There was blueberries for everyone.
-pg. 318, Wagon Trails to Hardtop
The historical perspectives offered in this exhibit have been gleaned from the history books compiled in the past by our local historical societies, namely Wagon Trails to Hardtop, Land of the Lakes, and From Pioneers to Progress. Therefore, these perspectives have been provided by the early European settlers of this region, often by the mothers, daughters, and granddaughters that came before us. Sometimes by the first person in a family to settle, sometimes by someone in the next generation. So, it is necessary to consider some of the information presented through that lens. In this exhibit, we invite you to consider the land we live on, the plants that grow on it, and how this has changed over time.
This land that is being covered, Lacombe County, exists in Treaty 6 territory. We invite all guests to read Treaty 6 and learn more about what it means to be treaty people. This land also resides in Métis Nation Region 3. This land is the traditional territory of plains peoples. Of the Nêhiyaw, Métis, Niitsítpiis-stahkoii, Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, and Tsuu T’ina peoples. The county contains sites of great significance to First Nations and Métis peoples as well as important historical travel and trade routes. First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples have traveled, traded, told stories, and had relations on this land for millennia. A connection to the land is also a connection to the plants, and animals, that live here.
Native-lands.ca Interactive Map
With the interactive map from Native-Lands, you can explore in more detail the traditional territories that you reside on. The map can be filtered by: territories, languages, and treaties. To add modern-day political boundaries and settlements to the map click “Settler Labels” at the bottom right.
The land that is talked about throughout this exhibit is Lacombe County. This is a large, and diverse area. To the east this land touches the shores of Buffalo Lake, to the south the border touches the north shores of the Red Deer and Blindman Rivers, as well as Sylvan Lake. Westward the county stretches just past the Medicine Lodge Hills. And to the north the county generally lies south of township 42 while also hugging the shores of Gull Lake.
If you were to drive across the county much of the land would be similar in appearance as the entire county lies within the Central Parkland Region, but such a large area is definitely not uniform. If you began in the west, you would see large stretches of farm land that will become extremely familiar throughout your drive.
Open fields would stretch out in all directions, but as you drive east the land would make a dramatic change as you approach the Medicine Lodge Hills which reach elevations of just over 1000 meters. The peaks of these hills can be seen from great distances in all directions. The land around the hills gives a brief break from vast sections of farmlands and reminds of the wilderness that once covered this particular area. To the south you might see the shimmer of the shores of Sylvan Lake. You will cross the Blindman River, and pass Bentley, before you need to peek through the trees lining its shores to get a glimpse of Gull Lake. The straight stretch of Highway Twelve will let you see Lacombe for some time before you drive through. Taking this relatively straight route on Highway Twelve will mean you miss the well treed shores of Lacombe Lake, the long, narrow length of Blackfalds Lake cut into sandy shores, the high banks of the Red Deer River, but also the low banks of sections of the Red Deer, and Blindman, Rivers that allowed for river crossings in the past. You might get the sense as you go eastward that the land is holding more water. This end of the county is full of sloughs, ponds, and lakes.
Some of these bodies of water are named: Chain Lakes, Alix Lake, Gadsby Lake, Haunted Lakes, Parlby Lake, but many are not. Buffalo Lake is impressive in both size, and shape. Its many coves, bays, islands, and surrounding wetlands have attracted people long before European settlers ever arrived in this area.
The landscape has been shaped by human hands for as long as humans have lived on the land. Before European settlers arrived to this area the land was already marked and named by the people that were living here. The landscape in the Eastern part of the county at Buffalo Lake and Tail Creek had been home to Metis people that came to hunt bison in the winter months. They would have had names for the places where they lived and hunted. They left behind cabins that are now indentations upon the landscape. Settlers reported finding large numbers of bison bones in many areas of the county, left behind from numerous hunts over the years. Around the province the shapes of cliffs and hillsides have been altered due to bison hunting. Trails criss-crossed the region long before roads, railways, or permanent European settlement. The well-worn routes carved paths of least resistance into the landscape to aid travel and trade.
Before the arrival of Europeans Indigenous peoples used traditional methods to tend to the lands in North America. In many areas fire was used. There are many different benefits to controlled fires. Fire can rid areas of disease, prune dead branches, and encourage regrowth of certain plants. The landscape was influenced by these practices that often were used to ensure adequate amounts of food could be harvested. Controlled fires can prevent larger, destructive wildfires as they use the plant debris that would be fuel for such a fire. They can also be used to manage the grazing of bison. A fire would result in new grass growth that could attract bison in the following growing season.
Settlers arrived to, and in many instances subsequently abandoned, homesteads and other endeavors. The landscape tells their stories through the things they left behind: the foundations of houses, stoves that were too heavy to move, rubbish piles full of jars that will never break down, remnants of saw-mills left in the woods, and plants that they introduced to the landscape when they arrived and filled their yards with gardens of familiar flora. Once people permanently settled, larger and more permanent changes were enacted upon the landscape. Agriculture began, roads were built, water drained and rerouted, trees cut down.
People name the landscape. To make it easier to find our way through it, to make it easier to tell our stories, and to describe the relationship that we have with it. Lacombe has not always been called Lacombe. Each name it has had describes a different relationship that the people living here have had with it. Lacombe of course evokes Father Lacombe. But before it had been referred to as Strawberry Plain, Siding 12, and Barnett’s Landing. Strawberry Plain could refer to an abundance of the aforementioned fruit, but the source that uses this name does not provide further explanation. Siding 12 was a utilitarian name provided by the rail company. Barnett’s Landing refers to the first European settler in Lacombe and the stopping house he operated.
Did You Know
The bison that once roamed the North American prairies in great numbers also greatly impacted the landscape. Bison of course would fertilize the grasslands with their manure, and with their remains when they passed away. They would also create wallows, or little indentations when they had dust baths. These wallows are important parts of a prairie ecosystem. They can attract pioneer plant species that like to take advantage of freshly disturbed soil, and can eventually hold water. This creates small ponds that serve as homes for both flora and fauna that require moisture to thrive. Their coats, which are much denser than that of cattle, can collect seeds, which are redistributed as they travel. The seeds in their coats can end up far from their original source when the bison sheds its coat helping to increase the density and diversity of some plant species.
The natural environment that we live in on the prairies and in the parkland region developed alongside the bison, with each needing the other to thrive.
Central Parkland Region
“In its native state, the ground was covered by poplar and willow trees.”
-pg. 254, Wagon Trails to Hardtop
All of the land that was passed over in the imaginary drive of The Land section, and a majority of the areas of Alberta with the densest population, lie within the Parkland Region. This region is the very northern tip of what is referred to as the Great Plains and was once home to bison herds. This means that the Central Parkland rests against the grasslands that are characteristic of the Great Plains, but also contains patches of willow and aspen that have earned this region the nickname “Aspenland”. The glaciers that once covered most of North America left this region with its characteristic low, gently rolling hills. The wetlands that make 5-10% of this region are sometimes referred to as the “duck factory” of North America.
The Parkland Region is unique to North America. It is estimated that today only 5% of the Central Parkland remains as native vegetation, yet 20% of Alberta’s rare, vascular plants can be found in this region. The areas that remain homes to native vegetation are unsuitable for agriculture so have managed to be uncultivated.
The area Lacombe County lies in is specifically a part of Central Parkland. The southeast of this region is the driest, so is where the most grassland-type characteristics can be found. This would make a mixture of grasses and plants like pasturewort dominant. Moving toward the northwest means moister conditions and more and more aspens. Plant species like beaked hazelnut, bunchberry, wild lily of the valley, and wild sarsaparilla occur in central parkland but not in its neighbour directly west, the foothills.
On light to moderately grazed sites plains rough fescue shares dominance with perennial herbs like prairie crocus, prairie sagewort, wild blue flax, northern bedstraw, three flowered avens, buckbrush, silverberry, prickly rose, chokecherry, and saskatoon are found throughout the region.
The following photos from our collection are all from the early 20th century and were taken in different places around the county. Each was chosen as we can easily see the diversity in the plant life in the photos even if it is difficult to identify the plants themselves. In the photo taken in Lacombe we can see an abundance of flowers and grasses growing before major building developments disturbed their habitat. The picture at Gull Lake shows an amazing diversity of typical Central Parkland plants including what appears to be yarrow and an artemisia variety (prairie sagewort) among the grasses.
Fauna Past and Present
“There must have been many such plants across the prairie that might have produced excellent strains of their kind, well suited to this climate, but lost because the plow preceded the botanist.”
-pg. 38, Land of the Lakes
When looking at how the land and the landscape has changed over time it is very easy to come across references to plants that we are no longer familiar with in this area. As stated at the beginning of the page the historical perspectives used in this exhibit are from local history books. The books often allowed local families to submit their own account of their family’s settlement in the area, either through first hand experience or via recollections of stories that the person submitting the story heard from older family members. The accounts can span from the first settlement in the late 19th century, usually to the 1930s if covering the “first” settlers. This is both a large range in time, and small, when we consider that in just a few decades the way the land was used had completely changed. These accounts tell us about a land that is alien to its modern residents.
Agriculture, though an important part of prairie life and our modern-day economy, has decimated native plants in our Parkland home. As the quotation that is used for the subheading implies, we unfortunately lost the biological diversity of this reason due to the plough. We now know that the native plants of the prairies had incredibly important roles in their ecosystems that settlement and agriculture disrupted. Native animals and insects, like bees and butterflies, adapted to the native plants that they live side-by-side and rely on them for food. The native plants of this region, especially the grasses, have incredibly large root systems which ecologists are still trying to understand but may guard the land from erosion, could help hold moisture in the ground, and can help plant life be return after a fire.
One such change, and one such disappeared plant, is blueberries, the plant that gave this exhibit its name. Perhaps some people in the county have treasured secret blueberry patches on their land but they are no longer found in the numbers those early settlers knew. The multiple accounts about this plant in local history books would lead a reader to believe that just a few decades ago the landscape was a blanket of the humble, low growing blueberry bush. Every corner of the county seems to have an account of settlers picking blueberries by the bucket full. The museum collection contains more than one example of blueberry pickers due to the prevalence of this plant just a few decades ago. The low-lying fruit would be combed off the plant into a scoop, making their harvest with a picker more efficient than plucking the fruits by hand.
Many other flowers and plants referenced in local history books have declined greatly in numbers, some now only extremely rarely spotted by humans.
One day while out breaking the land they saw in the distance the ground blue with blueberries. They stopped breaking the land and picked tubs full of berries which they ran through the fanning mill to blow out the leaves.
-pg. 392, Wagon Trails to Hardtop
“It was said that blueberries were so plentiful near the river as to have the juice drip off the wagon wheels.”
-pg. 2, Wagon Trails to Hardtop
The accounts of wild fruits in this area, just as with wildflowers, speak of abundance. While blueberries may be relatively unfamiliar as the land is no longer blanketed in these plants, the rest of the fruits may be familiar to those that spend time in the wild corners of the county. Many of the fruits may not exist in the numbers that the early settlers would have seen, but they have not been pushed out of their former habitat yet, just to the edges that are unsuitable for agriculture. The land is home to many fruits: saskatoons, strawberries, cranberries, pincherries, chokecherries, dewberries, currants, gooseberries, and hazelnuts.
It has been many years since wild fruits could be found in any quantity.
pg. 39, Land of the Lakes
“The hills and meadows were a blaze of colour from wildflowers.”
-pg. 37, Kid Ray, Land of the Lakes
The colourful, wildflower filled landscape may be a thing of the past, but maybe this only adds to the excitement lovers of the wild experience when they catch a glimpse of many of the flowers mentioned here in their natural habitat. Though not in their natural habitat the museum experienced just such excitement not long ago. The museum collection had been holding a secret until recently. Between the pages of books were hiding pressed flowers from the Gull Lake area. The donor had unknowingly gifted dried flowers, both wild and garden varieties. Pictured here are the flowers as found between the pages, seemingly placed there many years ago by a nature lover. The identifications have not been provided by a professional, but some plants should have a familiarity for gardeners or modern nature lovers. Many of the plants appear to be common, but if the lily specimens are from the native, Western Red Lily, then this exciting find contains an example of a flower that is almost just a memory in our area. Reported to have grown in large numbers in the past, these flowers have been heavily disturbed, and exist in much smaller numbers today, hidden from cultivation and grazing. To learn more about this amazing find read our Field Note about the Herbarium Collection.
Mary Vaux Walcott
The botanical drawings featured here are all by Mary Vaux Walcott. Today her art is in the care of the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Mary was an American artist, botanist, and geologist that spent much of her time in the Canadian West. Mary is perhaps best known for her botanical illustrations and has been called the “Audobon of Botony”, but she was also an accomplished mountaineer with a peak near Jasper named after her, and provided important data on receding glaciers in the Canadian Rockies. The illustrations here demonstrate the beauty and diversity of botanical specimens in Alberta. If you look carefully in the bottom left corners of the illustrations you may see the names of many familiar locations in the province.


