Unlocking the Potential of Your Genetic Variant: Understanding PEMT
Congratulations on completing the Genetics Compatibility Quiz! If you've arrived here, it's likely that your genetic variant is PEMT, which could be influencing your health. If you're here to learn more without the PEMT variant, you're in for some valuable knowledge too!
PEMT Genetic Variant Explained:
The PEMT genetic variant plays a vital role in how your body produces phosphatidylcholine, a crucial element for maintaining healthy cell membranes, muscles, brain function, and liver health.
Individuals with the PEMT variant often experience the following tendencies:
Fatty Foods Sensitivity: Fatty foods may feel heavy and irritating, leading you to prefer a vegetable-rich diet.
History of Gut and Liver Issues: You might have had past or current challenges with your gallbladder, gut, or liver health.
Pros of PEMT Variant:
The PEMT variant may offer some advantages, particularly in the area of methylation support.
Cons of PEMT Variant:
However, it's essential to be aware of potential challenges associated with this variant, including problems with the gallbladder, small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), pregnancy-related issues, muscle pain, and cell membrane weakness.
Recommendations for Optimal Health:
To support your overall well-being, consider the following supplement and lifestyle recommendations:
Natural Athlete’s Calm and Focused
Natural Athlete’s Anti Inflam
Methylated B vitamins: B9 (folate), B12 (cobalamin), B2 (riboflavin)
Natural Athlete’s Omega-3
Natural Athlete’s Probiotics
Natural Athlete’s Active Tissue
Embrace Green Leafy Veggies: Increase your intake of nutrient-rich green leafy vegetables to boost your health.
Adequate Protein Intake: Consume enough protein daily by multiplying your weight by 0.36 for the recommended grams.
Stay Hydrated: Drink filtered water daily, aiming for half your body weight in ounces.
Reduce Stress: Incorporate stress-reducing activities such as meditation, saunas, music, art, exercise, or massage. Natural Athlete’s Stress & Anxiety can be a helpful supplement too.
Prioritize Quality Sleep: Aim for 7.5-9 hours of quality sleep per night. Natural Athlete’s Rest and Relax can assist with this.
Practice Mindful Eating: Learn to stop eating when you're 80-90% full to avoid overeating.
Limit Refined Carbs and Alcohol: Reduce consumption of refined carbs like bread, pasta, and pastries, and avoid alcohol.
Healthy Cooking Oils: Cook with avocado, safflower, and Ghee oils, and avoid hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Understanding your genetic variant, whether PEMT or not, can empower you to make informed choices for your health. By following these recommendations and nurturing a mindful lifestyle, you can optimize your well-being and unlock the potential of your unique genetic makeup. Remember, always consult with a healthcare professional before making significant changes to your diet or lifestyle. Embrace these suggestions, and you'll be on the path to a healthier, more balanced life!


Cornus mas Variegata | Cornelian Cherry
- Genus: Cornus
- Species: mas
- Cultivar: Variegata
- Eventual Height: 250
- Eventual Spread: 250
- Position: full sun, partial shade, north, south, east, west
- Evergreen or Deciduous: Deciduous
- Soil Drainage moist but well drained
- Soil PH: acid, neutral
- Exposure: exposed, sheltered
- Hardiness: (H4) Hardy
- Awards: RHS Award of Garden Merit
February-flowering, the Cornelian Cherry is a densely branched deciduous shrub when in full flower will lift the spirits on a dull winters day. A compact shrub bearing clusters of bright yellow flowers in early spring, followed by large, red edible fruit in autumn. The colourful, cream edged, grey-green leaves, turning red in autumn, make the Cornus mas Variegata an excellent ornamental tree for the small gardens and woodland areas. The fruit of the Cornelian cherry tastes of a cranberry and cherry mix.
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Lung Cancer Awareness: Prevention is the ONLY cure
A Message from a Coloradan and Victim of Radon-Related Lung Cancer-Johanna’s Story
A Message from a Victim of Radon-Related Lung Cancer-Rebecca’s Story
A Message from a Victim of Radon-Related Lung Cancer-Eddie’s Story
A Message from a Victim of Radon-Related Lung Cancer-Elizabeth’s Story
The Dr Oz Show-The #1 Cancer Risk at Home-Part One
The Dr Oz Show-The #1 Cancer Risk at Home-Part Two
Have you Heard of Radon?
Radon the Invisible Killer
TODAY SHOW Investigative Reports about “Radon In Schools”
Radon Gas Caused Utah Woman’s Lung Cancer
ACE Radon on Haystack Colorado CBS4
Living in the Red Zone: Good for Football, Not Good in Terms of Radon
Young Women, Never-Smokers, and Lung Cancer
Radon gas suspected in Prince George, B.C., family tragedy
The Dangers of Radon
Do Granite Countertops Emit Radon? (And Other Radon FAQs)
Families Struggle with Radon in Military Housing
Radon and Lung Cancer
Radon Tests Surge Since Law Passed
Medicare Issues Final Decision to Cover Lung Cancer Screening
Colorado Officials Try To Raise Radon Risk Awareness
Radon’s Link to Lung Cancer
Coloradans Encouraged to Test Their Homes for Radon
Radon’s link to Asthma
Reduce Your Risk of Lung Cancer
Radon-Worse than Ebola!
10 Scary Things to Avoid in Your Home
Should MY Home be Tested for Radon?
January is National Radon Action Month
The Radon Threat Is Still With Us
Radon in Utah homes can lead to lung cancer diagnosis
1 in 3 Utah homes has cancer-causing radon at potentially harmful levels
House OKs bill to regulate radon testers
CT Scans Can Reduce Lung Cancer Deaths, Study Finds
Nation Cooking on Radioactive Countertops
What’s Lurking in Your Countertop?
Radon in the Home Can Cause Lung Cancer
Fast Facts on Lung Cancer
Radon/Radiation in Granite Countertops
There are basically two concerns regarding radon and radiation in Granite Countertops. One is the airborne radon contributed by the “emanation” of radon from the granite slabs. The second issue is the radiation released by the radon in the granite that contributes to the day to day millirems that each person on earth is exposed to from both man-made and natural sources.
Airborne radon is the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers, and the second leading cause of lung cancer in smokers. The main source for radon is from the natural deterioration of uranium in the soil. In Colorado, approximately 60% of homes will test over the 4 pCi/l action level set by the Environmental Protection Agency, and most homes have not been tested. Based on ACE’s 21 years of experience in the industry it is rare that emanation from granite countertops contributes enough airborne radon to pose a serious health risk. Even when the concentration of radon in the granite is high the equivalent airborne radon levels are usually not detected in a typical airborne radon test. Therefore, if the residence has not been tested for radon sourced from the soil, ACE recommends this be the best first step in mitigating any health risk due to radon.
The health risk of radiation or air borne radon from granite countertops is best assessed by the amount of time spent near the countertops, the “emanation level” of the radon in the countertops, and an airborne radon level in the space where the granite countertops reside. If the residence has been tested for radon levels from the soil and the results were less than 4 pCi/l or if the residence has a working radon mitigation system, ACE recommends the next step to assessing the health risk from the granite countertop is a three-fold testing process. It is important to note the all the testing should be done simultaneously over the same 48 hour period.
Test Kit #1: Perform an Emanation test on the granite countertop surface. This test can be performed by a NEHA certified radon-testing firm, (a list of measurement providers can be found @ www.radongas.org), or a do-it-yourself kit can be deployed.
If a do-it-yourself kit is desired then ACE would recommend a flat envelope test kit by a company called Air Chek. These kits can be purchased on the website for $14.95 @ www.radon.com and due to the size and shape work well for emanation diagnostics. Follow the directions that come with the kit, except do not hang it. The test kit should be placed flat on the surface of the granite top, covered in a minimum 6-mil plastic and taped “air tight” to the surface and left for a minimum of 48 hours. After 48 hours the test kit can be mailed to the lab and the test results provided within 3 to 5 business days.
Test Kit #2: Perform an airborne test in the kitchen, hanging the test kit according to the instructions around “shoulder height”. It would be wise not to cook or run the dishwasher during the testing period since kitchen grease and moisture can skew the radon test results. After the same 48 hours the test kit can be mailed to the lab and the test results provided within 3 to 5 business days.
Test Kit # 3: Perform another airborne test in the home on the same level as the granite countertop of area of concern, and in the area away from the granite countertop such as a bedroom or living area is ideal (not a bathroom). After the same 48 hours the test kit can be mailed to the lab and the test results provided within 3 to 5 business days.
Interpreting Results: Test Kit # 1 will provide an indication of the radon concentration in the granite in pCi/l before the radon gas is diluted in the space. This will give an indication of the concentration of radon at the surface of the countertops. A high radon concentration (pCi/l) is indicative of a high radiation level (millirems) that may contribute to your decision to change the countertop material. To measure the actual radiation level emitted by the countertops a Geiger counter would be the recommended method of measurement.
Test Kit # 2 will provide the airborne level in the proximity of the granite countertop. Test Kit # 3 will provide the airborne level in the residence that is not in the proximity of the granite countertop. If the difference in the radon level between Test Kit # 2 and Test Kit # 3 is similar, the airborne risk of the radon from the granite countertops is not likely a health issue. If the difference in the radon level is 2 pCi/l or more another countertop material should be considered. According to the NACI, an exposure of 2 pCi/l is the equivalent risk of getting lung cancer as someone who smokes.
In summary, there are many sources of radiation both natural and man-made on earth. Thousands of studies have been done indicating humans can greatly reduce the risk of this by reducing the exposure as much as possible.
The greatest health risk from radon is the source from the soil and should be tested and mitigated as necessary.
The other sources for radon and radiation like granite countertops can also be evaluated to lower the exposure even more.
*The purpose of this document is for providing some recommendations to consumers regarding some of the potential health risks of radon. ACE Radon should not be used as the sole source for guidance and encourages the general consumer to seek information from other sources.


