The Bay Area’s biotech industry is showing a middle-age problem: It’s soft in the middle.
With biotech giant Amgen Inc.’s $10 billion acquisition in October of South San Francisco’s Onyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., few companies are ready to fill the Goldilocks role of being just the right size — large enough to make a difference in drug development, but not so large that they are locally aloof.
The region’s biotech industry is dominated by large players — like Genentech Inc. and Gilead Sciences Inc. — and a growing community of early stage companies and startups.
In the middle? The most recognizable company there would be orphan drug developer San Rafael’s BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., which is the subject of continuous chatter around its sale to a large drug marketer in need of new products and revenue.
The dearth of mid-size companies risks hurting the long-term balance of the Bay Area’s biotech ecosystem, industry veterans have said, and that’s led to programs from BayBio, the region’s biotech industry trade group, including the Bay Area BioEconomy Initiative.
The multi-faceted program — aimed at helping young companies grow by finding new ways to help them discover and develop drugs faster — was largely championed by Tony Coles, the former CEO of Onyx.
Leaders also are focusing on the region’s small successes: startups, a growing network of incubators and startup-related programs, a wave of drug approvals and a relatively strong capital market that led to a half-dozen biotech IPOs in 2013.
What’s more, the Bay Area is leading the way in emerging areas, including aging, the microbiome, digital health, personalized medicine, HIV, Alzheimer’s and cancer.
Second Genome Inc. CEO Peter DiLaura believes 2014 will be the Year of the Microbiome, where the gut will be increasingly tapped for drug discovery. The tipping point is a growing raft of data that is telling researchers how drugs react and are shaped by the bacterial communities that hang out in the gut.
“There’s a new emphasis by large pharma to incorporate microbiome research across multiple therapeutic areas,” DiLaura said. “The message is, ‘No matter what you’re studying, ignore the microbiome at your own peril.’”


Why Antibody Testing Is Needed to Understand the Full Reach of the Coronavirus Outbreak
The number of confirmed cases of the new coronavirus in the U.S. may be climbing every day, but the true magnitude of the crisis remains still unclear, largely due to a severe lack of testing kits.
Until more testing becomes available, only people who have come in close contact with a confirmed case or have a fever are typically getting tested. That leaves out asymptomatic people or those with mild cases not requiring hospitalization — people who could be unknowingly spreading COVID-19 by going about their daily lives.
In an effort to identify more cases of COVID-19, researchers are now working on a test that would use blood to check for antibodies to the virus. The test would also help determine if people who had the virus become immune to it, which could inform how to handle the outbreak moving forward, as well as aid in the development of vaccines and treatments.
Virologists at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai shared initial details of an antibody test on March 18, which, along with tests already available, could help identify thousands more cases each day and inform researchers about immunity, Science magazine reported.
The antibody test would identify any stage of the virus, whereas the existing nasal swab version can only identify if someone is currently infected with the virus, and cannot detect if they are carrying COVID-19 and are asymptomatic.
“What that’s measuring is: ‘Has your body ever seen the virus?’ ” Laurie Garrett, a Pulitzer Prize-winning science journalist explained to New York Magazine. “That’s useful in two ways. As a diagnostic, it gives the refined information: ‘Yes, you have this in you at the moment.’ It also can guide the activities of the physician, who might say, ‘Gee, I’ve got a pneumonia patient, I wonder if they’ve ever had COVID?’ ”
“But the most important thing is that that test can be a public health tool,” she continued. “If we had this antibody test, we can go around randomly selecting people in New York City and find out how many New Yorkers, including right now, have had this virus in their bodies. Since we know the virus has never been in human beings before, anybody who has antibodies against it has been exposed since January.”
Garrett said that antibody testing would be a “game changer,” because it would help policymakers see how long the virus has been around. If it’s only been in New York City since February, for example, then “we’re going to suddenly skyrocket and our hospitals are going to be overwhelmed.”
“But if, by contrast, the same number of cases are found in the historic samples going back to the first of January, that would tell us, ‘Okay, it’s gradually unfolding, we don’t have to go down to lockdown every single person in New York, we may be able to flatten the curve.’ ”
And down the line, antibody testing could eventually show how long any immunity lasts, and what types of vaccines are needed, Science reported.
As information about the coronavirus pandemic rapidly changes, PEOPLE is committed to providing the most recent data in our coverage. Some of the information in this story may have changed after publication. For the latest on COVID-19, readers are encouraged to use online resources from CDC, WHO, and local public health departments and visit our coronavirus hub.
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S-Space College of Medicine/School of Medicine (의과대학/대학원) Dept. of Biomedical Sciences (대학원 의과학과) Theses (Ph.D. / Sc.D._의과학과)
Molecular taxonomic study of Mycobacterium yongonense
Mycobacterium yongonense 균주의 분자분류학적 연구
|dc.description||학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의과학과, 2016. 8. 김범준.||-|
|dc.description.abstract||Introduction: Members of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are the most frequently isolated non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Traditionally, MAC complex includes two species of M. avium and M. intracellulare strains. Recently, using the partial three independent chronometer genes, hsp65, ITS1 and 16S rRNA, clinical isolated M. intracelllulare strains from Korean patients were separated into 5 groups (INT-1 to -5) due to their genetic diversities.
Methods: A novel strain 05-1390, which is related with M. intracellulare, especially INT-5 group, was isolated from a Korean pulmonary patient and proposed to a novel species (M. yongonense DSM 45126T) by biochemical and phylogenetic analyses. This strain is phylogenetically related to M. intracellulare, but has a distinct RNA polymerase β-subunit gene (rpoB) sequence that is identical to that of M. parascrofulaceum, suggesting the acquisition of the rpoB gene via a potential lateral gene transfer (LGT) event. To gain better insight into the possibility of LGT event mechanisms in the M. yongonense, the complete genome sequence of M. yongonense was determined by four types of sequencing methods. Also, to determine the exact taxonomic status of the M. yongonense and other INT-5 strains (MOTT-36Y and MOTT-H4Y), genome-based phylogenetic analysis and IS-elements identification were conducted. To this end, genome sequences of the two INT-5 strains were compared with M. intracellulare ATCC 13950T and M. yongonense DSM 45126T. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 35 target genes and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses were conducted to compare the relationship between the two INT-5 strains and M. yongonense DSM 45126T. And using the M. yongonense genome information, a novel IS-element was identified and applied to develop a novel diagnostic method based on a real-time PCR technique. To figure out the mechanism of LGT events in the genome of M. yongonense from M. parascrofulaceum, putative LGT regions in M. yongonense strains were identified by comparative genomic analysis and the regions were examined by SimPlot and BootScan analysis. Also, in the genome of M. yongonense strains, DNA mismatch repair genes (mutS4A and mutS4B) were identified, and examined the ability in recombination of DNA mismatch repair genes. To this end, recombinant M. smegmatis harboring DNA mismatch repair gene was constructed and partial rpoB sequences (684 bp) from rifampin resistant M. tuberculosis was introduced in the recombinant M. smegmatis. After that, the ability of resistance to rifampin and recombination frequencies of recombinant M. smegmatis were examined.
Results: A novel strain, 05-1390 was similar with M. intracellulare in biochemical traits. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1 and the hsp65 gene indicated that strain 05-1390 was closely related to M. intracellulare ATCC 13950T, but the rpoB gene sequence showed that it is closely related to M. parascrofulaceum ATCC BAA-614T. With these results, strain 05-1390 was proposed to a novel species as M. yongonense DSM 45126T. This strain have a circular chromosome (5,521,023 bp
|dc.description.abstract||GenBank accession no. of CP003347), a circular plasmid (122,976 bp||-|
|dc.description.abstract||GenBank accession no. of JQ657805), and a linear plasmid (18,089 bp||-|
|dc.description.abstract||GenBank accession no. of JQ657806). The genome based MLST and SNP analyses showed that the two INT-5 strains and M. yongonense DSM 45126T were closely related than other M. intracellulare strains. Also, a novel IS-elements, ISMyo2 (2,387 bp), belonging to the IS21 family were identified in the genome of M. yongonense DSM 45126T and two INT-5 strains. The developed real-time PCR diagnostic method targeting ISMyo2 could detect only M. yongonense strains including the two INT-5 strains. In the genome of M. yongonense DSM 45126T, two putative LGT regions with high sequence similarity with M. parascrofulaceum were identified. The first region is rpoBC operon (OEM_44170~44190) and the second region is containing ORFs from OEM_08030 to OEM_08590 (57 ORFs). SimPlot and BootScan analyses supported that these regions were laterally transferred from M. parascrofulaceum. Also, the recombinant M. smegmatis harboring DNA mismatch repair gene showed potential of resistance to rifampin after indroducing the partial rpoB sequences related with rifampin resistance.
Conclusions: The genome-based phylogenetic analysis showed that M. yongonense is taxonomically related with INT-5 strains (MOTT-36Y and MOTT-H4Y). So, previously described taxonomic status of the two INT-5 strains should be revised into M. yongonense strains. M. yongonense strains could be divided into two distinct genotypes. Type I genotype have the distinct rpoBC operon which was laterally transferred from M. parascrofulaceum, and Type II genotype have the similar rpoBC operon with M. intracellulare strains. The result of LGT events could be a criteria for differentiation between M. yongonense Type I and Type II genotypes, and the LGT events might be facilitated by introduction of DNA mismatch repair genes from the genus of Acidothermus species to M. yongonense strains.
|dc.description.tableofcontents||General Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Mycobacterium yongonense sp. nov., a novel slow growing nonchromogenic species closely related to Mycobacterium intracellulare 5
Material and Methods 8
Chapter 2: Molecular taxonomic evidence for two distinct genotypes of Mycobacterium yongonense via genome-based phylogenetic analysis 45
Material and Methods 49
Chapter 3: Molecular taxonomic study for proving the lateral gene transfer event between Mycobacterium yongonense Type I and Type II genotype strains via genome-based analysis 95
Material and Methods 99
Abstract in Korean 149
|dc.subject||M. intracellulare INT-5 group||-|
|dc.subject||comparative genome analysis||-|
|dc.subject||multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)||-|
|dc.subject||single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)||-|
|dc.subject||RNA polymerase β-subunit gene (rpoB)||-|
|dc.subject||lateral gene transfer (LGT)||-|
|dc.subject||DNA mismatch repair gene||-|
|dc.title||Molecular taxonomic study of Mycobacterium yongonense||-|
|dc.title.alternative||Mycobacterium yongonense 균주의 분자분류학적 연구||-|
- Appears in Collections:
- College of Medicine/School of Medicine (의과대학/대학원)Dept. of Biomedical Sciences (대학원 의과학과)Theses (Ph.D. / Sc.D._의과학과)


