The Implementation of Paired Descriptor Functions to Improve Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Models for Drug Discovery
One of the major challenges that we face today is the discovery of new and better therapeutics. Pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions screen libraries of thousands of compounds for possible drug candidates in a process called high throughput screening (HTS). This method runs assays on each compound in the library to see which ones have a desired biological activity that might be beneficial for treatment of a disease. However, HTS is cost- and time- intensive . To improve efficiency of HTS, methods have been developed in the field of computational chemistry, which predict the activity of a molecule based on its structure using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSAR). A machine learning model is trained to understand the complex relationship between molecular structure and biological activity. Eventually it can predict the activity of untested molecules. Previous research has demonstrated the success of this approach leading to the discovery of new biologically active compounds. The algorithms used in this approach utilize descriptor functions, which are tools that mathematically describe the constitution, configuration, and conformation of molecules. Here we present a novel class of descriptor functions that significantly improves the performance of these QSAR models.
As we move into a new century, we increasingly rely on technology to solve many of the world’s major problems. One of these problems is the discovery of not only novel drugs to treat rare or neglected diseases, but also drugs for major diseases that are more efficient than those currently on the market. This is presently accomplished through HTS, the brute force screening of all compounds in a chemical library utilizing robotics in an attempt to find the few that have a desired biological activity, such as the ability to bind to a certain protein. However, this method can be inefficient if molecules are not prioritized. Cost increases linearly with the number of compounds screened making HTS time- and resource-intense.
To address this problem, methods have been developed in the field of computational chemistry, which predict structure-activity relationships. These Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models correlate the non-linear, highly complex relationship between the structural properties of a molecule with its biological activity.
For example, research by Mueller et al.  has shown that this process is not only feasible, but also a powerful method that has the capability of discovering active molecules with a novel structure. Thus, these machine learning techniques can find molecules that were previously not considered to possess the desired activity.
A critical factor for achieving efficiency of QSAR models is the ability to encode the constitution, configuration, and conformation of molecules mathematically leveraging “descriptor functions”. An improvement of molecule descriptors is one important avenue to improve QSAR models and therefore a major area of research in the field of computational chemistry [1–4].
The goal of this project is to improve the mathematical description of molecules through the implementation of a novel class of molecular descriptors. This new class of descriptors will allow for the encoding of more diverse molecular relationships, such as how different properties among separate regions of a molecule correlate with the observed biological activity. This can be critical when determining whether or not a molecule will bind to a target. We have improved upon the descriptor functions used traditionally by creating versions that have the ability to mix multiple properties. These “paired property descriptors” have significantly greater descriptive power, which allows for greater prediction accuracy for QSAR models. This ultimately aids the process of drug discovery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS.
In order to determine the usefulness of the new descriptor function class, a biologically significant HTS dataset was selected from the publically available PubChem database .This dataset had a unique target protein, for which the biologically active and biologically inactive molecules within the dataset had been experimentally determined. The dataset chosen was Assay ID (AID) 891, containing 9379 compounds, of which 1623 are active, 6335 are inactive, and 1640 are inconclusive. The target protein was Cytochrome P450 2D6, which is involved in the metabolism and biotransformation of xenobiotics. It is important in drug discovery primarily for its role in drug metabolism , , .
Novel Paired Descriptor Functions.
a) 2D Autocorrelation
2D Autocorrelation is a descriptor function which uses the topological distance (or spatial lag) between pairwise atoms, and represents these distances with the product of two properties. This method represents the molecule as a graph with atoms at the vertices and bonds as the edges. The topological distance between a pair of atoms is then defined as the smallest number of interconnecting bonds between the two atoms .
The 2D Autocorrelation function then sums the property products of all pairs of atoms located at a certain topological distance from each other and returns this value as the element of the vector with the index corresponding to the topological distance. 2D Autocorrelation measures not only the relationships between properties, but also the strength of these relationships. The vector generated by this descriptor category bins the topological distances into one-bond intervals, where the vector element with the index contains , where and are the atom property values of atoms and respectively, and is the Dirac-delta function given by
Thus, only the atom pairs of the desired topological distance are included in the property product sum in that element of the resulting vector , .
b) 3D Autocorrelation
3D Autocorrelation is similar to its 2D counterpart, with the major difference being that topological distance is replaced with Euclidean distance. A parameter is chosen for the length of the distance bins to be used in the vector, and each value in the vector is divided by the number of unique distances in that bin. Thus, the vector element in the 3D Autocorrelation vector with index is given by Equation 2.
Here, and are defined similarly as in 2D Autocorrelation, and is the number of unique distance occurring in the distance interval defined by . As this is a measure of continuous rather than discrete data, 3D Autocorrelation is an improvement over 2D Autocorrelation. Additionally, 3D Autocorrelation has the ability to encode the physicochemical distribution of properties within the molecule .
c) Radial Distribution Function (RDF)
The highest resolution descriptor considered in this study is the property-weighted Radial Distribution Function (RDF). RDFs weight the property products of pairs of atoms with a Gaussian probability distribution function. RDFs represent the shape and structure of a molecule by combining the frequencies of all pairwise distances between atoms and weighting the property products of all pairs of atoms and the frequency distribution based on distance to that element of the RDF vector. Thus, the element of the vector with index is given by Equation 3.
In this equation, and are the atomic properties, is a temperature-dependent constant that is a measure of smoothness, and is the mathematical constant .
Artificial Neural Networks and QSAR.
Machine learning techniques use the descriptor function values derived from the molecules in the dataset to generate a QSAR, which can then be used to predict molecular bioactivity. The machine learning technique used in this project was the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), whose structure is described in Figure 1. The ANN contains an input layer (a) where descriptors of a molecule are provided. The hidden layer (b) finds the complex, nonlinear relationships between the structure encoded by these descriptors and the biological activity of the molecules using a QSAR. The output layer (c) outputs the predicted activity. The ANN trains on 90% of the dataset to generate the QSAR model. The ANN is then tested on the independent 10% portion of the dataset to determine its prediction accuracy. The QSAR model is developed when the ANN is being trained by relating biological activity to the chemical descriptors of the initial 90% of the dataset. For this reason, the mathematical description of the molecules is pivotal, as it can significantly affect the quality if the resulting QSAR model. This then affects the functional predictions of the molecules of interest. An ANN was trained with and without the novel paired descriptors for comparison. [11–13]
Figure 1. Schematic of Artificial Neural Network. (a) The input layer consists of the information given to the ANN, such as descriptor vectors of a portion of the dataset. (b) The hidden layer is the layer that utilizes QSAR to determine activity. (c) The output layer combines the nodes in the hidden layer to predict a final activity value of the molecule [11-13].
In order to minimize the noise when building the model, it is necessary to choose an optimal subset of descriptors. This reduces the total number of inputs, and increases the efficiency of the QSAR model. The method used to select the best set of descriptors was Information Gain (IG), which provides a score for each descriptor based on statistical evaluations. IG measures the order of randomness in a descriptor function compared to the rest of the descriptor category columns. Information Gain is given by Equation 4.
