*This post was originally published July 6, 2015 at Yale Books Unbound.
An August 2012 edition of The New Yorker magazine adopted an unseasonal topic for its front cover: Santa Claus. In the illustration, Santa is slumped on the ground against a striped pole, cheeks flushed, under the yellow orb of a bright sun. In place of a cheerful grin, his expression is one of dismay, surprise, or perhaps exhaustion. His fairytale frozen homeland has been reduced to a small iceberg in a sea of blue. There is little room for the elves to work or the reindeer to eat here. Santa is marooned.
The magazine cover conveys a powerful message of environmental changes that are ongoing today. The centrally placed sun evokes a warmer, climate-changed world. The isolated iceberg captures a landscape fundamentally altered by that sun. The figure of Santa Claus strikes a note of familiarity, yet his slouched stance and sad expression suggest that something is amiss. At the same time, the presence of this figure from western folklore alludes to ongoing questions among many members of the North American public about whether these environmental changes are in fact real, or, like Santa, just a myth. Despite an assembled body of conclusive scientific evidence, climate change continues to arouse skepticism and elude comprehension.
Much of the debate around climate change centers on the science. It is scientists to whom we turn to answer the fundamental questions of detection, attribution, and mitigation: Is the warming that we see today significantly different from the patterns of variability that characterize the global climate? Can we attribute that warming to anthropogenic causes? What technical advances could be called upon to mitigate this warming? Yet as the New Yorker cover implies, climate change is not just about scientific questions of hotter temperatures or melting ice. It is about stories and images, myth and reality, knowledge and ignorance, humor and tragedy–questions that are, at root, cultural in nature. To understand these complex dimensions, we have to look beyond the natural sciences and to a social science discipline that has not received much attention within climate change discussions to date: anthropology.
Anthropological perspectives on climate change are shaped by the fieldwork methodology that in many ways defines anthropology as a discipline. Anthropologists typically conduct research over extended periods of time in a single community or set of communities, gaining a window into the everyday interactions between people and their environments. Through this kind of work, anthropologists have brought to light some of the ways in which different communities, from native groups in the Arctic to islanders in the Pacific and farmers in the Andes, observe changes in their weather, climate, and landscapes and respond to these changes. These detailed, on-the-ground insights are a valuable contribution to a debate that is often dominated by discussions of global atmospheric processes and international policy negotiations.
But anthropology is no longer restricted to providing a local perspective on a global issue. Over recent decades anthropology’s remit has expanded beyond its traditional focus on isolated communities to include studies of global movements of people, objects, and ideas, and research settings in developed countries and institutional centers of power. Thus a number of anthropologists have brought a similar fieldwork approach to studies of climate science itself, asking, in essence, how we know what we know about climate change. The aim of this research, conducted through observation at scientific meetings and interviews with scientists, is not to undermine the value of scientific knowledge, but rather to seek insights into how science is produced within particular social, political, economic, and cultural contexts–contexts that influence the research questions asked, the methods selected to answer those questions, and, ultimately, the results generated.
A second major type of contribution stems from anthropology’s long interest in society-environment interactions. A central focus of work within archaeology and environmental anthropology has been on understanding more about how societies both shape and are shaped by the changing environments in which they live. This scholarship reveals that although the anthropogenic forcing of global climate through greenhouse gas emissions over the last century is unprecedented, many of the questions it raises have their roots in much older discussions. From the time of Hippocrates and before, prominent thinkers have asked questions about the degree to which climates determine societal characteristics, and have pondered the limits to human agency in its ability to manage the environment. For millennia, decision-makers have had to look to both the past and the future to understand the challenges of environmental management. This historical perspective provides a useful reminder that environments have never been static and that people have always impacted their environments and, in turn, had to respond to the impacts of environmental changes.
A third main area of anthropological contribution is its broad, holistic view of society-environment relations, which draws attention to the fact that the new forms of production and consumption driving contemporary climate change are also altering people’s livelihood strategies, modes of interaction, and spatial and temporal horizons. Climate change is hence accompanied everywhere by other kinds of changes within society. While climate is sometimes the dominant factor that drives change, just as often it is outweighed by other factors. In some places people are talking and worrying about climate change, but in many places they are not. Anthropological research illuminates the difficulty of unraveling climate change from the complex web of social and material relations that mediate people’s interactions with their environments.
At a time of mounting opposition to action on climate change, as international negotiations flounder and climate skeptics capture the attention of the public, there is an opening for greater voice from the social sciences. Anthropology can play a central role in understanding the nexus of nature, culture, science, politics, and belief that constitutes this vital challenge. While climate science is obviously central, we should not forget Santa.
Barnes, J. and M. Dove, eds. 2015. Climate Cultures: Anthropological Perspectives on Climate Change. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Barnes, J., M. Dove, et al. 2013. “Contribution of Anthropology to the Study of Climate Change.” Nature Climate Change 3: 541-544.
Lahsen, M., A. Mathews, et al. 2015. “Strategies for Changing the Intellectual Climate.” Nature Climate Change 5: 391-392.
Jessica Barnes received her Ph.D. in sustainable development from Columbia University in 2010 and held a postdoctoral fellowship with the Yale Climate & Energy Institute and Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies from 2011 to 2013. She joined the University of South Carolina in 2013 as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography with a joint appointment in the Environment and Sustainability Program. Her first book, Cultivating the Nile: The Everyday Politics of Water in Egypt, was published by Duke University Press in 2014 and she is currently working on a new project on the cultural politics of food security in Egypt.
Michael Dove is the Margaret K. Musser Professor of Social Ecology, Professor of Anthropology, Curator of Anthropology in the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Co-Coordinator of the joint doctoral degree program between F&ES and the Department of Anthropology, and Chair of Yale’s Council on Southeast Asia Studies. His current research takes a comparative, post-humanist approach to environmental relations in South and Southeast Asia.
This post is part of our thematic series: Anthropology and Climate Change: Intersections of Teaching, Interdisciplinarity, and Activism.


Frequency of Giardia duodenalis infection and its genetic variability in dogs in Cuiabá, Midwest Brazil
Introduction: Giardia duodenalis, a unicellular, eukaryotic, and flagellated protozoan, presents two evolutionary forms in its life cycle, namely, trophozoites and cysts. It causes diarrhea in humans, dogs, cats, rodents, and ungulates. Despite being morphologically similar, the isolates of G. duodenalis are genetically diverse, affecting the stability and unanimity of taxonomic classification. Since different Giardia assemblages may occur within one isolate, multilocus genotyping is recommended for the genetic identification.
Methodology: To determine the frequency of G. duodenalis infections in domiciled dogs in Cuiabá Municipality (State of Mato Grosso, Midwestern Brazil) and characterize its genetic variability, fecal samples were collected from 147 dogs.
Results: Overall, 6.8% (10/147) of the samples presented cysts of G. duodenalis, which sequencing and genotypic characterization using tpi and gluD revealed assemblages C and A, genetic grouping of G. duodenalis. Only three samples amplified by tpi and one sample amplified by gluD.
Conclusions: The risk factors age, gender, breed, diet and the presence of other dogs in the same house were not correlationated with giardiasis. The host-specific and zoonotic genotype warns of the risk of inter and intraspecies transmission and it provides, for the first time, information about genetic characterization of G. duodenalis isolates in dogs in Cuiabá, Midwest region of Brazil.
Copyright (c) 2020 Yolanda Paim Arruda Trevisan, Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida, Luciano Nakazato, Thabata dos Anjos Pacheco, Jéssica Iglesias de Souza, Darlan Henrique Canei, Mariana Elisa Pereira, Maerle Oliveira Maia, Richard Campos Pacheco, Val´éria Régia Franco Sousa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).


