Process of managing a business or a non-profit organization
Business administration (also known as business management) is the administration of a business. It includes all aspects of overseeing and supervising business operations. From the point of view of management and leadership, it also covers fields that include accounting, finance, project management and marketing.
The administration of a business includes the performance or management of business operations and decision-making, as well as the efficient organization of people and other resources to direct activities towards common goals and objectives. In general, “administration” refers to the broader management function, including the associated finance, personnel and MIS services.
Administration can refer to the bureaucratic or operational performance of routine office tasks, usually internally oriented and reactive rather than proactive. Administrators, broadly speaking, engage in a common set of functions to meet an organization’s goals. Henri Fayol (1841-1925) described these “functions” of the administrator as “the five elements of administration”. Sometimes creating output, which includes all of the processes that generate the product that the business sells, is added[by whom?] as a sixth element.
Alternatively, some analyses[which?] view management as a subset of administration, specifically associated with the technical and operational aspects of an organization, and distinct from executive or strategic functions.
Bachelor of Business Administration
The Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA, B.B.A., B.Sc.) or Bachelor of Commerce (Bcom. or BComm) is a bachelor’s degree in commerce and business administration. The degree is designed[by whom?] to give a broad knowledge of the functional aspects of a company and their interconnection, while also allowing for specialization in a particular area. The degree also develops the student’s practical, managerial and communication skills, and business decision-making capability. Many programs incorporate training and practical experience, in the form of case projects, presentations, internships, industrial visits, and interaction with experts from industry.
Master of Business Administration
The Master of Business Administration (MBA, M.B.A.) is a master’s degree in business administration with a significant focus on management. The MBA degree originated in the United States in the early 20th century when the country industrialized and companies sought scientific approaches to management. The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business such as accounting, finance, marketing, human resources, and operations in a manner most relevant to management analysis and strategy. Most programs also include elective courses.
Doctor of Business Administration
The Doctor of Business Administration (abbreviated DBA, D.B.A., DrBA, or Dr.B.A.) is a research doctorate awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in the field of business administration. The D.B.A. is a terminal degree in business administration, and is equivalent to the Ph.D in Business Administration.
PhD in Management
The PhD in Management is the highest academic degree awarded in the study of management. The degree was designed[by whom?] for those seeking academic research- and teaching-careers as faculty or professors in the study of management at business schools worldwide.
Doctor of Management
A newer form of a management doctorate is the Doctor of Management (D.M., D.Mgt. or DMan). It is a doctoral degree conferred upon an individual who is trained through advanced study and research in the applied science and professional practice of management. This doctorate has elements of both research and practice relative to social and managerial concerns within society and organizations.


The Worcester porcelain factory was founded in 1751 by Dr. John Wall, a chemist, artist and physician, whose aim was to emulate the porcelain produced by the great European manufactories of Meissen and Sèvres. The factory produced wares that were thinly potted, yet better able to withstand the temperature of boiling water, and were considerably cheaper than the porcelain imported from China and Japan. This was due to the use of soapstone, a rock rich in the mineral talc, that was added to reinforce the clay. This teapot features Worcester’s ‘Mansfield’ pattern in inky blue enamel, which was used extensively by the factory to decorate teawares throughout the 18th century. Although similar to the factory’s ‘Peony’ pattern, the ‘Mansfield’ design is recognisable by its asymmetrical rococo-style ornament, and by the painted borders around the rim and lid which feature pineapples. During the latter half of the 18th century such blue and white wares were extremely popular with the ever-growing middle class. This teapot was over-decorated at a later stage with iron-red and gilt blossoms, a practice known as ‘clobbering’ whereby new decoration is applied over the original.


This failure led to the decision to force the Straits by a landing on the Gallipoli peninsula. Once the Turkish forts and batteries had been seized, the Royal Navy could steam on to Istanbul. A Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF) composed of British Empire and French troops was hastily assembled in Egypt. Among the British Empire forces were the men of the AIF (Australian Imperial Force) and the NZEF (New Zealand Expeditionary Force) who had been training in Egypt when the decision to invade Turkey had been taken. They were now combined into one army corps, known as the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), and the men who fought in the corps became known as Anzacs.