Unhealthy dietary habits can contribute to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Such habits may also be associated with post-treatment symptoms experienced by CRC survivors. Therefore, we aimed to assess longitudinal associations of post-treatment unhealthy dietary habits, i.e. intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF), red and processed meat, alcohol and sugar-sweetened drinks, with health-related quality of life (HRQoL), fatigue and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in CRC survivors from 6 weeks up to 24 months post-treatment. In a prospective cohort among stage I-III CRC survivors (n 396), five repeated home visits from diagnosis up to 24 months post-treatment were executed. Dietary intake was measured by 7-d dietary records to quantify consumption of UPF, red and processed meat, alcohol and sugar-sweetened drinks. HRQoL, fatigue and CIPN were measured by validated questionnaires. We applied confounder-adjusted linear mixed models to analyse longitudinal associations from 6 weeks until 24 months post-treatment. We applied a post hoc time-lag analysis for alcohol to explore the directionality. Results showed that higher post-treatment intake of UPF and sugar-sweetened drinks was longitudinally associated with worsened HRQoL and more fatigue, while higher intake of UPF and processed meat was associated with increased CIPN symptoms. In contrast, post-treatment increases in alcohol intake were longitudinally associated with better HRQoL and less fatigue; however, time-lag analysis attenuated these associations. In conclusion, unhealthy dietary habits are longitudinally associated with lower HRQoL and more symptoms, except for alcohol. Results from time-lag analysis suggest no biological effect of alcohol; hence, the longitudinal association for alcohol should be interpreted with caution.


D-ribose, also called ribose or Beta-D-ribofuranos. It is a five carbon molecule glucose of sugar that your body produces naturally. It helps produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate.) Ribose supplements are widely used as an alternative medicine in the health and wellness industry as it is enormously effective in enhancing the human body to its prime condition. Medicinally, it is most often used to increase muscle energy and improve exercise performance.
In some illnesses, D-ribose is used to help improve exercise tolerance or prevent post-exercise pain, cramping and stiffness. In people with heart disease, it may also help get energy to the heart during exercise.
- D-ribose helps to overcome chronic fatigue syndrome.
- D-ribose helps to maintain a healthy heart.
- a) D-ribose can be administered in a wide variety of clinical settings for cardiovascular disease:
- b) D-ribose helps in congestive heart failure
- c) D-ribose helps in coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease
- d) D-ribose helps in myocardial protection and recovery in cardiac surgery
- e) D-ribose and “beating heart” surgery improve bypass outcomes
- D-ribose helps in controlling our blood sugar.
- D-ribose helps in fibromyalgia and muscle health
Studies have shown that oral intake of D-ribose significantly boosts ATP recovery so that the recovery period for the skeletal and cardiac muscle is much faster back to its pre workout levels. By taking in 3-5 grams before and after rigorous training exercises greatly reduces recovery from exhaustion. The effects of D-ribose is generally immediate that lasts for about 80 minutes and peaks within 40 minutes. Moreover, D-ribose greatly boosts cardiovascular and muscular functions by maintaining high levels of cellular energy and shortening the time it takes for the muscles of the heart and body to recover.
D-ribose increases the resistance of the cardiac muscles from fatigue by building more ATP in the body significantly boosting heart health towards recovery. It is very effective in maintaining the physical integrity of the heart muscle. D-ribose naturally increases levels of ATP to improve cardiac contraction which in turn increases blood flow therefore allowing a faster recovery of the cardiac muscles following a heart attack. Moreover, D-ribose also plays a key supplemental role in managing ischemic heart diseases as there is deprived blood flow to the heart due to inadequate or weak heart contractions. The ATP production is increased to restore the cardiac tissue’s integrity by allowing more blood flow and resistance to fatigue.
1. Coronary artery disease
2. Stable and unstable angina
3. Recovery from cardiac surgery or major cardiac event, such as heart attack
4. Congestive heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy to promote diastolic cardiac function.
5. Artial and ventricular arrhythmia
6. Cardiac diagnosis to unmask hibernating myocardium
Ribose therapy directly supports the heart’s ability to preserve and rebuild its energy pool. Through this action, ribose helps the heart with the ATP it needs to perform its work.
Ischemic heart or vascular disease has a profound effect on tissue energy metabolism. The energy pool can be depressed as much as 40 percent in patients with chronic cardiac ischemia. D-ribose raises the energy level of the heart in chronically ischemic patients reduces fatigue, increases exercise tolerance and enhances quality of life.
Giving ribose to patients both before (as a cardioprotective) and following (to restore lost energy) cardiac intervention has proven to be an effective way to improve clinical outcome. It helps the heart pump blood more easily and completely following the surgical intervention.
D-ribose rebuilds the cellular energy pool, allowing the cell to better manage its calcium load, reducing nociceptor activation and outflow of potassium ions, modulating the pain and relaxing the muscle. D- ribose therapy in patients with fibromyalgia is very effective in lowering fatigue, reducing soreness and stiffness, and increasing patient quality of life.
D-ribose increases the production of insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas that assists in the transport of glucose to the different organs in the body. Too much glucose in the body is generally not good and D-ribose has shown to have an inhibitory and regulatory effect on an enzyme called phosphoglucomutase secreted by the liver that breaks down glycogen (glucose stores in the body) thus lowering blood sugar levels.
Fibromyalgia is a severely debilitating condition characterized by chronic pain in certain locations in the body. D-ribose affects ATP synthesis which directly results in significantly decreasing muscle pain leading to a better quality of life.


The North Carolina Division of Public Health is investigating 26 cases of E. coli in Wake (14), Sampson (6), Durham (1), Franklin (1), Johnston (1), Orange (1) and Wilson (1) counties. Ten of the cases are confirmed, and 16 are still under investigation. Five people – 4 children and 1 adult – are hospitalized. Twenty-three of the 26 outbreak victims attended the State Fair earlier this month.
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What is E. coli and how does it cause food poisoning? Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a highly studied, common species of bacteria that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, so...
E. coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that causes food poisoning. E. coli O157:H7 is the most commonly identified and the most notorious Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotype in...
Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli can also cause food poisoning. E. coli O157:H7 may be the most notorious serotype of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), but there are at least...
Where do E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) come from? The primary reservoirs, or ultimate sources, of E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157 STEC in nature are...
While many dairy cattle-associated foodborne disease outbreaks are linked to raw milk and other raw dairy products (e.g., cheeses, butter, ice cream), dairy cattle still represent a source of contamination...
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The team at Marler Clark is here to answer all your questions. Find out if you’re eligible for a lawsuit, what questions to ask your doctor, and more.
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Tourism–Carter Cave Natural Area
The land was donated to the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation in 1976. The area consists of 140 acres and protects a great geological feature of the area – Lost Cove Cave.
The main entrance to the cave system is the Buggytop Cave entrance. Thomas Barr, Jr. classified it as one of the most impressive cave mouths in the state.
The mouth itself is 100 feet wide and 80 feet high and opens at the base of a 150 foot high overhanging bluff. The stream that enters here cascades from the mouth dropping 40 feet in less than 100 yards.
From the mouth of the cave, a cold draft of air blows in the summer. This draft can be felt in the creek valley nearly half a mile from the entrance.
The environment of the cave is very sensitive and visitors are asked to be careful not to disturb the environment. Rare and endangered species of salamanders and bats are found in the cave. All plants and animals in the area are protected by law, helping to preserve them for generations to come.


