What do you know about the Horseshoe Crab who are not crabs actually?
When you look at them, their shape is that of a horseshoe. They don’t belong to the species of crabs, but spiders, scorpions and ticks. Their main diet consists of worms. In fact, the marine animals can walk as well inside the water.
Horseshoe crabs are marine animals. It is a living fossil means similar or almost identical species were present 400 million years ago. Horseshoe crabs are not crabs, but they are related to arachnids such as spiders, scorpions and ticks. The horse crab also known as king crab and this species is declared as threatened and endangered.
Horseshoe crabs are a strange and unique type of water animal which have three main parts of the body, such as the head region, the abdominal region and the spine like tail. The color of horseshoe crabs is greenish gray to dark brown.
The horseshoe crab is a quiet and calm nature of water animal. They mostly spend time searching for their food in the water. They move, walk and swim under the water to eat.
The horseshoe crabs are mostly spread along the east coast of North America from Maine through south Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatan Peninsula.
The main food of their diet is worms and molluscs. They search their food on the ocean floor and sometimes also eat crustaceans and even small fish.
During the breeding season, they come to shallow coastal water’s shore to mate. The female horseshoe crabs are much larger than males. A male selects a female and clings to her back. The female digs a hole in the sand and lays her eggs. The female can lay 60,000 and 120,000 eggs at a time. The eggs take about two weeks to hatch and male fertilizes them.
383 Total Animals,Do a search of animals and animal species, to learn more about animals
Pogona Pogonas are small and friendly lizards that have become popular as pets in the past decade. It is currently one of the most familiar species in the Pogonas team. Pogona vitticeps is the preferred species in most countries as pets. Pogona lives in the desert areas of the Australian continent. These animals are a
Husky Husky dogs are among the most preferred dogs in the world with their impressive eye colors. Siberian husky have a docile structure behind their wild images. Husky is a dog breed that has been used for centuries in tasks like sled pulling, watchdog and reindeer shepherd. The most important feature of these dogs is
Labrador Labrador’s real name is Labrador retriever. Labrador is known as the most popular dog in America. The Labrador breed has a very cute appearance and a wonderful character. Besides being raised as a pet animal, it also helps people in many jobs. Labrador retriever is also bred as a disabled dog, therapy dog, search


Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus)
The taxonomic Order Lagomorpha comprises the hares, rabbits and pikas. The Brown Hare (L. europaeus) is the largest of the British lagomorphs. Since there is no evidence of their presence in Britain before Roman times, it was probably introduced by man. They are widespread on low ground throughout England and Wales. In Scotland, L. europaeus is found on farmland and rough grazing to the far north of the mainland, but is absent from parts of the North West. L. europaeus is replaced by the Mountain Hare, L. timidus, in upland areas of Scotland and central England.
Brown hares generally live in exposed habitats, and they rely on their acute senses and running at speeds of up to 70kph (45mph) to evade predation. Hares do not use burrows, but make a small depression in the ground, known as a form, amongst long grass. They spend most of the day on or near the form, typically moving out to feed in the open at night. Tender grass shoots, including cereal crops, are their main foods. Though generally solitary, hares sometimes band into loose groups when feeding.
Breeding takes place between February and September and a female can rear three or four litters a year, each of two to four young. The young, known as leverets, are born fully furred with their eyes open and are left by the female in forms a few metres from their birthplace. Once a day for the first four weeks of their lives, the leverets gather at sunset to be fed by the female, but otherwise they receive no parental care. This avoids attracting predators to the young at a stage when they are most vulnerable. Foxes are important predators of young hares and where foxes are common there are likely to be very few hares. Adults typically live to 3 or 4 years.
Numbers of hares have declined substantially since the beginning of this century, though they are still locally common animals in many parts of the country. The main reason for this decline seems to be a change in the way modern agriculture is managed. Today's farms are often intensive and specialised, either growing crops like wheat and oilseed rape, or raising livestock for meat and dairy produce. A hundred years ago most farms were varied enterprises. Mixed farms have a patchwork quilt of fields, which provide year-round grazing for hares as well as long crops for them to hide in. Modern cereal farms provide little or no food for hares in late summer and autumn, and livestock farms have few crops for them to shelter. Modern farm machinery and pesticides also kill many hares.
Bjärvall, A. and Ullström, S., 1986. The Mammals of Britain and Europe. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm Ltd., pp. 60-62.
Corbet, G. B. and Harris, S., (eds.) 1991. The Handbook of British Mammals (3rd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 154-161.
The Mammal Society (2014). Species fact sheet: Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus). Downloaded from www.mammal.org.uk on 1st May 2014.


2) As a trainer, you will be developing a training session on cultural diversity. What assessment method might you use to evaluate the learners? What steps will you take to maintain the ethical quality of your assessment?
1) Oral tests overall are a good method for gathering data from learners/employees because, in this form, employees and students have to answer the questions in such a way that they demonstrate sufficient knowledge of the subject in order to satisfy the requirements of the job interview, exam, or assessment (Wise Geek). It is also a way for the examiner to study the employee or student's body language to see if there is anything peculiar about it. In my opinion, it is virtually impossible for an employee or a student to cheat on an oral test, which makes the data gathering accurate, reliable, and credible.
Oral assessments or exams are given in a variety of different situations, including a job interview, showing how well a student or employee has ...
This solution discusses oral assessments or exams and evaluating culturally diverse learners in 442 words with three references.


