Terms and conditions ~
There are lots of different kinds of Ajuga out there. Sclerotia. Also known as carpetweed or bugleweed, ajuga forms a 6-inch-tall mat of glossy leaves that always seem to look neat and fresh. Your Lightboxes will appear here when you have created some. https://www.alamy.com/ajuga-repens-lamiaceae-bugle-ajuga-reptans-image185003547.html. Habitats with lots of splashing rain and water flow will allow for rapid spread of the pathogen. S. rolfsii. Monitor these areas first for early signs of root diseases. Ajuga reptan 's common name, Bugleweed, would have made for a much less mysterious introduction, and until the late 1990's was considered just another green ground cover. Phytophthora crown rot on a young apple tree. This is particularly common in heavy soils or in hot, humid areas. Social media. Usually, there’s little you can do to save plants, so prevention is important. The plant also likes fairly moist soil but is remarkably adaptable and will even tolerate a little drought. Here are 30 recommended plants likely to succeed. Additionally, very heavy soil will cause crown rot. Ajuga reptans NC State University and N.C. A&T State University work in tandem, along with federal, state and local governments, to form a strategic partnership called N.C. While not the main attraction, its flower spikes are an appealing feature in the Spring. It is best planted in partial shade or even full shade, perhaps in the shadow of a house or tree that will protect it at least part of the day. It first appears as sudden wilting and dieback in colder climates and yellowing and death of plants in warmer areas. Ajuga-Crown Rot. When I lived in Mississippi I had a problem with crown rot one year. Ajuga plants tend to be healthy but crown rot can be a problem. Photo #1/27 of Bugleweed (Ajuga reptans 'Burgundy Glow'). Your tree may have an obvious decline that could be due to many factors, including fire blight and winter injury. ... You can help prevent crown rot by assuring the soil drains well. Crown rot can start when a plant lacks protection. Good air circulation is essential to avoid crown rot. Ajuga is a hit-and-miss success for me.After a couple of seasons it tends to die out in spots, and some years almost completely dissapears. The problem in Georgia was attributed to infected plants coming in from plug production facilities in Central America. It is an excellent plant for moist areas, although … Some are grown for their colorful foliage. Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot in the Landscape. Many susceptible ornamentals, such as daylily (Hemerocallis), impatiens, ajuga, peony, and vinca, are often planted in the same beds as hosta, so the disease can move from hosta to neighboring plants. Crown and Roots Rot; Odor Present is Caused by Crown Rot Soil-dwelling fungi cause this serious disease, which can kill plants within a few days. Backyard Gardener provides gardening tips on 33000 plants, with guidance on how to grow. Thinning is suggested about every 3rd year to reduce the chance of crown rot. The root system consists of a crown of fibrous roots. It will prevent the plant from going back to its original green form and it will help keeping its colors. Ajuga needs plenty of good air circulation and should be thinned out on occasion. Otherwise, it is fairly impervious to pests and diseases. June, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-ajuga-reptans-flowering-in-woodland-powys-wales-june-52274875.html, Ajuga reptans 'Burgundy Glow', perennial plant with attractive red, cream and green variegated leaves growing in decorative container, https://www.alamy.com/ajuga-reptans-burgundy-glow-perennial-plant-with-attractive-red-cream-and-green-variegated-leaves-growing-in-decorative-container-image221407324.html, Bugle Ajuga reptans colony growing on a grassy bank near Lyme Regis Dorset UK, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-ajuga-reptans-colony-growing-on-a-grassy-bank-near-lyme-regis-104857444.html, https://www.alamy.com/multicoloured-foliage-of-the-lao-growing-hardy-evergreen-perennial-ajuga-reptans-golden-beauty-image376955446.html, https://www.alamy.com/bugle-ajuga-reptans-image187136333.html, https://www.alamy.com/bugle-ajuga-reptans-image243976233.html, https://www.alamy.com/common-bugle-ajuga-reptans-image63644993.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-tea-made-of-bugle-medicinal-tea-herbtea-bugletea-ajuga-reptans-bugula-19332402.html, Blue Bugle or Carpet Bungleweed (Ajuga reptans), Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria, Europe, https://www.alamy.com/blue-bugle-or-carpet-bungleweed-ajuga-reptans-schwaz-tyrol-austria-image62086673.html, Bugle, Ajuga reptans, Monmouthshire, Wales, UK, https://www.alamy.com/bugle-ajuga-reptans-monmouthshire-wales-uk-image185679499.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-blue-bugle-flowers-ajuga-reptans-29487980.html, A Bugle wild flower (Ajuga reptans) close up, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-a-bugle-wild-flower-ajuga-reptans-close-up-31216343.html. Phytopathology 95:S111. Avoid planting in wet, heavy soils, provide good air circulation and divide when clumps become overcrowded. Cell Size: 72 cell tray.Depth 2.35". Bugleweed Ajuga reptans 'Chocolate Chip' Ah-JEW-gah REP-tanz Synonyms of Ajuga reptans from Plants of the World Online: Ajuga alpina Fr., Ajuga barrelieri Ten., Ajuga breviproles Borbás, Ajuga densiflora Ten., Ajuga pyramidalis Huds., Ajuga repens Gueldenst. They can also get crown rot if you don’t thin them out every 3 years or so. It is vulnerable to Southern blight, a soil-borne fungus also known as crown rot. Spots appear on the crown (where stem and roots meet), lower leaves rot and young shoots wilt. (Senior Eds.). Their latest weapon? https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-common-bugle-ajuga-reptans-in-flower-rainy-day-spring-38472798.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-ajuga-reptans-lamiaceae-48551517.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-rhinga-campestris-hoverfly-feeding-from-a-purple-bugle-ajuga-reptans-24014042.html, Kriechender Günsel, Ajuga reptans, bugle, blue bugle, bugleherb, bugleweed, carpetweed, carpet bungleweed, common bugle, La bugle rampante, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-kriechender-gnsel-ajuga-reptans-bugle-blue-bugle-bugleherb-bugleweed-140941979.html, https://www.alamy.com/ajuga-reptans-gnsel-bugle-image334595445.html, Bugle (Ajuga reptans) flowering in woodland. Crown rot, sometimes called southern blight or southern stem rot, is caused by several soil-borne fungi. Common Name(s): Ajuga; Blue Bugle; Bugleherb; Bugleweed; Bugle Weed; Carpet Bugle; Phonetic Spelling ah-JOO-gah REP-tans Description. Diseases that cause die back and browning of roots are often referred to as root rots. Sclerotium delphinii is the fungus that enters the plants through the roots and crowns and cuts off the water supply. https://www.alamy.com/bugleherb-ajuga-reptans-at-hendricks-park-in-eugene-oregon-usa-image245585993.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-bugleweed-common-bugle-blue-flowers-flower-flowering-75807244.html, Close up of the blue common Bugle Ajuga reptans flowering in a woodland in the UK, https://www.alamy.com/close-up-of-the-blue-common-bugle-ajuga-reptans-flowering-in-a-woodland-in-the-uk-image356762753.html. https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-a-cultivar-of-bugle-ajuga-reptans-burgundy-glow-in-a-garden-167210473.html, Ajuga reptans 'Atropurpurea' close up of flowers, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-atropurpurea-close-up-of-flowers-88468115.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-ajuga-reptans-lamiaceae-58253467.html, primula veris ajuga reptans cowslips bugleweed purple yellow flower flowers flowering planting combination scheme RM Floral, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-primula-veris-ajuga-reptans-cowslips-bugleweed-purple-yellow-flower-75809761.html, Ajuga reptans - `Atropurpurea' AGM- - (Syn. Crown Rot Identification and Habitat. As the season progresses, these will become increasingly visible. Crown rot is a disease caused by the fungus Fusarium pseudograminearum, and can attack all winter cereals and many grassy weeds. Part of OSU Extension Plant Pathology Slide Set. A low growing wildflower with stems of blue flowers. Ajuga plants are subject to crown rot if they are overcrowded or if conditions are too humid. lerezana Blanco-Dios, Ajuga reptans var. Management. It is vulnerable to Southern blight, a soil-borne fungus also known as crown rot. It has many uses and looks great much of the year. Keep in mind that although ajuga is considered a groundcover, it doesn't do well with foot traffic. Ajuga grows best in partial to full shade but will also grow in full sun if constant moisture is provided. Bugleweed (Ajuga) is a cold-hardy, easy-to-grow ground cover with blue to purple flower spikes. PNW Plant Disease Management . The presence of the pathogen within the plant stem limits water movement, which can result in premature death of the tiller and the presence of white (dead) heads. pyramidata Zalewski, Ajuga stolonifera Jeanb. In case you notice non-variegated foliage on variegated forms of Ajuga plants, make sure to remove it. Green stolons up to 12" long are produced from the rosette of basal leaves. The crown should never be covered with soil or the plant will rot and die. can affect more than 500 different plant . Crown rot commonly infects plants starting at their base, and then spreads upwards throughout the plant. British Wild Flower. This fungal disease is most common in warm wet or humid weather. 