The Nose-Horned Viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes) is a highly venomous reptile in the Viperidae family of viper snakes. It is a viperid. It is also known as the Horned Viper and Western Sand Viper. Scientists think it might be the most dangerous snake in Europe.
The Nose-Horned Viper has a head covered with small, irregular scales that can be smooth or slightly keeled (ridged). It has 10-13 small scales around its eyes. The nasal (nose) scale is large that looks like a horn with 9-17 smaller scales along it, but it is soft and flexible.
The male has irregular dark-brown, dark-grey, or black markings and a thick black stripe from its eye to its jaw. The male has V-shaped markings on its back like a zig-zag pattern. The female lacks the dark V-shaped markings on its body, and is browner and more bronze-coloured than the male. Its underbelly can be grey, yellowish-brown, or pinkish. Both have a black tongue and golden or copper-coloured eyes.
It grows to 50-70 centimetres (20-28 inches) long. The female is usually larger than the male. Its fangs are 1.3 centimetres (half an inch) long.
It is found in southern Europe, the Balkans and parts of the Middle East. It is a burrowing snake and often hides in the sand. It also likes rocky habitats.
The Nose-Horned Viper is usually diurnal, more active during the day. It hibernates in winter for 2-6 months, depending on its location.
It feeds on small mammas and birds. Younger Vipers eat lizards. It kills its larger prey with its sharp fangs, but smaller prey is often swallowed without using its venomous fangs to kill it first.
The female is ovoviviparous. She has 1-20 live young, called snakelets, which are 14-24 centimetres (5-9 inches) long when they are born.
Location of photographs: Parc Zoologique de Paris in Bois de Vincennes, France
Photographer: Martina Nicolls
Martina Nicolls: SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM


There is one place in Zambia to see outstanding sightings of leopards and that’s South Luangwa.
A pride of lions take down the first elephant of the season in Savuti.
A lone lioness is attacked by a pride’s dominant male.
A spotted hyena fishes out the rotting meat of a carcass in one of Etosha’s dams.
A python proves that its bark-like camouflage scales are just as bad as its bite when it kills a turtle dove.
The leopard: nature’s most enigmatic predator, a true work of art.
A look at cheetah and hyena cubs – we can’t decide which is cuter!
Scott soaks up the natural wonders of Kruger: lions, bull elephants, happy hippo herds and hidden leopards.
An important cheetah lesson as a mother cheetah teaches her cubs how to stalk their prey.
Will Burrard-Lucas’ wildebeest time-lapse video has been commended in the new time-lapse category of the prestigious Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition.
Scott Ramsay is lucky enough to see all five of the Timbavati white lions: two adult lionesses and three white lion cubs.
Two lionesses with 6 cubs face a daunting deep river crossing. Two of the cubs refuse the swim and get separated with potentially devastating consequences. You won’t believe the dedication of the mothers.
Discover South Luangwa by way of a river journey in Emerald Season discover a landscape that is alive with greenery and wildlife.
An orphaned elephant is rescued from Milgis Lugga, Kenya along with two tiny ostrich chicks.
The elusive black cat is back!
Action between zebras and lions at Salvadora waterhole in Etosha.
The return of the buffalo to Liuwa Plain National Park, Zambia
An adorable photo selection of a playful group of wild dogs with their pups.
10 reasons why safari hides are not just for bird watchers and wildlife documentary photographers.
Brandy, has successfully recovered from her snare injuries. Whether the incident had terminated her pregnancy remains to be seen but experts are hopeful.
Photos of an African rock python taking down a vervet monkey in Tanzania’s Katavi National Park.
We join Ivanhoe Sea Safaris a whale watching experience in Gansbaai.
Carnivore Conservation Research Project collaborating with Namibian farmers to help resolve the human/predators conflict.
Will Kent talks about some of the experiences he had in South Africa as a volunteer.
What does one do when a lion charges you on foot? Bushwise has the answer!
During our recent Africa Geographic visit to Namibia, we shared a rather special moment with a family of desert elephants, as they settled down for a mid-morning siesta.
Guests were treated to a tender moment between elephants in Lewa Wildlife Conservancy.
Tuli Safari Lodge in the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, Botswana, must be one of the only places in Africa that can guarantee excellent sightings of elephant shrews.
Photos of a dramatic moment involving a pack of wild dogs and a huge crocodile in Kruger National Park.
Africa Geographic Travel recently ran its first photographic workshop at Samara Private Game Reserve with Mark Drysdale and what a success it was!
Studying spotted hyenas via radio collars to find out how their societal structure bucks the trends researchers see in other mammals.
There has been a ground-breaking discovery and naming of two new species of monkey moths in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa.
Ben Coley talks about the magic that is the African bushveld.
Wonderful photographs of golden backlit lions playing in the dust.
An amazing moment with two crocodiles engaged in what appears to be a mating ritual.
David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust rescues one of Tsavo’s bull elephants that was injured by a poacher.
A leopard leaps from a tree in Moremi Game Reserve onto an impala grazing below.
Grahamstown researchers discover a new species of redfin minnow
Photographs that celebrate the lovely leopards of the Timbavati.
The Bangweulu Wetlands Project’s latest member, Seymour, the little chick who survived.
Dr. Simon Morgan, from Wildlife ACT, answers some questions asked about the strange behaviour of the genet who was caught hitchhiking.
A grey heron uses a local waterhole as his fishing ground for finch food.
An amazing sighting of a baby honey badger in Botswana’s Linyanti concession.
All about African wild dogs…
The spectacle that is the Mara River crossing during the great migration.
For those of you who were surprised to see a large spotted genet riding a buffalo, he is back – this time for some rhino riding!!


