Moving the cursor around manually while typing is a great way to make your work take longer than it needs to. To speed up the process, move the cursor around with keyboard shortcuts. To move it to the beginning of the previous word, use Ctrl + Left Arrow. To move it to the beginning of the next word, use Ctrl + Right Arrow. In macOS you can accomplish the same using the Option key. To select words/paragraphs as you’re going, hold Shift + Ctrl + Arrow (up or down will select entire bodies of text).
In business management and information technology (IT) a silo describes any management system that is unable to operate with any other system, meaning it’s closed off from other systems. Silos create an environment of individual and disparate systems within an organization.
Why Silos Occur
Organizational silos typically do not share the same priorities, goals or even the same tools, so departments operate as individual business units or entities within the enterprise. Silos occur because of how an organization is structured. Managers are responsible for one specific department within an organization and each manager has different priorities, responsibilities and vision. Often, managers are not aware of the priorities and goals of other departments and there is little communication, collaboration and teamwork between these business units.
The Silo Mentality
The silo mentality is really an organizational way of thinking. It occurs when departments or management groups do not share information, goals, tools, priorities and processes with other departments. The silo mentality is believed to impact operations, reduce employee morale and may contribute to the overall failure of a company or its products and culture.
Today, managers are tasked with breaking the silo mentality to ensure information flows freely between all departments in an organization. The goal is to change and improve the relationships between business units by advocating better teamwork. Communication and collaboration is essential to breaking down the silo mentality.
Breaking Down IT Silos
In In technology centers there is a need to break down IT silos to improve the relationship between Development and IT Operations in particular. On the development side – especially for individuals working in IT operations — there needs to be better communication and collaboration to best serve the IT business needs of the organization.
One solution to breaking down this IT silos is DevOps (development and operations), a culture that partners developers with operations staff to ensure the organization achieves optimal running of software with minimal problems. This culture is one that supports a willingness to work together and share.
The ITIL Solution
The ITIL solution to the IT silo is the Operational Level Agreement (OLA). The OLA defines how IT groups work together to meet IT service level requirements. Successful ITIL adoption depends upon cross-silo process interaction and shared responsibilities.
Creating a culture of cybersecurity is critical for all organizations ‒ large and small businesses, academic institutions, non-profits, and government agencies – and must be a shared responsibility among all employees. Week 2 will showcase how organizations can protect against the most common cyber threats. The week will also look at resources to help organizations strengthen their cyber resilience, including the use of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework.
How can you prevent cyber threats?
Forbes recently published an article stating: 97% of respondents admitted that human error causes network outages and problems, with over two-thirds stating that monitoring solutions fail to predict most issues.” Education is the best defense against cybersecurity threats. Here are a few ways you can prevent data breaches:
- Do not share or reuse passwords
- Do not click on links or open attachments from unknown senders
- Enforce password policies
- Verify requests for sensitive information
Businesses can reduce cyber threats with firewalls, web-filtering, email filtering, network monitoring and anti-virus protection. Zerofail Southeast is Your IT Concierge offering 24/7 monitoring and IT support services. If you are unsure whether your business has any of these please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org to schedule a consultation with one of our experts.


The rise and fall of macbeth 11092017 testimonials i purchased my first german shorthaired pointer from bob 7 months ago, and he's turning out to be the best dog ever. As she is macbeth’s wife, her role is significant in his rise and fall from royalty she is macbeth’s other half during shakespearean times, women were regarded as weak insignificant beings that were there to give birth and look beautiful. Transcript of the rise and fall of macbeth the fall of macbeth act 1, scene 2 at the start of the play macbeth is considered as a great and noble warrior after the battle with macdonwald, the sergeant retells the story of the battle to king duncan.
Macbeth's rise and fall samantha potter ambition influenced by manipulation the route to macbeth's success and failure introduction the shakespearean play, macbeth, is a story that was based on great tragedy, power, and loss. The rise and fall of lady macbeth lady macbeth's character is one of complexity slowly, but continuously changing throughout the play what begins as a struggle for power and a longing to shred her femininity turns lady macbeth into what she fears most - a guilt ridden weakling. The illustration of this central idea is to be found in the rise and fall of lord and lady macbeth to them temptation comes in the guise of ambition, the subtlest form in which it can approach high souls. May note how macbeth is filled with the mimetic rivalries, crises of degree, and instances of undifferentiation that serve to propel shakespeare’s scotland into the throes of chaos such chaos is ultimately what constitutes both the rise and the fall of macbeth, following.
Macbeth's rise and fall 3 pages 672 words the tragic story of shakespeare's, macbeth, shows that the outer appearance of anyone may be false macbeth is portrayed as an honest, loyal and brave subject lady macbeth is a major part of macbeth's turn for the worst. The rise and fall of lord macbeth is a fabulous one-act version of macbeth suitable for ks2 and lower ks3 pupils the language has been slightly modernised but the original story, character names and essential themes are all intact. Description: this play is shakespeare's tragedy of the rise and fall of two people corrupted by power and ambition benefits of the movie: showing a film version of the play, either before or after reading the text, will enhance students' understanding of both the art and the content of macbeth.
The rise and fall of macbeth in shakespeare’s macbeth, macbeth’s misinterpretation of the ambiguity and prevarication of the three weird sisters relates to the play’s theme, which states that irrational desire for power often leads to irrational and violent actions, resulting in death and or destruction. My way of life is fall'n into the sere, the yellow leaf, and that which should accompany old age, as honor, love, obedience, troops of friends, i must not look to have, but in their stead curses, not loud but deep, mouth-honor, breath which the poor heart would fain deny, and dare not. Following the rise and fall of macbeth from soldier to king, there certainly is no petty pace to findlay's staging an urgency looms, ushered in by lady macbeth early on. Analyse the rise and fall of macbeth essay william shakespeare wrote ‘macbeth’ between the years of 1603 and 1606 - analyse the rise and fall of macbeth essay introduction this coincides with the ascension of james the sixth of scotland to the english throne whereby he became known as james i james i believed himself to have special powers because he was king and he also had an. The downfall of macbeth himself can be seen in two different lights, the first being that his rise to power and eventually his fall is the sole responsibility of the witches and his wife lady macbeth.
This project is about macbeth’s rise and fall of his life and loyalty macbeth was a trustworthy man that let his dark desires change his life, he was a clean hearted man that over the time his heart grew of power and ambition making bad decision and at the end he was filled with regret. Macbeth thesis statements and important quotes below you will find five outstanding thesis statements for macbeth by william shakespeare that can be used as essay starters or paper topics all five incorporate at least one of the themes found in macbeth and are broad enough so that it will be easy to find textual support, yet narrow enough to. The play has a twofold structure following macbeth’s rise to power and then his fall language, form and structure macbeth (grades 9–1) 2 tragedy the play is shakespeare’s shortest tragedy with all action focused on macbeth’s rise to power and his fall his ambition is his fatal flaw as tragic hero. Macbeth please see the bottom of the page and the highlighted text for full explanatory notes and paraphrases.
The downfall of macbeth macbeth, written by william shakespeare, is the tragic tale of macbeth, a virtuous man, corrupted by power and greed this tragedy can be classified by one of two theories. Macbeth starts to worry about the witch's prophecy that banquo's heirs will be kings macbeth's not about to let someone bump him off the throne so, he hires some hit-men to take care of banquo and his son, the unfortunately named fleance banquo is murdered, but fleance escapes. Of birnam rise, and our high-placed macbeth shall live the lease of nature, pay his breath to time and mortal custom yet my heart 105 throbs to know one thing tell me, if your art can tell so much: shall banquo’s issue ever reign in this kingdom macbeth that will never happen who can command the forest and make the trees pull their. Free teaching resources for ks3 english and drama teachers based on shakespeare's classic play, 'macbeth' with free activity pdfs to download.


Approaching Storm: Beach near Newport
Martin Johnson Heade (American, 1819–1904)
71.12 x 148.27 cm (28 x 58 3/8 in.)
Medium or Technique
Oil on canvas
Dr. Lawrence H. and Roberta Cohn Gallery (Gallery 235)
Like many of the Hudson River School landscape painters, Martin Johnson Heade was highly attuned to meteorological phenomena. He produced this chilling scene of a thunderstorm at Point Judith, on the south coast of Rhode Island, as part of a series of compositions that depicted ominous weather at sea. Although Thomas Cole and the generation of artists who would follow him were intimately familiar with cloud formations and light effects link, this scene of blackened water and eerily illuminated shoreline suggests a more potent meaning. A thunderstorm accompanying a storm-tossed boat was a common metaphor throughout nineteenth-century European and American painting for an imperiled or wrecked ship of state; the scene here is rendered with deadening calm. The three boats at full sail seem caught in imminent danger and unlikely to find a safe passage to shore. For a nation amidst the upheaval of civil war, the darkened appearance of the stormy sky also brought to mind the familiar black, sulphur-laden canopy that rose above the beleaguered nation’s battlefields.
As the foment of war approached, popular preachers, including Heade’s life-long friend Thomas March Clark, the fifth bishop of Rhode Island, incorporated imagery of biblical deluge into their sermons, equating dark clouds lingering on the horizon with the infamy a civil war would bring. In contrast, sunlight symbolized the hope of God’s redemption. In Heade’s extraordinary scene, the blackened clouds give way to a small patch of blue sky at the upper right, and the roiling waves are juxtaposed with a supernatural glow that suffuses the promontory of Point Judith with an intense clarity.
Of Heade’s half dozen variations on the theme of thunderstorms at the shore, this composition is the most severe and lacking in narrative details. Heade’s viewer is afforded little relief from the cloud cover and the relentless horizontality created by the ocean and the beach. Nature appears at her most terrifying and hostile, and the barrenness of the shore, which drops away from the viewer at the lower edge of the canvas, conveys the sense that there is no foothold on the edge of Heade’s abyss.
This text was adapted from Elliot Bostwick Davis et al., American Painting link, MFA Highlights (Boston: MFA Publications, 2003).
Lower left: M. J. Heade 186[?]
By 1925, Henry Goddard Pickering (1848-1926), Boston; 1926, by inheritance to his niece, Susan W. (Mrs. Richard Y.) Fitzgerald, Boston. 1940, with Harvey F. Additon, Boston; 1943, with Castano Galleries, Boston; 1943, with Charles D. Childs, Boston; 1944, with Newhouse Galleries and A.F. Mondschein, New York; Stephen C. Clark, New York; 1945, with Macbeth Gallery, New York; 1945, sold by Macbeth Gallery to Maxim Karolik, Newport, R.I.; 1945, gift of Maxim Karolik to the MFA. (Accession Date: December 13, 1945)
Gift of Maxim Karolik for the M. and M. Karolik Collection of American Paintings, 1815–1865


