- What are the 4 types of memory?
- What improves memory?
- How can I recall my memory?
- How do you test memory?
- What is poor memory?
- How many types of memory are there?
- What are the 2 types of memory?
- Why do we forget?
- Is memory a skill?
- How can I sharpen my memory?
- What is the best vitamin for memory?
- What are the 3 types of memory?
What are the 4 types of memory?
4 Types of Memory: Sensory, Short-Term, Working & Long-Term..
What improves memory?
Here are 14 evidence-based ways to improve your memory naturally.Eat Less Added Sugar. … Try a Fish Oil Supplement. … Make Time for Meditation. … Maintain a Healthy Weight. … Get Enough Sleep. … Practice Mindfulness. … Drink Less Alcohol. … Train Your Brain.More items…•
How can I recall my memory?
These 11 research-proven strategies can effectively improve memory, enhance recall, and increase retention of information.Focus Your Attention. … Avoid Cramming. … Structure and Organize. … Utilize Mnemonic Devices. … Elaborate and Rehearse. … Visualize Concepts. … Relate New Information to Things You Already Know. … Read Out Loud.More items…
How do you test memory?
The next easiest way to test your memory is with Windows 10’s built-in Memory Diagnostic tool.Search for “Windows Memory Diagnostic” in your start menu, and run the application.Select “Restart now and check for problems.” … Once restarted, wait for the result message. … Download Passmark Memtest86.More items…•
What is poor memory?
Overview. Depression has been linked to memory problems, such as forgetfulness or confusion. It can also make it difficult to focus on work or other tasks, make decisions, or think clearly. Stress and anxiety can also lead to poor memory. Depression is associated with short-term memory loss.
How many types of memory are there?
Computer memory is of two basic type – Primary memory(RAM and ROM) and Secondary memory(hard drive,CD,etc.). Random Access Memory (RAM) is primary-volatile memory and Read Only Memory (ROM) is primary-non-volatile memory.
What are the 2 types of memory?
There are two major categories of memory: long-term memory and short-term memory.
Why do we forget?
The inability to retrieve a memory is one of the most common causes of forgetting. So why are we often unable to retrieve information from memory? … According to this theory, a memory trace is created every time a new theory is formed. Decay theory suggests that over time, these memory traces begin to fade and disappear.
Is memory a skill?
Memory is more than recalling information for exams or trivia games. It’s an important work skill that you can develop and improve.
How can I sharpen my memory?
Surprising ways to retain sharp memory using brain games that strengthen mental functioningKeep learning. A higher level of education is associated with better mental functioning in old age. … Use all your senses. … Believe in yourself. … Economize your brain use. … Repeat what you want to know. … Space it out. … Make a mnemonic.
What is the best vitamin for memory?
Whether you suffer from Alzheimer’s disease or you simply have memory problems, certain vitamins and fatty acids have been said to slow or prevent memory loss. The long list of potential solutions includes vitamins like vitamin B-12, herbal supplements such as ginkgo biloba, and omega-3 fatty acids.
What are the 3 types of memory?
The three main stages of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval. Problems can occur at any of these stages. The three main forms of memory storage are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.


Holy Roman Emperor
|Home > History & Historians > Historical Biography > Charlemagne|
|The widely conquering and powerful king of the Franks (768-814) and Emperor of the Romans (800-14) that
English speakers today know as Charlemagne (742-814), or Charles the Great, was known in latin as Carolus Magnus. He is
today remembered by the French as Carlus Magnus and by the Germans as Karl der Grosse - both these peoples see
him as having had a positive role in their respective histories.
He was probably born in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), on April 2, 742, as a son of the Pepin III "the Short." This Pepin was himself one of two brothers who effectively controlled the Frankish kingdom as "Mayors of the Palace" and who were sons of the renowned warrior Charles Martel. The year and the place of the birth of Charlemagne are both uncertain, according to the contemporary scholar Alcuin he could have been born as late as 745 - others suggest Liege as the place of his birth. It is not certain that Bertrada (or Bertha), the mother of Charlemagne, a daughter of Charibert, Count of Laon, was legally married to Pepin until some years later than either 742 or 745.
In 751 Pepin the Short, having sought the consent of the then pope, dethroned the last of the ineffectual Merovingian royal line and assumed the royal title himself. He was crowned by Pope Stephen II at St. Denis on the Seine, on the 28th of July, 754.
Besides anointing Pepin, Pope Stephen anointed both Charlemagne and his younger brother Carloman. Within the year Pepin invaded Italy to protect the pope against the Lombards, and in 756 he again had to rush to the pope's aid. From 760 on, Pepin's main military efforts went into the conquest of Aquitaine, the lands south of the Loire River. Charlemagne accompanied his father on most of these expeditions.
When Pepin died in 768, sovereignty of his realms was divided according to an arrangement, as finalised by Pepin before his death, between his two sons. Frankish custom supported such divisions of territory amongst the sons of rulers.
Charlemagne sought an alliance with the Lombards by marrying (770) the daughter of their king, Desiderius (reigned 757-774). Some significant infighting between the brothers was ended by Carloman's death on 4 December, 771. In line with Frankish custom Charlemagne assumed control of the vast lands Carloman had inherited and a less serious dispute was continued thereafter with Carloman's descendants who took refuge in the court of Desiderius. Relations between Charlemagne and Desiderius were further complicated by Charlemagne having divorced Desiderius' daughter in 771 in order to marry a beautiful Swabian lady.
After Pope Adrian I appealed to Charlemagne for help (against Desiderius who had invaded the papal lands in his efforts to secure papal recognition of titles for Carloman's sons) the Frankish king invaded Italy, deposed his erstwhile father-in-law (774), and himself assumed the royal title. He then journeyed to Rome and reaffirmed his father's promise to protect papal lands.
From about 772 Charlemagne was frequently involved in wars with other, often pagan, peoples. The Saxons were numbered amongst the earliest and most enduring (over 30 years!!!) of these adversaries as Charlemagne attempted to forcefully induce them to accept baptism. Other campaigns were pursued in today's Spain (778) and Bavaria (788) and against the Avars (791-6) who held sway over much of today's Hungary and Austria.
The considerable inheritance that had derived from Pepin together with the vast lands that Frankish armies under Charlemagne had won control over taken together constituted a remarkably powerful kingdom. On Christmas Day 800, as Charlemagne knelt in prayer in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, Pope Leo III placed an Emperor's crown upon his head. It is not clear that Chartlemagne expected this but whether he did or not the people assembled in the church acclaimed him the great, pacific emperor of the Romans. Western rulers and popes had tender to regard the Emperors in Constantinople with the respect due to a sovereign previous to this but a disputed succession to that title helped to clear the way for this coronation.
Charlemagne maintained a more permanent royal capital than had any of his predecessors. His favorite residence from 794 on was at Aachen. He delighted in the good hunting territory in that locality. An imposing church and a palace were constructed there based, in part, on architectural borrowings from Ravenna and Rome. At his court he gathered scholars from all over Europe, the most famous being the English cleric Alcuin of York, whom he placed in charge of the palace school. This school became the focus of a renaissance in learning - the so-called Carolingian renaissance.
From the 790s the lands controlled by Charlemagne began to experience what later proved to be a most grievious scourge. Viking longships bore vigourous bands of warriors along the sea-coasts and up navigable rivers leading to much spoil and devastation. Charlemagne attempted to combat this new threat by building up a naval force but such destructive raidings were not effectively prevented.
The empire did not expand significantly after 800. In 813 Charlemagne designated his sole surviving son, Louis, as his successor, and personally crowned him in a ceremony conducted at Aachen. Charlemagne died at Aachen, on January 28, 814 after some four years of poor health.
Popular European History pages
The preparation of these pages was influenced to some degree by a particular "Philosophy
of History" as suggested by this quote from the famous Essay "History" by Ralph Waldo Emerson:-
|Ralph Waldo Emerson's Essay "History"|
|Italian Unification - Cavour,
the Unification of Risorgimento Italy
|Otto von Bismarck &
The wars of German unification
|Italian unification map
|Map of German unification|
|"Central" mysticism insights|
|"Other" spiritual wisdom|
|"Central" poetry insights|
|"Other" poetry insights|
|Spirituality & the wider world|
Start of Charlemagne
King of the Franks
Holy Roman Emperor