- Evolution is the sequence of gradual changes which take place in the primitive organisms over millions of years to produce new species are produced.
- Evolution can be defined as the changes in the genetic composition of a population with the passage of each generation.
- Evolution may be small-scale or large-scale evolutions.
- Small-scale evolutions refer to the changes in gene frequency and large-scale evolutions refer to different species having a common ancestor.
- All the plants and animals (or organisms) which we see today around us have evolved from some or the other ancestors that lived on this earth long, long ago.
EVOLUTION SHOULD NOT BE EQUATED WITH PROGRESS
- Variation is the root cause of evolution that gives the organism better chance of survival in its habitat.
- Evolution is not a ladder of progress but a by-chance process.
- According to the concept of natural selection or ‘survival of the fittest’, individuals who are unfit were weeded out.
- So, evolution deals with how an organism ensures its existence in its environment and is not about perfection.
- Evolution is just the production of diversity of life forms and shaping of this diversity by the environmental selection.
- The only progress in evolution appears to be that more and more complex body designs of organisms have emerged over the ages.
- Evolutionis the progressive alteration in inherited traits over a large span of time, usually over generations due to environmental factors like temperature, climate, availability of resources, etc.
- Evolution was necessitated when an organism required to utilize a niche and they were not able to do so with their existing body design or structural components.
Origin of Life on Earth
- Evolution gives a better understanding about how the species became extinct, about their habitats and how new species are produced.
- There is an inbuilt tendency to variation during reproduction process. T
- The main responsible factors are the combination of genetic material from two parents and error in DNA copying during sexual reproduction.
- Haldane also suggested from theoretical considerations that life (or living organisms) originated in the sea water.
Difference between Change and Evolution
Change may refer to the falling of leaves from trees, a human losing weight, hair fall, etc. But these do not play any sort of role in evolution. Only the changes that are passed down during genetic inheritance play a part in this transformation.
Theory of evolution leads to the conclusion that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor who probably lived millions of years ago and gave rise to the immense diversity as it exists today. Evolutionary theory suggests that trees, humans, dolphins and everything else on this diverse planet are related.
Causes and Mechanism
The mechanisms of evolution occur due to various reasons that focus on:
- Variation, differential reproduction, and heredity result in evolutions by natural selection.
- Different species affect each other evolution through co-evolution.
- The heritable genetic differences which are carried to the next generation.
- Four fundamental forces of evolution include natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, migration and gene flow.
Evolution can occur due to various reasons. Natural selection is an advantage for survival that altered certain shared characteristics of the population, as the population might not have been exponential. So, some of their genetic frequency can be changed by near-fatal accidents in a small group of organisms, even when those offer no advantage for their survival. This concept of genetic drift is a process that causes diversity but not any survival adaptations.
EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION
Evolution is the successive modification in inherited traits usually over generations that has resulted in a huge biodiversity. Classification is the way to handle these diversifying organisms.
Living organisms were classified based on characteristics like their similarities and dissimilarities. Characteristics are the appearance/form and behavior/function of something that decide which organism will belong to which group. For example, a dog has limbs but a snake does not. Also, both can move but a plant cannot. These are characteristics of different organisms and such behaviors classify them into different groups.
The cell is the fundamental unit of every organism and is a common characteristic of all living organisms. The number of organisms sharing common characteristics becomes lesser as we go up the levels. Thus, more the number of common characteristics shared between two species, more closely related they are and more recently they have had a common ancestor.


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Zhipeng Chen, Zhong-Lin Lu, Fang Hou, Siyuan Deng, Shenglan Zhang, Jinrong Li; Assessing peripheral visual function in myopia – a qCSF study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2019;60(9):4365.
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© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)
The peripheral retinal structure is very important in the pathogenesis and management of myopia. However, the quantitative relationship between peripheral visual function and myopia remains unknown. This study evaluated contrast sensitivity function in peripheral vision in myopia and emmetropia with the qCSF method.
The study recruited 19 myopia subjects (23.42±4.0 years) and 12 normal subjects (22.92±2.9 years). The average spherical and cylinder corrections were -2.95±3.26D and -0.03±0.74D in myopia group, and -0.34±0.52D and -0.30±0.42D in normal group. The BCVA was 0.00±0.00 logMAR in both groups. All subjects performed the qCSF test in foveal vision and fifteen peripheral locations (superior, inferior, temporal and nasal quadrants at 60, 120, 180 and 240 eccentricities, excluding the physiological scotoma at 180) and optical quality assessment with the double-pass Optical Quality Analysis System II, OQAS. The myopes wore soft contact lens with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). To summary metrics, the cutoff spatial frequency (cut-off SF) and the area under log CSF (AULCSF), and contrast thresholds at 19 spatial frequencies (equally spaced in log units) at each of the 16 test locations were derived from qCSF test results.
Results from the OQAS assessment found that there was no significant optical quality difference between two groups, including MTF cutoff, OV100%, OV20%, and OV9% and OSI (p>0.10). There was also no significant difference between two groups in any of the CSF metrics in foveal vision (p>0.10). Further analysis showed that myopes had significantly increased AULCSF in the superior (p=0.026), inferior (p=0.024) and nasal (p=0.022) quadrants at 120. Across the fifteen peripheral locations, there was no significant cut-off SF difference between two groups (p>0.10). In addition, contrast sensitivity in the myopia group was greater than that of normal group in the inferior quadrant at 60 (p<0.05), and the superior, inferior and nasal quadrants at 120 (p<0.05), but not at any of the other test locations.
Our findings showed that, with best optical correction, the myopic visual system exhibited normal CSF in foveal vision but enhanced CSF in certain peripheral locations. We speculate that these results may be attributed to compensatory improvements of peripheral vision from its extensive use during near visual activities in the emmetropization process of myopic visual system.
This abstract was presented at the 2019 ARVO Annual Meeting, held in Vancouver, Canada, April 28 - May 2, 2019.
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Imaging and Morphology Support Core
The Imaging and Morphology Support Core of the ONPRC is designed to meet the imaging needs of ONPRC scientists and of the OHSU scientific community by providing state-of-the-art facilities, expertise, assistance and training in the use of advanced light microscopy, image analysis, and processing, and laser capture microdissection. Special emphasis is placed on quantitative evaluation of imaging experiments using both stereology and automated image analysis.
SERVICESConsultation, training and access to instruments or full support by core personnel are offered for all services.
- Fluorescence imaging: confocal, wide-field, and deconvolution microscopy
- Special fluorescence techniques: FURA-2, FRET, FRAP, and live-cell time-lapse imaging
- Large-area image montages: color brightfield or fluorescence, including 3D confocal
- Neuron tracing and dendrites/spines analysis
- Cell mapping
- Image processing, 3D rendering, movies
- Quantitative image analysis and stereology
- Laser capture microdissection
- Leica SP5 AOBS spectral confocal system with 5 excitation lasers (405, 458, 476, 488, 514, 561, 594, 633nm), motorized stage and stage-top microincubator.
- Marianas Imaging Workstation with motorized stage, DG4 fluorescence illumination and the stereology, FURA and FRET packages
- ArcturusXT laser capture microdissection system with UV cutting and fluorescence capability.
- Neurolucida and StereInvestigator system equipped color brightfield and fluorescence.
- CellSens, FIJI, Image J, Volocity, Slidebook
ACCESSThe Imaging and Morphology Support Core (IMSC) is a fee-for-service facility open to all ONPRC and OHSU investigators, and to the scientific community at large. Scientists interested in using the IMS Core may either get trained in using the available instruments or use assistance from core's personnel. Trained users may schedule independent instrument time on a web-based calendar. Core personnel are open to scientific collaborations. IMSC is located within ONPRC, on OHSU's West Campus.
CONTACTSSathya Srinivasan, Ph.D., Director and Microscopy/Digital Imaging Specialist
Ashley White, B.S., Research Assistant


Succulents — plants with thick, fleshy foliage and stems that store water — are by far the most common plants seen in terrariums. This makes a lot of sense, because succulents are typically comfortable not receiving too much water, and don’t need much root space to thrive, making them perfect for small enclosures. Plus, many species stay small and compact, allowing them to live for years in a terrarium without transplanting.
Here’s how to care for this type of terrarium
- Light: Save for some lower-light tolerant species like Haworthia and Gasteria, most succulents prefer bright, if not direct, light. Place your succulent terrarium in a very bright spot, keeping in mind that glass tends to magnify direct sun, and can potentially burn your plants.
- Water: Succulents are drought tolerant plants, and are highly susceptible to root-rot. Combined with the fact that terrariums do not have drainage holes, you’ll want to water your succulent terrarium very sparingly, when the soil has gone almost completely dry. Water sparingly around the base of each plant using a watering can or a spray bottle. Most succulents will tell you when it’s time to water by puckering slightly in their leaves. This is a great indicator for when it’s time to water your terrarium
- Troubleshooting: Shriveled leaves? Time to water. Mushy, brown or black leaves? You’re watering too much. Remove these plants and replace with comparable specimens, taking care not to water quite as much. Reduce watering during winter.