Here, is the ith feature of the descriptors summed over all compounds in the active dataset.
A ROC curve is a graphical analysis tool that measures the accuracy and quality of a model. On the x-axis is the false positive rate, which is the rate of compounds that were predicted by the model to be active, but were actually inactive. On the y-axis is the true positive rate, which is the rate of molecules that were correctly predicted by the model to be active. The line on this graph represents a model that is untrained, such as a model that randomly predicts the activity of a molecule given its structure.
a) Area Under the Curve (AUC)
A more accurate model will have a ROC curve that is above the line , so that it may always have a higher true positive rate than the false positive rate. A quantifiable measure of the ROC curve’s quality is the integral of this graph, or the Area under the Curve (AUC). The AUC quantifies the probability that the model will predict an active compound to have a higher bioactivity level than an inactive compound. This parameter ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 being the least accurate model, 0.5 being the random predictor, and 1 being a perfect model.
The second measure of model quality and accuracy derived from the ROC curve is known as enrichment. Enrichment is given by Equation 5.
In this equation, TP is the true positive rate, FP is the false positive rate, P is the positive rate, and N is the negative rate. TP and FP are derived from the predictions of the model, while P and N are derived from the original HTS experiment. Enrichment is related to the initial slope of the ROC curve; as the initial slope increases, enrichment does so as well. Enrichment is considered to be the most important measure of model quality because it focuses on the region of the ROC curve with very low false positive rate, and in this region, the model is most accurate and most relevant for computational drug discovery campaigns.
QSAR Model Performance.
Figure 2 below shows the logarithmic ROC curves generated for the AID 891 dataset.
Figure 2. Logarithmic scale ROC curve for AID 891 Database
Table 1 displays the values and percent changes in AUC and Enrichment.
Table 1. Objective Function Values
The results from Figure 2 and Table 1 are measures of the quality and accuracy of the model, and provide critical information regarding the descriptive power of paired property descriptors. The AUC and Enrichment describe the ability of the model to correctly predict the activity of the molecules. The relative change in these objective measures of quality between the unpaired descriptors and the paired property descriptors introduced in this paper reflects upon the efficiency and power of the new descriptor classes. We can see that there was a percent increase of 2.79% in AUC, and 14.3% in Enrichment.
The goal of this project is to improve the description of molecules using a novel implementation of paired property descriptors that could improve QSAR modeling for drug discovery. The results indicate that paired descriptors improve the mathematical encoding of the constitution and configuration of molecules, at least for the sample dataset chosen.
To understand the results of the ROC curves, it is important to consider the improvements that the paired property implementation provides. The new implementation allows for the encoding of the correlations between two different properties of atoms within a particular distance interval and the biological activity. This permits a more detailed encoding of molecular structure, so that the ANN could more readily learn the structure activity relationship. Similarly, a more detailed encoding of molecular structures provided by the paired property descriptors led to a more effective model that explained a larger amount of the given data, as can be seen through AUC and Enrichment data increases of 2.79% and 14.3%, respectively.
The results from ROC curve analysis indicate a significant improvement in both AUC as well as enrichment when the paired property descriptors were introduced to the Artificial Neural Network. The ANN was more likely to provide an active molecule with a higher score than an inactive molecule because the AUC and Enrichment of the new model were higher. Changes in objective function results surpass many similar studies in computational biology [1–4], , . These improvements suggest promising applications of paired property descriptors in the prediction of novel active molecules for treatment of diseases. The novel descriptors introduced in this study can identify drug hits with greater quality and accuracy, speeding up hit-to-lead optimization. Future experiments plan to extend testing of paired property descriptors to more datasets to understand the applicability of these novel descriptors to more diverse molecular libraries. It is hoped that paired property descriptors will increase the ability of current models to predict drug hits, and speed up the process of drug discovery for the treatment of diseases.
We would like to acknowledge members of the Meiler lab including Sandeep Kothiwale, Mariusz Butkiewicz, and Jeffrey Mendenhall. We would also like to thank Jonathan Creamer and the School for Science and Math for their support. The project described was supported by Award Number R25RR024261 from the National Center For Research Resources. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center For Research Resources or the National Institutes of Health.
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1 Deworming method
There are three kinds of commonly used insect repellent methods, including insect repelling in vivo, deworming in vitro, and insect repelling in vivo and in vitro. In vivo repellent method is mainly to repel the gastrointestinal worms (nematodes, aphids, and trematodes) in the sheep by oral or intramuscular injection. The external repellent method is mainly used to control the body surface of worms, cockroaches and cockroaches. And so on, in vivo and in vitro repellent methods are mainly the use of intramuscular injection of drugs to prevent and control parasites in vivo and in vitro, and are currently the most commonly used methods of deworming.
2 commonly used deworming drugs
In order to obtain the best insect repellent effect, the principle of broad spectrum, high efficiency and low toxicity should be followed in drug selection and application. At present, the commonly used deworming drugs mainly include the following types:
2.1 Prothiophene carbazole (Net, anti-creep sensitivity)
It is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic for worms in the body, which is mainly used for spring deworming in flock and can drive off nematodes, aphids, and trematodes in vivo. 10 to 12 sheep, only 5 to 6 sheep/bred sheep, were taken orally.
2.2 Ivermectin (Iridian)
It is widely used as an insect repellent in vivo and abroad and is widely used as an insect repellent in spring and autumn. It can eliminate nematodes in vivo and in vitro. It is the most commonly used anthelmintic for pregnant sheep. Safer, each sheep was injected subcutaneously with a body weight of 0.02 ml/kg.
2.3 Abamectin (killed, insect killer, afortin, alijia)
Insect repellent methods and effects are basically the same, with ivermectin, mainly used for spring and autumn deworming. Its characteristics are broad-spectrum insect resistance, high efficiency, low toxicity, safety, etc., and have a strong effect on most nematodes, ectoparasites and other arthropods (insects are not effective). Each sheep was injected subcutaneously with a body weight of 0.02 ml/kg, not muscle and intravenous.
The drug is a commonly used drug to repel parasites in vivo and in vitro, and it can effectively repel nematodes in vivo and in vitro. It is safe for pregnant sheep. Each sheep was injected at a dose of 0.05 ml/kg body weight.
It is mainly used to drive off flukes in vivo (liver flukes, double-chamber trematodes, etc.) and is effective in repelling flukes in spring and autumn in low-wet swamp areas. 2 big sheep/only, 1 lamb/only.
Can remove brain echinococcosis and a variety of parasites, 40 ~ 80mg per kilogram of body weight, 1 oral, once every 3 to 5 days.