Goat anti calreticulin antibodyrecognises calreticulin, a 418 aminoacid ~60 kDa Ca2+ binding chaperone involved in protein modification and folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (UniProt: P15253).
- Species Cross-Reactivity
Target Species Cross Reactivity Mouse Rabbit Human Rat
- N.B. Antibody reactivity and working conditions may vary between species.
- Product Form
- Serum - liquid
- Antiserum Preparation
- Antisera to calreticulin were raised by repeated immunisation of goats with highly purified antigen.
- Buffer Solution
- Glycine buffered saline
- Preservative Stabilisers
0.09% Sodium Azide
- Purified rabbit skeletal muscle calreticulin.
- Store at +4oC or at -20oC if preferred.
This product should be stored undiluted. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the antibody. Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
- Shelf Life
- 18 months from date of despatch.
- P15253 Related reagents
- Entrez Gene
- CALR Related reagents
- GO Terms
- GO:0051082 unfolded protein binding
- GO:0005509 calcium ion binding
- GO:0006457 protein folding
- GO:0005529 sugar binding
- GO:0005788 endoplasmic reticulum lumen
- For research purposes only
Applications of Calreticulin antibody
|Application Name||Verified||Min Dilution||Max Dilution|
|Immunohistology - Frozen||1/50||1/70|
Where this antibody has not been tested for use in a particular technique this does not necessarily exclude its use in such procedures. Suggested working dilutions are given as a guide only. It is recommended that the user titrates the antibody for use in their own system using appropriate negative/positive controls.
Copyright © 2018 Bio-Rad Antibodies (formerly AbD Serotec)
Secondary Antibodies Available
|Description||Product Code||Pack Size||Applications||List Price||Quantity|
|Rabbit anti Goat IgG (Fc):FITC||STAR122F||1 mg||F|
|Rabbit anti Goat IgG (Fc):HRP||STAR122P||1 mg||C E WB|
Product Specific References
References for Calreticulin antibody
Milner, R.E. et al. (1991) Calreticulin, and not calsequestrin, is the major calcium binding protein of smooth muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum and liver endoplasmic reticulum.
J Biol Chem. 266 (11): 7155-65.
Michalak, M. et al. (1991) Identification and immunolocalization of calreticulin in pancreatic cells: no evidence for "calciosomes".
Exp Cell Res. 197 (1): 91-9.
Santer, D.M. et al. (2010) C1q deficiency leads to the defective suppression of IFN-alpha in response to nucleoprotein containing immune complexes.
J Immunol. 185 (8): 4738-49.


A tradition at the International Crane Foundation is to follow our “Egg Scorecard,” which tracks the Whooping Crane eggs from our captive flock and wild nests in Wisconsin.
We’ll be posting updates to our scorecard on our website, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, so check back often in the coming weeks to view our progress. Click here to learn more about Whooping Cranes.
Whooping Crane eggs laid/chicks hatched at the International Crane Foundation – 5/22/19
Our naming theme this year is Game of Thrones. Stay tuned for some creative names!
Eggs laid: 9
Fertile: 3 – 1 transferred to Milwaukee County Zoo and has hatched! We also have 2 fertile Hooded Crane eggs.
Chicks! – 6 The chick’s names this year are Nymeria, Wilding, Viserion, Bravos, Sir Davos and Kit
Eastern Migratory Population eggs: 17 fertile eggs were transported to our headquarters from nests at Necedah National Wildlife Refuge during black fly emergence on April 21. Five eggs have been transferred to our partners at the Freeport-McMoran Audubon Species Survival Center in Louisiana.
Wild Whooping Crane nests and chicks in Wisconsin – 5/23/19
Note: Each crane is identified by a two-part number (e.g. 12-11), with the second number identifying the hatch year. A “W” indicates that the crane hatched in the wild.
New in 2019! View the Where are the Whoopers interactive map to view the last known location of cranes in the Eastern Migratory Population.
Chicks! – 4
12/5-11 – 1 chick – W1-19
42/24-09 – 1 chick – W2-19
27-14/10-11 – 2 chicks – 1 remaining – W3-19
W3-10/8-04 – 1 chick – W5-19
15-1129-08 – 2 chicks
Current active nests: 10
28-05/2-15 – 2 females


The healing power of LSD
Hallucinogen may help alcoholics give up the drink
New research analyzing data from studies conducted between 1966 and 1970 suggests LSD may help alcoholics quit and remain sober.
In a study that appeared in the Journal of Psychopharmacology, researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology took a fresh look at data from six different studies conducted in the United States and Canada, according to Health.com. The researchers concluded a single dose of the hallucinogen helped heavy alcoholics quit and reduced their risk of relapse. In addition, 59 percent of patients showed a clear improvement after receiving a full dose of LSD, compared to 38 percent of patients who did not take the drug. Study authors Teri Krebs and Pal-Orjan Johansen speculated the results were linked to LSD’s effect on serotonin receptors in the brain.
“LSD may stimulate the formation of new connections and patterns, and generally seems to open an individual to an awareness of new perspectives and opportunities for action,” wrote Krebs and Johansen.


Second-Hand Smoke Just as Harmful to Fetuses as First-Hand Smoke
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health found that abnormalities in these newborns were identical to those found in newborns of mothers who actively smoked during pregnancy. These genetic mutations may affect survival, birth weight, and susceptibility rto diseases such as cancer. The study was published online in the Open Pediatric Medicine Journal.
Study author Stephen G. Grant, Ph.D., associate professor of environmental and occupational health at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, led a previous study in which abnormalities were discovered in the HPRT gene located on the X chromosome in cord blood from newborns who were prenatally exposed to second-hand smoke.
In the new study, Dr. Grant found the same mutation in another gene called glycophorin A (GPA), which represents oncogenes, or genes that transform normal cells into cancer cells, causing tumors. He found that this mutation was the same as that found in newborns of mothers who actively smoked during pregnancy and non-smokers who were exposed to cigarette smoke. The mutations were also the same in newborns of mothers who stopped smoking during pregnancy but were still exposed to second-hand smoke.
Dr. Grant said these new findings underscore their previous discovery that second-hand smoke can cause permanent damage in newborns. They were able to find a distinct yet equally important type of genetic mutation that is likely to remain throughout the individual’s lifetime.
Dr. Grant stressed that pregnant women should not only stop smoking, but also reduce their exposure to second-hand smoke.
Source: University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in the Womb Has Lifelong Impact, July 1, 2010