At dawn on 25 April 1915, the Gallipoli campaign began. Australians and New Zealanders landed on the rugged and mountainous western side of the peninsula. The small area captured that day became known as ‘Anzac’ and the little beach where most Anzacs came ashore after the initial attack was soon called Anzac Cove. The aim of the landing was twofold – to capture the heights of the Sari Bair range which dominate this part of the peninsula and to force a way inland to a hill known as Mal Tepe, overlooking the Straits and the Turkish lines of communication to the south.
That same morning, around Cape Helles, the British landed at a number of different locations. Their objective was the high point of a plateau about 11 kilometres from the cape, which ran across the peninsula, known locally as Alçitepe (Achi Baba to the British), and then to progress north from there to join up with the Anzacs. Across the Straits, the French mounted a diversionary landing at Kum Kale. The British position in the south became known as ‘Helles’. But strong and unexpected Turkish resistance held off both these attacks and by the evening of 25 April the landing forces clung to small gains at both Anzac and Helles.
Over the next few days, during the Battle of the Landing, and despite terrible casualties on both sides, the Turks were unable to drive the Anzacs back into the sea. Conversely, the Anzacs made little or no headway against the Turks, and by 5 May 1915 they were left holding a slice of Turkey 1.5 kilometres from north to south and 0.5 kilometres at its widest point. This position was held, with additions of territory to the north during the ‘August offensive’, until the end of the campaign.
During May and June the British undertook a number of operations at Helles, designed to push their line towards Achi Baba and hopefully to break out to the north. All of these actions – the First Battle of Krithia (28 April), the Second Battle of Krithia (8 May) and the Third Battle of Krithia (4 June) – failed. For the Second Battle of Krithia, the 2nd Brigade (Victoria) AIF and the New Zealand Infantry Brigade (about 8000 men) were sent to Helles. On the morning of 8 May, the New Zealanders gained about 360 metres of ground with considerable losses. Late that afternoon, the Australians made a charge over open ground towards the village of Alçitepe (Krithia), suffering similar losses without even reaching the front line. This was the only occasion when Australian and New Zealand infantry fought at Helles, although artillery units also served there.
At both Anzac and Helles things settled into the stalemate of trench warfare – exactly what the Allies had come to Turkey to avoid. The most sensitive part of the Anzac line lay along the ridge (Second Ridge) from the Lone Pine position in the south to Quinn’s Post in the north. At Quinn’s Post, Anzac and Turk faced each other over a few metres of bullet- and bomb-blasted landscape. If the Anzac line gave way here the Turks would look down the valley, Shrapnel Gully, all the way to the sea, and the whole Anzac position would be untenable. Quinn’s became a constant battleground, with endless bomb attacks by both sides. On one occasion the Turks broke into Quinn’s but were quickly driven out.
On 19 May 1915, the Turks mounted a major attack all along the ridge. An estimated 40 000 Turkish soldiers had been assembled to drive the invaders back to the beaches, but the Anzacs received warning of the attack and were ready. Despite their desperate courage the Turkish soldiers were shot down in their hundreds by rifle and machine-gun fire as they charged across the narrow ridge. That morning an estimated 3000 Turks died in this fruitless attack and a further 7000 were wounded. By comparison, there were few Anzac casualties. So great became the stench from the rotting corpses in no-man’s-land that a truce was arranged for 24 May 1915 to allow both sides to bury their dead in pits and trenches between the lines.
By early August 1915 a new plan had been evolved for a breakout at Anzac. On the afternoon of 6 August, Australians mounted a large diversionary attack at Lone Pine, aimed at seizing and holding the front- line Turkish trenches. The strength of the assault was to make the Turks think a major offensive was being launched here and to tie their reserves to those positions. This was achieved over the next two days during some of the most savage and costly trench fighting ever experienced by the AIF. Dozens of brave Turkish counter-attacks were made in an effort to drive the Australians out of their old trenches at Lone Pine, but by the end of 9 August it was clear that the Australians were going to hold on, and that this would be the new Australian front line at Anzac.