In the specific deworming work, pay attention to the following issues:
3.1 The sheep used for deworming must be healthy sheep, and the diseased sheep must be cured and then repelled. In strict accordance with the manufacturer's drug dosage instructions, do not arbitrarily increase the dose.
3.2 Lambs born in the spring are usually dewormed for the first time from September to October of that year. Young goats are subject to nutritional stress such as weaning in the autumn and are vulnerable to parasites, so protective aphids are required once in the fall.
3.3 Pregnant ewes can be dewormed 1 month before birth and 1 month after birth. This will not only remove the parasites in the ewes, but also facilitate the nursing and reduce the parasite's infection to young lambs. The dose is given as 2/3 of the normal dose.
3.4 When the insects are first tested in small groups, there is no adverse reaction before large groups can be dewormed.
3.5 Pioneer big sheep when driving insects, rear drive lambs.
3.6 Prepare the mother drug. After deworming, it is necessary to closely observe whether the sheep have toxic reactions, especially when large-scale deworming. When only toxic reactions occur in sheep, effective measures should be taken to actively treat them.
3.7 The extermination of ectoparasites from goats should be repeated 1 to 7 days after the 1st repellent. To consolidate the efficacy.
3.8 Strengthen feeding management to improve the body's physique and disease resistance. Maintain the cleanliness of the environment in sheep pens, sports grounds, etc. Site cleaning and disinfection should be carried out carefully to remove the parasites and eggs that are excreted with the faeces. As long as the grazing sheep are left for 3 to 5 days, the feces will be concentrated and fermented. If conditions permit, the parasite eggs in feces should be regularly monitored and the intermediate host should be eliminated. Attention should be paid to the health of feed and drinking water to avoid contamination of feed and water by eggs.
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Worldwide evidence of a unimodal relationship between productivity and plant species richness
A large, standardized, and geographically diverse sample of grasslands from six continents is used to confirm the validity and generality of the humped-back model of plant species diversity and pave the way for a more mechanistic understanding of the factors controlling species diversity.
SURVEY OF EVALUATION TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING RANGELAND GRASS SPECIES NUTRITIONAL VALUES
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The strong differences between the native (home) and non‐native (away) range in species co‐occurrence patterns are evidence that the way in which species associate with resident communities in their non-native range is not species dependent, but is instead a property of being away from their native range.
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The Humane Society of the United States solicits nominations for the 2017 Russell and Burch Award
The Humane Society of the United States welcomes nominations of scientists who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of alternative methods in the areas of research, testing, or higher education for the Russell and Burch Award. Alternative methods—also known as the Three Rs—are methods that can replace or reduce the use of animals, or refine procedures so that animals experience less pain or suffering.
The award is named in honor of William Russell and Rex Burch, the scientists who formulated the Three Rs approach of replacement, reduction and refinement. The Award recognizes those who have played an important role in limiting the use and suffering of animals in laboratories.
Follow this link for application instructions.


For many, spiders might be scary crawling insects with eight legs and eight creepy eyes. They try to avoid this pest as much as possible by cleaning their house regularly.
However, spiders have a habit of laying their eggs in plant soil. Therefore, several tips to remove spider eggs in plant soil will be discussed below to ensure the house is not covered with spider webs.
Why Do Spiders Lay Eggs In Plant Soil?
As a general truth in the animal world, when a mother is about to give birth to her babies, it will find a warm and ideal place before laying eggs to ensure their little angels can be born safely.
The same with spiders. With them, plant soil is a perfect spot for growing their eggs.
The favorable conditions like moist, soft, and warm qualities will help the hatchability process occur more quickly and completely, supporting the hatching process as the babies will be strong enough to uncover the eggshell.
Another reason there are spider eggs in plant soil is that the larvae can absorb the rich nutrition from soil and plant. Thanks to this, they will grow fast and healthy, becoming fully-developed mature pests.
Spiders love lay eggs in plant soil
What Are The Troubles When Spiders Lay Eggs In Plant Soil?
If spiders lay eggs in the plant soil, they will devastate the plants.
The first thing is that spiders are pests, so they will consume all the nutrients and water that seeds need to sprout, as well as stunt the development of adjacent plants.
When the spider mothers finish incubating eggs, and there are baby spiders all around, they will nibble and eat up the plant roots to survive. As a result, the roots become brittle and waterlogged, which prevents them from taking the water and essential nutrients in.
Consequently, plants have a fungal disease, and the seedlings have gradually wilted; their leaves turn yellow and drop. After a while, when the plants cannot stand, they will become frail and die.
The final reason is that your house will have a spider infestation. Spiders will overrun around, and there will be irritating arachnoids everywhere, causing the bad impression that you do not keep your house clean and making you tired when tidying up this big shelter.
Many problems happen when spiders lay eggs in plant soil
Ways To Remove Spider Eggs In Plant Soil
Keep Your Soil Dry
Spiders choose to lay eggs on soil because of the moist, humid, and warm conditions it brings out. These qualities will prevent the eggs from drying out and dying.
Therefore, if the plants in your garden are strong and resilient, change how to water them. Instead of watering it regularly, let the soil dry completely before watering it again. As the eggs are hypersensitive to hydration, they will become weak and die within a few days.
Besides, this water-starvation method also helps ruin the life cycles of other harmful pests, such as millipedes and springtails, one of the spiders’ food resources.
Using Neem Oil
Neem oil is a natural insecticide, a friendly and effective substance to kill many plant pests, including spiders. It can kill spider eggs, preventing them from hatching. It can also remove adult spiders, fungus gnats, etc., by affecting their hormonal system.
Neem oil has green ingredients, so it is harmless to the environment and people using it.
In addition to neem oil, you should prepare liquid soap and water to use it. Mix one gallon of water, a tablespoon of neem oil, and a teaspoon of liquid soap. Then put the mixture in a bottle. You can pour it into the plant directly or spray it all over the seedlings.
One thing to remember is that you should use neem oil when the weather is cold. Please do not use it on hot days as it might burn the plants.
Do It With Insecticidal Soap
Another way to protect the habitat while efficiently killing spiders is by using insecticidal soap. The fatty acid in the soap will act as a barrier, removing all of this crawling pest along with its eggs.
To create the mixture, combine a teaspoon of insecticidal soap with a liter of warm water. Then mix up, then directly pour the solution on the soil as well as spray it around the plant. Or you can get a sponge and use it to apply the combination on the seedlings’ trunks.
After reading the article, now you are totally confident you can combat this annoying pest in just several simple ways. All the tips are effective and do not have any detrimental effects on the plant.
All in all, preventing spider eggs in the plant soil is a necessary action to stay away from this creepy-crawling pest and keep our house tidy.
Samuel Mark is the founder of Samuel’s Garden. He is a garden lover. He worked as a farmer in the past, then he make his blog to share his experience about garden caring and tree plants with his community.