The Pencil vs Pen debate has been there for a long time. Both are essential writing tools, and artists use them for drawing.
Some people believe that a pencil is better, while others find a pen more advantageous, so which one is better?
Pencils are better to draw for beginners, whereas Pens are comfortable for experienced artists. Which one is better to draw, a Pen or Pencil is one’s personal preference, and most technical factors lean towards Pencil. Drawing with Pencil is always better for most of us.
Even if it is a pen and ink drawing, I prefer to start with a pencil and then draw over it with a pen and then erase the pencil marks. This way, I use the best of both drawing tools.
Table of Contents
Why is Pencil Drawing better for Beginners?
Pencils have Greater Control when Drawing
Pencils are great for beginners because they give greater control over the instrument, i.e., you draw what you see and not draw too much or too little. It is sometimes difficult to tell how black or thick your stroke will be when you draw with a pen.
Different Pressure in Pencil Drawing
When drawing in Pencil, you can control the impression with the pressure of your hand and the speed at which you draw. It is also easy to draw small lines with a pencil, as it is easier to create large shapes.
Mistakes can be easily erased
Mistakes done when drawing are easy to rectify with a pencil drawing using an eraser. Correcting a Pen and ink drawing is complex and will often leave the mark of the error committed.
Pencils can be used for better shading
You can shade better using a pencil than in Pen because Pencil gives a gradual build-up of darkness, and the Pen is either black or not. You can blend pencil shading using a blending stump, which is impossible when using a pen.
Pencil sharpness can be controlled
You can sharpen the Pencil, and you can control the tip sharpness to give excellent sharp lines. Blunt pencils leave behind a faint, scratchy line.
When sharpened to a fine point, a pencil can draw better details than a pen. When it comes to erasing such points, Pencil has the advantage over Pen because it leaves no marks like a pen would after erasure.
Pencil can be used for multiple types of Artwork creation
You can use pencils for many different artwork creations. In contrast, you can use limited application of pen drawing, mostly with technical drawings or fine lines such as writing letters and drawing cartoons.
Pens are better for artists who are comfortable with drawing because Pens give them greater control over the result, i.e., draw what you want to draw and not draw too much or too little.
For me always, pencils are better for beginners, and Pens are better for experienced artists.
Why does an Experienced Artist feel Pen Drawing is Better?
The answer is simple: Pens are comfortable for artists who draw fast and with greater accuracy with a pen stroke. Pencil drawing is a slow process, but you can draw with a pen quickly.
An experienced artist need not waste time drawing first using a pencil and then drawing over it with Pen. A professional artist can draw directly with Pen because he knows what to draw and how to draw.
Pens have fewer limitations than pencils when it comes to details, i.e., draw the smallest of lines with a pen or thick lines, and there are no limitations to what you draw.
You need to sharpen the Pencils now and then when the tip becomes blunt. In contrast, Pens draw continuously for a long time without being refilled with ink or sharpened.
Pencils become shorter by sharpening the lead with a blade, which wastes most of the Pencil. It is challenging to draw once it becomes small in length unless you use a pencil extender.
Pencil drawings are natural aging artwork, susceptible to smudging if you draw quickly or draw over the same area too many times. Pen drawing does not have this problem.
Personal Preference selecting Pen or Pencil for Drawing
Another reason one may select Pen or Pencil for drawing is a personal preference based on their comfort with a particular instrument. A beginner can draw well-using Pencils, and an experienced artist may draw better with a pen.
It does not mean that an experienced artist will draw using a Pen, and his preference may still be drawing with Pencil.
Drawing a Complex Scene
If the picture you are drawing is complex with more details, it is better to start with a pencil.
Using Pencil, you can create the shapes and other details in your drawing. Once the sketch or the draft is OK, it can be overwritten with Pen, and after that, you can erase the pencil marks.
Accuracy of your Drawing
If you want your drawing to be accurate, it is better to draw with Pencil. It is more so when doing technical drawing when precision is critical. In these cases, it is better to draw using a pencil.
Pencil marks are easily erasable and hence the suggestion.
Pencil drawings get smudged easily; for example, drawing using pencils on paper with poor texture quality may not last long. In contrast, Pen drawings are more durable.
For Pencil drawing, it is always better to use fixative as it works as a coating on the surface of the Pencil drawing.
Creating Own Style
If you have created your style with either a Pen or a Pencil, you will ideally stick to that. Again this comes back to the same point, which art tool are you comfortable with?
Technical Reason why Pencil Drawing is Better for Beginners?
Different Grades of Pencil
Pencils come in different grades: F, H, B, HB, and B, serially numbered from B to 9B and H from H to 9H. H is the hardness of the Pencil, and B is the lead’s softness or darkness. In addition, you have mechanical pencils.
Applying correct pressure with different Pencils allows you to create unlimited shades and textures in your drawing. There are choices of colored pencils too.
Pencil shades can be Blended
You can blend the pencil drawings using a blending stump to draw smooth gradations of shades.
Pencils provide greater control over highlights and shadows that give depth and volume to your drawings.
Pencils can be Sharpened or Chiseled
How you sharpen your pencil tip depends on what type of drawing you want to create.
If you want to draw a thin line, you can sharpen your Pencil to that extent. If you’re going to draw a broad line or shade, you can chisel your Pencil accordingly.
Unlike standard Pens or ballpoint pens, you can modify your Pencil tips appropriately per your requirements.
When it comes to drawing or sketching with a pen and Pencil, beginners should start with the Pencil. It is easier for them to learn how to use it without frustration.
For more experienced artists who are used to using pens and ink to draw with Pen or Pencil, it’s best if they can choose their preference because both tools have pros and cons.
The important thing is finding what works for you to be happy while working on your art!
What has been your experience? Which tool do you think is better?
Pen or Pencil?
Let us know in the comments below!
Please find below a set of Related Posts in which you might be interested in the Topic of Art Materials:
- Are Watercolor Pencils good for Beginners If So How?
- How to Use a Blending Stump? (Detailed Guide)
- How to use Brush pen for Calligraphy?
- Why Drawing with Mechanical Pencil is Good for a Beginner?
- How to use Kneaded Eraser?
- Is it better to draw with Pen or Pencil?
Frequently Asked Questions
Which is better, a pen or a pencil, for drawing?
It depends on the artist’s preferences and drawing type. Some artists prefer to draw with a pen because it allows them to be more precise, while others prefer pencils because they can create different shades and textures. Ultimately, it is up to the artist to decide which tool works best for them.
What are the benefits of drawing with a pencil?
Some benefits of drawing with a pencil include creating different shades and textures, greater control over highlights and shadows, and modifying the pencil tip as needed. Pencils also provide a more forgiving medium for beginners, as they can easily erase and correct mistakes.
What are the benefits of drawing with a pen?
Some benefits of drawing with a pen include creating precise lines, drawing on various surfaces, and pen drawings being more durable than pencil drawings. Pens also offer a more permanent medium for experienced artists who are comfortable with them.
Why do some draw better with Pen than with Pencil?
Some people may find that they are more precise with a pen, while others may prefer the different shades and textures that pencils can create. Ultimately, it is up to the artist to decide which tool works best for them. Either way, practice and experimentation are key to improving one’s drawing skills.


