Day 5: Consume cabbage soup, six tomatoes, and 565 grams of meat on your fifth day (or a substitute for beef, such as pork, fish, or chicken). Day 6: Eat cabbage soup, as many vegetables as you want but no potatoes, and as much meat as you want (or another protein option). During the seventh day, have cabbage soup, sugar-free fruit juice, and brown rice.
What is the maximum amount of weight you can lose with cabbage soup?
- The Cabbage Soup Diet is a short-term weight-loss diet that includes cabbage soup. As the name indicates, it entails consuming copious amounts of cabbage soup. However, numerous health professionals advise that the diet is dangerous and that the effects are not long-lasting.
- 1 What happens if you eat cabbage soup for a week?
- 2 Can I eat eggs on cabbage soup diet?
- 3 How long can you do the cabbage diet for?
- 4 How many calories are in a bowl of cabbage soup?
- 5 What snacks can I eat on the cabbage soup diet?
- 6 What do you do after the cabbage soup diet?
- 7 Does Cabbage Soup Diet make you poop?
- 8 Can you drink alcohol on the cabbage soup diet?
- 9 How long does cabbage soup last in the fridge?
- 10 How does cabbage soup make you lose weight?
- 11 How does fat flush soup work?
- 12 Is cabbage good for belly fat?
- 13 Does cabbage detox the body?
- 14 Is cabbage good for weight loss?
What happens if you eat cabbage soup for a week?
It is recommended that you follow the Cabbage Soup Diet for only a limited period of time. It entails consuming copious amounts of cabbage soup, as the name indicates. While supporters of the diet claim that it may help you lose up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) in a single week, many health professionals caution that the diet is dangerous and that the results are unsustainable.
Can I eat eggs on cabbage soup diet?
Consume a sufficient amount of protein, fats, and veggies. Protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, eggs, tofu, quinoa, and buckwheat help you retain muscle while also keeping you feeling satisfied for extended periods of time.
How long can you do the cabbage diet for?
The cabbage soup diet is a low-fat, high-fiber diet that lasts for a total of seven days and is exceptionally effective. While the diet is mostly comprised of cabbage soup, it does include some other vegetables such as potatoes and tomatoes to round out the nutritional profile. Meats and unsweetened teas and coffees are also acceptable as beverages.
How many calories are in a bowl of cabbage soup?
Cabbage soup (one cup) includes 14.9 grams of total carbohydrates, 11.9 grams of net carbohydrates, 2 grams of fat, 4.2 grams of protein, and 89 calories.
What snacks can I eat on the cabbage soup diet?
What You Can Consume
- Food for Day 1: Fruit, with the exception of bananas
- Food for Day 2: Vegetables such as leafy greens (not starchy), but no fruit. Today’s menu includes fruits and vegetables. Meat (or cooked chicken without the skin) and tomatoes on day four
- beef and vegetables on day five
- brown rice, unsweetened fruit juices on day six
- beef and vegetables on day seven
- beef and vegetables on day eight
What do you do after the cabbage soup diet?
It is not recommended by any health authority to adopt the diet. In addition, proponents of the cabbage soup diet urge individuals to refrain from exercising while on the diet. Getting enough exercise, on the other hand, is extremely vital for general health. Exercise on a regular basis is also considerably more likely to result in significant, long-term weight loss.
Does Cabbage Soup Diet make you poop?
Cabbage also has a high amount of fiber, which is beneficial for weight reduction since it keeps you feeling full longer. Because of the nutritional fiber in the soup, it may be beneficial in lowering cholesterol and alleviating constipation.
Can you drink alcohol on the cabbage soup diet?
What beverages may I have while on the cabbage soup diet? It permits the use of water, coffee, and unsweetened herbal tea – but not alcoholic beverages or sodas.
How long does cabbage soup last in the fridge?
When refrigerated, this soup will last for approximately five days and may be reheated in the microwave or on the stovetop. Additionally, the soup may be frozen for up to three months.
How does cabbage soup make you lose weight?
The goal of the cabbage soup diet is to reduce your calorie consumption by drastically reducing your food intake. In addition, Rothenberg notes that the low-calorie diet, along with the high fiber content of the filling vegetables, fruit, and cabbage, encourages people to go to the toilet more frequently than they would otherwise.
How does fat flush soup work?
It is filled with nutritious powerhouses such as sweet potato, spinach, garlic, carrots and tomatoes, and it genuinely flushes the fat away by restoring the body’s acid-alkaline and sodium-potassium balance to the body’s organs and glands, which helps to burn calories more effectively.
Is cabbage good for belly fat?
Dietary fiber with cabbage juice for weight reduction | Cabbage juice helps you lose weight and burn fat. In addition to being high in dietary fiber, cabbage juice might help you feel fuller for longer periods of time, avoiding cravings and hunger pains. This further minimizes the likelihood of consuming an excessive amount of calories.
Does cabbage detox the body?
sulforaphane, found in most cruciferous vegetables (including broccoli and sprouts), helps the body fight against toxins. Sulforaphane is found in cabbage, as well as most other cruciferous vegetables. Cabbage also provides the body with glutathione, which is an antioxidant that aids in the improvement of the liver’s detoxification function.
Is cabbage good for weight loss?
Cabbage is also beneficial for weight loss and maintaining youthful skin. A cup of boiled cabbage has only 33 calories and is low in fat and high in fiber, making it a healthy snack option. Cabbage also has antioxidant properties that assist to keep skin looking healthy, toned, blemish-free, and bright; it is a good source of vitamin C. (including vitamin C and beta-carotene).


The Great Highway is a road which runs from Shan on the Desert, across the northern edge of the Small Kingdoms, to the Hegemony of the Three Ethshars. The Inn at the Bridge is so called because it is within a short walk from the bridge where the highway crosses the Great River, a few leagues west of the border between the Small Kingdoms and the Hegemony. This notable inn also sits at a crossroads where travelers either head south a day to Ethshar of the Spices, or continue northwest on the longer trek to either of the other two Ethshars or to the Baronies of Sardiron.
Leaving Shan on the Desert, the Great Highway passes through the Small Kingdoms of Dhwerra, Sinodita, Angarossa, Yondra, Amramion, Hlimora, Urduron, Ophera, Krithimion, Bugoa, Syndisha, Tuyoa, Shesta, and Lamum before crossing over into the Hegemony. At one point the Great Highway passed through Mezgalon rather than Bugoa, which was a straighter path, but at some point between 5180 and 5222 the route was changed.


Catching breast cancer early can facilitate easier and more successful treatment. It’s important to undergo regular mammograms and exams from your breast cancer care provider. However, there are also procedures you can do at home to check for signs of breast cancer.
This video provides instructions on performing at-home breast cancer checkups. You’ll receive instructions on what movements and positions to perform during a visual exam. By completing a visual exam, you can look for signs of abnormal shape, symmetry, color, and puckering.
If you notice any signs of cancer during an at-home exam, contact your breast cancer care provider immediately. At the Boca Raton office of Marla W. Dudak, MD, we use the latest technology and medical information to provide accurate and timely diagnoses, treatment, and care. Call us today at (888) 418-6759.