Toxicity Testing of Leachate from Waste Landfills Using Medaka (Oryzias Latipes) for Monitoring Environmental Safety
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To investigate the environmental safety of waste disposal landfill sites and of land reclaimed from such sites, we evaluated the toxicity of leachate from these sites by a combination of bioassays in the Japanese killifish medaka Oryzias latipes. We tested for lethal toxicity in adult and larval medaka and for hatching inhibition of embryos from eggs. As biochemical evidence of the effects of leachate exposure, CYP1A (EROD activity) and vitellogenin (Vtg) were induced. We also bioassayed water-treated leachate and downstream river water. Leachate solution was lethal to larval and adult medaka. Embryo hatchability was inhibited, and abnormal hatching, spinal deformity and anisophthalmia occurred in embryos exposed to leachate solution. CYP1A was induced by exposure to leachate solution diluted to 1.0%, and EROD activity was significantly higher than in control. Vtg and unknown proteins were induced in the sera of male medaka exposed to the diluted leachate solution. Conventional water treatments worked effectively to remove toxic compounds but did not work well to remove element ions, including heavy metals. Treated leachate produced neither lethal toxicity nor hatching abnormalities during the exposure period. Fish toxicity tests for leachate would be useful for monitoring the environmental safety of landfill sites.
Keywordsecotoxicity hazardous waste leachate lethal toxicity medaka waste disposal landfill site
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Adult Wellness Care
The veterinary team at Lake Animal Hospital is committed to providing comprehensive preventative
care for your pet to enhance their well-being and quality of life. We emphasize preventive pet care with annual exams, Life style risk assessments, tailored vaccinations, and parasite control. Many diseases can be avoided or minimized by prevention and early detection.
We believe an annual physical exam is an investment in your pet’s future health. An annual exam provides an opportunity to discuss health threats associated with your pet’s individual risks that may change over time and with age. Vaccination decisions, food choices, exercise routines, parasite control, and behavioral changes should all be reviewed annually to help ensure long-term wellness.
A physical exam may also identify subtle health problems that go unnoticed at home. Early detection of health concerns allows us to address a problem before it becomes significant. Pets age much more rapidly than people, and their health status can change quickly. In fact, skipping one annual physical exam for your pet is equivalent to a person not seeing a doctor for 7 years!
Behind on your pet’s annual exams? Don’t worry. We can help you get back on track. Give us a call or request an appointment today! <link Contact Us>
At Lake Animal Hospital, we recommend a balanced schedule of vaccines to protect your pet from a range of dangerous, but preventable diseases. Vaccinations are a safe and effective way to protect your pet from deadly diseases for which there are no treatments. Vaccines help prepare your pet's immune system to fend off invasion by disease-causing organisms including viruses and bacteria.
Canine Vaccines We Offer
- Three Year Distemper, Hepatitis, and Parvo Combo
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Parasites jeopardize the health of your pet by carrying diseases, stealing nutrients, damaging organs, and depleting the immune system. Parasitic infections also cause your pet extraordinary discomfort. These Parasitic diseases are easy to prevent, but often difficult to treat. Many of the parasites that afflict pets can also be transmitted to you. A parasite control program will not only protect your pet’s health, but will also safeguard your family’s health.
Internal parasites, such as roundworms and heartworms, are a constant threat to our pets. Many pets have no symptoms early in the disease process, so we recommend annual fecal and blood screening tests for early detection and treatment. These parasites can be prevented by administering oral monthly preventive year-round.
External parasites, such as fleas and ticks, plague dogs and cats. Ticks can spread serious bacterial infections such as Lyme Disease and Anaplasmosis. Fleas can cause skin disease and are extremely difficult to exterminate once the infestation begins. At Lake Animal Hospital we offer a wide variety of products to prevent external parasites including topical, oral, and collar options for your pet.
Contact us today to schedule an appointment for your dog or cat, and let us help you keep your pet healthy and happy! (651) 426-1381
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Ketosis is a cutting-edge tool for improving your health.
You may want to consider ketosis if you are experiencing weight loss issues, looking for an advantage for mental performance, or simply improving your overall health and longevity.
What is it? Ketosis is a natural metabolic state where our bodies primarily utilizes fats for fuel. The main goal of the ketogenic diet is to train your body to rely on fat (instead of glucose) for energy.
Ketosis is a completely normal adaptation for times when food is not as plentiful as it is now. The sheer abundance and availability of food prevents most of us from experiencing the state of ketosis. The majority of people consume the Standard American Diet (SAD) which is heavy on the carbohydrates (sugars). Our bodies are constantly running on glucose, without ever getting the chance of tapping into our fat-burning capabilities.
Ketosis is the cornerstone of the Comprehensive Weight Loss Program due to the fact that it is an ultra-powerful fat loss tool. It is rapidly gaining popularity amongst high-performing individuals - both in sports and academics.
Metabolism bonfire analogy
Ketosis trains our body to switch from being a sugar burning “machine” to a fat-burning “machine.” Once we reach ketosis, we are now in the sweet zone for weight loss and the fat will start melting off incredibly fast.
Another benefit of ketosis is appetite-suppression. When our body is in “sugar-burning mode” it is always craving broken down carbohydrates - glucose. Glucose is an energy source that is very short-lived, so our body is constantly craving more of it. This is one of the main reasons why ketosis helps with making weight loss effortless. When our body is in ketosis, this removes the mood swings, the cravings, the irritability. Fats provide the body with a stable source of energy that helps carry us through the day. This provides us with a level of appetite suppression that is liberating and helps us stop thinking about food all the time.
Studies consistently show that when you combine ketosis with a low-calorie diet, you will likely experience an increase in appetite in the first days of your diet, and then a decrease in appetite and a return to normal appetite control in just a few days but you have to achieve ketosis for it to work.
This happens when your body is using fats for fuel. Now, instead of always needing sugar and carbs from the outside, your body can begin utilizing the long term fat stores on your body.
When your body begins to break down fats for fuel, this produces an energy source called “ketones.” Not only do ketones provide the body with energy, they affect several other key hormones that assist with weight loss. These are hunger and satiety hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone which makes you feel full, and ghrelin, the “hunger hormone.”
When your body is in ketosis, this helps your body increase energy levels and muscle mass while decreasing hunger pangs and total caloric intake.
Ketosis has shown positive neurological benefits for the treatment of epilepsy. We have known this since the 1920s; yet, the development of pharmaceuticals has shifted the direction for treatment options. Today, research is also promising for conditions such as Alzheimer’s and autism.
Our brain consists of approximately 60% fats. Feeding the brain with a diet full of high quality fats is helpful in providing the necessary building blocks that your brain needs to heal.
In addition to that, broken down fats (ketones) are also profoundly neuroprotective. They increase the brain-protective antioxidants and stimulate mitochondria. Finally, when our brain is receiving plenty of high-quality fats this has an anti-inflammatory effect on the entire body.
In addition to being an extremely effective tool for melting of the fat, ketosis has also been shown to have other benefits.