According to a research report published by Azoth Analytics in March 2021, The Global Nucleic Acid Isolation and Purification market was valued at USD 3359.84 million in the year 2020. The rising demand of pure nucleic acids in pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, and growing use of nucleic acid-based tests in diagnosis have propelled the growth of nucleic acid isolation and purification market across the globe. Moreover, increasing application of these techniques in various fields such as genetic engineering, life science research, forensics and molecular diagnostics and government funding in R&Ds and the recent technological innovations are expected to fuel the growth of this market.
Various companies are focusing on organic growth strategies such as product launches, product approvals and others such as patents and events. Inorganic growth strategies activities witnessed in the market were acquisitions, and partnership & collaborations. These activities have paved way for expansion of business and customer base of market players. The market payers from nucleic acid isolation and purification market are anticipated to lucrative growth opportunities in the future with the rising demand for nucleic acid isolation and purification in the global market.
The market for nucleic acid isolation and purification is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, owing to the key factors such as growing advancements in clinical diagnostic techniques, increasing public-private funding for life science research and increasing automation across the globe. Moreover, increasing demand for pure form of nucleic acid for drug delivery is likely to add novel opportunities for the global nucleic acid isolation and purification market over the forecast period.
Moreover, in 2021, the Application based isolation and purification segment accounted for the largest share of the global nucleic acid isolation and purification market. This is more cost-effective, simpler, and faster which will propel the nucleic acid isolation and purification market in coming years due to increasing cases of various type of cancer disease.
Furthermore, North America holds the leading position in the Nucleic Acid Isolation and Purification market followed by Europe. Asia Pacific is the most promising market for the growth of market due to the growth of emerging economies. With low penetration rates, the market is expected to hold major potential in the region, especially India and China, and hence the level of investments are huge in this region.
The Azoth Analytics research report ‘Global Nucleic Acid Isolation and Purification Market (2021 Edition)’ has analysed and segmented the Global Nucleic Acid Isolation and Purification Market by Value (USD Million). The report analyses Nucleic Acid Isolation and Purification Market By Product (High Kits, Reagents and Instruments), By Application (Diagnostics, Drug Discovery & Development, Personalized Medicine, Agriculture & Animal Research and Others) and By End User (Hospitals &Diagnostic Centers, Academic & Research Institutes, Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Companies and Others). The Global Nucleic Acid Isolation and Purification Market has been analysed By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific And ROW) and By Country (United States, Canada, Germany, France, U.K, Italy, China, Japan, India and South Korea) for the historical period of 2016-2020 and the forecast period of 2021-2026.
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Aflatoxins are a naturally occurring fungal toxins produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus and are found in cereal grains, chilies, dry fruits and nuts. They are associated with health problems in livestock; in humans, they can cause stunting in children and cancer of the liver. Aflatoxin concentrations in harvested Pakistan grain often exceed the level permitted in countries where aflatoxin in food and feed is regulated.
Pakistan historically has had limited public awareness of the harmful effects of aflatoxin contamination. Recently, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the USAID Safer Food through Aflatoxin Control began work on the issue with Ingredion an American company processing 80 percent of the maize grown in Pakistan. The company had found contamination levels frequently above the international standard of 20 parts per billion, according to the World Health Organization.
International scientific collaboration reaps dividends
How did a solution emerge to this problem? The short answer was close collaboration across geographic, institutional and public and private sectors.
In 2016, Ingredion’s Dr. Pushpak Mehta, a corn breeder, approached his former professor from Texas A&M University, Dr. Richard Frederiksen, a maize specialist. Frederiksen then directed him to Dr. Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, a professor then on sabbatical with Frederiksen (and head of an Africa-wide effort to develop an aflatoxin biocontrol mitigation technology, Aflasafe, for the Nigeria-based International Institute of Tropical Agriculture).
Bandyopadhyay introduced Mehta to his collaborator, Dr. Peter Cotty, a plant pathologist and leading scientist at USDA. Cotty had developed the groundbreaking biocontrol technology that would prove critical to helping Pakistan overcome its aflatoxin contamination.
Cotty and Mehta wasted no time and formed a partnership to identify a suitable biocontrol indigenous to Pakistan. USDA’s Pakistan Agriculture Program, a decade-long, USAID-funded program, also joined the effort, with Ingredion, to bring the technology to bear on the problem. USDA and Rafhan Maize (owned by Ingredion) began the crop sampling and laboratory research needed to identify the atoxigenic fungal strains of A. flavus native to Pakistan.
It was through these efforts that the formulated project, AflaPak, was born. AflaPak is a biological control agent/product for displacing the strains of aflatoxin producing A. flavus. The active ingredient in AflaPak is a naturally occurring, nontoxigenic strain of A. flavus.
AflaPak takes off
The exceptional international collaboration that took place, and a decade of agricultural accomplishments across Pakistan, were documented in a three-part webinar held earlier this year. In the series of videos, experts shared how AflaPak came to fruition and how they are now registering the innovation with the government.
In the webinar, Mehta discussed Ingredion’s 2015 pledge to sustainably source 100 percent of multiple crops, including corn, which led to its 2016 investment in biocontrol technology in Pakistan and elsewhere.
Expansion of AflaPak trials
According to the Crop Disease Research Institute in Pakistan, the first field trial of AflaPak on 1,400 acres in 2019 demonstrated that aflatoxins could be reduced by 80 percent — a significant accomplishment. The Ingredion team expanded AflaPak trials in 2021 to 20,000 acres. This provided further credence to the technology’s effectiveness while encouraging its adoption in other southeast Asian countries and globally.
Dr. Hillary Mehl, a plant pathologist at the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s Aflatoxin Laboratory, works closely with governments and research organizations to expand the use of atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. USDA efforts here began in 2017 when her lab was provided with samples for genetic characterization and identified indigenous atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus that have optimal biocontrol characteristics for Pakistan. Once a strain was selected for trial, Mehl and her partners trained laboratory personnel on appropriate methods for conducting field trials and analyzing maize samples.
“Pakistan can adapt and adopt a technology that has been proven effective and addresses a major health and economic problem,” Mehl said.
USDA, USAID, Rafhan Maize, and other partners are now beginning a new phase of the aflatoxin control work by testing AflaPak’s efficacy on chilies. If AflaPak proves effective on another crop such as chili, it could save Pakistan years of research and development. Ingredion is committed to making AflaPak available for other crops, starting with chili. At the same time, USDA and its partners are continuing to build lab capacity and skills so that Pakistan will have the tools to develop aflatoxin biocontrols for other crops. Bangladesh is also interested in testing AflaPak on its crops, as was Afghanistan.


|| 要旨トップ | 目次 |||日本生態学会第65回全国大会 (2018年3月、札幌) 講演要旨
一般講演（ポスター発表） P3-076 （Poster presentation）
A temporal strong wind is one component that damages the vascular systems of tree stems. In an area where a strong wind has blown, height growth by tree-stem elongation might be depressed due to a decrease in the water supplied to the elongating shoots. In Abies sachalinensis canopy trees, since seed cones grow in size and require water supply during the period of shoot elongation, height growth after a wind storm might be further depressed in years of seed-cone production. The relationship between seed-cone production and height growth was investigated for A. sachalinensis canopy trees in a cold temperate forest where strong winds (Typhoon Songda and a wind storm on November 27) were recorded in 2004. According to analyses using linear mixed models, both a depression in height growth and a negative effect of seed-cone production on height growth were detected during the period after the wind storms. On the other hand, according to analyses of each canopy tree, height growth is suggested to be sensitive to wind, even in trees with no damage to the canopy surface, but not substantially sensitive to seed-cone production, as compared to the wind.


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According to LiveScience, Kingsnakes are medium-size snakes with no venom. Contrary to other snakes, they kill their prey by constricting other animals and squeezing them until they die.
Karen Vick Scarbrough, from the city of Camden, in Alabama, witnessed it for the first time in her yard where two snakes were fighting. As her dog was barking, she ran to the backyard to check what was happening. To her surprise, a copperhead snake and a kingsnake were fighting.
“We were shocked when we realized it was two snakes. The entire encounter lasted roughly an hour from the time we saw the two snakes until the kingsnake had completely eaten the copperhead.” Karen said, according to MSN.
Karen shared with her family and friends on Facebook several pictures and footage of the scene. More than 2.9k people shared her post, 323 liked it and she received 35 comments.
“I’ve heard of this and seen pictures but I’ve never seen it myself,” Karen wrote in her post.
During the snake fight, the nonvenomous kingsnake was able to eat the copperhead. Copperheads are typically between two and three feet in length. They are found in the southern and eastern parts of the United States.
While the copperhead is known to be a large venomous snake, the kingsnake is immune to his bites and is known to be his predator to copperheads. Kingsnakes eat lizards, birds, eggs, and turtle eggs. They don’t need food every day, especially after a big meal. They are mainly active during the day and like to hide under things.
Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division shared Karen’s Facebook footage writing: “This is what happens when you bring a copperhead to a kingsnake fight.”
No wonder why kingsnakes are called kingsnakes because other snakes, including the most venomous ones, are their main source of food every day!