Viramune: An Essential Medication for HIV Treatment and AIDS Prevention
Viramune, also known by its generic name nevirapine, is a prescription medication that plays a crucial role in the treatment of HIV infection and lowering the risk of developing AIDS. This article explores the various aspects of Viramune, including its importance in a comprehensive HIV treatment plan, different forms available, and the affordability of generic options for those with limited resources or no insurance coverage.
1. Overview of Viramune
Viramune is a prescription medication specifically designed to combat HIV infection and reduce the chances of progressing to AIDS. As part of a comprehensive HIV treatment plan, it works in conjunction with other medications and lifestyle changes to effectively manage the disease.
2. Understanding the Generic Name
The generic name of Viramune is nevirapine. Understanding this term is essential as it not only helps in identifying the medication but also assists individuals in locating generic versions that may be more affordable or readily available.
3. Incorporating Viramune in HIV Treatment
Viramune should be used alongside other prescribed medications and lifestyle modifications as part of a comprehensive HIV treatment plan. This multi-faceted approach ensures the best possible outcomes in managing the infection and preventing the advancement to AIDS. It is crucial to follow healthcare provider’s instructions and adopt a holistic approach to HIV treatment.
4. Varieties of Viramune
Viramune is available in different forms, such as tablets and suspension, to cater to individual patient needs. These variations provide flexibility in administration and accommodate preferences or specific requirements of each patient.
5. Generic Options for Affordable Treatment
It is important to note that generic versions of Viramune are available. These options are often more affordable and accessible for individuals with low wages or without insurance coverage. The use of generic Viramune plays a significant role in ensuring access to essential HIV medication for all individuals.
In conclusion, Viramune is a vital medication in the treatment of HIV infection and the prevention of AIDS. Understanding its role in a comprehensive HIV treatment plan, the availability of generic options, and the different forms it comes in helps individuals make informed decisions about their healthcare. By highlighting the affordability and accessibility of generic Viramune, we aim to improve access to this essential medication for all individuals.
Insight into the Most Significant General Health Medicines Developed
General health medicines play a crucial role in improving overall well-being and addressing common health concerns. These medications have been developed to effectively manage conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol. With limited resources or access to healthcare services, these medicines offer great benefits. Let’s take a closer look at some of the most significant general health medicines available on the market:
1. Medication for High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a prevalent health concern affecting millions worldwide. Medications such as lisinopril and amlodipine have proven to be highly effective in reducing blood pressure levels. These drugs work by relaxing blood vessels, thereby lowering the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems.
2. Medication for Diabetes
Diabetes, a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, requires careful management. Metformin and glipizide are commonly used medications for type 2 diabetes. They help control blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of complications associated with diabetes.
3. Medication for Cholesterol Management
Elevated cholesterol levels can contribute to heart disease and other cardiovascular problems. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are widely prescribed medications that effectively lower cholesterol levels. By inhibiting cholesterol production in the liver, these drugs help reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
These general health medicines have transformed the lives of many individuals by effectively managing their respective conditions. Success stories abound, showcasing the positive impact these medications can have on overall well-being.
It’s important to note that while general health medicines can be highly beneficial, it is crucial to consult with healthcare providers or pharmacists before starting any new medication. They can provide personalized guidance based on your individual health circumstances and potential interactions with other drugs.
For more information about these medications, their uses, and potential side effects, you can visit trusted sources such as the Mayo Clinic and the National Institutes of Health.
Viramune’s Influence on the Effectiveness of Hormonal Contraceptives or Hormone Replacement Therapies
When considering the use of Viramune as part of your HIV treatment plan, it is crucial to understand its potential interaction with hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapies.
Interaction with Hormonal Contraceptives:
Studies and research have suggested that Viramune may decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, implants, or patches. This interaction occurs because Viramune can affect the metabolism of these contraceptives, potentially leading to decreased blood levels and compromising their contraceptive effects.
It is vital to discuss this potential interaction with your healthcare provider to ensure that appropriate contraception options are used while taking Viramune. They will be able to recommend alternative birth control methods, such as barrier methods like condoms or intrauterine devices (IUDs), which are not affected by Viramune’s metabolism.
Interaction with Hormone Replacement Therapies:
In addition to hormonal contraceptives, individuals who are considering hormone replacement therapies should also be aware of Viramune’s potential interactions. Similar to hormonal contraceptives, Viramune may decrease the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapies due to its influence on their metabolism.
It is crucial to consult with your healthcare provider to explore alternative options or strategies if you rely on hormone replacement therapies while taking Viramune. They may recommend adjusting the dosage, switching to different hormones, or exploring non-hormonal alternatives to manage menopausal symptoms.
Remember, it is essential to have an open and honest conversation with your healthcare provider to ensure that your contraception or hormone replacement needs are met while taking Viramune.
- For more information about HIV treatment and Viramune, please visit the National Institutes of Health.
- To learn about alternative contraception options, the Planned Parenthood website offers comprehensive information and resources.
- If you have questions or concerns about hormone replacement therapies, the North American Menopause Society provides reliable information and guidance.
Remember, always consult with your healthcare provider or pharmacist before making any changes to your medication regimen or starting new supplements.
Viramune’s Interaction with Vitamins or Mineral Supplements: Recommendations and Considerations
When taking Viramune, it is important to be aware of the potential interactions between this medication and certain vitamins or mineral supplements. These interactions can affect the effectiveness of Viramune and may require adjustments in dosing or avoidance of specific supplements. It is essential to consult with a healthcare provider or pharmacist before starting any new supplements to ensure optimal treatment outcomes and avoid any adverse effects.
Vitamins or Minerals that May Interact with Viramune:
- Vitamin K: Studies have shown that Viramune can reduce the levels of vitamin K in the body. Vitamin K plays a crucial role in blood clotting, and a deficiency can lead to bleeding complications.
- Vitamin D: Viramune has been found to decrease the levels of vitamin D in some individuals. Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and overall well-being.
- Calcium: Viramune can also affect calcium levels in the body. Calcium is vital for maintaining strong bones, muscle function, and proper nerve transmission.
Recommended Actions for Individuals Taking Viramune:
- Consult a healthcare provider or pharmacist: Before starting any new vitamin or mineral supplement, it is important to discuss the potential interactions with Viramune. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your specific health needs and Viramune therapy.
- Maintain a balanced diet: While taking Viramune, it is crucial to focus on consuming a well-rounded diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods. This can help mitigate the risk of nutrient deficiencies caused by potential interactions.
- Consider alternative sources of vitamins or minerals: In some cases, it may be necessary to explore alternative ways to obtain specific nutrients that are affected by Viramune. This may involve adjusting the diet, considering fortified foods, or exploring alternative supplementation options.
The Importance of Nutrient Deficiencies:
It is important to remember that Viramune’s potential interactions with vitamins or mineral supplements should not deter individuals from taking this medication. With appropriate guidance from healthcare professionals, individuals can effectively manage any potential interactions while reaping the benefits of Viramune in treating HIV infection and lowering the risk of developing AIDS. By maintaining a balanced diet and addressing specific nutrient deficiencies, individuals can support their overall health and well-being while undergoing Viramune therapy.
For more information on Viramune and its interactions with vitamins or mineral supplements, please consult reputable sources such as the HIV.gov or consult with your healthcare provider.
Insight into the Most Significant General Health Medicines Developed (Continued)
In the previous sections, we explored the overview of Viramune, its importance in HIV treatment, and its potential interactions with hormonal contraceptives and supplements. Now, let’s continue our discussion on the most significant general health medicines developed and their impact on overall well-being.
The Importance of General Health Medicines
General health medicines play a vital role in improving people’s overall well-being. They target common health concerns that affect a large population, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol management. These medicines not only alleviate symptoms but also help individuals lead healthier lives.
Significant General Health Medicines on the Market
Some of the most significant general health medicines available today include:
- Blood Pressure Medications: These medications, such as ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, are prescribed to manage high blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Diabetes Medications: Metformin, insulin, and other diabetes medications help control blood sugar levels, prevent complications, and improve overall diabetes management.
- Cholesterol-Lowering Medications: Statins, such as atorvastatin and simvastatin, are highly effective in reducing bad cholesterol levels, lowering the risk of heart disease.
- Anti-inflammatory Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen reduce pain, fever, and inflammation, providing relief to individuals with various health conditions.
- Antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other antidepressants help manage depression and anxiety disorders, improving mental health and quality of life.
The Benefits for Individuals with Limited Resources
These general health medicines are particularly beneficial for individuals with limited resources or access to healthcare services. Affordable generic options are available for many of these medications, ensuring that people from all walks of life can afford their necessary treatments.
Success Stories Showcasing Positive Impact
Countless success stories exist, highlighting the positive impact of general health medicines on people’s lives. For example, John, a middle-aged man with high blood pressure, was able to lower his blood pressure to a healthy range and reduce his risk of heart disease with the help of blood pressure medications. Similarly, Mary, who had struggled with diabetes for years, successfully managed her condition with diabetes medications, leading a healthier and more fulfilling life.
By focusing on the development and accessibility of general health medicines, we can continue to make significant strides in improving the overall well-being of individuals worldwide.
6. Potential Side Effects and Precautions of Using Viramune
While Viramune is a valuable medication in the treatment of HIV infection, it is important to be aware of its potential side effects and take necessary precautions. Consultation with a healthcare provider is essential for understanding individual risks and benefits associated with Viramune use.
6.1. Common Side Effects
Most individuals taking Viramune may experience some common side effects, which include:
These side effects are usually temporary and disappear on their own as the body adjusts to the medication. However, it is crucial to inform a healthcare provider about any persistent or severe side effects.
6.2. Severe Side Effects
Although rare, Viramune can cause severe side effects that require immediate medical attention. These may include:
- Severe rash
- Liver problems (e.g., yellowing of the skin, dark urine)
- Allergic reactions (e.g., difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat)
- Changes in mood or mental health
If any of these severe side effects occur, it is crucial to seek medical help without delay.
6.3. Precautions and Interactions
Before initiating Viramune treatment, individuals need to consider certain precautions:
- Pregnancy: Viramune may harm an unborn baby, so it should only be used if clearly needed after discussion with a healthcare provider.
- Liver disease: Individuals with pre-existing liver problems should be closely monitored while taking Viramune.
- Drug interactions: Viramune can interact with other medications, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements. It is necessary to inform the healthcare provider about all current medications before starting Viramune.
Furthermore, it is essential to be aware of the potential interactions between Viramune and important medications such as hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapies. These interactions may reduce the effectiveness of these treatments, making it crucial to discuss alternative contraceptive or hormone replacement options with a healthcare provider.
For detailed information on potential interactions with vitamins or mineral supplements, individuals should consult with their healthcare provider or pharmacist. It is important to be cautious when introducing any new supplements while taking Viramune.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is vital for individuals taking Viramune to adhere to their prescribed treatment plan and report any concerning side effects to their healthcare provider immediately.
In conclusion, while Viramune is a valuable medication in HIV treatment, individuals must be aware of potential side effects and follow necessary precautions. Regular communication with a healthcare provider is crucial to ensure the safe and effective use of Viramune alongside other medications and lifestyle modifications.
Viramune’s influence on liver function and recommendations for monitoring
One important aspect to consider when using Viramune is its potential impact on liver function. Like many other medications, Viramune can affect the liver, and it is essential to monitor liver enzymes regularly to ensure its safe use.
According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Viramune has been associated with cases of severe liver toxicity, including hepatotoxicity and liver failure. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware of the signs and symptoms of liver problems and regularly evaluate liver enzymes during treatment with Viramune.
Some common signs of liver problems to watch out for include:
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
- Unexplained fatigue or weakness
- Dark urine
- Abdominal pain or swelling
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea or vomiting
Additionally, it is recommended to conduct liver function tests, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), before initiating Viramune therapy and regularly throughout the treatment.
If liver enzyme levels become elevated while on Viramune, dosage adjustment or discontinuation of the medication may be necessary, as advised by healthcare professionals. Prompt communication with a healthcare provider is vital to address any concerns or potential liver-related issues.
It is worth noting that Viramune should not be initiated in patients with moderate or severe liver dysfunction.
For more detailed information on the potential impact of Viramune on liver function, it is recommended to consult reliable sources such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or the World Health Organization (WHO).