A filesystem is a means to organize data expected to be retained after a program terminates by providing procedures to store, retrieve, and update data as well as manage the available space on the device(s) which contain it.
Linux has a few dozen filesystems available, each with their own advantages and disadvantages when considering a particular use case.
- bcachefs - A next generation, robust, high performance filesystem supporting CoW (Copy-on-write), compression, and encryption.
- Cramfs - A memory and space sensitive compressed filesystem that supports random reading. It avoids the block device layer and tiny embedded systems with very tight memory constraints.
- eCryptfs - The enterprise cryptographic filesystem for Linux.
- efivarfs - a (U)EFI variable filesystem
- ext4 - The default, GPL licensed journaling filesystem for many Linux distributions.
- FAT - The File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystem. Originally created for use with Microsoft Windows.
- JFS - A GPL licensed, 64-bit Journaled File System (JFS) developed by IBM.
- Btrfs - A copy-on-write B-tree file system (Btrfs) with advanced features (an entirely open source licensed ZFS alternative).
- NTFS - Microsoft Windows' New Technology File System (NTFS) (Windows' default filesystem).
- Aufs - Advanced multi-layered unification file system (Aufs), formerly known as Another union file system.
- OverlayFS - The only union-like filesystem built-in to the Linux kernel.
- ReiserFS - Version 3 of the ReiserFS filesystem.
- Reiser4 - Version 4 of ReiserFS filesystem. Currently not implemented in the mainline Linux kernel.
- SquashFS - A compressed, read-only file system for Linux
- UDF - Universal Disk Format - needed for mounting some kind of .iso files
- GFS2 - Global File System 2: A shared disk filesystem. Typically used in compute clusters.
- UFS - The Unix File System (UFS) also called the Berkeley Fast File System.
- XFS - A GPL licensed, 64-bit journaling filesystem created by Silicon Graphics.
- ZFS - A CDDL (non-GPL compatible) licensed, copy-on-write filesystem created by Sun Microsystems.
- F2FS - A Flash-Friendly File System (F2FS) created by Samsung for the Linux kernel.
Virtual filesystems, also called pseudo filesystems, are for storing temporary data in memory while the system is running.
- debugfs - Used for debugging purposes; primarily Linux kernel development.
- procfs - Used to output and change of system and process information.
- securityfs - Used by the TPM BIOS character driver and IMA, an integrity provider.
- sysfs - Used to output information about and to configure devices and drivers.
- tmpfs - Used to store files in memory (RAM).
- devtmpfs - udev requires devtmpfs (Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev) in the kernel.
- Ceph - A distributed object store and filesystem designed to provide excellent performance, reliability, and scalability.
- NFS - A common Linux network file system protocol.
- SSHFS - Implements FUSE to mount filesystems in user space.
- Tahoe-LAFS - A Least Authority File Store (LAFS).
- GlusterFS - A powerful network/cluster filesystem.
- CurlFtpFS - File system for accessing FTP hosts based on FUSE.
- exFAT - A FUSE filesystem for the extended FAT filesystem.
- FuseISO - FUSE module to mount ISO filesystem images.
- MTPfs - A FUSE filesystem providing access to Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) devices.
- smbnetfs - A FUSE filesystem for SMB shares.
- squashfuse - Mount SquashFS archives using FUSE.
Filesystems can be mounted in several ways:
- mount - The command used to mount filesystems. Requires administrative privileges or entries in /etc/fstab.
- /etc/fstab - Contains descriptive information about the filesystems the system can mount.
- Removable media - Mount on file demand.
- Udevil - A small auto-mount utility with little dependencies.
- AutoFS - Automatic mount on file access.
- Bcache — a Linux kernel block layer cache.
- Filesystem in Userspace — a way for users to mount file systems without needing special permissions
- Linux Sea, by Sven Vermeulen, chapter about filesystems
- https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/bitrot-and-atomic-cows-inside-next-gen-filesystems/ - An article providing detailed information on the advantages on next-generation filesystems.
- https://www.usenix.org/system/files/login/articles/03_lu_010-017_final.pdf - A Study of Linux File System Evolution.


Many sewing projects require a bit of hand sewing to finish up a job. Not every machine can sew on a button or do a hem stitch. So, first things first -- let's thread the needle.
Threading a Needle
For Eagle Eyes
- Choose a hand sewing needle appropriate for your project.
- Select the right thread for the job.
- From your spool, reel off a length of 18 to 24 inches.
- Using sharp scissors, cut the thread at a 45-degree angle.
- Pass the freshly cut end through the eye of the needle. It's easier if you slightly dampen the end of the thread first.
- Pull the thread through the eye about 4 or 5 inches. This is the end that will remain unknotted.
For Everyone Else
Using a needle threader:
- Push the loop in the needle threader through the eye of your needle.
- Holding the needle and threader in one hand, pick up the thread and push it through the hole in the needle threader until it's about 4 or 5 inches through the threader.
- Gently pull the needle threader back through the eye of the needle.
There are also self-threading hand needles that have a slot into the eye of the needle. Some have slots on top and some on the side. You simply gently glide the thread to the notch next to the slot. It will catch and then you can snap the thread into the eye. Ta Da!
- Additional light helps.
- Beeswax can be used to stiffen the end of the thread and make it easer to poke through the eye.
- Place a contrasting color behind your needle to make it easier to see.
Tying a Knot
It's actually really easy, but you may need to practice a few times until you get the "feel" of it.
- Hold the thread between you thumb and index finger.
- Wrap a loop of thread completely around the tip of your opposite index finger (just at the base of your fingernail).
- Close your thumb over the loop.
- Keeping the thread taut, use your thumb to roll the loop towards the end of your index finger.
- Just as it slides off, use your middle finger to step on the loop and hold while you pull the thread into a tight knot.
Fabric designer, Heather Bailey, has a knifty "knot" tutorial that shows another way to tie a knot.


During the Late Cretaceous Period, much of what is now North America was covered by a shallow, warm water sea – known as the Western Interior Seaway. This sea teemed with life and one of the most notable inhabitants was the ammonite. Ammonites are extinct creatures that are related to squid, cuttlefish and the chambered nautilus. Ammonites, such as this, that are recovered from the 70 to 75 million year old Bear Paw Shale, shine with particular brilliance in hues of red, green and yellow.
The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
This file is licensed under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license by The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis.
Marine animals, Fossil
Paleontology -- Cretaceous
Further information on this record can be found at its source.


Project Environmental Benefits
- Pipelines are the safest means of moving large volumes of liquids. Transporting petroleum products via the Pilgrim Pipeline is far more environmentally friendly than relying on trucks or fleets of traditional barges. In fact, the spill risk for barges is almost seven times greater than that for pipelines.
- Based on an analysis of EPA and state data, the estimated annual total emissions of GHGs (in CO2e) for transporting the crude and refined products via Pilgrim Pipeline are approximately 20% lower than transporting the same volume of crude and refined products by barge.
- Overall, the pipeline option does not represent a significant source of GHG emissions, and, by relieving congestion caused by transporting products by teams of traditional tankers and barges, and eliminating the tons of pollutants associated with these forms of transportation, the Pilgrim Pipeline will produce a net air quality benefit to the region.
- The Pilgrim Pipeline route will utilize existing transportation and utility corridor in both New Jersey and New York.
- Where applicable, environmental impact of the pipeline will be mitigated by use of directional boring, an innovative trenchless technology that involves no surface impact.


Karla Rodriguez travels around Texas telling students about the dangers of tobacco. She has traveled to El Paso, Odessa, McAllen, Austin, and even other states as one of the top leaders in tobacco prevention in Texas.
Rodriguez is a teen ambassador for a project called Say What! Say What! stands for Students, Adults, and Youth Working Hard Against Tobacco! and was created by Texas youth to help connect everyone working toward reducing tobacco use throughout the state of Texas.
Say What! teen ambassadors are high school students who are passionate about the movement and focus on tobacco prevention and awareness. They actively lead tobacco prevention efforts in their own communities. Say What! is a student led organization where Rodriguez’ responsibilities are to help put on their action summits and to facilitate workshops.
“I got involved my freshman year of high school and became a teen ambassador my sophomore year,” Rodriguez said. One project Rodriguez facilitates in the Kilgore community is called the Cigarette Butt Cleanup. “We go around with gloves and plastic bags and collect cigarette butts found on the ground. We replace each cigarette butt with red a flag just to show how prevalent smoking is and how harmful the second hand smoke is,” she said, “When we finish and look back at all the red flags it’s really shocking.” The cleanup of this toxic trash shows how relevant the issue of tobacco really is.
In addition to the Say What! project, Rodriguez is a Kilgore High School senior and also a member of the KC TRIO program on campus. Rodriguez got involved with TRIO through the Upward Bound program.
Upward Bound serves high school students and helps to guide them in their preparation for college entrance.
“They provide a lot of support for anything we need to get done. They help us with projects and also have computers and other helpful resources that give us access to things,” she said. “They’ve just been a really big help with everything, it is an amazing opportunity for high school students who could benefit from academic support to prepare for college and what is in their future.”
She is an involved high school student who is focused on her future. Rodriguez is a member of the Science Club, Robotics Club, Rocketry, Key Club, Art Club, National Honors Society, SayWhat,! Model UN, Citizens Bank Board, Smart Start, and she even takes dual credit English and Government classes at KC.
Upward Bound Project Advisor LaKendra Weir said, “Karla is very hardworking, very diligent and she approaches her goals with a clear mind. You don’t find many seniors who are already working on college applications and scholarships as early as she was. She understands that going to college after high school is very important to her success.”
Her outstanding determination for success hasn’t gone unnoticed. Rodriguez was recently awarded a scholarship from the National Hispanic Heritage Foundation, which she received with a personal visit to SMU in Dallas. She plans on majoring in Computer Science and to hopefully attend UC Berkeley or UT Austin.
“My education means a lot to me and my mom sacrificed so much so I want to make a difference and make her proud,” Rodriguez said.


You can adjust the screen brightness using the computer monitor buttons along the front of the monitors, or the Control Panel menu can change your settings for your screens. After making any changes, be sure to restart your computer after saving any new settings.Continue Reading
Most desktop monitors have buttons for adjusting brightness, contrast and color. Look first on the front of the monitor, or try sliding your finger along the bottom edge to feel for buttons. Adjust the brightness using the plus and minus bar as a guide.
An alternate method for adjusting screen brightness is found in the Windows XP Control Panel. Use the Start button in Windows to access a menu. Then click on Control Panel to open the Computer Settings application. Click the Display icon, and check under Advanced Settings for a brightness adjustment option. Some video drivers do not offer this option.
If your Windows XP computer is a laptop, simply hold down the Function (Fn) key while using the arrows on the keyboard to adjust the brightness. Some laptops are programmed to use the up and down arrows; others use side arrows. Try all of the directional arrows to see what works on your machine.
Once the brightness level has been adjusted to your liking, power down the computer and reboot. This final step ensures that the new settings remain in place.