NOW Supplements, Vitamin C-1,000 with Rose Hips, Sustained Release, Antioxidant Protection*, 100 Tablets
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Bone-Active Bone Density Supplement
At any age, bone health is important. Puritans Pride Absorbable Calcium with Magnesium Vitamin D contains Bone-Active bone density supplement. Formulated to help maintain bone strength and density, this supplement aims to help support optimal bone health. Calcium is the primary mineral responsible for strong bones and teeth. Magnesium is essential for calcium transport and absorption, but many of our diets are lacking the right amounts of this essential mineral. Magnesium absorption decreases in older adults. Calcium and Magnesium each play an essential role in maintaining bone health.and,and, Plus, each softgel is fortified with Vitamin D. Calcium and Vitamin D help maintain healthy bones in adults.
Iron is a mineral that the body needs for growth and development. Your body uses iron to make hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body, and myoglobin, a protein that provides oxygen to muscles.
Vitamin B complex helps prevent infections and helps support or promote:
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Description of Breast Angiosarcoma:
A breast angiosarcoma is a rare type of breast cancer which starts in cells that line the blood vessels within your breast or underarm area. It can occur due to breast and upper arm radiation
treatments, and is apt to grow and spread quickly. Breast angiosarcoma may at first appear similar to a skin rash, infection, or bruising.
A Rare Breast Cancer Diagnosis:
is a type of cancer that grows in soft or connective tissue, and an angiosarcoma can occur in any organ of your body. Less than 10% of all angiosarcomas originate in the breast. Angiosarcoma of the breast accounts for about 0.04%, or one in 2,500 cases of all breast cancer diagnoses.
Primary and Secondary Breast Angiosarcoma:
Primary angiosarcoma of the breast is usually diagnosed in young women, between the ages of 20 to 40. These primary cancers show up as an ill-defined mass in the breast. Secondary angiosarcoma is often diagnosed in women over 40, 5 to 10 years after they have had radiation treatment for breast cancer. The American Cancer Society states that angiosarcoma is a very rare complication of breast radiation.
Women who developed lymphedema
as a result of lymph node removal may also be diagnosed with angiosarcoma, particularly if their underarm area received radiation.
Also Known As:
Angiosarcoma of the breast, mammary angiosarcoma, haemangiosarcoma of the breast, lymphangiosarcoma (if occurs in lymph node area)
Signs and Symptoms of Breast Angiosarcoma:
Primary angiosarcoma (diagnosed in a patient who has never had breast cancer) may feel like a thickened area of the breast. In some cases, the nearby skin may turn blue or reddish and appear to have a rash, or to be bruised. Secondary angiosarcoma (diagnosed in a patient who has already been treated for breast cancer) may feel like a hard, painless mass in the breast, skin may be blue or red over the mass, and there may be some swelling and bumpiness to some tumors. Some patients report feeling a tender, or even painful breast mass, depending on the size of the tumor.
Tests Used to Diagnose Breast Angiosarcoma:
- Mammogram – an angiosarcoma will appear to have a fuzzy outline and will not have spiky protrusions (spikes are commonly seen on carcinomas)
- Ultrasound - an angiosarcoma will show up well on an ultrasound, with clear borders that may be bumpy
- Breast MRI – this type of tumor will show up on an MRI, revealing the affected blood vessels and surrounding tissue
- Skin punch biopsy – a sample of affected skin will be taken and given a careful examination in the lab, to distinguish this from other, similar cancers
- Open surgical biopsy – to get a larger sample of skin and tumor for lab testing
Angiosarcoma Grows and Spreads Quickly:
This type of breast cancer is aggressive, and your prognosis will depend on the stage at which it is caught, how far it has spread at the time of diagnosis, and how aggressively it is treated. Angiosarcoma of the breast can spread through your blood system to your lungs, liver, bones, skin, and your other breast. Your brain, ovaries, and lymph nodes may also be affected by the metastasis of angiosarcoma. This type of breast cancer has a high rate of recurrence. A diagnosis of breast angiosarcoma usually has a poor prognosis, and only 10% to 27% of patients will survive this cancer by 5 years.
Treatments for Breast Angiosarcoma:
- Lumpectomy – surgery to remove the tumor and a wide margin of surrounding tissue (helps prevent recurrence)
- Mastectomy – surgery to remove all of the breast tissue
- Chemotherapy – most angiosarcomas will not benefit from chemo, but some may
Outlook on Prevention and Treatment:
Research is being done on new ways to treat angiosarcoma of the breast, so that it may be better controlled, providing patients with better survival and quality of life. Hyperfractionated irradiation (smaller, more frequent doses of radiation) may help prevent local recurrence. Hyperthermia (treating tumors with heat), interleukin-2 (a drug that boosts your immune system), and anti-angiogenesis therapy (such as Avastin
), are considered experimental treatments and are available only in a clinical trial at this time.


Mazao CAMPAIGN is an easy to apply insect-killing fungus that occurs naturally in the soil.
An Organic Solution for the control of
Mazao CAMPAIGN ® composed of an insect killing fungus found in soil named Metarhizium anisopliae strain ICIPE 69
Why Use Mazao CAMPAIGN?
1. Effective on mealybugs, whiteflies, thrips and fruit flies
2. Can be tank mixed with insecticides and foliar fertilizers.
3. Safe to user and environment
4. Zero PHI (post-harvest interval)
5. Zero Residue Levels
Mazao CAMPAIGN is produced by REAL IPM Kenya.


Chandaka Elephant national park is situated out skirts of Bhubneshwar, the capital of Orissa, covers an area of 193 sq km. It is a unique park of its kind located around ever green forest of Khurda Uplands. The park is established in 1982, and a centre of attractions
The fauna of the park include from semi evergreen, to the moist kangada forests, coastal sal forest, thorny bamboo brakes, planted teak and eupatorium scrub. The park falls in sub tropical regions, thus, a home to the many other plants such as medicinal herbs, bamboos, with a few orchids which provide shade and food for the elephant.
The dense, mangrove and thickly evergreen vegetation provide shelter to 30 species of mammals, 27 species of reptiles and 120 species of birds. The park gives an ideal destination to the elephant and watching them in their natural habitat sleeping in shade or plying with water in the lake is really an amazing feeling. Apart from the elephant, you can explore leopard, chital, barking deer, mouse deer, langur, rhesus monkey, mongoose, sloth bear, wolf and hyena. There are many other reptiles found in the park such as snakes, python, monitor lizard and crocodiles. If you are fond of bird, you should visit the park in January and February, it is the perfect time to explore the beauty of many endangered species of birds for instance storks, heron, egrets and cormorants, Garganey and common teal, pin tail, white eyed Pochard and spot billed Duck.
The Chandaka national park has more than three watch towers from where one can enjoy and explore the virgin flora and fauna of the wildlife sanctuary.


VIC WormBoss Worm Control Programs
VIC WormBoss Drench Decision Guides
Livestock Logic Key Recommendations
Conditions in the south west of the state were great over winter with only moderate rainfall and plenty of warm conditions perfect for growing grass. As a result, livestock have thrived and early lamb marking results would suggest lamb survival, for June in particular, has benefited. The concern is how dry it is for this climate at this time of year and we are all hoping for a wet August/September as soil moisture levels are well below where they would normally be in late July.
We continue to see a high number of cases of hypocalcaemia in both sheep and cattle that is a direct result of the drought last year. It is important for producers to be feeding out hay particularly to late gestation and lactating sheep and cattle with increased emphasis during periods of inclement weather.
The below chart shows how worm egg counts in the South West of Victoria have risen sharply in July and we would expect the number of weaners needing drenching in August to continue to rise. This increases the need for regular monitoring during the winter months and spring.


Test performance in particular histopathologic forms of thyroid nodules is introduced in Table 2. Among nodules discovered to be benign after surgery, the take a look at appropriately categorised as negative eighty four of ninety five (88%) hyperplastic follicular cell nodules, 5 of 5 (100%) hyperplastic Hürthle cell nodules, 37 of 47 (seventy nine%) follicular adenomas, and 21 of 34 (62%) Hürthle cell adenomas. In a subgroup of histologically benign nodules with Bethesda III-IV cytology, 146 of 179 (eighty two%) had been categorised as adverse.
Prospective And Retrospective Cohort Studies
Researchers measured areas under the curve , sensitivity, and specify for four glaucoma indicators (ATX, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-βthree). Results from a potential observational examine showed aqueous transforming development issue beta (TGF-β) and autotaxin exhibited excessive diagnostic efficiency in detecting glaucoma subtypes and could function promising biomarkers for glaucoma. Results from a prospective observational research showed aqueous remodeling development factor beta and autotaxin exhibited high diagnostic performance in detecting glaucoma subtypes and could serve as promising biomarkers for glaucoma. The Canadian COVID-19 Prospective Cohort Study is the first Canadian study to supply a comprehensive evaluation of early to 1-yr outcomes in sufferers with COVID-19 and their family caregivers. A number of previous studies have shown oleandrin’s capacity to cross the blood-mind-barrier when the drug is administered orally. Collaborative work with Duke University discovered that PBI was efficient orally in opposition to stoke mediated ischemic injury. The analysis found an increase in production of the critically important mind development issue … Read More


Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak In Disneyland Results In Shutdown Of Two Cooling Towers
Two water cooling towers located in the backstage area of the Disneyland in Anaheim were shut down after multiple incidents of Legionnaires disease were reported.
In unsettling Disneyland news, two water cooling towers located in the backstage area of the park have been shut down after multiple incidents of Legionnaires disease were reported. According to the Los Angeles Times, twelve cases of the severe lung disease caused by exposure to contaminated water or mist were discovered three weeks ago—nine of which involved people who had spent time at Disneyland in September. The other two individuals had spent time in Anaheim, the city in which the park is located.
Ranging in age from 52-94, ten of the individuals affected by the bacteria-contaminated cooling towers were hospitalized. According to the LA Times, one of the two individuals who had not been to Disneyland but contracted the disease and had a medical history of "additional health issues" died. (According to the CDC, about one out of every 10 people who get sick from Legionnaires’ disease will die.)
Although the disease is not contagious or transmitted person-to-person, it grows and spreads in human-made water systems. Those who have Legionnaires disease often face pneumonia-like symptoms, including high fever, chills, and a cough.
In a statement on the Disney Parks blog, Pamela Hymel, Chief Medical Officer for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, wrote: "Upon being notified by OCHCA about the increased cases of Legionnaires’ disease in Anaheim, we worked closely with health care officials to see if there were potential areas of concern. We reviewed our water quality testing data, including testing performed by our third-party water quality maintenance contractor, and learned that two cooling towers had elevated levels of Legionella bacteria. These towers were treated with chemicals that destroy the bacteria and are currently shut down to further eliminate any ongoing concern. We have proactively shared this information with OCHCA and, given our actions, they have indicated there is no longer any known risk associated with our facilities."
The statement continued: "While there is no ongoing concern at Disneyland Resort, we are committed to providing a safe and healthy environment for all who visit or work at our parks and resorts. If you have further questions about Legionnaires’ disease, I encourage you to visit https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/index.html."