|The importance of Caravaggio in 17th century painting is undeniable. He has been described as the greatest Italian painter of his time. His innovative departure from the idealised style of the 16th century, when painting religious themes, brought much criticism, but was influencial in the development of many artists to come.
Many of Caravaggio's early works are disturbingly erotic, revealing a tempestuous and volatile character. His life was indeed as much a drama as the images he portrayed in his paintings. Caravaggio had a violent temper and was uncompromising with many who crossed his path. The real life plot of his life drew to a tragic climax when his passionate behaviour led to a charge of murder. It is said that he fought over the score of a court tennis match, killed his opponent and fled.
With his art Caravaggio was just as uncompromising. He approached all he painted with an extreme conviction. He once said that only an artist that could "paint well and imitate well" deserved to be called a man. His paintings reflect the drama in his life with intense chiaroscuro effects - light often flows into dark shadowy scenes, at a dramatic angle from an unknown source, illuminating the focal point which as can be seen in one of his most famous works Supper at Emmaus, is Christ.
The most characteristic aspect of Caravaggio's paintings is his portraying of biblical characters as everyday, ordinary people. Described as a 'naturalist' Caravaggio prided himself on working directly from nature. He replaced conventional forms and manners with the insistance on painting entirely from the model in the studio.
In The Death of the Virgin we can clearly see this natural approach in the face of the virgin, usually idolised and shown in absolute perfection, in Caravaggio's piece she is a very ordinary woman. Lighting effects emphasise the shape of her body and her humanity.


Prime Minister three times from 24 September 1903 to 27 April 1904, 5 July 1905 to 13 November 1908, 2 June 1909 to 29 April 1910
Alfred Deakin was Australia’s second prime minister. He was one of two prime ministers who held the position three times.
Deakin was a founding father of Federation, along with Edmund Barton.
Deakin was a lawyer who had another string to his bow — journalism. He wrote anonymous newspaper articles about federal politics for many years — even while prime minister.
His government introduced tariff protection and old age pensions.
Alfred Deakin was born on 3 August in 1856, in Collingwood (now part of Fitzroy), Victoria. He was the second of two children of William Deakin and Sarah Bill, who emigrated from England to Adelaide in 1849.
William first worked as a clerk, before moving to Melbourne in 1851 during the Victorian gold rush. After prospecting for a time, William opened a coach and carting business with Sarah’s brother, then worked as an accountant and manager of coach firms, including Cobb & Co.
Alfred was educated at the Melbourne Church of England Grammar School and studied law at the University of Melbourne. He graduated in 1877 and was admitted as a barrister in 1878.
Deakin found little work and became a journalist with The Age newspaper. Throughout his later career in federal parliament he wrote regularly (and anonymously) for the London newspaper, Morning Post, commenting on Australian politics.
Deakin married Patti Browne in 1882. They had three children.
Deakin was elected to the seat of West Bourke in the Victorian Legislative Assembly in February 1879. He resigned his seat soon after he delivered his maiden speech, following a press allegation that eligible voters had been excluded from voting.
Deakin unsuccessfully contested West Bourke at the subsequent by-election, but won it again in July 1880. He held the seat until 1889, when he won Essendon, which he held until resigning in 1900 to enter federal politics.
He held three portfolios while a member of Victorian parliament — Solicitor-General and Minister for Public Works from 1883 to 1886, and Chief Secretary from 1886 to 1890.
Deakin attended the colonial conference in London in 1877 with the Victorian delegation, and impressed the United Kingdom statesmen with his comments on difficulties faced by self-governing colonies in dealing with the Imperial government.
He attended the first Federal Convention in Sydney on March 1891 as a delegate for Victoria and was a member of the constitution committee. When the draft Constitution Bill lapsed, Deakin refused further ministerial positions.
Deakin attended the second Federal Convention in March 1897 as the third-placed popularly elected delegate for Victoria. He participated actively in convention debates but performed his main role beyond the conference hall, talking round anti-federationist delegates to appreciate the need for federal government.
The compelling pro-federation speeches Deakin made around Victoria in 1897 and 1898 did much to turn public opinion in favour of federation. On 3–4 June 1898 a referendum was held to approve the draft constitution. The constitution was accepted by the required majority in South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria, but not New South Wales.
Deakin emerged as Edmund Barton’s principal fellow advocate of federation in 1899, during the campaign for a referendum on the Constitution Bill, which had been amended to try to gain New South Wales’ support for federation.
The second federation referendum was held in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria from April to September 1899. Voters in each colony approved the amended Constitution Bill by the required majority.
Deakin joined Barton’s delegation of six Australian politicians who went to London early in 1900 to negotiate amendments to the Constitution Bill with the UK Government. Deakin and Barton, by now close friends, performed outstandingly in a series of conferences with Secretary for Colonies Joseph Chamberlain.
From May to June 1900 the Commonwealth Constitution Bill passed through UK parliament, and was granted Royal Assent by Queen Victoria on 9 July 1900.
Deakin won the seat of Ballarat, Victoria, at the first federal general election on 29 March 1901, and held it through the next three general elections.
Barton, the first Australian Prime Minister, chose Deakin as a member of his first ministry, assigning him the Attorney-General’s portfolio. Deakin retained this position throughout Barton’s time in office.
As Attorney-General, Deakin was responsible for formulating legislation which guided the federal government up until the First World War.
The federal government developed policy and legislation on matters including financial relations between Commonwealth and states, the Immigration Restriction Act (1901) which became the basis of the White Australia policy, establishment of an Australian navy, and founding of the High Court of Australia.
Prime Minister Alfred Deakin
Deakin took over as prime minister, leading a Protectionist government, on 24 September 1903 when Barton quit politics to become a judge of the newly instituted High Court.
Deakin retained government at the second general election on 16 December 1903 but had to rely on Labor support. He held power for another four months, until 27 April 1904, when his government was defeated in parliament over a Labor amendment to the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill.
Deakin resigned the prime ministership, which then went to Labor leader Chris Watson.
Second and third terms
Deakin became prime minister for the second time on 5 July 1905 when George Reid resigned. Deakin’s minority government survived with Labor support. He retained power at the third general election on 12 December 1906, again with Labor support.
Deakin’s second Protectionist government fell on 13 November 1908 when Deakin resigned because he was not prepared to accept Labor’s ‘preference for unionists’ amendment.
After losing office to Andrew Fisher’s Labor Party, Deakin arranged a merger of his followers in May 1909 (some were still known as Protectionists, while others were calling themselves Deakinites) with his former political foes, the Free Traders (now led by Joseph Cook, who had succeeded George Reid as leader of the group in November 1908). The new grouping was known as the Fusion.
On 2 June 1909 the Fusion defeated Fisher’s Labor government in parliament. Deakin was commissioned to form his third government, and Cook became his deputy. Deakin’s Fusion government was defeated at the general election on 13 April 1910.
Deakin’s total time in office amounted to four years and 10 months, the longest time served by any of the six prime ministers to 1915. Despite relatively short and discontinuous periods in office, his governments were responsible for much policy and legislation giving shape to the Commonwealth during its first decade.
Some achievements during Deakin’s periods as prime minister were:
- 1904: First national defence scheme
- 1906: Assumption of responsibility for the territory of Papua; establishment of the Bureau of Census and Statistics; Australian Industries Protection Act (linking tariffs with wages, forcing companies to pay fair wages)
- 1907: Bill for the transfer of control of the Northern Territory from South Australia to the Commonwealth; establishment of the Bureau of Meteorology; introduction of the basic wage concept in the Harvester judgement
- 1908: Choice of Canberra as the site for the federal capital; Old Age Pension Bill; national tariff protection policy giving 5 per cent margin of preference to UK manufactures; visit by the ‘Great White Fleet’ of USA to Australia; federal Quarantine Act replaced state acts for a uniform national quarantine system
- 1909: Former prime minister George Reid appointed as the first Australian High Commissioner to London
- 1910: Launch of the first Australian navy ships.
Later political life
Deakin’s government was defeated at the fourth federal general election on 13 April 1910, which gave the Labor Party a clear majority — the first time that any group or party had gained an absolute majority in Federal Parliament. Andrew Fisher took office as Prime Minister (for the second time) on 29 April 1910.
In opposition again, Deakin began unifying the main elements among anti-Labor groups into a more formal arrangement than the Fusion. The result was the formation of the Liberal Party and the emergence of the two-party system during the period 1910–12.
Deakin himself belonged to a Victorian body called the Commonwealth Liberal Party, formed April–May 1909. Other non-Labor parliamentarians used other names, including Protectionist and Free Trader, to describe their affiliations.
By 20 January 1913, when Deakin resigned as Opposition Leader, most members of the Opposition were calling themselves Liberals. Joseph Cook (Deakin’s replacement as Opposition Leader) and supporters fought the fifth federal general election on 31 May 1913 as the Liberal Party.
In ill health, Deakin resigned as Opposition Leader on 20 January 1913. He retired from politics when the fourth parliament expired on May 1913.
Deakin’s ill health continued and he died from a stroke in South Yarra, Victoria, on 7 October 1919. He was buried in St Kilda Cemetery after a state funeral.
No legislation was passed by Deakin’s first government. Legislation introduced into parliament and passed during his second term included the:
- Census and Statistics Act 1905 to set up a federal bureau
- Papua Act 1905 established an administration for Australian-controlled British New Guinea
- Representation Act 1905 provided for the alteration of electoral boundaries
- Copyright Act 1905 established a national code.
Important amendments were also made to the Customs Tariff Act, Immigration Restriction Act and the Judiciary Act. Legislation passed by his third parliament included the:
- Quarantine Act 1908
- Invalid and Old Age Pensioner Act 1908, giving pension rights to people over 65.


