Sökning: "preposition usage"
Hittade 3 uppsatser innehållade orden preposition usage.
- Kandidat-uppsats, Karlstads universitet/Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur
Sammanfattning : The ways in which someone’s first language (L1) influences his or her second language (L2) to create errors, that is negative transfer, is a topic that has received much attention in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Previous research has suggested that negative transfer is responsible for many errors. LÄS MER
2. A Corpus Based Study in Morpheme Acquisition Order of Young Learners of English : A comparison of Swedish students in grade 6 and grade 7Uppsats för yrkesexamina på avancerad nivå, Uppsala universitet/Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier
Sammanfattning : This study investigated the morpheme acquisition order of Swedish students in grades 6 and 7, utilizing corpus texts drawn from the Uppsala Learner English Corpus (ULEC). It is an extension of Khor (2012) that focused on students in grades 9 and 12. LÄS MER
- Kandidat-uppsats, Lunds universitet/Allmän språkvetenskap
Sammanfattning : This thesis provides an analysis of the linguistic expression of spatial and temporal relations in Mmen, a Niger-Congo language spoken in Bafumen, in the North West Region of Cameroon. Linguistic means of expressing spatial relations are surveyed in usage and in grammatical structure, and categorized according to the patterns found. LÄS MER


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Blog post by Mike Brandolino
Energy conservation is on the rise nationwide, according to a new report by The Institute for Electricity Efficiency. Why is energy conservation so essential now? Perhaps it”s our impositions on nature coming full circle.
Some of the origins of today’s environmental movement can be found in the people who called themselves “naturalists.” These people were conscious of their surroundings and understood that nature, even in the most wild and untamed frontiers, is fragile. The natural world can be a harsh and unforgiving place. Humans are able to be one with nature, and also able to transform nature into places more suitable for habitation and settlements.
Many people see the natural world as something to be conquered and “developed” into living, working, and gathering places. Throughout the world, some of the harshest environments, such as deserts and jungles, have been transformed into humanized spaces. The natural world is continually under the conquest of humans for natural resource extraction and settlement expansion. The United States has many harsh natural environments that have been transformed into major metropolitan areas. Las Vegas was once a barren desert, but is now teeming with people, lights, casino online and imported water. A lot of energy is required to develop and maintain a comfortable living environment in these naturally harsh conditions, making energy conservation all the more essential.
Currently, fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum), hydroelectricity, and nuclear energy are needed to sustain our modern way of life. Renewable and alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are in use, but not in sufficient quantities to serve all our needs. Energy conservation will need to be a part of any sustainability plan.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable natural resources, which are becoming much more expensive with each passing day. How much can we afford or are we willing to pay to sustain our comfortable existence? Many people have the means to absorb fossil fuel price hikes, but for how long? Many other people cannot afford to bear even a modest increase in fuel and energy costs. Conduct a home energy audit for energy conservation. You may also want a customized energy report to get a comprehensive look at where you can save electricity (and money).
By shifting our focus to using only what we need, we can make our artificial habitats just a bit more environmentally friendly.
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Diagnosis Oral Cancer and Precancer
Diagnosis of Oral Cancer and Precancer
As with any cancer, an early diagnosis will help ensure that treatment is as effective as possible. A biopsy with histology will give a definitive oral cancer diagnosis and should be conducted before treatment begins.
Often, an oral cancer diagnosis is based on multiple medical examinations and tests such as
This includes an assessment of avoidable risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol use, that increase the chances of developing cancer. The medical history also covers immunosuppression and family history of cancer. Oral cancer survivors have a high risk of developing a new cancer, especially if they continue to use tobacco or drink excessive levels of alcohol.
Oral Exam (Examination of the Mouth)
Since all intra-oral soft tissues are capable of developing lesions, the oral examination involves a detailed viewing of the entire mucosa or skin lining of the inside of mouth and the back of the throat. We may use adjunctive techniques, such as different light sources to better visualize subtle changes or special dyes that will preferentially stain precancerous lesions. Detection of a suspicious lesion (precancer) should be taken seriously, and may require a biopsy.
