interfere with planting are typical of till deposits as well.
The lower elevations in Acton's landscape are generally occupied by glacial outwash deposits, sand and gravel deposited by water running from the melting glaciers. Fine-grained clay and silt were washed from these deposits by the running water, as a result these soils are more open and drain more readily than the till soils. All of Acton's public water-supply wells are located in sand and gravel outwash, and these deposits generally require greater protection from pollution than the areas covered by till.
The Arboretum lies at a transition from the upland ground moraine to lower-lying outwash deposits. South of Minot Avenue and extending south of Route 2 as far as Fort Pond Brook lie kame terraces. Kame terraces were formed as sand and gravel accumulated along meltwater streams that coursed along the margin of the melting glacier, between the glacier and adjacent higher land. Immediately south of Minot is a kame terrace on the site of Conant School.
Leading into the kame terrace south of Minot Avenue is an esker that courses through the Arboretum. Eskers, long sinuous gravel deposits, are found in several other locations around Acton. These deposits were probably made in tunnels under the wasting glacier or open crevasses in the glacier. Water in the meltwater tunnel or crevasse along the esker's path flowed southward to the kame terrace, depositing the sand and gravel that makes up the esker. Today, they stand as narrow causeways, 10 to 30 feet high, winding through the woods. Were it not for their tortuous path, one would mistake them for constructed road or railroad beds. A trail runs along the top of the esker at the arboretum. Over the years gravel was mined from the esker for the area roads leaving a large excavated bowl on its east side.
The meltwater streams that flowed along the course of the present-day esker and kame terrace discharged into glacial Lake Sudbury south of where Route 2 lies today. Glacial lakes formed when meltwater accumulated behind ice or earth dams. Lake Sudbury occupied an area covering parts of Sudbury, Maynard, West Concord, and South Acton. It may have consisted of several lakes rather than a single large lake. Where meltwater streams discharged into glacial lakes, they often formed kame deltas, deposits of sand and gravel that accumulated on the lake bottom. Kame delta deposits lie south of Route 2 as far as Fort Pond Brook.
Acton's geology continues to change. There are geologic formations that postdate the ice ages including swamp deposits, which are forming in wetlands throughout the town, and alluvium, which forms in streambeds. Swamp deposits are currently accumulating in the marsh on the Donald property on the west side of the esker, and even more dramatically in the bog. The bog was once open water, but has been filling in with sediment and sphagnum moss over the decades so that now it is a bog in transition to a meadow. Eventually, the bog will fill in sufficiently that all open water will be gone and a grassy meadow will take its place.


The following guide will help you plan, prepare, and get ready in the event that martial law threatens you safety and well being. It is divided into two parts. The first part describes the framework for martial law and the second part the actions to take in preparing or the actual declaration of martial law.
* Martial law is defined as: military rule or authority imposed on a civilian population when the civil authorities cannot maintain law and order, as in a time of war or during an emergency.
* Hitler turned Germany into a Nazi dictatorship through executive orders.
* Executive Order 10995: All communications media are to be seized by the Federal Government. Radio, TV, newspapers, CB, Ham, telephones, and the internet will be under federal control. Hence, the First Amendment will be suspended indefinitely.
* Executive Order 10997: All electrical power, fuels, and all minerals well be seized by the federal government.
* Executive Order 10998: All food resources, farms and farm equipment will be seized by the government. You will not be allowed to hoard food since this is regulated.
* Executive Order 10999: All modes of transportation will go into government control. Any vehicle can be seized.
* Executive Order 11000: All civilians can be used for work under federal supervision.
* Executive Order 11490: Establishes presidential control over all US citizens, businesses, and churches in time of "emergency."
* Executive Order 12919: Directs various Cabinet officials to be constantly ready to take over virtually all aspects of the US economy during a State of National Emergency at the direction of the president.
* Executive Order 13010: Directs FEMA to take control over all government agencies in time of emergency. FEMA is under control of executive branch of the government.
* Executive Order 12656: "ASSIGNMENT OF EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS RESPONSIBILITIES", "A national emergency is any occurrence, including natural disaster, military attack, technological emergency, or other emergency that seriously degrades or seriously threatens the national security of the United States. Policy for national security emergency preparedness shall be established by the President." This order includes federal takeover of all local law enforcement agencies, wage and price controls, prohibits you from moving assets in or out of the United States, creates a draft, controls all travel in and out of the United States, and much more.
* Martial law can be declared due to natural disasters, Y2k Crisis, Stock Market crash, no electricity, riots, biological attack, .... anything leading to the breakdown of law and order.
SURVIVING MARTIAL LAW
* Prepare before any declaration of martial law by becoming self reliant. You may become subject to a bureaucratic system and be prepared to stay one step ahead of it which is easy to do if you are prepared and in a position to be self reliant. You may also face mob rule, chaos, panic, or a complete breakdown in law and order. Surival situations may be easier to handle in rural areas than urban.
* Avoid areas of marital law. Can be imposed due to natural disasters or man caused events. Important to have a retreat or place in a rural area away from populated areas.
* Create alliances with like minded neighbors or community members that share your views. Team work and numbers may help your situation.
* Become transparent in the sense that you do not draw attention to yourself or your family. For instance, do not tell people that you are storing food just store food. Be prepared to render assistance to neighbors if need be. You never know when you will need them.
* Remain calm! Do not panic.
* Avoid areas of civil unrest if possible. If caught in civil unrest take appropriate action.
* Get informed and stay informed. Understand martial law can be a temporary crisis or an extended one. In extreme cases the shape of a whole nation can change.
* Declaration of martial law means your rights are suspended and it is government by decree. Your constitutional rights may no longer apply. This could mean a state of National Emergency.
* People can be arrested and imprisoned indefinitely without charges.