I have been asked by several different people with very diverse backgrounds as to why we HOUSE chickens. People have a Disney moment every time they see a big fluffy chicken scratching around in a dusty yard, or looking ridiculous eating grass in a beautiful sunny field. These idyllic images should be the goal of “farming” everywhere, and folks wonder why on earth this doesn’t happen.
Here, in Ontario, Canada, the most obvious reason is just making its reluctant disappearance. Winter and chickens are not the best of friends. Red Jungle Fowl, the predecessors of all laying hens, evolved as (spoiler alert: check out the name) JUNGLE fowl. Not especially tailored to cold weather. Although some breeds have been developed in the northern climates (like Rhode Island Reds, Couchons and Buff Orpingtons, to name a few), they lay far fewer eggs than the modern crosses we use now on commercial farms. Hens cannot handle cold weather well if they are selected for egg production.
Again, the pressures facing professional farmers is different than backyard chicken keepers. If you have 5 hens, and are used to getting 4 or 5 eggs per day, and get 3 or 4 per day in winter, you will say that they never miss a beat. This is a 20% decrease in production, and will destroy a commercial flock…..if you have 20,000 hens, you would be collecting 4,000 eggs less PER DAY. Either we would have egg shortages in the winter, (if we kept the same number of hens we have now), or a glut in the summer (if we had enough hens to supply enough eggs in the winter).
There are other reasons why chickens need shelter. They like it. Chickens are the ultimate prey animal….they have no weapons, they don’t have great camouflage, they are tasty and low in fat (important for predators who are watching their
waistlines). Chickens are NOT adventurous, brave or tough….they are, in a word, chicken. It keeps them alive. They have great vision, communicate predator presence very well, are flighty and nervous and very efficiently look for a reason to freak out. Having an enclosed shelter gives them a strong sense of security, especially if it protects them from predators from above. There have been research trials that marked hens with radio-collars that showed that hens given the choice to free-range outside of the barn actually choose not to. Over half the birds is some trials NEVER leave the security of the barn, and many of them spend a lot of time in the doorway….protected, but able to look out. Hens also have a serious aversion to wind, and really don’t like to go outside on windy days.
Hens seem exceptionally sensitive to flying threats, and really appreciate overhead protection. Some of the same studies have shown that range use increases if there is overhead shelter provided. Of course, putting a roof over the range makes it much less Disney-esque, and it is not difficult to imaging this roofed structure eventually gaining some type of walls to keep the rain and wind out….oops, now it’s a barn again.
Speaking of rain….it is another major drawback to range hens. Wet environments are incredible breeding grounds for bacteria, fungi and viruses that can devastate the health of a flock. Again….backyard flocks can work to keep
a range dry…shifting the area hens have access to, or shovel away the dirty, manure filled mud and replace it with dry, clean fill. Imagine trying to manage the range for a flock of 20,000 birds (I keep using 20,000 birds, since this is the average flock size in Ontario….it is a very small flock size compared to many places). Recommended range availability for laying hens is around 4 square meters per hen (right now, Canada has no explicit range size recommendations, but this number applies to other jurisdictions). For my hypothetical flock, we need 80,000 square meters of land to manage. This is 15 soccer fields to drain, clean, manage and keep attractive to the hens. It isn’t so much that it can’t be done, but it is very complicated and labour intensive.
Another thing that is controlled well indoors is light. Ever since pressure on laying hen farmers in the EU forced hens to be housed with outdoor access, mortality and welfare problems due to pecking and cannibalism has been one of the biggest obstacles facing the farmers and birds. In small groups (ie less than about 25), hens develop a solid “pecking order” that is mostly maintained by postures, feints and threats. In larger groups, dominance pressures more often result in physical attacks and then wounds. The other difficulty caused by daylight is the stimulation to keep birds laying throughout the fall and winter months. Chickens are encouraged to lay by increasing day length, and decreasing day length will push hens out of lay. Because our latitude causes maximum day lengths of over 15 and a half hours, it is necessary to keep the barn lights on for at least 16 hours per day. The further north you go, the longer the longest day is.
Finally, we keep hens indoors to protect them from predators. I’ve discussed problems of predation with many small farmers and backyard keepers. Predation is a very difficult problem….owls, hawks, and eagles from the sky; cats,
dogs, foxes, raccoons, weasels, snakes and even bears from the ground. Latches get undone, fences get burrowed under, and the assault on all the supports, wires and nettings means that there needs to be constant repair. Remember….on a professional farm of 20,000 hens, we are surrounding and covering 15 soccer fields of area. And once a predator finds access to such an easy, tasty meal, they will not leave it or forget it….in fact, in the case of birds, they often recruit friends to help with the harvest.
So, in summary, hens are indoors to decrease disease and discomfort from environmental stresses, reduce injuries from each other and external predators, improve the control of the environment in terms of light intensity and day length. There are other reasons, such as practicality of providing feed and water when the hens are outside, disease transmission from wild animals (Avian Influenza is a big one), and problems caused by foraging (impacted crops, nutrition dilution because of high levels of fiber intake, etc).
I hope this gives non-farmers an insight as to why range hens are a niche market, supplied by farmers who command a significant premium for their product and usually have small farms. Shifting the majority of the professional farms to this strategy of production would be very difficult, and would lead to a lot of problems for the hens as the industry adapted.


