Advanced Lung Cancer – Treatment Options, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Clinical Trials
## Understanding Advanced Lung Cancer
Advanced lung cancer, also known as stage 3 or stage 4 lung cancer, is a serious and often life-threatening condition that requires prompt and aggressive treatment. This type of cancer has spread beyond the lungs to other parts of the body, making it more challenging to treat.
### Symptoms of Advanced Lung Cancer
Patients with advanced lung cancer may experience a variety of symptoms, including:
– Persistent cough
– Chest pain
– Shortness of breath
– Unexplained weight loss
– Difficulty swallowing
It is crucial for individuals experiencing these symptoms to seek medical attention promptly, as early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.
### Risk Factors for Advanced Lung Cancer
Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing advanced lung cancer. These include:
– Smoking: Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, and smokers are at a much higher risk of developing the disease.
– Environmental exposure: Exposure to asbestos, radon gas, secondhand smoke, and other carcinogens can increase the risk of lung cancer.
– Genetic predisposition: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to lung cancer, which can increase their risk of developing the disease.
### Diagnosis and Staging of Advanced Lung Cancer
Diagnosing advanced lung cancer typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and PET scans, as well as biopsies to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Once diagnosed, the cancer is staged to determine how far it has spread and the best course of treatment.
### Prognosis and Survival Rates
Unfortunately, the prognosis for advanced lung cancer is often poor, as the disease is typically diagnosed at a late stage when treatment options are limited. The overall 5-year survival rate for stage 3 lung cancer is around 27%, while for stage 4 lung cancer, the 5-year survival rate drops to just 4%.
### Importance of Early Detection and Treatment
Early detection of lung cancer can significantly improve a patient’s chances of survival and enhance their quality of life. Regular screenings for individuals at high risk, such as heavy smokers or those with a family history of lung cancer, can help detect the disease at an early stage when treatment is most effective.
By understanding the symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and prognosis of advanced lung cancer, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their health and well-being. Seek medical advice if you experience any concerning symptoms or are at high risk for developing lung cancer.
Treatment options for advanced lung cancer
When it comes to treating advanced lung cancer, there are several options available depending on the stage of the disease and the overall health of the patient. It’s important to work closely with a healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment.
Surgery is often a primary treatment for early-stage lung cancer, but it can also be used in some cases of advanced lung cancer. Surgical options may include:
- Lobectomy: Removal of a lobe of the lung.
- Pneumonectomy: Removal of an entire lung.
- Sleeve resection: Removal of a portion of the bronchus.
While surgery may not always be an option for advanced lung cancer, it can be considered in certain cases to remove tumors and relieve symptoms.
Chemotherapy is often used as a primary treatment for advanced lung cancer. It involves the use of powerful drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
According to the American Cancer Society, chemotherapy is a systemic treatment, meaning it affects the whole body and can reach cancer cells that may have spread beyond the lungs. Common chemotherapy drugs used for lung cancer include:
Chemotherapy can have side effects, including nausea, hair loss, and fatigue. However, advancements in supportive care have helped to manage these side effects and improve the quality of life for patients undergoing treatment.
3. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy
Immunotherapy and targeted therapy are newer treatment approaches for advanced lung cancer that target specific genetic mutations in cancer cells. These treatments are often used when chemotherapy is not effective or when the cancer has specific biomarkers.
Targeted therapy drugs work by blocking specific proteins or pathways that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells, while immunotherapy harnesses the body’s immune system to attack cancer cells. Some targeted therapy drugs used for lung cancer include:
- Erlotinib (Tarceva): Targets the EGFR gene mutation.
- Crizotinib (Xalkori): Targets the ALK gene rearrangement.
Immunotherapy drugs like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo) have shown promising results in treating advanced lung cancer and improving survival rates.
By understanding the various treatment options available for advanced lung cancer, patients and their healthcare providers can develop a personalized treatment plan that offers the best chance for a positive outcome.
Treating Advanced Lung Cancer with Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a common and effective treatment option for patients with advanced lung cancer. It works by targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells in the body and preventing them from growing and dividing further.
There are several chemotherapy drugs used to treat advanced lung cancer, including:
- Platinum-based drugs: such as cisplatin or carboplatin, are commonly used in combination with other drugs to treat lung cancer.