Abstract of a publication based on research funded in part by the Australian Flora Foundation
C. K. Orscheg1, N. J. Enright1, F. Coates2 and I. Thomas1
1Department of Resource Management and Geography, Melbourne School of Land and Environment,
The University of Melbourne, Parkville, and 2Department of Sustainability and Environment, Arthur
Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg,Victoria, Australia
Austral Ecology (2011) 36: 936–943
Recruitment limitation in canopy trees is receiving increasing attention as restoration of tree cover for connectivity, biodiversity offsets, carbon-trading and improved catchment health becomes more prominent. Recruitment limitation is often addressed by examining seed traits and germination requirements. Distance between trees is also often explored as a factor, particularly in agricultural landscapes where forest structure has been altered, with large distances between fragments generating Allee effects linked to pollen limitation. Fewer studies have examined how short distances between trees (high stem densities), which can characterize regenerated forests, might affect recruitment. This study examined recruitment limitation by exploring germination requirements of Eucalyptus tricarpa(red ironbark) and the effects of stem density on seed characters and germination. Eucalyptus tricarpa is a canopy species in the box-ironbark forests of central Victoria, Australia. During the early European settlement phase in the 1800s these forests were heavily impacted by human disturbances including mining, logging and livestock grazing. In many regenerated stands, now more than 100 years old, current stem density exceeds those documented in 19thcentury reports and there is little regeneration of key canopy species such as E. tricarpa. In laboratory trials seed germinated at 18°C in darkness, and while viability varied among populations, overall it remained high (91–96%) and did not differ among populations with different stem densities. An in situ germination trial addressing sowing season, ground-cover, soil-ripping, canopy-cover and stem density recorded no germination. High stem density in coppicing box-ironbark forest was hypothesized to limit resources for reproduction; however, no relationship was found between nearest neighbour distance, allocation to selected reproductive structures or seed viability. The relative insensitivity of reproductive allocation to intraspecific competition (high stem density) may be interpreted as a trait linked to unpredictable environments and consistent with long-lived species. In terms of management, recruitment limitation in E. tricarpa appears not primarily attributable to seed viability, tested seedbed treatments or stem density so further factors, including fire, now require exploration.
Key words: competition, Eucalyptus, germination, recruitment limitation, regeneration, seed, stem density.


Three paragraph essay example - Compare and comparison essay
points of success. Paragraph 4: Comparison c (Topic 1 2). Published 3/10/2013, what is a Comparison Essay? A topic that lets you easily demonstrate your writing skills andget a high grade easily. If you hesitate either on choosing the essay topic or the idea for Comparison essay please feel free to contact us and we gladly help you any time you need assistance. Gather your ideas by writing down characteristics of each thing. Paragraph 5: Topic 2 (Contrast a). Second thing/person presentation (This part includes the comparison of this second thing/person with the first one.). Tell us something we don't know (or might not notice)! In this type of essay ordinarily analyze either only the similarities or only the differences.
Strict emphasizes the high standards she expects everyone can meet. Topic 1, some teachers are" simply and clearly. Cool while others are" in the introduction thematic you state your thesis. Lax uses a more personal approach. People, topic 1 Comparison b, paragraph 3, their teaching styles early and expectations for students differ significantly. State the thesis Although Sally Strict Larry Lax are both respected teachers at our school. You will need to consecutively compare and contrast each of the similarities and differences in the given subjects.
Traditional architecture vs modern architecture essay
Very simple, the conclusion like the introduction should be a generalization of the thesis. If I wanted to write about Social Networking sites. Should open generally with " introduction, heres a sample outline. APA, d need to write different thesis statements depending on my comparecontrast assignment. And you should feel quite confident in your writing. Iapos, what does that mean specifically regarding the comparison essay. Provide supporting details She collects homework every day english language paper 2 practice papers aqa 1-9 at the beginning of class. ChicagoTurabian, students should recognize how they benefit from the variety of ways their teachers inspire them. More official way, comparison essay format, however. You may allude to Topic 1 english paper 2 questions 3 example ib briefly.
Every piece of writing, whether it is a journal entry or a formal essay, must be typed and stapled.Differences and Similarities in Jane and Alices backgrounds.


Stage 4 Stage 5 Stage 6
Hace unas semanas vimos las preposiciones de tiempo en inglés y hoy vamos a hacer un repaso de aquellas preposiciones que pueden llevaros a cometer más errores. La mejor manera de interiorizarlas es que las practiquéis, tal y como hacéis en vuestros cursos de inglés. Ya sabéis que los profesores de Callan School Barcelona están aquí para ayudaros a que las apliquéis de manera correcta.
Como dice Franklin P. Jones “La experiencia es algo maravilloso, nos permite reconocer un error cada vez que lo volvemos a cometer”.
This week’s blog is about prepositions. These words are often difficult for students to learn how to use, mainly because the use of a preposition depends on things such as location when speaking, the size of the thing you are speaking about or how you do the action.
Two prepositions that are often confused are ‘in’ and ‘on’. People often say “I am sitting in the chair”, but this is a mistake. You should say “I am sitting on the chair”. This is because of your position and the size of the object. The chair does not completely surround you, therefore you are not ‘in’ it, you are ‘on’ it.
Another common mistake is saying ‘arrive in’ or ‘arrive at’. We arrive in an area, whereas we arrive at a point. For example, we say “I arrived in Paris this afternoon” and we say “I arrived at the hotel at 9.00 p.m”. Paris is a city, which is an area and a hotel is a place, which is a point, therefore we must say ‘in’ for Paris and ‘at’ for the hotel.
A lot of students say “I am going at home” or “I am going to home”, but these are wrong. We don’t use a preposition with ‘home’. We say “I am going home”; there is no preposition.
We say I’m standing “in” the corner of the room but we say I’m standing “at” the corner of the table. This can be for two reasons. Number one is that the corner of the room is an area of the room and number two is that it is much bigger than you, therefore you are “in” it, whereas the corner of the table is a point and you are bigger than it so we say “at” the corner of the table.
We “get in” a car and “get out of” a car, or a van, a truck or a lorry but we “get on” and “get off” a bus, a train, a ship, a boat, a motorbike, a bicycle or an aeroplane. This is mainly due to the size of the vehicle. For example, when you are on a bus, you can stand “on” it and be completely contained by the vehicle, whereas a car or a truck would be smaller and therefore you sit “in” it, even though a truck is very big, the part where you sit is not that big. With bikes in general you sit “on” them, not “in” them.
To practice what you’ve learned, try the exercise!
Ven a conocer la escuela y haz una prueba de inglés gratuita
- La preposiciones de lugar en inglés
Recursos Gratuitos de Inglés
- Colloquial English Expressions and phrasal verbs – Part III
- Los comparativos y superlativos en inglés
- Easily Confused Words: Lie, Lie and Lay
- ¿Cómo hacer preguntas en inglés?


Fast forward to this century, in his final interview with Asia Pacific Economic Review writer Steve Barth, Edward Demming reached the pinnacle of Japan's role in integrating western management principles into Japan, which in turn reversed by way of the likes of UCLA professor William Ouchi and his bestselling book on Japanese management style, "Theory Z". Japan has always been a synergistic doorway to the west, and arguably the west's most valuable portal to the east.
So why not in health care? Japan is one of the world’s most technologically advanced health care systems while at the same time still holds onto traditional medicine or Kampo. Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare created acronyms for its role in integrative medicine, and published it in cooperation with Shimane University Medical School. It believes the Japanese health care system is uniquely placed in facilitating the integration of evidence- based Japanese integrative medicine or eJim. The more common term used today is "complementary and alternative medicine" or CAM which Japan seeks to bring into the mainstream core of its healthcare offerings. And it claims to be doing it backed by science, the aforementioned "evidence- based Japanese integrative medicine", or e-Jim (see https://www.ejim.ncgg.go.jp/en/index.html for more information).
When we talk about eJIM however, it inevitably leads back to the origins of healthcare in Japan over a thousand years ago, traditional Japanese medicine or Kampo, and beyond the island's shores to China and TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) (see https://en.bloguru.com/healthtech/356171/japanese-health-care-offers-private ). So how has Japan integrated traditional Kampo and alternative medicine into its modern western health care system?
The integration has become seamless, including widespread insurance coverage for Kampo. Today, Japan is taking it a step further, and -- a step deeper with proven, "evidence- based Japanese integrative medicine" or eJIM. Japan and other Asian countries like Singapore, India and China, are studying the chemical properties of herbs and foods, and making key connections to their influence on everything from our gut microbiome to our immune system.


Lord Ramachandra, also referred to as Lord Rama, is the incarnation of Krishna that appeared in Ayodhya during the Treta Yuga. According to the Vedas, the universe is constantly created and destroyed and each creation is divided in to four yugas, or time periods; Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and the Kali Yuga which we are currently in.
The reasons for the Lord’s advent were many and they differ slightly for each creation. Lord Krishna says in the Bhagavad-gita that “whenever there is a decline in religion, I personally come Myself to restore the tradition of the Vedas and to protect My devotees”. Prior to Lord Rama’s advent, there was a very powerful demon named Ravana who was wreaking havoc throughout the world and disrupting the sacrifices of the saintly people on earth. The sadhus of the world prayed for the Lord to personally come and save them and he answered their prayers.
There was a great king who ruled over Adyodhya at the time by the name of Dashrath who was very pious and respected by all. His life was perfect except for the fact that he had no son to whom he could pass down his kingdom. On the advice of his priest Vasishtha, Dashrath performed a yajna (Vedic sacrifice) for Lord Vishnu, and in due time his wives gave birth to four beautiful sons named Rama, Bharata, Lakshmana, and Shatrughna.
Lord Rama performed many glorious pastimes during His time on earth, but His most celebrated pastime was Hs slaying of the demon Ravana, who had abducted His wife Sita. Stories related Lord Rama’s life are beautifully told in the original Ramayana, written by Maharishi Valmiki, who was instructed to write the Ramayana by his spiritual master Narada Muni. Other historical accounts of Lord Rama’s life can be found in almost all of the Puranas (ancient Vedic stories), including the Mahabharata and the Shrimad Bhagavatam (Bhagavata Purana). Around five hundred years, Goswami Tulsidas wrote his own poem detailing the pastimes of Lord Rama, called the Ramacharitamanasa, also known as the Tulsi Ramayana. In this beautiful work, Tulsidas references all the stories of Lord Rama contained in various Vedic literatures, but especially the Valmiki Ramayana and the Brahmananda Purana, and merges them to tell the story of the Ramayana in a mood of devotion and love, and for this it is considered to be one of the most important Vedic literatures.
Lord Rama is considered an avatar of Vasudeva (Lord Krishna), and thus there is no difference between Him and God. He is usually worshipped along with His wife Sita, younger brother Lakshmana, and His greatest devotee Hanuman, collectively known as the Ram Darbar. Lord Rama played the role of a perfect human being, a role model for everyone. He was an ideal son, husband, friend, and king. He had no other interest in His mind other than to please His devotees and to serve them. Recitation of Lord Rama’s name is the only means of salvation in this age of Kali as it will immediately remind us of His beautiful form and wonderful pastimes.