Washington D.C., especially the "Capital and Mall" area, is of the most beautiful city spots on earth. But it was once a swamp, and later a housing slum, filled with disease and poverty. It is beautiful, because men of vision made it so.
Have you ever considered the symmetry, the elegant balance, and the marvelous artwork and architecture of the city? When Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and a host of others decided to make D.C. a city of "light" to show the way of a new democracy to the world. They set out to make this an example to all that came to America.
THIS IS THE LANTERN AT THE UNIVERSITY CLUB NORTH OF THE WHITE HOUSE
This was to be a new nation in many ways, they did so with intellect and with skills that made them uniquely qualified. All three of them were Renaissance men, they were multifaceted, students of multiple disciplines, and had by education, vocation, and affiliation, become "Masters" of vision and design. They had studied the ancient arts, history, literature. Jefferson's library was considered the finest library in the world, and later became the foundation for the Library of Congress. Ben Franklin was a Renaissance man, a genius of science, literature, and practical "public project" development. George Washington made his reputation as an outstanding surveyor long before he was known as a soldier, or politician. He had studied the land, the stars, and also the "mysteries" of ancient cultures.
They noticed that the most ancient and notable cities on earth, were designed with care, and in balance with nature and with the heavens. So, Washington D.C.'s grid was designed in alignment with appearances of specific stars, that had historical importance. One of those stars was the representation of Isis. Isis the first and foremost of the ancient Egyptian Goddesses once said: "I am the beginning and I am now, and eternal with no end. All that was, is and will be, is me." She also made a statement that was repeated by the Zoroastrians, Hebrews and Christians. "I am the light of the world."
Isis and her partner Osiris, loved each other. Evil forces killed Osiris, cut his body up, and threw it in the Nile River. Isis, in grief, walked along the Nile, holding a torch high with her outreached arm, to "light the way" and find her lover's body parts, reassembled them, and helped Osiris to be born again. He arose from the dead. They were considered victorious "over the darkness", and Isis became the Goddess of love, power, protection, redemption, and declared that she would give the earth knowledge, history, science, agriculture, and architecture. She was later called Athena, in Greece, the Goddess of protection and enlightenment, where her statue was so frightening to ships coming in, thatenemies of Greece were said to have their "spears shake" with fear. This became a nickname for Athena, the "Shakespeare". She was adopted by the Romans, and they called her "Minerva". Minerva, of peace, love, war, but most of all, enlightenment. Many historians and religious scholars believe that Isis became the archetype for many religions over the centuries, including Christianity. Certainly, the Egyptians taught many "mysteries" that have been sought and passed on by word of mouth, to an elite few people, even to this day.
Washington D.C. has more statues of Minerva, than any city on earth. This iis not by accident.
Our forefathers had a thing for Isis. They wanted a longer and deeper historical setting, to bless the United States. Something more ancient and classical and free of dogmas that caused conflict. Isis was also called "Liberty" in Rome as well as France. You don't see statues of Allah, or Moses, or Jesus atop the buildings in Washington. You see Minerva, Neptune, Hercules, images all representing classic enlightenment, and avoiding "Dogma". The statue that we call "Liberty" or "Freedom" atop the capital dome, is Minerva, or Athena, or Isis. She even has an Egyptian symbols on her. She blesses the Library of Congress, Supreme Court, and a host of other buildings. You see Jefferson wanted the U.S. to have a stress on enlightenment. He sought what he called aThesaurus, the ancient root word meaning "treasure". So the Library of Congress, a "treasure" of books was built on a hill slightly above the Capital building, to encourage enlightenment. The "flame of liberty" on so many pieces of American art, comes from the Zoroastrians, and before them Isis.
Indeed, the Washington monument is a replica of design that symbolizes bringing in "Rah" the god of light. (Sun Ray). Enlightenment. The grid and design of the streets in DCis of interest. A straight line from the Capital dome to the Washington monument, if extended hits the Lincoln Memorial, and if extended further goes right to the Washington Temple Monument in Virginia, and if extended further, goes directly to the Masonic Temple in downtown Detroit, Michigan. Another street, Pennsylvania Avenue, goes to the White House. From the Lincoln Memorial, draw a line to the White House, and extend it up 16Th and it goes right over the University Club, a private club and meeting place that was founded by a Mason. Howard Taft, Mason, was it's first President. The front of the University Club has "lanterns" to light the way. Extend the line further and you hit the "House of the Temple" considered one of the outstanding structures in the USA, and houses high level meetings of the Scottish Rite. Extend the line further and you hit another "Masonic Lodge". Astronomists tell us that some of the streets of DC, particularly Pennsylvania Avenue, line up with stars on days that the star representing "Isis" is in allignment with the Capital Dome, making a perfect triangle of stars. On certain days, special stars line up with the Capital and the Lincoln Memorial.
In 1783, the cornerstone of the U.S. Capital was laid in Masonic ceremony by George Washington, and the Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, indeed nearly all of the public buildings of D.C. were done by the Masons.
The images, art and design of Washington D.C. spread out to our currency, with the "Eye" of Isis, from Egypt on our dollar bills, that was approved by Franklin, Washington, Jefferson, and later Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin Roosevelt (all Masons). Indeed, tolerance and acceptance of individual freedom of religion, freedom of the press, moral and ethical values in dealing with one's fellow man, all are part of Freemasonry.
Frederic Bartholdi built and designed the Statue of Liberty, and it was unveiled in 1886 with a Masonic ceremony. Named "Liberty" by the American press, the statue is the image of "Isis". The concept was to encourage "Enlightenment" as she held high the flame of light. The press called it the "flame of liberty". The costs of building the tower base were so high that the Freemasons of France and of the USA started a fund raising campaign that eventually paid for the statue the base and it's erection. Gustave Eiffel designed and engineered the support structure for the statue using 4 steel girders. Eiffel and Bartholdi, were both Masons.
Bartholdi, worked in Paris. The name "Paris" originates from "Par-Isis" (the Grove of Isis). There was a temple of Isis in Pares prior to 542 AD (now there is the city's' oldest church, St. Germain-des-Prs). There is a black statue of a woman there, now called "Virgin Mary". But prior to 1514 she was called the goddess Isis. The Black Madonnas all over Europe, were originally Isis statues. The "Black Virgin" of the renown Notre Dame du Puy, is really a statue of Isis. Isis was the foremost "Goddess of Egypt" for over 3,000 years. Her story is simple, love abounds, the hero is killed by evil people, the hero is resurrected and becomes a "king",a and the father all all Pharaohs to follow. The 7 sun ray spikes are from the Sun God Helios, representing the 7 seas, and 7 continents over which the sun ruled.
Indeed there are monuments and treasures throughout the United States that are there because of Freemasons. Our nation has enjoyed and benefited so much from this fraternaty that simply wants to help men become more enlightened and better men.
See this video with "on hand, up close and personal" interviews with experts on some of the Masonic landmarks of U.S., particularly Washington