Where should a dog bowl be placed in the house?
Dogs can be very messy eaters, spilling food all around the floor and even on the walls, so make sure there’s nothing near your dog’s eating area that can be damaged. We recommend putting his food bowl near his water bowl, which should always be there, cleaned often and filled with fresh water.
Are standing dog bowls better?
Having your dog’s bowl higher off the ground puts less strain on your dog’s neck. So if your dog is older or struggles with joint or bone issues, elevated bowls are a great way to make them comfortable when they eat. If you have a large or giant breed dog, elevated bowls aren’t going to be the best fit.
Are elevated water bowls good for dogs?
Maybe you’ve even heard some of the benefits of raised feeders. They can be great for older dogs, because there’s less strain on the neck, hips, shoulders and joints. They can keep the feeding area cleaner by preventing your dog from spilling or pushing their bowl around the floor.
Why do raised bowls cause bloat?
The twisting prevents release of the gas, putting pressure on other organs, and restricting proper blood flow to and from vital parts of the body. Bloat can occur very rapidly in dogs and requires immediate medical attention.
Should dogs eat in the kitchen?
Don’t feed your dog in the kitchen. If possible, you should avoid feeding your dog in the kitchen. Dry pet food, treats, and supplements can be prone to contamination with Salmonella, which can make both pets and people sick.
Should I put my dogs food on the floor?
Floor dog feeders make excellent choices for smaller dog breeds. Since the dog needs to bend his head and neck in order to reach his meal, floor-level bowls work better for petite pooches. Moreover, floor-level bowls eliminate the mess that often accompanies elevated dog dishes.
Why do elevated dog bowls cause bloat?
When should you use an elevated dog bowl?
- Elevated dog bowls (or “raised dog bowls”) come in many different shapes, sizes, and styles.
- The primary benefit of a raised dog bowl is that it can make it easier for your dog to eat.
- Consider raised dog dishes when looking for dog bowls for older dogs as well as pets with arthritic or orthopedic issues.
Why do I have to hand feed my dog?
Hand feeding can help a dog who is already a resource guarder and help prevent a dog from resource guarding. By only feeding your dog from your hand, you show her that you are the gateway to valuable things and when you reach into her space it means food.
Are slanted dog bowls better?
A slanted bowl prevents food sticking around the bottom rim of conventional bowl where dog/cat can’t get it. What’s more, it enabled your cat / dog to eat easier as the bowl is on an slanted angle, aiding your pet’s digestion in the process.
Should dogs be fed morning or night?
Most adult dogs should have two meals a day – one in the morning and one in the evening. However, if you have a particularly small or big dog, read on… Small breeds Toy dogs and small breed dogs typically have fast metabolisms, which means they burn energy more quickly than larger dogs.
What time of day should you feed your dog?
You can feed your dog one or two times a day. It’s best to do it twice daily at 8-12 hour intervals.
Are tilted bowls good for dogs?
Should small dogs eat from elevated bowls?
Raised dog food bowls, which are also commonly known as elevated feeders, are typically not needed for pets, according to veterinarian Jon Gellar. Not only do dogs generally not need to eat from bowls that are raised high off the floor, these feeders are in some cases thought to be detrimental to them.
Do dogs need a tilted bowl?


Beauty, Wellness, Recipes, Food
I have to break it to you. What you eat is the biggest determiner of your health. I am writing from St. Louis, my hometown. I am immersed in my gene pool. Those younger than me, older than me, and my age. Everyone has a disease or condition.
I was shocked by how my younger brother has changed in appearance so drastically. My younger sister’s response was, “Well, we are all getting older - it’s only you who’s aging in reverse.” Wow! My sister is 25 and two years ago started experiencing health problems she shouldn’t have at her age.
The big difference - diet. No toxic dump next door; my family members all live in desirable St. Louis suburban neighborhoods.
Food is medicine. It is youthfulness. It is health. It is more important than your gene pool, exercise habits, or weight. The only difference between me and my family is food. They eat a regular American diet. I eat a plant based diet.
Plant based, for me, doesn’t mean vegetarian. Plant based is that the majority of what I eat is either a vegetable, fruit, or plant fat like olives, coconut, or avocado. Meat and dairy are extras and grains are a garnish.
What have I escaped eating this way? Inflammation, autoimmune disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, digestive disorders, skin conditions. Based on my visit, It’s all in the gene pool.
You want to be healthy, you want to glow? Eat more plants.
Explore the amazing effect a plant based diet can have in the ELEVATE program.
Words to Live By
I am not a heroine, but I have chosen the person I want to be.


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We've made it easier and more convenient than ever to find just the right doctor for you and your family.
Anesthesiologists administer drugs that render the patient insensitive to pain during surgery and other painful procedures. They also contribute to monitoring patients' life functions and in managing problems in cardiac and respiratory resuscitation. In addition, they are actively involved in diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic pain.
These physicians specialize in procedures that decreases the size of the stomach, including Lap Band and Gastric By-Pass procedures. The purpose is to limit food intake, which therefore enables the person to lose a significant amount of weight. These procedures are performed at Marshall Medical North, certified as a Bariatric Surgery Center of Excellence.
These physicians specialize in diagnosing and treating heart problems and diseases of the heart including vascular disease, hypertension, congestive heart failure and other blood vessel diseases. Cardiologists also provide evaluations of chest pain with treadmills, stress tests, echocardiography, thallium stress tests, holter monitoring as well as blood pressure monitoring.
Dermatologists specialize in diagnosis and treatment of hair and nail disorders, diseases of the skin, skin cancer surgery and allergic diseases.
Ear, Nose & Throat (Otolaryngologists)
These physicians are specially trained in medicine and surgery of the ears, nose and throat. This practice also includes treatment of hearing problems, nasal allergies, sinus problems, head and neck surgery and facial plastic surgery.
This physician is specially trained to treat patients with conditions requiring immediate medical care such as sudden illness or trauma.
Family Practice physicians diagnose primary illnesses or diseases and treat patients with nonsurgical as well as surgical methods. They deal in preventive medicine by providing physicals and check-ups for the maintenance of good health. Some of these physicians also perform obstetrical and gynecological services and care for newborns as well as older children and adults.
These physicians use surgical methods to diagnose and treat illnesses, injuries and diseases. Surgeons also perform endoscopy, i.e., colonoscopy, gastroscopy and remove colonic polyps.
These specialists offer a type of care as well as a philosophy of care that focuses on the palliation of a chronically ill, terminally ill or seriously ill patient's pain and symptoms, and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs.
These physicians treat adults with chronic illnesses including diabetes, high blood pressure, emphysema and other pulmonary diseases. They also treat gastrointestinal tract diseases, liver disease, disease associated with stroke and some neurological diseases. They may perform a variety of procedures such as gastroscopy, proctoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy and pulmonary function studies. They are available for consulting in any of the above areas.
This physician provides and coordinates cancer treatment, including chemotherapy, other medical therapy or arrangement for surgery or radiation treatment.
This physician is skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system.
Obstetrician/Gynecologists are physicians who have the special knowledge and skills to provide medical and surgical care of the female reproductive system and associated disorders. They care for and treat women during pregnancy, in childbirth and after a baby is born. They also treat diseases of the genital tract in women, provide preventive cancer tests such as pap smears and breast exams, and diagnose and treat various infertility problems.
Ophthalmologists specialize in diagnosis as well as medical/surgical treatment of diseases of the eyes and related areas to include refractive defects of the eyes.
These physicians specialize in treatment of musculoskeletal problems which include injuries and diseases of the spine, bones and joints as well as the extremities, tendons, muscles and nerves. They are concerned with preserving and restoring the proper functioning of these areas of the body.
This physician specializes in the treatment of pain as a result of cancer, shingles, headaches, nerve injury, poor circulation, arthritis, disc disease and surgery. He also treats neck, back, arm, leg, facial and rib pain.
A multidisciplinary approach to specialized medical care for people with serious illnesses. It focuses on providing patients with relief from the symptoms, pain, physical stress, and mental stress of a serious illness—whatever the diagnosis.
Pathologists provide results of diagnostic examinations of tissue removed at surgery enabling the attending physician to properly treat patients. Tests are performed on various body fluids by the pathologist and the data are reported to the patient's physician to assist in proper treatment of the patient.
These specialists are associated with the develop-ment, care and treatment of childhood diseases from newborn to adolescence. They also deal with the pre-vention of childhood disease through administration of planned immunizations and well-baby/child check-ups.
Plastic surgeons offer comprehensive care for patients sustaining traumatic facial injuries, upper extremity and head injuries, and complex lower extremity injuries. They also treat congenital deformities including cleft lip and palate, craniofacial anomalies, congenital hand deformities, burn reconstruction, cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery and aesthetic surgery.
This physician is specially trained in diagnosing and treating mental illness. This practice includes treatment of depression, anxiety, nervous disorders, behavioral problems, substance abuse, eating disorders and psychotic disorders. A psychiatrist also is available for consultation and assistance for people that are being emotionally affected by chronic illness or losses.
A pulmonologist evaluates and treats all diseases of the lungs and respiratory system. This physician also performs pulmonary function studies and invasive diagnostic procedures, including bronchoscopy.
This physician provides cancer treatment by means of x-rays or radioactive substances.
Rheumatology is a subspecialty of internal medicine devoted to patient care in the areas of arthritis and autoimmune disease, which affect nearly 20 percent of the American population. There are more than 200 types of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, lupus, back pain, osteoporosis and tendinitis.
Radiologists are physicians who use radiant energy and substances to photograph parts of the body. The results aid physicians in diagnosing and treating medical conditions.
These physicians concern themselves with the scientific, clinical and surgical aspects of the urinary tract in both males and females. In addition, they treat diseases in the genital organs of men. Through routine visits, men and women can identify or stop at an early stage cancer of the kidney, bladder and other urologic organs, including the prostate in men.