* Freedom of speech and freedom of assembly can be suspended, and censorship of the media imposed.
* Gun ownership will also come under severe attack during marital law. We could see house to house searches by the military or National Guard looking for guns and seizing any they find along with stored food.
* Take a stand on issues and make a choice that fits your beliefs and the situation. Do you believe as Patrick Henry, "Give me liberty or give me death?" Realize you may have some hard choices to make. Understand you may have to sacrifice your principles on trivial matters or take a hard stand. Always remember that you may have to come back and fight another day.
The above found here
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The below found here
Found a good "Civil Unrest & Rioting" link? Contact Us On-Line!
Operation Garden Plot (United States Civil Disturbance Plan 55-2) Under this plan for the deployment of Operation Garden Plot, the use of CIDCON-1 will be mandatory. This direct support of civil disturbance control operations is to be used by the Army, USAF, Navy, and Marine Corp. with an airlift force to be comprised of MAC Organic Airlift Resources, airlift capable aircraft of all other USAF major commands, and all other aerial reconnaissance and Airborne Psychological Operations. This is to include control communications systems, aeromedical evacuation, helicopter and Weather Support Systems. If any civil disturbance by a resistance group, religious organization, or other persons considered to be non-conformist takes place, under Appendix 3 to Annex B of Plan 55-2 hereby gives all Federal forces total power over the situation if local and state authorities cannot put down said dissenters. Annex A, section B of Operation Garden Plot defines tax protesters, militia groups, religious cults, and general anti-government dissenters as Disruptive Elements. This calls for the deadly force to be used against any extremist or dissident perpetrating any and all forms of civil disorder. See also: US HAS BEEN PREPARING TO TURN AMERICA INTO A MILITARY DICTATORSHIP
Global Anarchy: North America Links to, or about, anarchists in Mexico, the USA, and Canada.
JP 3-06. Doctrine for Joint Urban Operations. September 16, 2002. This publication addresses the planning and conduct of joint urban operations and explains how they differ from other operations. It focuses on the operational level of war and addresses issues across the range of military operations. It provides doctrinal guidance focused on capabilities and tasks that are unique to, or significantly challenged by, the urban environment at the operational level of warfighting. It does not attempt to replace or reiterate doctrine in overlapping areas; instead, it examines the special considerations required when conducting operations in the complex modern urban environment.
John Stanton: Is Anarchy the Only Hope for America? The philosopher Plato was right when he opined that democracy ultimately leads to anarchy and then tyranny. But he was wrong to dismiss anarchy which, arguably, is the happy medium between failed democracy and treacherous tyranny. The USA has begun its flirtation with anarchy. But anarchy, like democracy, is anathema to the ruling classes and can't be tolerated for any length of time. As a result, the ruling classes will create a crisis and will attempt to implement a society as described in Plato's Republic - an alternative to representative government. The USA will transition from anarchy to a Platonic tyranny sometime during the second term (2004-2008) of George Bush II... That is, unless anarchy takes hold.
Summary of Irregular Warfare Workshop (20 Sep 2005): Workshop Purpose: The US Special Operations Command and Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict hosted an Irregular Warfare workshop on 20 September, 2005 for the purpose of reaching agreement on proposed Department of Defense (DoD) definitions for Irregular Warfare and Irregular Operations and a list of activities included in irregular warfare.
Infantry Squad Tactics ~ Some Lessons learned during the Battle for Fallujah by Sgts EJ Catagnus, Jr. & BZ Edison and LCpls JD Keeling & DA Moon: [BIG PDF FILE] Historically speaking, military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT) have created casualty figures that are extraordinary compared to similar operations conducted in different types of environments. The casualties in MOUT present a significant challenge to small unit leaders. Casualties in Fallujah hit Marine infantry squads and fire teams extremely hard because, generally speaking, the squads were already under TO&E standards... It is the small unit leaders' duty to accomplish the mission with the fewest casualties possible. In order for the small unit leaders to complete this task, they need tactics and techniques that will prevent casualties...
The Assaultman in an Urban Environment by 1Lt Carin Calvin, Marine Corps Gazette; Jul 2005; Some lessons learned concerning the SMAW during the battle for Fallujah - Operation Al FajrMISSIONS IN SUPPORT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT CHAPTER 7 FM 100-19 FMFM 7-10 DOMESTIC SUPPORT OPERATIONS 1 July 1993
COMBAT IN CITIES: THE LA RIOTS AND OPERATION RIO William W. Mendel, Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. July 1996
Lessons in Command and Control from the Los Angeles Riots CHRISTOPHER M. SCHNAUBELT Parameters, Summer 1997, pp. 88-109. "Police officers responded to a domestic dispute, accompanied by marines. They had just gone up to the door when two shotgun birdshot rounds were fired through the door, hitting the officers. One yelled `cover me!' to the marines, who then laid down a heavy base of fire. . . . The police officer had not meant `shoot' when he yelled `cover me' to the marines. [He] meant . . . point your weapons and be prepared to respond if necessary. However, the marines responded instantly in the precise way they had been trained, where `cover me' means provide me with cover using firepower. . . . over two hundred bullets [were] fired into that house."
FM 3-06, Chapter 1, Urban Outlook Modern urban operations span the full range of possible applications of military power. At the high end of the spectrum of conflict is major theater war (MTW) dominated by offensive and defensive operations that, when undertaken, will commonly include urban operations. At the lowest level are a multitude of urban peacetime military engagement (PME) activities. These activities foster and strengthen alliances and coalitions as well as deter aggression on the part of potential threats.
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,The- Civil disorder- preparing for the worst - Cover Story Studies of the violent riots in Los Angeles and Miami, as well as a series of disturbances that took place in the Miami area throughout the 1980s, reveal a clear pattern in modern civil unrest. The seven elements of this pattern include...