One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
1Of or like earth; earthy.‘terrene dust’
terrestrial, telluric, tellurianView synonyms
- ‘Mark while I build from out this terrene dust, a structure that shall witness and withstand Time's ravages and rust.’
- 1.1 Occurring on or inhabiting dry land.‘a terrene vertebrate’
- ‘She does not speak as do elves, men, dwarves, and other mortal terrene creatures.’
- ‘The initially created ‘globe of terrene and aqueous particles, mingled in confusion and commotion’ would naturally, under the laws of gravity, instantly begin to precipitate strata on the universal ocean bottom.’
- ‘Myers believed that telepathy and telaesthesia ‘cannot have been acquired by natural selection, for the preservation of the race, during the process or terrene evolution’.’
- ‘But if the doctrine of the human form brings unity to our conceptions of mankind, and sees the terrene man as a globe of societies and churches, its effects upon moral philosophy are not less important, for it embraces kindreds and tongues in one fraternal whole.’
- 1.2 Of the world; secular rather than spiritual.
earthly, terrestrial, temporal, mundane, mortal, human, non-spiritual, unspiritual, material, materialistic, physical, tangible, carnal, fleshly, bodily, corporeal, gross, sensual, base, sordid, vile, profaneView synonyms
- ‘And the vagueness was because that principle of my terrene nature which was the seat of earthly sensing, and of memories of things perceived, was left with the body.’
- ‘He declares the philosophy of the Grecians, or the ethnick philosophy, to be based only on the second, and to be terrene, animal, and diabolical, not being founded on the deific corner-stone, namely, Jesus Christ, who is the essential substance and foundation of the true science.’
Middle English: from Anglo-Norman French, from Latin terrenus, from terra ‘earth’.
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The command module (CM) would now be required to provide the crew with a one-day habitable environment and a survival environment for one week after touching down on land or water. In case of a landing at sea, the CM should be able to recover from any attitude and float upright with egress hatches free of water. Additional Details: here....
The mission constraints to be used for this study were :
Four days earlier, MSC had added specifications for an extravehicular suit communications and telemetry (EVSCT) system to the space suit contract with Hamilton Standard Division of United Aircraft Corporation. The EVSCT system included equipment for three major operations:
Capability of the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) to provide data for rendezvous was studied. Aaron Cohen of ASPO stated sufficient data could be collected, processed, and transmitted via MSFN to the LEM to achieve rendezvous. Dr. F. O. Vonbun of Goddard showed that MSFN data did little to improve data already available in the LEM before launch. Although five tracking stations would communicate with the LEM during ascent and the first 10 minutes of orbit, there would be only a slight improvement in spacecraft position and motion data over the data already contained in the LEM computer. No decision was made concerning the MSFN's capability.
Alternate rendezvous methods were discussed.
Robert C. Duncan, chief of the MSC Guidance and Control Division, presented his section's recommendations for solving these problems, which ultimately won ASPO's concurrence. Precise spacecraft body rates, Duncan said, should be maintained by the stabilization and control system. The position of the S-band antenna should be telemetered to the ground, where the angle required for reacquisition would be computed. The antenna would then be repositioned by commands sent through the updata link.
Charles A. Bassett - operations handbooks, training, and simulators
Alan L. Bean - recovery systems
Michael Collins - pressure suits and extravehicular activity
David R. Scott - mission planning and guidance and navigation
Clifton C. Williams - range operations, deep space instrumentation, and crew safety.
Donn F. Eisele - CSM and LEM
William A. Anders - environmental control system and radiation and thermal systems
Eugene A. Cernan - boosters, spacecraft propulsion, and the Agena stage
Roger B. Chaffee - communications, flight controls, and docking
R. Walter Cunningham - electrical and sequential systems and non-flight experiments
Russell L. Schweickart - in-flight experiments and future programs.
But at this smaller angle, the panels now blocked the CM's four flush- mounted omnidirectional antennas, used during near-earth phases of the mission. While turning around and docking, the astronauts thus had to communicate with the ground via the steerable high gain antenna. For Block II spacecraft, therefore, MSC concurrently ordered North American to broaden the S-band equipment's capability to permit it to operate within 4,630 km (2,500 nm) of earth.
It was found that no appreciable weight saving or weight penalty would result from an all USB system in the Apollo spacecraft. Also, it was determined there would be no significant advantage or disadvantage in using the system. It was noted, however, that implementation of an all S-band system at that stage of development of the design of the CSM, LEM, and astronaut equipment would incur an obvious cost and schedule penalty.
Memorandum, Phillips to Mueller, "Use of Only Unified S-Band Communication Equipment in Apollo Spacecraft," May 5, 1965.
After lengthy investigations of cost and schedule impacts, MSC directed North American to incorporate airlocks on CMs 008 and 014, 101 through 112, and 2H-1 and 2TV-1. The device would enable astronauts to conduct experiments in space without having to leave their vehicle. Initially, the standard hatches and those with airlocks were to be interchangeable on Block II spacecraft. During October, however, this concept was changed: the standard outer hatch would be structured to permit incorporation of an airlock through the use of a conversion kit (included as part of the airlock assembly); and when an airlock was installed, an interchangeable inner hatch would replace the standard one.
The first three LEMs (LEM-1, LEM-2, and LEM-3) would be equipped with communications equipment in addition to that required in the LEM for lunar missions to provide:
Also, IESD attended a preliminary design review at Autonetics on the signal conditioning equipment (SCE) for the Block II CSM. IESD concurred in several modifications to the Block I design (adding a redundant power supply; hermetic sealing of equipment; and repackaging to fit the equipment bay in Block II CMs). These changes reduced the SCE's weight from 22 to 19 kg (47.5 to 41 lbs) and, because of more efficient power supply, lowered its power consumption from 65 to 35 watts. North American was studying ways of perhaps lightening the SCE even further.
He suggested that if an SPS failed the service module be jettisoned for a time-critical abort and both LEM propulsion systems be used for earth return, reducing the total time to return by approximately 60 hours. As an example, if the time of abort was 10 hours after translunar injection, he said, this method would require about 36 hours; if the SM were retained the return time would require about 96 hours.
He added that the LEM/CM-only configuration should be studied for any constraints that would preclude initiating this kind of time-critical abort. Some of the factors to be considered should be:
Lunar Module Significant Weight Changes Lunar module injected weight status March 1, 1967 (ascent and descent less propellant) - 4039.6 kg
Lunar module injected weight status September 22, 1967 - 4270.0 kg
Command Module Significant Weight Changes Command module injected weight status March 1, 1967 - 5246.7 kg
Command module injected weight status September 22, 1967 - 5679.8 kg


Acupuncture as a method of treatment of mans' illnesses is know to have its origin amongst the ancient Chinese possibly as long ago as 4,500 years - before recorded history. Early evidence of this development of acupuncture consists of diagrams of human and animal bodies with acupuncture points identified and ancient implements used in its application.
The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine is often cited as the definitive history of acupuncture but was probably a compilation of observations and documents over centuries. It is thought to have been written between 300 - 400 BC. Primitive forms of acupuncture started when people began using small sharp stones to pierce or press the skin. Bone needles replaced this and when metals were discovered, gold and silver were used.
Many myths have survived to partly explain some of the observations as the secrets of acupuncture have been slowly unravelled


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I. As an argument or reasoning process: that kind of mediate inference by which from truths already known we advance to a knowledge of other truths necessarily implied in the former; the mental product or result of that process.
II. As a method: the deductive method, by which we increase our knowledge through a series of such inferences.
The typical expression of deductive inference is the syllogism. The essential feature of deduction is the necessary character of the connexion between the antecedent or premises and the consequent or conclusion. Granted the truth of the antecedent judgments, the consequent must follow; and the firmness of our assent to the latter is conditioned by that of our assent to the former. The antecedent contains the ground or reason which is the motive of our assent to the consequent; the latter, therefore, cannot have greater firmness or certainty than the former. This relation of necessary sequence constitutes the formal aspect of deduction. It can be realized most clearly when the argument is expressed symbolically, either in the hypothetical form:
or in the categorical form,
The material aspect of the deductive argument is the truth or falsity of the judgments which constitute it. If these be certain and evident the deduction is called demonstration, the Aristotelian apodeixis. Since the conclusion is necessarily implied in the premises, these must contain some abstract, general principle, of which the conclusion is a special application; otherwise the conclusion could not be necessarily derived from them; and all mediate inferences must be deductive, at least in this sense, that they involve the recognition of some universal truth and do not proceed directly from particular to particular without the intervention of the universal.
When, starting from general principles, we advance by a series of deductive steps to the discovery and proof of new truths, we employ the deductive or synthetic method. But how do we become certain of those principles which form our starting-points?
This ascent from the particular to the general is called induction, or the inductive or analytic method. Comparatively little attention was paid to this method during the Middle Ages. Apparatus for the accurate observation and exact measurement of natural phenomena was needed to give the first real impetus to the cultivation of the physical, natural, or inductive sciences. In these departments of research the mind approaches reality from the side of the concrete and particular and ascends to the abstract and general, while in deduction it descends from the general to the particular. But although the mind moves in opposite directions in both methods, nevertheless the reasoning or inference proper, employed in induction, is in no sense different from deductive reasoning, for it too implies and is based on abstract, necessary truths.
APA citation. (1908). Deduction. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04674a.htm
MLA citation. "Deduction." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04674a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Rick McCarty.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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Tomatoe, or Love-apple Catsup—James Mease, 1812:
“SLICE the apples thin, and over every layer sprinkle a little salt; cover them, and let them lie twenty-four hours; then beat them well; and simmer them half an hour in a bell-metal kettle; add mace and allspice. When cold, add two cloves of raw shallots cut small, and half a gill of brandy to each bottle, which must be corked tight, and kept in a cool place.”
Before the advent of paper advertising, information dissemination came largely from word-of-mouth and lived experience. James Mease, a scientist in Philadelphia, published the first American tomato ketchup recipe in 1812, but ketchup’s lineage can be traced back across the Atlantic (Smith, 19). Similar to the origins of spaghetti and tomatoes, what we know as ketchup today had its roots not with Europeans, but with their Asian neighbors (19). The first documented recipes found in Europe for the ancestors of today’s ketchup are known to be in British cookbooks and documents from 1727 and the early 18th century, but “British explorers first encountered it in Southeast Asia (12).” Explorers to the East found a tangy sauce made out of brine and various foods, which parallel later descriptions of English forms of ketchup. (Smith)
Very different from the ketchup we know today, early forms of English ketchup came in three main forms: “mushroom, fish, and walnut (17).” Originating as part of the brining tradition of food preservation, using salt and other substances in a pre-refrigeration age, early ketchup is said to be similar to the garum, “a popular, fermented fish sauce consumed in ancient Greece and Rome (7).” Colonists in America predictably used predominantly British cooking techniques and recipes, so ketchup, too, made the trip across the Atlantic in the 18th century. In fact, ketchup was just as popular in North America as it was in Britain, if surviving recipes reveal anything. Just one instance of many found in early American documents, “In a Charleston, South Carolina, cookery manuscript dating to 1770, Harriot Pinckney Horry recorded a mushroom ketchup which was clarified with the whites of two eggs (17).” Even after the American Revolution, 18th century American cooks still relied heavily upon British recipes and cookbooks, and British cookbooks continued to be published in the colonies. (18) As the 18th and 19th centuries went on, ketchup, and particularly tomato ketchup, became ever more popular in the young nation, largely due to the efforts of those like Dr. John Cook Bennett and Archibald Miles, plying the consumerist depths of the 1830s American consciousness. (Smith)
- Smith, Andrew F. The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery. Columbia, SC: U of South Carolina, 1994. Print.
- Mease recipe: From James Mease, Archives of Useful Knowledge; a Work Devoted to Commerce, Manufactures, Rural and Domestic Economy, Agriculture and the Useful Arts. 2 vols. Philadelphia: David Hogan, 1812. Vol. 2, 306.