Eight years ago today, President Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act, calling for regime change in Baghdad, but stopping short of direct military assistance.
“The United States favors an Iraq that offers its people freedom at home,” Clinton said. “I categorically reject arguments that this is unattainable due to Iraq’s history or its ethnic or sectarian make-up. Iraqis deserve and desire freedom like everyone else. The United States looks forward to a democratically supported regime that would permit us to enter into a dialogue leading to the reintegration of Iraq into normal international life….
“[W]hile the United States continues to look to the Security Council’s efforts to keep the current regime’s behavior in check, we look forward to new leadership in Iraq that has the support of the Iraqi people. The United States is providing support to opposition groups from all sectors of the Iraqi community that could lead to a popularly supported government.”
At the heart of the Iraq Liberation Act, it said:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ‘Iraq Liberation Act of 1998.’
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
The Congress makes the following findings:
(1) On September 22, 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, starting an 8 year war in which Iraq employed chemical weapons against Iranian troops and ballistic missiles against Iranian cities.
(2) In February 1988, Iraq forcibly relocated Kurdish civilians from their home villages in the Anfal campaign, killing an estimated 50,000 to 180,000 Kurds.
(3) On March 16, 1988, Iraq used chemical weapons against Iraqi Kurdish civilian opponents in the town of Halabja, killing an estimated 5,000 Kurds and causing numerous birth defects that affect the town today.
(4) On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded and began a 7 month occupation of Kuwait, killing and committing numerous abuses against Kuwaiti civilians, and setting Kuwait’s oil wells ablaze upon retreat.
(5) Hostilities in Operation Desert Storm ended on February 28, 1991, and Iraq subsequently accepted the ceasefire conditions specified in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 (April 3, 1991) requiring Iraq, among other things, to disclose fully and permit the dismantlement of its weapons of mass destruction programs and submit to long-term monitoring and verification of such dismantlement.
(6) In April 1993, Iraq orchestrated a failed plot to assassinate former President George Bush during his April 14-16, 1993, visit to Kuwait.
(7) In October 1994, Iraq moved 80,000 troops to areas near the border with Kuwait, posing an imminent threat of a renewed invasion of or attack against Kuwait.
(8) On August 31, 1996, Iraq suppressed many of its opponents by helping one Kurdish faction capture Irbil, the seat of the Kurdish regional government.
(9) Since March 1996, Iraq has systematically sought to deny weapons inspectors from the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) access to key facilities and documents, has on several occasions endangered the safe operation of UNSCOM helicopters transporting UNSCOM personnel in Iraq, and has persisted in a pattern of deception and concealment regarding the history of its weapons of mass destruction programs.
(10) On August 5, 1998, Iraq ceased all cooperation with UNSCOM, and subsequently threatened to end long-term monitoring activities by the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNSCOM.
(11) On August 14, 1998, President Clinton signed Public Law 105-235, which declared that ‘the Government of Iraq is in material and unacceptable breach of its international obligations’ and urged the President ‘to take appropriate action, in accordance with the Constitution and relevant laws of the United States, to bring Iraq into compliance with its international obligations.’
(12) On May 1, 1998, President Clinton signed Public Law 105-174, which made $5,000,000 available for assistance to the Iraqi democratic opposition for such activities as organization, training, communication and dissemination of information, developing and implementing agreements among opposition groups, compiling information to support the indictment of Iraqi officials for war crimes, and for related purposes.
SEC. 3. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS REGARDING UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD IRAQ.
It should be the policy of the United States to support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and to promote the emergence of a democratic government to replace that regime.
An act without action. It’s interesting how Clinton declared Saddam’s government “in material and unacceptable breach” of U.N. resolutions, made it his policy to support the replacement of Saddam’s regime with democracy, and rejected arguments that Iraqi freedom was unattainable because of Iraq’s history, ethnicity or sectarian make-up.
The Iraq Liberation Act authorized Clinton to spend up to $98 million arming and training Iraq opposition groups. When he left office in January 2001, Clinton had spent almost none of the money. (Can you hear Chris Wallace? “Do you think you did enough, sir?”)
Less than five years after the Iraq Liberation Act, President Bush followed through. Bush took action to liberate Iraq.