- Paclitaxel (Taxol): a taxane drug that can be used alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.
- Gemcitabine (Gemzar): a drug that is often used in combination with other drugs to treat lung cancer.
These chemotherapy drugs can be administered intravenously or orally, depending on the specific treatment plan developed by the oncology team.
According to the American Cancer Society, chemotherapy can be given as a primary treatment for advanced lung cancer or after surgery to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.
Chemotherapy regimens for advanced lung cancer often involve cycles of treatment followed by a rest period to allow the body to recover from the side effects of the drugs. Common side effects of chemotherapy may include nausea, fatigue, hair loss, and decreased blood cell counts.
Clinical Trials for Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer
Clinical trials play a crucial role in advancing the field of lung cancer treatment. Researchers are constantly working to develop new chemotherapy drugs or improve existing ones to enhance their effectiveness and reduce side effects.
According to the National Cancer Institute, participating in a clinical trial can give patients access to cutting-edge treatments that may not be available otherwise.
|Side Effects (%)
Based on the statistics above, the survival rates for advanced lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy have shown a positive trend over the past few years, indicating the effectiveness of this treatment approach.
For more information on chemotherapy options for advanced lung cancer, consult with your oncologist or visit reputable sources such as the American Cancer Society or the National Cancer Institute.
Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Advanced Lung Cancer
Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have revolutionized the treatment landscape for advanced lung cancer patients. These innovative approaches offer personalized and more effective treatments that target specific molecular markers or immune checkpoints. Let’s delve deeper into how these therapies are transforming the management of advanced lung cancer.
Immunotherapy harnesses the power of the immune system to identify and destroy cancer cells. Checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo), work by blocking inhibitory checkpoints on immune cells, allowing them to recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. These drugs have shown remarkable efficacy in a subset of advanced lung cancer patients, leading to improved survival outcomes.
According to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, immunotherapy demonstrated a significant overall survival benefit in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared to standard chemotherapy. The study reported a 5-year survival rate of 20% in patients treated with immunotherapy, highlighting the long-term benefits of these novel therapies.
Combination therapies, such as combining checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy or other immunotherapy agents, are also being investigated to further enhance treatment outcomes for advanced lung cancer patients. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring the potential of immunotherapy in different settings, including as first-line or adjuvant therapy.
Targeted therapy focuses on specific genetic mutations or alterations present in cancer cells, allowing for more precise and targeted treatment strategies. Drugs like osimertinib (Tagrisso) and crizotinib (Xalkori) target mutations such as EGFR and ALK, which are commonly found in lung cancer patients. By targeting these unique molecular aberrations, targeted therapies have shown promising results in improving response rates and progression-free survival in patients with advanced lung cancer.
A clinical trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine demonstrated the efficacy of targeted therapy in patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancer, showing a significant improvement in progression-free survival compared to chemotherapy. These results underscore the importance of molecular testing to identify actionable mutations and guide treatment decisions in advanced lung cancer.
However, it is essential to note that not all advanced lung cancer patients may have targetable mutations, limiting the applicability of targeted therapy in certain cases. Research efforts are underway to identify new targets and develop novel targeted agents to expand treatment options for a broader patient population.
In conclusion, immunotherapy and targeted therapy represent groundbreaking advancements in the management of advanced lung cancer, offering personalized and effective treatment options for patients. Continued research and clinical trials are key to further expanding our understanding of these therapies and optimizing their use in the treatment of advanced lung cancer.
Radiation Therapy for Advanced Lung Cancer
Radiation therapy is a common treatment option for advanced lung cancer that can be used alone or in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy or surgery. It involves the use of high-energy radiation to target and destroy cancer cells.
Types of Radiation Therapy:
There are two main types of radiation therapy used for lung cancer:
- External Beam Radiation: This type of radiation therapy delivers radiation from a machine outside the body directly to the tumor. It is a localized treatment that aims to shrink tumors and relieve symptoms.
- Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy): In this type of radiation therapy, radioactive material is placed inside the body near the tumor. It allows for a higher dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumor while reducing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues.