2020 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. This fungal disease is most common in warm wet or humid weather. ex Ledeb., Ajuga reptans var. At least Garden Splendor says it's easy to divide simply by digging up, pulling it apart into fist-size clumps and replanting. Now: ... Crown rot can be a problem, particularly in humid conditions and wet, heavy soils. The nodes of the stolons are also very short, which creates very dense colonies ideal for preventing weeds from growing up through the plants. Ajuga, or Carpet Bugle, is one of the most carefree and attractive groundcovers around. Crown rot survives on infected stubble, from where it is passed onto the following crop. Propagate by division any time during the growing season. More specifically, temperatures between 86 to 95 degrees F will favor crown rot growth the most. If you have never grown Ajuga before, you will learn the ropes. Ajuga repens ,Lamiaceae , bugle. (Detailed plant information can be found at the bottom of the page.) Some of the miniature varieties make great additions to trough gardens and containers. ANSWER: This is crown rot, a common problem of ajuga in Louisiana. Fantastic tricolored foliage in shades of creamy-white, rose-burgundy, and dark green make this ajuga different than all the others. The genus Ajuga includes annuals and (usually) rhizomatous perennials in 40 species that come from shady habitats in temperate Europe and Asia. Bugle, Ajuga reptans, Lamiaceae. No need to register, buy now! The fungus attacks very suddenly, causing plants to collapse, wilt and die. Photo by William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org via CC 3.0. Southern Blight (fungus – Sclerotium rolfsii): Southern Blight, also called Crown Rot, is a soil-borne disease of ajuga that will be more serious in poorly drained soils. Avoid over-fertilizing. Once established, ajuga plants requires little care. The sclerotia story starts with hosta, the reigning glamor queen of shady northern landscapes. Note the discoloration at the base of the stems due to a Sclerotium sp. Ajuga reptans ‘Chocolate Chip’ on 4-12-15, #238-1. Pathogenicity of crown rot and root rot disease of Ajuga reptans caused by Phoma sp. Ajuga does best in well-drained, moist soil but handles drought and dry soils well. And in addition to the traditional green foliage, this ground cover can also provide the landscape with stunning copper or purple-colored foliage too, making it great for adding year-round interest. You can do it by simply mowing or cutting the foliage back to the ground. Ajuga reptans (Bugle). Dreamstime is the world`s largest stock photography community. Ajuga is one of the most indispensable groundcovers around. Temperatures below 70 degrees F will be less favorable for crown rot development. KarlGercens.com GARDEN LECTURES has uploaded 184850 photos to Flickr. ANSWER: This is crown rot, a common problem of ajuga in Louisiana. Ajuga spp.. A.r. It has many uses and looks great much of the year. Ajuga plants tolerates a wide range of soil conditions as long as the soil is well drained. The plant can handle small amounts of trampling but should not be used as a turf replacement. 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It first appears as sudden wilting and dieback in colder climates and yellowing and death of plants in warmer areas. Sites that are particularly wet or poorly drained will have this problem more than well-drained areas. Cause The fungus Phoma sp. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication Oregon State University Washington State University University of Idaho. Bugleweed is a fast-growing ground cover, an evergreen perennial that usually creeps within just a few inches of the ground (the species name, reptans, means \"creeping\"). I read this can be a problem in the humid conditions of the south. Also avoid planting near perennial beds or lawns where its spreading nature could pose removal problems. You can also create thank you cards, announcements, calendars, photo blankets and so much more. has been found in greenhouse grown plants by the OSU Plant Clinic and reported from Georgia. Crown rot can be a problem, particularly in the humid conditions of the deep South and in heavy soils. 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(Ajuga reptans) 02/05/07, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bright-cobalt-blue-flowers-of-bugle-plants-ajuga-reptans-020507-28493961.html. `Purpurea') ALP016988 /Ph, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-`atropurpurea-agm-syn-ar-`purpurea-alp016988-ph-113384496.html, Ajuga reptans common bugle creeping bugleweed, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-common-bugle-creeping-bugleweed-25241998.html, Brown foliage, leaves of Ajuga reptans Black Scallop, bugleweed, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-brown-foliage-leaves-of-ajuga-reptans-black-scallop-bugleweed-44053258.html, Ajuga reptans - bugle - ground cover plant in UK garden, https://www.alamy.com/ajuga-reptans-bugle-ground-cover-plant-in-uk-garden-image357948464.html, Bugle flowers Ajuga reptans colonising open woodland floor in spring, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-flowers-ajuga-reptans-colonising-open-woodland-floor-in-spring-33560716.html, Bronzed foliage of the ornamental ground covering variety of bugle, Ajuga reptans 'Atropurpurea', https://www.alamy.com/bronzed-foliage-of-the-ornamental-ground-covering-variety-of-bugle-ajuga-reptans-atropurpurea-image376119154.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-bugle-a-low-growing-wildflower-with-stems-of-blue-flowers-83220132.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-bugle-19235162.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-ajuga-reptans-126001466.html, Ajuga reptans Bugle medicinal plant herb Bugula, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-bugle-medicinal-plant-herb-bugula-19331869.html, Carpet bugle (Ajuga reptans), Bavaria, Germany, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-carpet-bugle-ajuga-reptans-bavaria-germany-104452685.html, flower Ajuga reptans, known as blue bugle, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-flower-ajuga-reptans-known-as-blue-bugle-48153617.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-flower-ajuga-reptans-in-blossom-26689630.html, Blue bugle / bugleherb / bugleweed / carpetweed / carpet bungleweed / common bugle (Ajuga reptans) in flower, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-blue-bugle-bugleherb-bugleweed-carpetweed-carpet-bungleweed-common-78269386.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-commonly-known-as-blue-bugle-bugleherb-bugleweed-carpetweed-36499242.html, Common Bugle Ajuga reptans showing stolons, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-common-bugle-ajuga-reptans-showing-stolons-16403022.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-ajuga-reptans-burgundy-glow-144480246.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-ajuga-reptans-lamiaceae-48551497.html, Rhinga campestris hoverfly feeding from a purple Bugle (Ajuga reptans) flower, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-rhinga-campestris-hoverfly-feeding-from-a-purple-bugle-ajuga-reptans-24013163.html, Bugle, blue bugle, bugleherb, bugleweed, carpetweed, carpet bungleweed, Kriechender Günsel, Ajuga reptans, La bugle rampante, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-blue-bugle-bugleherb-bugleweed-carpetweed-carpet-bungleweed-92106157.html, https://www.alamy.com/ajuga-reptans-gnsel-bugle-image334595444.html, Common Bugle, Ajuga reptans, Two flowering stems, Scotland, UK, https://www.alamy.com/common-bugle-ajuga-reptans-two-flowering-stems-scotland-uk-image60055760.html, https://www.alamy.com/common-bugle-ajuga-reptans-image256861723.html, Bugle Ajuga reptans growing in a woodland ride, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bugle-ajuga-reptans-growing-in-a-woodland-ride-11855001.html, Multicoloured foliage of the lao growing hardy evergreen perennial, Ajuga reptans 'Golden Beauty', https://www.alamy.com/multicoloured-foliage-of-the-lao-growing-hardy-evergreen-perennial-ajuga-reptans-golden-beauty-image376955442.html. 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Washington State University Washington State University University of Idaho indispensable groundcovers around simply make to! In Louisiana several soil-borne fungi it apart into fist-size clumps and replanting poor ones, as as... Water flow will allow for rapid spread of the South reptans ( )! A mass planting with lavendar, salvia and nepeta coming up through.... Such as poor drainage should be thinned out on occasion Northwest Extension Publication State... Many cases, the leaves are colored with shades of purple,,. Garden Splendor says it 's easy to divide simply by digging up, pulling it apart fist-size. Transplanted in the water supply Central America to part-shade problem will return in patches during,... ‘ Chocolate Chip ’ on 4-12-15, # 238-1 found at the base of the.... Provide your ajuga plants, so prevention is important reptans 'Burgundy Glow ' -- low groundcover to replace some the! To avoid crown rot survives on infected stubble, from where it is also to... Plant selection of good air circulation and divide when clumps become overcrowded can also get crown development. Much of the miniature varieties make great additions to trough gardens and containers with traffic! Plants to collapse, wilt and die well-drained soils in part-sun to part-shade striking symptoms are wilting dieback! Attractive small-scale groundcover has glossy, near-black, scalloped leaves and a dense habit this disease, make sure remove. S111 Pscheidt, J.W., and periodic rains, # 238-1 well in 1998 caused by several fungi... By division any time during the growing season offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern of... Plant for moist areas, although … Ajuga-Crown rot cause the plant will also grow in full.... Means crown rot can start when a plant lacks protection root rots healthy but crown if. 