2. "one of the ... most toxic space derelicts ever to crash to Earth"
I wonder what sort of toxicity is being referred to here.
The spacecraft does contain a few ounces of plutonium, which might be dispersed in the air, or it might survive the trip through the atmosphere and contaminate the land or water where the parts of the spacecraft end up.
There are also tons of ordinary liquid rocket fuel & oxidizer; these chemicals are often described as toxic, but they probably burned up in the atmosphere.


You can use any of the best steroids to get ripped.If your target is to build muscle mass, there are also steroids that you can use for this purpose.The first steroid that comes to mind when you think muscle building steroids is Dianabol. This steroid is anabolic and will promote muscle growth. Dianabol does not have a huge dose, as it is a rather potent steroid, best steroid to build muscle.Another popular steroid used to bulk up and gain muscle is Nandrolone, best steroid to build muscle. This steroid does not have a huge dose, since you can get a dose of 10mg every other day. However, the strength of this steroid, besides its high cost, is that this steroid is non-stimulatory and will not affect metabolism (like a high dose of other anabolic steroids), best steroid cycle for lean muscle gain. It is also non-irritating and will not increase your appetite or lead to weight gain, best steroids online forum.In this section I will introduce you to the most popular steroids with the most benefits and side effects, best steroids online forum.I hope by reading this section, you will be more motivated to use the steroids that you will see as a main part of gaining muscle mass, best steroids online forum. I have included some of the best steroids here, and most of them are very low cost.Before continuing, you should know the main reasons why taking steroids.It all starts with an overabundance of testosterone. Too much and the effects of steroids are much worse. In the body, overproduction of testosterone can cause a lot of issues in terms of libido, and in this section, I'll cover what causes this as well as some solutions that you can consider to get rid of this issue, to steroids muscle fast best build.This is the most obvious reason why you want to take the steroids, to steroids muscle fast best build. When you take these steroids your body would have a constant and unending flow of testosterone into the system, best steroids to get big quick. While many will say that this hormone is not an essential part of steroid metabolism, there was no way that it would be.The hormones that cause these effects are calledandThese hormones are responsible for producing testosterone. And while testosterone is the most common hormone produced during sex, both cortisol (stress hormone) and cortisol are also released during sex, and these cortisol hormones play an important role in libido and in keeping the body healthy, best steroids stack for lean muscle. In this section, I'll describe how you can reduce some of the stress and boost your sex drives.Cortisol and cortisol are both hormone that produce anabolism in the body. The main hormone that is released during anabolism, and in excess, is. A good supply of cortisol can help in enhancing the production of testosterone in the body, best steroids to build muscle fast.The biggest problem with over production of this hormone is that it decreases the body's production of other hormones, best steroids to build muscle fast.
Best steroid cycle for muscle gain
User: best steroid cycle to gain muscle and lose fat, best steroid for gaining muscle and cuttingfat, best for building muscle and for losing fat.Body composition: lean muscle-weight, fat-mass, muscle-percentage, best pill steroid to take.Mens body: arms-legs, legs-hands, abdomen-neck, thighs-shoulders, back-waist, body-fat%Women body: arms-legs, legs-hands, abs-back, thighs-shoulders, back-waist, body-fat%What is the best steroid cycle to gain muscle and get stronger, best steroid stacks for bulking?Here's a good question. The answer is: the best is best, are steroids for bodybuilding dangerous. This is because bodyweight (bodyweight, pounds) and bodyfat% (muscle-fat, grams) directly relate to bodyweight and bodyfat%, which in turn relate to strength and muscle gain, respectively.Bodyweight refers to the muscle-weight, or muscle-weight that you can see or use in the mirror, muscle for gain cycle best steroid. Bodyfat% refers to the bodyfat percentage a person is in: a percentage of body fat.What is the best steroid to lose fat, best steroids to build muscle and burn fat?The answer is: the best is best, top 5 steroids labs.Fats and Carbs (F/C) refers to the ratio of fats and carbs within a given caloric package. When people eat a high-calorie, high-fat or low-calorie intake, they often experience a decline in their bodyfat percentage, bodyfat% and weight gain. But what does this mean, anabolic steroids to lean out? The answer is: when you are eating food with a high to low proportion of calories that you can eat, these nutrients are most likely to be broken down into these F/C ratios (see Table 1), best steroid cycle for muscle gain. That's because it is very difficult or impossible to absorb F/C from food that is full of F/C. On the other hand, when you are eating food that is low in calories that is full of F/C, the F/C will be removed, what are the best cutting steroids.So how much F/C do you eat per day? That depends on your age, do oral steroids work for bodybuilding0. A normal adult bodyweight (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) is roughly 135 pounds. For comparison, a man who is six feet tall and weighs 270 pounds eats an average of about 4,800 calories per day – or about two and a half times per day that he would have consumed if he was an extremely lean person, or an extremely muscular person.
Bodybuilders rarely seek treatment when affected by steroid use, partly why data on steroid use in bodybuilding is scarce. Some of the most severe cases occur in those with low muscle mass such as those with bodybuilders who use very high dose testosterone injections or those with an inborn deficiency of testosterone such as dihydrotestosterone, a naturally-occurring "crisis" substance in certain athletes.Why Steroids Can Cause Hair LossThe main reason for using steroids as part of bodybuilding is the body's production of an enzyme that makes testosterone. The body can either convert testosterone directly into estrogen or it can convert it to dihydrotestosterone. The former is much higher in women and is the steroid that causes most of the side effects in women who use testosterone supplements.The reason dihydrotestosterone is so much higher in women than in men is because women have a genetic defect in converting testosterone to estradiol. Women who are already deficient will have very low estrogen levels even if they take the equivalent amount of testosterone in a day.Testosterone levels in women are actually about three times higher than they are in men. Testosterone and the male hormone estrogen will make a woman's natural breast tissue grow, but the female body has an enzyme that breaks down testosterone into estrogen. Most women don't ever experience signs or symptoms of sexual dysfunction as a result of the effects of the male hormone. This means that women are generally not prone to the physical side effects associated with using steroids. One of the more obvious ones is hair loss.Why it May HappenTestosterone, like its male counterpart, makes hair grow on the scalp and scalp hair is a valuable commodity due to our daily desire for it in the form of make-up. However, testosterone also causes hair loss on the scalp. If too much of the hormone (or its precursor) gets into hair follicles, a buildup of testosterone causes hair to fall out as well as eventually causing hair to come in and out throughout the day. This process can be likened to a domino effect: if the hormone is left too long in follicles, an explosion is likely.Tests that look for signs of damage to the prostate and to other hormones in the body will likely indicate damage to hair follicles, or that the level of one's hormones is higher than normal. Men who use steroids are also at heightened risk for certain breast cancers. Hair loss also tends to happen in men under the age of 55. The hair itself is fairly resilient, but the follicles that hold the male hormone are susceptible to damage from excessiveRelated Article:


Calgary is home to many birds, some of which can be a nuisance like pigeons, starlings, sparrows and magpies. Bird nests can clog gutters, downspouts and vents, and their acidic droppings can deface your home or business and harm your health.
Poulin’s Pest Control in Calgary carries a variety of deterrents to prevent birds from making your property home. However, relocating them may be the only option if the flock is large and resilient. Fortunately, our technicians specialize in humanely removing birds from your property. Contact us at our Calgary location today to learn more about our products and services.
4 signs you have a bird problem
Here are four telltale signs you have a bird infestation on your property.
- You notice large groups of birds. If you spot several birds hanging around your property, keep an eye on them. If their numbers increase, you may have a bird problem on your hands.
- You see excessive droppings. Large amounts of bird feces around your property are a clear sign of an infestation.
- You find feathers and nesting materials. If you have a bird problem, you may notice nesting materials like twigs, straw, leaves and feathers in your eaves and gutters. You may also see damage to these areas.
- You hear loud noises. Birds are noisy, especially in large numbers. Therefore, if you hear cries and shrieks that can’t be ignored, you may have a bird problem. Additionally, bird noises coming from inside your attic are a red flag.
The best way to prevent birds from nesting around your property is to be proactive by eliminating food and water sources, covering outdoor garbage containers, and sealing and repairing vents and openings.
You can also install effective and humane bird deterrents to prevent birds from being enticed by your property. At Poulin’s Pest Control in Calgary, we carry various bird control devices and deterrents, such as netting, spikes and electronic repellents.
Large flocks of birds aren’t only noisy and destructive; they’re unhygienic and pose health threats to humans and pets. Therefore, removal is often the best way to get rid of them and keep them away.
Once a Poulin’s technician determines that you have a bird problem, they’ll locate the nests and entry points. After that, they’ll remove nesting materials. Poulin’s Pest Control is committed to the humane treatment of animals. Therefore, we ensure no animals are harmed during our removal process.
The technician will then clear and clean any contaminated material, like droppings, which can pose serious health risks. To prevent future bird infestations, they’ll also screen and seal any entry points and install repellents.
Our technicians are trained to deal with the most challenging situations and will ensure your bird problem doesn’t come back.
Frequently Asked Questions:
1. If the birds aren’t causing damage, can they stay?
Even if you don’t see immediate damage to your property, birds carry diseases and parasites that can harm humans, pets and livestock. Their droppings can also damage your property and cause slips and falls. Therefore, it’s important to get rid of pest birds as soon as possible.
2. Can I remove pest birds on my own?
You can install bird repellants on your own. However, you should never attempt bird removal. Hiring a professional service like Poulin’s Pest Control to remove and relocate them will prevent the birds from being harmed and ensure regulatory restrictions are followed.
3. When are pest bird infestations most common?
In Calgary, pest birds often cause the most problems between April and August. However, some are active all year round.
Bird removal and control in Calgary
If you have a bird problem at your home or business, Poulin’s Pest Control team in Calgary can help. We carry a wide variety of bird deterrents and offer bird removal and control options to address seasonal bird activity in your area. We also provide proactive preventative maintenance plans to ensure long-term pest-free results. Contact us in Calgary today for expert advice or to book an inspection.


Join us in the upliftment and freedom of the Feather Tribe with this beautiful unique hand-carved Flower of Life Eagle Down Feather.
The Flower of Life is one of the basic sacred geometry shapes. The Flower of Life symbolizes creation and reminds us of the unity of everything.
In the stories of some cultures, the down feathers of an eagle were important gifts given by the bird to the hero. These powerful necklaces promote inner strength, growth and bravery.
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Introduction:-A neuron is an information-processing unit that is fundamental to the operation of a neural network. The model of a neuron, which forms the basis for designing neural networks. Here we identify three basic elements of the neuronal model:-
1. A set of synapses or connecting links, each of which is characterized by a weight or strength of its own. Specifically, a signal Xj a t the input of synapse j connected to neuron k is multiplied by the synaptic weight wkj" It is important to make a note of the manner in which the subscripts of the synap tic weight wkj are written. The first subscript refers to the neuron in ques tion and the second subscrip t refers to the input end of the synapse to which the weight refers. Unlike a synapse in the brain, the synaptic weight of an artificial neuron may lie in a range that includes negative as well as positive values.
2.An adder for summing the input signals, weighted by the respective synapses of the neuron; the operations described here constitute a linear combiner.
3. An activation function for limiting the amplitude of the output of a neuron. The activation function is also referred to as a squashing function in that it squashes the permissible amplitude range of the output signal to some finite value.
Typically, the normalized amplitude range of the output of a neuron is written as the closed unit interval [0, 1] or alternatively [- 1, 1]. The neuronal model also includes an externally applied bias, denoted by bk.The bias bk has the effect of increasing or lowering the net input of the activation function,depending on whether it is positive or negative, respectively.In mathematical terms, we may describe a neuron k by writing the following pair of equations:
Where the input signals are\are the synaptic weights of neuron k; Ukis the linear combiner output due to the input signals; bkis the bias;is the activation function; and Ykis the output signal of the neuron. The use of bias bkhas the effect of applying an affine transformation to the output Ukof the linear combiner depends on whether the bias bk is positive or negative, the relationshipbetween the induced local field or activation potential Vk of neuron k and the linear combiner output Uk is modified; hereafter the term "induced local field" is used. Note that as a result of this affine transformation, the graph of Vk versus Uk no longer passes through the origin.
The bias bk is an external parameter of artificial neuron k. We may account for its
In particular, depending on whether the bias bk is positive or negative, the relationship between the induced local field or activation potential Vkof neuron k and the linear combiner output Ukis modified in the manner; hereafter the term "induced local field" is used. Note that as a result of this affine transformation, the graph of Vkversus Ukno longer passes through the origin. The bias bkis an external parameter of artificial neuron k. We may account for its presence as in Eq. (1.2). Equivalently, we may formulate the combination of Eqs. (1.1)to (1.3) as follows:
In Eq. (1.4) we have added a new synapse. Its input is
And its weight is,


As autumn gives way to winter here are a few autumnal photos taken around the park in early November.
If you have any photos of interest to park visitors please do send them to us for display here.
(Pictures courtesy of Will Davis/Mike Davis)
Some pictures taken on a recent walk across the western side of the park. It’s currently closed to the public, but the friends group leads guided walks that take in the western half of the park, usually monthly. Contact us to book a place, the walk also includes a visit to the Great Oak.
Pictures by Will Davis.
An early morning mist across the park on November 1st, by Rab Harley:


Let's grow up some fishes in the sea. You can play up to three player and eat fishes in the sea. Try to grow up your fish as much as you can and try to get the highest score you can.
Move: "ARROW KEYS"
Move: "MOUSE" and "LEFT-CLICK"


Device quantity: 22 sets
Project introduction: A large number of lotus tanks are placed underwater on the surface of Beijing Houhai Lake. In order to prevent the large porcelain tanks from freezing and cracking underwater in winter, 22 sets of MDD are installed along the west coast to prevent freezing on the water surface. Up to ten of thousands of square meters. Due to the arrival of wild animals, a large number of citizens are attracted to stop and visit.