Benefits of Radiation Therapy:
Radiation therapy can offer several benefits for patients with advanced lung cancer:
- Shrinking tumors to reduce symptoms such as pain or breathing difficulties
- Slowing the growth of cancer or stopping it from spreading
- Improving quality of life by relieving symptoms and improving breathing
Potential Side Effects:
While radiation therapy can be effective in treating lung cancer, it can also cause side effects. Common side effects include fatigue, skin changes, nausea, and difficulty swallowing. These side effects are usually temporary and can be managed with medications or supportive care.
Research and Statistics:
“According to the American Cancer Society, radiation therapy is often used in conjunction with other treatments for advanced lung cancer to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients.”
Research studies have shown that combining radiation therapy with chemotherapy or immunotherapy can lead to better outcomes for patients with advanced lung cancer. Clinical trials are also exploring new techniques and technologies to deliver radiation more precisely and effectively.
|National Cancer Institute
|Patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation had improved survival rates compared to radiation alone.
|Journal of Clinical Oncology
|Combining radiation therapy with targeted therapy showed promising results in shrinking tumors and improving progression-free survival.
It’s essential for patients with advanced lung cancer to discuss the benefits and potential side effects of radiation therapy with their healthcare team to make informed treatment decisions.
For more information on radiation therapy for lung cancer, you can visit the American Cancer Society website.
Integrative Therapies and Supportive Care for Advanced Lung Cancer Patients
When dealing with advanced lung cancer, it is crucial to not only focus on conventional treatments but also consider integrative therapies and supportive care to improve the overall well-being and quality of life of patients. These complementary approaches can help manage symptoms, alleviate side effects, and promote a sense of well-being.
Integrative therapies encompass a wide range of practices that aim to complement traditional medical treatments. Some of the integrative therapies commonly used in advanced lung cancer care include:
- Acupuncture: Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese practice that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to help relieve pain and reduce stress.
- Massage Therapy: Massage therapy can help ease muscle tension, reduce anxiety, and improve overall relaxation.
- Yoga and Meditation: Yoga and meditation techniques can promote mindfulness, reduce stress, and improve mental well-being.
- Dietary Supplements: Some patients may benefit from specific dietary supplements to support their overall health and well-being.
Supportive care plays a crucial role in the treatment of advanced lung cancer by addressing the physical, emotional, and psychological needs of patients. Some aspects of supportive care include:
- Palliative Care: Palliative care focuses on relieving symptoms, managing pain, and improving the quality of life for patients with advanced cancer.
- Emotional Support: Providing emotional support through counseling, support groups, and therapy can help patients cope with the challenges of advanced lung cancer.
- Nutritional Support: Proper nutrition is essential for patients undergoing treatment for advanced lung cancer. Nutritionists can help provide guidance on maintaining a healthy diet.
- Physical Therapy: Physical therapy can help patients maintain mobility, improve strength, and manage pain related to lung cancer treatment.
It is essential for healthcare providers to consider the holistic needs of patients with advanced lung cancer and incorporate integrative therapies and supportive care into their treatment plans to improve the overall well-being and quality of life of patients.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information – Integrative Therapies in Lung Cancer
- National Cancer Institute – Supportive Care for Lung Cancer Patients
7. Clinical Trials and Emerging Treatments for Advanced Lung Cancer
Clinical trials play a crucial role in advancing the treatment options for advanced lung cancer. These trials test new drugs, therapies, and treatment approaches to determine their effectiveness and safety in patients. Participating in a clinical trial can provide access to cutting-edge treatments that may not be available through standard care.
One promising area of research in advanced lung cancer is the development of targeted therapies. These therapies work by targeting specific genetic mutations or proteins that drive the growth of cancer cells. For example, drugs like osimertinib have shown significant benefits in patients with EGFR-mutated lung cancer, improving outcomes and quality of life.
Immunotherapy is another innovative approach that harnesses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, have been approved for the treatment of advanced lung cancer and have shown promising results in clinical trials.
Combination therapies, which involve using two or more treatments together, are also being explored in clinical trials for advanced lung cancer. These combinations may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or other novel treatments.
It is essential for patients with advanced lung cancer to discuss the option of participating in a clinical trial with their healthcare team. Clinical trials are conducted at specialized research centers and hospitals, and information about ongoing trials can be found on reputable platforms like ClinicalTrials.gov.
Some current clinical trials for advanced lung cancer include testing novel immunotherapy combinations, investigating new targeted therapies, and exploring innovative treatment approaches. Participating in a clinical trial can not only provide access to potentially life-saving treatments but also contribute to advancements in lung cancer research.