Head and Neck Exam
This is a detailed assessment of the head and neck. The exam involves inspection of the skin, looking for obvious asymmetry of the head and neck structures, and palpation of the area. It can also include indirect pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy, procedures using mirrors to examine the throat, base of the tongue or larynx, areas which are otherwise not easily viewed.
A biopsy is the removal of a sample of tissue or cells so they can be examined by a pathologist. The types of biopsies commonly used for oral cancer include:
A small piece of tissue is cut from the abnormal-looking area. This is the most traditional type of biopsy used for diagnosing oral cancers. A punch biopsy is a variation of the incisional biopsy.
Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
A very thin needle attached to a syringe is used to extract (aspirate) cells from a tumor or mass such as an enlarged lymph node.
At the NYU Oral Cancer Center we are investigating the use of brush biopsies to collect cells and DNA which may be used to predict and tailor treatment. Currently, this approach is in the research stage.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Commonly used to evaluate the size and infiltration of an oral cancer and to assess the lymph nodes in the neck.
Computed tomography (CT) scan, Co-axial tomography (CAT) scan
These scans provide information about the size, shape and exact position of the tumor and may identify enlarged lymph nodes containing cancer cells.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Used to display the body's metabolism. Since cancer cells divide rapidly, any increased activity identified on a PET scan can indicate primary and metastatic tumors. PET scans are only used for the evaluation of oral cancer patients under certain circumstances.
Radiographs (commonly known as x-rays)
May determine cancer spread to the jaws or lungs.
A less frequently used imaging test for oral cancer detection.


Sarah Winnemucca, Native American Activist, honored as Nevada places her statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol.
The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is comprised of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. The entire collection now consists of 98 statues contributed by 50 states. Nevada officially dedicated the statue of Sarah Winnemucca, Native American activist, as its second statue on March 9, 2005. New Mexico and North Dakota are the remaining two states to add a second statue.
The Nevada Women’s History project initiated the project to designate Sarah Winnemucca as Nevada’s second statue. Nevada Assemblywoman Marcia de Braga sponsored Assembly Bill 267 (2001), The bill was passed by the Nevada Assembly and Senate with no objections and signed into law by the Governor on May 29, 2001.
With the addition of Sarah Winnemucca to the U.S. Capitol Collection, there are now eight women so honored. The other seven include: Colorado, Florence R. Sabin; Illinois, Frances E. Willard; Minnesota; Maria L. Sanford; Montana, Jeanette Rankin; North Dakota, Sakakawea (Sacagawea); Washington, Mother Joseph; and Wyoming – Esther Hobart Morris.
The Nevada Women’s History Project had the responsibility to raise the funds for the creation of the statue over the intervening four years. The group envisioned the statue as an opportunity to use this Native American’s life and accomplishments to provide an example of courage to all Americans. Educational projects for Nevada’s children are a part of the Sarah Winnemucca Statue Project.
Congratulations to the Nevada Women’s History Project on this remarkable achievement.
Click on www.nwhp.org to learn more about this exciting project. Remember that your search engine will probably need the whole title, Nevada Women’s History Project, to distinguish it from the National Women’s History Project.


The following is excerpted from “Make a Joint Stool from a Tree,” by Jennie Alexander and Peter Follansbee.
For more than two decades, this unlikely pair – an attorney in Baltimore and a joiner at Plimoth Plantation in Massachusetts – pieced together how this early furniture was constructed using a handful of written sources, the tool marks on surviving examples and endless experimentation in their workshops.
The result of their labor was “Make a Joint Stool from a Tree: An Introduction to 17th-century Joinery.” This book starts in the woodlot, wedging open a piece of green oak, and it ends in the shop with mixing your own paint using pigment and linseed oil. It’s an almost-breathtaking journey because it covers aspects of the craft that most modern woodworkers would never consider. And yet Alexander and Follansbee cover every detail of construction with such clarity that even beginning woodworkers will have the confidence to build a joint stool, an iconic piece of furniture from the 17th century.