* In Germany, for example, Jews went from being called and calling themselves Jews in the eighteenth century, to Israelites in the nineteenth, to German Citizens of the Mosaic Faith into the twentieth.
* In his justly famous Essay on the Physical, Moral, and Political Regeneration of the Jews (1788), the pro-emancipationist Abbe Gregoire argued that Jews possessed a number of unique characteristics that set them off from other Europeans. For example, despite his adherence to the Enlightenment concept that the environment has the power to change people, he believed this was not really the case with the Jews: “Climate has scarcely any effect on them, because their manner of life counteracts and weakens its influence. Difference of periods and country, has, therefore, often strengthened their character, instead of altering its original traits. In vain has their genius been fettered; it has never changed; and perhaps there is more resemblance between the Jews of Ethiopia and those of England, than between the inhabitants of Picardy and those of Provence.”
Citing Shaftesbury’s Characteristics (1711), Gregoire noted that the Jews appeared “naturally gloomy and melancholy.” On the basis of a report… Gregoire was assured that “the Jews in general had sallow complexions, hooked noses, hollow eyes, prominent chins, and that the constrictory muscles of the mouth were very apparent. There were sexual charges as well. The Jews were concupiscent because of the accumulation of many acrimonious particles in the mass of humours contained in their bodies. Moreover, Jewish women “would be very subject to nymphomania, did they not long pine in a state of celibacy,” and Jewish males were chronic masturbators.
* Cosmopolitan ideas of universal brotherhood and inherent equality had gone out of vogue, replaced by a biological determinism that saw differences in bodily forms as the key to the unfolding of human history.
* Despite great variations of interpretation about the meaning of such biological differences, few questioned the legitimacy of such distinctions.
* “Science? That is what one Jew cribs from another.” (Mayor Karl Lueger)
* [Gustav] Klemm posited that the active races were masculine, thriving in cold climates, while the passive ones, residing in warm climates, were effeminate.
* …it was the mathematization of physical anthropology that assisted in the development of scientific racism and the reaffirmation of preexistent prejudices. For example, numbers that indicated lower brain weights or smaller cranial dimensions were cited as proof…
* The kind of threat the Jews posed [to Germany] varied according to the ideologies of the different power groups in society… To nationalists, Jews still formed a state with a state and therefore were a potentially traitorous enemy. To groups touting a volkisch ideology, lamenting the rapid and unprecedented changes that Germany was undergoing due to unification and industrialization, the Jews were charged with being responsible for…those changes. To many on the left, the Jew represented the interests of capital and therefore, exploitation. Conversely, the Jews were often denounced as the bearers of socialism, and promoters of revolution.
* Although they classified Jews as members of the white race, German medicine and anthropology also isolated Jews and referred to them as a group apart, thus reflecting the Jews’ dual position of being German but not being fully part of German society.
* Fritz Lens: “Jews do not transform themselves into Germans by writing books on Goethe.”
* Until the end of the nineteenth century, German anthropology unanimously regarded the Jews as racially pure.
* Lord Acton: “The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities.”
* If England can be said to have had an antisemitic tradition, it is most clear in the image of the Jew in English literature. From Chaucer’s Prioress’s Tale and Shakespeare’s Shylock to Rebecca in Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe and Dicken’s Fagin, the Jew had been presented as an alien figure consumed by vengefulness, miserliness, and avarice.
* Nationalities, empires, and monarchies are plastic and ephemeral, “human contrivances often held together by fraud and violence.” Races, however, are stable and permanent. Any people can become members of a nation and display its national character, but they can never…become members of a race… This type of thinking was rare among German and French race scientists who hardly distinguished between race and nationality.
* [Joseph] Jacobs gave as the historical reasons for the prevalence of first-cousin marriage among Jews the absence of theological prescriptions against the practice (such as obtained in the Catholic church), “the existence of small communities scattered about, the rare communion between the sexes, and, above all, the absence of any ideal of pre-nuptial love.” He adduced several other reasons for its prevalence in England, whose room lay in the particular historical conditions under which English Jewry lived. These were the absence of a shadkhan (marriage broker), who would have brought people together from different parts of the country, the relative wealth of English Jews, which led the wealthier families to marry among themselves; and the practice of what he termed “shoolism” or limiting one’s circle of friends and acquaintances to one’s own synagogue.
* “The Jewish poor have never been a burden to the general population but have been entirely supported by the Jews themselves.”
* “Jews do not lead “dangerous” lives in the insurance sense (sailors, soldiers, firemen, miners, etc.). The trades which they do exercise, except that of tailoring, seem more long-lived. Further, the Jewish nature does not seem to require stimulants, and Jews are markedly free from alcoholism. The tranquilising effects of Jewish family life, the joyous tone and complete rest of the Sabbath and other festivals, the unworrying character of the Jewish religion, are all important in the difficult art of keeping alive. The greater care taken of Jewish women, who
more rarely take to manual labour, aids also in producing good results in the tables of mortality. I attribute much importance, too, to the strict regulation of the connubial relations current among Jews.”
* Samuel Weissenberg took pride in East European Jewry’s “high sense of family,” the extraordinarily low rate of illegitimate births, the minimal amount of sexually transmitted diseases, the low infant mortality rate, the moderate alcohol intake, and the apparent immunity to many infectious diseases, but asserted that none of this was due to any particular racial qualities. These features were not so apparent in the less traditional Jewish communities of Western Europe. This was proof, for Weissenberg, that any biological benefits the Jews might have enjoyed were solely founded in their religion.
* For the Zionists, Jewish life in Germany (and eventually the entire Diaspora) was threatened not only by the hostile mob but also by the prospects of “race suicide.”
* A significant proportion of German Jews by WWI had “gone beyond Judaism.”
* German socialist leader Karl Kautsky: “There is rising within Judaism, as a reaction against anti-Semitism, a similar tendency to accept and use the theory of race. It is a natural application of the principle: If this theory permits Christian-Teutonic patriots to declare themselves demi-gods, why should Zionist patriots not use it in order to stamp the people chosen by God as a chosen race of nature, a noble race that must be carefully guarded from any deterioration and contamination by foreign elements?”
* For many Zionists who redefined Jewishness in nationalistic terms, the concept of race was an alluring device.
* At the turn of the century, Europeans of all political and cultural backgrounds believed in the concept of race.
* …a Jewish racial instinct whose effectiveness had ensured racial exclusiveness and therefore Jewish racial purity, was reminiscent of much of the German volkisch literature being disseminated by nationalist (and often antisemitic) groups.
* the campaign of Jewish doctors such as [Felix] Theilhaber and [Magnus] Hirschfeld for the rights of homosexuals and women as well as those suffering from venereal diseases — all groups who at the turn of the century were labeled as outsiders — was related to their Jewishness. These men also felt themselves to be outsiders — professionally, because as Jews they were pushed to the periphery of medical science, and individually, Theilhaber because of his Jewishness, Hirschfield because of that and his declared homosexuality.
* Theilhaber maintained that the Jews of Germany were confronted with the inexorability of their own demise due to “low fertility, conversion, intermarriage, the increase in celibacy, venereal diseases, mental illnesses, the movement from the country to the big cities, and the entrance into free and commercial professions at the expense of artisanal work.”
* When involved in criminal activity [in 19th Century Germany], Jews were generally found to be most frequently guilty of non-violent crimes such as defamation, embezzlement, the receipt of stolen property, perjury, and the forgery of documents.
* Zionist race scientists would not, indeed could not, be too harsh on their people’s past, especially its biological past. This meant perforce that they would take a decidedly environmentalist view. If a Jewish anthropologist had detected a “flaw” in the race and had been a biological determinist, then what was the point to the entire Zionist enterprise?
* The origins of modern racial thinking are to be found in the eighteenth century. Continuing encounters between Europeans and aboriginals, colonialism, and the slave trade served to diminish the avowed Enlightenment commitment to human equality.
* …in the United States [after WWI], the rejection of scientific racism proceeded more slowly [than in Britain].


Bioenergy is a hugely valuable source of low-carbon renewable energy because it can be stored and used flexibly to produce heat, power, liquid and gaseous fuels. It has the potential to deliver negative emissions which the ETI anticipates are needed to deliver a low-carbon energy system cost-effectively.
The ETI has been commissioned to understand the variability in biomass feedstocks and the opportunities for pre-processing. Working with the Energy Systems Catapult (ESC), this insight suggests that producing bio-electricity or bio-hydrogen, in combination with CCS, could provide around 10% of projected UK energy demand.
The insight also explores how second generation crops are used to generate power and heat in the UK today but actually the market is nascent. The characteristics of these emerging feedstocks are different to commonly used wood chips and pellets and, if not managed properly, this can cause problems in boilers and other conversion technologies. To successfully integrate new feedstocks, either the end user must be able to accept greater physical and chemical feedstock variability, or feedstock production techniques and pre-processing must be used to make feedstocks more homogeneous.