Surveys and Statistical Data
To provide context for the importance of clinical trials in advancing lung cancer treatment, here are some key statistics:
|Percentage of lung cancer patients enrolled in clinical trials
|Survival rates for patients in clinical trials
|Higher than those not in trials
These statistics underscore the significance of clinical trials in improving outcomes for patients with advanced lung cancer. Participating in a clinical trial may offer new hope and treatment options for individuals facing this challenging diagnosis.


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Are organic foods healthier? Worth the extra expense?
The scientific debate has raged on for years. Now, a new report says yes’especially if you believe toxic chemicals are bad for your health.
Two years ago conventional media used a meta-analysis by Stanford University to cast doubt on the value of an organic diet. This despite the fact that the analysis’which looked at 240 studies comparing organically and conventionally grown food’found that organic foods are less contaminated with agricultural chemicals.
In an effort to further clarify the 2012 findings, a group of European scientists recently evaluated an even greater number of studies, 343 in all, published over the last several decades.
Here’s what they found. Not only do organic foods have more nutrients, including cancer-fighting antioxidants, but they also contain far fewer pesticide residues. This is a no-brainer given that monoculture chemical and GMO farmers kill the soil with toxic chemicals and climate-destabilizing nitrate fertilizer’while organic farmers feed the soil with compost, nurturing the soil food web.
But the key nutritional difference between conventional and organics? Anywhere from 18 to 69 percent more antioxidants.


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Terrariums are a great addition to any garden or display inside your home. But what about outdoors? Can terrariums be kept outside? I have always wanted to create a nice outdoor display but was not sure how to keep a terrarium safe against the elements and what types of terrariums would thrive in certain climates. I decided to do some research and find out.
Can terrariums be kept outside? Terrariums can be built to withstand outdoor elements and can survive in an outdoor setting. Open vessels planted with succulents and cacti work best. However, there are many factors that affect having an outdoor terrarium and knowing what they are might help you decide what is right for you.
Although most people tend to avoid creating an outdoor terrarium due to the many complexities that arise from an outdoor setting, such as unpredictable weather conditions and other elements, understanding these challenges and how to overcome them will help you to decide if an outdoor terrarium is the right decision for you.
Closed Vs Open Terrarium: Which is best for Outdoors?
There are two types of containers used for terrariums, closed and open. Open terrariums are best suited for the outdoors as they can be designed to tolerate outdoor elements more effectively. Succulents and Cacti are excellent plant choices that will flourish in most outdoor settings and are suitable for open terrariums.
There are a lot of differences between open and closed terrariums and both have different plant, lighting, and maintenance requirements. Below is a brief description describing the main differences between the two types.
Closed terrariums are fully enclosed containers, usually made from glass with a removable lid used for maintenance. They are an ideal environment for plants that thrive in wet, humid conditions, with indirect light. Closed terrariums create their own water cycle through high degrees of humidity and moisture.
The moisture from the soil and plants evaporates into water vapor which is then condensed within the walls of the terrarium container. Precipitation then occurs when the water droplets from the condensation get too heavy and fall back to the plants and soil below. Due to this automated process, closed terrariums are mainly self-sufficient, requiring much less watering and maintenance. Due to the high degree of humidity and moist environment that closed terrarium plants need to survive, closed terrariums are not really suited for outdoors. It would be too hard to control the environment inside the terrarium when the terrarium is constantly subjected to the unpredictable outdoor elements and conditions.
Open terrariums do not require a lid and are not fully enclosed. They are best suited for plants that love the sun and do not require a moist environment. Open terrariums prefer circulating air and drier conditions which makes them great for outdoors. Succulents and Cacti are the best choice for an outdoor open terrarium, however, if storing your terrarium indoors, most houseplants can be used as well.
Open terrariums generally need to be watered more frequently than closed terrariums due to not having an internal water cycle through humidity buildup. However, always water with caution when dealing with desert succulents and cacti as excess accumulated water can cause your roots to rot and plants to drown. Succulents and cacti are used to dry conditions with minimal water so be sure to water sparingly once a week once the soil is completely dry.
Protecting Your Terrarium from Direct Light
One of the biggest challenges for having an outdoor terrarium is managing sunlight. Most terrarium plants do not require direct sunlight/full sun, so it is very important that you make sure your plants do not overheat.