In 17th-century New England, joiners made chairs, tables, chests, stools, cupboards, wall paneling and various other products all based on a few basic principles. Their oak was split, or “riven,” from a freshly felled log, and worked up at the bench with a few simple hand tools. Although the configuration of the pieces varied, the essence was always the same: a frame joined at its corners with drawbored mortise-and-tenon joints fastened with wooden pins. Sometimes these frames had panels fitted into their inner edges, as in a chest; other times they were open, as in the stool that is the subject of this book.
Our work in studying joined furniture has its roots in the post-and-rung chairs made by John (now Jennie) Alexander, whose 1978 book Make a Chair from a Tree: An Introduction to Working Green Wood was pivotal in the revival of the traditional techniques regarding working wood riven or split from a log.
This background became a key element in our study of 17th-century-style New England joinery.
Alexander’s experience from chairmaking was the necessary foundation that helped her recognize that the preparation of joinery stock was based upon the same green woodworking techniques as the chairs. In 1980, Charles Hummel of the Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library showed Alexander the interior of a joined oak chest in the collection. It was immediately clear that the rear stiles had been riven, not sawn, and that the stiles were bookmatched sections split from each other. This commenced a journey into the lost craft of joinery. With the patient kindness of Hummel, Benno M. Forman, Robert St. George, Robert Trent and many others, Alexander was able to closely study examples of 17th-century New England joined furniture.
Also in 1980, I saw an advertisement for a week-long class in chairmaking being held at Drew Langsner’s craft school Country Workshops taught by Alexander. I didn’t drive at the time, had practically never been out of New England and I wasn’t much of a woodworker. Plus, I was terminally shy. Regardless, I wrote to the address, signed up for the class and made plans to get to western North Carolina.
After stumbling along on my own for a few years, I returned to Country Workshops in the mid-1980s, and was for the next five years or more a regular attendee at classes – timber framing, white oak basketry, spoon carving, and coopering, as well as post-and-rung chairs with Alexander and American-style Windsor chairs. Sometime about 1986, Alexander showed a class at Country Workshops a slide presentation about 17th-century oak furniture made in New England.
Thus I was caught, and Alexander and I began an informal study together, yet we were 500 miles apart. Alexander lived and worked in Baltimore, Md., and I lived at the time in Hingham, Mass. Our “work” together consisted of lengthy correspondence and weekly phone calls. We would each spend some time studying original artifacts at Winterthur’s museum and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. We’d take numerous slides and notes, compile these and send them off to each other in the mail. We would each work in our shops, experimenting with our ideas based on what we had seen on the surviving furniture. It was a cumbersome undertaking by today’s standards, but one benefit was that the need to write it down forced a sense of clarity upon our thinking. Each year we spent a week or two together, both in the workshop and at times studying artifacts.
Our artifact study was supplemented by the study of the tool history, as well as the documentary study of the period. To learn about the tool kit of the 17th century, we started with Joseph Moxon’s Mechanick Exercises: Or the Doctrine of Handy-works Applied to the Arts of Smithing, Joinery, Carpentry, Turning, Bricklaying. This book was published in serial form between 1678 and 1683 in London, and the chapters on joinery and turning were a critical first step in our study of tool history. (For more on the sources we used for tool research, see “The Historical Evidence for Tool Selection and Use” on page 25.)
Additionally, we studied probate inventories in great detail for craftsmen’s tools. Learning of the period tool kit and understanding the traditional use of bench tools such as planes, saws, chisels and carving tools helped us to see that to assemble a tool kit that functioned like a 17th-century kit was not that difficult. The forms and functions of hand tools have not changed much over time.
Throughout our studies, our friendship with Robert Trent, the leading American scholar on 17th-century furniture, was a great benefit. Trent led us through the process of researching the artifacts, their histories and the formation of an attribution for a group of furniture. This amounted to a private internship, though quite informal. The first results of this collaboration with Trent were published as “Seventeenth-Century Joinery from Braintree, Massachusetts: The Savell Shop Tradition” in the 1996 edition of the journal American Furniture. (1)
In the end, what we learned was a discipline in two related crafts: that of the joiner/turner in the shop, and that of the furniture historian, using artifacts, archives and documents to better understand these 17th-century trades.