An experimental study is performed to measure the terminal settling velocities of spherical particles in surfactant based shear thinning viscoelastic (VES) fluids. The measurements are made for particles settling in unbounded fluids and fluids between parallel walls. VES fluids over a wide range of rheological properties are prepared and rheologically characterized. The rheological characterization involves steady shear-viscosity and dynamic oscillatory-shear measurements to quantify the viscous and elastic properties respectively. The settling velocities under unbounded conditions are measured in beakers having diameters at least 25x the diameter of particles. For measuring settling velocities between parallel walls, two experimental cells with different wall spacing are constructed. Spherical particles of varying sizes are gently dropped in the fluids and allowed to settle. The process is recorded with a high resolution video camera and the trajectory of the particle is recorded using image analysis software. Terminal settling velocities are calculated from the data.
The impact of elasticity on settling velocity in unbounded fluids is quantified by comparing the experimental settling velocity to the settling velocity calculated by the inelastic drag predictions of Renaud et al.1 Results show that elasticity of fluids can increase or decrease the settling velocity. The magnitude of reduction/increase is a function of the rheological properties of the fluids and properties of particles. Confining walls are observed to cause a retardation effect on settling and the retardation is measured in terms of wall factors.
22 Related JoVE Articles!
Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Institutions: The University of Chicago, The University of Chicago, Yale University.
In the field of fluid mechanics, many dynamical processes not only occur over a very short time interval but also require high spatial resolution for detailed observation, scenarios that make it challenging to observe with conventional imaging systems. One of these is the drop impact of liquids, which usually happens within one tenth of millisecond. To tackle this challenge, a fast imaging technique is introduced that combines a high-speed camera (capable of up to one million frames per second) with a macro lens with long working distance to bring the spatial resolution of the image down to 10 µm/pixel. The imaging technique enables precise measurement of relevant fluid dynamic quantities, such as the flow field, the spreading distance and the splashing speed, from analysis of the recorded video. To demonstrate the capabilities of this visualization system, the impact dynamics when droplets of non-Newtonian fluids impinge on a flat hard surface are characterized. Two situations are considered: for oxidized liquid metal droplets we focus on the spreading behavior, and for densely packed suspensions we determine the onset of splashing. More generally, the combination of high temporal and spatial imaging resolution introduced here offers advantages for studying fast dynamics across a wide range of microscale phenomena.
Physics, Issue 85, fluid mechanics, fast camera, dense suspension, liquid metal, drop impact, splashing
Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations
Institutions: Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Wuhan University of China, Washington University in St. Louis.
Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1
. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently than plants3
, but also synthesize advanced biofuels2-4
. Generally, atmospheric CO2
is not a sufficient source for supporting maximal algal growth5
. On the other hand, the high concentrations of CO2
in industrial exhaust gases have adverse effects on algal physiology. Consequently, both cultivation conditions (such as nutrients and light) and the control of the flue gas flow into the photo-bioreactors are important to develop an efficient “flue gas to algae” system. Researchers have proposed different photobioreactor configurations4,6
and cultivation strategies7,8
with flue gas. Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates how to use models to predict the microalgal growth in response to flue gas settings. We perform both experimental illustration and model simulations to determine the favorable conditions for algal growth with flue gas. We develop a Monod-based model coupled with mass transfer and light intensity equations to simulate the microalgal growth in a homogenous photo-bioreactor. The model simulation compares algal growth and flue gas consumptions under different flue-gas settings. The model illustrates: 1) how algal growth is influenced by different volumetric mass transfer coefficients of CO2
; 2) how we can find optimal CO2
concentration for algal growth via the dynamic optimization approach (DOA); 3) how we can design a rectangular on-off flue gas pulse to promote algal biomass growth and to reduce the usage of flue gas. On the experimental side, we present a protocol for growing Chlorella
under the flue gas (generated by natural gas combustion). The experimental results qualitatively validate the model predictions that the high frequency flue gas pulses can significantly improve algal cultivation.
Environmental Sciences, Issue 80, Microbiology, Cellular Biology, Marine Biology, Primary Cell Culture, Chlorella, CO2, mass transfer, Monod model, On-off pulse, Simulink
High Speed Droplet-based Delivery System for Passive Pumping in Microfluidic Devices
Institutions: University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
A novel microfluidic system has been developed that uses the phenomenon of passive pumping along with a user controlled droplet based fluid delivery system. Passive pumping is the phenomenon by which surface tension induced pressure differences drive fluid movement in closed channels. The automated fluid delivery system consists of a set of voltage controlled valves with micro-nozzles connected to a fluid reservoir and a control system. These voltage controlled valves offer a volumetrically precise way to deliver fluid droplets to the inlet of a microfluidic device in a high frequency manner. Based on the dimensions demonstrated in the current study example, the system is capable of flowing 4 milliliters per minute (through a 2.2mm by 260um cross-sectional channel). Based on these same channel dimensions, fluid exchange of a point inside the channel can be achieved in as little as eight milliseconds. It is observed that there is interplay between momentum of the system (imparted by a combination of the droplets created by the valves and the fluid velocity in the channel), and the surface tension of the liquid. Where momentum provides velocity to the fluid flow (or vice-versa), equilibration of surface tension at the inlet provides a sudden stop to any flow. This sudden stop allows the user to control the flow characteristics of the channel and opens the door for a variety of biological applications, ranging anywhere from reagent delivery to drug-cell studies. It is also observed that when nozzles are aimed at the inlet at shallow angles, the droplet momentum can cause additional interesting fluid phenomena, such as mixing of multiple droplets in the inlet.
Biomedical Engineering, Issue 31, automated, passive pumping, microfluidic device, high speed, high flow rate
Measuring the Kinetics of mRNA Transcription in Single Living Cells
Institutions: Bar-Ilan University.
The transcriptional activity of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a dynamic process and therefore measuring the kinetics of the transcriptional process in vivo
is of importance. Pol II kinetics have been measured using biochemical or molecular methods.1-3
In recent years, with the development of new visualization methods, it has become possible to follow transcription as it occurs in real time in single living cells.4
Herein we describe how to perform analysis of Pol II elongation kinetics on a specific gene in living cells.5, 6
Using a cell line in which a specific gene locus (DNA), its mRNA product, and the final protein product can be fluorescently labeled and visualized in vivo
, it is possible to detect the actual transcription of mRNAs on the gene of interest.7, 8
The mRNA is fluorescently tagged using the MS2 system for tagging mRNAs in vivo
, where the 3'UTR of the mRNA transcripts contain 24 MS2 stem-loop repeats, which provide highly specific binding sites for the YFP-MS2 coat protein that labels the mRNA as it is transcribed.9
To monitor the kinetics of transcription we use the Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) method. By photobleaching the YFP-MS2-tagged nascent transcripts at the site of transcription and then following the recovery of this signal over time, we obtain the synthesis rate of the newly made mRNAs.5
In other words, YFP-MS2 fluorescence recovery reflects the generation of new MS2 stem-loops in the nascent transcripts and their binding by fluorescent free YFP-MS2 molecules entering from the surrounding nucleoplasm. The FRAP recovery curves are then analyzed using mathematical mechanistic models formalized by a series of differential equations, in order to retrieve the kinetic time parameters of transcription.
Cell Biology, Issue 54, mRNA transcription, nucleus, live-cell imaging, cellular dynamics, FRAP
Designing Silk-silk Protein Alloy Materials for Biomedical Applications
Institutions: Rowan University, Rowan University, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Rowan University.
Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, nanomedicine, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Designing materials based on the molecular-scale interactions between these proteins will help generate new multifunctional protein alloy biomaterials with tunable properties. Such alloy material systems also provide advantages in comparison to traditional synthetic polymers due to the materials biodegradability, biocompatibility, and tenability in the body. This article used the protein blends of wild tussah silk (Antheraea pernyi
) and domestic mulberry silk (Bombyx mori
) as an example to provide useful protocols regarding these topics, including how to predict protein-protein interactions by computational methods, how to produce protein alloy solutions, how to verify alloy systems by thermal analysis, and how to fabricate variable alloy materials including optical materials with diffraction gratings, electric materials with circuits coatings, and pharmaceutical materials for drug release and delivery. These methods can provide important information for designing the next generation multifunctional biomaterials based on different protein alloys.
Bioengineering, Issue 90, protein alloys, biomaterials, biomedical, silk blends, computational simulation, implantable electronic devices
A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology
Institutions: University of Ottawa, University of Ottawa, University of Calgary, University of Ottawa, University of Ottawa.
Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have contributed dramatically to the understanding of basic mechanobiology. These techniques have been extensively used to demonstrate how the onset and progression of various diseases are heavily influenced by mechanical cues. This article presents a multi-functional biaxial stretching (BAXS) platform that can either mechanically stimulate single cells or quantify the mechanical stiffness of tissues. The BAXS platform consists of four voice coil motors that can be controlled independently. Single cells can be cultured on a flexible substrate that can be attached to the motors allowing one to expose the cells to complex, dynamic, and spatially varying strain fields. Conversely, by incorporating a force load cell, one can also quantify the mechanical properties of primary tissues as they are exposed to deformation cycles. In both cases, a proper set of clamps must be designed and mounted to the BAXS platform motors in order to firmly hold the flexible substrate or the tissue of interest. The BAXS platform can be mounted on an inverted microscope to perform simultaneous transmitted light and/or fluorescence imaging to examine the structural or biochemical response of the sample during stretching experiments. This article provides experimental details of the design and usage of the BAXS platform and presents results for single cell and whole tissue studies. The BAXS platform was used to measure the deformation of nuclei in single mouse myoblast cells in response to substrate strain and to measure the stiffness of isolated mouse aortas. The BAXS platform is a versatile tool that can be combined with various optical microscopies in order to provide novel mechanobiological insights at the sub-cellular, cellular and whole tissue levels.