Civil Commotion, Civil Unrest Riots are a common facet of modern living everywhere. But what are the key exposures reinsurers should be aware of? Simon Sole, managing director of Exclusive Analysis, breaks these down and offers predictions for this year.
The Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012 by CHARLES J. DUNLAP, JR.; From Parameters, Winter 1992-93, pp. 2-20.: The letter that follows takes us on a darkly imagined excursion into the future. A military coup has taken place in the United States--the year is 2012--and General Thomas E. T. Brutus, Commander-in-Chief of the Unified Armed Forces of the United States, now occupies the White House as permanent Military Plenipotentiary. His position has been ratified by a national referendum, though scattered disorders still prevail and arrests for acts of sedition are underway. A senior retired officer of the Unified Armed Forces, known here simply as Prisoner 222305759, is one of those arrested, having been convicted by court-martial for opposing the coup. Prior to his execution, he is able to smuggle out of prison a letter to an old War College classmate discussing the "Origins of the American Military Coup of 2012." In it, he argues that the coup was the outgrowth of trends visible as far back as 1992. These trends were the massive diversion of military forces to civilian uses, the monolithic unification of the armed forces, and the insularity of the military community. His letter survives and is here presented verbatim. It goes without saying (I hope) that the coup scenario above is purely a literary device intended to dramatize my concern over certain contemporary developments affecting the armed forces, and is emphatically not a prediction. -- The Author
Domestic Operations: The Canadian Approach by Sean M. Maloney; From Parameters, Autumn 1997, pp. 135-52.: The application of military force by a democratic government within the confines of its borders, and in some cases against its citizenry, has long been a controversial and politically sensitive topic. Though that is not a new type of operation for either the American or the Canadian military establishments, the nature of the threats each is being asked to confront has evolved. The threats now include (in addition to natural disasters and minor urban unrest) cult groups armed with weapons of mass destruction, agents of narco-parastates in Latin and South America, organized and armed urban unrest, and the violent potential of private paramilitary groups. It is safe to assert that threats to North American domestic security will increase in nature, scope, and number in the next century. This in turn will presumably prompt more debate on and calls for an increase in the military's role in containing and neutralizing those threats.
Epochal Change: War Over Social and Political Organization by Robert J. Bunker: From Parameters, Summer 1997, pp. 15-25.: The United States must remain prepared for war, but not one understood by traditional perceptions of security... Our most likely adversaries will emerge from a process of human advancement, a cyclical shifting between order and chaos... the cycle, which is the topic of this article, now may be shifting away from stability toward chaos, suggesting that the nation-state may be entering a period in which its usefulness as a concept for organizing societies will be severely challenged. The United States has been less affected by this process than most other Western nation-states; we seem to prosper despite such challenges. However, the breakdown of the family, increased drug use among our children, the growing specter of gang violence, and other forms of social terrorism suggest that our own institutions are not immune to a degree of chaos. This article examines two periods of similar transition, and analyzes characteristics of contemporary values and institutions which suggest that the Western world may face a period comparable to previous epochal shifts in warfare.
The Battle of Grozny: Deadly Classroom for Urban Combat by TIMOTHY L. THOMAS; From Parameters, Summer 1999, pp. 87-102.: The battle for Grozny, the capital of the small Russian Republic of Chechnya, took place in January 1995. It pitted a hastily assembled and unprepared Russian force against a Chechen force of regulars and guerrillas equipped with Russian weapons and a belief in their cause. The Chechens held their own for three weeks but eventually lost the city to the Russian armed forces in late January (the Chechens retook the city in August 1996). Both sides learned or relearned many lessons of urban combat, most of them the hard way. This article examines the most important of those lessons, the interesting and perhaps surprising conclusions drawn by the Russians about modern urban warfare, and their implications for US soldiers and urban warfare theory.
The Fed - Martha’s Civil Unrest Tips Recently, I have received a number of requests asking how to properly prepare a riot à la française. Many of my readers understand the good, old-fashioned American riot but have no idea where to begin with the French one. Do you burn the cars on the right side of the road or the left? My recipe for a Molotov cocktail is in gallons, how do I convert it into liters? What French expletive is customarily used? Worry no more, for I, Martha Stewart, will explain all...
How to Survive Civil Unrest - Travel Tips Sometimes things go bad -- really bad when you are traveling abroad. Hence The U.S. Government provides tips on what you should do when there is blood on the streets and tanks are rumbling through the central plaza.
Civil Unrest We haven't seen any serious civil unrest here in North America - not in our lifetimes - not really. Probably, the racial equality riots in the 60's are as bad as anything we've seen. But even then in those cities, was there still some kind of civil control, did the water continue to run - did the power stay on and could you buy a gallon of gas? Kelly experienced a major civil war in Africa and knows exactly what can happen when 'things really break down.' I think you'll learn a lot from this story.
MARTIAL LAW The guide will help you plan, prepare, and get ready in the event that martial law threatens your safety and well being. It is divided into two parts. The first part describes the framework for martial law and the second part the actions to take in preparing or the actual declaration of martial law.
U.S. MILITARY CIVIL DISTURBANCE PLANNING: THE WAR AT HOME Under the heading of "civil disturbance planning", the U.S. military is training troops and police to suppress democratic opposition in America. The master plan, Department of Defense Civil Disturbance Plan 55-2, is code-named, "Operation Garden Plot". Originated in 1968, the "operational plan" has been updated over the last three decades, most recently in 1991, and was activated during the Los Angeles "riots" of 1992, and more than likely during the recent anti-WTO "Battle in Seattle."