Early on, we decided to focus on the joint stool as an introductory project that encompasses most of the basics of joinery. The stool requires only short lengths of timber, and except for the seat board, narrow dimensioned stock. This makes it easy enough to acquire the necessary timber, without a great expenditure of time and effort. The principle elements of joinery – riving and working the stock directly from the log, and cutting and fitting the drawbored mortise-and-tenon joints – are well represented in this project. After a few stools, the progression to more involved joinery featuring paneled work is not a huge leap.
(1) Peter Follansbee and John Alexander, “Seventeenth-Century Joinery from Braintree, Massachusetts: the Savell Shop Tradition” in American Furniture, ed., Luke Beckerdite, (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England for the Chipstone Foundation, 1996) pp. 81-104.


Systemic lupus erythomatosus, often simply called lupus, is a severe autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the nucleus of cells — their genetic control center. Problems can be expressed anywhere in the body, though rashes in the skin, joints, and vital organs are most common. Treatment of lupus generally requires intense immunosuppresive drugs, often targeting inflammatory molecules called interferons. But these drugs make a person more susceptible to other diseases. Mutations in the gene encoding ABHD6, which breaks down the endocannabinoid 2-AG, are associated with lupus. Indian researchers probed this connection, suggesting that overactivity of ABHD6 limits the body’s ability to quell its overactive response to interferons. Normally 2-AG will activate CB2 receptors on immune cells, which seems to provide a tonic inhibition of interferon release.


The fate of Virginia’s stately ash trees might rest on the wings of a tiny wasp.
For more than a decade, ash trees (Fraxinus genus) have been under threat from an invasive insect pest, the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) – EAB, for short. The larvae of this beetle feed on the phloem of ash trees, disrupting nutrient transfer. Native ash trees didn’t evolve with EAB, and its natural enemies aren’t here to control it. As a result, EAB has steadily decimated ash trees across much of the state, and an estimated 99% of our ash trees will die without some intervention.
Efforts to protect individual valuable ash trees often involve treating them with systemic insecticides. But a landscape-scale approach is needed to protect forest trees. Enter the wasps – specifically, the tiny parasitic wasps that keep EAB in check in its native range – also known as “parasitoids”. There’s no need to worry about stings from these wasps. They use their ovipositors to lay eggs in or on EAB eggs or larvae – not to sting. Plus, they’re tiny. In fact, you might mistake them for gnats!
Three species of parasitoids have been intensively researched by USDA and approved for release in Virginia. They attack only EAB, so the hope is that they will establish populations here and keep the EAB population in check, allowing ash seedlings to survive and the ash population to regenerate in the future.
Release of parasitoids is a form of biological control, also known as “biocontrol.” In Cumberland and Whitney State Forests, VDOF has released thousands of wasps: Oobius agrili, Spathius agrili and Tetrastichus planipennisi. So far, a survey of felled and debarked trees from Cumberland State Forest has revealed that some Spathius wasps have parasitized EAB larvae. (Incidentally, nearly a third of the EAB larval tunnels studied had been terminated by woodpecker feeding – an unintentional form of biocontrol!)
In addition to efforts in Cumberland State Forest, VDOF worked with land managers in Grayson Highlands State Park and James Madison’s Montpelier to release parasitoids (Oobius agrili and Tetrastichus planipennisi). The parasitoid biocontrol efforts support VDOF’s “100-themed” goal of protecting 100 ash trees across the state – part of the National Association of State Foresters’ Centennial Challenge. Although the 100 trees in the Challenge are being directly protected by insecticides, biocontrol has the potential to protect many more generations of ash trees.
It will take time to verify how well the wasps are controlling EAB populations. At Cumberland State Forest, they have made a start, and VDOF will assist land managers at Grayson Highlands State Park and Montpelier to monitor the impact on their properties.
