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Understanding Ozempic, Weight Loss, and Cancer Risk
- Stand-up comedian Tracy Morgan, 55, who has overcome a traumatic brain injury, has admitted to gaining weight while taking the blockbuster weight loss drug Ozempic, a brand name of Novo Nordisk’s semaglutide.
- The resilient actor said he learned to “out-eat” Ozempic, which is administered as a weekly injection, assists the body by helping the pancreas make more insulin, ultimately lowering blood sugar levels. Although it has not been FDA-approved for weight loss, the drug has been prescribed by some doctors
- Ozempic, the brand name of Novo Nordisk’s semaglutide, a highly popular drug also known under the brand names Rybelsu and Wegovy, is an FDA-approved prescription medication for adults with type 2 diabetes. The drug, which is administered as a weekly injection, assists the body by helping the pancreas make more insulin, ultimately lowering blood sugar levels. Although it has not been FDA-approved for weight loss, the drug has been prescribed by some doctors.
- If you’re considering taking a weight loss drug, talk with your care team about whether that’s a good option for you. And make sure you consider good diet and exercise practices as a part of your treatment plan.
- Being overweight or obese is clearly linked to an overall increased risk of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. One of our experts say “losing weight is a great way to reduce one’s risk” for cancers.
- It’s also important to know that conditions caused or exasperated by obesity like diabetes and heart disease can pose problems for people who’ve already been diagnosed with cancer.
Most people who take drugs like Ozempic, an FDA-approved prescription medication for adults with type 2 diabetes, have reported significant weight loss, but in Morgan’s case, he revealed in a recent interview he’s learned to “out-eat” Ozempic.Read More
During Morgan’s appearance this week on “The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,” the beloved comedian revealed he’s actually gained weight while taking Ozempic, following a compliment from Fallon, who said, “You look good, bud. You look great. How you staying in shape these days?”View this post on Instagram
Morgan replied saying, “Thank you, baby. … Well, that’s Ozempic. Yeah … but I’ve learned to out-eat Ozempic. I out-ate Ozempic.
“I’ve gained 40 pounds.”
When Fallon said he’s “never heard of anyone gaining 40” pounds, Morgan jokingly replied, “I’m like Magic Johnson. I gained 40 pounds.”
It’s unclear if Morgan is still taking the drug, however, he previously opened up about taking the blockbuster weight loss drug with Hoda Kotb and Jenna Bush Hager, the co-hosts of “TODAY.”
Last August, admitted to taking Ozempic “cuts my appetite in half,” humorously adding, “Now I only eat half a bag of Doritos.”
When asked how he’s been able to stay in shape, he explained, “That’s Ozempic. That’s how this weight got lost… I went and got a prescription and I got Ozempic.”
However, Morgan also noted that he has a strict workout regime, where he gets up at 7 am every day and goes to the gym at 10am, adding, “Then I go back to sleep and that’s my life.”
Tracy Morgan also shares his hot takes on some topics, from tattooing your partner's name to going to space. pic.twitter.com/aTWdpcxfwy
— TODAY with Hoda & Jenna (@HodaAndJenna) August 14, 2023
Morgan, who is also known for playing Tracy Jordan on “30 Rock,” has surely come a long way since recovering from a traumatic brain injury after being involved in a serious vehicle accident back in 2014.
The accident occurred when Morgan was riding in a limousine with some of his buddies in New Jersey when they were struck by a Wal-Mart truck, an event which led to the death of his friend Jimmy McNair and Morgan suffering a broken femur, broken ribs, broken bones in his face, and in an eight-day long coma, according to Isaacs & Isaacs Personal Injury Lawyers.
After waking from his coma, it took Morgan a week to get back his eye sight and he had been suffering from a brain injury.
In the wake of the accident, his lawyer Benedict Morelli made the following statement to the Associated Press, “When you have a traumatic brain injury, it takes a very long time to find out how you’re going to do and how much you’re going to recover.
“You just don’t know. He’s still fighting and trying to live his life at the same time and trying to get better, and he’s just not better. We’re hoping and praying to get him back to where he was.”
Morgan appears to be doing incredible well years later, and it’s possible that Ozempic has helped him maintain his overall health.
As per UC Davis Health, when it comes to weight loss, “Ozempic works by mimicking a naturally occurring hormone. As those hormone levels rise, the molecules go to your brain, telling it you’re full. It also slows digestion by increasing the time it takes for food to leave the body. This is similar to the effect of bariatric surgery.
“When using Ozempic to treat diabetes, weight loss is a common side effect. It is designed to be taken long-term.”
Expert Resources On Healthy Living
- SurvivorNetTV Presents ‘How Not To Get Cancer: Diet’ — The Power of Prevention & Healthy Habits
- 8 Secrets to a Long, Healthy Life: Jacques Houot and the Fountain of Youth
- Exercise and ‘Chemo Brain’: Can Physical Activity Save Breast Cancer Patients from Brain Fog During Chemotherapy?
- What to Know About Diet and Exercise if You Have Cancer
- Facing Cancer: How to Turn Stress into Strength
The academic health center, further explains, “Ozempic is not approved for weight loss. However, semaglutide is approved for weight loss under the name Wegovy. Ozempic has a smaller dose of semaglutide than Wegovy.
“Ozempic and Wegovy are made by the same company. They both contain the same active ingredient semaglutide. However, Wegovy contains higher doses of it and is designed for weight loss. Ozempic has lower doses of semaglutide and was developed specifically for type 2 diabetes patients.”
UC Davis Health also notes that Ozempic is usually covered by health insurance and Wegovy is often not.
Health Risks Associated With Ozempic
Although people have had success with weight loss thanks to Ozempic, which is the brand name of the drug Semaglutide, it’s important to understand there are dangers associated with the drug. Healthcare company Lexicomp recently revealed there are negative side effects of the medication, including an increased risk of cancer.
Lexicomp explains Ozempic as “an injectable prescription medicine for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus that: along with diet and exercise may improve blood sugar (glucose),” noting it’s not the first choice of medicine for treating diabetes.
As for the most important information people should know before taking the drug, Lexicomp says Ozempic may cause serious side effects. Some of the possible side effects include:
- inflammation of your pancreas (pancreatitis)
- changes in vision
- low blood sugar, kidney problems
- kidney failure
- serious allergic reactions.
“The most common side effects of OZEMPIC may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach (abdominal) pain and constipation. Talk to your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or does not go away,” Lexicomp states. “These are not all the possible side effects of OZEMPIC. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.”
The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center also says, regarding Lexicomp’s warning, “This drug has been shown to cause thyroid cancer in some animals. It is not known if this happens in humans.
“If thyroid cancer happens, it may be deadly if not found and treated early. Call your doctor right away if you have a neck mass, trouble breathing, trouble swallowing, or have hoarseness that will not go away. Do not use this drug if you have a health problem called Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2), or if you or a family member have had thyroid cancer.”
The side effects that call for immediate medical attention, in regard to all uses of the drug, the MSKCC lists as:
- Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.
- Signs of kidney problems like unable to pass urine, change in how much urine is passed, blood in the urine, or a big weight gain.
- Signs of gallbladder problems like pain in the upper right belly area, right shoulder area, or between the shoulder blades; change in stools; dark urine or yellow skin or eyes; or fever with chills.
- Severe dizziness or passing out.
- A fast heartbeat.
- Change in eyesight.
- Low blood sugar can happen. The chance may be raised when this drug is used with other drugs for diabetes. Signs may be dizziness, headache, feeling sleepy or weak, shaking, fast heartbeat, confusion, hunger, or sweating. Call your doctor right away if you have any of these signs. Follow what you have been told to do for low blood sugar. This may include taking glucose tablets, liquid glucose, or some fruit juices.
Severe and sometimes deadly pancreas problems (pancreatitis) have happened with this drug. Call your doctor right away if you have severe stomach pain, severe back pain, or severe upset stomach or throwing up.
For anyone using the drug for weight loss, they should speak with their doctor if they notice “new or worse behavior or mood changes like depression or thoughts of suicide.”
How Does Semaglutide Work?
Integral to blood sugar control, GLP-1 is a hormone released by the gut in response to food. It causes the pancreas to release insulin. A rising blood insulin level causes all the body tissues to start absorbing glucose (blood sugar) from the bloodstream, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. GLP-1 also prevents the release of glucagon, which is a hormone that raises blood sugar levels by stimulating liver cells to release glucose and helps people feel full for longer. These effects can also cause people to lose weight.
Modern studies on GLP-1 have shown that it has a role beyond glucose control. It modulates the immune system cells, including NK cells, in a way necessary for weight loss.
Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist, meaning that it mimics the effects of GLP-1 in the body. Given as weekly subcutaneous injections It is normally prescribed to manage blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. It also leads to a significant amount of weight loss in these patients.
Although semaglutide has been approved for blood sugar control in people with type II diabetes, under the brand name Ozempic, and for weight loss under the brand name Wegovy, it has not been approved for use as an immune booster and cancer preventative. Thus, it should not be prescribed for that purpose. Those taking it to control their diabetes or weight, however, can expect the additional benefit of improving their immunity. as per a recent study, and lowering their cancer risk, as a link between weight and cancer does exist.
Weight and Cancer Risk
Being overweight or obese is clearly linked to an overall increased risk of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. And in a 2022 study out of Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, researchers found that childhood obesity may lead to an early cancer diagnosis.
In an earlier interview with SurvivorNet, Dr. Andrea Tufano-Sugarman of NYU Langone Health talked about the importance of maintaining a healthy weight, saying, “While all cancers cannot be prevented, losing weight is a great way to reduce one’s risk.”
Dr. Stephen Freedland of Cedars Sinai Medical Center also notes that obesity can affect a person’s prostate cancer risk and prognosis.
“Some of the best data we have is that obesity increases the risk of not just getting prostate cancer, but actually dying from prostate cancer,” Dr. Freeland previously told SurvivorNet.
“Obese men are 35 percent more likely to die from prostate cancer.”