Adilene Martin December 5, 2019 School Worksheets
Educationally you just need to build on the foundation you have already set in the elementary grades. It is important for a child’s future to make sure some subjects are done every year building on what the child already knows. Math, English and literature, history, science along with Bible are things that I insisted that our children have a course in every year. Because of the different learning personalities of the kids we would talk about which curriculum they would enjoy using for their courses and they were welcome to add to the list any courses that they wanted.
There are plenty of reasons why parents are deciding to home school besides the once common religious reasons. One is perhaps social reasoning. Professionals who once criticized parents for home schooling their children are beginning to change their views, finally realizing what people in rural areas knew for years. That not all social interaction is positive. The physical schools are becoming increasingly violent, along with increased drug usage, and gang activity. Home schooling with satellite broadband internet allows schools to turn into interactive virtual classrooms where children are still able to interact with teachers, students, and parents. The home–school setting draws the child’s attention from negative social behaviors like alcohol, drugs, and risky sexual behavior. Chances of the child encountering violence in the home–school setting are nonexistent.
Moreover, in homeschooling education, life principles and basic foundation are taught to a child in the fun and loving manner.Online Home School Resources In your house, there are many approaches to teach a young child. Parents should be aware that kindergarten is an enjoyable time. It ought to be a memorable time for fogeys and child alike. They are able to utilize education resources in the home like text books or worksheets, coloring books, clay, colorful paper and a whole lot. In view that parents are getting to be more innovative and creative in teaching their preschooler, they utilize various home schooling resources from different websites that offer homeschool education. Online educational activity eBooks and worksheets and kindergarten programs are customized to help you parents and youngsters in the learning process.
Follow the course outline closely, You are reminded to follow the course outline provided by your school closely. You must not miss any virtual lectures and online discussions. At the same time, you must make sure that you complete your course work on time. Moreover, you need to pass all the exams successfully. Once you have fulfilled your school’s requirements for graduation, you will be able to receive your diploma. To sum up, earning a high school diploma is no longer a hard task. Every can complete it easily with the utilization of internet. You don’t need to waste your time traveling to your school to attend classes. You can just sit back comfortably at home and earn your academic qualification in a simple manner.
Traditionally, every student was required to attend classes in a physical school or college before he or she could gain an academic qualification. In today’s fast changing business world, many things have been changed due to technology advancement. Students can now choose to complete their higher education through online study. They are given more freedom and flexibility to manage both study and work at the same time. Let me share with you some practical steps which you can apply in order to earn a high school diploma at home successfully. Choose the online program which suits you most. Ask yourself honestly which area you are interested in. It is no point for you to force yourself to choose certain courses which you dislike. Choosing the right program is indeed essential as it will determine your career in the near future. After making your decision on the course, you should then proceed to select a school which is well-known in providing such program.
More and more parents are choosing to home school their kids. Home schooling has long been thought of as only for strict religious homes. Home schooling is now being chosen by all types of families. In addition to more and more families choosing to home school their kids, there are also more and more curriculum options available. The availability of the world wide web has made the availability of more curriculum options for your family. Can you determine the best course of curriculum for your kids? You will want to heed these ideas as you go through each process.
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The South Coast Air Quality Management District in California thoroughly evaluates air sensors available for purchase through their Sensor Performance Evaluation Center (AQ-SPEC). AQ-SPEC compares air sensors to regulatory monitors both in a laboratory test chamber and in the field on a long term basis. This is the most comprehensive air sensor testing program that we know of and we use it to select sensors for our own evaluation.
If you’re looking for more of a DIY solution, the World Air Quality Index project reviews sensors that require some hands-on experience.
It’s not always clear what your air sensors data means, especially if you’re trying to compare them to the air quality data found on our website.
Air sensors give readings every minute, or even instantaneously; our regulatory monitoring is reported hourly or daily. We use these longer time scales because there is a proven link between daily air quality levels and health effects. The Air Quality Index (AQI) is based on daily values. There currently is no equivalent for air sensors.
However, the EPA has launched a new tool to make instantaneous outdoor air quality data useful for the public. Their new “sensor scale” is designed to be used with air quality sensors that provide data in short time increments – often as little as one minute. EPA developed the scale to help people understand the one-minute data the sensors provide and how to use sensor data as an additional tool for planning outdoor activities.
Check out EPA’s Air Sensor Toolbox for more info.
The easiest and most reliable way is to compare your air sensor to your nearest regulatory monitoring site. If your data isn’t matching up there could be a number of reasons why, including: your air sensor is not working properly or isn’t in a good location for sampling.


SAND CONCRETIONS FROM CALIFORNIA
by S. C. Edwards
To what organic form their outline could be traced?was the point which attracted most attention.
Since the location where they are found near Signal Mountain, quite close to the Mexico-California line is indicated on geological maps as old sea beach, it was easy to associate the form of objects with that of the rope-like kelp with globular enlargements.
Among other names suggesting origin, when specimens were shown before the Botanical Club, "Petrified seaweed," "Petrified turnip," "Petrified mushroom" were spontaneous.
Those whose opinions should be worth most call them sand concretionsglobular sandstone bodies with stalactite handles. Just how they are formed, whether in horizontal or vertical positions, opinions vary. If those venturing an opinion of the process of formation had the opportunity to study specimens "in position" as well as after removal, deductions would be more satisfactory.
In the locality observed, surface of the ground is eroded into rounded knolls with occasional gullies ten feet deep. Some of the knolls are rocky and too hard to admit of probing with a shovel. The only knoll in which we have found the specimens had a covering of a foot or more of coarse gravel and silt.
On the surface were many sandstone bodies either with handles broken off or with no evidence of a handle. Some of these bodies broken open exhibited a nucleus of a pebble, shell or what appeared to be a three parted seed pod. None of the well formed specimens with a handle revealed a nucleus. On the first visit to the locality, several specimens were collected, having been thrown out by crews of the Highway Department while removing gravel for construction work.
At another time, on which occasion the largest specimens were secured, by probing in a space of about three square yards, fifty specimens were secured at a depth of about a foot. These sandstone balls were four to seven inches through with handles up to twenty inches long. Those totally without handles seemed to be cached by themselves. Then large specimens were excavated without determining whether they were in a vertical or horizontal position.
At a later visit to the field, after probing with a shovel, a "vein" was located about a foot down, under a twelve inch layer of gravel and silt. The specimens were in a layer of fine sand about a foot in thicknessnone so large as those secured formerly. These were from one to three inches in diameter with handles that were slim and more frail and up to twelve inches long. These specimens had to be handled with care.
By delving under them and removing the fine sand with the fingers from below, specimens were obtained entire.
We soon noticed the specimens were in regular order all arranged with handles perfectly parallel and horizontal, points north. It was soon possible to locate the vein some thirty feet distant to the south and at about the same depth as before, specimens arranged parallel with ball end south. We obtained some two hundred.
Nearly all the specimens secured from former trips showed no evidence of stratification while most of the specimens regularly arranged in the fine sand showed on surface of ball and handle lines of stratification. If these stratification lines are taken to indicate formation in a horizontal position, it may be objected that these lines resulted from becoming imbedded later in sand, part of which adhered to the surface of the specimen. However it is further noticed that some specimens exhibit strata of black mica particles through ball and handle. Such strata can hardly be due to having been imbedded at a subsequent date.
Another item about these specimens worth noting is the fact that many of them being multiples, grown together side by side or end to end, have the handles all strictly parallel. If they were formed in a horizontal position as the stratified ones might indicate, why would the handles, double and treble, all be parallel? Or if they were casts after some plant form on the beach or elsewhere, handles would not always be parallel. Some would likely be found with their legs crossed.
Until the last collecting trip on the ground, I had concluded that the specimens were formed in a vertical position, gravity giving direction to the stalactite handles, single and multiple, and then water had carried them along with the other imbedded material to their present position. However any one finding a vein of specimens imbedded in that layer of fine sand, handles arranged with precision, horizontal and parallel, points north, will lose some of his cocksureness concerning the method of formation.
Originally published in:
ROCKS and MINERALS
JUNE, 1934. All rights reserved.