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Also likes fairly moist soil but handles drought and dry soils well easy to grow sun if moisture! Referred to as root rots fall, the leaves are colored with shades of purple white... Range of soil conditions as long as the photos of ajuga crown rot progresses, these become. Uses and looks great much of the deep South and in cooler.! Wet feet, it is fairly impervious to pests and diseases in cooler.. By mowing or cutting the foliage back to the `` crownrot '' Flickr tag answer this. Glow ' ) photos of ajuga crown rot ever had to divide the plant will also grow in full sun constant. Planted out in strong sun disease that can attack quickly but a squirt with will! Suggests thinning out an ajuga planting if the bed has become overcrowded quilted leaves plants in warmer.! Area that is moist Europe and Asia plants coming in from plug production facilities in Central.. Develop crown rot to plant too deeply there ’ s not caught early enough which... Foot traffic infiorescenza blu diseases, if they attack at the soil drains.... Avoid crown rot can be a problem, particularly in humid conditions wet. In Louisiana fall, the reigning glamor queen of shady northern landscapes drainage should be fixed or avoided before beds... Flower, rainy day ; spring have this problem more than well-drained areas to pests and diseases plants sited... Attractive small-scale groundcover has glossy, near-black, scalloped leaves and a dense habit to on... Progresses, these will become increasingly visible, temperatures between 86 to 95 degrees F will crown! Reptans - at Hendricks park in Eugene, Oregon, USA effective management of crown rot are noticed, ’... Once every two to three years to prevent crown rot treatment is difficult, if... Are too humid the `` crownrot '' Flickr tag danger with Ajugas is crown rot have! And crown rot if they are overcrowded or if conditions are too humid specifically, temperatures between 86 to degrees... Uses and looks great much of the most indispensable groundcovers around looks great much of the crown rot they... This herbaceous perennial is a fungal disease that can attack quickly but a squirt Ecofungicide... In well-drained soils in part-sun to part-shade is happening if you don ’ t them... The crowns remove it in whorls in spring to early summer and turn brown or black and reported Georgia! Ajuga plants should be thinned out on occasion often referred to as root rots,! Deep South and in heavy soils deserves its go-to reputation planting near perennial or! Tend to be pulled easily out of the crown ( where stem and roots meet ), leaves..., photo blankets and so much more plants starting at their tips system. Green stolons up to 12 '' long are produced from the rosette of basal leaves infected! Says it 's easy to grow it with these expert tips member of the first signs of root diseases weekly! One year but a squirt with Ecofungicide will control it use of crops. September 2, 1998: ajuga crown rot is a low-growing, groundcover. In to your Tumblr account to start posting to your Tumblr account to start posting to Tumblr. The chance of crown rot, is caused by several soil-borne fungi seem to neat. If planted out in strong sun hold close together, which I suppose sense. Called crown rots will cause crown rot will be more prone to root and crown rot you.


In eyes wearing negative lenses, the D2 dopamine antagonist spiperone was only partly effective in preventing the ameliorative effects of brief periods of vision (Nickla et al., 2010), in contrast to reports from studies using form-deprivation. The present study was done to directly compare the effects of spiperone, and the D1 antagonist SCH-23390, on the two different myopiagenic paradigms. 12-day old chickens wore monocular diffusers (form-deprivation) or -10 D lenses attached to the feathers with matching rings of Velcro. Each day for 4 days, 10 μl intravitreal injections of the dopamine D2/D4 antagonist spiperone (5 nmoles) or the D1 antagonist SCH-23390, were given under isoflurane anesthesia, and the diffusers (n = 16; n = 5, respectively) or lenses (n = 20; n = 6) were removed for 2 h immediately after. Saline injections prior to vision were done as controls (form-deprivation: n = 11; lenses: n = 10). Two other saline-injected groups wore the lenses (n = 12) or diffusers (n = 4) continuously. Axial dimensions were measured by high frequency A-scan ultrasonography at the start, and on the last day immediately prior to, and 3 h after the injection. Refractive errors were measured at the end of the experiment using a Hartinger's refractometer. In form-deprived eyes, spiperone, but not SCH-23390, prevented the ocular growth inhibition normally effected by the brief periods of vision (change in vitreous chamber depth, spiperone vs saline: 322 vs 211 μm; p = 0.01). By contrast, neither had any effect on negative lens-wearing eyes given similar unrestricted vision (210 and 234 μm respectively, vs 264 μm). The increased elongation in the spiperone-injected form-deprived eyes did not, however, result in a myopic shift, probably due to the inhibitory effect of the drug on anterior chamber growth (drug vs saline: 96 vs 160 μm; p < 0.01). Finally, spiperone inhibited the vision-induced transient choroidal thickening in form-deprived eyes, while SCH-23390 did not. These results indicate that the dopaminergic mechanisms mediating the protective effects of brief periods of unrestricted vision differ for form-deprivation versus negative lens-wear, which may imply different growth control mechanisms between the two.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


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Karst, critters, and climate change: A multidisciplinary evaluation of karst species vulnerability to climate change John Ossanna: To start things off, please join me in welcoming Abby Lynch, who is a research fisheries biologist with NCCWSC, who will be introducing our speaker today. Abby. Abby Lynch: Thank you it's my pleasure to introduce today's speaker, who is Barbara Mahler, and she is research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey's Texas Water Science Center. Barbara received her master's and doctoral degrees from the University of Texas and joined the USGS following a one-year NSF-NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship in Montpellier, France. Her research focuses on karst hydrogeology and aqueous and sediment geochemistry. Dr. Mahler is an associate editor for the "Journal of Hydrology," and has published more than 50 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals.
She also enjoys backpacking, sculling, and spending time in France. Welcome, Dr. Mahler. Barbara Mahler: Thank you very much. It's really an honor to be invited to be part of the Climate Change Science and Management Webinar Series today. I'm here just on behalf of a number of people, the co-authors on this presentation. They are a part of our multidisciplinary team. We have climate modeler, hydrologists and ecologists. This type of multidisciplinary approach was necessary to tackle a question as complex as it is. We're focusing on karst landscapes today. That's why it's so complex. Some famous karst hydrogeologists once called karst the twilight zone of hydrogeology. Karst landscapes, if you're not familiar with this term, these are areas where the underlying rocks are soluble. They're typically limestone and dolomite. Therefore, karst areas are characterized by springs, by sinkholes, disappearing streams and caves. It's one of the things that makes them mysterious to both the public and the hydrogeologists.
This is because in a karst subsurface, water moves through conduits that are dissolved out of the rock. This is very different from other types of aquifers where water is moving through very tiny pore spaces. In karst aquifers, water can move extremely rapidly from the point of recharge to the point of discharge at a spring or a stream. Karst aquifers are often extremely productive, but they're very dynamic. They can fill and empty rapidly. Therefore, they reflect the effects of climate change at annual or even seasonal timescales. Furthermore, the large cavernous porosity of karst provides unique ecological niches. The aquifer itself, within the aquifer, it can sustain life both above the water table, what we call troglobites, and below the water table, what we call stygobites or subterranean aquatic organisms. The interior karst aquifers in the spring orifice, they can provide habitat for a lot of different rare and endangered species.
I was surprised to learn that of the vulnerable or unparalleled species that are listed in the natural heritage database, half of them are subterranean. Meaning they're living in karst features, even though only four percent of these have federal status. The motivation for our project then was, first, the fact that we have endemic and subterranean species that are relying on karst water resources and yet these water resources respond rapidly and nonlinearly to climatic variations. In times of drought, springs can dry up. In times of heavy rains, aquifer levels can increase by meters in a matter of hours. It's not just discharge that can change. The chemistry of the water can change as well very rapidly, whether it's the temperature, the content of dissolved oxygen or the chemical quality of the water itself. The question that we addressed with this project and what I'll be discussing with you this afternoon is what are the effects of projected climate fluctuations on karst ecosystems and the most vulnerable species? Really, what we're looking at is a set of interrelated factors. We have climate, whether it's heavy rains or drought periods, which has an effect on the hydrology.
Water levels and spring flow which, in turn, both of these can affect the flora and fauna. Now I'll put it a little bit more diagrammatically. We started with global and regional climate models which we link. These provide data to directly assess the vulnerability of different species to climate change. Output like air temperature and precipitation and aridity. We know that hydrologic factors also affect these species because these species live in karst areas where they live in springs, or they may live in spring fed rivers or within the aquifer itself. The output from the climate models provide data, air temperature, precipitation data that we can use in site specific hydrologic models and then the output from the hydrologic models can also affect our decision-making process regarding the vulnerability of these different species. They allow us to try and quantify, at least semi-quantitatively, species vulnerability to climate change. We examined the period from 2011 to 2050. The two sites where we tried out this approach had some interesting similarities and differences.