Being overweight or obese is clearly linked with an increased risk of many types of cancer including the following:
- Breast cancer (in women past menopause)
- Colon and rectal cancer
- Endometrial cancer (cancer of the lining of the uterus)
- Esophagus cancer
- Gallbladder cancer
- Kidney cancer
- Liver cancer
- Ovarian cancer
- Pancreas cancer
- Stomach cancer
- Thyroid cancer
- Multiple myeloma
- Meningioma (a tumor of the lining of the brain and spinal cord)
Being overweight or obese might also raise the risk of other cancers such as:
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Male breast cancer
- Cancers of the mouth, throat, and voice box
- Aggressive forms of prostate cancer
It’s also important to know that conditions caused or exasperated by obesity like diabetes and heart disease can pose problems for people who’ve already been diagnosed with cancer. They can lead to treatment complications, prevent people from receiving the recommended first-line therapies and even increase the risk of undergoing surgery. Overweight patients might not even have the option of surgery since removing the cancer could pose potential complications that could outweigh the benefits.
Dr. Sairah Ahmed, associate professor in the division of cancer medicine at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, previously said focusing on diet and exercise in a healthy way can help a person with cancer feel like they have more control.
“Diet, exercise and stress control are extremely important when going through cancer therapy, as well as once you’re done treating your cancer and trying to get back to the rest of your life,” she said.
Dr. Ahmed wants to remind people that none of the gimmicky diets are helpful for cancer-fighting. She says the main goal should be to simply consume nutritious foods.
“I’m asked about keto diets, alkaline diets, no-sugar diets,” she said. “Often I will tell patients there is not any one diet that has a better potential to keep their cancer away. There’s no data that shows that any of those help to treat cancer any better.
“You want to have a moderate diet where you’re including lots of fruits and vegetables, but you’re still eating fat and protein, and you want to maintain physical exercise,” she said.
Dr. Ken Miller, the director of outpatient oncology at the University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, recommends these four things for cancer survivors to do to try and avoid another cancer diagnosis:
- Exercise at least two hours a week, walking counts
- Eat a low-fat diet
- Eat a colorful diet with lots of fruits and vegetables, doctors recommend two to three cups a day
- Maintain a healthy weight
Contributing: SurvivorNet Staff


The history of zinnias, named for Dr. Johann Gottfried Zinn, goes back several hundred years to 18th century Europe. Thanks so much! * Zinnia angustifolia (Z. linearis). The use of excessive fertilizer could cause salt burns to the plant. I'd still like understand the problem. The biggest difference between the two is that too little water will result in your plant's leaves feeling dry and crispy to the touch while too much water results in soft and limp leaves. The center of an older spot may drop out leaving a ragg ed hole. The leaf has completed the life cycle of absorbing solar radiation and producing plant energy and will naturally senesce = die; 2. Mums are a vigorous late-blooming garden plant with showy flowers that turn brown if weather conditions become adverse. L ater, th e lesions become fairly large (up to 10 mm in diameter), irregular, dark reddish brown or purple, and dry (Figure 1). After checking the link on leaf spot you included and my zinnias, I didn't see any brown/yellow spots, just holes. It may be as simple as cutting down on your watering habits, but other causes may be a little more complex. Droopy leaves and stems. Zinnias are prone to two leaf diseases in the Northeast: powdery mildew and leaf spot fungus. Answered by Downtoearthdigs on September 11, 2018 Do you grow your zinnias mainly for cutting flowers? Zinnias are … Not Enough Water. It tends to only affect the leaves, not the stems or blooms. Pinterest. Spider plants, tropical plants, and those with long, strappy leaves are especially susceptible.The main difficulty when confronting leaf-tip burn is to remember that it's a symptom of a larger problem (usually a cultural issue) as opposed to a condition in itself. Right before the leaves fall off the plant, they will turn yellow. This conserves water. Why Are My Plant Leaves Turning Yellow? Alternaria is a fungal leaf spot that produces lesions start out as small dark spots (Fig. The pests feed by puncturing plants and sucking out the sap inside, creating the streaks. Cause: Overwatering plants actually drowns them by depriving the roots of air. Water and fertilizer are key to growing healthy and attractive hanging baskets. PM does that. Email. Cheryl, my phlox get those brown leaves too. This also occurs when plants have too much water. Hope your zinnias perk up soon! What could have caused this? In a sense, you can consider browning leave a precursor to wilted leaves. Since then the bottom leaves are turning really crisp and just fall apart if you touch them. Some people make the mistake of applying too much fertilizer, so if you notice the flowers turning brown, or the leaves turning yellow, it’s a clear sign that you are adding too much fertilizer in the mix. WhatsApp. Our zinnias have brown spots on the leaves and I am wondering if there is anything I can do to prevent this. To the naked eye, they look like tiny threads. I don't know the name of the plant and I had put it outdoors.The plant is exposed to full sun for 6-7 hours. Great Idea to Cut Off Brown Tips on Daffodil Leaves. Good luck! Two weeks ago, I bought this outdoor flower plant to brighten up my herb garden. My large yellow African marigolds bloomed like crazy until early August. Affected leaves eventually turn yellow, then brown. A few days ago I kept them outside when it was nice and warm around 18 to 20 degrees celsius. have several baskets of wave petunias. And while there are many reasons for plain old brown spots, when those spots look like little brown bull’s-eyes, the answer my friends is fairly simple, organism-wise that is. When the roots don't get air, the leaves hang down and the stems droop. They have grown quite tall. Previous article 9 Easy to Grow Vegetables for First Time Gardeners. I have a garden full of zinnias that have developed yellow spots on the leaves. Hi I have grown some Polar Bear and Candy Cane Zinnias indoors for last few weeks. Sadly, the leaves look like they are dying. Leaf-tip browning is an annoying condition that commonly affects certain types of houseplants. One great idea leads to another!! Attached are 2 closeups of affected zinnia leaves. 2. You can cut out the nasty-looking parts and add the bits and pieces to fresh salads. Any sharp, sturdy pair of scissors will do, but the shape and strength of kitchen shears make them a great choice for this job. They did wonderfully well all summer long. From indoor and outdoor gardeners alike, one of the most common gardening questions is, “Why do my plants have spotted and brown leaves?”. Facebook. Lesson learned -- I definitely won't plant zinnias in this spot next year. Severely affected leaves brown, dry, and become brittle. Check often to see if your leaves and fans are turning brown or yellow and falling over. In this post, I will talk about 6 different reasons why your plant leaf edges are turning brown and crispy! Courtney (Click Images To View Larger Versions) You are correct - those little white wonders are spiders, but they are not the cause of the spots on the zinnia leaves. Some of my phlox this year have almost the whole stalk either bare, because they fell off, or almost all bare with just brown leaves left. If the tip of the leaf is turning brown this is a sign of over watering. THRIPS. Very sharp blades minimize damage to the plant's cells, which reduces the amount of energy it must expend healing the wound. When mum blooms are finished flowering, the individual blossoms naturally turn brown and fall off. Thanks Kristena! Little kids love to cut so we had a grand time cutting off the brown tips of the daffodils. There are actually several reasons why this happens. Over time, the plant will form a bare stem. 3. To remediate rhizome rot: Remove the soil around the rhizome, making sure to keep the roots intact and still in the ground. Heavily infected leaves turn brown and dry. The tips of the leaves turn brown. Q. 1. Root root is caused by either high humidity or persistently wet soil around the lavenders roots and results in brown stems and foliage with a wilting appearance. My Flower Garden Has Developed Yellow Spots On Everything. When they do, however, it can be due to a number of reasons. One of the most common causes of yellowing leaves is moisture stress. Petunia Leaves Turned Brown and Dried Out. Leaves Turn Brown and Wilt When plants have too little water, leaves turn brown and wilt. Q. An early frost, very heavy rain, or a hail storm can turn mum flowers brown and mushy overnight. The leaves were tan streaks then spread wider. This happens to many kinds of tropical plants as they grow. 1. Small, round, reddish brown spots with white to grayish white centers form on th e upper l eaf sur face. My Zinnia Plants are growing taller but some of the leaves keep turning brown, curling up and drying. Then, when cooler weather set in, I began to notice brown spots on the flowers and the leaves. Excessive water is a common result of growing a small plant in a large pot, because the plant isn't absorbing much moisture each day so the soil in the container stays soggy. Even with the best care, brown leaves are fairly common on many houseplants. So you brought home that beautiful dream plant of yours, and at some point you noticed the dreaded brown and crispy edges on the leaves. 1 Zinnias can get insect problems (aphids and spider mites) and fungal diseases (powdery mildew and black spot). Although not fatal to plants, powdery mildew makes the foliage unattractive and repeated bouts of the disease will gradually weaken the plant. They are placed in direct sunlight. CAUSE: Thrips are minute (less than 1/25 of an inch) insects that can be yellow, brown or black. Keep in mind that it might be perfectly natural for the lower leaves on your plant to first turn pale yellow, then turn brown and drop off. The reason why lavenders turn brown is because of the fungal disease root rot. Leaves turn brown and wilt when plants have too little and too much water. One of the quickest, first signs of overwatering to observe occurs at the tip of the leaf. Whenever possible, water in a manner that keeps the leaves dry to inhibit this seedborn disease. SYMPTOMS: Silver or bronze colored streaks on leaves, which eventually turn brown, dry and crumbly. If so, just ignore the mildew; it doesn't kill the plant and we strip the leaves off when we use zinnias in bouquets anyway. Reddish brown circular spots up to ½ inch in diameter appear on leaves and petals; Centers of spots turn grayish white; Center of an older spot may fall out giving the leaf a shot-hole appearance; Severely infected leaves, stems, and flowers turn brown and die; Dark brown sunken lesions (cankers) are common on the stem near the soil line Dead foliage typically falls off the stem, though it will sometimes remain in place. Also, the only pest I ever had on my zinnias were snails or slugs and their damage appeared as holes or near translucent holes in the leaves. Large reddish brown or purple spots, at first round to oblong but becoming irregular in shape have gray or tan centers that may drop out leaving a hole. If your plant is not getting enough water, its leaves will start to droop so the plant can prevent excess transpiration. When I grew the 'Profussion' zinias for several years, the bottom leaves always got it. It seems to be spreading to Dahlias which are about 8" away in same bed. Two leaf spots are often found on zinnias. Generally, there is going to be one of three things wrong if your peace lily is beginning to turn brown. It means that there is something wrong, and that if you don’t take the steps to remedy the problem, you aren’t going to have a gorgeous peace lily for much longer. 1), very similar to those caused by Xanthomonas, a bacterial pathogen of zinnia.As the disease progresses in the greenhouse, spots caused by the fungus Alternaria zinniae become larger and develop dark concentric rings. 3. Leaves turn brown and wilt. These yellow spots are spreading all over my garden and I … They are difficult to impossible to prevent, but here are some ideas for you. There are many possibilities: 1. All gardners, no matter their level of expertise, know that plant leaves are not supposed to turn black. One of the main reasons why the anthurium flowers might begin to turn brown is if you apply too much fertilizer. From 1 1/2 inch bright "Lilliput" zinnias developed in France in the 1880s, to double flowers that emerged in the early 20th century which eventually morphed into "Pumila" or "Cut-and-come-again" zinnias, eventually larger zinnias were developed, including the "Giant Mammoth." What Causes Brown Leaves . Alternaria zinniae: Apply a fungicide. These are more compact plants with open-faced single blooms in red, orange, yellow and white. Twitter. To prevent problems, grow zinnias in full sun with plenty of air circulation. I decided to make a game of it with my 4 and 8 year old grandchildren. That's a strong indication that you’ll need to remove the soil around the rhizome to do some further investigation. You can use brown leaves in the bottom of sandwiches to add a little bit of basil flavor. For the best results, you should use as sharp a pair of scissors as possible. To fix that problem, I just put a little snail & slug bait underneath the leaves at the bottom. Use sharp scissors or kitchen shears to trim leaves. Also on bloom. I had a brilliant idea to cut off the brown damaged part of the leaves. The plants are potted in my balcony and get a good amount of indirect sunlight Please help. Recently the leaves turned dry and brown.