We believe in transparent processes starting my girls on a half kibble, half homemade food. Table 2 Taurine Amounts in Foods. I have been thinking of. Tail Blazers Pets – Blog.
Despite the fact that the health effects of taurine are largely unknown, taurine has become a popular supplement and ingredient in energy drinks in recent years. J Nutr. Human studies The effects of taurine on lipid levels were examined in several small randomized trials Table 3. However, it is unknown whether the beneficial dieet of taurine would only be seen among individuals with high-fat diet. For correspondence and requests for reprints: Dr.
Clin Nutr. It was very informative and helpful. Evidence from mechanistic diet animal studies has shown that ciet main biological actions of taurine include its ability to conjugate bile acids, regulate blood pressure BP, and act as a potent antioxidant taurine anti-inflammatory agent. Schuller-Levis How, Park E. Stability over time could be an issue. It means the diet meets the minimal standards, not optimal standards. You could taaurine do both as well because there is no such thing get too much taurine.


Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that support digestive and immune health.*
✓ Supports normal bowel function*
✓ Promotes immune function*
✓ Helps support women's urinary tract and flora health*
Spring Valley™ Women's Probiotic supports a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria in the digestive system, promoting digestive, urinary and immune health.* For maximum effectiveness, this product has been formulated with probiotic strains that are resistant to stomach acids.
• Formulated for daily use
• Naturally supports healthy intestinal flora balance*
• Provides 1 billion active cultures per capsule†
• Includes inulin prebiotic fibers that support the growth of good bacteria in the digestive system
• Contains 8 high potency probiotic strains*
What are Probiotics?
The human digestive system is home to trillions of bacteria that perform many helpful functions. However, the healthy balance of good bacteria can be disrupted by diet, travel or stress. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help replenish and support a healthy balance. Probiotic species are different types of bacteria, each of which may provide different health benefits.*
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
†Contains a minimum of 1 billion live bacteria cells per capsule at time of consumption, if prior to expiration, under recommended storage conditions.
Spring Valley Women's Probiotic Dietary Supplement are specially formulated to promote the digestive, urinary, and immune health of women by supporting a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria in the digestive system. The human digestive system is home to trillions of bacteria that perform helpful functions. Stress, travel, and bad diets can disrupt your body's healthy bacterial balance. These probiotic vegetable capsules are allergen-free and help support the growth of beneficial bacteria that replenish and support a healthy intestinal flora balance. This product has been formulated with probiotic strains that are resistant to stomach acids for maximum effectiveness. With 8 high potency probiotic strains and 125 milligrams of cranberry extract per capsule, you'll be on the path to better health with just one Spring Valley Women's Probiotic Dietary Supplement per day.
Spring Valley understands living a healthy, balanced lifestyle is the key to being your best self. With an affordable range of products inspired by nature, Spring Valley supports your and your family's health and holistic wellbeing.
- Promotes digestive, urinary, and immune system health
- Supports normal bowel function
- Contains cranberry extract
- Provides 1 billion active cultures per capsule
- Resistant to stomach acids
- Allergen free
- Contains prebiotic inulin and 8 probiotic strains
- 30 vegetable capsules
Health Concern: Digestive Health Urinary Tract Support Digestive Concern
Inactive Ingredients: Other Ingredients: Starch, Maltodextrin, Hypromellose, Inulin, Magnesium Stearate, Titanium Dioxide, Ascorbic Acid (as preservative)
Ingredients: Other Ingredients:<br>Starch, Maltodextrin, Hypromellose, Inulin, Magnesium Stearate, Titanium Dioxide, Ascorbic Acid (As Preservative).
Dosage: Suggested Use: Women age 12 and older, take one capsule daily with a meal.
Instructions: KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. **FOR YOUR PROTECTION, DO NOT USE IF SEAL IS BROKEN.


Background: To describe characteristics and outcomes among lung transplantation (LT) patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and elucidate the predictors of 1-year survival after RSV infection. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review study among LT patients with RSV infection between 2013 and 2018 (90 episodes among 87 patients; mean age 56.3 ± 13.1 years, M:F 52:35). A contemporaneous control group consisting of LT patients without RSV infection (n = 183) was included. One-year survival after the RSV infection was the primary endpoint. Results: Median time from LT to RSV infection was 30 (1-155) months. Before RSV infection, the median decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) was 9.7 cc (−17.8 to 83 cc) or 0.29% (−1.4% to 4.6%) per month, while the forced expiratory volume (FEV1) decline was 7.5 cc (−8.8 to 58 cc) or 0.3% (−0.57% to 4.3%) per month with no statistically significant change after RSV infection. One-year survival among patients with RSV infection was 86.2% (75/87). Pre-infection diagnosis of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD; adjusted HR: 4.29, 1.08-17.0; P =.038) and FVC or FEV1 decline >10% during 6 months post infection (adjusted HR: 35.1, 3.26-377.1; P =.003) were independently associated with worse survival. On propensity score matched analysis, RSV infection was not associated with worse post-transplant survival (HR with 95% CI: 0.79, 0.47-1.34; P =.38). Conclusions: A majority of LT patients in the current cohort did not experience an alteration in the trajectory of FVC or FEV1 decline after developing RSV infection, and their post-transplant survival was not adversely impacted. Established CLAD at the time of RSV infection and post infection >10% decline in FVC or FEV1 are independently associated with worse survival after RSV infection.
- chronic lung allograft dysfunction
- community-acquired respiratory virus infections
- multiplex PCR
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Infectious Diseases