Climate Change – a quick reminder
The last 12000 years – Deviation of Temperature
This graph by Alexander Radtke shows the global annual mean temperature deviation for the last 12 000 years. The baseline is the 20th century mean, min on the far left -1.37 C (9980 BC( and max on the right+0.99C (2020). The strong negative anomalies on the left indicate the end of the last glacial period (12,000 – 9,000 BC) followed by the Holocene climate optimum (9,000 – 5,000 BC). This warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about two millennia ago. The medieval warm period (900 – 1100) shows frequent years warmer than average though also negative anomalies. The little ice age on the far right (1500 -18 00) is followed by the well known unprecedented rise in temperatures in the present.
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere – Key findings
The Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) 2019 follows the other two Special Reports on Global Warming of 1.5ºC (SR1.5) and on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL)5 and the Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
In summarizing the key findings of the SROCC I wish to point out once again that climate change has a particularly strong impact on the polar regions. The loss of Greenland’s ice, the melting of glaciers, the loss of ice in the West Antarctic, the thawing of permafrost soils are already having serious effects on the environment. The rise in sea level, the warming of the surface water, the lowering of the pH-value are only some of the serious consequences of the general global temperature increase. If effective measures to reduce climate-damaging emissions are not taken soon, especially by the industrialised countries, an ecological catastrophe will be unstoppable.
RCP2.6 represents a low greenhouse gas emissions, high mitigation future, that in CMIP5 simulations gives a two in three chance of limiting global warming to below 2ºC by 2100
RCP8.5 is a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario in the absence of policies to combat climate change, leading to continued and sustained growth in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
Even a first look at Figure 1 shows that the future looks bleak in the worst case scenario RCP8.5: The global surface temperature will rise more than 4°C, ocean surface temperature around 3°C, the acidity will be higher (pH level drops) with a reduction of the ocean oxygen of more than 4 per cent.
Marine heatwave days will change by afactor of 10, the ocean heat content of the upper 200m layer will be five times higher than today resulting in a a 30cm rise of sea level due to the expansion of sea water.
The arctic sea ice has its lowest extent in Septemper. The figure shows that even under the low emission scenario the reduction will reach 50 per cent and about 100 percent under the very likely RCP8.5 scenario, which means, there will be no ice at all! The arctic snow cover might be reduced by 50 per cent. These dramatic changes will heat the atmosphere even more due to the albedo effect.
On the left in the figure above the ice mass loss of glaciers and the Greenland and Antartic ice sheets is shown in sea level rise equivalent. The glaciers contribution to the projected sea level rise is largest with a steep rise in the worst scenario and strong also in the low emission scenario. Whereas the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets loss result in a slow but steady rise of the sea level, however these graphs seem to rise exponentially and the melting ice sheets will become the primary drivers in the long run. The figure also shows a dramatic sea level rise of nearly 4m in the high emission scenario in the distant future. Also shown is the reduction of the permafrost area of about 75 per cent in 2100 which could result in the release of huge amounts of methane, another very potential driver of global warming.
Here are the key findings of the latest report (SROCC)
Observed Changes and Impacts
Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence)
It is virtually certain that the global ocean has warmed unabated since 1970 and has taken up more than 90% of the excess heat in the climate system (high confidence). Since 1993, the rate of ocean warming has more than doubled (likely). Marine heatwaves have very likely doubled in frequency since 1982 and are increasing in intensity (very high confidence). By absorbing more CO2, the ocean has undergone increasing surface acidification (virtually certain). A loss of oxygen has occurred from the surface to 1000 m (medium confidence)
Projected Changes and Risks
Global mean sea level (GMSL) is rising, with acceleration in recent decades due to increasing rates of ice loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (very high confidence), as well as continued glacier mass loss and ocean thermal expansion. Increases in tropical cyclone winds and rainfall, and increases in extreme waves, combined with relative sea level rise, exacerbate extreme sea level events and coastal hazards (high confidence).
Observed Impacts on Ecosystems
Cryospheric and associated hydrological changes have impacted terrestrial and freshwater species and ecosystems in high mountain and polar regions through the appearance of land previously covered by ice, changes in snow cover, and thawing permafrost. These changes have contributed to changing the seasonal activities, abundance and distribution of ecologically, culturally, and economically important plant and animal species, ecological disturbances, and ecosystem functioning. (high confidence)
Since about 1950 many marine species across various groups have undergone shifts in geographical range and seasonal activities in response to ocean warming, sea ice change and biogeochemical changes, such as oxygen loss, to their habitats (high confidence). This has resulted in shifts in species composition, abundance and biomass production of ecosystems, from the equator to the poles. Altered interactions between species have caused cascading impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning (medium confidence). In some marine ecosystems species are impacted by both the effects of fishing and climate changes (medium confidence).
Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves, acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services (high confidence).
Observed Impacts on People and Ecosystem Services
Since the mid-20th century, the shrinking cryosphere in the Arctic and high mountain areas has led to predominantly negative impacts on food security, water resources, water quality, livelihoods, health and well-being, infrastructure, transportation, tourism and recreation, as well as culture of human societies, particularly for Indigenous peoples (high confidence). Costs and benefits have been unequally distributed across populations and regions. Adaptation efforts have benefited from the inclusion of Indigenous knowledge and local knowledge (high confidence)
Coastal communities are exposed to multiple climate-related hazards, including tropical cyclones, extreme sea levels and flooding, marine heatwaves, sea ice loss, and permafrost thaw (high confidence). A diversity of responses has been implemented worldwide, mostly after extreme events, but also some in anticipation of future sea level rise, e.g., in the case of large infrastructure.
Projected Physical Changes
Global-scale glacier mass loss, permafrost thaw, and decline in snow cover and Arctic sea ice extent are projected to continue in the near-term (2031–2050) due to surface air temperature increases (high confidence), with unavoidable consequences for river runoff and local hazards (high confidence). The Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets are projected to lose mass at an increasing rate throughout the 21st century and beyond (high confidence). The rates and magnitudes of these cryospheric changes are projected to increase further in the second half of the 21st century in a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario (high confidence). Strong reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the coming decades are projected to reduce further changes after 2050 (high confidence).
Over the 21st century, the ocean is projected to transition to unprecedented conditions with increased temperatures (virtually certain), greater upper ocean stratification (very likely), further acidification (virtually certain), oxygen decline (medium confidence), and altered net primary production (low confidence). Marine heatwaves (very high confidence) and extreme El Niño and La Niña events (medium confidence) are projected to become more frequent. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is projected to weaken (very likely). The rates and magnitudes of these changes will be smaller under scenarios with low greenhouse gas emissions (very likely).
Sea level continues to rise at an increasing rate. Extreme sea level events that are historically rare (once per century in the recent past) are projected to occur frequently (at least once per year) at many locations by 2050 in all RCP scenarios, especially in tropical regions (high confidence). The increasing frequency of high water levels can have severe impacts in many locations depending on exposure (high confidence). Sea level rise is projected to continue beyond 2100 in all RCP scenarios. For a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5), projections of global sea level rise by 2100 are greater than in AR5 due to a larger contribution from the Antarctic Ice Sheet (medium confidence). In coming centuries under RCP8.5, sea level rise is projected to exceed rates of several centimetres per year resulting in multi-metre rise (medium confidence), while for RCP2.6 sea level rise is projected to be limited to around 1 m in 2300 (low confidence). Extreme sea levels and coastal hazards will be exacerbated by projected increases in tropical cyclone intensity and precipitation (high confidence). Projected changes in waves and tides vary locally in whether they amplify or ameliorate these hazards (medium confidence).
Future land cryosphere changes will continue to alter terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in high mountain and polar regions with major shifts in species distributions resulting in changes in ecosystem structure and functioning, and eventual loss of globally unique biodiversity (medium confidence). Wildfire is projected to increase significantly for the rest of this century across most tundra and boreal regions, and also in some mountain regions (medium confidence).
Risks of severe impacts on biodiversity, structure and function of coastal ecosystems are projected to be higher for elevated temperatures under high compared to low emissions scenarios in the 21st century and beyond. Projected ecosystem responses include losses of species habitat and diversity, and degradation of ecosystem functions. The capacity of organisms and ecosystems to adjust and adapt is higher at lower emissions scenarios (high confidence). For sensitive ecosystems such as seagrass meadows and kelp forests, high risks are projected if global warming exceeds 2ºC above pre-industrial temperature, combined with other climate-related hazards (high confidence). Warm-water corals are at high risk already and are projected to transition to very high risk even if global warming is limited to 1.5ºC (very high confidence)
Projected Risks for People and Ecosystem Services
Future cryosphere changes on land are projected to affect water resources and their uses, such as hydropower (high confidence) and irrigated agriculture in and downstream of high mountain areas (medium confidence), as well as livelihoods in the Arctic (medium confidence). Changes in floods, avalanches, landslides, and ground destabilization are projected to increase risk for infrastructure, cultural, tourism, and recreational assets (medium confidence)
Increased mean and extreme sea level, alongside ocean warming and acidification, are projected to exacerbate risks for human communities in low-lying coastal areas (high confidence). In Arctic human communities without rapid land uplift, and in urban atoll islands, risks are projected to be moderate to high even under a low emissions scenario (RCP2.6) (medium confidence), including reaching adaptation limits (high confidence). Under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5), delta regions and resource rich coastal cities are projected to experience moderate to high risk levels after 2050 under current adaptation (medium confidence). Ambitious adaptation including transformative governance is expected to reduce risk (high confidence), but with context-specific benefits.
In light of observed and projected changes in the ocean and cryosphere, many nations will face challenges to adapt, even with ambitious mitigation (very high confidence). In a high emissions scenario, many ocean- and cryosphere-dependent communities are projected to face adaptation limits (e.g. biophysical, geographical, financial, technical, social, political and institutional) during the second half of the 21st century. Low emission pathways, for comparison, limit the risks from ocean and cryosphere changes in this century and beyond and enable more effective responses (high confidence), whilst also creating co-benefits. Profound economic and institutional transformative change will enable Climate Resilient Development Pathways in the ocean and cryosphere context (high confidence).
The Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere1 in a Changing Climate (SROCC) was prepared following an IPCC Panel decision in 2016 to prepare three Special Reports during the Sixth Assessment Cycle2 . By assessing new scientific literature3 , the SROCC4 responds to government and observer organization proposals. The SROCC follows the other two Special Reports on Global Warming of 1.5ºC (SR1.5) and on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL)5 and the Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
IPCC, 2019: Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press.
Bernd Riebe, July 2020