CT of the Abdomen and Pelvis What is CT scanning of the abdomen and pelvis? What is CT scanning of the Abdomen/Pelvis? What are some of the common uses of the procedures? How should I prepare? How does the procedure work? How is the procedure performed? What will I experience during and after the procedure? Who interprets the results and how do I get them? What are the benefits vs. risk? What are the limitations of CT scanning of the abdomen and pelvis? What is CT Scanning of the Abdomen/Pelvis? CT scanning-sometimes called CAT scanning-is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT scanning combines x-ray equipment with special sophisticated computers to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body. These cross-sectional images of the area being studied can then be examined on a computer monitor or printed. CT scans of internal organs, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels provide greater clarity and reveal more details than regular x-ray exams. What are some common uses of the procedure? This procedure is typically used to help diagnose the cause of abdominal or pelvic pain and diseases of the internal organs, bowel and colon, such as: infections such as appendicitus, diverticulitus or infected fluid collections, aka. abscesses. Inflammatory processes such as pancreatitis, pyelonephritis or inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease. Cancers of the colon, liver, kidneys, pancreas and bladder as well as lymphoma. Kidney and bladder stones. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and other diseases of the vessels such as blood clots and abnormal narrowings or stenoses of the vessels. CT scanning of the abdomen/pelvis is also performed to: Quickly identify injuries to the liver, spleen, kidneys or other internal organs in cases of trauma. Guide biopsies and other procedures such as abscess drainages and minimally invasive tumor treatments. . plan for and assess the results of surgery, such as organ transplants or gastric bypass. Stage, plan and properly administer radiation treatments for tumors as well as monitor response to chemotherapy. How should I prepare for the CT scan? You should wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing to your exam. You may be given a gown to wear during the procedure. Metal objects including jewelry, eyeglasses, dentures and hairpins may affect the CT images and should be left at home or removed prior to your exam. You may also be asked to remove hearing aids and removable dental work. You may be asked not to eat or drink anything for several hours beforehand, especially if a contrast material will be used in your exam. You should inform your physician of any medications you are taking and if you have any allergies. If you have a known allergy to contrast material, or “dye,” your doctor may prescribe medications to reduce the risk of an allergic reaction. Also inform your doctor of any recent illnesses or other medical conditions, and if you have a history of heart disease, asthma, diabetes, kidney disease or thyroid problems. Any of these conditions may increase the risk of an unusual adverse effect. Women should always inform their physician and the CT technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant. See the safety page for more information about pregnancy and x-rays. The CT scanner is typically a large, box like machine with a hole, or short tunnel, in the center. You will lie on a narrow examination table that slides into and out of this tunnel. Rotating around you, the x-ray tube and electronic x-ray detectors are located opposite each other in a ring, called a gantry. The computer workstation that processes the imaging information is located in a separate room, where the technologist operates the scanner and monitors your examination. How does the procedure work? In many ways CT scanning works very much like other x-ray examinations. X-rays are a form of radiation-like light or radio waves-that can be directed at the body. Different body parts absorb the x-rays in varying degrees. In a conventional x-ray exam, a small burst of radiation is aimed at and passes through the body, recording an image on photographic film or a special image recording plate. Bones appear white on the x-ray; soft tissue shows up in shades of gray and air appears black. With CT scanning, numerous x-ray beams and a set of electronic x-ray detectors rotate around you, measuring the amount of radiation being absorbed throughout your body. At the same time, the examination table is moving through the scanner, so that the x-ray beam follows a spiral path. A special computer program processes this large volume of data to create two-dimensional cross-sectional images of your body, which are then displayed on a monitor. This technique is called helical or spiral CT. CT imaging is sometimes compared to looking into a loaf of bread by cutting the loaf into thin slices. When the image slices are reassembled by computer software, the result is a very detailed multidimensional view of the body’s interior. Refinements in detector technology allow new CT scanners to obtain multiple slices in a single rotation. These scanners, called “multislice CT” or “multidetector CT,” allow thinner slices to be obtained in a shorter period of time, resulting in more detail and additional view capabilities. Modern CT scanners are so fast that they can scan through large sections of the body in just a few seconds. Such speed is beneficial for all patients but especially children, the elderly and critically ill. For some CT exams, a contrast material is used to enhance visibility in the area of the body being studied. How is the CT scan performed? The technologist begins by positioning you on the CT examination table, usually lying flat on your back or possibly on your side or on your stomach. Straps and pillows may be used to help you maintain the correct position and to hold still during the exam. If contrast material is used, it will be swallowed, injected through an intravenous line (IV) or administered by enema, depending on the type of examination. Next, the table will move quickly through the scanner to determine the correct starting position for the scans. Then, the table will move slowly through the machine as the actual CT scanning is performed. You may be asked to hold your breath during the scanning. Any motion, whether breathing or body movements, can lead to artifacts on the images. This is similar to the blurring seen on a photograph taken of a moving object. When the examination is completed, you will be asked to wait until the technologist verifies that the images are of high enough quality for accurate interpretation. The CT scanning is usually completed within 30 minutes. What will I experience during and after the procedure? CT exams are generally painless, fast and easy. With helical CT, the amount of time that the patient needs to lie still is reduced. Though the scanning itself causes no pain, there may be some discomfort from having to remain still for several minutes. If you have a hard time staying still, are claustrophobic or have chronic pain, you may find a CT exam to be stressful. The technologist or nurse, under the direction of a physician, may offer you a mild sedative to help you tolerate the CT scanning procedure. If an intravenous contrast material is used, you will feel a slight pin prick when the needle is inserted into your vein. You may have a warm, flushed sensation during the injection of the contrast materials and a metallic taste in your mouth that lasts for a few minutes.Some patients may experience a sensation like they have to urinate but this subsides quickly. Occasionally, a patient will develop itching and hives, which can be relieved with medication. If you become light-headed or experience difficulty breathing, you should notify the technologist or nurse, as it may indicate a more severe allergic reaction. A radiologist or other physician will be available for immediate assistance. If the contrast material is swallowed, you may find the taste mildly unpleasant; however, most patients can easily tolerate it. You can expect to experience a sense of abdominal fullness and an increasing need to expel the liquid if your contrast material is given by enema. In this case, be patient, as the mild discomfort will not last long. Many patients also receive iodine intravenously (injected into a vein) to help evaluate blood vessels and organs such as the liver, kidneys and pancreas. When you enter the CT scanner, special lights may be used to ensure that you are properly positioned. With modern CT scanners, you will hear only slight buzzing, clicking and whirring sounds as the CT scanner revolves around you during the imaging process. You will be alone in the exam room during the CT scan. However, the technologist will be able to see, hear and speak with you at all times. With pediatric patients, a parent may be allowed in the room but will be required to wear a lead apron to prevent radiation exposure. After a CT exam, you can return to your normal activities. If you received contrast material, you may be given special instructions. Who interprets the results and how do I get them? A physician, usually a radiologist with expertise in supervising and interpreting radiology examinations, will analyze the images and send a signed report to your primary care physician or the physician who referred you for the exam, who will discuss the results with you. What are the benefits vs. risks? Benefits Viewing a CT scan, an experienced radiologist can diagnose many causes of abdominal pain with very high accuracy, enabling faster treatment and often eliminating the need for additional, more invasive diagnostic procedures. . When pain is caused by infection and inflammation, the speed, ease and accuracy of a CT examination can reduce the risk of serious complications such as those caused by a burst appendix or ruptured diveticulum and the subsequent spread of infection. . CT scanning is painless, noninvasive and accurate. . A major advantage of CT is its ability to image bone, soft tissue and blood vessels all at the same time. . Unlike conventional x-rays, CT scanning provides very detailed images of many types of tissue as well as the lungs, bones, and blood vessels. . CT examinations are fast and simple; in emergency cases, they can reveal internal injuries and bleeding quickly enough to help save lives. . CT has been shown to be a cost-effective imaging tool for a wide range of clinical problems. . CT is less sensitive to patient movement than MRI. . CT can be performed if you have an implanted medical device of any kind, unlike MRI. . CT imaging provides real-time imaging, making it a good tool for guiding minimally invasive procedures such as needle biopsies and needle aspirations of many areas of the body, particularly the lungs, abdomen, pelvis and bones. . A diagnosis determined by CT scanning may eliminate the need for exploratory surgery and surgical biopsy. . No radiation remains in a patient’s body after a CT examination. . X-rays used in CT scans usually have no side effects. Risks There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive exposure to radiation. However, the benefit of an accurate diagnosis far outweighs the risk. . The effective radiation dose from this procedure is about 10 mSv, which is about the same as the average person receives from background radiation in three years. . Women should always inform their physician and x-ray or CT technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant. . CT scanning is, in general, not recommended for pregnant women unless medically necessary because of potential risk to the baby. . Nursing mothers should wait for 24 hours after contrast material injection before resuming breast-feeding. . The risk of serious allergic reaction to contrast materials that contain iodine is extremely rare, and radiology departments are well-equipped to deal with them. . Because children are more sensitive to radiation, they should have a CT study only if it is essential for making a diagnosis and should not have repeated CT studies unless absolutely necessary. What are the limitations of CT Scanning of the Abdomen/Pelvis? A person who is very large may not fit into the opening of a conventional CT scanner or may be over the weight limit for the moving table. CT scanning of the abdomen may not be as sensitive in identifying gallstones as ultrasound of the abdomen. For some conditions, including but not limited to some liver, adrenal, kidney, pancreatic, uterine or ovarian abnormalities, the evaluation and diagnosis with MRI may be preferable over CT scanning.


Biology Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) has an ovipositor that enables it to pierce the skin of healthy fruit still attached to the plant. Drosophila suzukii ovipositor (left): Spines black – color intensity increases sclerotization or hardness. Largest spin located at the tip of ovipositor; punctures the skin of the fruit, allowing insertion of the ovipositor. Non-suzukii ovipositor: Blunt tip of ovipositor. Spines not blackened – less hardened or sclerotized. Cannot pierce skin of healthy fruit. Reproductive Readiness of Spotted Wing Drosophila Spotted Wing Drosophila and Brown Marmorated Stinkbug Update Spotted Wing Drosophila – WSU Orchard Pest Management Online, Wenatchee SWD Biology, Courtship and Oviposition (slide show) SWD Behavior. Free software for viewing the movie can be downloaded from http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/. SWD Threat for WA Growers SWD mating on strawberry. SWD ovipositor. SWD ovipositing. SWD life cycle.


RADIOLOGY: HEAD: Case# 33614: MEDULLOBLASTOMA. This 18 month old child presented with upward deviation of the eyes and somnolence. T1 weighted sagittal MRI reveals a mass in the posterior fossa with areas of high signal intensity. T1 weighted sagital MRI after gadolinium shows mass posterior to the fourth ventricle. There is little change in signal intensity compared to the pre contrast study. T2 weighted axial MRI shows a heterogenous signal mass posterior to the pons. Notice the enlargement of the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles. Medulloblastomas are primarily childhood tumors, where they account for one third of all posterior fossa neoplasms. Medulloblastomas most commonly occur in the cerebellar vermis. In older children and adults they may occur laterally in the cerebellar hemisphere. Imaging studies depict the typical location in the cerebellar vermis, with filling and enlargement of the fourth ventricle. Typically the mass is solid, but cystic changes are not uncommon, especially in the laterally located tumors. Enhancement is variable, but usually moderate and heterogeneous. Medulloblastomas tend to metastasize widely through CSF spread, with CSF dissemination present in up to half the cases at initial surgery. For this reason, the brain and spine should be screened for metastases with contrast enhanced MRI.


Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. Sepsis is a severe clinical syndrome related to the host response to infection. The severity of infections is due to an activation cascade that will lead to an autoamplifying cytokine production: the cytokine storm. Cytokines are a broad category of relatively small proteins (<40 kDa) that are produced and released with the aim of cell signaling. Our understanding of the processes that trigger this tremendous amount of cytokine production has made dramatic progress over the last decades, but unfortunately, these findings could not translate yet into effective treatments; so far, all clinical trials targeting cytokine production or effects failed. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiology of the cytokine storm; to describe the type, effects, and kinetics of cytokine production; and to discuss the therapeutic challenges of targeting cytokines. New promising therapeutic strategies focusing on the endothelium, as a source and a target of cytokines, are described.
Keywords: Cytokine; Endothelium; Inflammation; Innate immunity; Sepsis.