UNDERSTANDING RIOTS After the Los Angeles riot in spring of 1992, almost every pundit in the country took a turn at explaining why riots occur. The conventional wisdom on the subject went something like this: certain dramatic events such as political assassinations or unpopular jury verdicts crystallize riots from social rage. So to understand riots, one must understand the causes of social rage, usually said to be racism, poverty, lack of economic opportunity, and why people who experience this rage manage it in such a destructive manner. The usual suspects include breakdown of the family, television, and a generalized cultural disorientation.
"The Coming Anarchy" Very interesting article by Robert Kaplan in Atlantic Monthly (1994). This article gave me the creeps and I just scanned it as quickly as I could (thanks to Evelyn Woods).
Religiously based civil unrest and warfare Often, the media does not identify the precise causes of some of the conflicts around the world. Clashes are frequently described as being ethnic in origin, even though religion may have been a main cause. The true causes of unrest are sometimes difficult to determine. Frequently, there are a mixture of political alliances, economic differences, ethnic feuds, religious differences and others
The Effects of Civil Unrest Helping family and neighborhoods prepare for earthquakes, volcanoes, fires and floods, in Gig Harbor, Key Peninsula, and Pierce County.
Analysis of the 1992 Los Angeles Civil Unrest Beginning on the afternoon of April 29, 1992 and for the next three days, Los Angeles County was an area in turmoil. The verdict in the Rodney king trial generated an immediate response in the form of riots, looting and fires. Immediately after the civil unrest, the Employment Development Department (EDD) began an effort to assess the extent of the damage to businesses and the loss of jobs in the area. This report is a summary of EDD's findings following several months of research.
Los Angeles Riots-Series of Reports ...As 4,000 regular Army troops and 1,000 federal law enforcement officers move into Los Angeles, people have begun to actually assess the severity of this latest day of "revolution". They find thirty-eight (38) people dead, 1,250 people injured, 3,600 structural fires, hundreds of businesses looted and closed, and more than 3,000 people arrested. At least four (4) police officers and three (3) firefighters have been shot and hundreds of other injured as they attempted to control the fires and lawlessness of the past three days.
The Detroit Riots of 1967- Events The Detroit Riot of 1967 began when police vice squad officers executed a raid on an after hours drinking club or “blind pig” in a predominantly black neighborhoods located at Twelfth Street and Clairmount Avenue. They were expecting to round up a few patrons, but instead found 82 people inside holding a party for two returning Vietnam veterans. Yet, the officers attempted to arrest everyone who was on the scene.
National Center for the Study of Police and Civil Disorder South Central Los Angeles, Liberty City, Harlem, Watts–the names of these American urban neighborhoods instantly remind us of how deeply the nation’s consciousness has been scarred by civil disorder. The spark that ignites the violence is always one incident, usually police-related. In its wake is a wounded city and a nation in shock.
Iraq Training Assessment Trip Report The following report summarizes my recent training assessment trip to Iraq during July. All topics listed below were identified by the various units/ individuals from the perspective of what topics/events frequently dealt with in Iraq should be incorporated into the Urban Warfare predeployment training program.G.N. McLean's The Rise and Fall of Anarchy in America 1886 FROM ITS INCIPIENT STAGE TO THE FIRST BOMB THROWN IN CHICAGO. A COMPREHENSIVE ACCOUNT OF THE GREAT CONSPIRACY CULMINATING IN THE Haymarket Massacre, MAY 4th, 1886. A MINUTE ACCOUNT OF THE APPREHENSION, TRIAL, CONVICTION AND EXECUTION OF THE LEADING CONSPIRATORS.
Coming Anarchy I don't really know where these folks are going - their tagline is "Speak Victorian, think Pagan" and their focus is all over the timeline. Interesting place to visit, tho.
Anarchy in the U.S.A., by Charles M. Young Noam Chomsky interviewed by Charles M. Young, Rolling Stone, May 28, 1992. Some viewers may be insulted by this link. The point is, anarchy, riots, and civil unrest comes from disagreements (hatred, even) between parties and peoples - and LOTS of people think the way NC and the Rolling Stone do.
RACE WAR IN THE FUTURE FOR USA? LBJ, and the Immigration Act of 1965 opened the floodgates of immigration from third world nations. California is the first state to show, via 2000 census, that traditional whites are a minority. If the trend continues, whites will be a minority in the entire nation by 2050. We could so easily see what happened in the Balkans, also happen here in the USA. Apparently multicultural, multi-racial, and multi-ethnic democracies do not survive long. The minute the majority race, or culture loses it's position of majority, the nation begins to undergo internal fracturing. It is my contention this is/was the plan beginning in 1965.
Racial Equality How the KKK feels on the subject.
What Drives Societal Collapse We do, however, have distinct advantages over societies in the past, because we can anticipate the future. Although far from perfect, and perhaps subject to unexpected non-linearities, general circulation models provide a road map for how the climate system is likely to evolve in the future. We also know where population growth will be greatest. We must use this information to design strategies that minimize the impact of climate change on societies that are at greatest risk. This will require substantial international cooperation, without which the 21st century will likely witness unprecedented social disruptions.
Muslim American Society Islam is the fastest growing religion in North America. Islam’s appeal lies in the simplicity of its principles. In its harmonious interplay of faith with reason, its vision coordinates the sacred and the secular into a comprehensive whole. Due to Islam’s stress on equality and brotherhood of its community, it has special appeal for the historically oppressed. These egalitarian principles also draw converts from the middle class America. Thus, mosques, Islamic centers and schools truly represent a melting pot for the Muslims all over America...
America Alone The U.S. government’s National Intelligence Council is predicting the EU will collapse by 2020... How bad is it going to get in Europe? As bad as it can get – as in societal collapse, fascist revivalism, and the long Eurabian night, not over the entire Continent but over significant parts of it. And those countries that manage to escape the darkness will do so only after violent convulsions of their own.”