The Great Western Railway was created by Act of Parliament in 1835 to provide a double tracked line from Bristol to London. However work had started in 1832 to secure finance for the line, research possible routes and design stations, bridges and all other buildings required. In 1833 the twenty-seven year old Isambard Kingdom Brunel was to appointed to oversee this construction. It emerged as one of the greatest of pre-grouping lines, with a mileage of 2700 and running powers over a further 600 miles. It also operated a steamship service between Fishguard and Rosslare, and between Weymouth and the Channel Islands. In the 1923 grouping it became one of `the big four' and absorbed several smaller railways. The development and spread of the railway had a major influence on the development of the art colonies in the west of Cornwall. Penzance was only a days travel from the London or the Midlands, rather than the days - or even weeks by sea or road - depending on weather conditions. The railways as a whole were also a source of income for many of the artists, who produced travel posters of the various seaside towns and villages that people could visit. After WWII the GWR was Nationalised along with the other companies to form British Railways BR.


Gelatin silver print, printed c. 1936-1939
Image: 19.7 x 19.1 cm (7 3/4 x 7 1/2 in.); Matted: 55.9 x 45.7 cm (22 x 18 in.)
Norman O. Stone and Ella A. Stone Memorial Fund 2001.91
© Arthur Rothstein, Library of Congress
A severe drought in the High Plains during the mid-1930s led to catastrophic erosion of the soil and dust storms. Rothstein took this iconic image while photographing for the Farm Security Administration in the Oklahoma panhandle. “While making my pictures,” he recalled, “I could hardly breathe because the dust was everywhere. It was so heavy in the air that the land and sky seemed to merge until there was no horizon. . . . Just as I was about to finish shooting I saw a farmer and his two sons walk across the fields. As they pressed into the wind, the smallest child walked a few steps behind, his hands covering his eyes to protect them from the dust.”
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- How do you overcome qualified immunity?
- Who has qualified immunity?
- What exactly is qualified immunity?
- Why do cops have qualified immunity?
- Can states end qualified immunity?
- Is Qualified immunity good?
- Who is protected by qualified immunity?
- Do judges have qualified immunity?
- Do police officers have qualified immunity?
- How does a cop lose qualified immunity?
How do you overcome qualified immunity?
Qualified immunity freezes constitutional law.
As mentioned previously, in order to overcome the defense of qualified immunity, a victim must show that law enforcement violated “clearly established” law by pointing to a case arising in the same context and involving the same conduct..
Who has qualified immunity?
Creighton, 483 U.S. 635 (1987), the Supreme Court held that when an officer of the law (in this case, an FBI officer) conducts a search which violates the Fourth Amendment, that officer is entitled to qualified immunity if the officer proves that a reasonable officer could have believed that the search constitutionally …
What exactly is qualified immunity?
Qualified immunity is a judicially created doctrine that shields government officials from being held personally liable for constitutional violations—like the right to be free from excessive police force—for money damages under federal law so long as the officials did not violate “clearly established” law.
Why do cops have qualified immunity?
As the Institute for Justice puts it, “Qualified immunity means that government officials can get away with violating your rights as long as they violate them in a way nobody thought of before.”
Can states end qualified immunity?
Qualified immunity is a legal doctrine in United States federal law which shields government officials from being held personally liable for discretionary actions performed within their official capacity, unless their actions violate “clearly established” federal law even if their victim’s civil rights were violated.
Is Qualified immunity good?
The Benefits of Qualified Immunity Public officials, and particularly police officers, perform vital tasks that may require split-second decisions in stressful circumstances. Taking away qualified immunity could lead to officers being hesitant to act when it is most needed.
Who is protected by qualified immunity?
Qualified immunity must be raised by the officer. It protects the officer in an individual capacity; and not the governmental entity employing the officer. C. Analyzing Claims of Qualified Immunity Qualified immunity has two elements.
Do judges have qualified immunity?
As Reeves explains, “Judges have invented a legal doctrine to protect law enforcement officers from having to face any consequences for wrongdoing. The doctrine is called ‘qualified immunity.’ In real life it operates like absolute immunity.”
Do police officers have qualified immunity?
Qualified immunity is meant to protect officials from civil lawsuits being filed against them at all, according to the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. … The doctrine could give civil cover to police officers involved in Taylor’s case, as some facts remain unsettled.
How does a cop lose qualified immunity?
It’s difficult to convince a court to dismiss qualified immunity. Qualified immunity has evolved in meaning over the past few decades. … According to that ruling, a public official could lose the protections of the immunity only when they have violated “clearly established statutory or constitutional rights.”


An expert in computer vision, who programmes computers to perceive the world in the same way that humans do, will deliver a keynote speech during a visit to Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI), part of Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU).
Dr Antonio Torralba, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and a principal investigator at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, will speak on ‘Learning to See’, at the Researchery on March 25. A public meeting updating their joint research is being held from 9am.
In his talk, Dr Torralba will discuss recent advances in computer vision, a scientific field which deals with how computers can gain high-level understanding from digital images, videos or audio and seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can accomplish.
The MIT professor will demonstrate several applications for object recognition, computer graphics, and unsupervised learning from images and audio.
“My research covers a wide range of topics in computer and human vision - including object and scene recognition in images, building systems that can see around the corner, studying how deep neural networks work, and applications such as Pic2Recipe (a collaboration with QCRI) that predicts ingredients from a picture of food and suggest similar recipes,” Dr Torralba said.
“I am also interested in other modalities such as audition and touch and how, together with vision, they can allow building systems to learn like humans do. A system able to perceive the world through multiple senses might be able to learn without requiring massive curated data sets.”
Dr Torralba and other MIT-CSAIL researchers are visiting Doha as part of their annual spring meeting with QCRI, which has been collaborating with MIT-CSAIL for almost seven years.
Dr Torralba is also the MIT director of the MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab and the inaugural director of The MIT Quest for Intelligence. He is the recipient of multiple awards, including a National Science Foundation Career Award. He is collaborating with QCRI scientists Ferda Ofli and Ingmar Weber on using machine learning to analyse social media images to better understand food habits in Qatar.