It stimulates the growth of new neural pathways in the brain.
It increases the production of mitochondria, which are the energy-producing centers in the body.
It raises glutathione, which is the most powerful detoxifier and antioxidant that we currently know about.
Ketosis is achieved by consuming most of our calories from fats. When we eat a high amount of quality fats while restricting carbohydrates, this trains our body to work on broken down fat cells – in other words, ketones.
Now, instead of working off of glucose or sugar, the body taps directly into your long term energy stores – aka the fat cells on our body.
The process of switching to ketosis normally takes anywhere between 2 to 4 weeks, depending on how high your diet has been in carbohydrates.
To achieve the state of ketosis, we generally need to eat fewer than 50 grams of carbs per day and sometimes as little as 20 grams per day.
This requires removing certain carbohydrate rich foods from your diet, such as grains, candy and sugary soft drinks. You also have to cut back on legumes, potatoes, rice and fruit.
Wait, don’t we need glucose to function? How can the brain survive without sugar?
Ketosis and gluconeogenesis are perfectly capable of fulfilling the brain's energy needs.
In addition, your body can use protein to produce the little glucose the brain still requires during ketosis. This process is called gluconeogenesis.
A large portion of your brain can also use ketones for energy, such as during starvation or when your diet is low in carbs (7).https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19227486/
Does Ketosis Have Any Negative Health Effects?
There are very few potential side-effects you may experience from ketosis and ketogenic diets.
These include headache, fatigue, constipation, high cholesterol levels and bad breath.
However, most of the symptoms are temporary and should disappear within a few days or weeks.
And although extremely rare, there have been a few cases of breastfeeding womendeveloping ketoacidosis likely triggered by a low-carb or ketogenic diet (42, 43, 44).
People who are taking blood sugar lowering drugs should consult with a doctor before trying a ketogenic diet, because the diet may reduce the need for medication.
Sometimes ketogenic diets are low in fiber. For this reason, it is a good idea to make sure to eat plenty of high-fiber, low-carb vegetables.
All that being said, ketosis is generally safe for healthy people.
Nevertheless, it will not suit everyone. Some people may feel great and full of energy in ketosis, while others feel miserable.
BOTTOM LINE:Ketosis is safe for most people. However, some people may experience side effects, including bad breath, headaches and constipation.
Ketosis is not for everyone, but it can have powerful benefits for certain people.
1. Can I ever eat carbs again?
Yes. However, it is important to eliminate them initially. After the first 2–3 months, you can begin to re-introduce carbs.
2. Will I lose muscle?
There is a risk of losing some muscle on any diet. However, the high protein intake and high ketone levels may help minimize muscle loss, especially if you exercise.
8. I heard ketosis was extremely dangerous. Is this true?
People often confuse ketosis with ketoacidosis. The former is natural, while the latter only occurs in uncontrolled diabetes.
Ketoacidosis is dangerous, but the ketosis on a ketogenic diet is perfectly normal and healthy.
Consult with Dr. Sharikov to see if the ketogenic diet is the right fit for you.
Interested in ketosis?
The ketogenic diet is only recommended under a doctor's supervision but definitely expresses potential not just for an alternative treatment for neurological diseases but for athletes and anyone looking to nourish their brain.
While we definitely expect to see more research on the long-term benefits and effectiveness of the ketogenic diet popping up in 2017, we hope to see plant-based versions of this diet and less extreme ways to reap similar benefits.
Ketosis is an extremely effective way to lose weight fast, but it needs to be done properly.


Revised descriptions of New Zealand Cenozoic Mollusca from Beu and Maxwell (1990)
(Pl. 27o): holotype, S27/f8507, Bell's Creek, Mangaopari Stream, southern Wairarapa, middle Tongaporutuan (TM 6796, GNS)
Beu & Maxwell (1990): Chapter 12; p. 248; pl. 27 o.
Synonymy: Vexillitra marwicki Vella 1954, p. 544; Austromitra marwicki
Description: Small for family (6.4 x 3.2 mm), glossy, with moderately tall, weakly stepped spire, spiral row of low nodules below suture (as in most Microvoluta species), and sculpture of 13 prominent, rounded axial costae per whorl. Costae extend well down onto base of last whorl, but fade out over last quarter to half whorl on most specimens. No spiral sculpture, other than subsutural nodule row. Inner lip bearing 4 low, narrow, oblique plaits, increasing in obliquity down columella. Protoconch dome-shaped, of 1.5 apparently smooth whorls.
Comparison: Microvoluta marwicki is a typical representative of a group of similar small Microvoluta species occurring in many Miocene bathyal siltstone faunules throughout New Zealand, although not known in Pliocene or younger bathyal faunules. The larger and more elongate, more weakly sculptured M. marginata occurs in Opoitian-Recent shallow-water faunules. The bathyal M. fracta (Tongaporutuan, North Taranaki) has a much shorter spire than M. marwicki, but is otherwise similar, and the bathyal M. wainuioruensis (Tongaporutuan, southern Wairarapa) has axial sculpture on early spire whorls only.
Cernohorsky (1970c) regarded Vexillitra Marwick as a disparate group, assuming some species were based on juvenile specimens of species in other genera, and divided the species between Austromitra, Conomitra and Proximitra (Parvimitra). However, comparison of the holotypes and other specimens leaves no doubt that Vexillitra species are based on adult shells, and are closely related species of Microvoluta. We regard Vexillitra as simply a synonym of Microvoluta (Maxwell 1988a, p. 55-56).
Distribution: Tongaporutuan; Bell's Creek, Mangaopari Stream (type); common at South Wairarapa bathyal siltstone localities (middle Tongaporutuan), but not known to us from elsewhere.
Cite this publication as: "A.G. Beu and J.I. Raine (2009). Revised
descriptions of New Zealand Cenozoic Mollusca from Beu and Maxwell (1990). GNS
Science miscellaneous series no. 27."
© GNS Science, 2009
(Included with a PDF facsimile file copy of New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 58 in CD version from: Publications Officer, GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368 Lower Hutt, New Zealand)


Is there really such a thing as caries in dogs?
Caries in dogs is a poorly recognised disease in standard clinical practice, but it can cause severe and irreversible damage to the affected teeth.
Dental caries is one of the most common diseases in humans; however, its incidence is much lower in dogs. A study conducted in a referral dental clinic reported that caries affected 5.3% of dogs brought for consultation.1,2
Caries in dogs: pathophysiology
Three conditions need to be met in order for dogs to develop caries: there must be a susceptible dental surface exposed to the oral environment, resident bacterial flora and an intake of food.