If you are looking for ways to boost your testosterone levels you may want try taking a Gotu Kola supplement. This little known herb has powerful effects and a long history of healing different ailments. This article discusses the Gotu Kola benefits and side effects and examines its role in natural testosterone boosting. By the way, you can click here to see our Top Testosterone Boosters.
It is a plant that usually grows in swamps in South Africa and India. The reason it is so effective in treating different ailments is that it is loaded with phytochemicals, beta-carotene, camphol and campesterol, calcium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium and zinc and Vitamins C, B-1, B-2 and B-3 are just some of them.
Gotu Kola Benefits
- Gotu Kola is thought to increase testosterone levels because men who take it seem to have lower occurrences of erectile dysfunction and they grow muscle faster.
- One explanation could be that this herb helps to dilate blood vessels and increase blood circulation to the lower parts of the body. Since an erection is caused by blood rushing to the penis, one is able to get an erection faster and hold it for longer.
- The same goes for muscle. In order for it to grow as you work out it needs to be well-nourished with protein. This protein is transported to the muscle via the blood vessels so when they dilate they are able to feed the muscles more efficiently.
- This herb contains ingredients that help heal wounds faster. Traditionally, it was a common form of treatment in the areas where it grows. The leaves are placed directly over the wound for healing to occur.
- It has many other topical uses and some of them may surprise you. You can place the leaves on sores caused by syphilis (usually difficult to heal), sprains, sore muscles, and believe it or not, snake bite. It is important to note, however, that most of these were ancient uses of the herb.
- Those who are having a hard time initiating a urine stream should try taking Gotu Kola supplements. It has been known to make it easier for older men to initiate and finish a urine stream.
- Traditionally, it was observed that women who routinely took this herb did not get pregnant. Although no research has been done to understand why this would happen, it is highly recommended that you don’t take it if you are trying to get pregnant or if you are already.
- Do you suffer from eczema, psoriasis or any other similar skin condition? Gotu Kola leaves or any creams that contain it may be good for you. It helps sooth inflammation and swelling.
- People who are looking for mental clarity, an energy boost and mental focus use Gotu Kola. This is because it helps stimulate the nervous system. It could also be because of the dilation of blood vessels that transport more blood to the brain.
- If you have a cold or you can feel one coming on you should try taking Gotu Kola. It has been known to cure colds, coughs and other respiratory infections.
- It can help reduce water retention in those who suffer from edema, a condition where the body is not able to expel fluid naturally.
- Some people say that it helps stimulate appetite. This can be very useful especially for those who are sick or in recovery.
- Lastly, it seems to have a positive effect on those suffering from anxiety and depression, which again could have something to do with improved blood circulation.
Gotu Kola Testosterone Increases
Again, as we already said earlier, those who take Gotu Kola supplements seem to have higher testosterone levels although it is not quite clear how that happens. It would not hurt to include it in your list of supplements if you are working out for muscle growth or if you want to improve your sex life. For men who want to conceive, Gotu Kola testosterone increases seem effective.
Gotu Kola Side Effects
Although the side effects of Gotu Kola are rare, it is important to know what they are. Before we mention them, you should know the best brands of Gotu Kola to buy. There are some on the market that consists of very little extract, the rest being filler. The filler, which is a mixture of chemicals and other ingredients, is the one that causes most side effects. Other than that, Gotu Kola has few side effects such as:
- Skin sensitivity you may feel like your skin is burning when touched and you may also experience sensitivity to heat and sunlight.
- Some people develop a rash on the sin. This is usually quite mild and goes away before long.
- In the first days you may experience headaches and dizziness. Again, these will go away as your body gets used to the herb.
- Some people have reported nausea and an upset stomach.
Gotu Kola Benefits – Summary
Gotu Kola is an excellent herb that can help you grow muscles, improve your sex life and has many other benefits but you must choose your brand carefully. Gotu Kola is appearing as an ingredient in more and more natural testosterone supplements. Though Gotu Kola is loaded with benefits, including natural testosterone boosting, there are a few rare Gotu Kola side effects.
I’m not just a supplement analyst. I’m an extremely qualified one! I am a Certified Nutrition Coach (CNC) and actually received my certification directly from the National Academy of Sports Medicine. I am also a Nutrition & Wellness Consultant, certified by the American Fitness Professionals Association (AFPA).


What are the symptoms of cardiomegaly?
My mother, (72years) has diabetes and thyroid problem. Recently when she had flu, our family doctor prescribed an X-Ray examination to eliminate swine flue and we noticed she has cardiomegalia.
I attach all the medical records from doctors consulted and medicines she is taking.
We would like to do an exhaustive diagnosis of the actual problem before looking at a possible line of treatment.
Can you please list out a range of tests that she need do for an accurate diagnosis of her problem after which I will get back to you with the results for a recommendation of a line of treatment.
annual blood tests to be done
Hi Mr XXXXXXX
Welcome to HCM. I have gone through the question and understand your concerns.
Since your mother is having type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism, she should have some annual blood tests done. This includes:
2. Renal function tests
3. Liver function tests
4. Serum electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus
5. Blood and urine routine
6.urine albumin creatinine ratio
7. Diabetic retinopathy screening by ophthalmologist
8. Clinical examination for neuropathy and peripheral pulses
9. Anti TPO antibody - to see if thyroid dose can be reduced
For cardiomegaly additional investigations needed are
1. Repeat chest x Ray to see the previous lung patch is completely cleared
3. Echo cardiography
I have gone through the reports uploaded.
Her diabetes is well controlled - normal HbA1c and FBS.
Her thyroid function is also normal. TSH is on the lower side. But don't adjust dose based on that as this may be due to the flue or the steroid medication she was on for breathlessness. You can repeat the thyroid function tests after 1 month and adjust dose based on that.
It is better to vaccinate her with pneumococcal and influenza vaccine as a preventive measure.
Hope I have answered your questions. If you have any further queries I will be happy to help you.
Dr Ajish TP [MD,DM]
Thank you for your detailed reply. We will indeed carryout the tests prescribed by you. I however have a few more questions on my mother's condition:
1. Is Cardiomegaly related or as a consequence of the diabetes and thyroid medication taken by my mother?
2. is it possible to correct cardiomegaly by reducing the dosage or changing the current drugs used for controlling her diabetes and thyroid condition?
3. Is there any particular drug that she takes now that might cause cardiomegaly and if so can it be eliminated or replaced with some other drug?
4 If cardiomegaly is a separate condition will she require other drugs apart from the ones she takes for diabetes and thyroid for controlling it.
5. If cardiomegaly is a separate entity by itself and not related with endocrinology, then who should we contact for an expert opinion. A cardiologist?
Thanks once again,
See detailed answer
Welcome back. The answers to your questions
1. Cardiomegaly is not related to diabetic or thyroid medications
2. Cardiomegaly can be seen in both diabetes and hypothyroidism - cardiomyopathy in hypothyroidism and hypertension or cardiac disease commonly associated with diabetes can cause cardiomegaly
3. Cardiomegaly in X ray may not always be a true Cardiomegaly. So you have to do an echocardiogram to confirm that. Transient Cardiomegaly can be seen in respiratory infections.
4. The treatment of Cardiomegaly depends on underlying cause.
5. You should consult a cardiologist for detailed evaluation.
Hope this information was useful to you
Dr Ajish TP
As suggested by you, I have got done the various bloodtests for my Mother and attach the report for your comments. Do let me know how to proceed further and what has to be done
These investigations are fairly ok
Hi Mr XXXXXXX
Welcome back. I have gone through the reports.
My commends on lab reports:
1. kidney function tests and liver function tests are normal
2. Mild albuminuria -This test need to be repeated after 3 months to confirm.
3. Uric acid high - decrease protein intake ( meat, pulses, spinach etc)
4. Blood sugar is well controlled ( HbA1c 6.5%)
5. Urinary infection - pus cells. Do a urine culture and repeat urine examination. Is she having pain while urination?
6. Thyroid antibodies are high (Hashimoto's hypothyroidism) she need to continue the same dose of thyroid medications, probably life long.
These blood tests are fairly ok. Nothing to suggest the cause for cardiomegaly.
The next line of action will be.
1. Do repeat chest X-ray and ECG to confirm if there is cardiomegaly
2. If there is cardiomegaly, consult a cardiologist and do an echocardiogram to see the cardiac function.
3. Do a repeat urine examination and culture. If needed antibiotics for urinary infection
4. Repeat uric acid, urine albumin creatinine ratio after 2 months.
Hope this will help with her further management. If you have any further questions I will be happy to help you.
Dr Ajish TP
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Coronavirus has caused havoc all over the world including India. Doctors and scientists from all over the world make new revelations related to it almost daily. Sometimes with the new strain of the virus, sometimes with the diseases caused by it. Scientists have made another shocking disclosure among the cases of fast-growing Black Fungus in corona patients. Scientists have told about the new symptoms of this epidemic.
First case in the world
According to a report by the health website Web MD, the first such case in the world has come to light in which dangerous blood clotting occurred on the side of a corona patient.
Why is blood clotting?
Researchers at Rutgers University in New Jersey say that this is the first case of its kind in the world. This will help them to know how the inflammation caused by the coronavirus is harming the patient’s body and how it can be corrected.
These symptoms showed in an 85-year-old patient
According to a recent study published online in the journal Viruses, such blood clotting has been observed in an 85-year-old patient. Let us tell you that earlier cases of blood clotting were reported in the lower parts of the corona patients, but this is the first case of clotting in the upper part of the body.
No other signs of corona
It is worth noting that the corona report of the patient has come up positive in the investigation but there were no other symptoms of corona in it.
Who can have this problem
Researcher Payal Parikh said, “The oxygen level of the patient was not reduced but due to blood clotting in the arm, he had to be admitted to the hospital.” He said that blood clotting occurs due to inflammation in the body or in those people who cannot move much.
Can be dangerous
Dr. Parikh says that such cases are a matter of concern as blood clot reaches the lungs in 30% of the patients, which can be dangerous.
What to do if you have trouble breathing?
He said that after coming to Corona positive, if there are complaints of difficulty in breathing or decreased oxygen level, then the patient should contact the doctor as soon as possible.