Bioengineering, Issue 88, cell stretching, tissue mechanics, nuclear mechanics, uniaxial, biaxial, anisotropic, mechanobiology
Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
Institutions: University of Houston.
The behavior of confined colloidal suspensions with attractive interparticle interactions is critical to the rational design of materials for directed assembly1-3
, drug delivery4
, improved hydrocarbon recovery5-7
, and flowable electrodes for energy storage8
. Suspensions containing fluorescent colloids and non-adsorbing polymers are appealing model systems, as the ratio of the polymer radius of gyration to the particle radius and concentration of polymer control the range and strength of the interparticle attraction, respectively. By tuning the polymer properties and the volume fraction of the colloids, colloid fluids, fluids of clusters, gels, crystals, and glasses can be obtained9
. Confocal microscopy, a variant of fluorescence microscopy, allows an optically transparent and fluorescent sample to be imaged with high spatial and temporal resolution in three dimensions. In this technique, a small pinhole or slit blocks the emitted fluorescent light from regions of the sample that are outside the focal volume of the microscope optical system. As a result, only a thin section of the sample in the focal plane is imaged. This technique is particularly well suited to probe the structure and dynamics in dense colloidal suspensions at the single-particle scale: the particles are large enough to be resolved using visible light and diffuse slowly enough to be captured at typical scan speeds of commercial confocal systems10
. Improvements in scan speeds and analysis algorithms have also enabled quantitative confocal imaging of flowing suspensions11-16,37
. In this paper, we demonstrate confocal microscopy experiments to probe the confined phase behavior and flow properties of colloid-polymer mixtures. We first prepare colloid-polymer mixtures that are density- and refractive-index matched. Next, we report a standard protocol for imaging quiescent dense colloid-polymer mixtures under varying confinement in thin wedge-shaped cells. Finally, we demonstrate a protocol for imaging colloid-polymer mixtures during microchannel flow.
Chemistry, Issue 87, confocal microscopy, particle tracking, colloids, suspensions, confinement, gelation, microfluidics, image correlation, dynamics, suspension flow
Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque
Institutions: Delft University of Technology.
Single-molecule techniques make it possible to investigate the behavior of individual biological molecules in solution in real time. These techniques include so-called force spectroscopy approaches such as atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, flow stretching, and magnetic tweezers. Amongst these approaches, magnetic tweezers have distinguished themselves by their ability to apply torque while maintaining a constant stretching force. Here, it is illustrated how such a “conventional” magnetic tweezers experimental configuration can, through a straightforward modification of its field configuration to minimize the magnitude of the transverse field, be adapted to measure the degree of twist in a biological molecule. The resulting configuration is termed the freely-orbiting magnetic tweezers. Additionally, it is shown how further modification of the field configuration can yield a transverse field with a magnitude intermediate between that of the “conventional” magnetic tweezers and the freely-orbiting magnetic tweezers, which makes it possible to directly measure the torque stored in a biological molecule. This configuration is termed the magnetic torque tweezers. The accompanying video explains in detail how the conversion of conventional magnetic tweezers into freely-orbiting magnetic tweezers and magnetic torque tweezers can be accomplished, and demonstrates the use of these techniques. These adaptations maintain all the strengths of conventional magnetic tweezers while greatly expanding the versatility of this powerful instrument.
Bioengineering, Issue 87, magnetic tweezers, magnetic torque tweezers, freely-orbiting magnetic tweezers, twist, torque, DNA, single-molecule techniques
High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces
Institutions: University of Michigan.
Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data.
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (> 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.
Physics, Issue 76, Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics, flow measurement, fluid heat transfer, internal flow in turbomachinery (applications), boundary layer flow (general), flow visualization (instrumentation), laser instruments (design and operation), Boundary layer, micro-PIV, optical laser diagnostics, internal combustion engines, flow, fluids, particle, velocimetry, visualization
Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Institutions: University of California, Davis, Procter & Gamble Company.
Mixing is a unit operation that combines two or more components into a homogeneous mixture. This work involves mixing two viscous liquid streams using an in-line static mixer. The mixer is a split-and-recombine design that employs shear and extensional flow to increase the interfacial contact between the components. A prototype split-and-recombine (SAR) mixer was constructed by aligning a series of thin laser-cut Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plates held in place in a PVC pipe. Mixing in this device is illustrated in the photograph in Fig. 1
. Red dye was added to a portion of the test fluid and used as the minor component being mixed into the major (undyed) component. At the inlet of the mixer, the injected layer of tracer fluid is split into two layers as it flows through the mixing section. On each subsequent mixing section, the number of horizontal layers is duplicated. Ultimately, the single stream of dye is uniformly dispersed throughout the cross section of the device.
Using a non-Newtonian test fluid of 0.2% Carbopol and a doped tracer fluid of similar composition, mixing in the unit is visualized using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is a very powerful experimental probe of molecular chemical and physical environment as well as sample structure on the length scales from microns to centimeters. This sensitivity has resulted in broad application of these techniques to characterize physical, chemical and/or biological properties of materials ranging from humans to foods to porous media 1, 2
. The equipment and conditions used here are suitable for imaging liquids containing substantial amounts of NMR mobile 1
H such as ordinary water and organic liquids including oils. Traditionally MRI has utilized super conducting magnets which are not suitable for industrial environments and not portable within a laboratory (Fig. 2
). Recent advances in magnet technology have permitted the construction of large volume industrially compatible magnets suitable for imaging process flows. Here, MRI provides spatially resolved component concentrations at different axial locations during the mixing process. This work documents real-time mixing of highly viscous fluids via distributive mixing with an application to personal care products.
Biophysics, Issue 59, Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, mixing, rheology, static mixer, split-and-recombine mix
Micro-particle Image Velocimetry for Velocity Profile Measurements of Micro Blood Flows
Institutions: University of Ottawa , University of Ottawa.
Micro-particle image velocimetry (μPIV) is used to visualize paired images of micro particles seeded in blood flows. The images are cross-correlated to give an accurate velocity profile. A protocol is presented for μPIV measurements of blood flows in microchannels. At the scale of the microcirculation, blood cannot be considered a homogeneous fluid, as it is a suspension of flexible particles suspended in plasma, a Newtonian fluid. Shear rate, maximum velocity, velocity profile shape, and flow rate can be derived from these measurements. Several key parameters such as focal depth, particle concentration, and system compliance, are presented in order to ensure accurate, useful data along with examples and representative results for various hematocrits and flow conditions.
Bioengineering, Issue 74, Biophysics, Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Hematology, Blood Physiological Phenomena, Hemorheology, Hematocrit, flow characteristics, flow measurement, flow visualization, rheology, Red blood cells, cross correlation, micro blood flows, microfluidics, microhemorheology, microcirculation, velocimetry, visualization, imaging
Characterization of Complex Systems Using the Design of Experiments Approach: Transient Protein Expression in Tobacco as a Case Study
Institutions: RWTH Aachen University, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft.
Plants provide multiple benefits for the production of biopharmaceuticals including low costs, scalability, and safety. Transient expression offers the additional advantage of short development and production times, but expression levels can vary significantly between batches thus giving rise to regulatory concerns in the context of good manufacturing practice. We used a design of experiments (DoE) approach to determine the impact of major factors such as regulatory elements in the expression construct, plant growth and development parameters, and the incubation conditions during expression, on the variability of expression between batches. We tested plants expressing a model anti-HIV monoclonal antibody (2G12) and a fluorescent marker protein (DsRed). We discuss the rationale for selecting certain properties of the model and identify its potential limitations. The general approach can easily be transferred to other problems because the principles of the model are broadly applicable: knowledge-based parameter selection, complexity reduction by splitting the initial problem into smaller modules, software-guided setup of optimal experiment combinations and step-wise design augmentation. Therefore, the methodology is not only useful for characterizing protein expression in plants but also for the investigation of other complex systems lacking a mechanistic description. The predictive equations describing the interconnectivity between parameters can be used to establish mechanistic models for other complex systems.
Bioengineering, Issue 83, design of experiments (DoE), transient protein expression, plant-derived biopharmaceuticals, promoter, 5'UTR, fluorescent reporter protein, model building, incubation conditions, monoclonal antibody
Nanomechanics of Drug-target Interactions and Antibacterial Resistance Detection
Institutions: University College London.
The cantilever sensor, which acts as a transducer of reactions between model bacterial cell wall matrix immobilized on its surface and antibiotic drugs in solution, has shown considerable potential in biochemical sensing applications with unprecedented sensitivity and specificity1-5
. The drug-target interactions generate surface stress, causing the cantilever to bend, and the signal can be analyzed optically when it is illuminated by a laser. The change in surface stress measured with nano-scale precision allows disruptions of the biomechanics of model bacterial cell wall targets to be tracked in real time. Despite offering considerable advantages, multiple cantilever sensor arrays have never been applied in quantifying drug-target binding interactions.
Here, we report on the use of silicon multiple cantilever arrays coated with alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers mimicking bacterial cell wall matrix to quantitatively study antibiotic binding interactions. To understand the impact of vancomycin on the mechanics of bacterial cell wall structures1,6,7
. We developed a new model1
which proposes that cantilever bending can be described by two independent factors; i) namely a chemical factor, which is given by a classical Langmuir adsorption isotherm, from which we calculate the thermodynamic equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd
) and ii) a geometrical factor, essentially a measure of how bacterial peptide receptors are distributed on the cantilever surface. The surface distribution of peptide receptors (p
) is used to investigate the dependence of geometry and ligand loading. It is shown that a threshold value of p ~
10% is critical to sensing applications. Below which there is no detectable bending signal while above this value, the bending signal increases almost linearly, revealing that stress is a product of a local chemical binding factor and a geometrical factor combined by the mechanical connectivity of reacted regions and provides a new paradigm for design of powerful agents to combat superbug infections.