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Spatial hearing research suggests that the most salient of the acoustical cues which determine the apparent position of a sound image are the interaural difference in time-of-arrival of the sound at a listener's two ears and the filtering of the sound by the listener's pinnae. An accurate virtual auditory space can be created by assuring that each sound source present in the space produces, at the listener's eardrums, the interaural delay and spectral cues appropriate to the intended position of the sound. If headphones are used to produce the sounds, synthesis of a virtual source can be accomplished by convolving the source signal with a left--right pair of filter impulse responses. Each filter includes a delay, a pinna filter that is appropriate to the desired source position, and compensation for the headphone characteristics. The fidelity of the resulting virtual auditory space depends critically on the similarity of the pinna filters used in the synthesis and the listener's own pinna filters. A currently available wireless consumer 3-D audio device incorporates listener matched pinna filters to render Dolby surround sound over headphones. Thus, the user hears sound from five locations exactly as if listening to a conventional home-theater system.


\”The newest computer can merely compound, at speed, the oldest problem in the relations between human beings. In the end the communicator will be confronted with the old problem of what to say and how to say it.\” Edward R. MurrowThis course will survey and critically discuss precedents and techniques for clear and effective design communication. Throughout the semester, we will study the process of developing, distilling, and articulating a project from thesis statement to final presentation. We will look at examples from within the disciplines of landscape architecture, architecture, and urban design, but will also draw from the fields of graphic design, writing, advertising, exhibition design, and public speaking. Through lectures, case studies, and guest speakers, we will explore the expanded potential of storytelling and how narrative techniques are employed by some of the masters of contemporary design and culture. We will discuss the importance of positioning a project with a particular argument, and will develop techniques for effectively communicating this position through written thesis statements and descriptive writing. We will also study some key competition winning entries, available media and its uses and limitations, editing and ordering visual material to tell a story, designing a presentation for a specific audience, public speaking techniques, and, ultimately, curating your project for maximum impact.This course is specifically designed to address multiple disciplines and enrollment is encouraged for students from the landscape architecture, architecture, and urban planning and design programs.


Picturing the Invisible I/III
9/6/13 - 11/8/13
Harold Edgerton—Flash Revelations
In scientific photography striking designs invisible to the human eye are often recorded in the course of investigations.
Helmut Gernsheim, c. 1962
It was not an artist but the scientist François Arago who first announced the invention of photography to the public, in Paris in 1839, thus anticipating the close relationship that has linked science and photography ever since.
Gilles Mora, c. 1998
Harold Edgerton was above all, more than a photographer with purely artistic concerns, a researcher and a scientist in search of new modes to see and to perceive the world. His images should be understood as visual and scientific experiments, where the possible findings were not previously conceived.
José Gómez Isla, 2010
The stroboscopic record of ultra high-speed movements of [Edgerton’s] flash would make possible the visual materialization of paradoxes put forward by the Pre-Socratic philosopher Zeno of Elea, who held that both time and space are infinitely divisible. According to him, all movement by any body (for instance an arrow in flight) was nothing but the sum of the different positions at rest adopted by that object in space during its trajectory.
José Gómez Isla, 2010
Picturing the Invisible is a year-long exhibition series that examines various ways photography and the photograph have been used to explore and document what often goes unseen: scientific, personal, and social phenomena. Harold Edgerton—Flash Revelations, the first of these exhibitions, focuses on the pioneering work of Harold “Doc” Edgerton. A photographer, scientist, inventor, engineer, MIT professor, and explorer, Edgerton’s high-speed, stroboscopic photographic techniques are well known in the worlds of art, science and popular culture. Moreover, many fields outside those he inhabited have incorporated these methods, including the sports, entertainment and news industries.
The photographs in this exhibition offer a glimpse of Edgerton’s work from some of his earliest experiments to his most iconic images. Edgerton was driven by an insatiable curiosity and was often surprised by the results of his work. He would tweak his experiments to overcome issues he perceived as undesirable, often developing new techniques and equipment to achieve his goals. One example that beautifully illuminates the depth of his musings is Bullet Through Three Balloons. In this exceptional photograph, Edgerton not only wondered about what a balloon would look like at the instant a bullet pierces it, but also what would it look like to capture that event with a succession of three balloons rather than just one—each at a different stage in the bursting process. The few microseconds that separate each exploded balloon are frozen, with the first being in pieces and the last barely seeming to have changed at all. From his experiments, understanding about many subjects and phenomena has literally come to light.
Edgerton’s contributions to photography are indispensible. Today, audiences around the world are used to seeing images of people and objects arrested in mid-movement, and yet few know whom to credit for these photographic miracles. Edgerton’s images, on the other hand, are widely recognizable and widely reproduced, as iconic as his achievements are within the scientific and artistic fields from which they emanated. Moreover, most history books written on the topics of photography, film and scientific documentation include a section dedicated to Edgerton’s accomplishments and contributions.
A Brief History of Photography and Objects in Motion
From the moment fixed photography was developed by two Frenchmen, Nicéphore Niépce and Louis Daguerre, between 1826 and 1839, photographers have had to deal with the problem of long exposures resulting in blurry images. The first step in the process to avoid blurs and “ghost images” was the invention of gelatin silver process in the 1870s by Dr. Richard Leach Maddox, John Burgess, Richard Kennett, and Charles Bennett, all of Great Britain. The process allowed for exposures up to twenty times faster than previous methods.
In 1872 Eadweard Muybridge created an early precursor to moving pictures by elucidating the movement of a horse in full gallop using a battery of sixteen cameras triggered by tripwires along a track. During the 1880s, Muybridge published an exhaustive study of animals and people in motion in a series of volumes entitled Animal Locomotion.