Functional Neurology Rehabilitation
By evaluating the brain and nervous system in its entirety, we can localize regions that are dysfunctional and misrepresenting sensory information to the brain. Autonomic dysregulation is often seen in neurological patients and we perform careful evaluation of this potential involvement. Oxygen delivery to the brain is an important aspect of brain rehab and is examined thoroughly. We're essentially looking at your brain from an integration perspective, ensuring all regions are sending appropriate afferent information to the brain, including the vestibular system, proprioceptive system, visuomotor system, autonomic system, and oxygenation system. Our core model of care is multi-modal, ensuring that all potential regions that may contribute to your condition are properly assessed to allow for resolution of symptoms. In order to do this, we must reset the Central Integrated State of the dysfunctional neuronal regions of the brain to reduce their resting membrane potential to an appropriate level that is healhy and approximately -65 mV, reducing hyperexcitablity that can cause many of the patient's symptoms. We attempt to achieve this through a specialized program that combines Neurology, Chiropractic, Physical Therapy, Vestibular Rehabilitation, Occupational Therapy and Oxygen.
Neurology Core Testing Program:
- Videooculography (VOG, sometimes referred to as VNG) that measure eye movements that relate to specific regions of the brain, brain stem and vestibular system.
- Sensitive balance and coordination testing of proprioception and brain using Computerized Assessments of Posturography Systems (CAPS) that allow us to measure dysfunctional areas sensory input related to Migraine.
- Tilt Table Testing
- Autonomic Assessment
- Clinical Examination (Neurology, Proprioceptive, Respiration)
- Gait analysis
- Oxygen evaluation
- Metabolic capacity
- Objective measures
- Spatial and Temporal Summation (Treatment Plan)
Neurology Core Treatment Program:
- Tilt Table Treatment (TTT)
- Non-Invasive Nerve Stimulation (NINS)
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
- Oculomotor retraining (eye movement exercises) (OMR)
- Vestibular Rehabilitation (VR)
- Occupational Therapy (OT)
- Rib Manipulation (RM)
- Cervicovestibular rehabilitation (CVR)
- Specific Chiropractic Neurological Manipulations for Oxygenation L/S/T (SCNM-O)
- Mild Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (mHBOT)
- Postural Restoration (PR)
- Physical Therapy (PT)
- Functional Neurological Rehabilitation/Neuroplasticity Retraining Exercises (FNR/NRE)
- Co-treatment (Botox, Medications, etc..) (CT)
- Migraine dietary recommendations (MDR)
Why so much focus on Neuroplasticity?
Neurons require Activation, Oxygen and Fuel (glucose) to maintain a healthy state of -65 mV and undergo Immediate Early Gene Response to create more cellular contents such as sodium/potassium pumps, mitochondria for ATP formation, axonal and dendritic connections with neighboring cells, etc. The list you saw is how we target the dysfunctional areas with activation, oxygen and carry fuel to those cells. This has to be done in a very graded, careful manner so as to not exceed the metabolic rate of the neurons involved. We observe metabolic capacity for each individual and maintain levels of treatment that stay below those levels so as to keep a steady progression of healthy return to a normal state of function. Neurons respond through Temporal and Spatial Summation, so we can develop treatment plans based on your severity that will allow maximal response and long-term changes. This is known as Neuroplasticity and is at the core of our Concussion Program. I often tell people, I don't know how much I can help you, but in most cases, we're able to improve individuals at least 50% with the understanding that our goal is much higher. Your response depends on multiple factors, including genetics, central sensitization (chronicity), following our treatment plan and so forth. We are very open and honest with our patients and do our best to provide accurate information, but it is a functional issue and it is sometimes difficult to be exacting in our predictions.
The Portland Chiropractic Neurology approach
Portland Chiropractic Neurology utilizes evidence based treatments in a multi-modal approach, patient centered model that allows individualized diagnosis and treatments by combining Neurology, Hyperbaric Oxygen Medicine (HBOT), Chiropractic, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy. It is recommended that evaluation occurs after concussive injuries by a trained professional, such as at PCN. Early intervention is encouraged, but not always necessary. As the leading Chiropractic Neurology office in Maine, the doctors at Portland Chiropractic Neurology (PCN) are highly trained in these areas and have a very successful track record for treatment of Post Concussion Syndrome. Dr. Aaron MacArthur is a Chiropractic Neurologist and has a fellowship in Brain Injury and Rehablitation as well as a fellowship in Vestibular Diagnosis and Rehabilitation. He teaches within the United States on various topics of concussion and migraine care. Dr. Haley Girard is also a Chiropractic Neurologist with extensive training in concussion.


Marine animals take on many fascinating forms. Some are even mistaken for plants. One of the simplest and most primitive of animals is the sponge. This filter-feeding omnivore is really just a stationary colony of living cells attached to one another. The cnidarians (pronounced “nigh-dare-ee-ans”), another fascinating group of simple animals, use stinging cells called cnidocytes (nighdoe-sites) to obtain their food. These cells contain poisonous barbs which paralyze their prey. Sea anemones, jelly fish, and corals are cnidarians found in our local marine waters. Microscopic forms of the sea anemone live in the mud flats at Upper Newport Bay.
A more mobile group of animals is the echinoderms, which includes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Usually they have 5-part symmetry. In the sea star and brittle star this is immediately apparent. But this 5-part symmetry is also present in the sea cucumber; it is just that this creature lies on its side and has become elongated. A sea star has hundreds of tube feet on the underside of its arms. These are tipped with suction cups that are used to grip the shell of a clam or mussel. The sea star can then turn its stomach inside out and insert it into the bivalve and eat it from within.


Epigenetic regulators play a crucial role in establishing and maintaining gene expression states. To date, the main efforts to study cellular heterogeneity have focused on elucidating the variable nature of the chromatin landscape. Specific chromatin organisation is fundamental for normal organogenesis and developmental homeostasis and can be affected by different environmental factors. The latter can lead to detrimental alterations in gene transcription, as well as pathological conditions such as cancer. Epigenetic marks regulate the transcriptional output of cells. Centromeres are chromosome structures that are epigenetically regulated and are crucial for accurate segregation. The advent of single-cell epigenetic profiling has provided finer analytical resolution, exposing the intrinsic peculiarities of different cells within an apparently homogenous population. In this review, we discuss recent advances in methodologies applied to epigenetics, such as CUT&RUN and CUT&TAG. Then, we compare standard and emerging single-cell techniques and their relevance for investigating human diseases. Finally, we describe emerging methodologies that investigate centromeric chromatin specification and neocentromere formation.