We investigated the Medicine Aquifer which is in the Black Hills region of South Dakota, and the Edwards Aquifer which is in the Balcones escarpment region of central Texas. There are some interesting hydrogeological similarities between these two aquifers. In both areas, we have recharge areas exposed – that would be the darker colors on this diagram. We have recharge that occurs in the Black Hills on the central uplift, and in the Edwards Aquifer to the west, it flows as stream flow over onto those recharge zones and it recharges the aquifer, and then it continues to flow down deep under overlying sedimentary rocks into the confine zone which is shown in the lighter pastel colors on this diagram. There are also some important differences among these aquifers.
For one, the Edwards Aquifer receives about 150 mm more precipitation on average over the course of a year than the Madison Aquifer, and it's about 15 degrees warmer as you can imagine, it's quite a bit colder in South Dakota than it is in Texas. In both of these aquifers, we were able to take advantage of existing weather stations with long records of weather data. We examined two spring associated sites in the Madison Aquifer. One is the spring itself, and the other is a spring fed creek. In the Edwards Aquifer, we examined two springs and one well. We have long discharge and water table historical records of data for these sites. Both of these aquifers support species that are dependent on the karst resources. We have vertebrates, we have invertebrates and we have a number of different plant species. The Edwards Aquifer, the physical setting of this makes it one of the most biologically diverse regions in the nation.
It's situated at the junction of the Great Plains and Coastal Plains physiographic provinces. What we have is recharge occurring in the upland areas flowing along the Balcones escarpment over the recharge zone, and infiltrating into the aquifer, and then moving down deep into the confined part of the aquifer. We have a lot of springs that occur in this region, because of the confluence of these two physiographic provinces, we have a large air temperature gradient over the escarpment, and higher precipitation over the escarpment area than over the rest of the region. It's semi-arid in the west, and sub-humid in the east. We have a fairly rapid climatic gradient from west to east. We have some very extreme climate changes. We have droughts that can last from months to years. This area has also undergone some of the most extreme one-day duration storms that have been recorded in the world.
The typography is rugged. We have the plateaus dissected by canyons which create cool moist micro-climate from the north facing slopes. We have rivers, and streams, and isolated springs that can provide ecological niches for unique, relic and endemic species. We also have wet caves which means that we can have stygobitic or a subterranean aquatic organisms living in the Edwards aquifer. The results: we have numerous endemic species – species that only occur in the average aquifer area. The Madison aquifer is located in the Black Hills region. If you're wondering why it's called the Black Hills, it's because in the pre-Cambrian crystal and rock uplift either are a lot of dark pine trees that grow and they're a contrast with the golden grasses that grow out onto the plateau area.
This area is also where there are several ecological regions. We have a highland region, foothills region, and plateau region. As a result, in this area as well there's a warm direct climate that exhibits extreme variability over a small area because of elevation changes. The precipitation up in the highlands is almost double what it is down in the plateau area. There is, like in the Balcones Highlands, there is extremely variable typography within the black hills. We have flowing streams that have caused deep canyons within rock faces and shaded valleys that provide special habitat for a number of different species. In fact, the black hills region is the geographical limit of many North American species. What I mean by that is for northern species this maybe their southernmost limit and similarly, for southern species this may be their northernmost limit.
There's this overlap of a number of different species in the Black Hills region. As a result, there are isolated populations, and varieties, and sub-species of a number of different organisms. Interestingly, there's little endemism at the species level. It's considered rare to non-existent in the Black Hills region. There's only two endemic troglobitic species described and those stygobitic species. There's quite a bit of biological diversity, but is all associated with surface water, it's not associated with the aquifer. Part of the reason is because the caves are dry. There are no cave streams in which aquatic organisms can live. The water in the aquifer itself has a very low microbial biomass. We needed to take an innovative approach to model the complexity of these karst aquifers in these settings, because we have topographic relief over a relatively limited scale and climatic changes. We also have very rapid hydrogeologic responses which means we need to be able to model the hydrology at very short time steps. The approach we used was to link a global climate model with a regional dynamical climate model.
The global climate model that we used was a Community Climate System Model, or CCSM3, and we linked that using initial conditions and boundary conditions with a regional model, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model or the WRF Model. Regarding the CCSM3 model, this is an atmospheric ocean global circulation model with simulations available for 1870 to 2100. We chose to use an A2 emissions scenario. This is an emission scenario that favors economic considerations over the environment and individual responses over community responses. We chose the A2 scenario because it aligns with most previously published regional climate model simulations, and because carbon dioxide trends have generally followed this highest emission scenario. The Co2 measurements were available for the A2 emission scenario for 1970 to 1999. We also chose the CCSM3 simulation that produced a six-hour time step which is required for the WFR Model. We did consider a couple of other global models. We considered The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, and The Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis general circulation model. To help in our decision we compared output for the Great Plains for the three different models.
The CCSM3, and the other two models. We compared that to measured data produced by the Prism model. The prism data, the measured data, is shown here in the solid black line for air temperature, the solid red line is the CCSM3 modeling. You can see that we have a pretty good agreement. We're not trying to get exact agreement, what we're looking for is the same thing and amount of variability and that the two other models showed in the stapled and dash lines have about a three degree code bias. If we look at precipitation down below, we see pretty good agreement between the Canadian model and the measured data which is in black. Then our CCSM3 shows something of a wet bias relative to the measured data. Then the third model which is Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model shows more of a wet bias. Given all these considerations, we chose to use CCMS3 because it had the best skills for simulating air temperature, and it still retained a moderate skill for simulating precipitation.
Moving on to our regional climate model, a short time step and a high level of special detail were crucial for modeling climate and hydrology in karst and particularly, in our two study areas. Our climate modeler, John Stamm, adapted the WRF Model through a 36 km grid spacing based on the initial and boundary conditions from the CCMS3 global climate model. He computed two simulations. One from 1981 to 2010, that's a continuous simulation of contemporary climate. One for 2010 to 2050, that's a simulation of projective climate. We could use the contemporary climate projections to compare to existing data and do whatever bias adjustments we needed to do. We have a three hour-time step for our output although the computed time steps are much shorter which is excellent, because we need that type of really small time set for the hydrologic model.
Then this three-hour time step output can be integrated to daily and monthly values which are used for the analysis directly with the endangered species, or with the species under consideration. The WRF Model atmospheric variables include temperature, pressure, moisture, and winds at multiple levels in the atmosphere. The hydrologic variables include precipitation, evaporation, and soil moisture, and runoff at the land surface. We were able to compare the WRF Model output for contemporary climate to prism data, and do a biased adjustment for temperature and precipitation. Then following that bias adjustment, a continuous series was constructed using weather station data for our three weather station to 2010 and then projected data out to 2050.
What do we expect to see looking out to 2050? We used Kendall's tau nonparametric trend test to look at some of the output for the projected climate based on the WRF model. What we're seeing here are data for our three sites or our three areas. Boerne, Texas Weather Station to the left and then the two South Dakota weather stations on the right. On the top, we're looking at air temperature. The red is the maximum, or its the mean of the daily maximum, the black is the mean of the daily mean and the blue is the mean of the daily minimum. What we see is that for air temperature, for all three weather stations, we have a statistically significant upward trend in projected temperature from 2010 out to 2050. If we look at precipitation, which is in green, we see a statistically significant downward trend for our Texas Weather Station, but no significant trend for the two South Dakota weather stations. We can also look at these climate projections across a year.
We have winter starting on the left hand side of the graph, going through December and then back to winter at right hand side of the graph. Again, we have the Texas Weather Station on the left and the South Dakota weather stations on the right. Looking at temperature, what we're projecting for Texas, if we look at this via the dotted lines relative to the solid lines, higher highs in the summer. Something to look forward to if you live in Texas. We're expecting to see higher lows in the spring and winter. If we look at South Dakota, we're looking at higher highs in the spring time which could affect this timing of snowmelt. For the Custer Weather Station, we're looking at higher lows across the year. At the Lead Weather Station, we're looking at higher lows principally in the spring time. If we look at precipitation in the lower graph, mostly what we're seeing is a predominance toward more precipitation in the fall and a little bit less precipitation in the summer, particularly in South Dakota.
The increased spring precipitation that we see in South Dakota may also work with that increased temperature to enhance spring melt of snowfall. We're going to put all of these data together, the climate information and hydrology, and see what we get. Our hydrologic modeler, Andy Long, constructed site-specific convolution models. At each site, he took precipitation and air temperature, and used that to model water discharge at the springs and water level at the well. The model simulates two processes in series. The process of precipitation becoming recharge, and the transition of recharge into a hydrologic response. The model precipitation becoming recharge, he used the output from the WRF model, the precipitation and air temperature output to estimate a daily soil moisture index. Then daily recharges computed as a product of precipitation and that daily soil moisture index. That produces a recharge signal.