Monogamy is the custom or condition of having only one mate. The word monogamy comes from the Greek word monos, which means one or alone, and the Greek word gamos, which means marriage or union.
|This theme article is a stub. You can help Wikiquote by expanding it.|
- Monogamy among animals is a matter of biology. So is monogamy among human beings. But in the human case, monogamy is more. It is also a matter of psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, law, ethics, theology, literature, history, philosophy, and most of the remaining humanities and social sciences as well.
- Barash, David P.; Judith Eve Lipton. The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People (unidentified edition ed.). pp. pp. 191-192.
- My husband was not faithful. He thought monogamy was a type of wood. I'm like, "Honey, no — monogamy's when you just sleep with your wife." He's like, "No,— that's monotony."
- Andrea Walker, comedian, Funny Ladies, Vol. 3 (2004)
- It's foolish for society to impose the restriction of one man to the married woman. I'm not advocating sexual promiscuity but I think it's possible for a woman to have many kinds of [sexual] relationships with many men and that shouldn't affect the status of the marriage.
- Suzy Chaffee, Olympic skier, Suzy Chaffee: The Liberated Beauty, Beaver County Times, (March 17, 1975)


The Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys was a staple at court during the reign of Henry VIII. Chapuys had a close relationship with both Katherine of Aragon and her daughter Mary, because of Katherine’s roots in Spain.
While researching Eustace Chapuys I came across a story written by a Spanish chronicler that I had to share my take with you. It will give you a little insight into the relationship between Katherine, the Imperial Ambassador and Spain. This story should give you an idea of the politics of court-life and the relationship between Katherine, Chapuys and her fellow Spaniards in England near the end of her life.
Around 1532, when Henry VIII requested Katherine of Aragon return her jewels to the crown she fell ill soon after. To be quite honest, Katherine was already ill. She had made a request to see her good friend the Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys. Chapuys, wanting to following court rules, requested permission from the King to see Katherine of Aragon at Kimbolton. The chronicler reported Henry VIII saying, “Yes, Ambassador, you have my permission; I will send you word when you can go.” Henry did not send word. Chapuys requested leave many times and yet received no word from the King. Eventually Chapuys sent word to the King that he was leaving – he was tired of waiting. If, while on the road, he received word from the King of England he would surely obey it.
On his way out of London, Chapuys gathered as many Spanish merchants as he could that would accompany him to Kimbolton. There were nearly “a hundred horses” in his company. The spirit of the group was high and they were very happy and excited to visit Katherine, their queen.
Once King Henry received the message from the Imperial Ambassador he was determined to not allow him to see Katherine. He understood the danger of having a Spanish Ambassador speaking to the wife he had thrown aside. The King sent a man by the name of Thomas ahead of Chapuys to arrive at Kimbolton in advance to send the message that Chapuys was not to be permitted to visit the Queen. While Chapuys was slowly traveling to the castle he saw this man (Thomas) pass him on the road – Chapuys seemed to understand what the man’s mission was and had one of his servants follow him to confirm his suspicions.
Katherine was aware that her friend, the ambassador would soon arrive with such great company that when she received word that he could not enter it devastated her. I can only imagine how lonely she was for a familiar face, and a friendly one at that.
Chapuys was ordered to stay four miles from the castle. Why four miles? I assume that is where they were stopped from their forward progress.
That evening Katherine send food and wine to her Spanish friends and begged them to have good cheer. It was that night that the Spaniards told Chapuys that only HE was not allowed to see Katherine, not them. They informed him that they intended to continue to Kimbolton, which they did. The next morning about thirty men began their adventure to see the Queen. With them they brought what seems to have been the ambassador’s fool – or a fool nonetheless. This man was dressed as a fool and had a padlock hanging from his hood.
When the men arrived at Kimbolton they rested for a bit until they saw ladies in the window. That is when the fool decided he had to get to the ladies immediately. Being the fool he was , he started toward the moat (getting in the water) and there was great concern from the other men in the party that he would drown. When the men pulled the fool out of moat they removed his padlock and threw it at the window with the ladies; They yelled at the ladies that next time they would bring them the key. The padlock did not make it to the window but fell to the earth on the other side of the moat. Some of the castle servants saw where the padlock had fallen and immediately went to grab it. They assumed that it had a note within it for Katherine. They immediately sent it to the King to be examined, and no note or letter was found.
In the meantime, back at the castle, the Spaniards had approached the gate and were welcomed inside. Katherine’s ladies were sent to greet them and they were fed a great breakfast in the lower hall. While the men were having breakfast the fool decided to visit the castle barber for a problem he was having. He made signs to the barber that indicated that he may have a toothache. The barber took pity on the man and wanted to help him. He sat the fool down and attempted to stick his fingers in his mouth to see what the problem was, this must have caused pain to the fool because he clenched his teeth and screamed out in pain – at the same time the poor barber also screamed in pain for having his fingers bitten. The ruckus that ensued aroused the attention of others having breakfast that they came to see what the problem was. When they discovered it to be the fool they all had a good laugh. They then returned to finish their breakfast before leaving the castle.
When the men returned to Chapuys they told him the stories of what had happened and all had a great laugh about it – they then returned to London. Nothing more is mentioned by the chronicler of what had been discussed, or if the Queen was present.
About eight or nine months later the King informed the Imperial Ambassador that Katherine was very ill and soon to die. He gave him permission to see her. Chapuys arrived at Kimbolton on New Years Eve 1535. Katherine was very pleased to see her great friend that she did not want him to leave – every time he attempted to leave she would ask him to stay. Katherine’s spirits seemed to improve. The chronicler also suggested that the fool had also accompanied Chapuys on this trip and was there to amuse Katherine. It is noted that she enjoyed his company.
It appears that Chapuys left after Katherine’s doctor assured him that she was better and he need not fear to leave her. She died (7 January 1536) shortly after and it is believed that Chapuys was in London at the time of her death.
Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England: Being a contemporary record of some of the principal events of the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. Written in Spanish by an unknown hand. By Martin A. Hume, Knight of the Royal Spanish Order of Isabel the Catholic, Pages 46-52


A sailor's valentine is a form of shellcraft, a type of mostly antique souvenir, or sentimental gift made using large numbers of small seashells. These were originally made between 1830 and 1890, and they were designed to be brought home from a sailor's voyage at sea and given to the sailor's loved one or loved ones. Sailor valentines are typically octagonal, glass fronted, hinged wooden boxes ranging from 8" to 15" in width, displaying intricate symmetrical designs composed entirely of small sea shells of various colors glued onto a backing. Patterns often feature a centerpiece such as a compass rose or a heart design, hence the name, and in some cases the small shells are used to spell out a sentimental message.
Although the name seems to suggest that the sailors themselves made these objects, a large number of them originated in the island of Barbados, which was an important seaport during this period. Historians believe that the women on Barbados made the valentines using local shells, or in some cases using shells imported from Indonesia, and then the finished products were sold to the sailors.
In his book Sailors' Valentines, John Fondas concludes that the primary source for sailors' valentines was the New Curiosity Shop, located in McGregor Street, Bridgetown, Barbados, a popular shop where sailors would purchase souvenirs. The shop was owned by the English brothers B.H. and George Belgrave. Fonda recounts that while an antique sailors' valentine was being repaired and reconstructed, pieces of a Barbados newspaper were found inside the backing material.
Today, antique sailors' valentines are collectibles, valued for their beauty and unusual qualities. Collector interest has sparked a resurgence in sailors' valentines as an art form, and because of this, shell kits and patterns are now sold at craft shops. Many sailors' valentines, both new and old, can be found on Nantucket, Massachusetts.
Affidavit by George Gordon Belgrave, Curio Dealer of St Michael, confirm that the Belgrave brothers, Benjamin Hinds Belgrave and George Gordon Belgrave, were the grandsons of Jacob Belgrave Jr. one of the earliest substantial planters from the "free coloured" community.
- Fondas, John. Sailors' Valentines, Rizzoli International Publications, 2002
- See also Norma Faria, "Scrimshaw Art in Bequia", Caribbean Compass, March 1998
- Constance Marshall Miller, Mary S. Page, Ann T. Schutt, and Grace L. Madeira, Sailors' Valentines: Their Journey Through Time, Schiffer Publishing, 2006
- RB1/414/524, 17 June 1902 and RB1/421/425. 13 June 1902.