Better care with a personal touch
Article first published online: 4 AUG 2010
Copyright © 2010 American Cancer Society
Volume 116, Issue 16, pages 3751–3752, 15 August 2010
How to Cite
Printz, C. (2010), Better care with a personal touch. Cancer, 116: 3751–3752. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25557
- Issue published online: 4 AUG 2010
- Article first published online: 4 AUG 2010
Discoveries in personalized and complementary medicine from ASCO
More than 4000 abstracts were presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) held June 4 through 8,2010, in Chicago, Illinois. Here are highlights from 3 studies presented there.
Heart Problems Linked to Genes and Dose Levels
Childhood cancer survivors who carry specific variants of the CBR gene and also received low doses of anthracycline chemotherapy were much more likely to develop heart disease than patients who received low doses but did not have these genetic variants, according to a study by the Children's Oncology Group. To the authors' knowledge, the study is the first of its kind examining the connection between these genes, anthracycline dose levels,and cardiomyopathy.
Although nearly 80% of childhood cancer patients survive, manymust dealwith health problems such as heart disease later in life. “Once cardiomyopathy develops, it is associated with a 2-year survival rate of less than 50%,” notes senior author Smita Bhatia, MD, MPH, professor and chair of the department of population sciences at the City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California. The medical community has known for 30 years that anthracyclines can trigger heart disease, but they have not been able to establish safe dosage levels or explain the variability of side effects noted among patients who receive the drugs. Carbonyl reductases (CBRs) are enzymes that help metabolize anthracyclines into cardiotoxic substances. For this study, researchers examined the effects of variants in 2 CBR-producing genes, CBR1 and CBR3, on the risk of cardiomyopathy.
The case-control study compared 165 childhood cancer survivors who developed cardiomyopathy and 323 survivors with no heart disease. The patients were diagnosed between 1966 and 2008,with approximately 80% treated after 1981. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 7.5 years. Among patients treated with high doses (greater than 250 mg/m2), the patients predictably developed cardiomyopathy regardless of their genotype. However,among those patients who received lower doses, both CBR1 and CBR3 variants were found to increase the risk. Those with the CBR1 variant had a 5.3-fold increased risk of cardiomyopathy compared with patients carrying the low-risk variant, whereas patients with the CBR3 variant had a 3.1-fold increased risk.
With higher doses of anthracyclines, other unknown factors likely come into play in causing cardiomyopathy. Dr. Bhatia and colleagues are trying to determine these factors, in addition to finding other mechanisms thatmay contribute to heart disease occurring at low doses. “We're working to establish predictive models to develop preventive interventions in a prospective study with newly diagnosed patients,” she notes. That larger cohort studywill likely take another 4 to 5 years to complete. Dr. Bhatia hopes this model can be used to study other toxicity outcomes of pediatric cancer treatment, such as coronary artery disease and stroke.
The study has generated an enthusiastic response based on the possibilities it presents for a more personalized approach to preventing toxicities in pediatric cancer patients. “It's the first inkling that we can begin to do a better job in treatment ifwe can account for these unique differences on an individual or genetic basis,” says Melissa Hudson,MD, director of the cancer survivorship division at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. “I hope this moves forward quickly so we can begin to inform our therapeutic decisions more appropriately.”
Alternatives to anthracyclines are available, particularly for lower dose treatments. For patients with higher risk diseases, such as acute myelogenous leukemia and sarcoma, high-dose anthracyclines are the main form of chemotherapy used. In those cases, physicians would need to consider increased surveillance and pharmacological interventions to prevent heart damage, Dr. Bhatia notes.
Yoga Improves Sleep, Reduces Fatigue
A 4-week yoga programdesigned specifically for cancer survivors was found to improve sleep and reduce fatigue in what to the authors' knowledge is the largest randomized controlled study to date to examine the value of yoga in this population. “This study is a creative application of scientific technique to complementary medicine, and there are literally millions of patients who could benefit,” says ASCO President George Sledge, Jr, MD.
Few treatments for sleep problems and fatigue are effective in cancer survivors, notes lead author Karen Mustian, PhD, MPH, assistant professor of radiation oncology and community and preventive medicine at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, New York. Both conditions are common among cancer patients: approximately 80% report sleep problems during treatment and 65% continue to have problems after therapy is completed. This study provides hope that a low-cost, nonpharmacological therapy can improve quality of life in these patients.
The randomized, phase 2/3 trialwas conducted through the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program and 9 affiliates. The yoga program was assessed in 410 survivors of early stage cancers (96% of whom were women and 75% of whom were patients with breast cancer) who had received standard chemotherapy or radiotherapy between 2 to 22 months before enrolling in the study. They also needed to have had sleep disturbances qualifying as 3 or higher on a scale of 1 to 10. The patients received either their usual follow-up care or follow-up care along with a standardized, twice-weekly, 4-week yoga program that combined elements from both gentle Hatha yoga and restorative yoga.Patients learned various yoga postures as well as breathing exercises and mindfulness techniques that incorporate meditation, affirmations, and visualizations.
The 206 patients who practiced yoga reported greater sleep quality,less fatigue,and a better quality of life, whereas the control group of 204 patients reported an increased use of sleeping medication during the same period. Yoga patients reported a 22% improvement in sleep quality versus 12% in the control group. In addition, the group of patients studying yoga had less clinically impaired sleep than the control group (31% vs 16%) and less daytime sleepiness (29% vs 5%). The control group also increased sleep medication use by 5% whereas the yoga participants reduced their sleep medication use by 21% during the study period.
Furthermore,the yoga group reported a 42% reduction in fatigue, whereas the control group reported only a 12% reduction after 4 weeks. “We can't say at this point whether other forms of yoga, such as heated yoga or more rigorous techniques, also would mitigate side effects,” Dr. Mustian says.
Childhood cancer survivors who carry a specific variant of the CBR gene were more likely to develop heart disease when receiving low doses of anthracyclines than their counterparts who did not have the gene variant.
A 4-week yoga program designed specifically for cancer patients was found to improve sleep and reduce fatigue. The yoga patients also were able to reduce their sleep medication use by 21%.
Older women with early stage breast cancer who undergo lumpectomy and receive tamoxifen can safely forego radiotherapy, according to a follow-up study.
Older Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer Can Avoid Radiotherapy
Physicians at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston have found in a follow-up study that some women aged 70 years and older with early stage breast cancer can safely forego radiotherapy. Specifically, women who undergo lumpectomy and receive tamoxifen can avoid radiotherapy without significantly affecting their survival. The standard of care for these women with very small tumors that are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and lymph node-negative has been lumpectomy plus radiotherapy. However, older women are less likely to have aggressive disease or to experience a disease recurrence than their younger counterparts. At the same time, results in earlier cohorts of this study with a shorter median follow-up indicated that the risk of disease recurrence without radiotherapy was only marginally higher, according to lead author Kevin Hughes, MD, surgical director of breast screening and codirector of the Avon Comprehensive Breast Evaluation Center at Massachusetts General Hospital.
“The benefits of radiation are small,” Dr. Hughes said, noting that this larger study confirms these results and suggests that tamoxifen may replace the need for radiotherapy.
Researchers randomly assigned 636 women aged 70 years and older with stage I, ER-positive, lymph node-negative breast cancer who had undergone a lumpectomy to receive either tamoxifen (319 women) or radiotherapy (317 women). After 10.5 years, the risk of breast cancer recurrence in the same breast was found to be lower among women who received tamoxifen plus radiotherapy (2%) compared with those who received tamoxifen alone (8%). However, there was virtually no difference noted between the 2 groups in terms of cancer-specific and overall survival.
“There were no other benefits of radiation—for example, no impact on breast preservation or distantmetastases,” Dr. Hughes adds. He also suspects the rate of disease recurrence would be even lower among these women today because of more precise surgery.


The framework consisted of 4 parts: the research system, protection and control system, evaluation index system and what is tadalafil development system. Shortly after being started on intravenous unfractionated heparin, she developed sudden cardiovascular collapse leading to a cardiopulmonary arrest. Furthermore, we assessed the antioxidant capacity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butyric acid, which are known to play a significant role in the welfare of intestinal mucosa.
They featured circulating levels of a 22 viagra vs cialis kDa form of bGH up to 700 ng/ml and enhanced growth starting at 6 weeks of age. The IC-1 RNA is then recognized by TLR7, which induces the production of IL-12.
Physical and transcript map of a 2-Mb region in Xp22.1 containing candidate genes for X-linked mental retardation and short stature. We sought to determine the time until recovery of adrenal function after long-term GC therapy, and to assess the prevalence and tadalafil 40 mg best price predictors for secondary adrenal insufficiency. Furthermore, two phenylalanine residues in the cytochrome P450 domain were shown to modulate the specificity of hydroperoxy fatty acid rearrangement.
Glucocorticoids are commonly recommended for symptomatic therapy and well-tolerated adjunctive therapies may help to reduce the necessary dose and associated risks of chronic glucocorticoid use. The results showed neither obvious DNA strand breaks nor oxidative damage with the comet assay, irrespective of the dose and the organ investigated.
High glucose reduces albumin uptake in cultured tadalafil dosage proximal tubular cells (LLC-PK1). PSEUDOCODIUM MUCRONATUM, A NEW SPECIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA, AND AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF CLIMATIC PREFERENCES IN THE GENUS (BRYOPSIDALES, CHLOROPHYTA)(1).
In this tadalafil generic article, we estimate the impact of middle school transition on the body mass index (BMI) of public schoolchildren in Arkansas, United States. Hypermethylation of RASSF1A and BLU tumor suppressor genes in non-small cell lung cancer: implications for tobacco smoking during adolescence.
The use of three-dimensional ultrasound improved significantly the reliability of the LUS muscular thickness measurement obtained transvaginally. The probable cause of ovarian failure tadalafil 20mg in these patients is abdominal irradiation.
Enriched phage selectively bound human CD40 and homed to inflammatory tadalafilo joints in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. In the present work, mitotic chromosomes were sorted using flow cytometry and used as template for PCR with primers designed for genomic regions flanking microsatellites.
Deposition of free cholesterol in the blood vessels of patients with coronary artery disease: a possible novel tadalafil generico 20 mg mechanism for atherogenesis. Binding of FvTox1 by the anti-FvTox1 scFv antibodies, expressed in either Escherichia coli or transgenic soybean roots, was initially verified on nitrocellulose membranes.
Induction of cell cycle arrest by GL331 via triggering an ATM-dependent DNA damage response in HepG2 cells. Social deprivation and prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the UK: workload implications for primary care. Finally, the nuclear medicine images were obtained by tadalafila 5mg inserting (131)I in both male and female thyroid parts.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial retention characteristics of 5 implant maxillary overdenture designs under in vitro dislodging forces. The MinION detected all of the expected carbapenemases and ESBL genes in five Gram-negative isolates and the mecA tadalafila 20mg gene in an MRSA isolate.
Inefficient experimental designs are common in animal-based biomedical tadalafila research, wasting resources and potentially leading to unreplicable results. The primary afflictions were malignant tumors, alveolar atrophy, or osteomyelitis.
The promoter region of the Escherichia coli pepD gene: tadalafil kopen nederland deletion analysis and control by phosphate concentration. Department of Orthodontics, SB University of Medical Sciences Dental School, Tehran, Iran.
Socioeconomic factors have some impact on antibiotic prescription in young children. To obtain the transverse velocity component a modification of a multiple-beam method is proposed.
IFN-A subtypes were identified by cloning and sequencing the amplification product. Aortic Endograft and Epithelioid Sarcoma: A Random Association or Causality? Organotypic cultures showed columnar cells simulating in vivo morphology.
Nevertheless, modeling a system poses some challenges of its own: especially the step of model calibration is often difficult due to insufficient data. Factors associated with penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal infections in Brazil. An efficient method has been developed for tadalafil generic cialis 20mg the catalytic oxidation of pollutants that are not easily degraded.
A second study determined GHB pharmacokinetics following intragastric administration of GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD. These alterations in gene tadalafil side effects expression are considered critical during carcinogenesis and have been observed in many environmental- and occupational-induced human cancers.
From some cell lines, the antibodies coprecipitate NG2 and type VI collagen, the latter appearing on SDS-PAGE as components of 140 and 250 kD under reducing conditions. Investigation of matrix effects of urine on a what is cialis molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction. Long-term memory deficit or cognitive impairment has not been found, although further research to rule out residual impairment is needed.
If the infected organisms are antibiotic-tolerant species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), treatment becomes quite difficult. Activity of erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferases and its stimulation in vitro with pyridoxal phosphate in children with obesity The results show that the simulations can predict the shape of water adsorption isotherms and predict adsorption levels comparable to literature results.
This is the first report of triatomines occurring in arboreal nests of coatis. Oxidative stress is generated in plants because of inequalities in the rate of reactive oxygen species what is tadalafil used for (ROS) generation and scavenging. Comparative analysis of SET domain proteins in maize and Arabidopsis reveals multiple duplications preceding the divergence of monocots and dicots.


Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) is one of several enzymes that require thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) and a divalent cation as essential cofactors. Recently, the three-dimensional structures of the enzyme from two yeasts have been determined. While these structures shed light on the binding of the cofactors and the reaction mechanism, the interactions between the substrate pyruvate and the enzyme remain unclear. We have used PDC from Zymomonas mobilis as a model for these enzymes in order to study substrate binding. The recombinant enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli. High yield, simplicity of purification, high stability and simple kinetics make this model well suited for these studies. Activity measurements in the pH range between 5.8 and 8.5 indicated that a His residue may be involved in substrate binding. Analysis of an alignment of all known PDC protein sequences showed two invariant His residues (His113 and His114) which, according to the crystal structure of yeast PDC, are in the vicinity of the active site. Here we demonstrate that replacement of His114 by Gin does not have a great effect on cofactor and substrate binding. However, the kcat is decreased indicating that His114, may assist in catalysis. In contrast, substitution of His113 by Gin renders the enzyme completely inactive. This mutant has decreased affinity for both cofactors, as revealed by measurements of tryptophan fluorescence quenching. However, this decreased affinity is insufficient to account for the complete loss of activity. Despite its inability to support overall catalysis, this [Gln113]PDC mutant is capable of releasing acetaldehyde from 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamin diphosphate supplied exogenously. It is proposed that upon substrate binding, His113 is placed close to C-2 of the thiazole ring. Subsequent deprotonation of this atom leads to a conformational change that allows a flexible loop (residues 105-112) that precedes His113 to close over the active site. Hence, replacement of His113 by another residue interferes with this closure of the active site and thus disrupts the catalytic process.
Department of Chemistry
University of Cambridge


Not too long ago, Vitamin D emerged as the star of the show when it came to proactive and preventive health care. Seen as the vitamin essential for bone health, it also was suggested that low levels of vitamin D could be linked to a number of other health complications.
Now, Vitamin D has once again been thrust into the spotlight — this time because of its link to COVID-19. A recent study showed that out of all its participants, almost 60% of COVID-19 patients were vitamin D deficient when admitted to the hospital. In another study, researchers found there could be a possible link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity.
As vitamin D is starting to become a focal point of COVID-19 prevention, more and more people are turning to supplements to protect themselves. So, what exactly does vitamin D do? How do we get vitamin D? And when should you turn to supplements to up your vitamin D intake?
Why is Vitamin D Important?
Responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate, Vitamin D plays a vital role in your overall health. It’s essential for bone density, building your immune system and regulating cell growth, among other key biologic functions.
Research has suggested that low levels of this vitamin may be linked to diabetes and heart disease. Studies have shown that people with low levels of vitamin D and high blood pressure had nearly twice the rate of heart attack as those with adequate levels, although the reason was not clear.
Vitamin D may also play a role in a variety of other health problems. For instance, it may help to regulate brain health, including protecting against memory loss and depression. And although more research needs to be done, some studies show that vitamin D may even protect against multiple sclerosis.
How to Get Your Vitamin D
There are multiple ways to get your daily dose of vitamin D. This can be through diet, supplements and even taking in a little bit of sunshine.
While there are multiple ways to obtain vitamin D, it can be hard to maintain the optimal level – especially through diet or if you live in an area where you can only retain vitamin D from the sun for a few months each year.
“Part of the difficulty of maintaining vitamin D levels is because there are not a large variety of foods that contain much Vitamin D,” says Kristin Gustashaw, MS, RD, LDN, CSG, clinical dietitian at Rush University Medical Center.
With that said, it is still a good idea to add foods with vitamin D to your diet.
These are some good food sources:
- Egg yolks
- Fatty fish, especially wild-caught salmon and mackerel
- Canned tuna in water
- Beef or calf liver
- Vitamin D-fortified products, including certain cereals, bread, orange juice, yogurt and soy milk
Gustashaw also recommends that you should get out in the sun for at least 15-30 minutes a day – when the sun is available.
“Consider the amount you get from the sun as extra protection, says Gustashaw. “Be sure to get a constant source from your diet and supplementation all year round.”
Supplements can also be a great source of vitamin D, especially if you aren’t getting your daily dose through diet or sunlight.
According to Gustashaw, “Adults should get a minimum oft 600 IU of vitamin D each day and 800 IU if over age 70. Children should get 600 IU each day. And infants 0-12 months 400 IU/day.”
You can learn more about the daily allowance for vitamin D on the National Institutes for Health vitamin D fact sheet.
Vitamin D and COVID-19
As researchers continue to study possible links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19, the big question is: “Should I increase my vitamin D intake?”
The answer varies from person to person and depends on your vitamin D levels. If you are already experiencing a vitamin D deficiency, it may be a good idea to increase your intake — not just as a preventive measure for severe COVID symptoms but also for your health overall.
“We know that a large percentage of the population has suboptimal levels of vitamin D. In fact, as many as half of the U.S. population may be deficient in vitamin D,” explains Gustashaw. “This can possibly lead to symptoms including fatigue, tiredness, hair loss, delayed wound healing, decreased immune health, muscle pain and more, with no other known causes.”
Gustashaw says you can determine your vitamin D levels through a blood test. A low level is 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 30 ng/mL; a severe deficiency is 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 5 ng/mL.
If you determine that you do have a lower than desired level, it always best to talk to your health care provider or dietitian about the best way to boost your vitamin D intake. And be mindful of any medications you may be taking that may affect vitamin D absorption, including steroids (e.g., prednisone); the cholesterol-lowering drug cholestyramide; and the seizure medications phenobarbital (Luminal) and phenytoin (Dilantin).
While Vitamin D toxicity is rare, and known cases are associated more with manufacturing errors, research has not that proven taking much more than the upper limit of the recommended dosage is beneficial. Remember, unless you are trying to replete your stores when deficient, consistently taking excess amounts of vitamin D can, in some cases, lead to renal failure, calcification of soft tissues throughout the body (including in coronary vessels and heart valves), cardiac arrhythmias, and even death.


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The long, narrow and flat head of the baryonyx from Schleich Dinosaurs is similar to that of a crocodile, making it an especially exciting prehistoric reptile. This dinosaur is believed to have hunted primarily in the water, and could immerse its perfectly shaped snout into the water to catch fish. It also had unusually large and heavy hook-shaped thumb claws to grab prey. All Schleich figures are hand-painted with detailed modelling. 3+ years.


Cancer Policy Monitor: March 1, 2016
Regulatory Science and Science Policy Sessions at the Annual Meeting
Cancer Research Policy Forum
Senate Confirms New Commissioner of FDA
AACR to Co-host Joint Hill Day
AACR Hosts Inaugural Early Career Scientist Hill Day
On Feb. 24, the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) convened the inaugural AACR Early Career Scientist Hill Day, bringing 15 early career scientists from across the United States to Capitol Hill to share their personal stories about how they have been affected by the funding environment and to advocate for increased medical research funding. Young investigators have been disproportionately affected by the lack of growth in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget from 2004 to 2015, and the individuals selected to participate in the hill day are part of a group of more than 14,000 graduate students, medical students and residents, and clinical and postdoctoral fellows who comprise the associate membership of the AACR.
"Many of my colleagues are choosing non-research careers because of inadequate and unpredictable funding for biomedical research. These are the next generation of cancer researchers, and if we lose them, we lose progress in the fight against cancer." – Shane R. Stecklein, MD, PhD, Hill Day participant and resident, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
Today, the chance of receiving a research grant from the National Cancer Institute is less than 15 percent, which is just more than half of the success rate in 2003. On average, a researcher today will not receive their first independent research grant (termed an "R01") until they are in their early 40s, compared to their mid-to-late 30s in the 1990s. In fact, only three percent of R01-recipients were under the age of 36 in 2010. For researchers just beginning their careers, securing a federally funded research grant is essential. The loss of purchasing power for the NIH and NCI resulting from budget cuts and failure to keep pace with inflation has translated into record-low success rates for grant applications and has also had significant effects on established researchers. The subsequent failure of even previously funded independent investigators to renew a grant can leave them unable to support their trainees, postdoctoral scientists, and laboratory staff:
"My PI was forced to let all senior graduate students go on short notice because there was a lack of grant funds to continue paying our salaries. Even now, junior students in the lab are struggling to afford basic research supplies despite applying for grants in every funding cycle for the past two years." – AACR Early Career Hill Day Participant.
The Hill Day participants thanked Congress for the inclusion of a $2 billion increase for the NIH in the fiscal year (FY) 2016 omnibus bill, which was a strong sign of momentum for the support medical research funding. However, reversing the effects of more than a decade of flat funding will require a commitment to continued, predictable growth in FY 2017 and beyond. Early career investigators represent the future of the cancer research field, but without the support of federal funding for the NIH and NCI, many careers are at the risk of ending before they begin. No one is more capable of conveying this powerful message to Congress than young scientists themselves, speaking to personal experiences that they and their colleagues have experienced. Through efforts like the Early Career Hill Day, the AACR continues to show strong support for young cancer investigators, and by helping to train the next generation of medical research advocates, the AACR is strengthening the collective voice of the research community calling for robust, sustained, and predictable funding increases for the NIH.
"Fostering a dialogue between young scientists and policymakers is extremely important. Through my meetings with congressional offices, I was encouraged to learn that legislators are aware and concerned about the exceptionally competitive funding situation being faced by researchers, and are working towards alleviating this problem by increasing the NIH budget."
– Jennifer C. Shing, PhD, Hill Day participant, postdoctoral fellow, Mayo Clinic.
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Regulatory Science and Science Policy Sessions at the AACR Annual Meeting 2016
Owing to the importance of regulatory science and science policy issues to cancer research, the AACR Annual Meeting 2016, which will be held in New Orleans from April 16-20, will feature 13 sessions addressing key issues in these fields.
This year's science policy sessions will include a Town Hall event with the AACR Office of Science Policy and Government Affairs; a policy session discussing the importance of research on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including the composition of e-liquid, health effects on the user and those exposed to secondhand aerosol, and how that research informs regulations; and the impact of the Affordable Care Act on cancer research, care, and prevention.
Regulatory science and policy sessions will include symposia on early-phase expansion cohorts, next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and the precision medicine initiative, and a review of recent breakthrough therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In addition, educational sessions on Saturday, April 16 will cover topics including NGS-based oncology panels and FDA's approaches to regulating biosimilars and companion and complementary diagnostics.
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Live Webcast Registration Available for March 7 Cancer Research Policy Forum Co-hosted by AACR
On March 7, 2016, the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and Moffitt Cancer Center will co-host an event with support from the Association of American Cancer Institutes (AACI) and in cooperation with the Honorable Gus Bilirakis and the Honorable Kathy Castor to rally congressional support for and raise public awareness of groundbreaking cancer research that is taking place at Moffitt Cancer Center and throughout the nation thanks to federal funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Because of the considerable interest in this program, the event will be webcast live starting at 10 a.m. EST.
Register here to receive instructions on how to connect to the webcast.
The event will feature a distinguished panel of speakers, including Douglas R. Lowy, MD, acting director, National Cancer Institute and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida: Rep. Gus Bilirakis and Rep. Kathy Castor.
The topics to be covered will include the national cancer initiative to be led by Vice President Biden, the Precision Medicine Initiative, current priorities for the NCI, congressional efforts such as the 21st Century Cures legislation, and a patient's perspective on the progress being made in cancer research and treatment.
Register for the live webcast.
Download the event flyer.
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U.S. Senate Confirms Robert Califf, MD as New Commissioner of FDA
On Feb. 24, Robert Califf, MD was confirmed by the U.S. Senate to be the new commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Despite the vocal opposition of a few senators, Califf was easily confirmed by a vote of 89-4. Califf replaces Margaret Hamburg, MD, who stepped down in March 2015.
The AACR had
endorsed Califf's nomination.
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AACR to Co-host Joint Hill Day to Advocate for Continued Congressional Support for Medical Research
On May 12, the AACR will once again partner with the Association of American Cancer Institutes (AACI) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) to build congressional support for federal research supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and to advocate for robust, sustained, and predictable funding increases for the NIH and NCI in fiscal year (FY) 2017 and beyond.
In 2015, the AACR-AACI-ASCO Hill Day brought more than 70 researchers, oncologists, and other cancer research advocates to Capitol Hill, where they participated in more than 130 congressional meetings, including meetings with key House and Senate leadership. Participants called on lawmakers to support funding increases for the NIH and the NCI to continue to make progress in the fight against cancer.
In addition to the day of congressional meetings, the partnering organizations hosted a reception the evening before where they honored champions of cancer research and biomedical science. Last year, Senators Richard Burr (R-N.C.) and Barbara Mikulski (D-Md.) were recognized for their outstanding leadership and tireless efforts in advocating for predictable and robust funding increases for cancer research through the NIH and NCI.
For more information or to register for the Joint Hill Day, please contact James Ingram.
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Diagnosis of Trigeminal Neuralgia
Although a number of conditions can cause facial pain, the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia are very specific. An initial diagnosis often can be made by taking a detailed medical history and performing a physical examination. A dental exam can help determine if the teeth or gums are causing the pain.
To confirm the diagnosis, other conditions that can cause facial pain (e.g., infection of the jaw or sinuses; fibromyalgia; migraine; Bell's palsy) and other types of nerve disorders (e.g., trigeminal neuropathy) must be ruled out. Trigeminal neuropathy causes weakness, numbness, and a loss of sensation, in addition to facial pain.
Diagnostic tests, such as computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), also may be performed to help detect other conditions.
In CT scan, x-rays are taken from different angles and are used to create a cross-sectional image (called a tomogram) of structures in the body (e.g., brain, skull, sinuses). This test can be used to detect blood clots, tumors, and infections.
MRI scan uses electromagnetic radio waves to create detailed images of organs, tissues, and nerves. MRI can be used to detect strokes, aneurysms, and tumors.
Magnetic resonance angiography is a special type of magnetic resonance imaging scan that is used to produce images of blood vessels (e.g., veins, arteries). This test is used to detect blood vessel abnormalities and to evaluate blood flow.
Underlying conditions that can cause facial pain and that must be ruled out include the following:
- Cancer (e.g., lymphoma, throat cancer)
- Certain medications
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- Infections (e.g., otitis media, mastoiditis)
- Injury (trauma)
- Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- Tumors and other lesions (e.g., aneurysm, neurofibroma, neuroma)
- Viruses (e.g., herpes zoster)