Note: The parasitoids were produced and supplied by the USDA EAB Parasitoid Rearing Facility in Brighton, MI.


Science links variations in DNA patterns to certain animal characteristics. By mapping the differences between the DNA of animals that possess a particular characteristic and those that do not, it can be determined in which gene and at what position in the gene a mutation has occurred that causes this characteristic. By comparing the external characteristics with variation in DNA, a reliable diagnostic test can be validated. This generally results in publication of an article in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. These articles are often based on a single breed.
DNA tests for these external characteristics offer countless possibilities and applications for breeders. Some examples are DNA tests for coat colours (various animal species), horn/polled, milk proteins (cattle), meat characteristics and susceptibility to E. coli (pig), susceptibility to scrapie (sheep), hairlength (cat and dog), sex determination (e.g. birds, hyenas, capybaras, anteaters and sloths) and quality gene (pigeon). The availability of these DNA tests enables breeders to use this knowledge and these DNA tests to improve the quality of a population or breed.
Mutations that have been described and validated in one breed can also be present in other breeds. Very often, that fact is not published in additional scientific articles. The presence of these mutations in other breeds is determined by service laboratories that perform the DNA-tests. Determining how reliable a certain DNA-test is for a certain breed is no easy task. On our website, we indicate that a test is suited for a particular breed only if it is published or because it has been determined by a service laboratory. It is up to the owner to decide whether he or she would like to have a test performed based on the criteria set out above.


Via: Flight Global
The lithium ion batteries installed on the Boeing 787 are inherently unsafe, says Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX and owner of electric car maker Tesla.
“Unfortunately, the pack architecture supplied to Boeing is inherently unsafe,” writes Musk in an email to Flightglobal.
“Large cells without enough space between them to isolate against the cell-to-cell thermal domino effect means it is simply a matter of time before there are more incidents of this nature,” he adds.
Both Boeing and Tesla use batteries fueled by lithium cobalt oxide, which is among the most energy-dense and flammable chemistries of lithium-ion batteries on the market. While Boeing elected to use a battery with a grouping of eight large cells, Tesla’s batteries contain thousands of smaller cells that are independently separated to prevent fire in a single cell from harming the surrounding ones.
“Moreover, when thermal runaway occurs with a big cell, a proportionately larger amount of energy is released and it is very difficult to prevent that energy from then heating up the neighboring cells and causing a domino effect that results in the entire pack catching fire,” says Musk.
An aerospace-capable version of Tesla’s battery has been developed for use in SpaceX’s Falcon 9 space launch vehicle. SpaceX, also owned by Musk, competes with Boeing/Lockheed Martin joint venture United Launch Alliance for customers. Boeing has thus far declined offers of assistance from Tesla and SpaceX, says Musk.
Read more: here


The Stonehenge bluestones are the shorter stones at the monument, not the later, larger sarsen trilithons. They are not native to Salisbury Plain where Stonehenge stands, and as long ago as 1923 the eminent petrographer, Herbert Thomas, was able to identify their source generally as the Preseli hills of southwest Wales, roughly 200 miles distant.
The specific source area on Mynydd Preseli is in and around Carn Menyn, an extensive complex of rock outcrops that is itself situated amidst a range of other named and unnamed carns or outcrops (known in the plural as Carn Meini). From current knowledge, it seems that the bluestones came from Carn Menyn and adjacent outcrops, while other Preseli rocks came from the slopes around them.
“Bluestone” is the common name for spotted dolerite, an igneous rock that looks blue when broken and is spotted with small pellets of feldspar and other minerals that got into the molten matrix when the rocks were forming geological ages ago.
Interestingly, the 12th-century historian, Geoffrey of Monmouth, indicated by means of a story concerning Merlin that the stones of Stonehenge had come from “Ireland” (for which read the far west of Britain – Wales and Ireland had definite connections in prehistory). Many modern historians deride Geoffrey of Monmouth’s histories as a collection of myths, yet the question remains: how did Geoffrey, back in the 12th century, know where the bluestones originated?