Growing orchids can be a rewarding experience, bringing a touch of exotic beauty to your living spaces. Orchid enthusiasts often look forward to the blooming stage when vibrant flowers come alive, showcasing the plant’s true splendor. However, questions about how often orchids bloom and how to care for them during the blooming stage often arise. This comprehensive guide provides detailed information about the blooming stage of orchid growth and tips for maintaining your orchids during this crucial period.
Growing Orchids (Blooming Stage)
The blooming stage is the peak of an orchid’s growth cycle, characterized by vibrant and ornate flowers that make these plants so loved. Ensuring optimal conditions during this stage can significantly affect the duration and beauty of the blooms.
Watering and Sunlight
Balanced watering is key for orchids, especially during the blooming stage. Overwatering or underwatering can stress the plant, reducing the quality and lifespan of the blooms. Generally, orchids should be watered once a week, but this can vary based on the type of orchid, the potting medium, and the environment.
It’s best to water orchids in the morning, giving them enough time to dry before nighttime. The goal is to keep the roots moist but not soggy. Always ensure the pot has good drainage to prevent water from stagnating, which may lead to root rot and other diseases.
Orchids need plenty of light to bloom but can be sensitive to harsh, direct sunlight. During the blooming stage, orchids thrive under bright, indirect light. Placing them near a north or east-facing window is typically a good choice.
However, care should be taken to protect the orchids from scorching afternoon sun, which can burn the leaves. If the leaves of your orchid become a dark green color, it may be a sign they are not receiving enough light. Conversely, reddish-green leaves could indicate too much direct sunlight.
Choosing the right type of fertilizer is crucial for nourishing orchids during their blooming stage. A balanced, water-soluble fertilizer with equal parts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium is generally recommended for most orchid varieties. This well-rounded fertilizer provides the essential nutrients for healthy growth and vibrant blooms.
You may also consider using a bloom-booster fertilizer for an extra boost during the blooming stage. This specialized fertilizer is formulated with a slightly lower nitrogen and higher phosphorus content. The increased phosphorus aids in the development of flowers, promoting more abundant and beautiful blooms. By providing this additional nutrient during the blooming phase, you can help your orchids reach their full blooming potential and showcase their natural beauty.
Frequency of Fertilizing
Like watering, orchids require consistent fertilization to maintain optimal health and promote growth. It is especially crucial to meet their nutrient requirements during the blooming stage. Consider fertilizing every week or two to provide the necessary nourishment.
Before applying the fertilizer, make sure to water the orchids thoroughly. This step is important to prevent root burn and ensure proper absorption of nutrients. Additionally, following the manufacturer’s instructions when preparing the fertilizer solution is essential. This will help guarantee the correct concentration and maximize the benefits for your orchids. Paying attention to these details ensures that your orchids thrive and flourish in their environment.
The flowering or blooming stage is the highlight of growing orchids. During this time, the plant puts forth its energy into producing flowers, resulting in the breathtaking display that orchids are known for.
The blooming duration can vary depending on the orchid species and the care provided. An orchid bloom can last from several weeks to several months. Some orchid types, like Phalaenopsis (moth orchids), can bloom for up to three months under optimal conditions.
Factors such as adequate lighting, proper watering, and feeding can all influence the longevity of the blooms. Providing consistent care throughout the blooming stage can help ensure the flowers last for their full potential duration.
Maintaining the right conditions for your orchids can prolong their bloom time.
Understanding Orchids: The Importance of Temperature
Temperature plays a significant role in the life of an orchid. Orchids, predominantly tropical plants, often prefer a temperature range that mirrors their native habitats. Most orchids thrive in daytime temperatures of 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit. This warmth promotes active growth, assisting in developing lush foliage and potential flower spikes.
However, the temperature requirement can vary depending on the type of orchid. Some orchids, like Dendrobiums and Vandas, prefer warmer conditions, whereas others, like Cymbidiums and Odontoglossums, can tolerate cooler temperatures. Understanding the specific temperature needs of your orchid species is key to its successful cultivation.
Night and Day: Navigating Temperature Drops
Interestingly, while orchids generally require warm temperatures during the day, most species enjoy a significant drop of about 10 to 15 degrees at night. This fluctuation mimics the orchids’ natural habitat, where tropical days give way to cooler nights and aid in flowering.
Creating a similar temperature variation at home can encourage flower bud development in your orchid. This can be achieved by moving your orchids to a cooler room at night or increasing the air conditioning during the summer months. Remember, however, that abrupt or extreme temperature changes can harm your orchid, so aim for gradual day-night transitions.
Humidity: A Crucial Factor in Orchid Care
Humidity, or the amount of moisture in the air, is another crucial factor in the overall well-being of orchids. In their natural habitat, orchids experience high humidity levels. Most orchid species prefer a humidity level of about 40 to 60 percent.
Low humidity can lead to dehydration, causing symptoms like wilting flowers and yellowing leaves. On the other hand, excessively high humidity can encourage mold and fungal growth. Monitoring and adjusting humidity levels as needed can significantly affect the health and vitality of your orchid.
Clever Hacks: Increasing Humidity for Your Orchids
Maintaining the desired humidity levels for orchids can be challenging in indoor environments, especially in dry or air-conditioned rooms. A simple and effective way to increase humidity levels is to place your orchid pot on a tray filled with water and pebbles. The water evaporating from the tray increases the moisture around the plant without causing waterlogging.
Other methods to increase humidity include using a humidifier, grouping plants, or placing water containers around the room. Regular misting of the plant can also help, but care should be taken to prevent water from settling in the plant’s crown, which can lead to rot.
A Holistic Approach: Other Factors for Optimal Conditions
While temperature and humidity are critical for orchid care, other environmental factors also create optimal conditions. Aspects like air circulation, light quality, and potting media significantly impact the health and blooming of your orchids.
Proper air circulation can prevent the buildup of stagnant moisture and decrease the risk of diseases, while the right light quality and intensity are vital for growth and flowering. Choosing the right potting media can ensure healthy root development and adequate water provision. Every element in the orchid’s environment contributes to its overall health and success as a blooming plant.
Pruning is an essential part of orchid care during the blooming stage. Not only can it affect the aesthetic appeal of your plant, but it can also influence the possibility of future blooms.
Purpose of Pruning
Pruning serves several purposes during the blooming stage. For one, it involves the removal of spent blooms, which can help divert the plant’s energy to new growth. Dead or damaged parts should also be removed to prevent diseases from spreading to healthy parts of the plant.
When an orchid has finished blooming, the flower spike should be pruned to allow the plant to focus on growing healthy leaves and roots in preparation for the next blooming cycle. In some cases, particularly with Phalaenopsis orchids, a secondary spike may develop from the nodes on the existing spike if it is cut above a node.
Investing in Quality: Choosing the Right Pruning Tools
A successful pruning starts with the right tool. A pair of sharp, clean pruning shears or a razor blade for more delicate plants is often ideal for orchids. The cutting tool should be able to make clean and precise cuts without crushing the orchid stem. Having a tool that is comfortable to hold ensures control and precision during the pruning process.
Timing: Deciding When to Prune Your Orchid
Knowing when to prune your orchid is as important as knowing how. The best time to prune depends on the plant’s health and stage of growth. For instance, flower spikes should typically be pruned when they have finished blooming, all the flowers have fallen off, and the spike has turned brown or yellow. On the other hand, dead or diseased parts should be removed as soon as they are noticed.
The Cutting Process: Mastering Pruning Techniques
Understanding the correct way to cut your orchid is crucial. For flower spikes, make a clean cut about an inch above the node from where the flowers bloomed. Always cut at an angle to prevent water from pooling on the cut surface, which can lead to rot. If all the flowers have fallen off and the spike has turned brown, it should be cut near the base of the plant.
Plant Health: Addressing Disease Through Pruning
In the case of dead, diseased, or damaged parts, these should be removed carefully without affecting the healthy parts of the orchid. This not only improves the aesthetic appearance of the plant but also prevents the spread of disease. Pruning such parts can help redirect the plant’s energy towards healthy growth and blooming.
Aftercare Measures: Caring for Your Orchid Post-Pruning
Once the pruning is done, the aftercare begins. Immediately after pruning, it’s recommended to apply a fungicide to the cut areas to prevent infections. Ensure the orchid is placed in a stress-free environment with proper light, temperature, and humidity conditions to recover from the pruning process. Regularly check the pruned areas to ensure they are healing correctly, and watch for any signs of disease or distress.
How Often Do Orchids Bloom?
The frequency of orchid blooming can vary based on several factors. Understanding these can help you set realistic expectations and provide appropriate care to encourage blooming.
Different species of orchids have different blooming frequencies. Some orchids bloom once a year, while others can bloom multiple times. For example, Phalaenopsis orchids can rebloom up to 2-3 times a year if given proper care.
Remember that young orchid plants may not bloom as frequently or as profusely as mature ones. Patience and consistent care are important as your orchid grows and matures.
Your orchid’s surrounding environment significantly impacts the blooming frequency and overall health of the plant. Understanding these factors and adjusting your care routine is essential for a successful blooming stage.
The Essentials: Light, Temperature, and Humidity
Adequate light, the correct temperature, and appropriate humidity conditions are all vital elements for an orchid to thrive and bloom. Orchids generally prefer bright, indirect light. Too much direct sunlight can scorch the leaves, while too little can lead to weak growth and poor or no blooming.
Temperature requirements can vary among orchid species, but most prefer a significant drop in temperature at night compared to daytime temperatures. This variation helps trigger the plant to produce flower buds.
Humidity is another crucial factor, with many orchids favoring about 40 to 60 percent. However, while high humidity levels can benefit the plant, they can also encourage mold and fungus growth. Therefore, good air circulation is also important to keep these issues in check.
The Importance of Rest: Understanding Dormancy
Like many other plants, orchids also need rest or dormancy to prepare for the next blooming cycle. This dormant period typically follows the blooming stage. During this time, the plant focuses on root growth and nutrient storage for the next cycle.
Watering and feeding should be reduced during dormancy, and the plant should be kept in cooler conditions. Remember not to confuse this period with the plant being sick or dead – a common mistake among novice orchid growers. Failing to provide this dormant period may disrupt the plant’s natural cycle and potentially affect the blooming frequency of your orchid.
Orchids are a delight to grow, especially when they reward your care and patience with their spectacular blooms. By providing consistent care and maintaining optimal conditions during the blooming stage, you can enjoy the beauty of orchid flowers for many weeks.
However, remember that the frequency and duration of blooming can vary significantly depending on the species of orchid and environmental factors. Some orchids bloom once a year, while others may bloom several times a year when given ideal conditions.
The importance of consistent care, even when the plant isn’t blooming, should not be overlooked. Supporting your orchid’s overall health and well-being, such as maintaining a balanced watering routine, providing adequate sunlight, feeding it with appropriate fertilizers, and ensuring proper pruning practices, all contribute to a successful blooming stage.


Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in semen has been associated with male fertility, although this relationship is not well defined. To gain insight into potential mechanisms, the objective of the present study was to immunocytochemically localize lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase within the testis, efferent ducts, and 4 segments of mouse epididymis. In the testis, immunoperoxidase staining was localized within the Sertoli cells only at stages VI-VIII of the spermatogenic cycle, which is just prior to spermiation. Intense staining was also evident throughout the interstitial tissue, including Leydig cells. The entire epithelium of the efferent ducts, including ciliated and nonciliated cells, was immunoreactive. A distinct pattern of immunostaining for lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase was observed in different regions of epididymis, suggesting a possible role in sperm maturation. Staining for lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase was strikingly absent in the initial segment. In caput epididymidis, staining was evident throughout the cell cytoplasm of principal cells with some cells more intensely stained than adjacent ones. In the corpus region, overall staining intensity decreased and appeared to be concentrated in the apical region of principal cells, but some cells were completely unreactive. Reaction product in the cauda region was heavily concentrated on microvilli and within the epididymal lumen. In all epididymal regions, expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase was specific to epithelial principal cells; no immunoreactivity was apparent in other cell types. The specific localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase within the testicular interstitial tissue, Sertoli cells, and principal cells of caput epididymidis strongly suggests that this protein plays an integral role in both the development and maturation of sperm.