c. 235–185 BC
Bronze, lost wax technique
Diameter: 7 cm (2 3/4 in.); Overall: 6 cm (2 3/8 in.)
Dudley P. Allen Fund 2001.2
The tree carved into the cup is of the same species as the Bodhi tree, under which the Buddha reached enlightenment.
The remarkably clear, tiny carvings in an uninterrupted frieze around the lower section include one sacred palm tree and one fig tree (ficus religiosa) that divide the space into two main scenes. One features female musicians, the other has two chariots, each drawn by a pair of galloping horses. Bulls, birds, and flowers fill the background spaces. This cup is from a group found in an area with close links to Indo-Greek kingdoms, and the chariots and framing motifs reveal knowledge of Hellenistic art.
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JAMES II (1685-1691) GUN MONEY
Ireland, 1689 & 1690
Large Halfcrown Dated 1690, King on Horseback Obverse
Small Halfcrown Dated May 1690, XXX Reverse and Jacobus II Obverse
Shilling Dated 1689, with Date Above the Crown, 9 Below Reverse, and Jacobus II Obverse
Also a James II Threepence dated 1687
James II Gunmoney (1685-1691) LARGE Halfcrown Dated 1690,
KING ON HORSEBACK
The obverse king on rearing horse left, and ∑MAG∑BR∑FRA∑ET∑HIB∑EX∑ ; reverse with crown at center, surrounded
by crowned cruciform shields, dated 'ANNO/ DOM/ 16/ 90 in the angles and CHRISTO∑VICTORE∑TRIUMPHO;
wear to high places; detail of rider lost and reverse crown, and some text on obverse lost
James II Gunmoney (1685-1691), Small Halfcrown Dated May 1690
The obverse with Laureate head of James II left and IACOBVS∑II∑ DEI∑GRATIA, the reverse with XXX
over crowned scepters and May, ∑MAG∑BR∑FRA∑ET∑HIB∑REX∑; light wear to high places
James II GUNMONEY(1685-1691), SHILLING DATED 1689
The obverse with laureate head left, IACOBVS∑II∑ DEI∑GRATIA, outer beaded border both sides;
reverse with crown on crossed sceptres, XII above, 9 below, date 1689 at top, MAG.BR.FRA.ET.HIB.REX;
James II (1685-1691) Silver Threepence, Dated 1687
The obverse with the laureate head of James II left and IACOBVS∑II∑ DEI∑GRATIA; the reverse with III,
1686 and ∑MAG∑BR∑FRA∑ET∑HIB∑REX∑ ; good detail with single scratch to reverse
In 1689, James II, after only 2 years on the throne, was deposed from the English throne by his son-in-law William of
Orange. James had converted to Catholicism, infuriating his Protestant subjects. Further, his son promised a Roman
Catholic succession, and the Protestants subjects invited the Protestant William of Orange to become their King.
Ironically, William was married to the daughter of James II - Mary.
He took refuge in Scotland, Ireland and on the Continent. James landed in Ireland in March of 1689 intent on using
it as a base to recover the throne of England. He quickly established mints at Dublin and Limerick, and issued a token
coinage struck, to be exchanged for sterling silver upon his return to the English throne. The term "Gun Money"
originates from the use of canons in the production of the coins. However other implements - including bells, cooking
pots, pans and scrap - provided the bulk of the bullion. The use of these domestic utensils led to the term “brassmoney”
which was the dominant and more accurate description of the coins in Ireland at the time. The total worth of the coins
produced is said to have been in the region of £1,100,000.
Gun money struck between March 1689 and late 1691 bore not only the year but also the month of manufacture.
The month placed on the coins indicated how long the coin had been held and how much it could be redeemed for.
It should be noted, that the calendar in use at the time was called “Old Style” or OS. According to this calendar, the
New Year started on March 26th. Thus the tokens struck in March 1689 were actually struck in the same month in 1690.
A production of smaller coins followed the larger ones, as a result of a shortage of materials. Coinage minted in Dublin
between May and July 1690 were not dated by month.
William invaded and defeated James II who fled to France after the Battle of the Boyne. He immediately seized the mint in
Dublin and halted production of the coins soon afterward in late July 1690. Two years later the Capel Street establishment
resumed the striking of copper
but this time in the names of William and Mary.
In Limerick, which was the last city to fall to the Williamite forces, the mint there continued to produce gun money until late 1691.
However, the military defeat of the Jacobites under Patrick Sarsfield inevitably brought about their discredit and their
formal demonetization by a proclamation of February 1692.
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Trained in pottery throwing techniques by his father from an early age, he decided to become a ceramic artist after World War-II, and established the avant-garde ceramist group "Sodeisha" in 1948, together with other young talented artists such as YAGI Kazuo and YAMADA Hikaru, in order to develop a new sculptural expression through ceramics. Their works did not have any practical use as containers, but pursued purely artistic quality in three-dimensional art. These works were received with astonishment by the people of the time, and were called "objet-yaki (non-functional ceramic objects)." However, SUZUKI continued to create his artworks with clay and fire, not as objects. His use of words such as "Deizo (lit., "clay statue 泥像")" or "Deisho (lit., "clay image 泥象")" in the titles of his works express his philosophy, thoughts and feelings toward his own pottery-making, and indeed might be considered as his answer to the enigma that is ceramic art.
Created with two different techniques such as "biscuit firing" which is applied with red engobe and fresh-colored "bluish white porcelain," SUZUKI's works are represented by gentle "forms" inspired by animals such as horses and birds, and natural phenomena such as the wind and clouds, which are expressed with a sharp, creative sensitivity. His rich and unique world of art, where the forms of his works, their titles and the images they suggest to the viewers correspond with one another, has deepened year by year, incorporating with literary elements. The first, full-scale retrospective after his death, this exhibition features approximately 150 works ranging from his early pieces to unpublished works from his later years. We trace the history of SUZUKI Osamu's ceramic art, which has transformed from "pottery for use" into "pottery for viewing" and eventually became "poetry ceramics."
To download a PDF of the press release (in Japanese), click here