Immunology, Issue 80, Engineering, Technology, Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures, Early Diagnosis, Bacterial Infections and Mycoses, Lipids, Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, Chemical Actions and Uses, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, Surface stress, vancomycin, mucopeptides, cantilever sensor
Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications
Institutions: Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) suffer from intrinsic low sensitivity because even strong external magnetic fields of ~10 T generate only a small detectable net-magnetization of the sample at room temperature 1
. Hence, most NMR and MRI applications rely on the detection of molecules at relative high concentration (e.g.
, water for imaging of biological tissue) or require excessive acquisition times. This limits our ability to exploit the very useful molecular specificity of NMR signals for many biochemical and medical applications. However, novel approaches have emerged in the past few years: Manipulation of the detected spin species prior to detection inside the NMR/MRI magnet can dramatically increase the magnetization and therefore allows detection of molecules at much lower concentration 2
Here, we present a method for polarization of a xenon gas mixture (2-5% Xe, 10% N2
, He balance) in a compact setup with a ca. 16000-fold signal enhancement. Modern line-narrowed diode lasers allow efficient polarization 7
and immediate use of gas mixture even if the noble gas is not separated from the other components. The SEOP apparatus is explained and determination of the achieved spin polarization is demonstrated for performance control of the method.
The hyperpolarized gas can be used for void space imaging, including gas flow imaging or diffusion studies at the interfaces with other materials 8,9
. Moreover, the Xe NMR signal is extremely sensitive to its molecular environment 6
. This enables the option to use it as an NMR/MRI contrast agent when dissolved in aqueous solution with functionalized molecular hosts that temporarily trap the gas 10,11
. Direct detection and high-sensitivity indirect detection of such constructs is demonstrated in both spectroscopic and imaging mode.
Physics, Issue 67, NMR, MRI, hyperpolarization, optical pumping, SEOP, xenon, molecular imaging, biosensor
Using Insect Electroantennogram Sensors on Autonomous Robots for Olfactory Searches
Institutions: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Institut Pasteur.
Robots designed to track chemical leaks in hazardous industrial facilities1
or explosive traces in landmine fields2
face the same problem as insects foraging for food or searching for mates3
: the olfactory search is constrained by the physics of turbulent transport4
. The concentration landscape of wind borne odors is discontinuous and consists of sporadically located patches. A pre-requisite to olfactory search is that intermittent odor patches are detected. Because of its high speed and sensitivity5-6
, the olfactory organ of insects provides a unique opportunity for detection. Insect antennae have been used in the past to detect not only sex pheromones7
but also chemicals that are relevant to humans, e.g.
, volatile compounds emanating from cancer cells8
or toxic and illicit substances9-11
. We describe here a protocol for using insect antennae on autonomous robots and present a proof of concept for tracking odor plumes to their source. The global response of olfactory neurons is recorded in situ
in the form of electroantennograms (EAGs). Our experimental design, based on a whole insect preparation, allows stable recordings within a working day. In comparison, EAGs on excised antennae have a lifetime of 2 hr. A custom hardware/software interface was developed between the EAG electrodes and a robot. The measurement system resolves individual odor patches up to 10 Hz, which exceeds the time scale of artificial chemical sensors12
. The efficiency of EAG sensors for olfactory searches is further demonstrated in driving the robot toward a source of pheromone. By using identical olfactory stimuli and sensors as in real animals, our robotic platform provides a direct means for testing biological hypotheses about olfactory coding and search strategies13
. It may also prove beneficial for detecting other odorants of interests by combining EAGs from different insect species in a bioelectronic nose configuration14
or using nanostructured gas sensors that mimic insect antennae15
Neuroscience, Issue 90, robotics, electroantennogram, EAG, gas sensor, electronic nose, olfactory search, surge and casting, moth, insect, olfaction, neuron
Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises
Institutions: University of Kentucky, University of Toronto.
The purpose of this report is to help develop an understanding of the effects caused by ion gradients across a biological membrane. Two aspects that influence a cell's membrane potential and which we address in these experiments are: (1) Ion concentration of K+
on the outside of the membrane, and (2) the permeability of the membrane to specific ions. The crayfish abdominal extensor muscles are in groupings with some being tonic (slow) and others phasic (fast) in their biochemical and physiological phenotypes, as well as in their structure; the motor neurons that innervate these muscles are correspondingly different in functional characteristics. We use these muscles as well as the superficial, tonic abdominal flexor muscle to demonstrate properties in synaptic transmission. In addition, we introduce a sensory-CNS-motor neuron-muscle circuit to demonstrate the effect of cuticular sensory stimulation as well as the influence of neuromodulators on certain aspects of the circuit. With the techniques obtained in this exercise, one can begin to answer many questions remaining in other experimental preparations as well as in physiological applications related to medicine and health. We have demonstrated the usefulness of model invertebrate preparations to address fundamental questions pertinent to all animals.
Neuroscience, Issue 47, Invertebrate, Crayfish, neurophysiology, muscle, anatomy, electrophysiology
Determination of Protein-ligand Interactions Using Differential Scanning Fluorimetry
Institutions: University of Exeter.
A wide range of methods are currently available for determining the dissociation constant between a protein and interacting small molecules. However, most of these require access to specialist equipment, and often require a degree of expertise to effectively establish reliable experiments and analyze data. Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is being increasingly used as a robust method for initial screening of proteins for interacting small molecules, either for identifying physiological partners or for hit discovery. This technique has the advantage that it requires only a PCR machine suitable for quantitative PCR, and so suitable instrumentation is available in most institutions; an excellent range of protocols are already available; and there are strong precedents in the literature for multiple uses of the method. Past work has proposed several means of calculating dissociation constants from DSF data, but these are mathematically demanding. Here, we demonstrate a method for estimating dissociation constants from a moderate amount of DSF experimental data. These data can typically be collected and analyzed within a single day. We demonstrate how different models can be used to fit data collected from simple binding events, and where cooperative binding or independent binding sites are present. Finally, we present an example of data analysis in a case where standard models do not apply. These methods are illustrated with data collected on commercially available control proteins, and two proteins from our research program. Overall, our method provides a straightforward way for researchers to rapidly gain further insight into protein-ligand interactions using DSF.
Biophysics, Issue 91, differential scanning fluorimetry, dissociation constant, protein-ligand interactions, StepOne, cooperativity, WcbI.
The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids
Institutions: Wetsus - Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, IRCAM GmbH, Graz University of Technology.
Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g.
, water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.
Physics, Issue 91, floating water bridge, polar dielectric liquids, liquid bridge, electrohydrodynamics, thermography, dielectrophoresis, electrowetting, Sumoto effect, Armstrong effect
The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology
Institutions: New York University .
Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated including macromolecular synthesis, metabolism and ultimately, commitment to the cell division cycle. The chemostat, a method of experimentally controlling cell growth rate, provides a powerful means of systematically studying how growth rate impacts cellular processes - including gene expression and metabolism - and the regulatory networks that control the rate of cell growth. When maintained for hundreds of generations chemostats can be used to study adaptive evolution of microbes in environmental conditions that limit cell growth. We describe the principle of chemostat cultures, demonstrate their operation and provide examples of their various applications. Following a period of disuse after their introduction in the middle of the twentieth century, the convergence of genome-scale methodologies with a renewed interest in the regulation of cell growth and the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is stimulating a renaissance in the use of chemostats in biological research.
Environmental Sciences, Issue 80, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Molecular Biology, Computational Biology, Systems Biology, Cell Biology, Genetics, Environmental Microbiology, Biochemistry, Chemostat, growth-rate, steady state, nutrient limitation, adaptive evolution
Stretching Micropatterned Cells on a PDMS Membrane
Institutions: Institut Curie.
Mechanical forces exerted on cells and/or tissues play a major role in numerous processes. We have developed a device to stretch cells plated on a PolyDiMethylSiloxane (PDMS) membrane, compatible with imaging. This technique is reproducible and versatile. The PDMS membrane can be micropatterned in order to confine cells or tissues to a specific geometry. The first step is to print micropatterns onto the PDMS membrane with a deep UV technique. The PDMS membrane is then mounted on a mechanical stretcher. A chamber is bound on top of the membrane with biocompatible grease to allow gliding during the stretch. The cells are seeded and allowed to spread for several hours on the micropatterns. The sample can be stretched and unstretched multiple times with the use of a micrometric screw. It takes less than a minute to apply the stretch to its full extent (around 30%). The technique presented here does not include a motorized device, which is necessary for applying repeated stretch cycles quickly and/or computer controlled stretching, but this can be implemented. Stretching of cells or tissue can be of interest for questions related to cell forces, cell response to mechanical stress or tissue morphogenesis. This video presentation will show how to avoid typical problems that might arise when doing this type of seemingly simple experiment.
Bioengineering, Issue 83, micropatterns, stretching, forces, PDMS, microscopy, polarity, mechanical forces
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy
Institutions: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA).
Phase-contrast microscopy is often used to produce contrast for transparent, non light-absorbing, biological specimens. The technique was discovered by Zernike, in 1942, who received the Nobel prize for his achievement. DIC microscopy, introduced in the late 1960s, has been popular in biomedical research because it highlights edges of specimen structural detail, provides high-resolution optical sections of thick specimens including tissue cells, eggs, and embryos and does not suffer from the phase halos typical of phase-contrast images. This protocol highlights the principles and practical applications of these microscopy techniques.
Basic protocols, Issue 18, Current Protocols Wiley, Microscopy, Phase Contrast, Difference Interference Contrast
Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts
Institutions: Emory University.
Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.
Cellular Biology, Issue 18, Current Protocols Wiley, Xenopus laevis, Egg Extracts, Density Gradient Centrifugation, Light Membrane Fraction, Nuclear Fraction