GABA also helps produce endorphins in the brain, which produce a sense of well-being. Excessive alcohol use causes a GABA imbalance that the brain becomes accustomed to, so it regulates its neurotransmitter production to account for the influence of alcohol. When alcohol use ends, the brain’s chemical balance is disrupted, which results in the negative physical and mental symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.
In some people, the initial reaction may feel like an increase in energy. But as you continue to drink, you become drowsy and have less control over your actions. The Department of Health and Human Services dietary guidelines recommend that adults of legal drinking age choose not to drink or drink in moderation. Alcohol provides this outcome by increasing the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter responsible for creating feelings of calm and euphoria.
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Excessive drinking is defined by the CDC as heavy drinking, binge drinking, or drinking that’s done by anyone who is pregnant or under the age of 21. Symptoms can become severe, and it can be difficult to predict which people will develop life-threatening https://ecosoberhouse.com/article/alcohol-addiction-its-most-important-signs/ symptoms. Too much alcohol can irritate the stomach lining, cause dehydration, and lead to an inflammatory response in the body. As the alcohol wears off, these effects lead to common hangover symptoms, such as headache, nausea, and fatigue.
What are the symptoms of alcohol dependence syndrome?
- Being unable to limit the amount of alcohol you drink.
- Wanting to cut down on how much you drink or making unsuccessful attempts to do so.
- Spending a lot of time drinking, getting alcohol or recovering from alcohol use.
- Feeling a strong craving or urge to drink alcohol.
These may include sleep disturbances, fatigue, and mood changes—that last for months. Delirium tremens (DTs) is a severe syndrome that occurs in about 2% of people with alcohol use disorder during alcohol withdrawal. A person who has a long-term dependency on alcohol will almost certainly experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.
Top doctors in ,
The most common substance-related cause of seizures is alcohol withdrawal. Typically seizures occur 6–48 hours after the last drink and are generalized tonic-clonic, although partial seizures can also occur. They are usually self-limiting but may give rise to status epilepticus, where alcohol dependence accounts for 9–25% of cases (Daeppen et al., 2002; O’Brien et al., 2007).
The treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome should be supplemented by an individualized, comprehensive treatment program, or at least as many elements of such a program as the patient can tolerate and afford. Several medications may be helpful adjuncts to benzodiazepines in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In using the CIWA-Ar, the clinical picture should be considered because medical and psychiatric conditions may mimic alcohol withdrawal symptoms. In addition, certain medications (e.g., beta blockers) may blunt the manifestation of these symptoms.
Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms
According to a 2017 study, the use of the Objective Alcohol Withdrawal Scale (OAWS) was more useful for treatment because it can be used as a framework and tailored to individual cases. Toxic alcohol co-ingestion should be managed with the assistance of a toxicologist. It slows down brain function and changes the way your nerves send messages back and forth.
One of the most severe consequences of alcohol withdrawal is called delirium tremens, or “the DTs.” Alcohol use disorder can lead to various physical and mental health conditions. In addition, vitamin supplements may be given to replace essential vitamins that are depleted by alcohol use. Once withdrawal is complete, additional medications and supplements may be needed to address complications and nutritional deficiencies that occur because of chronic alcohol use. The first goal of treatment is to keep you comfortable by managing your symptoms.


Robert Lobe’s exhibition of sculptures in Prospect Park, NY, Nature in Nature features three works, Invisible Earth, Antique Jenny and Nature’s Clock. Lobe uses a variation of the ancient metalworking technique repoussé, in which metal is hammered around an object to obtain shapes and patterns. He encases trees and boulders in malleable aluminum, and with countless mallet strikes and a pneumatic air compressor, he gathers and tools the metal snugly around their shapes. This unique process enhances the textures and shadowy contours of the life-sized sculptures, blurring the line between abstraction and realism.
The sculptures are sited in the heart of a masterpiece of landscape art designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. Invisible Earth captures a composition of precarious balance and has been situated for maximum effect in a spectacular setting within the Lullwater—seemingly hovering over its reflective surface. Nearby at the man-made Binnen Falls, Nature’s Clock, the largest of the three sculptures, is stationed on a hillock, which mimics the sloped terrain of the Appalachian Trail, whose forest detritus originally inspired Lobe to create the sculpture. Emerging from beneath the Cleft Ridge Span, park goers will confront Antique Jenny on a grassy triangular intersection just south of the Boathouse. Located across from the park’s notable ancient tree the Camperdown Elm (made famous in the poem by Marianne Moore), the sculpture also overlooks the Boathouse and Lullwater.
Lobe celebrates nature’s resources and our reliance on them since prehistoric times. Lobe reflects on geographical, historical and mythological representations of the natural world, including the tradition of Romantic landscape painting in American art. These hollow reliefs also allude to the less bucolic 17th century vanitas or still-life paintings that addressed life’s emptiness and decay. Lobe embraces nature while using materials that contrast with his subject. He stitches together metal sheets and leaves exposed the joints, seams and bolts, revealing the underlying beauty of his sculpture’s mechanical construction.
On view from May 14, through November 2011. The exhibition is supported by New York City’s Department of Parks & Recreation and the Prospect Park Alliance. Since 1967, collaborations with arts organisations and artists have produced hundreds of public art projects in New York City parks – previous artists to exhibit in Prospect Park, include Roxy Paine, Mark Di Suvero, Melinda Hunt, and Steve Tobin.


Boxelder bugs get their common name from the fact that they are often found on and around boxelder trees. This species is native to the western states, but can be found from eastern Canada throughout the eastern United States, and west to eastern Nevada wherever boxelder trees are found.
The boxelder bug population lives and thrives on maple and seed-bearing boxelder trees during the warmer months where they lay their eggs and feed on leaves, flowers and seeds. Occasionally, they will feed on the fruits of plum and apple trees.
In autumn, boxelder bugs become gregarious and congregate on the south side of rocks, trees and buildings where the sun hits. After large masses gather, they migrate to nearby buildings or homes to overwinter. These pests tend to hide in small cracks and crevices in walls to insulate themselves from the cold winter temperatures. In late March to early April, adults leave their overwintering sites to return to their host trees for the warmer months.
Boxelder bugs are not known to bite, but their piercing-sucking mouthparts can occasionally puncture skin, causing a slight irritation and producing a red spot similar to a mosquito bite. When crushed or handled roughly, boxelder bugs may leave a reddish orange stain from their fecal material that can result in discoloration of curtains, drapes, clothing, etc.
- Black with reddish or orange markings on dorsum
- : 6
- Elongate-oval, somewhat flattened with head narrower than pronotum
- 1/2” (11-14 mm)


In chapter 5, Schiro (2013) introduces the social reconstruction ideology. Central to the social reconstruction ideology is the idea that the existing society is imperfect. In other words, the society in which we reside is broken. Social reconstructionists believe that education should not be used as a vehicle for merely fixing the flaws within our society, but should be used to transform the existing society into a new society that is just, moral, satisfying, and empowering for everyone. In this context, Social reconstructionists argues that the function of schools is to avoid uncritically serving and reproducing the existing society. It is important to go beyond reflecting the wishes of the existing society by teaching students to become critical, and analytical thinkers, and to also be aware of the injustices existing in our current society.
Furthermore, social reconstructionists believe that educators have the responsibility to empower students to change what they see as a “flawed society.” The argument here is that education should not be neutral to the ills of society. I do agree wholeheartedly with this argument, although, I have doubts on how we as a society are going to agree on the vision of the so called “ideal society.” Americans are already having difficulties agreeing with issues such as planned parenthood, gay marriage, Obama-care and so many other issues. How in the world are we going to agree on issues that will change the existing power structures? The social reconstructionists idea of changing our society to a desirable society is noble, but impossible to implement under the existing power-coercive society.
Furthermore, in chapter 6, Schiro (2013) provides a comparative overview of the four educational ideologies: the scholar academic, the social efficiency, the child centered, and the social reconstructionists and how they view teaching, learning, assessment, the child, and knowledge. I will hence forth present my opinion on the assessment discussions solely. The scholar academic ideology view assessment as a way to rank students for a future in the discipline whereas the social efficiency ideology view assessment as a way to certify to the corporate world’s a view of students’ skills that are relevant for the jobs that they offer. Furthermore, the learner centered ideology views assessment as a tool to diagnose students’ abilities and to use the obtained diagnosis as a tool to facilitate growth in student learning, whereas, the social reconstruction ideology views assessment as a measure of student progress with respect to students’ ability rather than in comparison with other students.
I concur with the assessment views presented by both the learner centered and the social reconstruction ideologies. I see the value of assessment as a diagnostic tool for educators. The diagnosis can help educators to propel students forward to reach their potentials best according to the students’ abilities. In my views the corporate assessment environment that we are operating under is not helpful. The current testing environment greatly hinders student growth. I feel like the current testing environment does not benefit students at all but, instead it benefits the parents, the administrators, and the corporate world.
Schiro, S. M. (2013). Curriculum Theory: Conflicting Visions and Enduring Concerns (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc


Medical careers dominate the list of fastest-growing careers through 2020, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). However, many of these high-demand jobs require mathematical skills, which is not good news for those who are averse to crunching numbers. Fortunately, there are also medical careers that do not require math.
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors provide advice to people who are dealing with additions, disorders and destructive behaviors. Through treatment and support, they teach their patients how to develop positive coping mechanisms. These counselors may work in a variety of settings, such as mental health centers, prisons and juvenile detention centers, as well as detox centers and halfway houses. The BLS projects a 27 percent growth increase in substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselor jobs, which is almost double the 14.3 percent national average growth rate for other jobs. The educational requirements range from a high school diploma to a master’s degree depending on state requirements, type of work, and degree of responsibility. The median annual salary for substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors is $38,120.
Health educators teach people how to make lifestyle changes that promote health and wellness. They may work in healthcare facilities, colleges, public health departments, nonprofits or private businesses. Health educators create programs and distribute literature on such subjects as the benefits of eating nutritious food and the health hazards of smoking and alcohol use. Demand for health educators is projected to grow by 37 percent through 2020, according to the BLS, which is more than double the growth rate of other professions. The median annual salary for this profession is $45,830, and the minimum educational requirement is a bachelor’s degree in health education or health promotion.
Marriage and Family Therapists
Marriage and family therapists help people understand the connection between their emotional problems -- such as low self-esteem or stress -- and their spousal or family relationships. Using therapy, they help clients discuss their feelings and work towards solutions to improve their interactions. The BLS predicts that this profession will grow by 37 percent through 2020, which is more than double the national average for other jobs. A master’s degree in marriage and family therapy is the educational requirement and the median annual salary is $39,710.
Rehabilitation counselors work with people who have physical or emotional disabilities with the goal of helping them live independently. They may work with veterans disabled in the war, elderly clients who have experienced a debilitating illness, or disabled students who need to develop strategies to transition from a school environment to an employment position. In addition to evaluating their client’s needs and devising a plan, they also locate resources, such as wheelchairs, that can help these individuals live a more independent life. Rehabilitation counselor jobs will grow by 28 percent, almost double the average growth of other jobs. To obtain a career in this profession, a master’s degree in rehabilitation counseling or a related field is required. The median annual salary for rehabilitation counselors is $32,350.
- Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images