Balance is Crucial
If you push, then pull. If you pull, then push, in equal amounts. If you run, lift weights. If you lift weights, stretch too. If you stretch and do yoga frequently, lift weights. If you work hard, take time to rest and have fun.
Balance yourself left and right, front and back, up and down, and inside and out. The principle of balance is crucial when it comes to:
* Preventing Injuries
* Ensuring Proper Posture
* Improving Athletic Performance
* Preventing "Energy Leaks" from inefficient movement patterns
* Digestion, Immunity, and Pain Relief
Everything you do should encompass a sense of balance, particularly when it comes to training. For example, most of us sit, work on computers, watch tv, drive, and use our devices in a hunched forward position. In order to balance out the inordinate amount of time spent in this poor posture position, we should frequently stretch the other way (spinal extension) and exercise the back of the body- the back of the shoulders, the lower back, and the neck.
Balance is a crucial part of success.


Now when Jesus had entered Capernaum, a centurion came to Him, pleading with Him, saying, “Lord, my servant is lying at home paralyzed, dreadfully tormented.” And Jesus said to him, “I will come and heal him.” The centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that You should come under my roof. But only speak a word, and my servant will be healed. “For I also am a man under authority, having soldiers under me. And I say to this one, `Go,’ and he goes; and to another, `come,’ and he comes; and to my servant, `Do this,’ and he does it.” When Jesus heard it, He marveled, and said to those who followed, “Assuredly, I say to you, I have not found such great faith, not even in Israel! “And I say to you that many will come from east and west, and sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. “But the sons of the kingdom will be cast out into outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” Then Jesus said to the centurion, “Go your way; and as you have believed, so let it be done for you.” And his servant was healed that same hour. (Mat 8:5-13 NKJ)
This text in Matthew can be somewhat problematic. The centurion wasn’t just any Roman soldier; he was a battle-hardened, an educated career soldier, his allegiance to Rome unwavering and his appointment was approved by the Emperor. This was a hard life, often leading his men from the front meant that many died in battle.
Many of these young men had no real family, in fact, Emperor Augustine forbade marriage. Soldiers would then revert to using female and male slaves for their personal gratification. This may have been the case here in Matthews gospel.
Matthew doesn’t use the traditional word for servant, doulos. Instead, he uses the Greek word pais. Pais does not mean “servant.” It means “lover.” Greek historian Thucydides, in Plutarch, in countless Greek sources, pais refers to the junior partner in a same-sex relationship. Now, this is not exactly a partnership of equals. However, we should not read too much into this story, as Jesus neither affirms or condemns the centurion’s lifestyle. Instead, his focus is upon the man’s faith.
The centurion didn’t need Jesus to come to his home; he knew that when Jesus spoke, as one with power and authority, it would be done. Jesus, responds, “I have not found such great faith, not even in Israel!”
The centurion wouldn’t be the kind of person you would expect Jesus to minister to, and yet Jesus saw beyond the issues and saw great faith. Perhaps we should do the same?


This essay argues that Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s short story “Headstrong Historian” offers a woman’s perspective on the Igbo encounter with European colonialism, a history made famous by Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart who told the story from a male perspective. Through her short story, Adichie enacts the dual-sex system that scholars argue is at the basis of Igbo societies: Adichie does this by telling the story from the perspective of her female protagonists. In the process, Adichie makes two points: firstly, there is not a single story about the Igbo past; secondly, European colonialism had significant negative repercussions for Igbo women. The women in Adichie’s short story—at least the non-Christian ones—are strong and independent individuals that take charge of their own lives. Adichie’s characterization of women in “Headstrong Historian” suggests that the intervention of Christianity and European rule had deleterious effects on Igbo women’s agency.


Enabling school students to do real science via CERN technology. Want to show kids that they can be involved in what is going on now, that science is vibrant and interesting subject.
The Langton Star Centre is ?at Simon Langton Grammar School, Kent, gives student change to work alongside scientists and engineers. They go to CERN every year, and one year visited the lab of Dr Michael Campbell’s Medipix lab, working on a chip for the ALICE detector. Can be used for medical imaging. Lots of research and collaboration using this chip.
Competition for schools to design experiment to go into space. Wanted to do a cosmic ray intensity detector using Medipix chip – called LUCID, which ?will fly in 2012. Won, but project was a bit expensive so they have an earthbound version too.
Wanted to get more schools involved, which led to CERN@School, so different schools can look at cosmic rays in space and on earth via detector in their own lab. Pick up data and then examine it in the school lab, can do particle recognition.
Found it hard to get the money together, but got a pilot scheme in a ten other schools that take data at a set time each day. Schools pool the data, then it goes up on LSC servers and can see it on a map. But how to analyse it and get good science out of it? Now have a model using grid storage and computing. Will soon be able to do analysis of tracks.
Next step would be linking up with other cosmic ray projects.
Expanded project would enable sophisticated analysis and potentially useful result. If had enough schools, would have an enormous network of detectors, might be able to discover particles above GZK limit.
CERN@School invigorates teachers as well as inspiring students. Hope to attract more scientists into schools. Doing real science, real analysis, is not only fantastic, it also shows how smart and capable these students are.