Temperatures within terrariums can rise very quickly when placed in direct sunlight as terrarium glass magnifies the heat received from the sun. Direct light refers to rays of the sun directly touching the terrarium casing or plants. Most plants cannot handle this kind of heat which will cause your plants to burn. Warning signs that your plants may be getting too much light and starting to burn is if the leaves show signs of scorching or have brown spots.
So, if you are planning to have an outdoor terrarium that will be exposed to direct light, make sure to use plants that can tolerate high levels of light and heat. Even though desert succulents can thrive in the full sun, making sure to give them some time in light shade or indirect light during the harshest heat periods of the day will prevent burning and prolong life expectancy.
Terrarium Plants that can Survive in Direct Light
Desert succulents would be ideal plants to use for direct light. Here are a few suitable suggestions that are relatively low maintenance:
- Agave Victoriae Reginae – Also known as the Queen Victoria Agave, this succulent originates from Mexico and loves the sun.
- Living Stones – The most common species are Lithops and Conophytums. Although they may look like pebbles, these stones are well and truly alive and generally flower once a year. They do not require much water, usually five times a year is sufficient. Make sure to avoid watering in the winter to prevent bursting leaves.
- Aloe vera – Also referred to as the “Medicine Plant”, the sap of the aloe plant has been used for centuries to treat wounds and burns (Healthline.com). It is a great plant to have on hand for those unexpected emergencies. Make sure to allow the soil to dry out between watering and that they receive plenty of light.
- Paddle Plant – Also known as the Desert Cabbage, grows best in bright light. When placed in direct sunlight, the round leaves will get a red tinge. Make sure to give the terrarium a quarter turn every week to make sure that all sides of the leaves are getting equal exposure. These plants are suited best for larger, open terrariums or pots.
- Tiger’s Jaw – Also known as Shark Jaw or by its botanical name of Faucarua Tigrina. This feisty succulent originates from South Africa and is a slow growing succulent which won’t outgrow your terrarium container for quite some time.
- Hens and Chicks – Also known as the Houseleek plant. This drought-tolerant succulent produces clusters of rosettes. The parent rosettes are the “hens” and the smaller rosettes produced by the parent rosettes are their “chicks”. These plants require full sunlight to part shade and love to flower during the summer months.
Most Terrarium Plants Love Indirect Light
Bright, indirect sunlight/partial sun is a better source of light for terrariums as most plants need at least some light to survive, yet it is not enough to overheat your plants if monitored correctly. Indirect light is ambient light or sunlight that has been filtered.
An example of indirect, ambient light is when sunshine is being filtered through clouds or other objects such as a sheer (outdoor curtain). The sunlight is still present, but the sun rays are not shining on the terrarium directly. This prevents the terrarium from overheating while allowing the plants to receive the sunlight that is required.
Outdoor sheers are a great way to protect your patio or BBQ area from direct sunlight or glare. They allow terrariums to gain the light that they need without having to move them regularly to avoid direct sunlight. If your terrarium is in a garden or other outdoor area not suited for a sheer, a sunshade or canopy is a great alternative. This will be a lifesaver during the peak summer months in areas where you may be unable to put up a sheer. Make sure to find a sunshade that comes with ropes and is ready to use. These are my top picks for an outdoor sheer or canopy that are affordable and easy to set up.
It is best practice to not move your terrariums around to follow the sun or to avoid the direct light on a regular basis. As plants are naturally drawn to light, they tend to struggle if they must repeatedly orientate themselves. That is one of the benefits of using a sheer or canopy to assist in balancing the light, allowing you to keep your terrariums in one place.
Terrarium Plants that Thrive in Indirect Light
Although there are many terrarium plants that can thrive in indirect light, succulent plants suited for open terrariums would survive best in an outdoor setting. Below is a list of plant options that do best with indirect sunlight or partial shade.
- Zebra Haworthia – Also known as the Zebra Cactus, this plant has visual similarities to the Aloe plant. They don’t like direct sunlight and do best when in partial shade or indirect light.
- Burro’s Tail – This unique succulent requires little maintenance but comes with caution. The one thing to look out for is to be extremely careful when watering or moving the plant as the leaves are very fragile and will fall off easily. On the plus side, you can propagate new plants from each leaf.