Inspired by Muybridge’s work, Etienne-Jules Marey (France) perfected the fusil photographique
(photographic gun), which in his own words made it possible for “the production of successive images taken at set time intervals.”
In turn, the work of Muybridge and Marey inspired the Lumière brothers (France) to invent cinematography.
Much of Marey’s work anticipates that of Edgerton’s
and often has a similar look. While Edgerton
was not the first photographer to create images that captured objects, people or animals in motion, he not only perfected the techniques, but also developed the science that made it possible for objects in motion at extreme speeds to be frozen in time in exceptionally high detail. It is Edgerton’s
techniques that are now standard practices in each of the fields his life’s work has enhanced.
Edgerton: A Short Biography
Edgerton [Freemont, Nebraska 1903-1990] was in full possession of his interests before the end of his high school years and those interests fueled his creative, scientific, and pedagogical practices throughout his career. Before he entered college in 1921, two defining experiences laid the foundation for his life’s work. A relative of his from Iowa instilled in him an early fondness of photography, and the vocation led him to set up his own photo lab in the kitchen of his family home. Additionally, Edgerton worked for the company Power and Light in 1920, where he was in charge of analyzing the large power generators and their power surges. Together, these early experiences served as germ seeds for all his subsequent accomplishments.
Edgerton attended the University of Nebraska, graduating in 1925 with a degree in Electrical Engineering. By 1927, Edgerton had attained a Masters in Electrical Engineering from MIT—where he would be associated as both scientist and teacher for the rest of his life—for his analysis of engine rotors using a stroboscope and an innovative system of intermittent illumination. By 1931, Edgerton had developed a system of stroboscopic light to achieve amazingly sharp high-speed photographs, as well as multi-shot photographs to freeze different stages of a single movement on a single photogram, and the same year he obtained a PhD in Electrical Engineering from MIT. In 1932 Edgerton published, in both technical and public magazines, his first ultra-high-speed photographs of movements that could not be perceived by the human eye. He would go on to patent one kind of stroboscope and register over forty inventions, among them electrical circuits, flash systems for professional photography, underwater cameras, and sonar systems to photograph the depths of the sea.
In 1939, Edgerton’s expertise was called upon by Life Magazine’s Gjon Mili to design and build various kinds of flashes for him, which produced ultra high-speed photographs that captured the attention of the world. In 1944 the U.S. Army and Air Force commissioned Edgerton for various projects concerned with nighttime aerial surveillance. In 1950, Edgerton worked with Herbert Grier and Kenneth Germeshausen to design a camera shutter device devoid of mechanical components, enabling exposure times of four to ten millionths of a second. Beginning in 1963, Edgerton worked with Jacques Cousteau on several experiments developing sonar, and later continued that work to develop technology to analyze seismic movements at the bottom of the sea. Today, locating a ship lost at sea would be near impossible without Edgerton’s contributions.
This shortlist of life achievements only echoes the fact that all of his inventions continue to bear fruit and inspire further development in each of the fields they touch. Edgerton died at age 86, in early 1990. His great grandchildren, Travis ’11 and Ben Law ’13, graduated from The Cambridge School of Weston.
The Thompson Gallery and the Garthwaite Center for Science and Art are particularly pleased and honored to offer our community this particular exhibit and wish to thank Ellen Law for her support of this project. I would like to acknowledge and thank Tony Loreti (Art Department) for his keen eye and enthusiasm for helping select the images exhibited. This show would not be possible without the support and materials provided by Palm Press, Inc., of Concord, MA, which provided the photographs and background information on the images. I am grateful for Mary Steele’s assistance with the logistics of the show and for Sam Walker ‘05 who prepared and framed most of the prints on exhibit. I also wish to thank Gus Kayafas—who was a studio assistant of Edgerton’s—for his support, enthusiasm, expertise, and, in particular, his descriptions of the photographs, found in the checklist pamphlets and the online slide show.
Gallery Director, Curator
Helmut Gernsheim, Creative Photography—Aesthetic Trends 1839 to Modern Times
, Bonanza Books, New York, 1962, P. 168.
Gilles Mora, Photo Speak: A Guide to the Ideas, Movements, and Techniques of Photography 1839 to the Present
, Abbeville Press, New York, 1998, p. 169.
José Gómez Isla, The Anatomy of Movement: Photographs by Harold Edgerton
, exhibition catalog organized and published by Fundación BBVA, Bilbao, Spain, and La Fábrica Editorial, Madrid, Spain, 2010, p. 16.
Note: The biographical information in this section is drawn from José Gómez Isla’s chronology of Edgerton, ibid, pp. 90-91.
Photos © Harold Edgerton/MIT, courtesy Palm Press, Inc.
Photo captions © Gus Kayafas, 2014
Exhibition installation photography © Todd Bartel, 2013
A catalog for the exhibition is avaiable by written request only. Please send requsts for the Harold Edgerton—Flash Revelations
catalog to: email@example.com


Tapestries and Rugs by Jean Lurcat – A Pioneer in Modernist Design
Jean Lurcat Rugs and Tapestries – Jean Lurcat (1892 – 1966) was an artist, innovator and pioneer who revitalized tapestry making in the 20th century. Lurcat was a lifelong artist and an avid traveler. He lived through two world wars and fought alongside distinguished comrades in the French Resistance. Lurcat’s works combine surrealist elements, modernism and classicism. This results in tapestries and vintage rugs that range from grave and apocalyptic to cheerful and abstract. Colorful pieces like “La Mutua Ayuda” (mutual aid) radiate a warm and cheerful style while L’Apocalypse (the apocalypse) and L’Orage (the storm) have a much more somber aura.