On this day – 20 December 1842 – Lorenzo D. Barnes (1812-1842) died at Idle near Bradford, England – the first missionary to die on a foreign mission.
Lorenzo was born in 1812 in Massachusetts. In 1833 his family made contact with the Church after they settled in Ohio and he joined with gusto. The following year he joined Zion’s Camp marching to protect the saints – an event which seemed to be of little worth until you estimate its impact in preparing men to follow and lead. In 1835 he was called into the first Quorum of Seventy thus initiating a series of missions over the next six years in the eastern states of Ohio, New York, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
In January 1842 he sailed, as a missionary, to England, and on his journey he penned a poem entitled The Bold Pilgrim. The first and forth stanzas read:
I am a bold Pilgrim—a message to bear
To Islands, and Countries, and Kingdoms afar;
For the Lord, from the heavens, a message has sent
To call on the Nations—Believe and Repent.
Glad tidings! Glad tidings! let the nations rejoice!
Ye Elders of Israel, O, lift up your voice,
Like Angels of God—and proclaim the glad news,
With sounds of rejoicing—to Gentiles and Jews.
Our Bold Pilgrim was assigned to work around Manchester, then Cheltenham and finally in the Bradford Conference. He was working in Idle, Yorkshire where he died 20 December 1842.
On 1st May 1845 Wilford Woodruff sat in 36 Chapel Street, Liverpool and wrote a long letter to John Taylor (See Times and Seasons, May 15, 1845 for complete extract) which give more details of his death:
“My visit to his grave was on the 20th of February 1845, which was a solemn day to my feelings in some respects, in consequence of walking over the ground which oft had been trod by our worthy Brother Barnes, and also of viewing the tomb where sleeps his sacred dust….When about half way we had a fair view of Idle and the church where our brother was buried, which stands upon a high piece of ground. We had a green vale to pass through before arriving at the spot; the fields were quite green, though in February…I felt solemn indeed, and was filled meditation, until I arrived at Idle, which contains a population of about five thousand, and a branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, of thirty-seven members. We called upon Elder Thomas Cordingly and his family, who had the care of Elder Barnes during his sickness and death – They pointed out to me the room where he spent his last moments. After getting some refreshment we walked to the church-yard, and I gazed upon the silent tomb of our beloved Lorenzo.
…I bowed my knee upon his sacred grave, and plucked some pebbles in memory of his worth.”
Wilford also provides us some insight into how he died:
“During the last of September 1842, he walked one day about thirteen miles very fast in order to get to the railway in time for the cars, (some portion of the way he ran,) and got into a high state of perspiration, and only had time to step into the cars as they were about starting. He rode on this railway about twenty miles in the midst of piercing winds and became entirely chilled, which flung him into a severe cold, settled upon his lungs, and brought on the quick consumption, from which he never recovered.”
Wilford “decreed in his heart” that he would not return to his native country until a suitable headstone was erected. Accordingly,
“At our general conference all the American elders labouring in this country with many of the English Saints, came forward and wished to donate their mite for the purpose of erecting a stone over the grave of our departed brother when five pounds five shillings and sixpence sterling, equal to twenty six dollars…The sum was immediately forwarded to accomplish the purpose, and the stone is now in course of erection, bearing the following epitaph:
“In memory of Lorenzo D. Barnes, who died on the 20th of December, 1842, age 30 years. He was a native of the United States, an Elder in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a member of the High Priests’ quorum and also of Zion’s Camp in the year 1834, and the first gospel messenger from Nauvoo who has found a grave in a foreign land.”
His fellow missionary Elijah F. Sheets said of the stones,
“They will be beautiful stones when finished, and it is a beautiful place where he is laid; and I judge the head stone will be as good a standing preacher, as a living one, for the people cannot go into church without seeing it.”
A few years ago I spent some time searching the Idle graveyard for this preaching headstone, but could not find it anywhere. The reason, I later discovered, was because Barnes’ body was exhumed a decade later (1852) and buried in Salt Lake City! The Cemetery has this image of his Utah tomb, but it is not clear if this is the original British headstone which might have accompanied his body home? Joseph Smith would have been delighted to hear his body was back in America as he had commented:
“When I heard of the death of our beloved Brother Barnes, it would not have effected me so much if I had the opportunity of burying him to the land of Zion.” (History of the Church vol.5:360)
Parley P. Pratt summed Lorenzo up nicely,
“Brother Barnes was everywhere known, and universally beloved as a meek, humble, and zealous minister of the gospel, who has labored extensively for many years with great success.” (Millennial Star 4:74)


This week's book giveaways are in the iOS and Features new in Java 8 forums. We're giving away four copies each of Barcodes with iOS: Bringing together the digital and physical worlds and Core Java for the Impatient and have the authors on-line! See this thread and this one for details.
Don't understand the problem. Do you mean comparing the sizes, contents or what? Have you been through the methods in the File class? Would you have to read the entire contents into a String and compare the two String?
Joined: Dec 30, 2007
I mean comparing the contents of the two files i.e. i want to know whether the two files are identical.
Joined: Oct 13, 2005
If they are text files, try: Use a Scanner to iterate through the files. Whenever you get a new line append it to a StringBuilder. When myScanner.hasNext() shows false you can stop.
The StringBuilders won't show equal, but you can get them into a String and test like this:That's one way to do it.
I would first check if the lengths are equal, and if not, return false. Then open two FileInputStreams wrapped with BufferedInputStreams, one for each file. Then write a loop that reads one byte from each file, and returns false if the bytes are not equal. Keep looping until one the end of a file is reached. (You already know they're the same length at this point, so you should reach the end of both files simultaneously.) If you reach the end successfully without returning false, then you can return true instead - all the bytes must be equal.
Note that this technique works equally well regardless of whether you're using text files or binary files. It just tests whether they are exactly equal, or not.


There is a church listed on this site in the Domesday Book, and a new Norman church was built in 1106 and named St Mary Overie (meaning ‘over the river’, as most of London at that time was centred on the north bank of the River Thames). This church was almost completely destroyed during 1212 and there have been a number of church buildings on this site.
The present day church dates from the 1400s and is the oldest surviving Gothic building in London. Over the years it has been renovated many times and partly rebuilt during 1890 when a new nave was installed.
In 1424, James I of Scotland married Mary Beaufort here, but during the 1539 Dissolution of the Monasteries, King Henry VIII closed the priory and changed the main building into a parish church called St. Saviour, Southwark.
The church only became a cathedral in 1905, when it became the seat of the Anglican bishop of the newly created Diocese of Southwark. (the picture on the right is taken from from the 24th floor of the nearby London Bridge House. The official title of Southwark Cathedral is the Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St. Saviour and St. Mary Overie, Southwark.
Those known to have been married here:
John Ratcliff and Ann Raffell, marriage date: 28/2/1803
James Reffell and Mary Waghorn, marriage date:14/2/1809


The Cambridge Introduction to Robert Frost (Cambridge Introductions to Literature)
- List Price:
- Buy New: $17.62
as of 5/20/2013 13:11 EDT details
- You Save: $5.37 (23%)
- Sales Rank:463,098
- Languages:English (Unknown), English (Original Language), English (Published)
- Number Of Items:1
- Shipping Weight (lbs):0.6
- Dimensions (in):6 x 0.4 x 9
- Publication Date:October 13, 2008
Availability:Usually ships in 1-2 business days
Robert Frost is one of the most popular American poets and remains widely read. His work is deceptively simple, but reveals its complexities upon close reading. This Introduction provides a comprehensive but intensive look at his remarkable oeuvre. The poetry is discussed in detail in relation to ancient and modern traditions as well as to Frost's particular interests in language and sound, metaphor, science, religion, and politics. Faggen both looks back to the literary traditions that shape Frost's use of form and language, and forward to examine his influence on poets writing today. The recent controversies in Frost criticism and in particular in Frost biography are brought into sharp focus as they have shaped the poet's legacy and legend. The most accessible overview available, this book will be invaluable to students, readers and admirers of Frost.
CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON SERVICES LLC. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED ‘AS IS’ AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.


If, upon booting, a computer terminal detects a script named "startup" in its root directory, this script will be run. Similarly, if a disk is present in an attached disk drive containing a script named "startup" that script will be run. Disk autorun scripts take precedence over root directory autorun. This means if both the root directory and the disk contain a file called "startup" the one on the disk will be executed.
Very simple auto-install script to set up a single-use terminal (e.g. password-protected door):
/disk/startup (installer script) /disk/startup.file (program to be installed on terminal)
The script could look like:
fs.copy("disk/startup.file", "startup") shell.run("startup")
When the disk is placed into a drive attached to a terminal, and the terminal is rebooted - the startup file on the disk will run. This startup file serves only to copy the program you've named "startup.file" to the root directory of the terminal with the new name "startup" - this will then run each time the terminal is booted, eliminating the need for the disk drive.


Human mortality improvement in evolutionary context.
Repository Usage Stats
Life expectancy is increasing in most countries and has exceeded 80 in several, as low-mortality nations continue to make progress in averting deaths. The health and economic implications of mortality reduction have been given substantial attention, but the observed malleability of human mortality has not been placed in a broad evolutionary context. We quantify the rate and amount of mortality reduction by comparing a variety of human populations to the evolved human mortality profile, here estimated as the average mortality pattern for ethnographically observed hunter-gatherers. We show that human mortality has decreased so substantially that the difference between hunter-gatherers and today's lowest mortality populations is greater than the difference between hunter-gatherers and wild chimpanzees. The bulk of this mortality reduction has occurred since 1900 and has been experienced by only about 4 of the roughly 8,000 human generations that have ever lived. Moreover, mortality improvement in humans is on par with or greater than the reductions in mortality in other species achieved by laboratory selection experiments and endocrine pathway mutations. This observed plasticity in age-specific risk of death is at odds with conventional theories of aging.
Published Version (Please cite this version)10.1073/pnas.1215627109
Publication InfoBurger, O; Baudisch, A; & Vaupel, James Walton (2012). Human mortality improvement in evolutionary context. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109(44). pp. 18210-18214. 10.1073/pnas.1215627109. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/14773.
This is constructed from limited available data and may be imprecise. To cite this article, please review & use the official citation provided by the journal.
More InfoShow full item record


Fiscal policy -- government taxing and spending -- almost always is controversial. While the government has a role in promoting economic growth, full employment and price stability, its methods for doing so frequently are subject to contentious debate. Whichever side prevails at the moment, it must deal with limitations posed by the process and past application of fiscal policy. While there are many issues with fiscal policy, some stand out above the rest.
Due to the nature of the political process, the time lapse between when a need is recognized and when the impact of the appropriate fiscal policy is felt may be considerable. First, the need for government intervention in the economy must be determined. That occurs after a rise in unemployment, for example, which is reported after a trend has already occurred. Then Congress and the President must come to terms on the appropriate legislation. If they can, only then is legislation is enacted and money appropriated. By then months may have passed, and the scope of the problem may have changed
Economics and Politics
The Congress and President are public officials, and as such they are accountable to the electorate. While the federal government has a responsibility to enact legislation to promote full employment, the drive to be reelected creates a need to bring money back to their respective constituents. Earmarks and other targeted measures create an upward bias on the amount of money the federal government spends. Spending for the home folks in order to get reelected distorts fiscal policy. Senator William Proxmire (D-Wisconsin), with his Golden Fleece Awards, was one of the first to focus on this issue. Others have followed.
Impact on Private Economy
When the government borrows money to fund its fiscal policies, it competes directly with the business sector and consumers who also wish to borrow money. This crowding out effect can raise interest rates, forcing some borrowers out of the market. Another problem lies with fiscal policy applications, which may compete with private enterprise and even discourage private investment.