The use of the bluestones at Stonehenge transformed it into a unique monument – and even though the site underwent many phases, the bluestones remained from the first to last, though sometimes in varying settings. Much archaeological debate has been expended on how the bluestones arrived at Stonehenge – whether by human effort, floating the stones (each weighing several tons apiece) across water and dragging them across land, or whether they were deposited on Salisbury Plain naturally by glacial action. Although a few archeologists still think a glacial explanation is tenable, most think the bluestones were brought by human transportation. For one thing, glacial movement in the region does not support the transport of glacial erratics in the required manner, and there is also evidence of human action: the are bluestones arranged at the monument with their outer ring setting (inside the later sarsen outer ring) containing the range of Preseli stones (dolerite, rhyolite, tuff) and the inner horseshoe setting of bluestones (inside the horseshoe of massive sarsen trilithons) of spotted dolerite, mimicking the natural arrangement of the rock types in the Preseli landscape, with the spotted dolerite of Carn Menyn at the centre and other rock types, including more scattered spotted dolerite blocks, around its fringe.
There has been less debate about why Neolithic people should have wanted to move the stones such a long distance. This is an issue both S.P.A.C.E.S. and the Landscape and Perception project are trying to address – see A Stone Age Holy Land?.


Air purifier health function: negative oxygen ion
Health care effects of negative oxygen ions:
Medical research shows that it is ecological negative ions that have a health care effect on the human body. Because only ecological negative ions can easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier of the human body and exert its biological effects.
The reason why air negative ions in nature have created many longevity villages is because of the high proportion of negative oxygen ions, high activity, and long migration distance, thus forming an anion bath environment over the longevity area.
Among the many elderly people in Changshou Village, such as Bama, Guangxi, there are basically no common diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Scientific research has found that in addition to good living habits and optimistic attitudes, one of the important reasons is that the negative ion content in the local air is high, and an average of 20,000 to 30,000 cubic centimeters of negative ion environment can provide health care for the human body. Effect.
A natural or artificial method of treating and preventing disease with air negative ions called air anion therapy, also known as negative oxygen ionized air therapy. At present, in air therapy, air negative ions are not only used as a treatment method but also widely used as a health care means.
Air negative ion medical principle:
Cytopathic is the source of all diseases. The key to cell health is the dynamic balance of positive and negative ions. Once the balance is broken, the cells will develop lesions and the disease will occur. Positive ions make the cell membrane hard and thick so that nutrients can not enter the cell for metabolic conversion energy, such as sugar can not enter the cell, stay in the blood becomes diabetes; and waste generated by intracellular metabolism can not be discharged, leading to cytopathic.
The role of negative oxygen ions is just the opposite, which can increase the permeability of cell membranes, allowing nutrients, water, etc. to smoothly enter the cells for metabolism and convert them into energy for human use. For example, sugar in the blood can enter the cell metabolism, and the blood sugar level will drop. Therefore, air negative ions are essential for maintaining cell health. By giving the living body energy to the natural world, factors such as acidity, oxidation, active oxygen, and lactic acid that destroy human health can be gradually reduced, creating a good environment inside the living body, activating the metabolism of the cells, creating a healthy body, and enhancing the living body. Natural healing ability to overcome the disease.
Modern medical research has shown that only high-activity small-size negative ions-dynamic negative oxygen ions can easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier of the human body and exert the health care effect of negative ions on the human body.
★ Improve the function of natural killer NK cells against the activity of cancer cells, and inhibit the formation and mutation of cancer cells;
★ inhibit the production of serum cholesterol, purify the blood, activate macrophages, and prevent lipid deposition on the blood vessel wall;
★ Suppresses the formation of leukotrienes, making the body less susceptible to allergies or inflammation;
★ inhibit the production of adrenaline, dilate peripheral blood vessels, improve blood circulation, and maintain blood pressure stability;
★ Prevent the primary cause of arteriosclerosis or liver dysfunction – the production of lipid peroxide.