Thyme extract has been traditionally used in cases of productive cough associated with cold.
The use of thyme extract provides natural and safe support for health. The high natural essential oil content acts as a relevant quality marker ensuring activity of the ingredient to produce positive effects on health.
The use and safety of thyme extract as traditional herbal preparation for use to aid in productive cough associated with cold is based upon long-standing use.
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Colostethus atopoglossus is a species of frog in the Dendrobatidae family. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
- Grant, T. & Castro, F. 2004. Colostethus atopoglossus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
|This poison dart frog article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


GeneNews Announces Issuance of Second Foundational U.S. Patent for Sentinel Principle® Technology
News Feb 17, 2010
GeneNews Limited has announced that it has been granted a second U.S. patent for its core platform technology, the Sentinel Principle®. U.S. Patent No. 7,662,558, entitled "Method of profiling gene expression in a human subject."
The patent covers the application of the Sentinel Principle® in any health management context, including diagnosis, staging of disease, drug testing, monitoring response to treatment and biomarker screening.
"We believe that the Sentinel Principle® has the potential to change the way that medicine is currently practiced," said Gailina Liew, President & Chief Operating Officer of GeneNews.
"The issuance of this second U.S. patent significantly expands the scope of protection for this ground-breaking approach to identify clinically actionable biomarkers. It also enhances GeneNews' ability to realize additional commercial value through potential licensing arrangements, the pending issuance of additional patents which cover biomarker panels for specific clinical indications, and the continued development of our own pipeline of 'Sentry' products," Liew said.
The Sentinel Principle®, a platform technology discovered and developed by GeneNews, is based on the concept that all clinical conditions and body states, including those resulting from disease or in response to treatment, generate characteristic gene expression signatures in the blood as a result of the constant and dynamic physiological interaction of blood with the cells, tissues and organs of the human body. This technology is the basis of GeneNews' initial product, ColonSentry™.
Test For Designer Drugs Could Help Treat Overdose PatientsNews
Medical professionals are scrambling to meet the growing demand for emergency room treatment, but they’re hampered by the lack of a quick and easy test to screen patients for “designer” drugs. Chemists have now developed such a test and are refining it with the hope that hospitals could eventually use it to choose the appropriate treatment.READ MORE
Largest Genetic Study of Osteoarthritis Advances ResearchNews
Osteoarthritis is a complex disease, and the genetic basis of the disease has proved difficult to pin down. A new study from the Sanger Institute provides much-needed hope.READ MORE
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11th International Conference and Exhibition on Metabolomics & Systems Biology
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All along the east side of my back garden is a row of shrub rose of variety "Knockout". The wooden fence is 5 feet high and the rose is nearly to the top. Knockout is a fairly new variety, extremely disease resistant, vigorous, and long blooming. I planted these about 5 years ago and they have grown to an impenetrable wall of thorn and bloom. Even Smokey is reluctant to crash through to bark at the neighbor's lawn mower.


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Publisher: Elsevier Science
Publication Date: October 09, 2015
Binding: Kobo eBook
Aquafeed Formulation is the only resource that provides summaries with examples and formulation techniques specifically to meet the needs of anyone in the aquaculture industry.
As feed is the largest single cost item in aquaculture production, and formulating aquaculture feed requires many combinations of several ingredients and nutrient requirements, this book takes a clear-and -concise approach, providing essential information on formulation and covering relevant available software, feed nutrients, and additives such as enzymes and phytase and conjugated fatty acids, as well as best industry practices to improve aquafeed production.
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Good Oscar fish care starts with learning as much as you can about the special requirements of this beautiful and much sought-after tropical freshwater fish.
The Oscar fish, sometimes referred to as the Velvet Cichlid, Red Oscar or Tiger Oscar, is a tropical freshwater fish that originated in South America. Their coloration varies according to their mood, but most have orange or red patches on a dark green, brown or black background.
They grow very large, up to 14 inches long. Don’t be fooled by their small size in the pet store tank. This means that you’ll need a large aquarium to house them – at least a 55 gallon aquarium for a single fish and at least a 90 gallon aquarium for a pair.
When setting up the aquarium, try to buy gravel that is cichlid safe. And put enough gravel on the bottom of the tank to hold down any decorations. Real plants will be uprooted and eaten, so fake plants are recommended.
An undergravel filter system is not recommended, as they like to chew on everything in their tank. It’s also recommended that you keep an eye on your heater. They just might start chewing on it too. If so, you should buy a heater guard or find a barrier to put around it.
Oscars like to have plenty of hiding places, so you can provide driftwood, rocks, flowerpots or other structures to accomplish this.
As with all aquariums, set up your aquarium and let it age before introducing your Oscar to it. The nitrogen cycle needs time to complete, and this process takes anywhere from 2 weeks to a month. You can speed up this process by adding filter media, water and/or gravel from an already established tank to your new setup. If you don’t have another aquarium, you can add a little bit of flake food each day to your aquarium and this will begin the nitrogen cycle. Buy a testing kit from your local pet store so you’ll know when the cycle is completed.
Oscars will eat just about anything and it’s good to give them variety in their diet. You should feed them a base of quality cichlid pellets. And supplement this with regular feedings of freeze-dried worms, peas, lettuce, and brine shrimp. Some people even feed their cichlids hot dogs and hamburger meat.
Because Oscars are so big, they create a lot of waste. So you’ll need plenty of filtration to clean your large Oscar aquarium. At least two high-powered filters are absolutely essential. When filtering Oscar tanks, there’s no such thing as overkill. If you have a 90 gallon tank, then you want filters that will combine to filter more than a 90 gallon tank.
Oscars are fairly hardy fish that can live 10 years. They’ll do well in a temperature range of 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit and tolerate a wide range of pH and water hardness levels.


hCG levels during pregnancy | Amazing Pregnancy
6 weeks pregnant – all you need to know | Tommy’sIn fact, it is the hormone detected in the urine by at-home pregnancy tests.HCG levels, the hormone detected in home pregnancy tests and blood tests, can vary widely from day to day, person to person, and even pregnancy to pregnancy.
HCG levels at 6 weeks? - BabyGagaEven if the levels are on the lower side, as long as they are doubling every 48 to 72 hours everything should be fine.
FAQ: 2-Week Wait | Shady Grove FertilityBy the end of this week your baby will have grown to the size of an orange pip.
Human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG, is a hormone produced during pregnancy in the cells of the placenta.Here is the normal range of this hormone during different weeks of pregnancy to help you understand the result.I saw my GP on Monday about this and she took blood to measure my HcG levels.My HCG level at what was supposed to be 6 weeks 1 day was only 98.
This relies on the growth of the normal fetus of 1 mm per day after the 6th week of gestation.Doctors use hCG levels to determine pregnancy and the stage of pregnancy.I will be glad to answer the follow up queries that you have.HCG is used in determining the pregnancy even before the pregnant woman starts to show any symptoms or signs of the pregnancy.
HCG levels – 10 Things You Need To Know | Your IVF JourneyI went into the doctor on September 10th, excited and nervous to get a confirmation.It must be taken into account, however, that total hCG levels may vary in a very wide range within the first 4 weeks of gestation, leading to false results during this period.
After a pregnancy is terminated by delivery or abortion, blood and urine hCG levels gradually decrease.Hi there, last week I was 7 weeks pregnant and HCG levels measured 3090.
Your pregnancy at 5 weeks - Medical News TodayThis report is normal and is suggestive of a normal viable pregnancy.If you are concerned, perhaps your doctor can perform an ultrasound to confirm the heartbeat of the baby and your due date.Read more Read more.
HCG Weeks - Conceiving ResourceThe level will reach its peak at around 8-11 weeks of pregnancy and then will.Any abnormal value could indicate a problem which would lead to further. read more.
HCG level with twins??? | DailyStrengthBeta hCG Doubling Calculator Calculate the doubling time of two beta hCG test results.If I remember correctly, he said that my level (at 6 weeks pregnant) was 400 something.Since normal levels of HCG can vary tremendously, after 5-6 weeks of pregnancy, sonogram findings are much more predictive of pregnancy outcome than are HCG levels.
Once the gestational sac is seen, most doctors will monitor with ultrasounds rather than drawing HCG.The alpha subunit is similar to those of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone.Learn what ranges are considered normal for your week of pregnancy.One first semester genetic test combines a blood test with an ultrasound to screen for Down syndrome may be available between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy.