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At age 20, Lurcat moved to Paris from the mountainous Vosges district near Germany. He briefly lived with his brother Andre, who was a successful architect. Lurcat studied at the Academie des Beaux-Arts and became an apprentice to the master engraver Bernard Naudin and the painter Jean-Paul Lafitte. It was in Naudin’s atelier that Lurcat met Cezanne, Matisse and great artists who Lurcat would later exhibit with. During WWI, Lurcat returned from an Italian vacation to fight with the infantry. His stint as a soldier was cut short due to an illness that allowed him to perfect his artistic hand. In 1917, Jean Lurcat designed his first tapestry. These early tapestries were woven by Marthe Hennebert, a lady who Lurcat lived with in Paris. This was the start of a long and successful career. During the 1920s, he traveled throughout Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor. This exotic, international style is apparent in many Lurcat tapestries.
In 1933, Lurcat’s career was transformed when his first Aubusson tapestry was created. At the time, tapestry weaving was at a low point. When Lurcat moved to Aubusson, the industry changed. Before Lurcat, weavers had an unmanageable selection of 14,000 colors. Lurcat switched to a more practical palette of 32 colors. The simplicity of this style transformed Aubusson tapestries. Lurcat’s works were exhibited alongside the greatest 20th century art. He designed cartoons for 1,000 tapestries, including 300 that are displayed in the Jean Lurcat Museum. Lurcat was a revolutionary artist who modernized tapestries and made them part of contemporary decor.
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Witches through the ages by Elizabeth Rose PIN 7430
In the middle ages people were afraid of witches and they played a large part in people’s lives.
In 1301 the Bishop of Coventry was accused of sorcery to acquire a large fortune. They thought that witchcraft was a threat to Christianity.
In 1509 Margaret Read was burnt at the stake in Kings Lynn for being a Witch.
They even believed that witches could turn men into animals at one point.
The Greeks had curse tablets – these were put into the graves where the dead could work their magic.
A witch was said to have magical powers that could hurt people; however, it could be male or female.
The witch had to be hard and dead and hate people.
You would protect yourself and your home and family from a witch. They used marks like the letter M derived from the Virgin Mary around their home.
They would never let a witch enter their home and if they were spoken to by a witch, they would throw the words back at them to protect themselves.
In the 1590’s time the idea of a witch had transformed into an old ragged poor lame aged woman with a blind eye. Her dry twisted body it was believed could harm people or animals by just looking at them. However, they thought that a woman could not do this, it was the devil and witches became demon.


In the Shadow of the Pyramids
The Austrian Excavations at Giza (1912-1929)
In January 1912 an Austrian excavation team began to uncover the first mastaba tombs near the Pyramids of Giza. The campaigns brought to light numerous artworks and objects documenting the cultural history of the Old Kingdom (c. 2687 – 2165 BC) as well as seminal information about the tombs of the ancient Egyptians and their ideas about the afterlife.
The focal artwork in the exhibition is the life-size statue of Hemiunu, the architect of the Pyramid of Khufu. Vienna’s rich holdings are augmented by important loans from European and American museums. The exhibition offers insights into the civilization of ancient Egypt, and documents Austria’s seminal role in researching the Old Kingdom.
In connection with the show a digital presentation was developed in collaboration with the Technical University of Vienna that invites you on a digital journey through time to visit the Giza plateau during the Old Kingdom, and the Austrian excavators a century ago.
22 January 2013
to 20 May 2013


Custom Python Classes for Generating Statistical Insights from Data
In computer programming, a class is a blueprint for a user-defined data type. Classes are defined in terms of attributes (data) and methods (functions). These data structures are a great way to organize data and methods such that they are easy to reuse and extend in the future. In this post, we will define a python class that will allow us to generate simple summary statistics and perform some EDA on data.
Let’s get started!
For our purposes we will be working with the_ FIFA 19_ data set which can be found here.
To start, let’s import the pandas package:
import pandas as pd
Next, let’s set the maximum number of display columns and rows to ‘None’:
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', None) pd.set_option('display.max_rows', None)
Now, let’s read in our data:
df = pd.read_csv('fifa_data.csv')
Next we will print the first five rows of data to get an idea of the column types and their values (column results are truncated):
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Bed-wetting — also called nighttime incontinence or nocturnal enuresis — is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which staying dry at night can be reasonably expected.
Soggy sheets and pajamas — and an embarrassed child — are a familiar scene in many homes. But don't despair. Bed-wetting isn't a sign of toilet training gone bad. It's often just a normal part of a child's development. Generally, bed-wetting before age 7 isn't a concern. At this age, your child may still be developing nighttime bladder control. If bed-wetting continues, treat the problem with patience and understanding. Lifestyle changes, bladder training, moisture alarms and sometimes medication may help reduce bed-wetting.
Bedwetting, also known as nocturnal enuresis, is the involuntary urination during sleep in children over the age of 5. Many potty trained children who have managed to stay dry at night may suddenly begin bedwetting during sleep this can go on for years. Wetting the bed before the age of 7 is a natural stage in development and is so common it can hardly be called abnormal. The problem will most likely resolve itself over time and single episodes of bedwetting are not a concern. However a growing number of parents are concerned about their school aged child’s inability to stay dry at night. It can be daunting trying to figure out why your child can’t seem to wake up during the night and use the bathroom, when previously this was a non-issue. The common term for this is secondary bedwetting, the child has achieved night-time continence and due to psychological stress or some underlying medical conditions starts experiencing nighttime wetness.