The Cost of Tobacco.
Make It Your Business.
Tobacco use can contribute to:
- Greater healthcare costs
- Increased absenteeism
- More or longer breaks on work time
- Higher life insurance premiums
- Greater risk of occupational injuries
- Costlier disability benefits
- Increased property insurance
Did you know? In Oklahoma, smoking-caused productivity losses alone cost businesses $2.1 billion, and healthcare costs directly caused by smoking totals $1.62 billion.
So, how much is smoking costing your business?
Let’s add it up.
This handy Cost Calculator will give you a clearer view of how much extra you’re paying in healthcare costs and lost productivity due to smoking. Simply follow the prompts below and the Cost Calculator will do the rest.
Smoking is the main cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), an incurable lung disease. It results in shortness of breath, coughing, swollen airways, scar tissue and death.
Asthma is another serious breathing disorder that can be caused or worsened by smoking.
Smoking is a cause of erectile dysfunction in men. Pregnant women who smoke are at risk for a wide range of reproductive disorders that can harm babies and unborn children, including Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), preterm delivery, low birth weight and birth defects like cleft lips and/or cleft palates.
Smoking can damage blood vessels around the discs and joints of your back, causing chronic lower back pain. It is also the main cause of Buerger’s disease, an inflammation of the blood vessels in your arms and legs. This swelling creates blood clots in your arteries and veins, which can damage or destroy skin tissue and lead to infection.
- Skin – Smoking weakens blood circulation, increasing the risk of skin infections. It also causes wrinkles and acne.
- Hair – Smokers are more likely to go bald and grey than others.
- Mouth – Tobacco yellows teeth as tar builds up in the tooth enamel. This also leads to bad breath.
For more information on the health effects of smoking and the dangers of tobacco, click here.


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Breathing liquid oxygen
Name: June Hagberg
Would it be possible for humans to breathe liquid oxygen?
Liquid oxygen is very cold, more than 200 degrees below zero on the
centigrade scale. At this temperature all of the desirable physical
properties of the lung would be nonfunctional. To get an idea of how
the flexibility of the lung would change, place a carnation in some liquid
nitrogen or a super deep freeze. Your question is interesting though
because it would be desirable to breath liquid instead of gas under
certain conditions. Special liquids are being designed to carry dissolved
gaseous oxygen to the lung and to remove carbon dioxide. Even fish are
breathing dissolved oxygen, the water is much too warm for liquid oxygen.
Michael B Lomonaco
Click here to return to the Biology Archives
Update: June 2012


Accession Detail Results
|Determination||Encelia farinosa var. farinosa |
More information: Jepson Online Interchange
|Collector, number, date||Richard Noyes, L. Arnseth, 762, 1988-10-30|
|Locality||Lake Mathews vicinity, Dry sandy margin of Cajalco road along southern boundary of Lake.|
|Coordinates||33.82565 -117.43835 BerkeleyMapper [or without layers, here]|
|Datum||WGS84; ER = 1.920 km|
|Coordinate source||GoogleMaps via BerkeleyMapper|
|Notes||Uncommon low shrub with bright yellow rays;|
|Check for yellow flag|
Explanations of the fields are available by clicking on the left-hand headings.
Information about the collector is available by clicking on the collector name.
The location can be mapped by clicking on "BerkeleyMapper".
Other possibly pertinent records can be retrieved by clicking on "Related searches".
|Copyright © 2018 Regents of the University of California — Updated 11 January 2019|


Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a high mortality in native kidneys, decreased allograft survival in transplants, and very high health care costs. Among the most common etiologies of AKI in both native and transplanted kidneys is ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Despite advances in medical care, the mortality and morbidity associated with AKI after IRI remain high, with no specific therapy. A major unknown is the role of different T cell types in either causing/preventing tissue damage or improving/worsening repair. Detailed understanding of the roles of different T cell types holds great promise in both elucidating mechanisms underlying IRI and also in devising new strategies to ameliorate AKI. One such strategy is to shift the T cell balance in favor of protective T cell types and away from pathogenic ones. Therefore, it is important to study different T cell types residing and trafficking to the kidney and investigate their roles in the steady state and IR conditions. Our team has had a long-standing interest in studying immune cells in AKI using experimental animal models with translational potential. We recently discovered a unique population of CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) CD3+TCRab+ T cells that occupies a large niche of the ab T cell compartment in the normal mouse kidney and undergoes marked changes during AKI. However, their functions in the normal kidney and AKI pathogenesis remain relatively unknown. Based on strong preliminary data on DN cells, our overarching hypothesis is that kidney DN T cells play a major and unique role in regulating renal immune cell homeostasis in the steady state and after AKI.
Our specific Aims are: 1) Investigate mechanisms and significance of steady state proliferation of kidney DN T cells. 2) Investigate immunoreactivity of DN T cells to IRI induced AKI. 3) Test the ability of DN T cells to prevent AKI and/or accelerate repair using gain and loss-of-function strategies. Establishing a functional role for this previously unappreciated cell type in the kidney will substantially advance our understanding of the kidney immunology and could lead to paradigm shifting scientific concepts.
Immune cells are major players in ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), a major problem in both native and transplanted kidneys. Our studies are expected to uncover the function of a novel T cell subset that resides in significant numbers in the normal kidney but whose function is poorly understood. The results can lead to new therapeutics to decrease injury and inflammation after kidney IRI.
|Lee, Sul A; Cozzi, Martina; Bush, Errol L et al. (2018) Distant Organ Dysfunction in Acute Kidney Injury: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 72:846-856|
|Lee, Sul A; Noel, Sanjeev; Sadasivam, Mohanraj et al. (2018) Characterization of kidney CD45intCD11bintF4/80+MHCII+CX3CR1+Ly6C- ""intermediate mononuclear phagocytic cells"". PLoS One 13:e0198608|
|Lee, Sul A; Noel, Sanjeev; Sadasivam, Mohanraj et al. (2017) Role of Immune Cells in Acute Kidney Injury and Repair. Nephron 137:282-286|
|Martina, Maria N; Noel, Sanjeev; Saxena, Ankit et al. (2016) Double-Negative ?? T Cells Are Early Responders to AKI and Are Found in Human Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 27:1113-23|
|Noel, Sanjeev; Desai, Niraj M; Hamad, Abdel Rahim A et al. (2016) Sex and the single transplanted kidney. J Clin Invest 126:1643-5|
|Martina, Maria N; Noel, Sanjeev; Saxena, Ankit et al. (2015) Double negative (DN) ?? T cells: misperception and overdue recognition. Immunol Cell Biol 93:305-10|
|Noel, Sanjeev; Martina, Maria N; Bandapalle, Samatha et al. (2015) T Lymphocyte-Specific Activation of Nrf2 Protects from AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 26:2989-3000|
|Dai, Hong; Rahman, Ayesha; Saxena, Ankit et al. (2015) Syndecan-1 identifies and controls the frequency of IL-17-producing naïve natural killer T (NKT17) cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 45:3045-51|
|Noel, Sanjeev; Hamad, Abdel R A; Rabb, Hamid (2015) Reviving the promise of transcription factor Nrf2-based therapeutics for kidney diseases. Kidney Int 88:1217-1218|
|Martina, M N; Noel, S; Bandapalle, S et al. (2014) T lymphocytes and acute kidney injury: update. Nephron Clin Pract 127:51-5|


After establishing a pair bond
, the male and female loaf together for a few days before they begin to build their nest.
"This is absolutely strange because there are very few rodents that pair bond
for life," says DeSalle.
Even though excessive behavior in dementia is difficult to manage and can inhibit social activities, spouses are often still able to communicate with each other, verbally or by other means, and this ability seems to help preserve the pair bond
The scientists tested two predictions of the mate-guarding hypothesis in sleepy lizards: that females should play a passive role in maintaining the pair bond
, and that males should become more attentive as the time of mating draws near.
Also included are interesting facts about these curious ocean birds: the first penguins appeared about 40 million years ago, penguins usually pair bond
, chicks live together in groups called creches, and that an Emperor Penguin can weigh up to 90 pounds!
As the pair bond
over the former's stories of car chases, they become alarmed when a growing number of dead bodies turn up.
The pair bond
over their rubbrelationship situations and make that if they're both still single at 3they'll marry each other.
They're trying to understand whether humans are a naturally pair-bonded species and if this is the case, whether we pair bond
for life or for just as long as it takes to raise a child.
MADONNA will "cocoon" her new daughter, Mercy, in Britain over the coming days while the pair bond
, it has been reported.
EASTENDERS PAT gets a job at the bookies and is shocked to find Jane running the cafe, but the pair bond
and prove more than a match for Ian.
Insel's research at NIMH into the complex social behaviors of animals demonstrated the importance of the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin in maternal behavior, pair bond
formation, and aggression.
Roth excels as a weary assassin lumbered with the plodding son (O'Donnell) of a crime boss and the story truly engages as the mismatched pair bond
. While it does get a tad preposterous, there is something sweet about the chemistry as it echoes 80s film The Hit, when Roth played the gauche youngster and John Hurt the hardened hit man.


The Biology Department’s field station MLBS offers the full range of scientific, instructional, logistical, residential, and communications support expected at a modern biological field station. Research focuses on field-based ecology, evolution, behavior and physiology. Faculty and students in the Ecology and Evolution group use MLBS extensively. Located off-Grounds in Giles County Virginia (a three hour drive from Charlottesville), MLBS supports research programs from around the world, UVA Summer Session Courses, summer student internships (NSF REU-Site program), and a variety of other local and regional programs. UVA faculty and students spend exciting summers at the Station every year. Explore opportunities at MLBS.org.