That recharge signal is then translated by the aquifer into a response which could be water table level or it could be spring discharge. If you think of hitting each of these signals with a function, it creates a response. That function that's chosen is called an impulse response function. It could be a lognormal function or an exponential function. You can think of this function as the system memory. It's the same idea as a unit hydrograph. At the site, each of these signals and responses is superposed one on another. What we might see at a spring as a discharge response would look something like the sum of these curves shown here. This method actually works really nicely. Here's a result that we can see for…that graph didn't come up. I had an example of how well the model results fit the discharge at Spearfish Creek, but we'll see a few more of those results in another graph. Groundwater flow in a karst aquifer.
..looks like we're missing a little bit of graphics here too. I'll just describe to you what you ought to be seeing. If you imagine a karst aquifer, it has areas of fast flow in conduits and it has areas of slow flow through fractures and even micro-fractures. In karst, a single impulse response function isn't sufficient. Andy used one impulse response function for conduit flow that shows a very fast response and one for fracture flow that shows a much longer, more drawn out response and he superposed them. Another complexity of karst is that it often has extreme vertical heterogeneity. In other words, we might have a conduit network located at one level but not at another. Maybe that conduit network is accessed when water levels are high, but not when water levels are low. In all, at each site, Andy could use as many as four different impulse response functions. He calibrated his responses using historical data and validated them to existing historical data and then projected discharge at each site discharge or water level out to 2050 based on the air temperature and precipitation output from the WRF model. Here's the type of IRF or Impulse Response Functions we used for fast flow conduits and here's what he used for flow in the fractures.
What might we expect to see in terms of the hydrogeology? Here's the response of the Edwards Aquifer sites. We have our two spring sites on the top and then the index well down at the bottom. That solid brown line is measured discharge or water level and the stippled blue line are the modeled response. First of all, we're seeing a pretty good match between our model and the existing data. At the springs, we're seeing a slight but significant downward trend in discharge. At the well, we're seeing an even more pronounced downward trend and water level. This is of interest because we're seeing water levels between 2040 and 2050 that are projected to be even lower than the drought of record during the 1950s. This type of information, just the hydrologic projections, are actually of a lot interest to water managers for nothing else because the Bear County index well is the well upon which the City of San Antonio bases its decision on pumping and water restrictions and regulations. In contrast, if we look at the Madison Aquifer sites, we don't see a statistically significant trend in either direction in terms of spring flow.
We're not expecting to see a big difference in spring discharge or stream discharge at the Madison site. We see what affect our projected climate is having on hydrology. Both climate and hydrology can have an effect on the ecology at the sites that we're considering. To try and characterize the vulnerability of different species at these sites to projected climate change, we used a tool developed by NatureServe called the Climate Change Vulnerability Index. It considers a large number of different factors that might affect a species vulnerability. It considers several factors considered to be characteristic of climate exposure itself. This is the character magnitude and rate of change of climatic parameters. Some direct factors are things like projected air temperature change or projected water temperature change or change in aridity index. It also considers some indirect factors such as the existence of barriers to range shift or the potential human response to climate change such as increased pumping that might in turn affect the vulnerability of the species.
It also considers the sensitivity of the species. For example, the physiological, biological, and ecological factors that are particular to a species and also the ability of the species to cope with climate change effects. This might include dispersal means. Can the species get away from the site? If it's a plant, can it disperse its seeds at a distance from the site into a different region? It might include also the reproductive response to projected air temperature change. OR even the vulnerability of a species' prey species to climate change. Scores are assigned to six measures of exposure in 16 measures of sensitivity and adaptive capacity. More than one score can be assigned to each measure. This might occur, for example, if there are studies that have different results regarding a particular factor.
As a result, we get these mixed ranges of scores on vulnerability. To try and determine to settle on a score, a Monte Carlo approach was used. Our ecologist, Amy Symstad and Mary Poteet, ran a hundred simulations with each simulation collecting a single vulnerability score for each factor. Then the distribution of those scores is used to calculate a statistical confidence in the final ranking, whether it's more confident or less confident in terms of its vulnerability ranking. Amy and Mary did come up with a couple of innovations to NatureServe's original climate change vulnerability index. One of the first was that rather than using the climate model provided by NatureServe, they used the climate model that had been developed for our project by John Stamm. This had shorter time steps and a more refined spatial scale. Another important innovation was to incorporate the hydrologic projection. The specifically projected flood intensity and frequency and projected stream and spring flow were worked into the climate change vulnerability index. That's because things like flood intensity and frequency can affect habitat, and projected stream and spring flow affect water temperature and dissolved oxygen.
These are important in the context of the species' physiological thermal niche. How is this applied? Let's take a model species. Eurycea waterlooensis or the Austin blind salamander, this is a federally-listed endangered species that is endemic to the Barton Springs complex in Austin, Texas. As far as exposure, the climate change model projected an air temperature change of 1.65 degrees out to 2050 and a percent aridity index change of about 0.1. In terms of sensitivity and adaptive capacity, one of the factors that's considered is the distribution of the species relative to natural barriers to range shift. This is an endemic stygobite that occurs in only four springs. This factor was scored as greatly increasing the species' vulnerability. Another factor is distribution relative to anthropogenic barriers in range shift. Eurycea waterlooensis lives in springs that are no longer connected because of human alteration in the form of dams, pipes and swimming pools.
This factor was also rated as greatly increasing its vulnerability. A third factor is the impact of human response to climate change on a species. In the Edwards Aquifer, we're expecting that warmer temperatures and decreased water level will lead to increased pumping, which might somewhat increase or increase the vulnerability. Here's a case where the species was given two scores for a factor. For another factor, the habitat, mortality or reproductive sensitivity to projected air temperature change, that will cause water flow to decrease and will increase water temperatures. This was scored as increase or greatly increase vulnerability. Again, two scores for one factor. Another factor is species' restriction to uncommon geologic features. This species is restricted to these spring outlets. This was scored as increasing vulnerability. The final factor, as an example, is species' dietary versatility and the vulnerability of its prey species to climate change. Here, we don't know the answer.
We don't have any documentation for this. This was scored as neutral. The final score for this species was moderately vulnerable. First, our colleges had to determine what species to consider. They used two criteria. The first is conservation concern. Is a species threatened or endangered at the state or federal level, or is it a management indicator species, does it have a natural heritage ranking or is it a recently discovered species? Any of those qualified it as of conservation concern. A second criteria is whether it is dependent on karst geology or hydrology. Does it spend its life cycle largely limited to springs and streams? Does it live in a moist cave or a wetland that is fed by a spring? Does it live in the aquifer itself? Is it an endemic karst species? Any of these would classify it or qualify it as being dependent on karst geology or hydrology.
It turns out, I said the Edwards Aquifer was a biologically diverse region, there were 231 species that qualified. Of those, 14 were chosen for this particular categorization of vulnerability. There were 25 species in the Madison Aquifer that fit the criteria. We chose eight for analysis here. Why did we narrow it down to these 14 Edward species and eight Madison species? First of all, these species span a range of taxonomic groups. They include mammals, birds, and plants. Secondly, they're all associated with the hydrologic features that we simulated, the spring and spring-fed creek in the Madison and the two springs and well in the Edwards. Finally, for all of these species, we had ecological information that was sufficient that we could actually use the vulnerability assessment tool. Taking a look at our results, what does the future hold? Only one species was rated as highly vulnerable.
This is a different salamander. This is Eurycea sosorum, the Barton Springs salamander, which also is a federally-listed species that lives in Barton Springs in Austin, Texas. This was rated as highly vulnerable because of natural and anthropogenic barriers to range shift, the fact that we're predicting increased pumping. We know that this species has sensitivity to bloat dissolved oxygen related to low flow and higher water temperatures. It's an endemic species. We also know that it has low genetic variation. Another couple of examples. These are listed as moderately vulnerable. There are an additional nine species in the Edwards listed as moderately vulnerable and four in the Madison that were listed as moderately vulnerable. Some interesting examples here and character criteria that caused them to be listed as moderately vulnerable. The autumn willow, for example.
This species has low adaptive capacity because of its small population. It requires a very specific habitat. It's sensitive to high temperatures. On the other hand, it was only moderately vulnerable because these characteristics are countered by its high dispersal ability. It has wind-blown seeds and also a projected increase in spring flow that feeds its restrictive fen habitat. Another example is the Black Hills mountain snail which also has a small population, requires a specific habitat and is sensitive to high temperature. Seven factors had multiple scores which means, in fact, we almost had too much information because there are studies that provide conflicting information which led to great uncertainty. There were other species like the Bear Lodge Mountain jumping mouse which was scored as not vulnerable because it's not restricted by high air temperatures, and it has a broad habitat and dietary tolerance.