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Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the lungs. Aerobic organisms of these types—such as reptiles, birds and mammals—require oxygen to release energy via respiration, in the form of the metabolism of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Breathing is only one process that delivers oxygen to where it is needed in the body and removes carbon dioxide. Another important process involves the movement of blood by the circulatory system. Gas exchange occurs in the pulmonary alveoli by passive diffusion of gases between the alveolar gas and the blood in lung capillaries. Once these dissolved gases are in the blood, the heart powers their flow around the body (via the circulatory system). The medical term for normal relaxed breathing is eupnea.Scientists are studying breathing-defects, and here are links about some of their research.
In addition to removing carbon dioxide, breathing results in loss of water from the body. Exhaled air has a relative humidity of 100% because of water diffusing across the moist surface of breathing passages and alveoli.
Researchers at the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health at the Mailman School of Public Health are the first to report an association between early childhood exposure to the chemical bisphenol A (BPA) and an elevated risk for asthma in young children. BPA is a component of some plastics and is found in food can liners and store receipts.
According to a new study from the Slone Epidemiology Center (SEC) at Boston University, African-American women who reported suffering abuse before age 11 had a greater likelihood of adult-onset asthma compared to women whose childhood and adolescence were free of abuse.


Depends on how you plant it. It's a great midground if you bury the stem lengthwise in the substrate. It gives a canopy about 1 inch about the substrate to wherever it decides to climb, usually a few inches. Fish love swimming under it.Aada said:Thank you for the picture Wraithen! That probably is it then. Yours looks really dense and lush! Do you think it's good as a background plant, or should it be more of a midground plant? I've got it in my 60 that's 25" tall.
Yeah, I would put the sword by the filter intake. They dont shed leaves as easily. Take it from me, leaves getting trapped in the intake helps make a nasty intake tube. Sword leaves are pretty tough, so they shouldn't have an issue.Aada said:If that's the case, I wonder if it wouldn't make more sense to purchase a larger background plant and try to move the wisteria to growing horizontally instead. They're currently in the back corner of my tank, in the area I want to be most densely planted.
I included a picture from when this was all first planted, a month ago, but I don't have an updated picture yet. I'll get one tonight after work. So far the other plants are one Amazon sword and three aponogeton of unknown type. The aponogeton were sold as a cup of 3 bulbs, otherwise I would have only got one. The Amazon sword and aponogeton have really taken off where this one has stayed relatively tiny.


The deep sea is one of the most unexplored and mysterious places on Earth. Did you know that there are animals that are completely transparent? That some tube worms live for 1,000 years? That the Pigbutt Worm is also known as the “Flying Buttocks”? Or that there is a type of sea cucumber that is nicknamed “the headless chicken monster?” These are just some of the scientific facts, presented comics-style, that kids will pore over again and again. THE DEEP! is a captivating and educational survey of animals that live in the deepest part of the ocean created in a fun graphic nonfiction format. The first-person commentary by the animals themselves cover a wealth of facts from the surface of the ocean to the darkest trenches. And the beautiful, full-color illustrations bring them to life. From animal adaptations like bioluminescence and giant flashlight eyes to the habits and habitats of the Pram Bug and Dumbo Octopus THE DEEP! will keep readers fully engaged with life at the bottom of the sea.
THE DEEP! is the perfect book to spark children’s interest in this strange and beautiful world. Leigh’s uniquely illustrated graphic style perfectly combines humor and education to create a book that is equally fascinating as it is factual. The rollicking, humorous dialogue between deep-sea creatures presents an exciting and memorable delivery of scientific facts.
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In order to determine the goldfish respiration change adding small amounts of crushed ice to the water, than behavior will be noted gold fish lab report . Hardy weinberg goldfish lab search the site go animals and nature evolution resources basics history of life on earth if you do not have 3 gold fish, fill in . Insulin shock gold fish experiment honestly, there wasn't to much information i could find on the webbut this is good enough, and from your readings and watching, you can make a your conclusion on how insulin, blood sugar and glucose effect the body.
3 beakers 2 goldfish/group ice goldfish respiration lab report your lab is to be neatly written in ink, or typed it will have the following components:. According to “the respiration system of a goldfish” by sarah quintal, at lower temperatures the surface area for gas exchange increases, while the breathing rate decreases . To survive, you must catch enough fish for them to eat the only food source is a small microsoft word - tragedy of the commons goldfish labdoc author:. By 110-01: scientific method lab report the goldfish were placed into 21ºc • conclude your lab report with a paragraph or two wrapping up the whole report .
Physiological and behavioral effects of hyperinsulinism on goldfish in a future lab there are many other goldfish and its behaviors if the fish are in a cold. ” the control fish was contained by beaker 1, and beaker 2 contained the fish that received the experimental testing two separate beakers were filled, one contained ice water, and the other contained aged water. The effect of water temperature on the breathing rate of goldfish introduction the scientific method of problem solving is a method that scientist use to. Natural selection goldfish crackers lab introduction: evolution is the change over time in the genetic makeup of a population natural selection is important in . Goldfish lab abstract--- in this lab of fishing out random goldfish, we looked at the allele frequencies in a population and how they can differ and change this lab helped me understand the concept of the hardy-weinberg law.
The goldfish report 23k likes the goldfish report is a collection of peoples stories, opinions, hypotheses, and and scientific theories of our time. Goldfish respiration lab problem: how does temperature affect respiration rates of fish gold fish report uploaded by ugajake 5096_s07_er uploaded by. Lab instructions and materials for the teacher: buy medium-sized feeder goldfish at a local pet store they usually sell for about 10¢ each set up two tanks: one for fish to be used by the students and one to allow the fish to recover. Answer to below are the pictures of the experiment conducted for the effect of temp on gold fish write the lab report including:.
questions for goldfish lab 1 what is the scientific name of the common goldfish the scientific name of the common goldfish is carassius auratus (street, 2002, p1). In class last week, we did the goldfish respiration lab, where the goal was to test how the respiration rate of a goldfish fluctuates with differences in the temperature of the water. View lab report - bio lab report from bio 1000 at kean university radia 1 application of the scientific method: the goldfish experiment vishal radia bio 1000 - section 6 9/24/2014 radia.
Goldfish report explained purpose of the lab/research the purpose of this lab is to investigate the relationship between the change in the water temperature and the breathing rate of the goldfish. View lab report - fish lab report final draft from bio 101 at the city college of new york, cuny name: group:8 abstract oxygen is the main reason for animal survival. Gold fish lab report 152-35 professor weller 14 february 2012 effects of temperature on goldfish respiration introduction this experiment was designed to identify the effect of cold-water temperatures on the respiration rate of goldfish .
The conditioning of respiration rate in goldfish (carassius auratus) using water temperature and visual stimuli donna tehrani and patrick schafer. Personal energy audit and report something's fishy- population study lab lab something's fishy- population study lab: size we were asked to use goldfish . The size of the container or my lab group and i may have caused the fish to swim and be more active, thus increasing the fish’s metabolic rate and breathing rate lastly, light exposure may have changed the fish’s respiration rate.


ACNE / PIMPLES
Pimples are caused by over-production of sebum, clogging of sebaceous glands and skin bacteria.
Pimples occur because of skin bacteria Propionebacterium acnes, which feeds on skin oils. During the breakdown of skin oils the formation of waste products and fatty acids occurs, which irritates the sebaceous gland and causes inflammation. It results in appearance of small red nodules, which are tender. These are being replaced by the actual pimples, containing degraded oil. The inflammation subsides after a few days or weeks, depending on how big they are, but usually it starts all over again.
Outbreaks of acne can cause scars.
Blackhead: Black dots.
Papule: Small swelling, most often red.
Pustules: Slightly larger swelling with evident inflammation and pus inside.
Nodules: Clearer swelling with clear pus inside.
Cysts: Large pus filled swelling.