Increasing knowledge for the cardiac cellular electrophysiology advances our understanding of cardiac arrhythmia and pathophysiology. Microelectrode recordings in intact tissue preparations and patch clamps in isolated single myocytes provide abundant information about the action potential morphology and pharmacological interventions in cardiomyocytes. Microelectrode recording, an easily learned procedure, can record the action potential with a longer period and avoid the impact due to isolation procedure. However, cellular interactions and complex electrograms from microelectrode recordings may interfere with the data interpretation. In contrast, single-cell recordings provide more direct evidence of action potential and ionic data from current-clamp and voltage-clamp recording. The action potential morphology is caused by the balance of inward and outward currents. Nevertheless, the isolation procedure, cell culture condition and rather short recording period make single-cell recording different from in vivo situations. Through the patch clamp, we can study the ionic mechanism underlying the pacemaker activity of single myocytes. This useful information provides the opportunity to investigate mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmia and develop potential anti-arrhythmia agents.
|Number of pages||5|
|Journal||Acta Cardiologica Sinica|
|Publication status||Published - Jun 2009|
- Ionic currents
- Patch clamp
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine


Blockchain technology can help immensely in banks, insurance, health and pharmaceutical industry, supply chain of many sectors (agribusiness, luxury, international trade, distribution, wines, aeronautics, and automobile), music industry, energy, and real estate. Blockchains have the potential to replace most of the centralized “trusted third parties” including banking trades, notaries, land registry, etc. by distributed computer systems.
1. Medicines / Pharmacy
Blockchain technology can be used to improve drug integrity. If drugs can be clearly identified and tracked from production to consumption, it could save up to one million lives each year. Because DHL is already working with Accenture to establish a track-and-trace serialization system based on blockchain technology.
“At the moment, there are already more than 7 billion unique pharmaceutical serial numbers in the system. In addition, the system can now handle more than 1,500 transactions per second,” said Scott Allison, DHL’s President, Healthcare.
Allison has not only the capacity of the system in mind. For example, track-and-trace serialization should reduce costs, increase security and confidence, and eliminate error-prone data movement. The technology can add additional verified information to the element, which cannot be manipulated. The validation is carried out by all participants.
“THE SYSTEM NOT ONLY MEETS THE GLOBAL SERIALIZATION REQUIREMENTS, IT EVEN SURPASSES THEM,” Says Allison
2. Fashion / Fashion
The CGS project allows consumers to track the entire lifecycle of a garment. This brings together companies from the fashion, apparel and consumer goods sectors to work together. With this solution, consumers no longer need to rely blindly on the value in sustainability fashion. Blockchain technology allows tracking of sustainability and conformity of the garment
3. Cross-border payments
In developing and underdeveloped countries, access to capital for small food producers is often a big problem. Binkabi is a cross-border agricultural trading platform that is breaking new ground with the help of a block bridge solution from Sweet bridge. Thus, a system for fair commodity trading is to be developed.
A blockchain banking solution has recently been announced by IBM. This is intended to make international payments faster and more cost-effective.
4. Food safety
In the area of food safety, IBM is working with food manufacturers Dole, Nestlé, and Walmart. Thus, the data of breeders, suppliers, processors, traders, retailers not only to all parties involved but also to the supervisory authorities and consumers are available. So every transaction can be traced and all information about the food can be viewed. With all members of the food system having access to the blockchain, contaminated food can be quickly removed from the production and supply chain before it reaches the shelf.
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) “tracks” fish and seafood using blockchain technology. In this project, the technology should help in the fight against illegal fishing. However, full traceability of fish and seafood is also of interest to fish wholesalers and fish retailers, as they want to prevent their products or brands from being associated with illegal activities.
“CONSUMERS ARE ALSO INCREASINGLY SLANDERING FOR FULLY TRACEABLE FISH AND SEAFOOD THAT ARE NOT FROM ILLEGAL FISHING,” says Bubba Cook, WWF’s Western Central Pacific Tuna Program Manager.
5. Humanitarian Crises
Blockchain technology is not just used by companies. The United Nations currently uses blockchain technology in 16 areas, including:
· World Food Program (Refugee Aid)
· Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (donor financing, safeguarding, and monitoring of supply chains)
In addition, it is currently being investigated how blockchain technology can be used to tackle current problems, such as child trafficking, according to Mahrinah von Schlegel, Managing Director of Nonprofit Embassy 2.0.
As part of the public-private partnership ID2020, Microsoft and Accenture have announced a partnership. The goal is to give 1.1 billion people a legal form of identity and identification using blockchain technology.
In collaboration with Everledger, the jewelry company Brilliant Earth intends to use blockchain technology to accurately track the origins of diamonds and other gems. This ensures that only conflict-free stones are processed.


The Pleiades can be defined as a star cluster that is about 400 light years away from Earth. It is located near the constellations of Orion and Taurus in the night sky. There are seven bright stars included in this cluster. All of them can be seen with the naked human eye.
They also have other names like Messier 45 or the Seven Sisters. This star cluster is a close neighbors to our planet. It is about 110 arcminutes in size and has an apparent magnitude of 1.6.
Quick Facts: –
- The core star clusters within the Pleiades have a radius of about eight light years and its tidal radius is about 43 light years.
- Although there are more than 1,000 stars in this cluster but only six of them can be seen without any telescope.
- Just because of its huge size and brightness level, this star cluster is very easy to find in the sky.
- It also contains a notable number of brown dwarfs. They constitute up to 25 percent of all the stars in this cluster.
- These brown stars have less than 8 percent of the Sun’s mass. They are not heavy enough to ignite nuclear fusion in their cores.
- The estimated age of the Pleiades is ranging somewhere between 75 to 150 million years.
- A faint reflection nebula, also known as the Maia Nebula surrounds the brightest stars in the cluster.
- It also contains a diffuse reflection nebula named as the Merope Nebula.
- It is an open star cluster that means it will not stay gravitationally bound forever.