Eating a balanced diet is a necessity for anyone needing food health. The components of vitamins, proteins, and carbohydrates constitute a balanced diet. But then again, vitamins have a different classification that each have different roles in the body. All these types have a different positive impact on our health. Vitamin C is one among many types of vitamins. One of the major benefits of taking Vitamin C is that it helps in the immune system improvement. But on the other hand, there are many more benefits of taking vitamin c. On the other hand, one may also consider taking the Vitamin C supplement option taking. Therefore, discussed below are some of the advantages that come with the intake of food rich in Vitamin C or Vitamin C intake.
By taking sources of Vitamin C, reduction of getting chronic diseases is facilitated. The major aspect that helps in this is the antioxidant present in the vitamin C sources that helps in the strengthening of one’s body defenses. As mentioned earlier, it helps in the boosting of one’s immune system a factor that is enhanced by the antioxidant that is contained in the Vitamin C. The antioxidant prevents the cells of the body from being harmed by the harmful molecules that could be in the body. Hence, prevention of contacting of chronic disease is effective.
The second advantage associated with Vitamin C intake is the reduction of high blood pressure. High blood pressure is one of the problems that is experienced by the highest population. Thus the need to take food rich in Vitamin C to make sure that the high levels are maintained. It is advisable that an individual with high blood pressures take Vitamin C supplements to avoid being at risk of getting heart diseases that might cause death if that individual at the maximum. When one takes Vitamin C, the vessels that carry blood are relaxed hence pressure is reduced. It is also a must or one to consumes source of Vitamin C to avoid getting high blood pressure and those who do not want to get.
To conclude with is the richness of the Iron components factor. In that it prevents deficiency of Iron in the body. The reason being that iron is a necessary component in one’s body. Iron helps in the making of the red blood cells and helps the transportation of oxygen in the body. For those that have been recommended to not take meat at all, Vitamin C is essential as it plays the role that the meat could have when they consumed meat. Vitamins C intakes prevent one from suffering from anemia that is caused by the deficiency of iron in the body.