Supreme Court Decision
Mapp v. Ohio
Mapp marked the final incorporation of the Fourth Amendment into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth. It also extended the evidence Exclusionary Rule, originally discovered in Weeks v. U.S. in 1914, to state prosecutions.
Mapp's Cleveland, OH home was entered by several police officers in search of a fugitive alleged to be hiding there, as well as for gambling paraphernalia. They claimed to have a valid search warrant, but it was not produced during the search. While they didn't find what they were looking for, they did supposedly find obscene materials, and Mapp was tried and convicted for possession of obscenity. While the judge acknowledged that the search was illegal, he admitted the evidence discovered, using as his reasoning a Supreme Court decision in Wolf v. Colorado (1949), in which the Court stated that the Weeks Exclusionary Rule did not apply to the states.
Mapp's attorneys originally appealed the case on the basis of the obscenity charge. When the ACLU filed an amicus brief, it added that the abusive search procedure should also present an opportunity to review the Wolf decision -- an opportunity it obviously felt would be well received by the Court.
In deciding for Mapp, the Supreme Court was able to reach a plurality decision on the outcome, but unable to present a majority opinion on the logic for reaching it. As such, while the Mapp decision is clear in its effect -- that the Fourth Amendment, through the agency of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth, requires all illegally gained evidence to be tossed out of State and Federal court proceedings -- the arguments supporting the outcome do not provide a lot of comfort that the Court was clear in its constitutional vision.
In his plurality opinion, Justice Tom C. Clark -- who had always believed that Wolf would be found lacking -- reiterated the arguments originally made in Weeks, pointing out Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes' opinion that, without the Exclusionary Rule, the Fourth Amendment is reduced to "a form of words". He responded to then-Judge Benjamin Cardozo's concern that a "constable's blunder" would set a criminal free, with "the criminal goes free if he must, but it is the law that sets him free."
Justice Potter Stewart, who had taken the position in an earlier case that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth in and of itself should be sufficient to afford protection against illegal searches at the state level, would not join the opinion in Mapp because the exclusionary issue had not been properly briefed and argued in the case.
The three dissenting justices all resisted the incorporation doctrine generally and the idea of infringing the rights of state judicial systems.
One man -- Justice Hugo Black -- found himself as the swing vote in the case, but his was yet another line of logic. When Wolf was decided, it was Justice Black alone who wondered whether the Fourth Amendment required an exclusionary rule at all. In Mapp, he disagreed with the plurality assessment and opined that the Rule could only be justified by the Fourth and Fifth Amendment together. As a firm supporter of incorporation doctrine, he agreed to apply the Rule to the states, but not with the logic in arriving there.
Logically, all evidence should be admitted at court, and offending police officers or detectives held accountable for their actions. This logic was not lost on the Court in Mapp, but Justice Clark noted in his opinion that states without exclusionary rules had generally failed to develop alternative methods for preventing illegal searches, and that several state supreme courts had responded by mandating their own exclusionary rules.
Recently there has been some turbulence in the criminal justice community to roll the Exclusionary Rule back under certain conditions -- specifically as regards the 1966 Miranda decision -- regarding it as too much of an impediment to the pursuit of criminals. While there seems to be some support on the Court for the concept, how carefully the rollback is defined will of course determine whether it can pass constitutional muster. Reflecting our legal logic today, it seems foolish to punish the "thing" -- in this case the evidence -- rather than the actual perpetrator -- in this case the conductor of a clearly illegal search.
Comment on this Decision
Read Comments On this decision specifically,
... or on subject Rights of Accused
... or on subject Search & Seizure
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Write your Congressmen on this issue.
Other decisions pertaining to Rights of Accused:
Betts v. Brady [316 U.S. 455 (1942)] Stone Court
Branzburg v. Hayes [408 U.S. 665 (1972)] Burger Court
Brown v. Mississippi [297 U.S. 278 (1936)] Hughes Court
Estes v. Texas [381 U.S. 532 (1905)] Warren Court
Gideon v. Wainwright [372 U.S. 335 (1963)] Warren Court
McCardle, Ex Parte [74 U.S. 506 (1869)] Chase Court
Milligan, Ex Parte [71 U.S. 2 (1866)] Chase Court
Miranda v. Arizona [384 U.S. 436 (1966)] Warren Court
Weeks v. United States [232 U.S. 383 (1914)] White Court


Poetry writing will always be a minor art, which the public holds in minor esteem. The rise and decline of the creative writer nowadays is usually something like this: He begins with verse—writes poetry, juvenile versicles, and humorous, preferably dialect, entering into the realms of rhyme.
Next the writer promotes himself to the article. The indefinite article is a broad term, standing for a huge assortment of subjects and various modes of treatment.
Next he elevates himself to the dignified title of “creative” writer—the sublime height of the short story. Last, if he is good, he achieves the seventh heaven of novel writing. After having reached this climax, he is privileged to write non-fiction articles, interviews and ethical pieces for well-known magazines, newspapers and websites. Again he writes articles and how-to pieces to sell to publications, and may even relapse into the second childishness and mere oblivion of poetry writing.
“If the art of poetry,” says Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “had been a less earnest object with me, it must have fallen from exhausted hands before this day.”
Edgar Allen Poe once declared: “Poetry has been with me not a purpose, but a passion.”
With every true poet it must have been either an “earnest object” or an absorbing delight—a purpose or a passion; never a mere pastime.
Not being appreciated
Some who write promising verse, but do not meet with prompt recognition, conclude they are not born poets, and quit too early.
The genuine poet is convinced of the greatness of poetry, just as the successful bridge builder is convinced that he
does not need to study science but civil engineering. The real poet takes up poetry as a lifelong art, not as a pretty plaything to pass the leisure hours.
Poet and author Franz Wright said about writing poetry: “It’s a craft. It’s an art. It’s a skill. It is not therapy, and it is not compensation for terrible things in one’s life. It is a thing in itself. You devote yourself to being an instrument of it, or you wander forever in the belief that it is a form of ‘self-expression.’”
Aspiring poets will continue to write deathless rhymes until they realize that poetry is not simply another—perhaps inferior—way of saying things that they could say in prose.
When Thomas Carlyle said that poets shouldn’t attempt to write poetry which they could do in prose, he uttered a truism. Many writers can express the same ideas in verse or prose, but most writers favor prose because it is easier to execute and the pay is a lot better.
Today’s poet faces many sacrifices to pursue poetry as an end, and not as his retired work after he has finished writing news, editorial and how-to articles for high-prized magazines and websites. These sacrifices are no greater now than they always were. The reward of fame and respect that poets desire is immeasurably greater than poets in the last century.