As the battle raged at Lone Pine, an Allied force composed of Australian, New Zealand, Indian, Gurkha and British troops made their way in the darkness north from North Beach at Anzac and into the valleys leading up to the heights of the Sari Bair range – Chunuk Bair (Conkbayiri) and Hill 971 (Çimentepe). The objective was to capture these dominating positions and turn the flank at Anzac, compelling the Turks to retreat back across the peninsula. From there, a breakout might be possible and the original aim of the campaign, the seizure of the Dardanelles, might be achieved. To support this new ‘August offensive’ British troops were landed at Suvla Bay on the night of 6–7 August with the intention of getting across the peninsula by way of the low-lying land north of Chunuk Bair.
For three days the struggle raged in the ranges. On 8 August, the New Zealanders, with some British support, reached the peak of Chunuk Bair and dug in there, holding on against increasingly strong Turkish counter-attacks. Further north, Australian forces had become lost in the valleys leading up to Hill 971, the highest point on the peninsula, and never managed to get forward against Turkish opposition.
On 9 August, more Turkish attacks were directed against the New Zealand and British trenches at Chunuk Bair without success, while a Gurkha unit managed to seize a position between there and Hill 971 at Hill Q. But the Allied foothold on the heights was precarious. At dawn on 10 August 1915 the Turks attacked over Chunuk Bair, driving all before them back down the slopes beyond. Here the Turks were themselves shot to ground by the New Zealand machine-guns, but Chunuk Bair was safe and never again threatened. The British landings at Suvla were a disaster and no real headway was made there. The August offensive had failed and in many ways, despite some bitter fighting to straighten out the new line between Anzac and Suvla, the serious fighting was over.
After the August offensive the Allies prepared for a winter on the peninsula. At Anzac a large base was built up at North Beach, but discussions were already taking place back in London as to whether the positions at Gallipoli were viable at all. After a visit by the British Secretary of State for War, Field Marshal Lord Kitchener, the British government determined on evacuation. There were concerns about winter gales as storms during October and November wrecked piers at Anzac. It was also feared that the Turks would be able to bring in heavy artillery to shell the precarious Anzac positions. On 29 November, such a bombardment did indeed occur at Lone Pine, with significant casualties and considerable damage to the trenches. It was an indication of what might happen.
Between late November and 19–20 December, the garrisons at Anzac and Suvla were gradually withdrawn. Elaborate precautions were taken to make the Turks think that life was proceeding as normal until, on the morning of 20 December 1915, the last Anzac embarked from North Beach. On 8 January 1916, the last British troops left Helles. The Gallipoli campaign was over.
Gallipoli cost the Allies 141 000 casualties, of whom more than 44 000 died. Of the dead, 8709 were Australians and 2701 were New Zealanders. The Turks suffered 251 000 casualties, of whom more than 86 000 lost their lives. Countless thousands had been evacuated sick from the various diseases which had plagued both sides, especially during the long hot summer. For the Allies it was a defeat despite the individual courage and endurance of the soldiers themselves. Equally, Turkish soldiers had shown a strength and capacity in defence of their homeland which amazed all who had known the military weaknesses of the old Ottoman Empire.


Band of Brothers Part IV:
Royal Air Force and Royal Navy Fighter Pilots of World War II
Royal Air Force and Royal Navy fighter aircrews flew combat throughout the six long years of World War Two. At the outbreak of war in 1939 four RAF Hurricane squadrons and two equipped with Gladiators went immediately to France where in short time New Zealander "Cobber" Kain became the first Allied Ace of the war. In April 1940 Hurricanes and Gladiators saw in action in Norway, when Rhodesian Caesar Hull of 263 Squadron became the second air Ace.
By the fall of France the new Spitfire joined in the great air battles over the Channel as the British Expeditionary Force evacuated Dunkirk. Bob Stanford -Tuck, Douglas Bader, Peter Townsend, Sailor Malan, and many other great Aces gained their first victories, but with German forces massing on the French coast, the invasion of Britain looked imminent. Only RAF Fighter Command stood in Hitler's way. By July, the most famous of all air battles had pitfires of 234 Squadron, 10 Group's top scoring squadron, returning to St. Eval after intercepting heavy raids on south coast ports during the heaviest fighting, in September 1940.