Our clinics use several variations with lasers against acne / pimples. LLLT (low level laser treatment)


AbstractFly ash was collected as a byproduct from the processing of southern pine wood chips in a pilot-scale biomass gasifier. General properties of the fly ash were determined to assess its applicability as a soil amendment. Its alkaline pH (9.5) and high concentrations of Ca, K, and Mg suggest that it could be used as both a liming agent and a fertilizer. The concentrations of most heavy metals in all ash samples in this study were lower than the ecological soil screening levels used as a guideline. A sequential extraction analysis was used to evaluate the bioavailability of selected nutrient elements and pollutant heavy metals in the fly ash. Most nutrient elements were present in exchangeable/acid extractable and easily reducible fractions. The heavy metals were generally less bioavailable, thus ameliorating concerns for land application of fly ash, with or without prior combustion. Comparison of sequential extraction test results for all of the ashes indicated that the conditions experienced during gasification, such as high processing temperatures, impacted both the total heavy metal concentrations and their potential bioavailabilities.


We are working in partnership with the Environment Agency to plan, design, install and maintain a natural based erosion protection scheme at Wardsend - Hillsborough, Sheffield.
The project aims to stop the ongoing erosion of the riverbank on the edge of a historic landfill site and has been designed with the geomorphological characteristics of the River Don and the local environment in mind.
The scheme champions the use of natural based products such as windblown trees, cracked willow, cliff stone and root plates to create a robust, but natural way of protecting the riverbank from further erosion.
We will be providing a new public access path and landscaping features for greater amenity value.
In March 2023, the RSC team returned to Wardsend to plant over 100 willows and 100 alders at the base of the new river bank. The fast growing species are planted to try to create a layer of small trees to add roots and structure to the soil. The remainder of the new bank has been seeded using a wildflower mix of locally appropriate seeds designed for woodland and heavy shaded areas.
The adjacent land and sloped top of the embankment has also been planted a with a mixture of slower growing species such as silver birch, sycamore, dog wood and cherry to add to create a buffer for the former landfill area to the east of the project.
These two areas will be revisited later in the summer to check on the growth and carry out any required maintenance.
By reducing the carbon footprint of alternative man-made solutions, this method is a pioneering approach to erosion protection.
The gallery below shows the progress of the project, from preparation of the site for the winter weather to vegetating and planting completed in Spring 2023.


Bukit Timah Nature Reserve facts for kids
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, which is situated on Bukit Timah Hill, is the largest of the remaining patches of primary forest in Singapore. Singapore’s original tropical primary rainforest ecosystem makes up half of the reserve. At the summit of the hill, there is a rock showing the height, latitude and longtitude.
BTNR is located just beside the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, separated by the Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE). BTNR is the only remaining primary forest in Singapore. It covers a total area of 163 hectares and occupies just 0.2% of Singapore's land.
Accessibility from other nature areas/forests
BTNR is easily accessible from Dairy Farm Nature Park, as well as the MacRitchie Reservoir in the neighbouring Central Catchment Nature Reserve. Dairy Farm Nature Reserve is connected to the Yellow Trail via the Dairy Farm Loop, while the MacRitchie Reservoir is connected to BTNR by the Kampong Trail.
In 1825, one of Singapore's first colonial administrators, John Crawfurd, climbed the hill. He said that the surrounding forest was so dense that sailing to Calcutta was almost as easy as reaching Bukit Timah. In 1843, the access road to the summit was built. 40 years later, BTNR became the first forest reserve in Singapore to be conserved. The reserve has been protected by law since 1939, when the reserve was threatened by nearby granite quarrying at Hindhede Quarry. Till the late 1980s, BTNR was still part of the CCNR. Then, the government decided to build the BKE through the CCNR, thus splitting the CCNR and forming the BTNR. In 1991, the newly formed NParks, which manage Singapore's parks, nature reserves, and roadside trees, conducted a visitor survey. After gathering all the feedback, they began to develop facilities to improve visitors' experience at the reserve. and at the same time, reduce the damage that visitors might cause to the reserve. Over time, trails started to penetrate parts of the forest which were richer in biodiversity, causing plant and animal numbers to decrease. The ground surface was also damaged and soil erosion occurred. As a result, those trails were closed, and the main trails were upgraded.
During the 2 decades that followed the separation of BTNR from CCNR, nature lovers complained about the separation of biodiversity in the BTNR and CCNR. They said that animals from each nature reserve could not cross over to the other reserve, and wanted a link to connect the two reserves, so as to allow animals to move about from one reserve to the other. In 2005, some nature lovers and government authorities agreed to build a bridge to link the two reserves. Work to build the Eco Link began on 30 July 2011 and was completed in the 3rd quarter of 2013. Trees to create a natural environment were planted on the bridge after it was completed.
Being home to more than 840 flowering plants and 500 species of animals, it contains 40% of Singapore's flora and fauna. A common tree there is the Seraya (Shorea curtisii), which dominates the forest canopy of BTNR. Rare plants such as the Mock Durian (Neesia synandra) can also be found there. The Mock Durian, as its name mentions, produces fruit that look like durians, but they are inedible. Forest Praying Mantis and the Singapore Freshwater Crab are some of the rare animals found there. Pangolins, Horsfield's Flying Squirrel, Plaintain Squirrel, Malayan Colugo, also known as the Malayan Flying Lemur, as well as the Giant Forest Ant all live at BTNR. There are also many Long-tailed Macaques, which is the most common monkey in Singapore. Other than that, BTNR also has rich bird and insect life. Cicadas can be heard everywhere. Many species of birds and butterflies can also be spotted there. However, the birds, like the cicada, are more often heard than seen. Some of the birds spotted there are the Greater Racket-tailed Drongo, Asian Fairy Bluebird, Red-crowned Barbet and Emerald Dove. In March 2011, a Dot-Dash Sergeant (Athyma kanwa), which is a rare butterfly in Singapore, was spotted along the Red Trail. Some of the other butterflies spotted there include the Common Faun (Faunis canens), Common Caerulean (Jamides celeno) etc. One species of monkey, the crab-eating macaque is common in the park.
BTNR consists of 4 trails, namely the Red Trail, Blue Trail, Green Trail and Yellow Trail. The starting point of all the trails is the same, and at 40m above sea level. There are poles lining the various trails, with the colours of the trail(s) pasted on them.
The Red Trail is the main trail that brings people from the foot of the hill to the summit. To get to the rest of the trails, one has to walk up a part of the Red Trail first. The Green and Yellow Trails are basically detours into the forest, as they will still lead back to the Red Trail when reaching the summit. The 1.2km-long Red Trail, which is made of tarmac, is the one of the two easiest trails to climb. A trip up to the summit takes about 30 minutes while a return trip takes about 25 minutes.
The Blue Trail is the shortest of all trails, and is the second of two easiest trails to climb. The 0.7km-long Blue Trail starts off on the Red Trail itself, before breaking away halfway to lead to the Hindhede Quarry, at a height of 140m. An ascending trip takes about 20 minutes while a trip back to the foot of the hill takes about 18 minutes.
The Green Trail is 1.1km long. An ascend takes 30 minutes while a descend takes 25 minutes.
The Yellow Trail is the toughest of all trails. It surrounds the Jungle Fall Valley. Hikers start by walking up the Red Trail, then walking into the forest. The Yellow Trail cuts into the Jungle Fall Path in the dense forest near the summit, at a height of 150m, and hikers have to descend and ascend many steps along the way. Generally, the trail descends sharply until reaching the Singapore Quarry, before ascending sharply again. When it reaches the Singapore Quarry, it is only 100-110m above sea level. After that, the trail ascends until it joins back the Red Trail. By then, it is almost reaching the summit already. The trail is 1.8km long, and a summit-bound hike takes about 1 hour 10 minutes to 2 hours, while a return trip takes at least 55 minutes or more.
Other than the 4 main trails, there are also other trails that are not part of the main trails. There are a few of this "paths".
BTNR is a popular place for many Singaporeans. Everyday, many people go there to jog, hike, or for a stroll. There is also a 6km long Mountain Biking Trail for mountain bikers to cycle. The mountain biking trail goes around the reserve, going along the green corridor where the old KTM trains used to pass by, then passing by the Singapore Quarry, followed by Dairy Farm Nature Park and the Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE), then near Rifle Range Road before back to the carpark where the trail starts.
ASEAN Heritage Park status
BTNR is the second ASEAN Heritage Park in Singapore, after Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. BTNR was granted this status on 18 October 2011.
By the 1990s, Singaporeans had started to get interested in nature. Visitor numbers have rose sharply since then, with 88,000 visitors in 1990, and 400,000 just 8 years later.
Images for kids
Crab-eating macaque near the summit of Bukit Timah
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


Breastfeeding creates a tremendous calcium demand. In contrast to pregnancy, the skeleton is the main source of calcium. Therefore, a loss of bone occurs but is transient. Bone density is usually restored within six months after weaning your baby. The good news is breastfeeding does not appear to be associated with increased risk of fractures in later life.
Calcium intake during breastfeeding follows the recommendation for your age. For women 19 and older, the daily recommended intake is 1000 milligrams. More than this is not needed. Also be sure you are taking sufficient vitamin D. Vitamin D is needed for absorption from your intestines.


Home » Misc » Can you get pregnant during fertility days
Can you get pregnant during fertility days
Right Time For Sex , When Do You Ovulate ?
When are you more likely to conceive?
We’re talking about the 'fertile window’ – the days in a woman’s menstrual cycle when pregnancy is possible. The ‘fertile window’ depends on the length of the menstrual cycle, which varies among women.
The ‘fertile window’ is the day an egg is released from the ovary (ovulation) and the five days beforehand. Having sex (intercourse) during this time gives you the best chance of getting pregnant.
What day did you your most recent period start?
Number of days in your cycle Please select20 Days21 Days22 Days23 Days24 Days25 Days26 Days27 Days28 Days29 Days30 Days31 Days32 Days33 Days34 Days35 Days36 Days37 Days38 Days39 Days40 Days41 Days42 Days43 Days44 Days45 Days
Your ovulation day
Most fertile time
What is an ovulation calculator and how does it help you get pregnant?
This ovulation calculator or ovulation calendar can help you work out your most fertile time. These are the days you are most likely to get pregnant.
It can also estimate your due date if you do become pregnant during your next fertile days.