Dr. Marcia Chatelain, associate professor of history and African-American studies at Georgetown University, will present the Ida Wise East Memorial Lecture at 7:30 p.m. Tuesday, February 6. The lecture, “Better Living Through the Humanities: Teaching, Research, and Social Change,” will be held in Memorial Ballroom, Hall Campus Center. The public is invited and admission is free.
Dr. Chatelain is the author of “South Side Girls: Growing up in the Great Migration” and the forthcoming book, “From Sit-In to Drive-Thru: Black America in the Age of Fast Food.” At Georgetown, she teaches courses on African-American history, women’s activism, and food studies. She has appeared on CNN, the BBC, MSNBC, PBS, NPR, and other news outlets on segments about race, gender, social justice, and other issues.
Her upcoming lecture will address her work on “Southside Girls” and projects regarding the police-involved deaths of Freddie Gray and Michael Brown. She also will talk about her involvement with Georgetown’s Working Group on Slavery, Memory, and Reconciliation, which is working to tell the story of institution’s role in the history of African-American slavery.
“Her research on African-American history is excellent, but I also invited her to Lynchburg because of her public history work and political activism,” Dr. Nichole Sanders, professor of history and the John Franklin East Professor of Humanities, said. “I wanted students to see how vital the humanities are to public life, and to be able to imagine how the humanities intersects with social justice work. Dr. Chatelain’s work is an amazing example of these intersections.”
Dr. Sanders added that the lecture, which is not exclusively aimed at students, “should appeal to anyone interested in humanities and social justice.”
On the following day, Dr. Chatelain, who was recognized by The Chronicle of Higher Education as a “top influencer” in 2016, will present at a workshop on inclusive teaching. The workshop for Lynchburg faculty and staff is sponsored by the East Professorship, John M. Turner Lecture Series, the Office of Equity and Inclusion, and the Teaching and Learning Resource Center.
“Dr. Chatelain is an expert in inclusive teaching techniques,” Aaron Smith, diversity and inclusion officer for the Office of Equity and Inclusion, said, adding, “Being that we are building a culture of inclusion, both inside and outside of the classroom at Lynchburg, we thought that Dr. Chatelain would be a great resource for our faculty members.”
The Ida Wise East Memorial Lecture was established in 1979 by an endowment gift to University of Lynchburg from Mrs. Margaret East Nelson of Norfolk, Virginia, in memory of her mother, Ida Wise East, and in recognition of the lifelong interest of the East and Nelson families in the humanities. Income from the funds are used to support an annual lecture, lecture series, or seminar in the humanities.