The use of enzymes in textile industry is one of the most rapidly growing field in industrial enzymology. The formula helps to reduce the complex nutritional components of food, digesting proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates to allow for optimal absorption. This is the first detailed investigation that concerns the characterization of catalytic properties and sequence identity of enzymes with. Because enzymes are relatively large molecules, separation based on the size or mass of molecules favors purification of enzymes, especially the ones with high molecular weight. Recombinant enzymes enzymes are large biological molecules responsible for the thousands of metabolic processes that sustain life. The function of enzymes is described as their ability to catalyse biochemical reactions according to the enzyme commission ec. Enzyme replacement therapy ert is a medical treatment which replaces an enzyme that is. A naturopathic approach to breast cancer semantic scholar. Enzyme biotechnology related to isolation, extraction, purification of enzymes pharmatutor. Some biological reactions in the absence of enzymes may be as much as a million times slower 32.
Enzymes 3d structure enzymes are proteins and their activities depends on the 3d structure of the amino acids that compose them note. Viscozyme l background multienzyme complex containing a wide range of carbohydrases, including arabanase, cellulase. V enzymes is a benchmark vegan digestive support product. Eleven different soil samples were taken for isolation of lipase producing organisms under laboratory condition. Find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. With the assistance of a coauthor, this popular student textbook has been updated to include techniques such as membrane chromatography, aqueous phase partitioning, engineering recombinant proteins for purification and due to the rapid advances in bioinformatics. The curve of initial velocity versus s for allosteric enzymes is not. English information brochure about horvi enzyme therapy. Enzymes may show a high specificity toward one substrate or exhibit a broad specificity, using more than one substrate. Enzymes ec classification concerted model of catalysis ec 1, oxidoreductases. Enzymes can be altered by temperature and by the acidity of the environment. Purification and characterization of enzymes exhibiting. Dialysis is a commonly used method, where semipermeable membranes are used to remove salts, small organic molecules, and peptides figure 2. Enzymes are proteins that are found in all living organisms.
An enzyme is a protein that functions as a catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction in the body. There are mainly three major purification methods depending on the technique or property of enzyme. Introduction to enzymes the following has been excerpted from a very popular worthington publication which was originally published in 1972 as the manual of clinical enzyme measurements. The extraction methods are followed by the purification processes.
Enzymes are manufactured in bioreactors for commercial use. It is important to study enzymes in a simple system only with small ions, buffer molecules, cofactors, etc. Enzymes are protein catalyst produced by a cell and responsible for the high rate and specificity of one or more intracellular or extracellular biochemical reactions. Vortragsbeschreibung thptage 2014 tierheilpraktikertage. Horvi naturheilkunde bestellen bioapo versandapotheke. Almost all enzymes are globular proteins consisting either of a single polypeptide or of two or more polypeptides held together in quaternary structure by noncovalent bonds. Enzymes application in diagnostic prospects author. In general, there are four distinct types of specificity. Fatal invasive cervical cancer secondary to untreated cervical. In recent years, there have been considerable developments in techniques for the investigation and utilisation of enzymes. Horvienzymtherapie lugen sind unser geschaft psiram. Enzymes execute of two basic functions in biological object. However, due to transit disruptions in some geographies, deliveries may be delayed. Nomenclature avant 1961, les enzymes ont ete denommees selon le nom du s sur lequel elles agissent en ajoutant le suffixe ase.
Enzymes can be defined as the complex organic catalysts produced by living cells but capable of acting independently of cells that produce them. Enzymes do nothing but speed up the rates at which the equilibrium. Enzymes are proteins and their activities depends on the 3d structure of the amino acids that compose them note. This work describes the purification and characterization of enzymes that exhibit. Leur comportement est non michaelien effet cooperatif. Methods of purification of enzymes biotech articles. This dissertation explores aspects of the chemistry and evolution of a small class of enzymes catalysing geometrical and structural rearrangements between isomers, the. Six major classes of enzymes and examples of their subclasses.
For example, the food that you eat is broken down by digestive enzymes into tiny pieces that are small enough to travel through your blood stream and enter cells. Because enzymes function in cells, the optimum conditions for most enzymes are moderate temperatures. Enzymes are compounds that assist chemical reactions by increasing the rate at which they occur. Pdf a large amount of wastes are generated every year from the industrial processing of agricultural raw materials. Enzymes usually function within a moderate ph and temperature range.
In addition, this product interferes with the enzyme. Wolfenbuttel therapien heilpraktiker markus pretzsch. Pdf amyotrophic lateral sclerosis als is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective death of motor. These products have applications in both cleaning and water treatment. Vi industrial uses of enzymes michele vitolo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss bakery. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Texas prior authorization program clinical criteria drugdrug. Nelson, lehninger principles of biochemistry, iv edition, w. Enzymes are subjected to regulation, to adapt to the requirements of different cells. In spite of the role of the microbial cells in the fermentation process was well established by pasteur in 1876, the enzymatic mechanisms began to be understood only. Treatments that have been claimed to be of benefit in ms. The rate is not zero at 0c, so enzymes still work in the fridge and food still goes off, but they work slowly. These enzymes are in the crude form and have to be purified for further use.
Enzymes may be used in bioprocessing to carry out rapid conversions of their substrates at moderate temperatures and near neutral ph, usually with high specificity towards substrate selection in a complex mixture and with respect to the actual nature of the chemical conversion. There exist positive experiences in the treatment of gilbert syndrome, especially acquired gilbert syndrome if you acquired gilberts syndrome through heavy metals and did not originally have it from birth. Allosteric enzymes are those modulated by agents that bind to them at a site different to the active center. Microbial enzymes have a great number of usein food, s pharmaceutical, textile, paper, leather and other industries hasan, et al. Enzymes are biological catalysts responsible for supporting almost all of the chemical reactions that maintain animal homeostasis. Enzymes can even work in ice, though the rate is extremely slow due to the very slow diffusion of enzyme and substrate molecules through the ice lattice. Absolute specificity the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction.
The enzymes used in the textile field are amylases, catalase, and laccase which are used. A diet similar to the evers diet, supplemented with plant and bacterial enzymes, normal digestive. When the s in the cell is below the k m, changes in s modify the activity. The history of the enzyme treatment of cancer alternative. They change the shape of the enzyme so that it either doesnt accept a molecule, or so that it accepts it more slowly. Enzyme biotechnology related to isolation, extraction. Clinical prior authorization the following clinical prior authorizations have been implemented for medicaid members, consistent with the vendor drug program. Industrial uses of enzymes encyclopedia of life support. Enzymes are involved in conversion of substrate into product. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The biological catalysts of life pekka mantsala and jarmo niemi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss generally, an increase in temperature increases the activity of enzymes. While some of the presentation may seem somewhat dated, the basic concepts are still helpful for researchers who must. Group specificity the enzyme will act only on molecules that have specific functional groups, such as amino, phosphate and methyl groups.1481 922 1230 113 1140 678 1480 991 943 497 1017 1512 887 1569 1098 1390 1276 894 1323 59 1179 325 1296 1141 469 205 1143 230 184 166 507 431 616 1359