Others ways to help you work out when you're ovulating:
Notice changes in vaginal mucus
A few days before ovulation, you may notice your vaginal mucus becomes clear, slick and slippery, and feels a bit like egg white.
This is a sign that ovulation is about to happen. It’s the best time to have sex, as sperm travel more easily in this kind of mucus.
Use an ovulation predictor kit
You can use a predictor kit from a supermarket or pharmacy, to test your urine for signs of ovulation. If you start testing your urine a few days before the day you next expect to ovulate, a positive result means you are going to ovulate within the next 24 to 36 hours (one to two days).
Facts about timing
Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from the ovary. The egg then moves down the fallopian tube where it can be fertilised. If sperm are in the fallopian tube when the egg is released, there is a good chance that the egg will be fertilised, creating an embryo, which can grow into a baby.
Pregnancy is technically only possible if you have sex during the five days before ovulation or on the day of ovulation. But the most fertile days are the three days leading up to and including ovulation. Having sex during this time gives you the best chance of getting pregnant.
By 12-24 hours after ovulation, a woman is no longer able to get pregnant during that menstrual cycle because the egg is no longer in the fallopian tube.
There’s almost no chance of getting pregnant if you have sex before or after the fertile window (but if you’re not trying to get pregnant, don’t rely on this – contraception is your best option!).
How to know when you’re ovulating
Knowing when you ovulate can help you plan for sex at the right time and improve your chance of getting pregnant. You can keep track of your menstrual cycles on a chart, in a diary, or on a free period-tracker app on your smartphone.
To work out the length of your menstrual cycle, record the first day you start bleeding (first day of your period). This is day 1. The last day of your cycle is the day before your next period begins.
What is a ‘menstrual cycle’ and a ‘period’?
Some people think the ‘menstrual cycle’ and a ‘period’ are the same thing.
A period is when you bleed (or menstruate).
A menstrual cycle starts on the day when a period starts (day 1) and ends the day before the next period. A cycle’s length is considered normal if it’s between 21 and 35 days. They can vary between women and from one cycle to the next.
Working out your ‘average’ menstrual cycle length
If your menstrual cycles are different lengths (most women’s cycles are) you can work out your average cycle length.
The number of days in a woman’s menstrual cycle can vary month to month. Periods are not always regular. It can be useful to work out an ‘average’ cycle length, based on the length of three menstrual cycles, to estimate when you’re most likely to be ovulating.
If you add the number of days in three cycles and divide the total number by three, it gives you your average cycle length.
Sarah tracked her last three menstrual cycles by counting the time from the first day of one period, to the day before the next period.
Cycle 1 was 28 days; Cycle 2 was 32 days; Cycle 3 was 27 days
28 + 32 + 27 = 87
87 divided by 3 = 29
So the average length of Sarah’s menstrual cycles is 29 days.
Working out your most fertile days
When you know your average menstrual cycle length, you can work out when you ovulate.
Ovulation happens about 14 days before your period starts.
If your average menstrual cycle is 28 days, you ovulate around day 14, and your most fertile days are days 12, 13 and 14.
If your average menstrual cycle is 35 days ovulation happens around day 21 and your most fertile days are days 19,20 and 21.
If you have shorter cycles, say 21 days, ovulation happens around day 7 and your most fertile days are days 5, 6 and 7.
Your most fertile days are the three days leading up to and including the day of ovulation.
Some women have very irregular cycles or find it difficult to work out an average cycle length. This can make it hard to work out when ovulation happens. If it’s all too hard, having sex every 2-3 days covers all bases and improves your chance of getting pregnant.
A woman can get pregnant any time of the month.
A woman can only get pregnant on a few days during her menstrual cycle.
Because eggs and sperm only live for a short time:
Sperm live for around five days.
Eggs can only be fertilised for around 24 hours (one day) after being released from the ovary.
Eggs and sperm need to come together at the right time for fertilisation to happen to create an embryo.
Getting the timing right
If you're trying to get pregnant, timing is everything. Dr Karin Hammarberg explains how to work out when you are ovulating and the right time to have sex to improve your chance of pregnancy.
What are the chances?
Having sex as close as possible to the time of ovulation increases the chance of pregnancy.
If a woman has sex six or more days before she ovulates, the chance she will get pregnant is virtually zero.
If she has sex five days before she ovulates, her probability of pregnancy is about 10 percent.
If she has sex on the day of ovulation, or the two days before, the chance of getting pregnant is around 30 percent.
These are average figures and depend on a woman’s age.
When does preconception health begin?
Professor Sarah Robertson, Director of Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, highlights the key time before pregnancy that your health is most important to ensure your child has the best start to life.
How to know you are ovulating
Kerry Hampton, a registered nurse and fertility specialist, discusses the importance of fertility awareness, and how to determine your fertile window to improve your chances of conceiving.
American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Optimizing natural fertility, https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/optimizing-natural-fertility/
Berglund Scherwitzl, et al. (2015). Identification and prediction of the fertile window using Natural Cycles. The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, 20(5), 403-408. doi:10.3109/13625187.2014.988210
Ecochard, R., et al. (2015). Self-identification of the clinical fertile window and the ovulation period. Fertility and Sterility, 103(5), 1319-1325.e1313. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.031
Pfeifer, S., et al. (2017). Optimizing natural fertility: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 107(1), 52-58. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.029
Stanford, J. B. (2015). Revisiting the fertile window. Fertility and Sterility, 103(5), 1152-1153. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.02.015
Stanford, et al. (2002). Timing intercourse to achieve pregnancy: current evidence. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 100(6), 1333-1341.
Stephenson, J., et al. (2018). Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health. The Lancet, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30311-8 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30311-8
Vélez, M. Pet al. (2015). Female exposure to phenols and phthalates and time to pregnancy: the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study. Fertility and Sterility. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.005
Verón, G. L., et al. (2018). Impact of age, clinical conditions, and lifestyle on routine semen parameters and sperm kinematics. Fertility and Sterility, 110(1), 68-75.e64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.03.016
Waylen, A. Let al. (2009). Effects of cigarette smoking upon clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 15(1), 31-44.
Zenzes, M. T. (2000). Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human gametes and embryos. Hum Reprod Update, 6(2), 122-131.
Page created on: 28/08/2018 | Last updated: 21/10/2022
When am I most fertile? How to calculate your ovulation cycle
When trying to conceive, it can be helpful to know when ovulation occurs and when a person is most fertile. Some people may wish to track their fertile window to avoid pregnancy.
Females are most fertile within a day or two of ovulation, which is when the ovaries release an egg. But, it is possible to get pregnant in the days leading up to ovulation, as sperm can survive for several days inside the female body.
The days during the menstrual cycle when a person is least likely to get pregnant are known as the ‘safe period.’
This article describes how to calculate the fertile window to aid or avoid conception.
A note about sex and gender
Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Click here to learn more.
The average person’s menstrual cycle is between 28–32 days. Some people have shorter cycles, while others have much longer ones.
The first day of a person’s period is considered the first day of their menstrual cycle. Their period then typically lasts 3–7 days.
Variations in the menstrual cycle usually happen in the follicular phase that occurs before ovulation.
The luteal phase, which occurs from ovulation to the next period, is typically 14 days long.
Learn more about the phases of the menstrual cycle here.
Ovulation occurs when one of the ovaries releases an egg. After release, the egg moves to the fallopian tube, where it will travel to the uterus, which takes about 24 hours.
Pregnancy occurs if sperm travels to the fallopian tube and fertilizes the egg. If sperm does not fertilize the egg, the egg moves to the uterus and breaks down, ready to leave the body during the next menstrual period.
Learn more about sperm here.
According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ovulation occurs around 14 days before a person expects to have their next period if their monthly cycle is 28 days.
Most people ovulate between days 11–21 of their cycle. The first day of their last menstrual period (LMP) is day 1 of the cycle. Ovulation does not always occur on the same day every month and can vary by a day or more on either side of the expected date.
Doctors call the part of the cycle around ovulation the fertile window because the chance of pregnancy is highest at this time. For example, if ovulation occurs on day 14, a person can conceive on that day or within the following 24 hours.
However, their fertile window begins a few days before ovulation because sperm can survive for up to 5 days inside the female body. So, even if a person does not have sex on day 14 or 15, it is still possible to become pregnant if they had sex without using contraception on days 9-13.
According to research from 2018, the likelihood of conception rises from day 8, reaching its maximum on day 13 and decreasing to zero by day 30.
However, It is essential to note that these findings should only act as a guideline. Every person and every cycle is different.
It can be helpful for a person to chart their monthly cycle and take note of the signs of ovulation to help pinpoint the exact day of ovulation each month.
Learn more about ovulation here.
Signs of ovulation
Tracking the signs of ovulation can help someone determine the precise day they ovulate each month.
mild cramping in the lower abdomen
wetter, clearer, and more slippery vaginal discharge similar to egg white
a small increase in basal body temperature
a higher sex drive
Some of these signs, such as basal body temperature, will continue to change after ovulation. For this reason, a person should not use temperature to predict the fertile window.
It may be helpful for someone to track the signs over a few months to get an idea of what is typical for their body.
But they should keep in mind that there are several variables, and the timing of ovulation can change, month-to-month.
Another option is to use an ovulation predictor kit or fertility monitor.
Fertility aids measure the levels of specific hormones in the urine to determine the ovulation day each month. Some devices also identify days of peak fertility.
Using a combination of these methods may provide an individual with the best accuracy.
The following table, based on research from 2015, summarizes a typical menstrual cycle and how fertile a person is likely to be at each stage:
Day of cycle
least fertile stage
possible to conceive
days around ovulation
possible to conceive
thickening of uterine lining
less fertile — unlikely to conceive
To get a more specific range of highest fertility windows based on the day of ovulation, a person can track the first day of their last period in a pregnancy calculator.
Learn more about how to track ovulation here.
To maximize the chances of becoming pregnant, a person should time sexual intercourse to occur during the 2–3 days leading up to, and including, ovulation. Having sexual intercourse on any of these days may provide a 20–30% chance of pregnancy.