Light. Most of us take it for granted during the day. And at night, we have learned to domesticate it. Light, the natural agent that stimulates our sense of sight and makes things around us visible.
After graduating from Cambridge Trinity College, in 1665, and developing calculus, a major part of the physicist’s toolbox, Isaac Newton uses a glass prism to demonstrate how white light is in fact composed of a mixture of colours.
The Wave Equation is
where is the wavelength of light and is the frequency.
At least, that is how it goes for visible light. But there is more to the story of light…
Light is an electromagnetic wave. And there is light that we can see, and light that we cannot see.
The Optical Window
Visible wavelengths pass through the ‘optical window’, a particular region of the electromagnetic spectrum where the wavelengths pass through the Earth’s atmosphere all the way to the ground largely unaffected.
The window is said to be ‘optical’ because the wavelengths we can see are all in this range, which stretches from around 300 nm (1 nanometre = 10-9 m) (UV-β) at the short end, up into the range that the human eye can use, that is roughly 400 – 700 nanometres, and goes through the visual infrared up to around 1100 nanometres, in the near-infrared range.
There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves, respectively.
Why The Sky Is Blue
A cloudless sky appears blue because clean air scatters short wavelengths much more readily than it does with longer wavelengths.
Since blue light is at the short end of the visible spectrum, it is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light.
The human eye perceives blue when looking towards parts of the sky other than the sun – a monochromatic shade of unsaturated blue light with wavelengths of around 474 – 476 nanometres.
What We Cannot See
The visible spectrum (380 – 740 nanometres) is merely defined in terms of human colour perception. However, many species can see light with frequencies outside this range.
Bees and other insects can see in the ultraviolet (UV) range. Birds can also see in the UV range (300 – 400 nanometres), and some have markings on their plumage that are only visible in this range.
From this point on, the subjects of electricity, magnetism and optics are unified into one branch of Physics. Again, Maxwell predicts the existence of an even wider set of electromagnetic waves.
What Else Is Out There?
Though the terms remain popular throughout the 19th century, they are ultimately dropped in favour of ‘infrared’ and ‘ultraviolet’ radiations.
1888, Hertz’s experiments confirm the existence of electromagnetic waves with wavelengths much greater than those of visible light: the radio waves, that revolutionised communications.
1895, Röntgen discovers another set of electromagnetic waves with wavelengths much smaller than those of visible light: the X-rays, that revolutionised medicine.


The kylix is a broad and shallow cup used for drinking wine, though today it looks more like a fruit bowl. It was decorated not only on the outside but also on the interior circle of the base called the tondo, where the image became visible only when all the wine was drunk.
Not unrelated to their function, the scenes depicted on these cups often evoke the world of symposia. The tondo of this kylix shows two female figures, perhaps hetairas. One of them is seated on a foldable stool and plays the aulos, a shrill sounding wind instrument, while her companion dances with castanets (krotalons) in her hands.
Both wear light, transparent chitons and jewellery. The outlines of their bodies are clearly visible beneath the folds of the drapery marked by straight and wavy lines. The woman on the right wears not only earrings, but also a necklace indicated by dots around her neck. The vase painter paid close attention to detail: a delicate line on the musician’s face emphasises that she is blowing into the instrument, while the bare foot of the dancer is highlighted by a quirked line indicating the ankle’s curve.
The cover photo shows Isadora Duncan (1877–1927), one of the most influential figures in modern dance. Breaking with rigid ballet technique, she championed self-expression and danced freely, with bare feet and light robes evoking ancient Greek clothing. This photo was taken in the theatre of Dionysus in Athens.
The title of this post was borrowed from Patti Smith – her song, too, evokes an ecstatic state induced by the power of dance.


- Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms
- Basic Biomolecules
- Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
- Viral "Reproduction"
- Internet-capable computers (one per pair of students): PC, Mac, Tablet, etc.
Supplemental Readings or Websites
Interactive Notebooks - document that outlines the set-up and use of the interactive notebook & Cornell-style notes in the science class:


Brief Fact Summary. A cost-management expert for the Air Force was fired after he testified in front of Congress about cost overruns in certain military projects. The Defendant, the President of the United States Richard Nixon (Defendant), claimed that he made the firing decision.
Synopsis of Rule of Law. The President of the United States (President) is shielded by absolute immunity from civil damages for acts done in his official capacity as President.
In varying scope, a qualified immunity is available to officers of the executive branch of government, the variation being dependent upon the scope of discretion and responsibilities of the office and all the circumstances as they reasonably appeared at the time of the action on which liability is sought to be based.View Full Point of Law
Issue. Does the President have absolute immunity from suit for actions taken in his official capacity?
Held. Yes, the President is immune from suit from his official acts as a matter of public policy rooted in the structure of government mandated by the separation of power principle. This immunity stems from the President’s unique position in the constitution scheme and the immense importance of his duties. The Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) is worried about diverting the President’s energies to the concerns related to private lawsuits.
Dissent. Justice Byron White (J. White) felt that this decision places the President above the law.
Discussion. The President must be empowered with the maximum ability to deal fearlessly and impartially with the duties of his office. If not, his visibility would subject him to numerous suits for civil damages. To keep the public safe, there is the constitutional remedy of impeachment, vigilant oversight by Congress and the press.


Arthritis signs and symptoms vary with individuals. Here we will emphasize on some of the major signs and symptoms of arthritis and joint pain problem.
1. Pain is the first and foremost sign and symptom of arthritis. All arthritis patients suffer from excruciating joint pain. Pain due to arthritis is also termed as arthralgia. The word comes from Greek 'artho' meaning joint and 'algos' meaning pain. The root cause of the pain lies in the destructive and degenerative process involved in arthritis. In other words the cartilage degeneration and bone friction causes acute pain, as in case of osteoarthritis. Also inflammation of tissues around joints leads to pain as in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. Accumulation of fluids and uric acid crystals in between the joints also lead to pain.
2. Swelling is another sign and symptom of arthritis. At times it is also the primary symptom of arthritis. Little amount of fluid is always present in our joints under normal conditions. In a joint attacked by arthritis, the amount of fluid increases to abnormal proportions making the joint look swollen. This excess fluid is discharged by the soft tissues lining the joint. The tissues come under the effect of arthritis and produce large amount of fluids.
3. Stiffness or inflexibility at the joint is a symptom associated with swelling. Muscle tightness, inflammation of joint lining and calcification at the joints are triggering factors causing stiffness. In case of patients with much stiffness, the joints may become non-functional with time. Therefore stiffness if not checked may even lead to disability. The stiffness usually increases if the ailing joint is kept idle for a long time. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by severe stiffness early in the morning just after waking up. The stiffness comes down gradually as one gets in to activities.
4. Crepitus or a crunching or grating sound while moving an ailing joint is a common symptom of arthritis, noticeable in many. The word is derived from a Latin word meaning 'a rattle or crackling sound'. Crepitus is an indication of wearing out of cartilages in a joint. When crepitus occurs, along with the crunching sound, one feels some sensation in the affected joint. Crepitus is usually painless.
5. Deformity at joint is another arthritis symptom. It is common in case of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Bony outgrowths, swan neck deformity or bending of finger base, boutonniere deformity or flexion of PIP joint in the finger are common types of deformities caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Basal joint deformity or thumb carpometacarpal hyperextension deformity causes the thumb to stretch out and bend backward. This type is seen in patients with osteoarthritis.
6. Redness of skin around the affected joint is one sign and symptom. When some damage occurs at any part of the body, the immune system runs to destroy or eliminate the cause of damage. The same is true in case of joint damage as well. When the battle goes on, the result is redness in the external skin.
7. Arthritis patients also suffer from constipation or colitis.


AUTISM: Early diagnosis and treatment of autism, with Ami Klin
- Tuesday, November 9th, 10:30 am
- Ami Klin
The “holy grail” of autism research is to be able to diagnose it many months before its symptoms are clear, giving doctors time to change its course before it has seeped into and resculpted the brain of an affected child. Researchers disagree over whether this will ever be possible, but Klin has little doubt. “There is no question we will be able to attenuate autism,” he says. He is interested in the social mind — social cognition — and how it is disrupted in children with autism. One path toward possible early diagnosis of autism is to use eye-tracking studies to see and measure social engagement. How often, for example, does an infant look at the face of an interviewer? Some children have abnormalities in visual scanning in normal, social settings. Such studies could reveal vulnerabilities for autism in the first months of life, a year or two before the disease begins to become apparent. They might also help predict the degree of impairment and social disengagement that at-risk children can expect.