The bavarian way of life
The Bavarian way of life is what is often thought to be entirely German, whereas typical elements such as the traditional Lederhosen and Dirndl attire, idyllic mountain scenery with alpenhorn blowers and beer in one litre mugs is originally mostly Bavarian.
Bavaria’s inhabitants are said to be charming, proud, self-confident, and usually sociable but sometimes stubborn. Grumbling is just part and parcel of everyday life. However, though maybe complaining about one’s own problems in life, Bavarians adopt a liberal motto of “to live and let live” (“leben und leben lassen”).
The state’s beautiful and often romantic scenery with its lakes, mountains, and castles, as well as the region’s history make Bavarians typically quite patriotic. Being proud of their origins, traditions are highly valued, celebrated and often form the centrepiece of the social life of the community.
At the same time, Bavaria is also an increasingly cosmopolitan place with 12% of its citizens already being expatriates and Munich featuring one of the biggest community of foreigners in Germany (at 28,5% of the population).
Bavaria’s versatility is reflected by its seven administrative districts, each of which has its own competencies when it comes to business, science, networks, and education. The variation in cultures and dialects (more than 60 dialects are spoken in Bavaria!) gives each region a personal charm entirely of its own.
tradition meets high-tech
What makes Bavaria stand out is its unique blend of the old and the new, of tradition and vision, its agrarian roots and its high-tech outlook. Germany’s former head of state, Roman Herzog, once famously called Bavaria the land of “laptops and lederhosen” and while laptops might not symbolize the top-notch technological achievements of our days anymore, the underlying logic stills holds true: Bavaria is a region that values where it comes from but openly embraces the future at the same time.
Since the end of World War II, Bavaria has undergone an impressive transformative development from a poor agrarian state to one of Europe’s most prosperous and competitive regions today, an evolution that has attracted much interest near and far. Despite the significant change in its economic landscape within a short amount of time, Bavaria remains the most agricultural state in Germany and rural life continues to contribute significantly to its identity and social fabric. Simultaneously, the Free State increasingly strengthens its position as one of the leading international regions for high technology fields and only recently launched an ambitious investment plan, the so called High-Tech Agenda, that will see the mobilisation of up to €3.5 billion over the next few years to drive cutting-edge developments in key high tech industries including aerospace, IT, artificial intelligence, CleanTech, hydrogen, quantum technology, and life sciences.
So while in their hearts, Bavarians might always feel close to the idyllic, agricultural countryside that the Free State is famous for, they move with the times and embrace the challenges of a digital future.
Attire, customs, and festivities
Lived traditions are an integral part of the Bavarian way of life. Be it spring, summer, autumn, or winter, there are countless customs and festivities such as Maypole Day or the St. Leonhard horse-back procession as well as the world-famous Oktoberfest and the glittering Christmas markets that are loved by locals and tourists alike. The celebrations are often connected to traditional farming culture or Christian holidays and represent real highlights in the Bavarian calendar year. They are an important part of Bavarian social fabric and help to form the unique attitude to life that reigns in the Free State.
For many customs and festivities, people in Bavaria wear traditional costumes that once served as work clothes but now shape the Bavarian sense of identity. Bavarians of all ages still use traditional items of clothing such as the Dirndl or Lederhosen to demonstrate their regional identity today and thus also contribute to the myth and unique external representation of Bavaria beyond its borders.
The Oktoberfest (or “Wies’n”, as Bavarians call it) is not only the most popular festival in Bavaria but also the largest fair in the world. It takes place annually in Munich for a period of just over two weeks – ironically starting in September, despite its name – and attracts over six million visitors who flock to rendezvous over beer, roast chicken, and pretzels. The festival has its origins in the wedding celebrations of King Ludwig I. and his wife Princess Therese in 1810 and – apart from very few exceptions – has taken place every year since then, making it a fundamental element of Bavarian history and culture. Nowadays, it is also a huge touristic highlight and many smaller versions of the Oktoberfest take place across numerous Bavarian cities and indeed around the world.
Almabtrieb and Viehscheid (cattle drive)
The Almabtrieb or Viehscheid is a major attraction in the Bavarian calendar of customs. In the alpine regions of Upper Bavaria and the Allgäu, many cows and bulls spend the summer seasons grazing in the lush mountain pastures. Each year as the summer draws to a close, the well-fed cattle with their festive decorations come down from the mountain pastures and back into the valley to join their stables for winter. The Kranzrind (crown cow) has a very special role to play in the event. The chosen animal leads the herd and wears a particularly elaborate headdress. The whole village and many tourists from near and far join in to celebrate the safe return of the cows to their farms.
Bavarian Traditional Clothing (Tracht)
The culture of traditional clothing – “Tracht” in German – has played a major role in rural Bavaria for more than 200 years. “Tracht” derives from the word “tragen” (to wear) and originally denoted the costume of a certain class in a certain region at the then current time. Nowadays these traditional clothes are being (re-)interpreted in many different styles and vary according to the occasion, age of the wearer and social class but all keep Bavarians connected in their very own way.
The best-known Bavarian attire is the Lederhosen – pants made of leather with traditional embroidery for men, – and the Dirndl – dresses with an apron and a blouse underneath for women. They are worn especially on traditional festivities or other festive occasions like marriages. And while at first glance one could think this is being considered very old-fashioned, Bavaria’s younger generations have upheld this tradition and ensured that original Bavarian attire never goes out of fashion.
Culinary Highlights of Bavaria
What would Bavaria be without its great foods and culinary highlights featuring a wide array of regional specialities? Bavarian food is usually hearty and delicious, with many excellent meat and potato-based dishes – but it also has some great vegetarian or sweet options to offer.
Bavaria is probably best known around the world for its outstanding beer. What is considered the Germans’ national drink is the staple food in Bavaria – beer, also called “liquid bread”. There are some 40 types of beer and over 4,000 brands of Bavarian beer (an overview of the principal beers can be found here). Bavarian beer has a very long tradition and was regulated in 1516 by the Bavarian beer purity law (“Reinheitsgebot”), limiting its ingredients to water, malt, hops and yeast only. Until that point, it was safe to assume that drinking beer could be considered to be a gamble since the unsuspecting guest never knew what exactly the pub was serving. The Reinheitsgebot is still in place today and constitutes the world’s oldest consumer protection law. Bavaria has the highest density of breweries anywhere in Germany, made up of well-known companies such as Paulaner, Augustiner or Löwenbräu but complemented by a large number of small, independent breweries all across the Free State.
“Weißwurst” Sausages, Pretzels, and Sweet Mustard
Among the most popular Bavarian dishes features the so-called “Weißwurst”. The white sausage is made from veal with parsley in pork casing and is boiled rather than fried. It is eaten without the casing, usually together with a pretzel and sweet mustard. Surprisingly, “Weißwurst” is a late breakfast dish. This has its origin in the lack of possibilities to cool the meat back in the days when the “Weißwurst” was invented. To avoid that it goes bad, it simply had to be eaten before noon. This custom has been kept until today, despite the numerous storage and cooling possibilities available to Bavarians nowadays.
This Bavarian dish is loved by vegetarians and carnivores alike, thanks to its hearty, delicious taste stemming from a unique combination of spaetzle noodles, grated mountain cheese, and fried onions. Its origins lie in the southwestern regions of Swabia and the Allgäu but the popular dish can be found in nearly every Bavarian restaurant and even in the neighbouring regions of Austria and Switzerland. Even though the portions might seem small at first, this dish will most likely keep you sated all day long.
“Schweinebraten” with Dumplings
This might be the best-known Bavarian dish – a roast pork with a dark sauce and dumplings and a kraut salad on the side. The “Schweinebraten” is generally particularly appreciated for its crunchy crust. The dumplings on the side are typically made from dry bread, however there is a large variety of other dumplings made from potatoes, with spinach, with cheese, or even sweet variants with apricots or plums across Bavaria.
“Zwetschgendatschi” Plum Cake
Bavaria has also much to offer for those with a sweet tooth. One example is the traditional plum cake, which is served everywhere in the Free State in summer. The name of “Zwetschgendatschi” (try pronouncing it!) stems from the method of preparation where the plums are pushed (“datschen”) into the dough. This cake is best enjoyed on a sunny Sunday afternoon with lots of whipped cream on top and a cup of coffee on the side.


In the 19th century, corrugated cardboard was found to be not only light in quality and fast in performance but also cheaper in price than ordinary materials. Moreover, the manufacturing process was simple and the use was more extensive. Not only that, corrugated cardboard is not only as a natural role in the decomposition of wood fibers can be recycled environmentally friendly materials, but also be reused without affecting the performance of its play. So much favored by people.
By the beginning of the 20th century, due to the unique properties and advantages of packaging containers made of corrugated cardboard for beautifying and protecting the built-in goods, corrugated cardboard
Began to be comprehensively popularized, popularized and applied to become protective wrapping garments for a wide variety of goods in a variety of fields, achieving unprecedented success in competition with various packaging materials.
In the past two centuries, such as the flood-swell expansion of the market scale expansion and market coverage, corrugated cardboard in the true sense has become so far with the rapid development of one of the main production of packaging containers .


Northwood in Rockingham County, New Hampshire — The American Northeast (New England)
First New Hampshire Turnpike
Extending 36 miles from Piscataqua Bridge in Durham to the Merrimack River in East Concord, this highway was originally a toll road. The first of more than 80 New Hampshire turnpikes built by private corporations in the nineteenth century, this was the only one connecting Portsmouth, the state's seaport, with the interior settlements. Chartered in 1796, the corporation began to build the road about 1801. Much of the present Route 4 follows the four rod (66 foot) right-of-way of this first turnpike.
Erected 2002 by New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources. (Marker Number 181.)
Location. 43° 13.399′ N, 71° 15.246′ W. Marker is in Northwood, New Hampshire, in Rockingham County. Marker is on U.S. 4 just south of Old Turnpike Road. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Northwood NH 03261, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 6 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Northwood Parade 1775 (approx. 2.6 miles away); Northwood NH WWI Honor Roll (approx. 2.6 miles away); Northwood NH War Memorial (approx. Northwood NH WWII Honor Roll (approx. 2.6 miles away); LaFayette's Tour (approx. 2.6 miles away); Major Andrew McClary (approx. 4 miles away); Site of the First Congregational Church (approx. 5.4 miles away); Major John Simpson (approx. 5.6 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Northwood.
Categories. • Roads & Vehicles •
More. Search the internet for First New Hampshire Turnpike.
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on August 22, 2014, by Bill Pfingsten of Bel Air, Maryland. This page has been viewed 348 times since then and 19 times this year. Last updated on October 9, 2014, by Kevin Craft of Bedford, Quebec. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on August 22, 2014, by Bill Pfingsten of Bel Air, Maryland.