As we get older, our bodies start making less human growth hormone (HGH). This normal fall in HGH levels can contribute to many age-related problems, like weight gain, decreased energy, and diminished muscle mass.
HGH pills like GenFX promise to help raise your body’s own HGH production safely and healthily. Let’s take a deeper look at what GenFX is, how it works, its components, advantages, and any adverse effects.
What is the GenFX HGH Releaser?
GenFX is an HGH releaser supplement developed by a business named Leading Edge Health. It comprises a combination of amino acids, botanicals, and other natural substances that are supposed to help stimulate your pituitary gland to create more HGH.
HGH stands for human growth hormone. It’s a hormone generated naturally by the pituitary gland that plays a function in growth, cell regeneration, and metabolism. HGH levels peak throughout adolescence and start falling around age 30.
GenFX and other HGH releasers seek to help slow down and reverse some symptoms of aging by enhancing your body’s natural HGH production. They don’t contain as much genuine HGH as synthetic shots do.
How does the product work?
GenFX claims to operate through a mixture of amino acids, herbs, and minerals that are believed to stimulate the pituitary gland and enhance HGH synthesis.
Some of the main components include:
- L-arginine is an amino acid that has a function in HGH secretion.
- L-glutamine is another amino acid considered to help enhance HGH.
- L-glycine is an amino acid that may activate the pituitary gland.
- GABA is gamma-aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter that may enhance HGH synthesis.
- Deer antler velvet contains insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which increases HGH.
- Tribulus terrestris is a plant used in traditional medicine to revitalize hormones.
According to the manufacturer, this mix of substances impacts the pituitary gland and brain to promote growth hormone output naturally.
Genfx Ingredients List
The primary active components in HGH product include:
- Amino acids: L-Arginine HCL, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Lysine, and L-Tyrosine
- Herbs: Tribulus terrestris extract, deer antler velvet, astragalus root extract
- Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamin B6, Magnesium, Zinc, and Chromium
- Other: Phosphatidyl Choline, GABA, and Colostrum
It also contains inert substances, including gelatin, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide. The entire natural ingredients list may be obtained on the GenFX website.
All the components are natural and supposed to act synergistically to promote HGH synthesis in the body. However, additional study is still needed on the usefulness of these particular substances for raising HGH.
Benefits of GenFX GH Releaser
According to the company, GenFX can deliver benefits like:
- Increased lean muscular mass and strength
- Weight reduction and reduced body fat
- Wrinkle reduction and improved skin elasticity
- Sharper memory and enhanced mood
- More energy and endurance
- Better sleep quality
- Enhanced sexual desire and performance
These advantages are related to the possible HGH-enhancing effects of GenFX. By raising HGH levels, it may help offset certain natural consequences of aging.
However, keep in mind that individual outcomes might vary quite a bit. Some users have experienced considerable anti-aging results, while others see just mild or no improvements. Like any supplement, GenFX may work better for some people compared to others.
Risks and Side Effects of GenFX
The company claims GenFX is produced from natural substances that don’t cause bad responses when taken as indicated. But there are some potential adverse effects to consider:
- Upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea – digestive difficulties related to substances like deer antler velvet
- Headache and dizziness come from amino acids such as L-arginine and L-tyrosine.
- Facial edema is an uncommon incidence associated with deer antler velvet allergy.
- Hormone imbalance: a potential concern if HGH levels grow too high.
The aforementioned side effects seem to be infrequent and typically minor, based on customer evaluations. Still, it’s a good idea to watch out for them before starting GenFX.
GenFX is not suggested for pregnant or breastfeeding women as it might influence hormone levels. People on drugs or with a medical condition should visit a doctor before taking them to check for interactions.
Overall, GenFX looks generally safe for most healthy individuals when used as prescribed. But there’s no long-term safety evidence available due to it being a very new supplement. Moderation and cycling on and off periods are suggested.
The Science Behind GenFX Growth Hormone Booster
GenFX is an anti-aging pill that claims to raise human growth hormone (HGH) levels naturally. But what precisely is HGH, and how can GenFX stimulate its synthesis in the body? Let’s look at the research behind this supplement.
What is Human Growth Hormone (HGH)?
HGH is a crucial hormone generated and released by the pituitary gland. It plays an essential role in growth and development in children and adolescents.
In adults, HGH helps control body composition, muscle and bone development, sugar and fat metabolism, and perhaps cardiac function. HGH levels peak around puberty and start falling after age 30.
How does HGH affect the body?
Some of the important roles and consequences of HGH in adults include:
- It increases protein synthesis and boosts muscular growth.
- Boosts lipolysis – the breakdown of fat
- Improves exercise capacity and endurance
- Regulates blood sugar levels
- May increase cardiac function and bone density.
- Enhances skin thickness and elasticity
- Stimulates collagen production for anti-aging effects
This explains why HGH pills are utilized by certain people for muscle gain, weight loss, and anti-aging goals.
How Does the Booster Increase HGH Levels?
GenFX includes amino acids, herbs, and other nutrients that are claimed to encourage the pituitary gland to release more HGH naturally.
Key components, including L-arginine, L-lysine, L-glutamine, and GABA, have demonstrated potential to enhance growth hormone levels in human and animal research.
For example, arginine can boost HGH secretion by reducing somatostatin, a hormone that limits HGH release.
But several chemicals need greater doses than what is contained in GenFX to be effective. More studies are still needed on the appropriate dosages and combinations.
The Role of Amino Acids in GenFX
Amino acids make up a large percentage of the GenFX recipe. Here are some of the major amino acids considered to enhance HGH release:
- L-Arginine is shown to enhance resting HGH levels at dosages of 5–9 grams per day.
- L-lysine may act synergistically with arginine to enhance HGH.
- L-Glutamine: Anecdotal evidence shows 2–5 grams per day may boost HGH.
- L-glycine stimulates the hypothalamus to produce HGH in animal models.
These amino acids presumably operate via diverse methods to boost HGH release from the pituitary gland.
The Impact of growth hormone on Muscle, Fat Loss, and Energy Levels
By boosting HGH levels, GenFX intends to provide benefits like:
- Increased lean muscular mass: HGH promotes protein synthesis.
- Reduced body fat: HGH stimulates fat metabolism.
- Higher energy levels: HGH boosts exercise capacity.
But the degree of these benefits, if any, depends on the capacity of GenFX to dramatically enhance HGH levels using its formula.
Using GenFX: Dosage, Results, Safety, and Precautions
Interested in trying GenFX for anti-aging benefits? Here’s a brief explanation of how to use it appropriately, what outcomes to expect, and any safety precautions.
How to use
GenFX comes in easy-to-swallow pills. The suggested usage is:
- Take 2 capsules every day with meals.
- One capsule in the morning, one at night.
- Take on an empty stomach at least 2–3 hours after eating.
- Cycle on and off; use for 3 months, then take 1.5 weeks off.
Spreading out the daily dose helps maintain constant HGH stimulation throughout the day and night.
The typical GenFX dose is:
- 2 pills per day
- 1,000 mg of total formula per pill
- So 2,000 mg of total formula per day
This is the dose utilized in clinical investigations of GenFX for safety and effectiveness. Exceeding 2 capsules daily is not suggested.
How long until you see results?
As with other supplements, let at least 2-3 months of constant use determine whether GenFX produces any good results for you.
Potential advantages, including enhanced skin, energy levels, endurance, and muscle gain, emerge gradually over weeks and months as HGH levels increase. Patience is crucial.
Is GenFX Safe?
GenFX is constructed of natural amino acids, plant extracts, vitamins, and minerals that are regarded as safe for most healthy individuals. Side effects are often modest, including upset stomachs, headaches, or dizziness in some individuals.
But it’s not suggested for pregnant or nursing women or individuals on drugs owing to probable interactions. Those with medical issues should visit a doctor beforehand.
Some precautions to bear in mind:
- Don’t exceed the dosage of 2 capsules daily.
- Monitor for any adverse effects.
- Avoid if sensitive to any components.
- Can take with or without meal
- Store in a cool, dry area away from the sun.
As with any new supplement, it’s advisable to start with a smaller dose and gradually increase it. Be sure to follow the packaging directions.
Benefits and Risks of Using the Supplement
GenFX is an anti-aging HGH supplement that might have advantages but also has possible negatives to consider. Here is an outline of the benefits and downsides.
Some possible advantages of GenFX include:
- Increased lean muscular mass and strength
- Enhanced fat burning and weight loss
- Improved skin elasticity and a decrease in wrinkles
- More energy, endurance, and exercise capability
- Better sleep quality
- Elevated mood and cognitive function
- Stimulation of collagen synthesis for anti-aging effects
These advantages are linked to GenFX’s capacity to enhance growth hormone levels. But the real advantages will differ individually.
Risks and side effects
Some potential harmful effects to be aware of are:
- Headaches, dizziness, and nausea are caused by components such as amino acids.
- Allergic response in sensitive individuals, notably to deer antler velvet
- Facial edema, an uncommon adverse effect connected to velvet antler
- Hormone abnormalities if HGH grows too high
- Increased insulin resistance: a theoretical risk
Side effects seem pretty modest to most people. But long-term safety is unclear.
Interactions with Medications
GenFX might potentially interact with:
- Diabetes drugs may impact blood sugar control.
- Anticoagulants and antihypertensives: deer antler may increase hazards
- Sedatives: substances like GABA might improve effects.
- Levothyroxine: potential for decreased absorption
Consult a doctor before taking any drugs.
Who should avoid the supplement?
GenFX is not recommended for:
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women
- Children and teens under 18
- Those with hormone-sensitive malignancies
- People with uncontrolled diabetes
- Anyone with a major medical condition
Healthy people should first visit their physician to rule out any hazards.
The long-term implications of changing HGH levels are not yet completely established. Prolonged usage might possibly lead to:
- Permanent pituitary gland dysfunction
- Increased risk of diabetes owing to insulin resistance
- Potential tumor growth stimulation
Cycling on and off GenFX is encouraged, so be cautious. Further study on long-term safety is still needed.
How GenFX Compares to Other HGH Boosters and Supplements
With so many HGH supplements on the market, how does GenFX match up against the competition and synthetic injections? Here’s an outline of how GenFX compares.
GenFX vs. Synthetic HGH Injections
- Boosts natural HGH production
- Oral capsules rather than injections
- No prescription is necessary.
- Lower cost than injections
- Faster and dramatic outcomes
- HGH instantly enters circulation.
- Higher and consistent HGH doses
Injections deliver synthetic HGH directly, whereas GenFX tries to boost your natural HGH synthesis. Injections are more potent but require a prescription and medical supervision.
GenFX vs. other growth hormone releasers
- Established brand with clinical studies
- Contains important amino acids like arginine and lysine.
- Includes deer antler velvet and astragalus
- Positive customer reviews
- The proprietary formula lacks dose transparency.
- There are fewer GenFX ingredients than some rivals.
- Mixed reviews from certain users
Other releasers may deliver more diversified chemicals at larger dosages. But GenFX seems to perform effectively for individuals wanting a high-grade basic HGH supplement.
Who Should Consider GenFX?
GenFX may be preferred by people who:
- Want an established brand with some backing
- Prefer a simple recipe with crucial components
- Seek the convenience of oral capsules.
- Have budget limits.
Healthy people over 30 (mostly without HGH deficiency) searching for modest HGH stimulation may benefit most from GenFX. Those seeking the greatest anti-aging advantages may opt for prescription HGH.
Genfx Review Conclusion
GenFX is an HGH supplement that helps to stimulate growth hormone synthesis naturally for anti-aging benefits. It includes amino acids like L-arginine and L-lysine, along with botanicals like tribulus terrestris and deer antler velvet.
These substances are considered to stimulate the pituitary gland to boost HGH release in the body. By boosting HGH levels, GenFX may aid with developing muscle strength, reducing fat, improving skin, enhancing cognition, and more, depending on the benefits of human growth hormone.
However, while GenFX is generally safe when used as prescribed, the data for its efficacy is still considered preliminary. There are also some possible adverse effects and long-term hazards that require additional investigation
Compared to synthetic HGH injections that infuse foreign HGH directly, GenFX tries to promote your own natural synthesis. But the outcomes may not be as striking as injections. When compared to other supplements, GenFX has a solid core formula but lacks the greater potencies and diversity of some competitors.
In conclusion of our review, GenFX might deliver mild HGH-boosting effects for certain people, notably healthy adults over 30 searching for convenience and a fair price range. Also, talk with your healthcare physician to decide if GenFX is appropriate for your case. While encouraging, further clinical research on GenFX is still needed.
Mike Lilley is the author of many articles and reviews on our site. He is a fitness & bodybuilding blogger and co-founder of Boost Hormone. He writes product reviews based on the results of scientific research. From the great variety of information and products in this niche, he recommends only those that include science-based nutritional ingredients. Find Mike Lilley at SelfGrowth.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7180987/ – The effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue: old observations, new mechanisms
- https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/30/2/152/2355062 – Effects of Growth Hormone on Glucose, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism in Human Subjects
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17336736/ – Growth hormone effects on protein metabolism


All cancers are driven by genetic mutations that develop in people's body cells over their lifetime. However, what causes these mutations is still largely unknown. Now, researchers have released the findings of a large-scale study that sheds light on these processes. Investigators analyzed the genetic makeup of 30 common cancers in thousands of patients and identified 21 patterns of mutation, or “signatures”, underlying cancer development. All cancer types had at least two signatures, and some had up to six, reflecting the multiple influences that contribute to cancer. The researchers also uncovered the biological processes behind many of these signatures, such as aging or enzymes involved in fighting off virus infections.