We trade one item for another because we believe the item we receive has more value than the item we give up. The value of something is not its price tag. Value is intrinsic, it is a personal opinion of the utility it brings us notwithstanding the amount of money it is worth. Consider this classic example, 1 coffee costs $2 and brings us satisfaction. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th coffee also cost $2 each, but bring us incrementally less satisfaction (who wants to drink 4 coffees in a row?). Theoretically, for trade to take place, the trading partners must intrinsically value the items differently, otherwise neither individual would experience an increase in value from the trade.
Value is essentially the worth or usefulness of something. A market is a place where people meet to exchange on the basis of their beliefs of value. We exchange our money for an iPhone in the market of the Apple store. We exchange our time for money in the labour market (with the notable exclusion of unpaid internships). We exchange our money for food in the market of the grocery store. Importantly, we always tend towards exchanging up in value.
“A sandwich is worth more to me than these 4 dollars. Hey Sandwich Dave (first name Sandwich, last name Dave) lets make a trade: My money for your food.” Both participants of a transaction value the same product differently, which allows the transaction to take place. I need food because I am hungry. Therefore, the food is more valuable to me than $4. For Sandwich Dave, $4 is more valuable to him than the sandwich (presumably because he has many more sandwiches).
The same product, but with different beliefs of value, led to a trade.
The same principal applies for financial markets. As an investor you might think of buying Apple stock. The reason you would buy the stock is that, relative to all other financial products you can buy, AAPL will give you the most value per dollar.
There are two reasons to undergo any barter transaction: reward and risk. Inherently, we are interested in maximizing reward and minimizing risk. Value is the combination of these two concepts. However, individual opinions of the optimal combination that results in maximum value differ. Certain investors value minimizing risk (risk-averse) over all else, others prioritize maximizing reward (risk-neutral). For someone to maximize their value extracted from a transaction, they demand the most reward for the level of risk they are willing to accept.
Risk and reward are not just concepts for financial markets. Even when we eat our food, risk and reward are at play – our personal preferences dictate the combination of risk and reward we are willing to accept. Risk-averse eaters take small bites and check expiry dates to avoid risk of food poisoning and choking. Eaters who value reward highly may eat uncooked fish to experience the taste, without much regard for the risk of a potentially unpleasant evening thereafter.
An investor may buy Apple stock because he thinks that it is undervalued relative to what someone else will pay. This just means that he thinks someone else will want to buy it at a higher price; someone else values it more than he does. Buyers buy because they think they can sell higher. We go through transactions because we think we can gain value from them.
Given the choice to buy AAPL at $450 and then resell for 10 percent more, or buy GOOG at $500 and then resell for 8 percent more, the intelligent investor would go with Apple, Right? Not necessarily. This methodology considers only reward without regard for risk. If AAPL is more risky than GOOG, then the risk needs to be factored into the investment decision. Investors shouldn’t consider expected return in their decisions, they should refer to risk-adjusted expected return.
Financial markets are just like any market where transactions take place. They help people achieve higher value by trading the resources they have available for new resources. So readers, I want you to think about how you value items. The point at which one thing becomes more valuable to you than another is personal and subjective. At what price is money more valuable to you than time? At what point is happiness more valuable than money? And at what price is a sandwich more valuable to you than cash? Super Sandwich is starting to make a lot more sense, isn’t it?
Disclaimer: I have no position in Super Sandwich and no plans to initiate any positions in the next 72 hours other than one in a line.


Fertile soils occur in valleys and plains, where silt and organic matter from eroded hills settle down. The idea behind using rock dust as a soil amendment derives from this observation.
The information provided here has been gathered from various sources. Not all of them have controlled studies or science backing them. Any users of rock dust as soil amendment, will have to do their own observations and testing to make sure it works for them.
Agricultural soils have undergone heavy erosion from mechanised farming.
Previously most farm lands were small plots with bunds that kept rain water from flowing out. The bunds were themselves held together by the presence of grass, weeds and shrubs. These also helped in infiltration of water.
In some cases active erosion control measures were taken. One approach would be to create vetiver hedges on the bunds, or the borders of the farm. VETIVER GRASS A thin green line against erosion. The other is to plow on contour Contour Plowing, which makes the rain water stay in the furrows, so that it seeps in, or to create water harvesting swales, or use other Water harvesting techniques.
There is also no-till agriculture, where the land is not tilled. However the most common version of this practice depends on weed killers.
Unfortunately many of these practices make it inconvenient to use machinery, and most farms have abandoned these traditional water conservation and soil preservation techniques. Erosion not only leaches the nutrients, but also destroys the structure of the soil, removing the fine silt, and leaving behind sandy, gravelly soil.
In villages soil from lakes and ponds was extracted and used in farms. This brought back some of the eroded soils. Organic fertilizers like animal manure, and organic matter, composted, or left to compost in the fields, also helped. Nitrogen fixing green manure crops are grown, and then plowed into the soil.
Chemical fertilizers are convenient, and quick acting. They however destroy microbial populations in the soil. Fungi, bacteria (especially nitrogen-fixing) help plants with mineral absorption from soil.
Agricultural research with fine rock dust was started in the 19th century by Missoux (1853/54), Hensel (Bread from Stones, 1890, 1894) and others.  This is different from Von Liebig's salt fertilizer thesis, Law of Minimum, which states that plant growth is impacted by scarcest nutrient resource. Liebig went on identify the chemical elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) as major influencers of plant growth. Synthetic salts that provide these elements, were then used for agriculture.
Julius Hensel's view was much broader, and he found that fertilizing with stone dust, found in primeval rocks, yield healthy, wholesome and life sustaining food from plants that were healthy and resistant to pests. Although plants take bulk of a plant's needs come from air, and water, the nutrients in rocks are indispensable for healthy crops.
Fertile valleys were usually created from silt carried down from mountains from glacial and water erosion. Trees up in the mountains, have been able to thrive in extremely rocky conditions, by using micro-organisms, bacteria and fungi, to extract minerals from rocks, and the thin layer of soil. Synthetic fertilizers may be a quick fix, but in the long run, a more complete and slow release nutrition from rock dust, was found by Hensel to be better.
Agrogeology is broadly defined as 'geology in the service of agriculture', a study of geological processes that influence the distribution and formation of soils, and the application of geological materials in farming and forestry systems as means of maintaining and enhancing soil productivity for increased social, economic and environmental benefits (Chesworth and van Straaten 1993; van Straaten and Fernandes 1995). Once we understand the geological process that has created rich soils, we find that there is a reasonable justification in the belief that rock dust can remineralize soil.
Rock dust is most effective when mixed 50-50 with organic compost and a handful of soil to add some microorganisms. The microorganisms feed off the rock dust, taking only the nutrients they need while leaving the remainder in the sub-soil. The compost provides the medium for the microorganism growth. Optimally, the rock dust and compost mixture should be incorporated into the top few inches of soil if possible but may also be spread by broadcasting or spread by hand if you use a no-till method of gardening..
Since micro-organisms have a role in making nutrients available to plants, use of synthetic fertilizers with rock dust, make not be effective. Panchagavya or Jiwamrita as recommended by Subhash Palekarji  can increase soil microbial activity.
The amount of rock dust required is something that has to be determined by testing. But there are likely to be no negative consequences in using rock dust.An application of 2 tons per acre is the minimum amount, and as much as 20 tons per acre for exceptionally poor, dry soil. Use about 7 kg of rock dust per 100 square feet of garden bed (or 2 kg per square yard)..
Growth of carrot with and without rock dust is compared here. A
permaculture study found tree seedlings grew at five times the
normal rate in the nursery. .
This study also found
Quarry dust improves water infiltration rates to the benefit of non-wetting soils.
Quarry dust improves water retention in free draining soils.
Additional anecdotal evidence by Henry Homeyer is available here.


Rapeseed is one of the crops in demand in Kenya’s local markets. Agventure Limited, a conservation agriculture company is contracting farmers to grow Rapeseed also known as canola.
Canola is a cool climate crop suitable for high altitude areas (1800 to 2400m) above sea level receiving an annual rainfall of 700mm per annum. It does well in optimal temperatures between 15 to 20 degrees Celsius in areas like Timau, Endebess, Mau Narok and central Kenya.
The crop thrives in drained sandy loamy soil/loam soils with a pH level of less than 5.0 to avoid phosphorus fixation. Heavy soils are prone to crusting which results in uneven germination.
The seed bed is prepared to a fairly level ground to a fine and firm structure to enable the crop to compete with the weeds.
At planting, the optimum seeding rate is at 5.5kg per acre with a depth of 1-2cm in the soil and spacing of 18cm by drill or by broadcasting.
The main nutrients supplied for the crop at planting are nitrogen and phosphorus. In this, first test the soil as fertilizer application will be based on the nutrient level. 100kg/ha of Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) is required at planting. A 50kg bag of DAP costs an average of Sh3,000.
Rapeseed provides an ideal environment for diseases and insect pests build up and as such it is rotated with cereal crops like maize, wheat and barley. Crop rotation improves soil fertility.
The crop’s yield ranges from 750 – 1500kgs/acre. Rapeseed plant matures within three months.
The seeds are harvested when they have a moisture content of about 35 per cent. At this stage, the seeds are firm.
Winnowing is then done to remove unwanted materials. Dry the crop till it attains a moisture content of below 10 per cent to prevent losses.
Rapeseed is grown for its highly nutritious oil which produces omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids. Its cake is a by-product in livestock feeds formulation.