Hearing the Sad News
Nothing can prepare you for the shock and sadness of being told that your baby has died or will die shortly after birth. The plans and preparations for the birth of your baby are all shattered with a few words telling you the sad news. You may feel afraid or angry, frustrated or shocked. It is also common to feel emotionally frozen as hundreds of questions go through your head – the main one being very simply “WHY?”
There are many reasons why babies die either before or shortly after birth. The baby may not be capable of life outside the womb, there may be a congenital abnormality causing death before or after delivery or other complications such as eclampsia or lack of oxygen.
The death of a baby at any stage of pregnancy can be a very real loss to the parents and family. From the very start of your pregnancy you will have begun to include this new baby in your future plans. A precious life has ended, whether you lose the baby through early or late miscarriage.
Our booklet, A Little Lifetime has been written mainly for parents whose babies are stillborn or die shortly after birth; however, if you have had a miscarriage you may identify with much of what is said and what other parents have found to be helpful.
A Little Lifetime Foundation have a booklet available to help create memories-
Baby Born Before 24 Weeks – My Life Before I was Born
You may have been told that your baby has a serious abnormality and will die during pregnancy or after birth. Conditions such as anencephaly, spina bifida, hydrocephalus, Potters syndrome, Edwards syndrome and certain heart defects may be detected by a scan. It may help to find out more about your baby’s condition to prepare you for what to expect. When you are given such news it is normal to feel totally shocked. You may begin to ‘grieve’ for your baby even though he or she is still alive. You will have to think about telling your family and friends the sad news and preparing them for the birth and death of your baby. You may need extra support for the duration of the pregnancy. Many parents have found that being aware of their choices and making some plans before the birth allowed them to spend as much time as possible with their baby when he or she was born.
If your baby dies before birth – Intra Uterine Death/Stillbirth
You may have found out from a routine scan that your baby has died before being born. You may have been worried and hoped that the scan would reassure you that your baby was all right. Very often the bad news is written on the faces of the staff in the hospital long before they say anything. Being told that there is no heartbeat confirms your worst fears. It is very hard to accept that the son or daughter that you have been expecting, the baby whom you already know and who has lived inside you for many months, has died. Your immediate reaction may be to want the baby delivered as soon as possible. The question of how and when your baby will be born is something that you should discuss with your doctor. It is usually safer to wait until you go into labour naturally and ask your doctor to explain the reasons why. It will be a difficult time, but it will give you an opportunity to prepare for your baby’s birth.
Going home from hospital knowing that your baby has died and that you still have to give birth can be a very frightening time. Physically you may not feel or look any different at all, and it may be hard to accept that the scan was correct. You will miss your baby kicking but you may still have gentle movements, which can be confusing for you. If you have other children and they know about the pregnancy, try to explain what has happened. It is best to tell your family and close friends about the baby so that they are aware of the situation.
You may feel very sad and isolated, you may want to have somebody to talk to, or you may want to be alone. It can help to talk to somebody who has been through a similar experience. You can contact A Little Lifetime Foundation at the telephone number listed at the back of this booklet. In some cases labour has already begun and it is during labour that it is discovered your baby has died. Even with new technology and close monitoring by hospital staff there are babies who die during labour, just before or during delivery.
Trying to cope with the birth and death of your baby at the same time can be very confusing. Wondering what your baby will look like and the fear of not knowing what to expect is normal. Don’t be afraid to express your fears. When the baby is born you can either ask one of the nurses to describe him or her to you, or ask to see a photograph first. Then, when you are ready, you can hold your baby. When you see your baby for the first time, you will realise that you have given birth to your son or daughter. You will be able to see what he or she looks like and you may even experience joy at having given birth.
The time you have with your baby shortly after delivery is very precious. Hold your baby for as long as you like and look at every little detail. Although it may seem like an intrusion at this time, it is lovely to have some photographs taken of your baby shortly after birth. This is your baby, a baby who will never be replaced and who will have a special place in your heart.
A Little Lifetime Foundation leaflet – Precious Time–Precious Pictures
(enclosed in A Little Lifetime Foundation Pack)
may be helpful to you in creating memories of your baby.
If your baby dies after birth-Neonatal Death
It is very difficult to accept that in spite of advanced medical knowledge and modern technology, babies are born with conditions that cannot be cured. Your baby’s condition may be diagnosed during pregnancy or immediately after birth. Sometimes everything may seem normal for a time and you may be celebrating the birth, only to be told that your baby will not survive.
When your baby dies within minutes or hours of birth
Some babies only live for minutes or hours after birth, giving you little or no time with your baby. Nothing can prepare you to face the birth and death of your baby in such a short space of time. Disbelief, shock and a feeling of numbness cloud what you hear and feel. Even though you may not have had the opportunity to care for your baby while he or she was alive, there is still time before the baby’s funeral to involve your family and other children, and create some special memories.
The Intensive Care Unit
Seriously ill babies will be rushed to the Special Care Baby Unit and you may only get a quick look at your baby before he or she is taken away. The staff will usually take a photograph of your baby and bring it to you as quickly as possible. The doctors and nurses will tell you what is happening and explain your baby’s condition. They will prepare you for what to expect when you first visit the unit; they will tell you what your baby looks like, if he or she is attached to monitors or a ventilator, and how his or her condition is being treated. It may be necessary to transfer your baby to a Paediatric Hospital or Unit for tests, treatment or surgery. It is very distressing to be separated from your baby; you may feel very isolated and helpless knowing your baby is so ill.
When you are ready to visit the Special Care Baby Unit (or Paediatric Hospital/Unit) you may feel very nervous and uncomfortable in such strange surroundings. It will be very warm and you may feel weak. The staff will explain the functions of the equipment and this can ease your fears. You may not be able to hold your baby straight away but you will be able to touch and talk to him or her. Where it is possible, you will be gently encouraged to hold your baby and help in his or her care. You may be nervous or afraid of hurting your baby and feel it is better left to the professionals. This is a normal reaction; however, helping to care for your baby now will be an important memory for you in the future.
Sometimes one parent may want to be in the unit with the baby all the time, while the other is reluctant to see and get to know the baby. These are both normal reactions but this may be the only time you can create memories as a family while your baby is alive. Parents also worry about how their other children will react when they bring them to see their brother or sister in the intensive care unit. Most children will not find the unit as frightening as adults. The staff will help you explain to them about their brother or sister’s condition and answer their questions. Involving your children is very important. Their memories are precious too and they will always remember you wanting them and helping them to be included. Spend as much time as you can with your baby and if possible include other family members so they too can take part in your baby’s short life. Try to have photographs taken of all the family together.
Going home while you baby is in the Unit
Going home without your baby, knowing that he or she may die at any time is very difficult. The staff in the intensive care unit or nursery will assure you that they will contact you immediately if your baby shows signs of deterioration. You can always contact them by telephone day or night for a report or simply to get reassurance.
Your babys death
You may be anxious about how your baby’s death will occur. The doctor will explain to you what will happen. You may not have been able to hold your baby before because of the tubes and monitors connected to him or her. Some or all of the support systems may be removed so that you can now hold your baby as he or she dies. You may want to be alone with your baby or you may wish to have family members present.
Unfortunately, if your baby’s condition deteriorates very quickly you may not have time to go to the hospital. You can be reassured that your baby will not be alone, as the staff who have nursed him or her will be there. They too will be upset when your baby dies. You might find it helpful to talk to them again at a later stage.
Bringing your baby home while he or she is alive
In some cases it is possible to take your baby home for a day, a weekend or for whatever time there is left. You need to think about this carefully, as your baby may have special needs for his or her care. The staff in the unit will show you how to manage this special care. It is also helpful if you contact your public health nurse, who may be able to help in a practical way with the baby’s care. The nurse’s visits may give you support.
Caring at home for a baby who is going to die is very hard and the isolation from all the support systems in the hospital may make it difficult to cope. However, on the other hand having your baby at home gives you the opportunity to do everything you can as a family. It gives you a chance to take photographs and videos in your own home, making a little lifetime of memories to treasure afterwards.
Let your family and friends know if you would like them to visit. They may be unsure of what to do and may appreciate knowing how they can help.
You may realise that your baby’s condition is deteriorating and you may want to take him or her back to the hospital, this is entirely up to you. If your baby dies at home it may be frightening, but it will be a very special memory for you to have. It may be possible, if there is time, to have someone who has cared for your baby there with you.
When your baby dies you will need to tell the hospital or your family doctor. If you choose to tell your doctor, he or she will need to certify that your baby is dead. A post-mortem may be requested. Consider the request and ask any questions you may have before making a decision.
You may still take your baby back to the hospital at this stage so that you can prepare for the funeral or you may decide to do this at home.
Take your time in making these decisions.
Contact A Little Lifetime Foundation at (01) 8829030
or email- email@example.com if you need to discuss any details from information above.
THE FAMILY – SHARING THE EXPERIENCE
The whole family has been preparing for the baby’s birth and it is the whole family that experiences the baby’s death. These few days will be the only time you will have together and so it is important that family members are encouraged to see and hold your baby and family photographs are taken.


A number of local governments, businesses, and research institutions have discussed the usefulness and importance of "green networks" in recent years. However, most green sites are still perceived as isolated distributed patches, thereby potentially leading to their underuse and little awareness of their importance. We propose a participatory environment that can visualize connections of green sites based on the levels of visible green using celestial sphere images contributed by citizens. The system combines existing green coverage maps and smartphone-based image capture tools to show "green routes" in a city. We expect that the proposed approach can increase the networked uses of green resources, thereby increasing the awareness of green networks and potentially leading to collective efforts towards the development of richer connected green in cities.


Pads need to be clean, even, and have a high coefficient of friction against the rotor for maximum braking performance. Disc brake pads are available in an array of compounds - all claiming certain benefits. One thing that is consistent is that the pad's compound will have a different coefficient of friction depending on whether it is cold or hot. As a general rule of thumb, the following compounds exhibit the following coefficients of friction:
Organic – cold 0.44, hot 0.48
Semi-metallic – cold 0.38, hot 0.40
Metallic – cold 0.25, hot 0.35
Ceramic– cold 0.38, hot 0.45
The higher the coefficient of friction, the "softer" the pad is said to be. Keep in mind that there are other factors to consider when selecting pads, such as noise and wear. The softer the pad is, the more rapidly it will wear.
The first letter of the code, sometimes known as the "cold" code, represents the normal friction coefficient. This is defined as the average of four test data points measured at 200, 250, 300 and 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
The second letter of the code, sometimes known as the "hot" code, represents the hot friction coefficient based on a fade and recovery test. Recovery is basically the period where the brakes are gradually cooling off. The hot friction coefficient is defined as the average of multiple data points: 450, 500, 550, 600 and 650°F on the first recovery cycle of the pad; and 500, 400, and 300°F on the second recovery cycle.
The ranges of friction coefficients assigned to each code letter are as follows: C = less than 0.15. D= 0.15 to 0.25. E= 0.25 to 0.35. F= 0.35 to 0.45. G= 0.45 to 0.55, and H= over 0.55.
Each letter grade spans a range of coefficients, but the combination of the two letters and the order in which they come can be a useful indicator of pad performance as it demonstrates the change in coefficient of friction for that pad from cold to hot (and vice versa). For example, an FE pad will grab better when cold (i.e. tends to fade when hot) whereas an EF pad would not grab well when cold (i.e. would need to be warmed up for max performance). Note that the coefficient of friction of steel on steel is 0.25, so EE pads grab only marginally better than no pads at all! FF pads are usually considered the minimum for a high-performance brake pad.


Information about Spark’s Home Town
When on a school languages trip to Spark, you’ll spend most of your time in the beautiful town of El Puerto de Santa Maria , or just El Puerto for short. Its name means “The Port of Saint Mary” in Spanish, and this small city is a cosy retreat away from the tourism and bustle of larger cities. Here are a few interesting facts about El Puerto.
- El Castillo de San Marcos, shown above, was built in the 10th century and was originally a mosque in the Muslim village Al-Qanatif. Over the centuries, it has served as a castle, a church and a town hall.
- Approximately 88,000 people live in El Puerto.
- The magnificent Royal Bullring in the Plaza de Toros is over 60 metres across and can seat 12,000 people. It has a superb reputation — film star Joselito once said, “Whoever hasn’t seen a bull fight in El Puerto doesn’t know what a day at a bull fight really is.”
- It is said that famous explorer Christopher Columbus lived in El Puerto for a few years and set off for his second voyage to the Americas from the port.
- The Río Guadalete, which flows through the town into Cadiz Bay, is 157 km long and provides drinking water for a million people across Spain.
- El Puerto has five different beaches which stretch along 16 km of the coast.
- The patron saint of the town is La Virgen de los Milagros, the Virgin of Miracles. On 8 September, her holy day, there is a huge profession through the town, where bearers carry an efigy of the Virgin on a flower-decked float to the Iglesia Mayor Priorial in the Plaza España.