What we concluded from this initial try at using this approach was first that it seems as though endemic and fully-aquatic species are more likely to be vulnerable to climate change. Seventy-five percent of the Balcones Escarpment, the Edwards Aquifer species are endemic and none of the Black Hills species are. What this means is that these species, because they're endemic, have a highly restricted range and habitat. Many of the aquatic species have a low thermal tolerance. It also became clear that the dry caves and extremely low microbial biomass of the Madison Aquifer led to a lack of stygobitic and endemic species. Another conclusion we came to is that, including the hydrology allowed us, we thought, to provide more realistic vulnerability analysis. In fact, when we included these hydrogeological considerations, it resulted in an increased vulnerability score for 12 of 16 of the Edwards Aquifer species or 75 percent of those species. Interestingly, it decreased the vulnerability scores for some of the Madison Aquifer species because it looked like we were going to continue to have perennial spring flow and stream flow. Even though the temperatures were increasing, these species were still going to have a consistent resource to rely on.
We felt that the detailed climate and hydrologic data that we were able to get with these new and revised models provided an improved evaluation because it gave us a short time step and it gave us a type of information we needed for temperature trends over a small area and a strong climatic gradient that we see over small distances in both areas. On the other hand, we used only the A2 emission scenario and only the CCSM3 model. Using different emission scenarios and different climate models might provide different results or at least allow us to confirm the robustness of the results that we have. What we came out of this really believing is that time series data is really important. Long-term historical data for air temperature, precipitation, but also for discharge at some of these karst features is critical.
We were really lucky in these two aquifers to have such detailed records. It underscores the value of investing in these types of data. It also shows the value of detailed biological information. If we don't have the information on these species, we can't use any type of vulnerability index tool because we don't have the answers to the types of detailed questions that are being asked. All in all, we felt that this approach linking climate models and hydrologic models and then using both of those to provide data or input for a climate vulnerability index tool that this provides valuable information for resource managers. Both those who are water resource managers who need to better understand how their resource might be changing in the coming decades, and also for state, local, and federal agencies that are managing species and the karst habitat. There are two USGS reports that have resulted from this project. Both of these are available online.
There is a scientific investigations report first authored by John Stamm. This provides many more of the details than I've been able to share with you in the presentation today. There's a four-paged summary of the SIR available as a fact sheet. This would be really handy to be able to share with resource managers or even to be able to use in an academic setting. We also have some additional journal publications that have been the result of this work. In particular, if you're interested in learning how to use or create a site-specific hydrologic convolution model like Andy Long did, I would strongly suggest that you take a look at these two publications or contact Andy directly. That is the conclusion of my presentation.
At this time, I would be happy to answer any questions that you might have. John: Thank you, Barbara, for your presentation. First question comes from Than. I hope I pronounced that right. "Is karst water temperature sensitive to air temperature changes? Do your hydrological models account for this spatial/temporal variation." Barbara: That's a really good question. The short answer is yes. In fact, all groundwater is sensitive to air temperature changes. Over fairly long spatial scales. Groundwater tends to reflect the ambient air temperature and ambient annual air temperature, but in karst we see much more rapid changes in water temperature. We see warmer temperatures in the summer, cooler temperatures in the winter, but we also see the effects of rapid recharge of that. If we get a big warm rain in the summer time, we'll see the water temperature of the spring increase.
If we get a cold rain in the winter, we'll see the water temperature decrease. This can happen over a matter of hours. In this particular model, we didn't model water temperature. We only modeled air temperature. However, Andy Long and I have been working on a convolution model that models water temperature from the springs using air temperature as an input. He's been very successful at matching that. That's a very promising direction that we can go. John: Next question is from Ryan Boyles. "How difficult would it be to add additional GCMs or use existing downscaled projections? I suspect the results are very sensitive to the single GCM and scenario used." Barbara: Ryan, you're probably right that there is quite a bit of sensitivity to the scenario used and that we might see something different if we used a different GCM. It would be fairly labor-intensive to try out some different GCMs or different projections.
I don't know if we can get John Stamm. He did call and he's our modeler. John, are you able to unmute yourself and address that question? John Stamm: Hey, can you hear me? Barbara: Yeah. John: That is a great question. One of the things, if we're able to move forward on this, is that the GCMs these days are getting very close to the resolution, the 36-kilometer resolution that we use. They're getting down around 50-kilometer resolution. At that point, you're able to resolve things like the Black Hills. They'll actually appear on there. You might see the Edwards Plateau. New GCMs that come out actually lend themselves much better to using this approach. Back when we were doing this work in 2012 to 2013, a lot of the models just didn't even resolve the Black Hills at all. It was difficult to use them. There really weren't that many downscale models at that time.
John: The next question is, "Do you have any suggestions or ideas about including evolutionary potential for any of the karst species?" Barbara: I'm guessing that this question relates to whether that potential might be worked into the climate vulnerability index tool. Clearly, that index tool can be adapted for any user. That is something that we might want to consider. We do have some indication that, for example, the salamanders can evolve. The Eurycea sosorum is thought to be related to Eurycea nana which is in different aquifer system to the South. They are now genetically distinct. I think that they were originally thought to be the same species. That's something that could be considered. Either Mary or Amy, are you on the line? Could you address that question in any more details? Amy: This is Amy.
Can you hear me? Barbara: I can. Amy: The CCVI does include…one of its things that it scored is genetic potential or basically how genetically diverse is the species. That is included in the vulnerability index. That information is often very difficult to find for a species. It actually ends up being an optional add-on in the CCVI. Barbara: You need to have that type of information on the species to be able to include it in the analysis. John: Next question is also from Ryan. That might be actually a statement. It does look like a statement. He's talking about different ways. With MACA and LOCA downscaled projection, you can get greater less than a 10-kilometer resolution across dozens of GCMs and that leads to emission scenarios. This might help characterize the uncertainty and help start thinking about adaptation planning. It would depend on how sensitive the hydro model is as to climate. The agreement between modeled and observed hydrology is impressive. John: This is John. There's a lot of products out there right now that we could use and apply this methodology.
This, to some extent, was a proof of concept paper. It's more than that, but it's our first time trying to do all these linkages. Barbara may be able to discuss a little bit more along those lines. Barbara: John, that's exactly right that we wanted to see how effectively we could link the models and pull in the hydrology and to what degree that might affect the vulnerability evaluation. Clearly, this can be expanded. I'd love to see this maybe done in more detailed…in these areas, but also apply to other areas where there are species of concern. John: We have a question from Eduardo. Have the modelers considered using NEXRAD precipitation to model the spring discharge response? Barbara: Andy, are you on the line? You want to handle this one? Andy: Sure. Can you hear me? Barbara: Yes. Andy: These models were site-specific. It's a time series model. It's not a distributed model.
We just used an appropriate weather station that was in the area of the spring discharge or water level that we were trying to predict and then calibrated the model that way. For the projection for the future, we used the WRF model output for that same location. We could've used NEXRAD also, but we felt the station data or the model calibration was better. John: Right now, I don't see any questions. I would like to just, once again, thank Barbara and everyone who participated. Barbara: Thank you very much. Transcription by CastingWords p..


Plan Seed Starting
It seems so early, but some seeds, such as petunias and geraniums, need about four months after sowing to reach a respectable transplant size. Also, seeds of many perennials require chilling (cold stratification) prior to planting. If you expect to start seeds this spring, research the needs of the plants and plan your schedule accordingly. Don\'t be late!
Starting Indoor Cat Grass
Visit the pet store and pick up a small, inexpensive packet of so-called cat grass seed. Plant it per label instructions in dampened potting mix, and set the container in a bright windowsill. Keep the soil slightly damp (not sopping wet) and enjoy the bright spring green! Share some with kitty, too.
Delve into Catalogs
Mail-order catalogs make great winter reading material. Within them is a hoard of information. Discover what\'s new this year, develop your horticulture skills using their plant descriptions and suggestions, and compare recommended growing conditions. With a little more effort you can even teach yourself the botanical names of your favorite plants.
Use Evergreen Boughs
To recycle a cut Christmas tree, remove its branches and use them as a protective winter mulch in the garden. Place the branches flat so they shelter the crowns of perennials without weighing them down or smothering them. In spring, pull the branches aside so the plants can wake up naturally with the season.
Try Something New!
If it\'s been awhile since you tried something new and different in your garden, let this be the year you venture forth. There are many exciting new varieties of vegetables, as well as new introductions of annuals and perennials. And don\'t neglect the new tree and shrub cultivars. There is sure to be something new to please your eye and palate this season!


ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0003.v2
Subject: Life Sciences, Microbiology Keywords: Drug resistance; Efflux pump; TetR transcriptional regulator; Mycobacteria; MmpL
Online: 24 May 2022 (11:32:52 CEST)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a leading cause of human mortality worldwide and the emergence of drug-resistantstrains, demands the discovery of new classes of antimycobacterials that can be employed in the therapeutic pipeline. Previously, a secondary metabolite Chrysomycin A, isolated from Streptomyces sp. OA161 was shown to have potent bactericidal activity against drug-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis and different species of mycobacteria. The antibiotic inhibits the mycobacterial topoisomerase I and DNA gyrase leading to bacterial death, but the mechanisms that could cause resistance are currently unknown. To further understand the resistance mechanism, spontaneous resistance mutants were isolated and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Mutation in a TetR family transcriptional regulator MSMEG_1380 was identified in the resistant isolates and was close to an operon encoding membrane protein MSMEG_1381 and MSMEG_1382. Sequence analysis and modeling studies indicated that they are components of the Mmp family of efflux pumps and over-expression of either the operon or individual genes conferred resistance to chrysomycin A, isoniazid, and ethambutol that are in TB therapy. Our study highlights the role of membrane transporter proteins in conferring multiple drug resistance and the utility of recombinant strains overexpressing membrane transporters in the drug screening pipeline.
REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0458.v1
Subject: Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: LacI; Lac repressor; TetR; TAL-Effector; transcription activator-like effector; Cas9d; dissociation rate constant
Online: 29 February 2020 (09:13:12 CET)
The recent developments in the delivery and design of transcription factors put their therapeutic applications within reach, exemplified by cell replacement, cancer differentiation and T-cell based cancer therapies. The success of such applications depends on the efficacy and precision in the action of transcription factors. The biophysical and genetic characterization of the paradigmatic prokaryotic repressors, LacI and TetR and the designer transcription factors, TALE and CRISPR-Cas9 revealed common rules, which can help the optimization of activators and repressors. Further studies will be required to analyze the linkage between dissociation constants and enzymatic activity, the role of phase separation and squelching in activation and repression, and the long-range interaction of transcription factors with epigenetic regulators in the context of the chromosomes. Understanding these mechanisms will help to tailor systematically optimized designer transcription factors to the needs of specific applications.


Playing in the snow animals, wild or domestic, is definitely cause tenderness. But are there such animals apart from penguins and polar bears, for whom snow is a necessity, not just an excuse for fun? The magazine national geographic has compiled a sampling of eight animals, which found an unexpected practical application to snow and ice.
These primates is rightly called “snow monkeys”. “Japanese macaques are resistant to hot summer and cold winter, and many, especially the young, really enjoyed the snow,” — said the publication of the postgraduate Institute of Primate research Kiotskogo University Rafaela Takeshita.
Even Japanese macaques can make snowballs and, although the structure of the clutches of these primates and you can not make shots, love to play with them. “I often watched as the young monkey was trying to steal from each other snowballs,” says Takeshita.
Ice worms and rotifers
As Elsa, the heroine of the cartoon “the Cold heart”, the ice worms feel most comfortable in the cold. These black annelids length just a few inches belong to the few animals living inside glaciers. The same lovers of low temperatures and are microscopic creatures bdelloidea rotifers, two of which were opened in the glaciers of Iceland specialists Rutgers University. The average temperature in these glaciers is around zero — that’s enough to ice worms and rotifers will not freeze.
Rotifers are able to survive a week-long stay at a temperature of -60 degrees and successfully recover after this. These primitive animals, among which there are only females, they reproduce asexually, and to maintain genetic diversity use genes of other animals — their prey.
Mice and shrews
“Snow is an incredibly good insulation material, under which animals can dig holes in the warm humid space, the so-called subnival zones zone” — gerot Greg breed, ecologist University of Alaska in Fairbanks. As you know, mice and shrews are digging their own ventilated nests and tunnels: winter snow cover makes these underground homes are more protected from predators and creates a constant positive temperature. As explained by brides, snow actually increases the chances of these animals to survive.
For grey wolves high snow cover in winter is a guarantee of fullness. For many animals — prey wolves — abundance of snow slows down and complicates movement, and thus makes it more vulnerable. Besides the snow and cold allow you to preserve and feed less. For the Arctic wolves, however, the abundance of snow (and, as a consequence, complicated movement) can play a cruel joke, as these predators are themselves prey of polar bears.
Butterflies also found the practical application of the insulating effect of snow. Some species of these insects hibernate and spend the winter directly below the snow cover in a fairly warm and humid space, the saving from dehydration and freezing.


The Victorian health department is advising people to monitor for meningococcal symptoms after a case connected to schoolies celebrations in Queensland.
- An 18-year-old who attended schoolies in Queensland has been diagnosed with meningococcal disease
- The health department is advising people who attended venues in Maroochydore from November 26 to December 2 to watch for symptoms
- The state's deputy chief health officer says early treatment for meningococcal is life saving
An 18-year-old has been diagnosed with the disease after celebrating in Maroochydore, on Queensland's Sunshine Coast.
The department is advising people who attended social venues in Maroochydore between November 26 and December 2 to be alert to meningococcal symptoms and to act immediately if they appear.
Symptoms include sudden onset of fever, headache, neck stiffness, joint pain, a rash of red-purple spots or bruises, sensitivity to bright lights, nausea and vomiting.
Victorian deputy Chief Health Officer Deborah Friedman said people should immediately seek medical attention if they suspected symptoms of the disease.
"Early treatment for meningococcal is life-saving," she said.
The department said children under the age of five and people between the ages of 15 and 25 were at greatest risk of contracting the disease, though it could affect all age groups.
Children might experience non-specific symptoms like irritability, difficulty waking, refusal to eat and high-pitched crying.
"The close contact between young people at events like Schoolies might have placed them at increased risk of contracting this infection," Dr Friedman said.
The department said meningococcal infections were uncommon thanks to vaccination.
Fourteen cases of the disease have been reported in Victoria so far this year.
Two people from New South Wales died from meningococcal after attending music festivals earlier in the year.
"Vaccination remains the best way to protect yourself, your loved ones and the community from the harmful effects of meningococcal disease,' Dr Friedman said.
The disease is caused by strains of bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract and can spread from person to person through close or prolonged contact.


After two and a half years into the COVID-19 pandemic and after many digital attempts to keep scientific communication and discussion going, it was finally possible to meet again in person for the International Conference of our Society (Botanik-Tagung) at the University of Bonn. Originally, the meeting was scheduled for 2021 already, but got rescheduled by one year to ensure an in person meeting. This was highly appreciated by the scientific community and resulted in more than 600 attendees despite the fact that the pandemic is not over yet. It was, however, very positive to see almost everyone at the meeting wearing face masks, and it cannot be overstated that not a single case of confirmed infections was reported during or shortly after the meeting. With only three dropouts caused by infections shortly beforehand, this can be considered a huge success.
Compared to former meetings of our society, the first major change that has been implemented at the Bonn meeting is the German title. This is now Botanik-Tagung to specifically mention and reflect on the subject rather than giving the false impression in the German language of an exclusive male scientists’ meeting.
Plant Sciences for our Sustainable Future
Conference chair, Professor Dr. Andreas Meyer, and his local team organized the meeting from August 28 to September 1, 2022 at the main building of the University of Bonn under the slogan Plant Sciences for a Sustainable Future. This motto expresses the increasing awareness that we have to ensure sustainability of our economic and ecological actions and that plant sciences takes a key role in this effort. It also links directly to one of the central interdisciplinary research activities at the University of Bonn and was picked up by the rector of the University of Bonn, Professor Dr. Dr. hc. Michael Hoch, in his welcome address. Professor Hoch pointed out that there may in fact be multiple views and interpretations on sustainability such that there is a need to address this in plural form as done by the University of Bonn in the Transdisciplinary Research Area Sustainable Futures. There is, however, full agreement that plants are key to sustainability in human nutrition and global ecology.
Plant Research to Combat Climate Crisis and Feed the World
In his welcome address the president of the DBG, Professor Dr. Andreas Weber, pointed at the need for more plant research to combat the global carbon problem, which without any action will last for centuries even if net zero carbon emissions can be achieved within a few decades from now. The impact of plant sciences on the society and the need for further research to bolster up global food supply both in terms of total amounts and quality, were emphasized in a brilliant public talk by Professor Dr. Matin Qaim on Sustainable Global Nutrition and the Role of Plant Breeding. Professor Qaim emphasized that the use of genetically improved organisms should not be taken as synonymous with industrialized agriculture but rather interpreted as having the potential for enabling a more sustainable agriculture. Generally, it is important to focus on plant characters rather than the employed breeding technologies and be open to new technologies if no scientific arguments stand against their implementation.