Other tips to improve the chances of conception include:
Have regular sexual intercourse. Pregnancy rates are highest among partners who have sex every 2 or 3 days throughout the month.
Avoid smoking. Smoking tobacco reduces fertility and impacts the health of a developing fetus.
Limit alcohol intake. Alcohol intake can reduce fertility in males and females and harm a fetus.
Maintain a moderate weight. People who have overweight or underweight are more likely to have irregular ovulation.
Reduce stress: While the research on whether anxiety or stress can reduce fertility is not conclusive, it is clear that reducing stress can provide some benefit for a person trying to conceive.
Manage comorbidities: Rule out or treat any medical causes that may contribute to infertility. In females, this can include hormonal problems, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), uterine fibroids, autoimmune disorders, and more.
A doctor can assess a couple’s overall health and may be able to identify methods to improve the probability of conception.
Learn more about infertility in males and females here.
What can affect male fertility?
Even if a person is having regular sexual intercourse and tracking ovulation, there can be reasons why the sperm cannot reach the egg.
Causes of male infertility include:
Sperm morphology: Differences in the size and shape of the sperm can impact fertility.
Low sperm count: The male partner’s ejaculate fluid does not contain sufficient sperm. Fertility doctors consider a person to have a low sperm count if they have under 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen — the fewer the sperm, the lower the chances of conception.
Low sperm motility: This means the sperm cannot move as efficiently to reach the egg.
There are a variety of medical conditions that can cause any of these problems with male fertility, including a hormonal imbalance, infection or injury to the testicles, surgery in the area, and diseases such as cancer.
Learn more about sperm count here.
Some people may wish to track their fertility to prevent pregnancy. This is known as the fertility awareness method.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) charts fertility awareness-based methods of contraception as having a 24% failure rate with typical use.
The chances of pregnancy are lowest during a person’s period and on the days on either side of the period.
However, they may still become pregnant if they have ovulated early or late in their cycle, as sperm can survive in the body for several days.
People wishing to use the fertility awareness method should speak with their doctor first.
Learn more about the types of contraception available here.
Ovulation and the fertile window can change from cycle to cycle, but they may also alter with age. Fertility naturally begins to decline in females in their 30s. By age 40, a person’s chance of conceiving drops to 10% per cycle.
The number of eggs and egg quality decrease with age. Ovulation may also become irregular.
Some medical conditions, such as endometriosis or PCOS, also make conception more difficult.
Learn more about PCOS and fertility here.
Birth control pills aim to prevent unintended pregnancy. The pill prevents pregnancy by releasing synthetic hormones that stop ovulation from occurring and the uterus lining from thickening.
So, even if the ovaries do release an egg, a fertilized egg would be unable to implant in the wall of the uterus. The pill also thickens cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to reach an egg.
According to the CDC, the birth control pill is more than 99% effective with perfect use but only 91% effective with typical use. This means that around 9 out of 100 women would become pregnant in a year of taking the pill with typical use.
Learn more about the pill and its potential side effects here.
Females who track their fertile window with the aim of getting pregnant should see their doctor for preconception planning.
As well as identifying barriers to conceiving, a doctor can advise on the use of folic acid or prenatal supplements to encourage a safe pregnancy.
Most couples who have frequent sex without contraception will conceive within 12 months.
Women under 35 years of age should see their doctor if they do not conceive after a year of trying. Those over 35 years of age should seek medical advice after 6 months of trying to conceive.
Anyone who has irregular cycles or does not appear to ovulate should also speak with their doctor. There may be an underlying medical cause that is preventing ovulation and conception.
Learn more about irregular periods and pregnancy here.
Here are the answers to some frequently asked questions about when pregnancy can occur.
Can I get pregnant 2 days before my period?
Days 17-28 before the first day of a person’s period are the days when the uterine lining begins to thicken. While a person is less likely to conceive during this time, conception is still possible.
Learn more about the uterine lining here.
Can I get pregnant on my period?
Although pregnancy is still possible, a female is less fertile while on their period.
Learn more about getting pregnant during a period here.
How many days after your period can you get pregnant?
A female can get pregnant at any time during her menstrual cycle. The likelihood of pregnancy is highest during ovulation, which is typically days 10-14.
Intermenstrual bleeding can occur between periods. To pinpoint the start of a menstrual cycle, a female must correctly identify their actual period.
Learn more about bleeding between periods here.
Each person’s menstrual cycle is different. Generally, it lasts 28–32 days. A person is at their most fertile during ovulation, which occurs around days 10–14.
A person can calculate the exact days of ovulation each month by counting from the first day of their period.
However, certain medical conditions may affect ovulation or impact the sperm’s ability to reach the egg.
People who have been unable to conceive for over a year should talk with a fertility specialist.
Read the article in Spanish.
When is a woman most fertile?
If you are a woman taking precautions to prevent pregnancy, or if you are thinking about pregnancy in some way in the future, the issue of fertility usually remains in the background.
The question of when a woman is most fertile has two aspects.
First, is the menstrual monthly cycle and the period when a woman is most fertile.
To figure out the arithmetic, a fertility calendar or an ovulation calculator will help. The second aspect of the question concerns biological age and the stage of life at which women are most fertile. In our article, we will look at the monthly cycle, the days that are the most fertile during this cycle, and various means of monitoring and predicting ovulation. This makes it possible to predict the time of maximum fertility with some accuracy.
Second , we look at the stages of fertility at various times in a woman's life and their impact on her ability to conceive.
It is well known that fertility peaks at age 20 and begins to decline after age 30; after 35 years, natural conception rates begin to drop sharply. However, in today's society, many women, for understandable financial and social reasons, choose to delay childbearing until the age of thirty. Thus, we are faced with the paradoxical situation where many women, who have long sought to prevent pregnancy in their younger years, find themselves in a situation where they begin to look for ways to increase their chances of conceiving.
When is a woman most fertile? What does the menstrual cycle show?
In a woman, the ability to conceive is maximum a day or two before and after ovulation. This is when the egg is released from the ovaries. You can calculate with a reasonable degree of accuracy when ovulation will occur, especially if your cycle is regular, anywhere between 24 and 35 days. Consider the start of your period (bright spotting) as the first day of your cycle, and the day before the next as the end of your cycle. Ovulation usually occurs 12-16 days before the start of the next cycle. Thus, if you have a regular 28-day cycle, then the indicator remains the same: ovulation occurs on the 12th-16th day. However, fertile time is not limited to these few days. Remember that you can get pregnant if you have unprotected sex at any time during the week before ovulation, as sperm can live in a woman's genital tract for up to seven days.
Fertility specialists generally advise that if you are hoping to get pregnant, it is advisable to specifically schedule contacts around this time, as it can be difficult to calculate the exact day of ovulation, and trying to have sex on a schedule can cause unnecessary stress and anxiety. For the best chance of getting pregnant as long as there are no underlying fertility problems, it is recommended to have intercourse every 2-3 days during your cycle. In addition, fertility calendars, an ovulation test, and self-monitoring for signs of ovulation can help predict the ideal time to conceive.
It could be an old-fashioned pen and paper, a spreadsheet, or one of the many online calendars available. They are also known as ovulation calendars or ovulation calculators. They all do the same thing: keep track of your menstrual cycle dates and use the 12-16 day calculation outlined above to determine the days on which you are most likely to conceive.
These are test kits that measure the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) in your urine. The essence of the measurement is to capture the surge in LH levels that occurs during your cycle a couple of days before ovulation. There are also tests that measure the same hormone pulsation but use a saliva sample. In these tests, saliva takes on the appearance of a fern-like pattern when it dries on glass. However, the most accurate analysis that allows you to track the LH peak is a urinalysis (rarely used in routine practice).
Self-monitoring for signs of impending ovulation
Self-monitoring includes taking temperature every morning after waking up, as well as monitoring the quality and consistency of vaginal mucus secretions. This must continue for several months so that ovulation can be tracked. This is the least reliable of the methods, because there can be many different causes of body temperature fluctuations (night rises, colds, blood sugar fluctuations), and in fact, many girls rightly find this procedure tedious and difficult to perform.
Fertility and pregnancy: misconceptions Gynecology clinic
Women's CD Supervisor
Gynecologist, specialist in assisted reproduction.
Is it as easy to get pregnant at 30 as at 40? Does "headstand" after intercourse help "lazy" spermatozoa to fertilize an egg? Is it possible to get pregnant at any time of the month? Is it possible to get pregnant before menopause?
Although we live in the information age, where access to knowledge is more universal, we often do not realize how little we know about subjects of great personal importance, such as fertility and pregnancy. In the XNUMXth century, we continue to listen and accept as good hoaxes, myths and false beliefs that hinder or prevent the possibility of achieving the desired pregnancy.
Questions about fertility and pregnancy
1.- Nowadays, getting pregnant at 30 is just as easy as getting pregnant at 40.
No matter how healthy we lead and how prepared and motivated we feel, the chances of getting pregnant at 40 are much lower than at 30, because the older we get, the lower and worse the quality of the eggs.
A healthy lifestyle will increase the chances of success, but we are very mistaken if we think that we can postpone the desire for pregnancy much longer than at other times.
At age 30, a healthy, fertile and sexually active woman (not using contraceptives) has a "total" chance of getting pregnant during any given cycle, about 20%.
At 40 without medical care, the probability is only 5% in each cycle, and at 45 the probability is even lower.
Wait 12 months before seeing a fertility doctor.
A woman under the age of 30 may wait the recommended 12 months before consulting a fertility specialist.
But a woman over 35 years of age should consult a specialist if after 6 months of trying she has not become pregnant, to find out the reasons and start the best treatment for infertility.
And if you are over 38, don't wait a day, and from the moment you decide to seek pregnancy, contact a reproduction specialist.
Handstand after intercourse increases the chances of pregnancy.
There is no research showing that raising the legs, placing a pillow under the hips, or doing a headstand after sex increases sperm motility or facilitates their movement to the egg.
Also, there are no certain sexual positions that promote pregnancy more than others, or, as some even claim, that allow you to determine whether the child is a girl or a boy.
4.- Age does not affect male fertility.
Age affects the quality of sperm and therefore reduces fertility in men.