St. Michael's Mount, the castle built on the site of a 14th Century monastery to defend Britain's shores from earlier enemies, provides a symbolic backdrop as once again a band of brothers is called upon to defend their Sceptred Isle.
Overall size 31" wide x 23" high
Each proof is matted and includes the original signatures of:


The market town of Sudbury in Suffolk has a surprising history. Regarded today as Great Britain’s most important centre for silk manufacture, Sudbury produces nearly 95 per cent of the nation’s woven silk textiles from its three working mills: Vanners Silk Weavers, Stephen Walters & Sons and Gainsborough Silks. Dating back to the late 1700s, Sudbury’s nascent silk industry was facilitated by the town’s former history as a wool centre, to which many family members of the Sudbury-born artist Thomas Gainsborough, R.A. (1727– 1788) plied their trade.
The exhibition Silk: From Spitalfields to Sudbury (17 June – 8 October 2017) will explore the local and national history of silk in England from the eighteenth century to the present day, focussing on the diaspora of silk manufacture from Spitalfields in London to Sudbury in Suffolk. In the first part of the exhibition, the formation of the English silk industry in Spitalfields in the early 1700s will be examined, highlighting the important Huguenot silk weavers who formed the basis of this work force. Objects displayed will illustrate the processes of design and manufacture, and include everything from silk pattern books and historic costume to paintings and drawings featuring silk fashions of the era.
In the second part of the exhibition, the focus will turn to the relocation of silk manufacture from London to Suffolk over the course of the nineteenth century, exploring the history of Sudbury’s silk mills and the textiles they produced. Objects on show from the town’s three mills, in addition to the Sudbury manufacturer Humphries Weaving, will illustrate the many types of silk made in Sudbury, past and present – from furnishing textiles for historic palaces to contemporary design fabrics made for major British fashion houses.
This exhibition will draw together artworks and textiles from both national and local collections, including the Victoria & Albert Museum, Norfolk Museums Service and the Warner Textile Archive. As the childhood home of the artist Thomas Gainsborough situated at the very heart of the nation’s active silk industry, Gainsborough’s House is ideally placed to tell this important story of silk in England: from Spitalfields to Sudbury.
Image: A Page from the Wilson Album from Vanners Silk Mill
Gainsborough’s House Society , Charity No. 1170048 and Company Limited by Guarantee No. 10413978


George E. Burr, Evening on the Little Colorado River, Etching, Circa 1920, 9″ x 11″
George Elbert Burr moved from his birthplace of Monroe Falls, Ohio to Cameron, Missouri when he was ten years old. His father opened a hardware store and George, using the rail pass purchased for buying trips, began traveling around the region to sketch the landscape. He began to make etchings on scraps of zinc while still employed at the hardware store and, in December of 1878, enrolled in the Art Institute of Chicago.
George E. Burr, Summer Clouds – Apache Trail, Arizona, Etching, 8″ x 10″
He would last only three months, leaving to return to Cameron, where he worked at the store and married a local woman named Elizabeth Rogers. He continued his work, becoming employed as an instructor of drawing and, eventually, an illustrator for such publications as Scribner’s, Harper’s, The Observer, Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper and The Cosmopolitan. In 1892, Burr undertook a four-year project to illustrate a catalog of the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heber R. Bishop Collection of jade. The work as arduous, amounting to a thousand etchings of the collection, but earned Burr enough to travel Europe with his wife for more than four years.
George E. Burr, Grand Canyon, Etching, 12″ x 10″
Upon returning to the United States, Burr settled in New Jersey, where he earned a living selling paintings and prints in galleries from New York to Kansas City. George’s rapidly deteriorating health led the couple to look for a new place of residence, however, and they moved to Denver, Colorado in 1906. Here, George completed Mountain Moods, one of the two famous etching series he would complete during his lifetime. He became a member of the Brooklyn Society of Etchers and the New York Society of Etchers and traveled throughout Southern California, Arizona and New Mexico.
As Burr aged his health worsened and, in 1924, he moved with his wife to Phoenix. In Phoenix, Burr served as president of the Phoenix Fine Arts Association. He would remain in Phoenix until his death in 1939.
George E. Burr, Road to Apache Reservation, Arizona, Drypoint, Circa 1920, 10″ x 8″