Caries develops when bacteria inhabiting the surface of the teeth act on carbohydrates ingested in the diet. These bacteria ferment the carbohydrates and release different acids (lactic, acetic and propionic), which subsequently demineralise the enamel until it exposes the organic protein matrix. The matrix is then digested by oral bacteria and leukocytes. As the process advances, microcavitations develop under the dental surface, before expanding and creating larger cavities and eventually caries.1,3
Under normal conditions there is a constant exchange of minerals between the tooth enamel and the oral fluid, but when this balance is lost, caries begin to take hold. In early stages, caries may be reversible, resulting in “scarring” or remineralisation of the enamel. However, once the organic matrix has been damaged, the damage becomes irreversible. Caries can advance further and affect the pulp, causing pulp necrosis and periapical lesions.1,4 And above all, even though the mechanisms are not precisely understood, caries in dogs may be painful for the patient.2
Why is the incidence of caries lower in dogs than in humans?
This is thought to be down to several factors. These include:
- Dogs have conical teeth;
- Dogs have a wider interdental space than the human denture, so they are likely to retain food debris;
- Dogs eat diets with lower concentrations of fermentable carbohydrates;
- Dog saliva has a higher pH (7.5) than that of humans (6.5), so it provides a buffer effect against the acids produced by bacterial fermentation; and
- Dog saliva also contains low concentrations of amylase, which is needed to break down starch.1
Caries in dogs: progression
The rate of caries progression mainly depends on external factors, such as the cariogenicity of the microflora, the presence of acidogenic substrates and the remineralising capacity of oral fluids. Caries can therefore be classified as acute, chronic or stationary.
Caries in dogs: location
Depending on their location, there are various types of caries: smooth surface, pit and fissure, dentine and cervical or root caries.1,2
Caries in dogs usually occurs on the occlusal surface of the upper first molar and the contact area of the lingual surfaces of the upper fourth premolar and the first upper molar, as well as on the distal occlusal surface of the lower first molar. They are often found on both sides.2
Caries in dogs: diagnosis
The appearance of tooth decay in dogs varies depending on the stage it has reached. In the initial stages, the enamel is notably less shiny, with a matt appearance and small pores. As the dentine is affected, the caries acquires its characteristic brown or even black discolouration. Lesions may contain necrotic material where the dental probe penetrates easily.1
Intraoral dental X-rays are required to confirm the diagnosis and assess if there is any pulp damage that can be repaired by endodontic treatment and the application of a filler; however, if pulp exposure is accompanied by necrosis and loss of crown structure, then extraction of the dental remnant is indicated.1
Radiographically, caries in dogs appear as a radiolucent spherical surface with diffuse margins, although in early stages some may be triangular. 1,3,4
Although caries in dogs does is not a common problem in veterinary consultations, its existence should not be ignored. Considering that if left untreated, caries can lead to tooth loss, so we should do our best to aim for early detection. Given that a proper dental examination usually requires anaesthesia, or at least deep sedation, it is good practice to perform a dental exam whenever patients are anaesthetised for other reasons.
Hale FA. (2009). Dental caries in the dog. Can Vet J; 50: 1301–1304.
Hale FA. (1998). Dental caries in the dog. J Vet Dent;15: 79–83.
Bannon KM. (2013). Clinical canine dental radiography. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract; 43: 507–532.
Duncan HL. (2010). Diagnostic imaging in veterinary dental practice. Dental caries. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010; 237: 41–43.


Red Light - 640 nm - penetrates human tissue more superficially. Red light stimulation has a great effect on mitochondrial stimulation which increases metabolic activity and stimulates superficial circulation for overall healthier skin. Great for reparative and anti-aging treatments.
Green Light - 550 nm - is the calming wavelength of light. This therapy promotes balance and a calming effect on the skin while reducing redness. Anti-aging therapies often include green light therapy. In addition to reducing redness, the calming effect of this wavelength has been known to have anti-inflammatory properties that can work to reduce hyperpigmentation. Its calming nature can be used in combination with other light therapy to further rejuvenate the skin. Great for sensitive skin and anti-aging treatments.
Blue Light - 430 nm - kills most acne bacteria with its specific wavelength. Inflammatory acne benefits greatly from blue light skin treatment. The light energy also stimulates the tightening of pores and reduces the oiliness of the skin. Altogether it has a rejuvenation effect on the skin. Great for oily and acne skin treatments.
Ultrasound frequency increases cellular turnover, plumps and smooths out fine lines and wrinkles, tightens sagging skin, relieves puffy eyes, reduces the appearance of cellulite, improves acne, tightens enlarged pores, fades dark eye circles, freckles, old age spots, and even repairs scar damage. The process is safe, painless, and gentle and can even be used by sensitive skin types such as those with Rosacea.


Why are fossils rare?
Fossils are rare because certain conditions are needed to preserve an organism in order for it to fossilize, and those conditions themselves are rare.
Whatever is being fossilized must first not be eaten or destroyed. Most bodies are consumed by other animals or they decompose. Erosion and other natural processes must also not destroy the organism. The organism needs to undergo a rapid burial so that it is not disturbed, and this is very rare.
The bones or shells may then undergo perimineralization, in which minerals enter tiny pores in the bone and, with enough pressure, a solid is formed. Other times the organism itself may be destroyed but a mold is left behind in the rock. If an organism is incredibly lucky, it may be preserved like this baby mammoth found a few years ago or perhaps the organism will be encased in amber.
Fossils are rare because most remains are consumed or destroyed soon after death. Even if bones are buried, they then must remain buried and be replaced with minerals. If an animal is frozen like the baby mammoth mentioned above, again the animal must remain undisturbed for many years before found.
Here's a good link with extensive information about fossils, the different types, the processes that preserve soft body parts, and more.
Here's another link from BBC's Nature that is less extensive but still very informative.


The most important regulator of insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta- cells is glucose, which affects gene transcription, mRNA translation, and secretion. Insulin gene transcription is both positively and negatively regulated by glucose. Recently, we have shown that the inhibition of insulin gene transcription caused by passaging HIT T-15 beta-cells, in the presence of high glucose, was due, in part, to reduced expression of a key regulator of insulin enhancer-mediated expression, somatostatin transcription factor-1 (STF-1). In this study, we have examined whether the activity of the other essential transcription regulators of insulin gene expression, the RIPE3b1 and insulin control element (ICE) activators, were also influenced in these HIT T-15 cells. The results show that the binding and trans-activation functions of the RIPE3b1 activator are reduced in parallel with the loss in STF-1 and insulin gene expression. In contrast, the regulatory properties of the ICE activator are unaffected. Our studies indicate that insulin gene transcription is inhibited by glucose through a mechanism involving reduced expression of both the RIPE3b1 and STF-1 activators in HIT T-15 cells but is independent of the ICE activator.