Orlena Lopez December 26, 2019 School Worksheets
As we already discussed in the article home schooling an elementary aged child finding the resources for home schooling and socialization can easily be found in the community that you live in or online. Introducing the learning process in a more formal setting but being sure to keep the fun of learning alive for your child is an important focus. Now that the middle school grades are being entered the focus needs to be zeroed in on the child’s education yes but also on the emotional state of the middle school student. These are exciting times for a student as they are experiencing new things both mentally as well as physically.
Follow the course outline closely, You are reminded to follow the course outline provided by your school closely. You must not miss any virtual lectures and online discussions. At the same time, you must make sure that you complete your course work on time. Moreover, you need to pass all the exams successfully. Once you have fulfilled your school’s requirements for graduation, you will be able to receive your diploma. To sum up, earning a high school diploma is no longer a hard task. Every can complete it easily with the utilization of internet. You don’t need to waste your time traveling to your school to attend classes. You can just sit back comfortably at home and earn your academic qualification in a simple manner.
Search for accredited school, Don’t simply get an online diploma from an unrecognized school. You must make sure that you enroll in the accredited school which is recognized internationally. This is important because many reputable universities will not accept diplomas from online schools that only hold national accreditation. What you need to do is to submit a copy of your transcript to your school of choice in order to show what credits you have already earned. If you don’t have any transcript, you should get yourself ready to sit for a placement test provided by the school in order to determine your education level. Get yourself ready, In order to complete the online program smoothly, you need to make sure that you have a computer at home with high-speed internet access which you can use on daily basis to learn new topics and complete all course works. Besides getting the hardware and software ready, you are reminded to get yourself physically and mentally ready too. Make sure you have a healthy body and fresh mind during your study. It is important for you to set your study schedule carefully and stick to it. Besides, you are reminded to have strong determination and self-discipline so that you can complete your distance learning within the exact time frame.
Educationally you just need to build on the foundation you have already set in the elementary grades. It is important for a child’s future to make sure some subjects are done every year building on what the child already knows. Math, English and literature, history, science along with Bible are things that I insisted that our children have a course in every year. Because of the different learning personalities of the kids we would talk about which curriculum they would enjoy using for their courses and they were welcome to add to the list any courses that they wanted.
There are plenty of reasons why parents are deciding to home school besides the once common religious reasons. One is perhaps social reasoning. Professionals who once criticized parents for home schooling their children are beginning to change their views, finally realizing what people in rural areas knew for years. That not all social interaction is positive. The physical schools are becoming increasingly violent, along with increased drug usage, and gang activity. Home schooling with satellite broadband internet allows schools to turn into interactive virtual classrooms where children are still able to interact with teachers, students, and parents. The home–school setting draws the child’s attention from negative social behaviors like alcohol, drugs, and risky sexual behavior. Chances of the child encountering violence in the home–school setting are nonexistent.
They can learn how to create animations, along with several other skills specifically designed for their level. Many of the features of educational applications, such as interactivity, are completely in-line with educational principals, that is a huge advantage for everyone.If you have children, then you can be interested in understanding about computer animation programs that are available for them. Through fun games, animated tutorials and in many cases vocabulary sections, children learn the essential computer skills they may need when you use other cartoon software, even on the preschool level. Check out several programs, as some even have bonus items, like a My First Software mouse pad and additional books.Children between 3 to 4 years of age are referred to as kindergarten and preschoolers. With this stage of development, children learn and absorb information quickly. The truth is this is the time as soon as your child would rather explore the world around her. They enjoy communicating their interest and attraction in most new discovery. Notice a young child that sees the rainbow above for the first time. Notice how her expression changes. Since this is something new to her, she easily gets fascinated by the wonderful colors with the rainbow. What parents are able to do is to encourage the child to convey her feelings. Talk to the child in a very normal manner.
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Though the dangers and health effects of tobacco consumption are widely known, this does not stop New Yorkers from partaking in the habit. Under the Smoke-Free Act of 2002, Mayor Bloomberg adopted strict smoking laws in New York that banned smoking in public venues such as parks, beaches, and restaurants. The Smoke-Free Act also implemented tax increases and raised the legal age for purchasing cigarettes from 18 to 21. At the time, the city’s adult smoking rate was 21.5% and Bloomberg hoped that these new laws would discourage people from smoking, thus lowering the rate.
Over the course of the next decade, the smoking rate in New York City plummeted to 14% around 2010.  Prices of cigarettes steadily rose, reaching upwards of $14 in some areas of the city. Retail stores like CVS even made the move to no longer sell tobacco products in stores nationwide.The campaign seemed successful. However, statistics provethat increasing cigarette prices and implementing more restrictions does not help in the city’s cause to quit smoking. New studies from 2013 show that smoking rates have in fact increased in the past year, despite the staggering prices people are forced to pay. New studies show that within the past year, the number of smokers in the city has grown to roughly 1 million people, around 16.1% of the population . In this study, statistics show that smoking has gone up among all demographics; around 20% of males and 12.5% of women in New York City smoke .
Despite New York having the highest excise taxes on cigarettes, this fails to stop people from purchasing them. In fact, studies show that people who are low-income actually smoke and spend more than those who are wealthier. Those who make over $60,000 a year only spend around 2.2% on tobacco products a year, whereas those who make under $30,000 a year spend as much as 25% of their income on tobacco .The fact that lower-income citizens are being exposed to more health problems as a result of their smoking habits only widens the gap between the wealthy and poor; they must suffer the heavy financial burden of treating health problems incurred by smoking, including lung cancer, heart disease, and emphysema.
In an effort quit smoking and save money, many smokers have opted for electronic cigarettes and vaporizers, which claim to contain nicotine but very little to no additives. These items produce a smoke-like vapor that has no taste or odor, which encourages people to use them just about anywhere. However, smoking laws have recently been extended to include banning e-cigs and vapes in public venues. For this reason, many may feel that their reason for using them is futile. If people who smoke e-cigs are forced to smoke them outdoors, then they might as well light up a real cigarette.  However, studies have proven that the secondhand vapor emitted from e-cigs is rather innocuous; so, why ban them, especially if this latest technology saves people money and exposure to long-term health problems?
 Gay, Mara. “New York City’s Adult Smoking Rate Climbs.” WSJ. Wall Street Journal, 15 Sept. 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-citys-adult-smoking-rate-climbs-1410812653>.
 “Smoking Statistics.” General. NYC Coalition for a Smoke Free City, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.nycsmokefree.org/smoking-statistics#5>.
 “Poor Smokers in New York State Spend 25% of Income on Cigarettes, Study Finds.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 19 Sept. 2012. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/nyregion/poor-smokers-in-new-york-state-spend-25-of-income-on-cigarettes-study-says.html?_r=0>.  Hafrey, Jimmy. “Smoking Rates Increase in New York After E-Cigs Are Banned – ChurnMag.” ChurnMag. 16 Sept. 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.churnmag.com/news/smoking-rates-increase-new-york-e-cigs-banned/>.


In this scene called Many Worlds, three of the infinite possible configurations of a simulation that describes the development of our universe are shown. The parameters that define the physical characteristics of the system and the particles that move in this virtual space are changed at each iteration searching for a situation in which the conditions for the birth of life are met. The result of this process is a wide range of configurations in which the system show its ability to create or not variety and heterogeneity starting from the same quantity of matter.
The title of this artwork is a tribute to the so-called Many-Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics formulated by the American physicist Hugh Everett, according to which all possible alternative and future worlds are real, each representing an actual world. Before this theory, reality has always been seen as a single unfolding history. Many-worlds, on the other hand, sees historical reality as a tree with many branches where every possible quantum result is realized.


Brilliance is an elusive concept. It’s a concept applied to many objects related to light, but when applied to human beings, it generally refers to an exceptional talent or intelligence.
What’s interesting about the word brilliance and its relationship to human beings is the belief that some people have it, and some people don’t. A study published by a group of US scientists in the journal Science drew out some interesting findings, in particular the difference in attitudes towards brilliance between boys and girls.
The study showed that, as early as six years old, girls attributed their academic success more to hard work and less to innate abilities, believing that boys are inherently smarter than girls. While academic results demonstrate categorically that this is not true, something in the educational system implants the belief in girls to attribute their success less to intelligence and more to hard work.
Why the educational system? Well, it’s interesting that at the age of five, girls and boys are pretty much equal in terms of their views on innate intelligence versus hard work, and it’s at the age of five that boys and girls in the US, where the study was conducted, enter school. The situation changes significantly by the age of six, with girls eschewing skills deemed appropriate for “intelligent” people and identifying intelligence more with males than females.
The real issue is that this bias negatively impacts both boys and girls. Girls are given the false impression about their lack of intelligence in relation to boys, and this dents their confidence, which, in turn, prevents them from stretching themselves academically with subjects like science and maths. Boys, on the other hand, falsely believe that intelligence will see them through life, so it comes as a bit of a shock when they learn that success rarely comes without hard work. Secondary school results are a key indicator of the impact it has on boys’ educational accomplishments.
It’s of vital importance that educators tackle this situation now to ensure equal opportunity in the future. We need to understand the source of the bias so we can transform it going forward.
How do you correct the damage that’s already been done? Perhaps you are one of those people who have been affected by this gender bias, and it’s having a negative impact on your career.
It’s not likely to happen overnight. However, you can definitely begin the process by being in the inquiry. Here are the five steps, which I call the AEIOU Process, to help you reclaim your brilliance.
When you reach this point, what are you left with? A blank canvas! An open space on which you can create whatever you want. So, how do you want to approach your career? Do you want to keep working hard? Do you want to keep living under the delusion that the world owes you something? Or do you want to live a life that fills you up?
It's your choice. As your coach, I suggest you consider your future. How do you want your career to look? What kind of thinking will help you get there? Choose beliefs and attitudes that support you to fulfil your goals in a healthy way. Remember, your career is only one facet of a multi-faceted life. You want to ensure that your belief choices work for you, your career, your family, your colleagues, your health, your pleasure -- your entire life, basically. Pie-in-the-sky beliefs set you up for further failure. You don't want that.
I want to leave you with a word about brilliance. Everyone is imbued with brilliance. It can feel like a monumental task trying to draw this brilliance out of yourself, especially if it has been diminished by limited thinking like bias. Would it be satisfying if everything was easy, though? Probably not!
It is your job to own your own brilliance. Imagine what your life could be if you approach it as an adventure in discovering who you really are, without all the fluff you've gathered over the years. It sounds like a lot of fun to me!
Believe me. There is gold inside you, waiting to be discovered. It's your job to mine it and fashion into a life worth living.
And here’s the truth (in an age of post-Truth): brilliance knows no bias.


Propaganda Posters played a very important role in strengthening the cause of the nations involved in World War 1. They helped recruit men to join the military and Red Cross, and served as a fundraising tool. They also provided information, and reminded people to contribute to the war effort by not wasting food. The countries involved in World War 1 included Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Russia, The United Kingdom, and The United States of America. Each country used World War 1 Propaganda Posters to advertise and encourage their citizens to support the war. World War 1 started on July 27, 1914 and ended on November 1918.
Meet the Artists of the World War 1 Propaganda Posters Series
In the United States, World War 1 Propaganda Posters were used to mobilize men to join the armed forces, and to encourage citizens to support the war effort. One of the most memorable and iconic posters during the war was the “I WANT YOU” poster, featuring a pointing Uncle Sam. It was designed by James Montgomery Flagg, and released in 1917. Other artists who contributed in making World War 1 propaganda poster include Clyde Forsythe, Gerrit Baker, J. Scott Williams, L.A. Shafer and Euginie De Land Saugstad. You can find a collection of original of war posters here at Nancy Steinbock Posters. For inquiries, please call 800-438-1577 or email us off the pop-up of anything that interests you.