My point is, I was always afraid to try these beautiful plants. I thought they would be to hard to grow . Thanks to the internet and great sites like this one you can’t go wrong. I am so happy I bought my first one, I am a complete addict now! Just be sure you look at the roots before you buy, not the flowers and never let the bottom of your inner pot sit on the ‘floor’ of the exterior vase, I line mine with fish tank rock. I live in AZ where humidity is nonexistent so I run a small fan for my flowers as well to help with humidity as well as air flow.
Orchid flowers primitively had three stamens, but this situation is now limited to the genus Neuwiedia. Apostasia and the Cypripedioideae have two stamens, the central one being sterile and reduced to a staminode. All of the other orchids, the clade called Monandria, retain only the central stamen, the others being reduced to staminodes (4). The filaments of the stamens are always adnate (fused) to the style to form cylindrical structure called the gynostemium or column (2). In the primitive Apostasioideae, this fusion is only partial; in the Vanilloideae, it is more deep; in Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae, it is total. The stigma (9) is very asymmetrical, as all of its lobes are bent towards the centre of the flower and lie on the bottom of the column.
Hello I got my orchid of the street. I think it’s about 2 feet tall and it is buttifull and blumming ever since I got it but I have no idea how to care for it b/c my parents have no Idea either, I’ve lost count of how many things there doing wrong but there really busy with other stuff around the house but I think it’s a Phalaenopsis it would reply help if you could tell me what to do
Anguloa, the Tulip Orchid, is well described by its common name! They have substantial, tulip-shaped flowers in shades of white, green, yellow, and red. They like a lot of humidity, intermediate-to-bright light, and cool-to-intermediate temperatures. They really like humidity and hate drying out during the growing season, but most need a dry rest after flowering.
This is not a type of orchid you’ll want to place on your windowsill, because the stems grow up to four feet high. Phaius orchids have large, strappy leaves, and they usually produce petals that are yellow, purple, or white. Also known as the Nun’s Cap orchid, it is a winter bloomer and makes a great addition to anyone’s garden, regardless of what else is planted there.
^ Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Liu, Ke-Wei; Li, Zhen; Lohaus, Rolf; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; Niu, Shan-Ce; Wang, Jie-Yu; Lin, Yao-Cheng; Xu, Qing; Chen, Li-Jun; Yoshida, Kouki; Fujiwara, Sumire; Wang, Zhi-Wen; Zhang, Yong-Qiang; Mitsuda, Nobutaka; Wang, Meina; Liu, Guo-Hui; Pecoraro, Lorenzo; Huang, Hui-Xia; Xiao, Xin-Ju; Lin, Min; Wu, Xin-Yi; Wu, Wan-Lin; Chen, You-Yi; Chang, Song-Bin; Sakamoto, Shingo; Ohme-Takagi, Masaru; Yagi, Masafumi; Zeng, Si-Jin; et al. (2017). "The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids" (PDF). Nature. 549 (7672): 379–383. doi:10.1038/nature23897. PMID 28902843.
I think flying with the plant would be a challenge. Could you purchase one when you get there? Also, you need to check about bringing live plants into Spain because they have different rules for different countries. If you are giving the gift of a keiki or a cutting, that can be really challenging to grow for a beginner as well. So I’m not sure if that’s the best option. Honestly I think your best option is to contact this society and ask them what reputable growers they would recommend. I hope this helps! – Mary Ann
Special thanks to David Banks of Australia, Christian Kirsch; Dr. Rudolph Jenny, Peter O'Byrne***, Eric Hagsater***, Lisa Thoerle***, Mario Blanco***, Mark Whitten***, Adam Karremans, Hakan Halander****; Daniel Jimenez***, André Schuiteman***, Dr. E.F. de Vogel, Jaap Vermeulen, Rick Barry, Dr. Guido Braeme, Rogier Van Vugt; Rene Dishong, Tom Ballinger, Mac & Helen Rivenback; Dr Rubin Salueda; Rafael Govaerts***, Padre Pedro Ortiz, Dr Leslie Garay, Vena Read, Charles Lamb, Donald Tan of Malaysia, Joseph Dougherty, Dalton Holland Baptista, Rick Cirino; Prem Subrahmanyam, ROMAN MARUSKA Czech Republic, Michael Coronado, Alejandro Taborda, Greg Butler and Oak Hill Gardens, Bill Bergstrom and Bergstrom Orchids, Donna Nash, Oliver Lenhard, D. E Vermeullen, Americo Docha Neto, Richard Korber, Carl Withner, Mark Nir, Ekkehard Schwadtke; Dr Eric Christenson, Dave Alford, Igor Zhuravlev, Tony Watkinson, David Hunt, Jean Marie Vanderwinden, Glen Ladnier, Jeffrey W. Tucker, Jorge Alejandro Paulete Scaglia, Scott McGregor, Wilella Stimmell, Eric Thiessen, Geert Volckaert, George and Kathy Norris***, David Alford, Eric Hunt, Peter O'Byrne, Allen Black, Helen Milner, Al Pickrel, Greg Riemer, Marcia Whitmore, Phillipe Musschoot, Wilford Neptune, Jean-Claude George, Tony Walsh, Greg and Kerri Steenbeeke and their Orkology Kreations Website, Jim Hamilton, Robert Fuchs and RF Orchids, Gene Monier and JEM Orchids, Jerry Bolce, Andy's Orchids, Stephen Jones, First Ray Orchids, Robert Weyman Bussey, JEM Orchids, Carlos Hajek and his Peruvian Orchid Page, Bill Morden, David Morris, Noble Bashor, Patricia Harding, Nina Rach, David Haelterman; Craig Cooper, Rocky Giovinazzo, David Friedman, Bill Pinnix, Troy C. Meyers, Linda's Orchid Page, Pierre-Alain Darlet*, Guy Cantor, Tropical Orchid Farm in Maui, H&R Nursuries, Lois Greer, Ichiro "Haru" Ohsaka and his Bulbophyllum Page, Mauro Rosim from Brazil, A World Of Orchids, Bruce Norris of Canada, Nick Doe, Neville De La Rue, Nelson Barbosa Machado Neto, Jeff Aguillon, Dale and Deni Borders, Eka Mulja Tjipta, Rick Barry, Manfred Schmucker, Uri Baruk, Mike and Candy Joehrendt, Dan and Marla Nikirk, Walter Orchard, Christer Carlson; Guillerrmo Angulo, M. Max, Paula Vagner, Tennis Maynard, Greg Allikas, Malcolm Thomas, David Morris, Jacques Deschenes, Lourens Grobler; Gary Yong Gee; José Castaño Hernández; Judd and David Janvrin* for their photo and text contributions.
Orchids have become very popular houseplants in recent years, with their delicate blooms adding elegance and allure to any room. But for beginners, knowing how to water orchids may seem a bit daunting, since they are unlike other common houseplants. This article is going to focus on how to water phalaenopsis orchids. These are also called moth orchids, and are one of the most popular and widely available varieties of orchid.
^ Thomas J. Givnish, Daniel Spalink, Mercedes Ames, Stephanie P. Lyon, Steven J. Hunter, Alejandro Zuluaga, William J.D. Iles, Mark A. Clements, Mary T.K. Arroyo, James Leebens-Mack, Lorena Endara, Ricardo Kriebel, Kurt M. Neubig, W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams, and Kenneth M. Cameron. 2015. "Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification". Proceedings of the Royal Society, series B (biological sciences) 282(1814):pages??. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1553.[full citation needed]
Orchids come in different sizes. I have a miniature phal in a 3-inch pot. This orchid needs watering more often than the larger ones in 6″ deep pots. An orchid in a larger pot will need watering less often, but will need more water quantity wise. The material of the pot will also make a difference. Those in plastic will dry out a bit slower than those planted in porous terra cotta.
Catasetum orchids, along with the other members of the Catasetum alliance, have big, thick pseudobulbs with an attractive fan of thin leaves along their length. The flowers can be very showy, but are unisexual, so that male and female flowers look different. Lighting affects which kind appears. They need a dry rest after flowering when the leaves drop.
Orchids of all types have also often been sought by collectors of both species and hybrids. Many hundreds of societies and clubs worldwide have been established. These can be small, local clubs, or larger, national organisations such as the American Orchid Society. Both serve to encourage cultivation and collection of orchids, but some go further by concentrating on conservation or research.
Horticultural techniques have been devised for germinating orchid seeds on an artificial nutrient medium, eliminating the requirement of the fungus for germination and greatly aiding the propagation of ornamental orchids. The usual medium for the sowing of orchids in artificial conditions is agar agar gel combined with a carbohydrate energy source. The carbohydrate source can be combinations of discrete sugars or can be derived from other sources such as banana, pineapple, peach, or even tomato puree or coconut water. After the preparation of the agar agar medium, it is poured into test tubes or jars which are then autoclaved (or cooked in a pressure cooker) to sterilize the medium. After cooking, the medium begins to gel as it cools.
Now that we’ve laid out the general guidelines, we will explore the ins and outs of how to water phalaenopsis orchids by answering some of the questions you’re sure to have if you are new to the world of these intriguing plants. So read on to learn about different aspects involved in understanding how to water phalaenopsis orchids to encourage healthy growth and prolific flowering!
The type of potting medium being used can also affect your plant's water requirements. Bark has a tendency to dry out more rapidly than sphagnum moss, for instance. It is important to remember, however, that even when the surface of your pot is dry, the root area may remain moist. Poke your finger or a regular wooden pencil an inch into the pot; if it feels moist to the touch or if the pencil looks moist, do not add additional water. The potting medium should always be damp, but not soggy—neither should it be allowed to get extremely dry.
Also known as the Moth orchid – which is much easier and less cumbersome to pronounce – this orchid is great for beginners because it is easy to grow and maintain. Appearing in lovely colors such as yellow, light pink, and spotted with burgundy, the Moth orchid blooms on and off throughout the year and can tolerate repotting efforts – again, making them a great plant for those who are new to planting flowers in their garden. They have long-lasting flowers and look great as an indoor plant, which are a few of the reasons why they are one of the most popular types of orchids.
It has come to my attention that some of you have been using photos or descriptions lifted from this site to aid in selling plants. Please be advised that we do not allow this and will prosecute offenders. Any reuse of these photos for commercial gain is patently illegal. All the photos of mine and my contributors are copyrighted and we will pursue offenders vigorously!
This type of orchid has over 200 species and has a star-shaped appearance. Most of them have small- to medium-sized blooms and come in colors such as yellow, white, or light green, although most of them are white. The flower has a wonderful fragrance, needs even amounts of water, and prefers temperatures between 60 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, mainly because they are not a bulb plant and therefore cannot store water. They also look beautiful in hanging baskets and pots.
Some saprophytic orchid species of the group Gastrodia produce potato-like tubers and were consumed as food by native peoples in Australia and can be successfully cultivated, notably Gastrodia sesamoides. Wild stands of these plants can still be found in the same areas as early aboriginal settlements, such as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Australia. Aboriginal peoples located the plants in habitat by observing where bandicoots had scratched in search of the tubers after detecting the plants underground by scent.[Note 1]
Most orchids are not heavy feeders. Many orchids bloom year after year with no fertilizer at all. During active growth, when new leaves are being produced, you may fertilize every other time you water at half the strength recommended on the fertilizer package. However, it's important to deliver water without fertilizer at least once a month to flush excess fertilizer salts from the bark mix and avoid fertilizer burn to the roots.