Hydroponic of Chili with substrates variation
D Harjoko, R S Utami and R B Arniputri
Published under license by IOP Publishing Ltd
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 200, conference 1
Climate change leads and increase the food risky because it is hard to predict the timing or severity of its occurrence, and hydroponics is a method to overcome this problem. This research was held in the green house located at Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia, from October 2016 until March 2017. This study aimed to assess the effects of using some substrates on growth and yield of the hot pepper plant. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Design with single factor. The factor was kind of substrates consisted of 6 levels, i.e.: husk charcoal (as control), steamed husk, cocopeat, combination of husk charcoal + zeolite (1:1, v/v), steamed husk + zeolit (1:1, v/v), and cocopeat + zeolite (1:1), v/v). Data were analyzed using Anova and HSD test at α=0.05. The results showed that substrates effected the number of leaves, chlorophyll content, root volume, dry weight, number of fruit and total fruit weight.


- A new discovery documents the intricate arrangement of the muscles and ligaments that controlled the main feathers of the wing of an ancient bird, supporting the notion that at least some of the most ancient birds performed aerodynamic feats in a fashion similar to those of many living birds.
An international team of Spanish paleontologists and NHM's Director of the Dinosaur Institute, Dr. Luis M. Chiappe, studied the exceptionally preserved wing of a 125-million-year-old bird from central Spain. Beyond the bones preserved in the fossil, the tiny wing of this ancient bird reveals details of a complex network of muscles that in modern birds controls the fine adjustments of the wing's main feathers, allowing birds to master the sky.
"The anatomical match between the muscle network preserved in the fossil and those that characterize the wings of living birds strongly indicates that some of the earliest birds were capable of aerodynamic prowess like many present-day birds," said Chiappe, the investigation's senior scientist.
"It is very surprising that despite being skeletally quite different from their modern counterparts, these primitive birds show striking similarities in their soft anatomy," said Guillermo Navalón, a doctorate candidate at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom and lead author of the report.
Ancient birds may have flown over the heads of dinosaurs but some aspects of the precise flight modes of these early fliers still remain unclear. "The new fossil provides us with a unique glimpse into the anatomy of the wing of the birds that lived amongst some of the largest dinosaurs," said Chiappe. "Fossils such as this are allowing scientists to dissect the most intricate aspects of the early evolution of the flight of birds." Other members of the research team included Dr. Jesús Marugán-Lobón, Dr. José Luis Sanz, and Dr. Ángela D. Buscalioni from Madrid's Universidad Autónoma in Spain.
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.


Foldit is a revolutionary new computer game enabling you to contribute to important scientific research.
We’re collecting data to find out if humans' pattern-recognition and puzzle-solving abilities make them more efficient than existing computer programs at pattern-folding tasks. If this turns out to be true, we can then teach human strategies to computers and fold proteins faster than ever!
Knowing the structure of a protein is key to understanding how it works and to targeting it with drugs. A small protein can consist of 100 amino acids, while some human proteins can be huge (1000 amino acids). The number of different ways even a small protein can fold is astronomical because there are so many degrees of freedom. Figuring out which of the many, many possible structures is the best one is regarded as one of the hardest problems in biology today and current methods take a lot of money and time, even for computers.
Foldit attempts to predict the structure of a protein by taking advantage of humans' puzzle-solving intuitions and having people play competitively to fold the best proteins.
As seen in Chapter 5 of Citizen Science by Caren Cooper.


The rambutan is a small, red, "hairy" fruit, native to Southeast Asia. As a matter of fact the word rambutan (or rambut) means hair in Malay. For that reason they remind me of "tribbles", the hairy little creatures from the show Star Trek, that purr and keep reproducing. I have never had a bowl of them get bigger or heard Rambutan purr but they are little and cute.
Rambutan are related to the lychee and the longan and have a similar taste but are a bit sweeter and have more flavor. They grown in clusters on an evergreen tree on various Hawaiian Islands as well as Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, Central America, Australia and many Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
You can cut the top of the skin off, or simply peel them, eating around the single brown pit. You can stuff them or make jams or jellies from the Rambutan, but they are so good that I prefer to just eat them, after chilling them in the refrigerator.
Next we have the Sapodilla which is also known by the names Chico, Sapote, Zapote or Chicle, is native to Mexico, the Yucatan, Guatamala and Belize and is now grown in much of the tropics. It is described as "a uniquely flavored fruit, the soft brown flesh of the sapodilla tastes a bit like a sweet mix of brown sugar and root beer."
Looking like a smooth-skinned potato, the sapodilla grows on a tall tree with glossy green leaves. The sapodilla tree is also the source of chicle, a chewing gum component and bears fruit about twice a year.
It is very sweet with a slightly grainy-textured flesh and is usually cut open and eaten fresh as a dessert fruit. The fruit has anywhere from 3-12 brownish black seeds with a little "hook" on one end that should not be swallowed as the hook could catch in the throat.
To me it did taste a lot like brown sugar and was maybe a bit too sweet and grainy for my preference but I am glad I finally tried it.
Hope you are having a great Saturday. (Max is hanging out with his favorite friend "Mr. Froggy, who gets drug all over the house).
Join me tomorrow for Souper Sundays, making and posting soups, stews and chilies each week. Leave a comment if you have a soup you want in the round up.


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In a study by Segal et al. (11), 4 out of 5 healthy individuals were able to achieve tumescence beyond 60% maximum rigidity when subjected to PVS using the Viberect® alone, with no other external visual sexual stimulation. In a randomized controlled study by Fode et al. (12) involving 68 men who underwent nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy, 30 men who received PVS to the frenulum daily for 6 weeks, using the Ferticare® vibrator, showed a trend towards better erections. After 1 year, 53% in the PVS group had an IIEF score ≥18 compared with 32% in the control group, although no statistical achievement was achieved. The role of PVS in penile rehabilitation is based on the postulation that PVS provides early activation of the parasympathetic erectile spinal centres at S2–S4 level, which result in early recovery of the neuropraxic cavernosal nerves.
Many are quick to pull the trigger on the doctor’s prescribed solutions such as Viagra or Cialis rather than seeking out natural erection foods that can alleviate erectile problems, but the honest truth is that neither one of those will fix the underlying problems causing the weakened erections. Sure they work in most cases, but it’s always good to remember that they deliver a chemical erection which your body still cannot naturally produce.
Double down on the marinara to protect your manhood. Men who eat over 10 servings of tomatoes each week have an 18 percent lower risk of developing prostate cancer — the result of lycopene, an antioxidant which fights off toxins that can cause DNA and cell damage — a study in the journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention found. A previous study found the garden vegetable could also improve sperm morphology (shape); men with the highest tomato intake contributed to between 8 and 10 percent more ‘normal’ sperm.
A variety of personal habits and lifestyle choices have been linked to ED. In some ways, this is a good thing, since habits can be broken and choices reconsidered. What's more, many of the lifestyle factors that contribute to sexual problems are ones that affect overall health and well-being, both physical and mental. Addressing these factors, therefore, can have benefits beyond improving erectile dysfunction.