May 25, 2023
Dozens of state parks in Pennsylvania are again providing free sunscreen this summer in an effort aimed at reducing new skin cancer cases.
Sunscreen dispensers are installed at the beaches and swimming pools of 46 parks, including several within a 90-minute drive of Philadelphia. Beginning Saturday, they will be stocked with 30+ SPF BrightGuard sunscreen to keep visitors shielded from ultraviolet rays while they're having fun under the sun. People are encouraged to use the sunscreen before swimming, boating or enjoying other recreational activities.
Thirteen state parks have been added to the program this year, including Ridley Creek in Delaware County and a pair in Bucks County – Tyler and Ralph Stover. Four other parks in the Philadelphia suburbs are participating again: Neshaminy and Nockamixon in Bucks County, and French Creek and Marsh Creek in Chester County.
Some of the parks were chosen for the program, which started in 2017, because they are located in counties with high melanoma rates; others were selected to highlight their free, outdoor recreational opportunities.
"As the weather warms, it is critical people take the necessary steps to protect themselves from potentially harmful ultraviolet rays when spending extended time outdoors," said Cindy Adams Dunn, secretary of the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. "I encourage all Pennsylvanians to make sunscreen a part of their outdoors routine to ensure a fun and safe summer."
Each of the state parks participating in the program can be found on the map below. For more information about special programming and amenities at each park, visit the DCNR's website.
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States, according to the American Academy of Dermatology. It's estimated that 1 in 5 Americans develop skin cancer at some point in their lives, with about 8,500 people diagnosed each day. Precautionary measures can reduce the risk.
Daily application of a sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher provides protection from harmful ultraviolet rays in addition to preventing premature skin aging, wrinkles and dark spots caused by unprotected UV exposure, according to the AAD.
The AAD also recommends people seek shade between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. each day, wear sun-protective, lightweight clothing, avoid tanning beds and use extra caution near water, sand and snow, as they reflect the sun's UV rays and can increase the risk of developing sunburn.
There are three major types of skin cancer: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Their initial symptoms generally include skin irregularities like bumps, lesions and sores anywhere on the body, according to the Mayo Clinic. Rarer skin cancers can cause red or purple patches on the skin or shiny, firm nodules just beneath the skin.
Though not all skin irregularities are caused by cancer, the Mayo Clinic urges people to seek medical attention if they notice something new or painful on their skin. The risk of developing skin cancer increases with age, but it is also one of the most common cancers among young adults, according to the American Cancer Society.
Pennsylvania officials estimate the state's free sunscreen program will benefit 2.6 million visitors this summer. The program is sustained by a cancer prevention fund from the Department of Health. Officials from the DCNR seek out partnerships with local health departments and nonprofits to cover future costs and expand the program to more parts of the state.


These numbers don't change thier value even if we look at it upside down !
11, 69 and 88 are the numbers which can be read same even if you turned them upside down. - Ulhas Shinde
What are the answers to all these clues and what do those answers have in common?
What do all the animals in group 1 have in common that is different from the animals in group 2?


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