AA amyloidosis resembles mad cow disease. A misfolded version of a protein converts normal proteins into abnormal ones, until large deposits of damaging protein build up in tissues -- the spleen and liver in the case of AA amyloidosis, the brain and central nervous system for mad cow disease.
AA amyloidosis is not caused by a bacteria or virus, but it can likely spread from animal to animal like an infectious disease. Biologists have had difficulty, however, figuring out how the disease moves from cat to cat.
Folks, cheetahs are one of my absolute favorite animals, probably for the same reason that Flash is my favorite comic book super hero. I am fascinated with speed, and that’s also one of the reasons I have been a runner for over 40 years.
It is such a miracle to see a cheetah engaged in a full-out sprint, and it amazes me every time I see them perform this magical feat, reaching speeds of up to 70 mph.
My strong suspicion that the primary reason why cheetahs are dying in captivity is that the zoo keepers are clueless about their nutritional requirements. They are likely focused on total calories, vitamins, minerals, fat and carbs, and are missing the most significant aspect of most wild animals diets.
They need RAW food.
Take away the raw food and you disrupt nearly every important biochemical pathway in their body -- an absolute prescription for disaster.
Unfortunately, American scientists and researchers are ignorant about this important aspect of health. However, many savvy German and European researchers are exploring this in the form of biophoton research which, in my eyes, is one of the most exciting areas of biomedical research.
Sunlight – Food for Your Biophoton Field
Sunlight is vital. Without the sun it is virtually impossible for most life forms to exist. I am sure you’ve noticed what a revitalizing effect sunlight has on your body and spirit, especially after a long winter, when you enjoy the first rays of the spring sun.
But you can absorb sun energy via your food as well as through your skin. We are in fact human photocells, whose ultimate biological nutrient is sunlight.
Dr. Johanna Budwig from Germany has stated that live foods are electron-rich, and act as high-powered electron donors and “solar resonance fields” in your body to attract, store, and conduct the sun's energy in your body. The greater your store of light energy, the greater the power your overall electromagnetic field, and consequently the more energy is available for healing and maintenance of optimal health.
What are Biophotons?
Stored sun energy finds its way into your cells via food in the form of minute particles of light. These light particles are called 'biophotons', which are the smallest physical units of light.
They contain important bio-information, which controls complex vital processes in your body. The biophotons have the power to order and regulate, and, in doing so, to elevate the organism – in this case, your physical body -- to a higher oscillation or order.
This is manifested as a feeling of vitality and well-being.
Every living organism emits biophotons or low-level luminescence (light with a wavelength between 200 and 800 nanometers). It is thought that the higher the level of light energy a cell emits, the greater its vitality and the potential for the transfer of that energy to the individual which consumes it.
The more light a food is able to store, the more nutritious it is.
Naturally grown fresh vegetables, for example, and sun-ripened fruits, are rich in light energy. The capacity to store biophotons is therefore a measure of the quality of your food.
So, What’s the Take-Home Message for You?
Eat MORE raw live food in your diet.
My personal goal is 85 percent. Unless I’m traveling, I am almost always over 50 percent, and typically around 85 percent. And yes, that includes animal proteins, as I am a protein type.
Not all raw foodists are vegetarians or vegans. I know eating raw meat sounds extreme, but it is my belief that, like the cheetah, that is the way we were designed to eat, and as long as you buy fresh authentically organic meat, and prepare it with care on a clean surface, it is perfectly safe to consume raw. If you veer very far away from that you are bound to have complications, just like the cheetahs in captivity.


By Sukuoluhle Ndlovu
The National Blood Services of Zimbabwe (NBSZ) is calling upon blood donors of all blood types to make a lifesaving donation following the low recording of the country’s blood bank.
Covid -19 has hugely affected blood donations and a few blood donors are coming in to donate.
In a press statement released by NBSZ, the Communications Officer, Ephraim Mubayi said there are now reduced numbers of donations coming in.
“NBSZ is urgently appealing for blood donors of all blood groups to come forward and make that life saving donation as the blood stocks for are critically low. The Covid -19 pandemic has created challenges that have impacted on blood stocks globally and Zimbabwe has not been spared.
“It is hard to underscore how damaging the one –two punch of Covid -19 and the lockdown measures have been on the blood bank. It is not due to more patients needing blood products but rather it is reduced numbers of donations coming in,” he said.
The NBSZ daily stock requirements nationally is 315units of blood hence the call for donors who are due or new healthy members of the community to come forward and make a life saving donation.
As from tomorrow, blood donors are being urged to come forward and all NBSZ clinics will operate from 0800 to 1700hours.


Botanical: Miscanthus sinensis 'Malepartus'
Common: Ornamental Grass
General Characteristics: Ornamental Grasses are gaining in popularity all over the U.S. due to their undemanding nature and long lasting, year round beauty. There is nothing that adds such interesting forms, textures and movement to a garden, than with this diverse plant group. They can be planted along banks of ponds, incorporated into perennial gardens, grouped together, utilized as a ground cover along walkways, paths or on steep banks. They aren't fussy about soil requirements, are drought tolerant as well as insect and disease resistant.
Tip: Plant bareroot plants only in late spring to early summer when the soil is warm, about the same time you plant your bean or corn seeds. The roots will grow only in warm soil. Planting too early in the spring may cause the roots to rot. Similar story in the fall when the roots may not grow enough to establish before the cold and wet of winter, resulting in the death of the plant.
Because we enjoy the foliage of Miscanthus so much, we like to leave it standing until the new growth starts to appear—possibly as late as May—before we cut it back. We also like the combination of the tan foliage and spring bulbs. Cut back to about 6" from the crown of the plant.
Use: Specimen, border, screen, hedge, background plant, massing, by the water, arrangements.


A stem cell niche dominance theorem
1 Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
2 Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Stellenbosch, South Africa
3 Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
4 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
BMC Systems Biology 2011, 5:4 doi:10.1186/1752-0509-5-4Published: 8 January 2011
Multilevelness is a defining characteristic of complex systems. For example, in the intestinal tissue the epithelial lining is organized into crypts that are maintained by a niche of stem cells. The behavior of the system 'as a whole' is considered to emerge from the functioning and interactions of its parts. What we are seeking here is a conceptual framework to demonstrate how the "fate" of intestinal crypts is an emergent property that inherently arises from the complex yet robust underlying biology of stem cells.
We establish a conceptual framework in which to formalize cross-level principles in the context of tissue organization. To this end we provide a definition for stemness, which is the propensity of a cell lineage to contribute to a tissue fate. We do not consider stemness a property of a cell but link it to the process in which a cell lineage contributes towards tissue (mal)function. We furthermore show that the only logically feasible relationship between the stemness of cell lineages and the emergent fate of their tissue, which satisfies the given criteria, is one of dominance from a particular lineage.
The dominance theorem, conceived and proven in this paper, provides support for the concepts of niche succession and monoclonal conversion in intestinal crypts as bottom-up relations, while crypt fission is postulated to be a top-down principle.


The thyroid gland is located at the front area of the neck. Its function is to make hormones that control how the body converts food to energy (metabolism). In some people, their immune system interferes with their thyroid, causing it to produce an excess of hormones. It is this excess production of hormones that is known as Graves’ Disease, or hyperthyroidism. Nearly half of people with Graves’ Disease also suffer from Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) as a result. Thyroid Eye Disease affects the muscles and tissues around the eyes.
Symptoms of Thyroid Eye Disease
Not everyone with Graves’ Disease will experience eye problems, and everyone will experience them differently, or even intermittently. Some more common eye problems include:
Eye protrusion (proptosis)
Muscle swelling causes muscles surrounding the eye to push the patient’s eye forward, leading to a bulge that can make it look like the person is staring. This is a very common visible symptom of the disease and can be very traumatic, especially to women, as it changes the physical appearance of the face.
The most common symptom of Thyroid Eye Disease is eyelid retraction. As the muscles in the eyelids swell, both the lower and upper eyelids can pull back, or retract. When this happens more of the white of the eye shows. Eyelid retraction and eye bulging contribute to ‘staring’ look.
When the eyelids retract and the eye protrudes, exposure to dust and wind increases, often leading to dry eye. Dry eye symptoms include a scratchy feeling, light sensitivity, and blurry vision. If dry eye becomes severe enough, it can even cause damage to the cornea leading to pain and vision problems.
Swollen tissue surrounding the eyes can become more pronounced, leading to baggy eyelids that make a person look older or tired. This finding can be worse in the morning and improve as the day progresses.
Changes in vision
The eye muscle swelling associated with Graves’ Disease can lead to double vision, which can be very debilitating in everyday life. It can also put pressure on a person’s optic nerve, which connects the eye with the brain. Pressure from swollen eye muscles on the optic nerve can damage it and lead to blindness. This is a true ophthalmologic emergency and should be addressed immediately with medical or occasionally surgical intervention.
Treatment for Graves’ Disease
During your appointment, your Oculofacial Plastic Surgeon will review your symptoms and conduct an examination of your eyes. Treatment might be required if you continue to experience eye protrusion and eyelid retraction or start showing signs of optic nerve compression.
Some simple options for treatment include:
- Reducing eye muscle swelling by taking steroid medication (oral Prednisone)
- Using an eye ointment or artificial tears to help relieve symptoms caused by dry eye
- Wearing sunglasses to reduce discomfort from light sensitivity
- Treating double vision with prism correction eyeglasses
- If you are a smoker, quitting smoking can help reduce symptom severity
If further treatment is needed, the FDA recently approved a new drug Tepezza (teprotumumab-trbw) for treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease. This drug is administered by infusion (i.e., through an IV). It was proven to improve bulging of the eyes during the active phase of the disease. It can also help alleviate symptoms around the eyes and may even eliminate the need for surgical correction.
Finally, if surgery is necessary to address muscle problems or optic nerve compression, your Oculofacial Plastic Surgeon will discuss these options:
- Address upper eyelid retraction by performing a quick surgical procedure in the operating room. This can improve the appearance of the eyes and reduce dry eye symptoms.
- Reduce the appearance of bulging eyes by removing bone and fat behind the eyeball (from the eye socket) which creates more space for the eye to fall back into the eye socket, which in turn improves appearance of bulging eyes.
- Improve the double vision by moving eye muscles around and removing scar tissue. This is usually performed by a Pediatric Ophthalmologist.
- Prevent vision loss by relieving pressure on your optic nerve.
If you suffer from Graves’ Disease and this condition is affecting your eyes, there are options to relieve symptoms. Be sure to discuss the possibilities with your Oculofacial Plastic Surgeon.