Aphids are a pest many gardeners are aware of. They’re a constant risk season after season, attacking 1000’s of backyard vegetation and inducing 1000’s of sighs from gardeners worldwide. Aphids are so frequent as a result of there are such a lot of species, every with a distinct look and preferences for various vegetation.
Understanding which sort of aphid you’re coping with will help you assess potential harm and decide one of the best methods to resolve the issue. There are too many aphid species to debate every intimately, so let’s take a look at the most typical culprits in residence gardens.
Be careful for these 11 various kinds of aphids in your yard – you’ll come throughout at the least considered one of them. Happily, most of them will be managed with the identical strategies coated on this video:
Anybody with expertise rising brassicas will likely be well-versed within the harm the cabbage aphid can do. This species (Brevicoryne brassicae) impacts all members of the brassica group however is especially problematic for common greens like cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cauliflower.
Cabbage aphids are a greyish-green colour. Nevertheless, they normally seem extra gray or white up shut because of the waxy coating on their our bodies. Nymphs might have a brighter inexperienced hue till this waxy coating develops. However in the event you spot aphids in your brassicas, you will be fairly sure this species is the wrongdoer.
Through the cooler months, aphids lay eggs within the nooks of brassica leaves, hatching in spring and inflicting havoc across the backyard. Newly planted brassicas are extra weak to wreck, as these aphids like to assault tasty and tender new development.
With a cabbage aphid infestation, you’ll see wrinkled or deformed leaves, discoloration, and finally stunted development. They’ll additionally transmit damaging illnesses like cauliflower mosaic virus and cabbage ring spot virus, probably ruining your whole crop for the season.
Also called the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii is a standard backyard pest attacking varied vegetation. You could assume they’re primarily problematic for melons or cotton on account of their frequent identify, however they will additionally assault citrus, carrots, and varied decorative vegetation within the backyard.
With regards to colour, most are mild or darkish inexperienced – so darkish that they seem virtually black. Youthful aphids can seem virtually yellow in colour. You’ll spot these pests congregating across the undersides of leaves, the place they quickly reproduce in winged and wingless bugs to unfold across the backyard.
Melon aphids stunt the expansion of vegetation by feeding on new leaves and the guidelines of stems, stopping additional growth and weakening the plant. Together with this bodily harm, they will additionally carry points with sooty mould or illnesses like watermelon and cucumber mosaic virus.
Whereas many aphids are deterred by excessive warmth and sluggish their replica in summer time, melon aphids aren’t bothered by excessive temperatures, turning into notably harmful for gardeners in hotter zones throughout spring and summer time.
Two kinds of aphids are frequent on potato vegetation – the potato aphid and the species coated subsequent, the inexperienced peach aphid. Potato aphids are barely much less frequent than inexperienced peach aphids, however they will nonetheless significantly harm your potatoes, tomatoes, and varied different crops.
Macrosiphum euphorbiae are fairly straightforward to identify because of their giant dimension and vivid colour. There are pink and inexperienced varieties, and younger nymphs are simply as vivid. Additionally they secrete plenty of honeydew that pulls ants and results in the event of sooty mould on all components of the plant.
Potato aphids feed on new development, inflicting the leaves to wrinkle and the stems to droop. In giant numbers, their feeding can even end in stunted development that impacts total growth, probably risking your harvests.
Small colonies of potato aphids aren’t at all times a significant concern, and pure predators will usually get to them earlier than they will decimate a plant. Nevertheless, you’ll must step in if pure predators are restricted and an infestation will get uncontrolled.
Inexperienced Peach Aphid
One of the vital frequent backyard aphids is Myzus persicae, the inexperienced peach aphid. This pest assaults many vegetation, together with potatoes, peppers, spinach, corn, lettuce, and stone fruits. Additionally, you will discover them in your decorative vegetation, comparable to asters and dahlias.
Mature inexperienced peach aphids are usually a pale inexperienced or brown colour, whereas nymphs have a lighter inexperienced or yellow hue. Winged adults are the identical pale colour however have a black head and blotch on the stomach. Infestations usually begin on the decrease leaves of the vegetation, making them barely more durable to identify.
Inexperienced peach aphids may cause comparable bodily harm to vegetation to different aphids, together with deformed leaves and weak stems. Nevertheless, their actual hazard lies of their capacity to unfold illnesses quickly from one plant to the following.
This species is a vector and service for a lot of plant viruses and prefers spreading to numerous vegetation reasonably than congregating on only one. Winged inexperienced peach aphids journey continuously from one plant to the following, turning into a critical concern (particularly in edible gardens).
The artichoke aphid is discovered on many vegetation – notably timber and shrubs. However with regards to edible vegetation, probably the most harm is finished to artichokes. Overwintering on host timber like oleaster, the winged adults transfer to artichoke vegetation within the hotter months, the place they shortly weaken buds.
This species (Capitophorous elaeagni) appears fairly just like the inexperienced peach aphid. The bugs are typically a paler inexperienced or yellow, virtually translucent towards inexperienced foliage. They’re one of many major pests of artichoke vegetation, doing critical harm if not managed early.
Like different aphids, this species hides between the leaves and sucks on the sap of the foliage and stems. This causes the leaves to wrinkle and alter colour, indicating stress. This stress and harm draw vitality away from the plant and weaken bud growth, inflicting the stems to droop beneath their weight.
Encouraging predators of this species into the backyard earlier than they take maintain is without doubt one of the greatest methods to restrict harm. A number of beetles and lacewings love munching on artichoke aphids, so ensure they really feel at residence in your yard. Yarrow and flowering dill are some nice companion vegetation for artichokes.
Scientifically often called Aphis nerii, the oleander aphid impacts many decorative vegetation frequent to residence gardens. Evident within the identify, oleander is a major goal, however they’re additionally identified to assault milkweeds (therefore their different frequent identify, milkweed aphid).
Oleander aphids are extremely straightforward to identify on account of their distinctive coloring. Their our bodies are so vivid yellow that they are often noticed from far-off in giant colonies. You’ll discover the legs and antennae are stark black whenever you stand up shut.
The vegetation this species assaults are fairly resilient, which means a lot of the priority is beauty. The colonies make the plant look unpleasant and trigger deformed leaves and development ideas that may influence the longevity of younger vegetation particularly. Additionally, you will spot sooty mould on the leaves that may influence photosynthesis.
The principle downside with oleander aphids is that they unfold quickly. Sexual replica will not be crucial for offspring manufacturing on this species, permitting for exponential development at fast charges.
Acyrthosiphon pisum is without doubt one of the most outstanding pea pests, affecting different legume household vegetation.
Preferring cooler temperatures, you’re most definitely to identify these aphids within the cooler days of spring quickly after planting your legumes, with populations dwindling within the warmth of summer time. Nevertheless, if not managed early, they will return with a vengeance within the fall.
Pea aphids are fairly giant in comparison with different species, with inexperienced our bodies and lengthy legs. They are often robust to identify, hiding out between leaves. However as soon as colonies develop and unfold, you’ll discover them gathering collectively. Additionally, you will spot the deformed leaves and discoloration they depart behind.
Relying on what you need to plant, you may search for legume varieties resistant to those pests. If not, maintain a detailed eye out for indicators of infestation and take away them instantly.
Black Bean Aphid
One other aphid that assaults legumes, together with a number of different decorative vegetation, is the black bean aphid. Aphis fabae seems on many bean vegetation and crops like spinach, beetroot, and celery. Additionally, look out for infestations in your nasturtiums.
Fortunately, black bean aphids can simply be picked out on account of their darkish coloring. Most are both black (therefore the frequent identify) or darkish brown and stand out on leafy inexperienced vegetation. Additionally they like to stay collectively in dense teams, creating giant darkish clusters that sign an issue.
Smaller vegetation can shortly defoliate as a result of they collect in giant teams and suck the sap out of leaves and stems. Bigger vegetation will develop curling leaves and stunted development, with the physiological harm worsening as colonies develop. These aphids additionally carry viruses that may notably harm your edible vegetation.
Aphid predators are extremely useful in managing infestations. Smaller teams may also be sprayed off the plant with a jet of water. But when your vegetation are struggling, stronger controls could also be required.
Inexperienced Apple Aphid
Aphis pomi is a frequent pest of apple timber, particularly younger timber which can be nonetheless turning into established. Whereas apples are the first goal, this species can also be identified to infest different timber like pears and hawthorn.
True to the identify, inexperienced apple aphids are a pale inexperienced or yellowish colour and may look virtually translucent. The adults even have three black cornicles that stick out of the again of the stomach, making this species comparatively straightforward to determine.
Focusing on new shoots and leaves, Aphis pomi is probably the most damaging to younger timber. They’ll stunt development early on and negatively influence fruiting, though established timber are normally robust sufficient to deal with these bugs. If the infestation is extreme, the colonies might unfold to the fruits.
Since these aphids can overwinter on branches and spurs, eradicating them as quickly as you notice them is greatest. The earlier you take away them, the stronger your timber will likely be, and by extension, the higher your harvest.
Woolly Apple Aphid
Woolly apple aphids additionally have an effect on apple and pear timber however are much more damaging than inexperienced apple aphids. Additionally they look completely different – nearer in look to mealybugs because of the waxy protecting substance they produce.
Grownup woolly apple aphids are purple or brown, however this colour is difficult to identify beneath the white strands of wax that cowl the colonies and defend them from harm. This formation creates a woolly look that lends the species its identify.
Woolly apple aphids are primed to assault younger timber and any broken areas of established timber. As soon as they discover a weak level, the bugs settle in, masking branches and feeding on bark to additional the issue.
Swollen areas will seem on smaller branches and may unfold to the roots, worsening over time. It’s important to forestall these issues by eradicating the aphids as quickly as doable (with a powerful blast of water or a diluted neem oil spray) and implementing preventative measures to keep away from points sooner or later.
Rose lovers will doubtless already learn about rose aphids, scientifically often called Macrosiphum rosae. These annoying bugs have an effect on roses worldwide, notably within the hotter months of spring and summer time. They love to collect round new shoots and buds, negatively impacting new development and flowering.
Macrosiphum rosae seems in different colours, mostly pink and inexperienced. They could mix in from afar however are straightforward to identify up shut because of the dense groupings they type round weak areas of recent development.
Aphids aren’t majorly damaging to rose vegetation except they’re current in uncontrollable numbers. Backyard predators normally do the give you the results you want in summer time, permitting you to take pleasure in a flush of flowers earlier than temperatures drop.
If you’re anxious about an early infestation, you may choose the bugs off by hand, spray them off with water, or use natural controls to handle their unfold.
Nobody desires to cope with aphids within the backyard. Sadly, as the range between species signifies, these frequent bugs are arduous to keep away from. Understanding the different sorts will help you assess the potential harm and develop the perfect motion plan.