Overweight or obesity, tobacco and/or alcohol use, or long-term unbalanced diet are circumstances that can reduce fertility in both men and women.
5.- Smoking does not reduce fertility: neither for me nor for my partner.
Smoking does reduce fertility in both women and men, including when looking for pregnancy. assisted reproduction. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), more than 10% of infertility cases can be attributed to tobacco use.
In men, in addition to erectile dysfunction or impotence, tobacco causes a decrease in the number of spermatozoa and reduces their motility.
So, if you're planning to get pregnant, start by taking care of your health: quit smoking (both you and your partner), eat a balanced and healthy diet, and exercise regularly.
6.- Before menopause, you have time to get pregnant.
The presence of menstruation does not mean that fertility remains unchanged. From the age of 35, a woman's ovarian reserve begins to decline rapidly, and from that moment on, the chances of getting pregnant decrease.
Bleeding does not always lead to ovulation. Depending on the age of the woman and the regularity of the cycles, there may be bleeding without ovulation.
So you can have periods before menopause, but it's not always possible to get pregnant without medical help.
You must have sex every day to get pregnant
It is not "mandatory" and it is not recommended to have sex every day to achieve pregnancy because the woman cannot fertilize every day of the cycle and the man needs to restore the quality of his sperm.
The most fertile or most favorable time is when the mature egg leaves the ovary and enters the fallopian tubes. This process occurs approximately 14 days after menstruation.
Since sperm can only survive a maximum of two or three days after intercourse, it is best to have sex just before or during ovulation and every other day to maintain a good sperm count.
In general, it is recommended to maintain a relationship from 7-10 days from the first day of menstruation during the week before alternating days.
But what is certain is that we should not get hung up on this.
Women next to you
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Ben Phelan at Slate writes about the recent evolution of lactase persistence: “The Most Spectacular Mutation in Recent Human History”.
The plot is still fuzzy, but we know a few things: The rise of civilization coincided with a strange twist in our evolutionary history. We became, in the coinage of one paleoanthropologist, mampires who feed on the fluids of other animals. Western civilization, which is twinned with agriculture, seems to have required milk to begin functioning. No one can say why. We know much less than we think about why we eat what we do. The puzzle is not merely academic. If we knew more, we might learn something about why our relationship to food can be so strange.
I wanted to quote that passage because it was my friend Greg Cochran’s son Roddy who coined the term “mampires”, which is exceptionally clever. On the article as a whole, I think Phelan makes too much of the “mystery” aspect of the advantage of lactase persistence. There are really only two serious hypotheses and none of the possible explanations are mutually exclusive. I would have liked to see the article devote more attention to the multiple lactase persistence mutations in other populations, which together point to the very great advantage of the trait in association with dairying.
David Dobbs writes in the New York Times about the genetics of intelligence and what we know (and don’t know) about it: “If Smart Is the Norm, Stupidity Gets More Interesting”. The piece emphasizes that geneticists haven’t had much luck finding genes that explain the heritability of intelligence. The problem of “missing heritability” has loomed over complex trait genetics for the last several years, meaning that we can estimate the heritability of traits with twin studies and other traditional pedigree approaches, but single gene loci do not account for much of the variance of these traits. One possibility is that common genes have such small effects that they are statistically difficult to find.
Another possibility is that very rare genes of small effect – or new mutations – may explain the heritability of such traits within families. The most likely reason for large-effect mutations to be rare is if they are deleterious. Across a population, this hypothesis of many rare deleterious mutations is called “genetic load”:
But in some other genetic realms we do differ widely, for example, mutational load the number of mutations we carry. This tends to run in families, which means some of us generate and retain more mutations than others do. Among our 23,000 genes, you may carry 500 mutations while I carry 1,000.
Most mutations have no effect. But those that do are more likely to bring harm than good, Dr. Mitchell said in an interview, because there are simply many more ways of screwing something up than of improving it.
This is a nicely balanced treatment and emphasizes evolutionary approaches in an accessible way for Times readers.
From the San Jose Mercury News, a story by Lisa Krieger: “Open-source science helps San Carlos father’s genetic quest”.
One tiny flaw in one gene in one little girl. That explains why Beatrice Rienhoff, 8, is so lean and leggy.
No one else in her family had such a syndrome. In fact, apparently no one else in the world did either.
Rienhoff -- a biotech consultant trained in math, medicine and genetics at Harvard, Johns Hopkins and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle -- launched a search.
Yes, you can do this now. This father is now making transgenic mice with his daughter’s mutation to better understand its effects.
Ken Weiss writes about some of the reasons a family medical history is a better predictor of individual health than genotyping: “23andLess”.
The most likely truth at this stage is that such common traits like heart disease or how tall or heavy you are, are determined by a very large number of genes, mostly with individually very small effects. Each person with the 'same' trait--each diabetic, say--has that trait for a different genetic reason. Individual genetic variants may be causal contributors, but they are not very important.
I agree with his point…although as I was reading the post, it occurred to me that doctors treat family history as if it were much more effective than it should be, if causal variants really have small effect sizes. Complex disorders are not the same as Mendelian disorders with low penetrance. Having a grandfather with heart disease, for example, should mean substantially less to you than having a grandfather who is tall.


Stage set for checkpoint inhibitor showdown in lung cancer
The rivalry between Merck & Co and Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) in melanoma has now been extended into lung cancer – but the winner of the contest is hard to predict.
Earlier this month, BMS scored the first US FDA approval for a PD-1 inhibitor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), getting a green light for its Opdivo (nivolumab) drug as a second-line treatment for patients with the squamous cell form of the disease.
Merck struck back shortly afterwards, claiming US approval for its Keytruda (pembrolizumab) as a second-line therapy for all NSCLC patients – i.e. squamous and non-squamous – provided their tumours test positive for expression of PD-L1, the ligand that binds to the PD-1 receptor.
Late last week, BMS seemed to have pulled ahead of its rival with an FDA approval to extend Opdivo’s label to include non-squamous as well as squamous NSCLC, and no need for a biopsy to check for PD-L1 status.
As a result, the success of the two drugs in NSCLC appears to hinge on how much importance doctors and healthcare payers attribute to PD-L1 expression as a predictor of response, something that was addressed by the FDA in its press release on Opdivo’s latest approval.
“There is still a lot to learn about the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and its effects in lung cancer, as well as other tumour types,” commented Richard Pazdur, who is in charge of the FDA’s Office of Hematology and Oncology Products.
“It appears that higher expression of PD-L1 in a patient’s tumour predicts those most likely to benefit,” he added.
BMS points to high survival rates for Opdivo monotherapy, regardless of PD-L1 expression, as evidence that its broad-based approach is valid. Meanwhile, Merck has also acknowledged that the picture is far from clear.
The company’s R&D chief Roger Perlmutter said earlier this year that while the likelihood of a response to Keytruda was higher in patients with 50 per cent or greater PD-L1 expression, it had seen responses in patients with low, or even zero, levels of the biomarker.
Nevertheless, with both Opdivo and Keytruda costing upwards of $100,000 a year, the big question now is whether payers will request PD-L1 testing as a prerequisite for approving therapy with PD-1 inhibitors, or be happy to accept the ‘all-comers’ approached taken by BMS in its development programme for Opdivo.
Analysts at Morgan Stanley, Bernstein and Goldman have previously indicated that PD-L1 status should not be an issue, suggesting a big win for BMS versus Merck, although others have suggested that it will have an impact.
The opposing camp will point to data on Roche’s checkpoint inhibitor candidate atezolizumab (MPDL3280A) which specifically targets PD-L1 and reinforced the importance of PD-L1 expression measuring.
In the phase II POPLAR trial, reported at this year’s American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) meeting, it was shown that PD-L1-negative patients fared worse than PD-L1-positive patients on atezolizumab, with the level of expression correlating with improvement in progression-free survival (PFS).
The data also suggested that PD-L1-negative patients had a shortened PFS compared to docetaxel. If that result was also shown in other studies it could have a bearing on the expected shift in usage of PD-1 inhibitors into the first-line NSCLC setting, as traditional chemotherapy may be preferred in some patients, at least until combination data with PD-1 inhibitors and chemo or other immuno-oncology drug such as CTLA4 inhibitors is available.
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Regulation of B-cell survival by BAFF-dependent PKCdelta-mediated nuclear signalling
Approximately 65% of B cells generated in human bone marrow are potentially harmful autoreactive B cells. Most of these cells are clonally deleted in the bone marrow, while those autoreactive B cells that escape to the periphery are anergized or perish before becoming mature B cells. Escape of self-reactive B cells from tolerance permits production of pathogenic auto-antibodies; recent studies suggest that extended B lymphocyte survival is a cause of autoimmune disease in mice and humans. Here we report a mechanism for the regulation of peripheral B-cell survival by serine/threonine protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta): spontaneous death of resting B cells is regulated by nuclear localization of PKCdelta that contributes to phosphorylation of histone H2B at serine 14 (S14-H2B). We show that treatment of B cells with the potent B-cell survival factor BAFF ('B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family') prevents nuclear accumulation of PKCdelta. Our data suggest the existence of a previously unknown BAFF-induced and PKCdelta-mediated nuclear signalling pathway which regulates B-cell survival.
|Authors||Mecklenbrauker, I.;Kalled, S. L.;Leitges, M.;Mackay, F.;Tarakhovsky, A. :|
|URL link to publisher's version||http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15361883|


Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) is rapidly becoming an indispensable tool for genome-directed cancer diagnostics, but next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is currently not standardly used in clinical diagnostics for expression assessment. However, multi-gene RNA diagnostic assays are used increasingly in the routine diagnosis of early stage breast cancer. Two of the most widely used tests are currently available only as a central laboratory service, which limits their clinical use.
Agendia scientists evaluated the use of RNA-seq as a de-centralized methodology to perform such tests. The MammaPrint and BluePrint RNA-seq tests were found to be equivalent to the clinically validated microarray tests. The RNA-seq tests were highly reproducible when performed in different locations, stable over-time. The MammaPrint RNA-seq test was clinically validated. These data demonstrate that RNA-seq can be used as a de-centralized platform, yielding results substantially equivalent to results derived from the predicate diagnostic device.