Habermas’ conception of knowledge (positively) as constituted by cognitive interest is followed by his rejection of the mirror or copy theory of knowledge (negatively). Habermas rejects the mirror theory of truth because it is based on the naïve idea “that knowledge describes reality” (Knowledge & Human Interest, p. 69 (henceforthe referred to as KHI). The correspondence theory of truth is based on the same ‘objectivist illusion’ that is the basis of the representational theory of knowledge.
In KHI Habermas considered at least three promising theories but criticised all of them for ultimately succumbing to the objectivist illusion. I will briefly consider Habermas’ reasons for first praising these theories and then rejecting them as ultimately inadequate.
Habermas observes that “Peirce” did not “succumb to the objectivist attitude of early positivism” (KHI: 91). The insight which helped Peirce save himself from the menace of positivism was “his understanding that the task of methodology is not to clarify the logical structure of scientific theories but the logic of the procedure with whose aid we obtain scientific theories” (ibid.). Concentration on the process of inquiry rather than its product enabled Peirce to arrive at his crucial insight that:
We term information scientific if and only if an uncompelled and permanent consensus can be obtained with regard to its validity. This consensus does not have to be definitive, but has to have definitive agreement as its goal. The genuine achievement of modern science does not consist primarily in producing true, that is correct and cogent statements about what we call reality. Rather, it distinguishes itself from traditional categories of knowledge by a method of arriving at an uncompelled and permanent consensus of this sort about our views .(ibid; emphasis added).
Rather than succumbing to the positivistic myth of science as the true mirror of reality, Peirce tried to turn the table on positivism by redefining the achievement of modern sciences not as the true mirror of reality but as emanating from the notion of inquiry whose telos was “uncompelled consensus”. Thus Peirce to that extent shifts the focus of truth (reconceptualises it) from ‘mirror’ of reality to consensus among free inquirers thus shifting away from correspondence theory of truth, which is the basis of the objectivist illusion.
However, according to Habermas, Peirce does not go far enough to be able to overcome the correspondence theory of truth completely. He ultimately succumbs to the same objectivist illusion, which has been the hallmark of positivism. Peirce succumbs to the objectivist illusion despite his advancements because of his contradictory notion that the uncompelled consensus among inquirer aims at technical control, which is ultimately based on the instrumental notion of action. It is contradictory because;
The symbolic representation of matters of fact knowable from the transcendental perspective of possible technical control serves exclusively for the transformation of expression in process of reasoning. Deduction, induction, and abduction establish relations between statements that are in principle monologic. It is possible to think in syllogism, but not to conduct a dialogue in them. I can use syllogistic reasoning to yield arguments for a discussion, but I cannot argue syllogistically with another. Insofar as the employment of symbols is constitutive for the behavioural system of instrumental action, the use of language involved is monologic. But the communication of investigators requires the use of language that is not confined to limits of technical control over objectified natural process. It arises from symbolic interaction between societal subjects who reciprocally know and recognise each other as unmistakeable individuals. This communicative action is a system of reference that cannot be reduced to the framework of instrumental action (KHI: 137, italics in the original).
By reducing the telos of intersubjective inquiry to instrumental action, which according to Habermas is based on the notion of solitary subject, Peirce reaffirmed ontology with it’s accompanying objectivistic illusion and with it’s correspondence theory of truth (KHI: 131-132)* . It was essentially the notion of correspondence theory of truth that compelled Peirce to prioritise solitary subject constituted through the ‘transcendental perspective of technical control” (KHI: 137) which closely resembles the traditional line of a solitary subject engaged in the monologic pursuit for the ‘objective’ truth, over the ‘transcendental subject’ formed through the “communication of investigators” (ibid.). The dialogic model of communication was ultimately sublated since it did not suit the linear model of a solitary subject aiming at object, inherited in the correspondence theory of truth.
* It has not been my aim here to attempt an exhaustive survey of Habermas’ assessment of Peirce. I have been only aiming at selectively surveying the central points that are related to our problematic here. For a fuller treatment cf. Swindal ((Reflection Revisited: Jurgen Habermas's Discursive Theory of Truth ). For criticism of Habermas’ reading of Peirce see Rockmore, 2002 in (Habermas and Pragmatism.


Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy
James S. Dickson
E.coli Biotype I, Campylobacter jejuni, or Salmonella enterica were inoculated into the surface of fresh pork loins and moisture enhanced with brine. After moisture enhancement, each pork loin was sliced into 1cm thick slices. All slices were randomly vacuum packed, stored at 4yC and 10yC and finally prepared using grilling practices .Studies were conducted to evaluate the potential microbiological concern presented by moisture enhanced pork (1) translocation of bacteria from the surface into the interior of the meat (2) effects of moisture enhancement on survival of bacteria in meat during storage (3) impact of moisture enhancement on survival of food borne pathogens during cooking. Our results showed that inoculated bacteria were translocated from the surface into the deep tissues in the boneless pork following moisture enhancement and slicing. Vacuum packing under chilled conditions can prevent the growth of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica in enhanced pork. But it alone was not a substitute for safe handling and proper cooking because there were many numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica in enhanced pork during storage. The USDA recommended 160 yF as the safe minimum internal temperature for intact pork maybe also adequate for assuring the microbiological safety of moisture enhanced pork that is prepared without excessive contamination of interior tissues. Results were generally agreed that Campylobacter jejuni has more fastidious growth requirements and are more sensitive to various environment stresses than Salmonella enterica, such as vacuum packing, high cooking temperature. Compared to intact pork, moisture enhanced pork does not present a greater risk to consumers than otherwise similar meat that is intact, provided that the meat is properly cooked.
Wen, Xuesong, "Risk factors influencing the growth and survival of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella enterica on moisture enhanced pork" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11867.


Speakers: Lisa Neeb and Kareem Benson-White
Many schools located in urban districts are surrounded by hardscapes, installed decades ago in effort to reduce overall maintenance costs. Now with a focus on sustainability and outdoor education, many Milwaukee-area schools are joining the Greener, Healthier Schools movement to bring back more natural landscapes that provide environmental, social, and economic benefits. Join us for a presentation focused on sharing the story, process, and impacts of undergoing a transformative urban schoolyard redevelopment project where seas of asphalt are removed and replaced with green infrastructure, native plantings, and outdoor classrooms. We will share reflections, lessons-learned, and how schools are promoting social-emotional well-being, ecoliteracy, and stewardship utilizing their inspiring, redeveloped schoolyards.


42. Advocacy Evaluation Case Study
Description and Purpose:
This tool is an example of an advocacy evaluation case study.
Analyze and write up an advocacy case study, using the following questions as a guide to structure.
The case study should take three to five minutes to explain.
- What was the problem?
- Who decided to advocate on the problem (i.e. brief details of the NGOs/AW organizations involved)?
- What was the advocacy objective?
- Who did you advocate to?
- What methods did you use?
- What difficulties did you face?
- How did you overcome any difficulties?
- What were the results of your advocacy?
- What factors (or activities) contributed to these results?
- 1If appropriate: where did you obtain the evidence or information that was used?
- 1What sources of assistance/support did you find most helpful?
- What did you learn from doing this advocacy?
- Why do you think this is an important example?
- What do you think your organization could learn from this example?
Use photos, drawings or other ‘visuals’ to provide a human/animal angle to your information. Are the people and organizations featured in your case study aware of how it might be used, and what the consequences might be?
Consider including the following:
- Content & Process
- Description of change – initial situation; what has changed; how it happened
- Explanation for choice – who was involved; why this change is meaningful/relevant
- Lessons/recommendations – what this change tells us
- Selected by participants as part of review process
- Reasons for choice and lessons/recommendations for follow-up discussed as part of selection process


Teach your students about the phases of the moon with this awesome Solar System snacking activity.
I created this lesson plan as an alternative to the Oreo™ phases of the moon activity that we think is so clever. This science snack is a healthier alternative and will satisfy hungry students without the sugar rush.
- Ritz™ Crackers
- American cheese slices
- 1.5 inch round “cookie” cutter
- Phases of the moon chart
- Phases of the Moon worksheet
- Waxed paper
- Plastic knives
- Give each child a copy of the phases of the moon chart. Go over the different phases, and consider using our Educator How-To: We’ll See You on the Dark (and Light and Far) Side of the Moon to demonstrate the phases in an active, hands-on fashion.
2. Distribute one slice of American cheese to each student.
3. Instruct students to carefully use the circular cutter to cut four circles from the cheese. With careful placement, one slice of cheese will be sufficient.
4. Using a plastic knife, students will then cut one circle of cheese in half.
5. The second circle will be cut using the circular “cookie” cutter. Place the cutter carefully on the circle of cheese so that a crescent-shaped piece of cheese is cut from one side.
6. The same procedure should be used to cut an additional crescent-shaped piece from the third circle of cheese.
7. The fourth circle will remain whole.
8. Now you are ready to go! Distribute the Phases of the Moon worksheets and have students place a Ritz™ cracker on each “moon”.
9. Students will now arrange the cheese on the crackers to reflect each phase of the moon.
10. When finished, students may eat the tasty moon snack!


Trunska was a cool and rocky planet with a thin atmosphere and many rivers. The Trunsks evolved there and spread out along Trunska's large network of waterways. The Trunsks eventually developed agriculture and formed cities, which grew into city states and eventually competing empires. Tyl the Deplorable finally conquered the entire world during its Information Age. His reforms led the Trunsks to new heights of technological advancement, and the species soon spread beyond their homeworld and joined the Galactic Republic.
During the reign of Palpatine, Trunska came under the domain of the Empire. The Trunsks were designated a slave species. The planetary emperor, Belgoa, publicly decried the enslavement but secretly cooperated with the Imperials as long as he had final approval over who could stay or go. The Trunskan emperors were served by a large Trunskan police force.
Trunska enjoyed brisk trade with other worlds. However, in the Imperial era, the sale of weapons was strictly forbidden there.


(Matsuyama Castle General Office)
Matsuyama Castle is one of few castles with a surviving donjon that was built prior to the Edo period.
Matsuyama is the largest city in Shikoku. The city has flourished as a castle town centered on Matsuyama Castle, which was built about 400 years ago. Tourist spots include Dogo Onsen, one of the three oldest hot springs in Japan, and locations linked to poets famous for writing haiku, one of Japan's traditional cultures. In recent years, cultural facilities have been set up in urban areas to ensure that this culture is passed down to future generations.