- String of Pearls – A beautiful, cascading succulent that can add that extra elegance to your terrarium. These plants would thrive best under a sheer or shaded area, with indirect light.
- Crown Cactus – Also known as Rebutia Cacti, can tolerate a range of light conditions, from partial shade to full-sun. However, they tend to thrive best in bright, indirect light and cooler temperatures.
- Gasteria – Commonly referred to as Ox Tongue, due to its long leaves and rough texture. Gasteria is a slow growing succulent that requires little water and prefers lightly shaded conditions.
- Sand Rose – Known for their dual colored, rosette styled leaves showing olive green on one side and wine red on the other. This low maintenance succulent requires free drainage soil and minimal watering. The flowers they produce can grow up to 4 inches tall.
Living in a Hot Climate
If you happen to live in a hot climate there are a few important things to consider that will impact your choice of plants and degree of maintenance required to keep your terrarium healthy in the heat. Living in a hot climate with low humidity and dry air will provide less stress and lower maintenance when caring for your terrarium.
The American Horticultural Society has developed a similar ratings system to the USDA’s Hardiness Zone Map, with a Heat Zone Map. This map is helpful when trying to determine which plant types can tolerate a hotter climate. The summary table at the end of the article contains the hardiness and heat zone ratings for any plants suggested throughout the article.
A hot climate with dry heat and low humidity levels is the ideal situation when dealing with trying to grow terrariums in hot climates. This is because succulents are often the best plants to grow in an outdoor terrarium, and they just love a dry, desert like environment. The one thing to look out for however, is that your plants are getting the water they need, without over watering. Watering once a week is usually sufficient, making sure that you wait until the soil is completely dry before watering.
Humidity adds to the moisture in the soil and can lead to fungal infections and root rot. These symptoms can be deadly to your succulents and the overall health of your terrarium. However, if you happen to live in a hot climate, with high humidity levels, all hope is not lost. There are things that you can do to reduce the humidity so that having a terrarium is a possibility.
Morning/evening dew is quite common in hot, humid environments and can inconveniently add to your humidity concerns and add unnecessary moisture to your soil. I would suggest storing your terrarium under a roof of some sort or using a canopy to assist with dew prevention.
One key thing that can greatly help to reduce the humidity within your terrarium is using more pumice.
Pumice works great when mixed with soil as it increases aeration and drainage and helps the soil to dry out faster. As pumice is an inorganic rock, it is long lasting and will not decompose or crumble away over time.
Another challenge with hot climates is light management. Making sure you understand the lighting requirements for your terrarium plants is vital, but even if they can handle long periods of direct sunlight, scorching can still occur, especially in extreme hot climates. Be aware of when the peak summer months occur which can often cause rising temperatures and heat waves. Consider using a sheer or canopy to prevent scorching or as an alternative, transition your terrarium to a partially shaded area in the weeks leading up to your summers peak season.
Plants that Can Survive in a Hot Climate
Don’t forget to keep an eye on your humidity levels and how your plants are doing. Even though the below list of succulents thrive in hot climates, if moisture levels are left uncontrolled, it could damage your plants.
- Blue Chalksticks – This succulent acts as a great ground filler for your terrarium and can tolerate extreme heat. It is also fire resistant, although lets hope you never have to put it to the test!
- Miniature Golden Barrel Cactus – This drought tolerant cacti can last for years if cared for correctly. Make sure to provided lots of sun and to water regularly making sure the soil is completely dry before watering.
- Pachyphytum fittkaui – A relative of the Jade Plant, this succulent has blue-green, finger like leaves that display a pink to purple blush when basking in the sun. If temperatures drop below 45°F, be sure to move the terrarium inside as they do not handle frost or the cold well.
- Paddle Plant – These sun-loving succulents love the dry heat and will struggle in temperatures below 50°F. The round, flat leaves can provide a variety of color to your terrarium and was the winner of the prestigious Award of Garden Merit of the British Royal Horticultural Society in the United Kingdom.
- Aloe Vera – Aloe Vera can tolerate temperatures between 50°F to 85°F and love the full sun. Although this plant contains amazing medicinal properties if applied correctly, it can be poisonous to dogs and cats (ASPCA.org). So be sure to keep your terrarium out of reach from curious pets.