A: Expression heatmaps of the MammaPrint 70 genes measured with NGS (left panel) and microarray (right panel) in 204 matched NGS and microarray patient samples. Samples are ordered based on their microarray MammaPrint Index indicated as scatterplot graph next to the heatmap. Genes are clustered based on their NGS expression. B: Expression of the BluePrint 80 genes measured with NGS (left panel) and with microarray (right panel) in 204 matched NGS and microarray patient samples. Samples are ordered based on their microarray BluePrint subtype indicated as color bar next to the heatmap (Luminal-type, blue; HER2-type yellow, Basal-type, red). Genes are clustered based on their NGS expression. Samples are showed in rows, genes are showed in columns. Genes are clustered using Hierarchical Clustering, Pearson correlation distance, and average linkage. Data are normalized, Log2 transformed and median centered prior visualization. The color bar underneath the heatmap reports the expression range (from -3 to +3: 70 genes; from -5 to +5: 80 genes). NGS=Next-Generation Sequencing.


Mahi-mahi: A large fish that lives in the open ocean in warm parts of the world.
Mammal: A warm-blooded animal that breathes air, has hair and feeds its young with milk.
Mainsail: Main or biggest sail on a sailing vessel.
Management: Process by which conservation is made possible.
Mangrove: A small tropical tree that grows in wetlands at the edge of the ocean. Mangrove forests are habitat for many kinds of fishes and other animals.
Manoeuvre: To control the movement and direction of something, as to manoeuvre a vehicle.
Mantle: A portion of the body wall of a mollusc. In snails, clams and other molluscs with shells, the mantle secretes the shell. In octopus and squid, the mantle is the outside of the body.
Marine: Of the sea.
Marine betta: A small, spotted fish found on coral reefs of the western Pacific.
Marine snow: Organic particles that fall into the deep sea from the sunlit surface waters.
Marine education: The process that teaches people about the cultural, recreational, environmental, commercial and management issues associated with the sea.
Marine pest: Increase in population numbers of a animal or plant that attracts media attention.
Marine Studies: A study of the cultural, environmental, commercial and recreational aspects of the sea and its management.
Marine threat: Potential to carry pest organisms into our country.
Maritime archaeology: Science of preserving ships and shipwrecks.
Maritime museums: Places where marine culture is preserved for public admission.
MARPOL: International convention that deals with marine pollution from ships.
Marsh: A wetland where plants grow with their roots in water and their tops in the air.
Marsh wren: A small songbird that nests in marshes.
Mask: In snorkelling, a covering for the face that helps you to see better underwater.
Mast: An upright spar that supports sails and associated rigging.
Medusa: The umbrella-shaped type of jelly.
Membrane filter: Filter used to catch bacteria to check faecal coliform levels when determining water quality.
Mercury: Liquid used in thermometers. Expands or contracts with changing temperature.
Mesoglea: The layer of gelatinous material that separates the inner and outer cell layers of a coelenterate.
Mesopelagic: The twilight midwater zone 660 to 3,300 feet deep (200 to 1,000 meters), between the upper sunlit zone and the dark ocean depths.
Mesotech sonar: A device on a remotely operated vehicle that's similar to an echo-sounder and shows the bathymetry (hills and valleys) of the seafloor.
Meteorologist: Person who studies and forecasts the weather.
Meter: A length of measurement equal to 100 centimetres. (39.37 inches, or approximately three feet)
Methane: A colorless, odorless gas formed naturally by the decomposition of organic matter.
Microridge: Line of sand that is deposited as wave stops washing up the beach.
Microscope: Instrument used to see very small animals, plants and bacteria.
Microscopic: So small that it can only be seen with a microscope.
Mid-oceanic ridges: Elongated rises on the ocean floor where molten rock periodically erupts, forming new oceanic crust.
Mid-water: A habitat in the deep sea, usually defined as the waters between the sunlit surface and the deep seafloor.
Migration: The periodic movement of animals from one place to another, often between feeding and spawning areas.
Minamata disease: Crippling disorder of humans caused by mercury poisoning from contaminated seafood.
Mirdawarr: Aboriginal term for the end of the wet season.
Mole crab: A small crab that lives buried in sand at the ocean's edge; also called the sand crab. Mole crabs can dig very fast to escape from predators.
Molt: To shed old feathers or hairs so that new ones can grow. Birds molt every year; so do elephant seals.
Module: Part of a certificate course, also referred to as a course element.
Monitor: (verb) to check or gather information. (noun1) A person who checks or gathers information. (noun2) A screen for viewing information, such as a computer monitor.
Moon snail: A species of marine snail that has a large, pale, rounded shell.
Mooring: A fixed fastener or anchor used by boats. Boats using moorings donít have to use traditional anchors this reduces damage to coral reefs.
Morphology: The scientific study of the form and structure of living organisms; or the form and structure itself.
Moulting: In crustaceans, the process whereby outer shell is shed.
Mouthpiece: Forms part of the snorkel placed in the mouth.
Mudflat: A flat area along the coast, covered with a thick layer of mud or sand. Mudflats are usually under water at high tide.
Multiskilled: Ability to do many tasks on a ship, e.g. drive a tender boat, perform first aid, launch a life raft, roll napkins.
Multi-use areas: Areas in a marine park that can be used for different purposes by different groups of people.
Multiculturalism: Term used to describe many cultures and learning to get on with one another with mutual respect.
Mussel: a mollusc similar to a clam but with narrow, dark-colored shells.
Mutualism: A form of symbiosis where both species involved benefit from the partnership.
Mysids: Group of small, shrimp-like crustaceans characterised by possessing a ventral brood pouch.


Spray your evergreen tree with horticultural or dormant oil (3 to 4 percent) in the fall and spring when the spruce spider mites are active. These oils work by smothering the mites and their eggs on contact, so you must coat the entire tree for the spray to be effective.
Can evergreens recover from spider mites?
Spider mites can be very destructive to evergreens. Spruce and arborvitae are most susceptible to spider mites. The infested tree or shrub will require a topical or systemic treatment for control of mites.
How do you treat spider mites on evergreen trees?
One cheap and easy way to rid your conifer of spider mites is to just get the hose and spray the tree good and hard with water. This will wash away the adult mites but not the eggs. Spray your tree in this manner for at least four days in a row to get all the mites as they hatch out.
What kills spider mites on trees?
Use Insecticidal Soaps or Oils Horticultural oils are less likely than chemical pesticides to kill beneficial insects, and are thus regarded as organic products. For fruit trees, a mixture that combines horticultural soap with an oil is effective when applied every three to five days until the mites are killed.
Can trees recover from spider mites?
Spray Your Plants With Water Spraying the leaves and branches of your trees with a nozzle on your garden hose will dislodge the mites and wash them to the ground. They are not good climbers and will likely die on the ground. This is a quick, organic way to remove spider mites from your trees this winter.
How do you prevent spider mites on trees?
Prevention and Maintenance
- Make Sure You Have Them. Since spider mites are so small, you have to make sure that they’re the culprits for your plant problems.
- Hose Them Down. Spider Mites like dry, dusty conditions.
- Clean Up. Having debris around trees and plants make spider mites feel welcome.
- Control Them.
How do you get rid of spider mites once and for all?
Rubbing alcohol: The rubbing alcohol you have around the house also can kill spider mites. Soak cotton balls in rubbing alcohol and wipe across the foliage of infested houseplants. Let either the dish soap or rubbing alcohol sit on the plants a few hours, and then rinse the leaves thoroughly with water.
How do you treat tree mites?
Use a high-pressure hose or a hose attachment to thoroughly spray down an infested tree, making sure to get underneath the leaves as well. This will wash off mites and their eggs, plus get rid of the dusty conditions that contribute to outbreaks. Chemical control. Miticides are chemical substances used to kill mites.
How do I get rid of spider mites on my palm tree?
How To Get Rid Of Spider Mites On Palm Tree?
- Getting rid of spider mites on palm trees involves spraying them with homemade soap solution, horticultural oil, or insecticidal soaps.
- Prune and discard the leaves that are heavily infested.
- Rub the remaining leaves with 70% rubbing alcohol to kill the remaining mites.
How do I get rid of spider mites outside?
Spraying with a strong stream of water (particularly the undersides of leaves) will provide some control. Spray plants frequently to control future buildups. For severe infestations, affected plants or plant parts can be removed and destroyed. There are several natural predators that feed on spider mites.
What do spider mites look like on a tree?
The mites feed by sucking the chlorophyll out of the leaves, causing little white dots called stipples. When the mites are present in large numbers, the leaves turn yellow or bronze and drop off. Silk webbing over the leaves and tender shoots is another indication that you have spider mites.
How do you get rid of spider webs in trees?
How to get rid of “spider webs” in trees. First, use a broom to remove webs from branches and improve the look of your trees. But, fall webworms live in cocoons in winter rather than their webs. So, even if you remove their webs, they can still return next summer.
What is the best pesticide for spider mites?
TOP-8 Spider Mite Killers
- Garden Safe Brand Insecticidal Soap Insect Killer.
- Safer Brand 5118-6 Insect Killing Soap Concentrate.
- BioAdvanced 701290B Insecticide Fungicide Miticide 3-in-1.
- Supreme Growers Smite Spider Mite Killer.
- 1500 Live Ladybugs.
- 2,000 Live Adult Predatory Mites.
- Voluntary Purchasing Group 32034 EMW7309834.
How do you prevent spider mites?
Preventing Spider Mites
- Sterlise. Clean your room before every new crop cycle.
- Take your Own Cuttings. Take your own cuttings when you can.
- Use Insect Traps.
- Check yourself!
- Use Bug Blockers.
- Inspect Often.
- Use Predator Sachets (preventative)
How do you make spider mite spray?
Rosemary is a natural insecticide and using a concoction of rosemary oil and water will take care of your spider mite infestation. With a 2:1 ratio of water to rosemary oil, spray the oil spray onto the leaves of the plant to serve as a natural spider mite killer.