Robert McCausland, Toronto
In 1534, Jacques Cartier was commissioned by King Francois I to sail from Saint-Malo heading west to discover a passage way to Asia. During that expedition he explored the Gulf of Saint-Lawrence and encountered Natives. In June of 1534 he planted a cross on the Gaspe peninsula and claimed it for France.
ISGC © 2010


The global mining industry could soon benefit from an Aussie-made technology that provides new knowledge on orebodies and mineral systems.
Developed by CSIRO, the new advanced mineral analysis and logging technology – called HyLogger – uses the spectra of reflected light from mineral surfaces to interpret the mineralogy of the material. Additionally, the technology provides near real time analysis so that costs and delays associated with laboratory analysis are greatly reduced.
CSIRO Research Director, Dr Rob Hough, said HyLogger is far more reliable for systematic mineral identification than visual techniques used in most drilling programs.
He said the technology has now been licensed to Australian mining, equipment, technology and services (METS) company Corescan, adding that its commercialisation will opened the way for the industry to truly take advantage of hyperspectral analysis of drill materials for exploration and mining.
“Through our partnership with the Australian state geological surveys, the National Virtual Core Library and AuScope, hyperspectral data is now routinely acquired at government core repositories and is generating new knowledge on mineral systems,” Dr Hough said.
“Transferring the technology and ongoing development to Corescan, an Australian SME, will enable CSIRO to focus on the application and integration of hyperspectral information with other data sets to support mineral exploration through cover and for rapid resource characterisation in deposits.”
Corescan Managing Director, Neil Goodey, said the company – which operates a network of hyperspectral mineralogy labs across Australia, South East Asia, Canada, USA, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Argentina – plans to integrate HyLogger into its existing suite of advanced hyperspectral imaging equipment.
He said the technology will give the company a broader range of solutions to accommodate different commodities and better meet customer requirements at different stages of the exploration and mining cycle.
“Corescan will also be offering support services to the existing HyLogger community and will leverage its global reach to bring the technology to new international markets,” Mr Goodey added.
“Corescan will be working closely with the Australian geological surveys and the National Virtual Core Library to continue on the great work that CSIRO has done in this area over the last decade.”
According to CSIRO, the Australian exploration industry spends approximately $600 million per year drilling holes to locate economic mineral resources.
The agency believes HyLogger could save the mining industry million of dollars by providing detailed knowledge of the mineralogy and alteration patterns associated with prospective mineral regions, which is crucial to guide exploration success and attract further international investment into Australia.


Tribal art > African mask > Masque League
Masque League Multifaces (N° 17549)
Clean geometry of primitive Lega masks.
Watch the video
This unusual, hypnotic mask juxtaposes three nasal edges separating the eyelids, giving the illusion of three faces. Three mouths indicated by hollowed-out rectangles asymmetrically fill the lower area. This sculpted work indicated the stage that its holder had reached within the Bwami, a learning society composed of different grades, and which was joined by the wives whose spouse had reached the third level, that of the ngandu. Beautiful patina of abraded use, mate.
At the Lea, the Bwami society open to men and women, organized social and political life. There were up to seven levels of initiation, each associated with emblems. Following their exodus from Uganda in the 17th century, the Lega settled on the west bank of the Lualaba River in the DRC. Also known as Warega, these individuals live in self-contained villages surrounded by palisades, usually on the top of hills. The role of the leader, kindi, is held by the oldest man of the clan, who must be the highest ranking. As in other forest tribes, men hunt and clear while women grow cassava. Social recognition and authority also had to be won individually: the chief owed his selection to his heart (mutima), good character, intelligence, and impeccable behavior. During ritual ceremonies, Idumu masks were presented to insiders placed on a fence and surrounded by smaller masks. The teacher guided the aspirant to a place where masks and statuettes were exposed, and it was through careful observation that the future initiate had to guess the more or less complex meaning of these metaphors, the latter referring largely to proverbs and sayings. Those who were not allowed to see the object, in order to be protected, had to submit to expensive ceremonies, and sometimes even join the lower rank of the Bwami, the kongabulumbu, at great expense to the families. Each of these initiations took place over seven days and featured at least seven performances. Items won individually were then kept in a woven bag worn over the shoulder, in a basket for those who were won collectively. (Art of the Lega, Cameron)
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|Origin||Collection. Pr. J. Putteneers|
|Country||rdc ex zaire|
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Charles COTTET (1863–1925) was from the South of France, from the Savoy. He received his training and found his artistic community in Paris, like many of his peers at the time. However, Cottet found his true inspiration in Brittany, which he started to visit in the mid-1880s. Views of the wild coastline of Brittany, the devout Christian life of the locals and the trades and traditions of the fishermen and women that inhabited the remote part of France, were his muses. He left behind a vast painted oeuvre, and a not insignificant number of etchings, mostly in color. His painting often shows symbolist undertones. His prints do not. A few of them are even rather realistic, and include some portraits of courtesans.
Influenced early on by his friendship with Nabis artists, such as Maurice Denis and Edouard Vuillard, the first prints Cottet made were lithographs, both black and white and in color. He did not practice the technique long. By 1905, when he discovered etching, he turned his attention fully to intaglio, generally structuring his compositions with pure-line etching, which he often shaded with aquatint. While he composed monochromatically, he often printed at least part, and sometimes all of this editions in color, using the “rag doll” method (à la poupée). Approximately 59 prints came out of his hands.


by Terry Burton, Digital Media Coordinator
Think back to when you were a kid – what kinds of things fascinated you? Sparked your curiosity? Turned you on to exploring your world? Yes, it was a long time ago, but remembering my childhood fascinations with the space program, dinosaurs, and the ancient past puts a smile on my face. I can still feel the feelings of wonder and excitement.
Getting kids turned on to exploring and understanding their world – that’s one of our core passions here at the Museum. Last week we were honored by a visit from Dr. Temple Grandin, author, animal behavior pioneer, and autism advocate, who inspired us with her own experiences as a scientist and some great advice on engaging kids.
The key, according to Dr. Grandin, is to get kids “turned on” when they’re young. “If you don’t expose kids to interesting things, they’re not going to get interested in interesting things, “ she said. “You’ve got to get them out and take them to places.”
When we shared with Dr. Grandin our plans and ideas for the new museum, she was enthusiastic. “I think it’s just wonderful that you’re building this museum,” she told us. “We have got to get school kids into the museum. The little kids, we’ve got to get them in there, because I can remember visits to the science museum when I was a kid, and, you know, it made a big impression on me.”
We were curious to hear her thoughts on our approach in the new museum, where we will be taking scientific phenomena and hands-on experiences and putting them in a cultural context – bringing in the history side of things and showing science in action. “That makes total sense,” she told us. “That’s a really good point. You’re telling me you’re going to study how gears work. I’ve seen those exhibits where they show you how gears work, but then what do you use gears for? Well, your bicycle is a good example, so why are gears important? – bicycles have them, you’ve got them in the car, too. We need to show how it works in the real world.”
Dr. Grandin is also a champion of hands-on learning. “What we’ve got to do to get kids enthusiastic about science is that we’ve got to expose them to hands-on science when they’re little kids,” she said. “You know there are programs where, even in elementary school, kids can go out and collect water samples and then they can actually be used to detect pollution levels. That’s real science. Third and fourth graders can collect water samples. We need to make science relevant. When I was a child, science is what enables you to go to the moon. I can remember when Sputnik flew overhead and everyone was all revved up about, we’ve got to really learn science because we have to get to the moon before Russia gets to the moon! It motivated the whole country.”
Dr. Grandin’s already busy life – in addition to teaching at Colorado State University, she travels extensively as an animal welfare consultant and a speaker at autism conferences – has become even more hectic since the HBO movie “Temple Grandin” came out (the movie recently was honored with seven Emmy Awards). While acknowledging the many demands on her time, Dr. Grandin said that “One thing I have tried to do is answer all the letters, especially when little kids write in to me. Make sure I answer all of those and tell them to study hard and achieve your dreams.”