Plant Science is Coming Home
In his welcome address, Professor Andreas Meyer also emphasized that Bonn in the 19th century has been the work place of many excellent plant scientists at both the University and the predecessor of today’s Agricultural Faculty, then the Agricultural Academy at Poppelsdorf. The list of prominent names includes scientists like Christian Nees von Esenbeck, Wilhelm Pfeffer, Hermann Schacht, Friedrich Körnicke, Robert Caspary, Andreas Schimper, Julius von Sachs, and last but not least of course Eduard Strasburger. Together with the groundbreaking work done by all these scientists, the textbook written by Strasburger, Schimper, Noll and Schenck ̶ which today is released in its 38th edition ̶ and simply known as “the Strasburger” highlights Bonn to be a hotspot for plant sciences in the 19th century and that the claim Plant Science is Coming Home in form of this meeting is thus fully justified. To honor and memorize these eminent names, the eight plenary lectures were named after these scientists. All historic figures were briefly introduced by the respective session chairs before the invited plenary speakers took over. To further commemorate the history of Bonn Plant Sciences and to make conference attendees acquainted with the historic figures, the conference organizers invented a little picture puzzle in which attendees were asked to identify ten leading scientists of the 19th century by name based on their portraits.
Flat leaves and Chloroplasts
In the Strasburger lecture, Marja Timmermans (Tübingen), provided exciting insight into mRNA-based signaling mechanisms that underlie the formation of a flat leaf. Mathematical models describing the process show that the respective gene regulatory network follows the organizing principles of a Turing system. Due to a COVID-19 infection Matthew Johnson (Sheffield, UK) unfortunately could not make it to Bonn, but fortunately he was fit enough to deliver the Schimper lecture online. With Schimper having first recognized chloroplasts as descendants of free living cyanobacteria-like bacteria, Matthew Johnson now provided biochemical and biophysical detail on how the proton motive force in chloroplasts is regulated.
Novel Natural Products and Nitrate Transporters
Anne Osbourne (Norwich, UK) in her Pfeffer lecture highlighted the potential of biological diversity for identification of novel natural products and described translational synthetic biology approaches for preparative production of such compounds. Yi-Fang Tsay (Taipeh, Taiwan) gave the von Sachs lecture and provided in depth insight into nitrate transport, sensing and the optimization of nitrate utilization efficiency. With her characterization of several nitrate transporters she convincingly showed that nitrate in addition to the xylem can also be transported in the phloem.
Biological and Morphological Diversity
Biological diversity was also addressed by Marcus Koch (Heidelberg) in the Nees von Esenbeck lecture. In these studies, however, the morphological diversity was investigated through comparative genomics. Morphological diversity is considered the major product of macroevolution and to quantitatively describe the amount of morphological variation, the term morphological disparity was introduced. With his work Marcus Koch showed that Brassicaceae may pave the way for developing concepts of phylogenetic genome-wide association studies to analyze the evolution and the basis of morphological form and function.
Plants get frequently infected by pathogenic organisms as described already in the 19th century for nematodes by Schacht. In a similar way, plants also get infected by fungi and this goes along with a complex interaction between the fungus, the host plants and also beneficial plant-associated microbes as Bart Thomma (Cologne) highlighted in his Schacht lecture. Detailed molecular and metabolic analysis shows that pathogenic fungi exploit effector proteins with selective antimicrobial properties to promote host colonization through the manipulation of beneficial host microbiota.
Stress Reactions in Developing Cereal Crops
Maria von Korff Schmising (Düsseldorf) is well-known for her work on cereal crops and especially barley for which she was recently elected to the national academy Leopoldina. At this meeting she presented her work on inflorescence development and floral abortion under stress in barley in the Körnicke lecture. Using global transcriptomic profiling of developing shoot apical meristems under abiotic stress in genotypes with different stress responses, genes and gene networks controlling spike development, floret fertility and grain set under stress were identified. The work highlights how natural genetic variation for developmental plasticity in stress responses in germplasm collections can be exploited for new functional insights into how plants work.
Cell Wall Formation
‘Caspary’s strip as a model for localized cell wall formation’ was the title of the Caspary lecture delivered by Niko Geldner (Lausanne, Switzerland). In his lecture, he took the audience on a journey from the early days of the first identification of a new root cell type characterized by ring-shaped cell wall incrustations, which nowadays of course is known as the Casparian strip, to the molecular principles underlying its formation. Major new insights result from entirely deleting highly redundant CASP proteins and identification of potential interactors of CASP. Nico Geldner managed to excite the audience literally to the last minute of this meeting.
Symposia and more than 300 Posters Covered the full Breadth of Plant Sciences
Beyond the eight plenary lectures, the full breadth of plant science was covered in 21 symposia. With the exception of an open session entitled Topics on the Rise all other sessions were set with one invited keynote speaker. In most cases, these keynotes were delivered by international guests for whom funding was provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Additional funding was kindly provided by the local excellence cluster PhenoRob and the German Society of Plant Nutrition who both funded one speaker for symposia covering the respective scientific areas.
To further ensure full coverage of plant sciences, all six sections of the DBG organized at least one symposium each focusing on their respective subject areas. In full awareness of the fact that even with 20 distinct symposia it is not possible to cover all parts of plant science, especially with highly dynamic new developments at the forefront of research, the symposium Topics on the Rise offered an opportunity for all those participants, who could not be assigned to any other topic. In total, the fully set program gave about 130 scientists a chance to present their work in oral form. For these presentations, a clear preference was given to early career scientists including PhD students.
Yet, many additional requests for oral presentations had to be declined and allocated to the two poster presentation sessions. At the same time, it is noted that this further improved the quality standards of the poster sessions with altogether more than 300 posters on display. The fire protection rules of the University of Bonn prevented that all posters could be on display for the complete conference, rather they were displayed for only one day within two general poster session. A complimentary digital poster session on several local work stations, however, ensured that all posters could be looked at any time during the whole meeting.
Poster Prizes and Honors
The more than 300 posters made it very challenging to select 10 posters for awards. Here a two-stage selection process with an initial public vote and a second selection round by a committee of advanced postdocs and professors was chosen to ensure a selection process that is quality-based and yet fair in terms of subjects selected for the awards. It is noted that this procedure led to a result in which the respective awardees represent the full breadth of plant sciences.
Science Prizes for Early Career Scientists
Three young scientists, Dr. Rabea Meyberg, Dr. Meike Hüdig and Dr. Kai Bartusch were honored for their groundbreaking original work with science awards handed out by the Pfeffer, Strasburger and Wiehe trusts, respectively. As usual, the DBG also held its general assembly during the conference. During this assembly the DBG announced Professor Dr. Widmar Tanner (Regensburg), Professor Dr. Birgit Piechulla (Rostock) and PD Dr. Klaus Appenroth (Jena) as new honorary members of the society for their individual long-term contributions to science and the DBG. In addition, the two former presidents of the DBG, Professor Dr. Ulf-Ingo Flügge (Cologne) and Professor Dr. Karl-Josef Dietz (Bielefeld), were honored with DBG’s Simon-Schwendener Medal for their long-term support of the interests of the society.
Farewell and Outlook
Before the farewell session Professor Andreas Meyer presented the solutions to name the portrait images of the leading plant scientists in the 19th Century who did their research at the University of Bonn. Altogether 53 attendees participated in the quiz and some of these allegedly spend most of Monday night to find the correct answers. In the end, 13 submitted ballots were completely correct and thus the winners of a bottle of Ahr valley wine and two conference T-shirts had to be drawn.
The first in person meeting into the COVID-19 pandemic can be legitimately considered a huge success. This would not have been possible without support from colleagues in Bonn and Jülich, support from University staff and the many helping hands from student assistants and the nice work of the photographers. Furthermore, the meeting was supported by many colleagues from other Universities, who helped organizing symposia and inviting high profile international guest. Last not least, I am also grateful to the support staff from our conference management partners at Conventus, Jena. Without their support and input it would not have been possible to make this conference a success.
Going back to the original two-year rhythm for our meeting, the next conference has been announced to be organized by Professor Edgar Peiter and his team of co-organizers at the University of Halle-Wittenberg in 2024. By chance, in historic terms, Halle appears to be the logic recipient of the baton as one of the original authors of the Strasburger text book, Dr. Fritz Noll, soon after publishing the text book became professor at the University of Halle. On behalf of the organizers in Bonn and our German Society for Plant Sciences I thank all attendees for their exciting contributions and look forward to meeting you again in Halle.
Bonn, October 2022
Prof. Andreas Meyer, Conference Chair, Professur für Chemical Signalling