As a parents your first thought is usually that your child is to lazy to get up however, (unless your child tells you directly that they peed the bed because they where to tired to get up like son mine did) bedwetting has nothing to do with laziness. There are numerous factors that can be contributing to your child’s incontinence its important to look at the whole picture and not just the symptom. Here is a list of some of the contributing causes but keep in mind your child may not be affected by any of these:
• Difficulty waking up from sleep
• Delayed development of the central nervous system affects the ability to recognize a full bladder
• A small bladder
• Some kids produce more urine at night if their anti-diuretic hormonal levels are low
• Infection in the bladder or kidneys
• Defect in the urethral valves in boys or in the ureter in girls or boys
• Deformity or injury of the spinal cord
• Sleep apnea
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Chronic constipation - full bowels can put pressure on the bladder
• Caffeine intake like soda, coffee, and chocolate
• Certain food allergies
• Children with Down Syndrome, ADHD, developmental delays
Mental and Emotional concerns:
• Improper or stressful toilet training
• Stress from new fears or insecurities such as:
o Arrival of a new baby
o A new school
o Sleeping away from home
o Moving into a new home
o Losing a family member
o Parents divorce
o Sexual abuse
o Being bullied or teased
o Being punished
o Feeling rejected
o Parental alcoholism
Truth be told, you may never know the actually cause of your child’s incontinence but you can be reassured you that there is a homeopathic solution. Homeopathic medicine is very effective when it comes to childhood bedwetting. More and more parents are choosing homeopathy because it is safe, gentle and children respond quickly to Homeopathy. The homeopathic remedies act both on the psychological, physiological and physical level to relieve bedwetting. The Homeopathic remedies can prevent unwanted contractions of the bladder, restore normal bladder musculature, function and urethral sphincter control, and hence, prevent any involuntary passing of urine. Homeopathic remedies treat bedwetting naturally without disturbing the endocrine system and they reduce anxiety, which is attributed to cause bed-wetting in children. These remedies are natural, gentle, safe and can be given to children of any age. There is one major positive to having an older child who wets the bed which is the older child can usually explain specifically what he/she experiences emotionally and physically during the night hence making it easier to choose the exact remedy.
Most kids are fully toilet trained by age 5, but there's really no target date for developing complete bladder control. Between the ages of 5 and 7, bed-wetting remains a problem for some children. After 7 years of age, a small number of children still wet the bed.
Most children outgrow bed-wetting on their own — but some need a little help. In other cases, bed-wetting may be a sign of an underlying condition that needs medical attention.
Consult your child's doctor if:
No one knows for sure what causes bed-wetting, but various factors may play a role:
Bed-wetting can affect anyone, but it's twice as common in boys as in girls. Several factors have been associated with an increased risk of bed-wetting, including:
Although frustrating, bed-wetting without a physical cause doesn't pose any health risks. However, bed-wetting can create some issues for your child, including:
HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT :-
Here are a few remedies that can be considered for patients large or small that are challenged by this problem:
Most of the information has been collected from experience , different sources , books , newspapers, clinical cases etc for the benifit of humanity and guiding people to adapt the new way of disease free lifestyle.
Internationally renound Homeopath & nutritionist.


Running CGI Scripts in UISacad
A .htaccess file is a way to set configuration directives on a per-directory basis. When Apache serves a resource, it looks in the directory from which it is serving a file for a file called .htaccess, and, if it finds it, it will apply directives found therein.
Enabling CGI access in your account
Choose a directory where you want cgi enabled on. This directory must be somewhere inside your public_html directory. The easiest thing to do is to create a directory called cgi-bin inside your public_html directory. Using your favorite editor create a file called .htaccess in that directory. In the .htaccess file, you’ll need the following directives:
AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl
This tells Apache that execution of CGI programs is permitted in this directory and that your cgi scripts will have the extension .cgi or .pl.
Writing a CGI program
There are two main differences between “regular” programming, and CGI programming.
First, all output from your CGI program must be preceded by a MIME-type header. This is HTTP header that tells the client what sort of content it is receiving. Most of the time, this will look like:
Secondly, your output needs to be in HTML, or some other format that a browser will be able to display. Most of the time, this will be HTML, but occasionally you might write a CGI program that outputs a gif image, or other non-HTML content.
Apart from those two things, writing a CGI program will look a lot like any other program that you might write.
Your first CGI program
The following is an example CGI program that prints one line to your browser. Type in the following, save it to a file called first.pl, and put it in the cgi directory you just created.
print “Content-type: text/htmlrnrn”;
print “Hello, World.”;
Even if you are not familiar with Perl, you should be able to see what is happening here. The first line tells Apache (or whatever shell you happen to be running under) that this program can be executed by feeding the file to the interpreter found at the location /usr/bin/perl. The second line prints the content-type declaration we talked about, followed by two carriage-return newline pairs. This puts a blank line after the header, to indicate the end of the HTTP headers, and the beginning of the body. The third line prints the string “Hello, World.” And that’s the end of it.
If you created your cgi-bin directory inside your public_html directory then open your favorite browser and tell it to get the address:
or wherever you put your file, you will see the one line Hello, World. appear in your browser window. It’s not very exciting, but once you get that working, you’ll have a good chance of getting just about anything working.
Information on this page was obtained from Apache’s website.


I'm wondering if the human brain "predicts" how certain weeks of the year should feel?
For example, a child who is going to school may have a more positive affect in anticipation of summer holidays, and may feel more negatively towards the end of the summer, as he/she knows that freedom and fun are about to end.
Another example may be siblings' or parents' birthdays, where the anticipation of the birthday increases positive affect.
I'm wondering if year after year of such patterns (in childhood, the teenage years and maybe young adolescence) can create an association in the brain between positive/negative affect and the specific time of the year, or specific photoperiod duration (day length). What I'm trying to understand is, if a pattern of such ups and downs that may have been established in the childhood persists throughout adulthood?
Have there been any studies that looked at the previous life history and incidence of mania/depression episodes in bipolar disorder, or the onset of depression in Seasonal Affective Disorder(SAD), and correlated them with holidays, birthdays, etc? I've read that SAD may manifest a depression in any season, not just winter, which got me thinking of the possible causes.