Negative oxygen ion therapy is mainly suitable for:
Respiratory diseases: bronchitis, bronchial asthma, allergic atrophic rhinitis, pharyngitis, etc.;
Cardiovascular disease: hypertension, angina pectoris, early arteriosclerosis;
Gastrointestinal diseases: stomach and duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, aphthous stomatitis, spastic constipation;
Metabolic and endocrine diseases: diabetes, menopausal syndrome, menstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea, etc.;
Skin diseases: urticaria, various types of pruritus, neurodermatitis, chronic eczema, etc.;
Others: burns, long-lasting wounds or chronic ulcers, anemia, leukopenia, etc.
In addition, according to recent research at home and abroad, air negative ions have an inhibitory effect on the growth of transplanted tumors.
Air negative ions have also undergone numerous clinical tests in the medical field, and have been recognized by medical experts. Their health care and many clinical cases have been published in many national key books and magazines.
Contact us for more products and discounted prices


HOW TO PRESENT STATISTICS
HOW TO PRESENT STATISTICS
Les connaissances linguistiques de base :
2) Savoir utiliser les comparatifs et les superlatifs.
4) connaître le vocabulaire de base : , a line graph, a curve, a chart, a bar chart, a pie chart, growth, fall, fluctuate, increase, decrease, skyrocket, plummet, collapse, a percentage, a proportion.
La méthode :
1) Présentez le document :
- nature (a line graph? a chart? a bar chart?, a pie chart?)
- titre ( it is entitled...)
- information générale : de quoi traite le document, et quelle est la nature de l' information (si elle n'est pas déjà explicite dans le titre sus-mentionné)
- origin ( it was published in the issue of Newsweek...)
- date ( ...dated May 10th 2008)
2) Etudiez les chiffres et dégagez clairement l'information essentielle apportée par le document.
3) Analysez la. (possible cause, conséquence etc...)
4) Commentez cette information. (illustrez la avec des exemples ou des contre-exemples concrets, donnez votre opinion en la justifiant de façon argumentée).
Etape 1 :Présentez le document :
This is a chart entitled " Every move they make", showing the results of a survey. It was published in the issue of Newsweek dated May 10th, 1998.
The problem raised is the way parents monitor their children while they are using the internet. More precisely, it focuses upon teenagers since the word "kids" is used several times and the ages are mentioned ( 11-15 and 16-18).
Etape 2 :Etudiez les chiffres et dégagez clairement l'information essentielle apportée par le document.
If we focus upon the first age category, it seems clear that few of them can use the internet without an adult. Indeed, only 34% / one third, one out of three can surf the web without adult supervision.
Moreover, the figures also highlight the fact that not only do parents watch over the sites they log on to, but half of them also limit the time they spend online : ( 47% ). In 1998, only 19%/one fifth of the teens/one youngster out of ten used the internet more than they watched TV.
For those aged between 16 and 18, things are quite different :
Contrary to/unlike their younger peers, they rarely sit with an adult to use the internet (9%). Only a minority (5%), are not allowed to log on without an adult. Likewise, fewer 16-18-year-olds are limited in time , fewer parents know which site their teenagers visit.
Most of them (75%) are free to use the internet as they choose.
But for TV, the proportions are not very different. The Net is not among the media mostly used by teenagers.
Etape 3 : Analysez la. (possible cause, conséquence etc...)
In conclusion, it is obvious that the older the kids are, the less they need parental control over their use of the Iternet. The older you get, the less parents control your moves. Most teenagers aged 11-15 use the internet to play whereas older ones do some research for school or log on to see their e-mails or communicate through message services. The great number of dangerous and ill-turned sites has encouraged the parents to protect their kids by controlling the sites they go to.
Etape 4 :Commentez cette information. (illustrez la avec des exemples ou des contre-exemples concrets, donnez votre opinion en la justifiant de façon argumentée).
Ten years have passed since this survey was made, and I think the situation is still the same/quite different today. What I mean is that....