When considering vitamin supplementation for erectile dysfunction, one of the first vitamins that you may come across in literature would be Vitamin D. This is a vitamin that can be easily obtained through many types of dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt and is also in abundance if you live in a tropical climate. Sunlight is able to give us a natural dose of vitamin D daily.  Although vitamin D is usually associated with improving bone strength and prevention osteoporosis, another valuable feat of vitamin D is the fact that it helps reduce atherosclerosis. Studies confirm that there is a similar underlying mechanism that occurs between conditions like cardiovascular disease and erectile dysfunction. As blood vessels are damaged and filled with plaques, the diameter for blood to flow through is gradually reduced. After a few years, the amount of blood may be reduced substantially. Vitamin D is able to help activate cells that remove some of these dangerous plaques and delay the onset of ED.
These underrated kernels are rich in zinc, and people with higher levels in their system have been shown to have a stronger drive than those with lower levels. They’re also a good source of magnesium, which boosts testosterone and keeps sperm healthy and viable. Pine nuts are the primary ingredient in pesto, so go Italian on your next date night, or sprinkle them on a salad with avocado, tomatoes and salmon.
In Western medicine approach, health and disease are clearly divided entities. The emphasis is on protection of the individual body from disease or how to replace the body’s lost functions. Antibiotic therapy is used to combat harmful bacteria during infections, exogenous synthetic hormones are used to replace hormone-deficient individuals and artificial prostheses are applied when an organ loses its functions. This is very different from the holistic Eastern approach where the treatment entity is taken as a whole, and the objective is to seek harmony between different bodily systems.
Having your current medication checked – if you are taking medication already, it could be that your erection problems are a side effect. Have a doctor check whether this is the cause of your problems and if it is, you might be able to switch medications and then find that your erectile dysfunction goes away completely – or at least improves. Medications that can cause erection problems include:
Tufan capsules are regarded as the best ED pills because these also resolve problem of ED by improving health of male genital organs. These best ED pills relieve problem of enlarged and inflamed prostate gland, enlargement and inflammation of prostate cause involuntary loss of semen and also reduce a male’s pleasure during lovemaking to make him uninterested in lovemaking and bring episodes of ED. These herbal ED pills are reckoned as the best ED pills as these increase semen volume and enhance a male’s potency and virility. Tufan capsules not only provide natural erectile dysfunction treatment but also bless a male with renewed virility, vitality and vigor to make love. These capsules increase number of sperms and make a male capable of achieving fatherhood easily, these also allow a male to take woman to higher level of ecstasy each time to work as the best ED pills.
Yohimbe A number of clinical trials have shown that the primary component of this bark from an African tree can improve sexual dysfunction associated with selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used to treat depression. This herb has been linked to a number of side effects, including increased blood pressure, fast or irregular heartbeat, and anxiety. Yohimbe shouldn't be used without a doctor's supervision.


Advances in Immune Checkpoints, Cell-based Therapies, Clinical Biomarkers and Innovative Technologies Among Research to be Unveiled
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Nov. 1, 2018
WASHINGTON, D.C. – Groundbreaking research that will lead to the next generation of cancer immunotherapies – treatments that harness the power of a patient’s own immune system to eliminate cancer – will be presented during the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer’s (SITC) 33rd Annual Meeting (SITC 2018) on Nov. 9-11, 2018.
SITC 2018, the leading destination for scientific exchange, education and networking in the cancer immunotherapy field, will feature research centered on defining the underlying science that will fuel the development of increasingly effective and safe cancer immunotherapeutics. Presentations at this year’s Annual Meeting will highlight data from more than 30 in-progress clinical trials testing novel single-agent and combination immunotherapies, as well as a variety of exciting pre-clinical research that will provide the scientific foundation to help increase the number of patients who respond to these treatments.
“Immunotherapy has clearly cemented its role in oncology by providing many cancer patients with significant antitumor responses. The Nobel Prize to Dr. James Allison and Prof. Tasuku Honjo this year further shows the importance and contributions of our field,” said SITC President Lisa H. Butterfield, PhD. “SITC 2018 will bring together thousands of professionals from academia, industry, healthcare and government to help cancer patients, consistent with our long history of leading the charge in advancing cancer immunotherapy education, development and accessibility across the globe.”
Leading researchers will also present pre-clinical research to identify clinical biomarkers that can assist with treatment selection and development, to elucidate the biological and environmental relationships between a patient’s healthy and cancerous cells, and to develop novel technologies that can provide a foundation for future immunotherapies to be built upon. Clinical research sessions will feature disease-specific break-outs that focus on the most recent breakthroughs in settings, including melanoma and lung cancer, among others, as well as advancements in patient management protocols to enhance the safety of immunotherapeutic treatment.
Additionally, SITC 2018 will help strengthen the recent and rapid momentum concerning cell-based immunotherapies that have demonstrated remarkable success in treating patients with blood cancers. On Friday, Nov. 9, Nicholas Restifo, MD (National Cancer Institute), will discuss what the future of cellbased immunotherapies may look like in his keynote presentation, “NextGen Cell-based Immunotherapies.” On Saturday, Nov. 10, Philip D. Greenberg, MD (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center), the 2018 recipient of the Richard V. Smalley, MD, Memorial Award and Lectureship, SITC’s highest honor, will discuss efforts toward expanding cell-based immunotherapies as an option for all cancer patients in his keynote presentation, “Engineering T cells to Effectively Target Tumors and Overcome Obstacles to Achieving Tumor Eradication.”
“Research presented at SITC 2018 will showcase single-agent and combination treatments that have the potential to further improve outcomes for cancer patients, as well as exciting pre-clinical data that give insights into the mechanisms of tumor immunity and could lead to new agents and approaches in the clinic,” said SITC Incoming President Mario Sznol, MD, who is also Chair of the SITC Annual Meeting Program Committee. “The data presented at SITC 2018 will further highlight how the collaboration between pre-clinical and clinical science can continue to shape the future of immune therapies and increase patient response across the spectrum of malignancies.”
Online registration is open until Nov. 1, 2018, at 11:59 p.m. PDT. Onsite registration is also accepted. To learn more about SITC 2018, review late-breaking and regular abstract titles and more, please visit the SITC 2018 Annual Meeting website. The SITC 2018 regular abstract supplement will be published online in the Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (JITC), the society’s official open access, peer-reviewed journal, on Tuesday, Nov. 6, 2018 at 8 a.m. EST.
Established in 1984, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) is a nonprofit organization of medical professionals dedicated to improving cancer patient outcomes by advancing the development, science and application of cancer immunotherapy and tumor immunology. SITC is comprised of influential basic and translational scientists, practitioners, health care professionals, government leaders and industry professionals around the globe. Through educational initiatives that foster scientific exchange and collaboration among leaders in the field, SITC aims to one day make the word “cure” a reality for cancer patients everywhere. Learn more about SITC, our educational offerings and other resources at sitcancer.org and follow us on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and YouTube.
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