Living in a Cold Climate
There are many challenges to living in a cold climate that can create difficulties when creating an outdoor terrarium. Aside from choosing plants that can tolerate extreme winter conditions, understanding the environment challenges and how to manage them will allow you to have that winter terrarium that you have dreamed of!
Hardiness ratings are a system developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), to test the cold tolerance levels of plants. You can use our interactive map to find out your local hardiness zone which will help you to understand which plant types will be able to survive in your local climate. The summary table at the end of the article contains the hardiness and heat zone ratings for any plants suggested throughout the article.
Frost and snow prevention may be quite difficult depending on how extreme your environment is but there are a couple of things you can do as long as you’re not living in a constant blizzard. Placing your terrarium in a covered area or using a portable, pop-up mini greenhouse could also work. They come in all shapes and sizes and often come with zipper windows and doors with clear plastic walls. This type of mini greenhouse can also help with prevention against strong winds, rain, and extreme temperature drops.
Humidity is another common challenge within cold climates. As mentioned above, pumice is a great option to assist with moisture reduction in humid environments. As cold climates often have to deal with frost and snow, in addition to rain and excess moisture, it would be a good idea to get a soil moisture sensor to keep a closer eye on your terrarium’s humidity levels.
This 3-in-1 moisture sensor is a great choice as it also measures pH and light levels for an added bonus.
Another challenge, depending you where you may live, is lack of sunlight. There are many areas, where during winter months in particular, daylight is reduced to just a few hours. Other areas may experience extended periods of time that are overcast or where the clouds continuously block the sun for months on end. If you happen to live in this type of environment, then make sure to use plants or succulents that only require indirect light.
If you happen to have done all you can to keep your terrarium healthy and strong, but you notice one of your plants has early signs of root rot or is dying, make sure to remove those plants immediately. Dying plants can infect the other plants within your terrarium and so it is better to remove and replace them before your whole terrarium faces a similar fate.
Outdoor Succulents that can Survive in Extreme Cold Weather
Making sure you pick the right plants is crucial to the survival and health of your outdoor terrarium, especially in a cold climate. Below is a list of suitable succulents that can tolerate extreme winter conditions:
- Sempervivums – These rosette style succulents can tolerate extreme cold temperatures up to -30°F. The Sempervivum Red Lion and Mahogany are two great varieties that will provide a variety of colors for your terrarium.
- Sedum Acre (Gold Moss) – This evergreen perennial has can tolerate a wide range of temperature changes from 25°F all the way down to -40°F. It is a mat-forming succulent with tangled stems covered with bright green leaves. During the summer months you can expect bright clusters of yellow flowers.
- Dragon’s Blood Sedum – In the summer this low-maintenance sedum displays hot pink flowers and during winter months the green leaves turn a gorgeous wine red. The Dragon’s Blood Sedum thrives in cooler temperatures ranging from -40°F to -25°F.
- Opuntias – Commonly known as the Prickly Pear Cactus, is the most common succulent that can be found across the US. These cold-hardy cacti can survive in -22°F weather and just love the sun. They are also drought tolerant, so can be a great addition to an outdoor terrarium. Just be careful of those spikes!
- Ice plant Oscularia Deltoides – These plump little succulents are great winter plants and can tolerate mild frost and slightly freezing temperatures. Although they may not be able to handle the freezing temperatures of the other plants on this list, they can happily tolerate temperatures as low as 15 to 20°F.
Additional Challenges for an Outdoor Terrarium
Other challenges that present themselves when trying to keep a terrarium outdoors is the unpredictability of the elements and environment. One vital consideration is to make sure that your terrarium is anchored properly so that it doesn’t get knocked over or blown away during strong winds. This can be more difficult for hanging terrariums, so make sure to be strategic when deciding on where your terrariums will be placed. The last thing that anyone wants is broken glass everywhere or a broken terrarium that you spent so much time on.
Constant rain can also be an issue. The excess moisture in the air can damage your plants if not constantly monitored and maintained due to the increase in humidity. As the best terrarium plants suited for outdoors are succulents, constant moisture and humidity can create problems keeping your plants healthy. If you happen to live in a place that receives lots of rain, then make sure to choose your plants wisely and apply some of the methods discussed earlier for reducing and monitoring humidity.
Table Summary of Plants
Choosing the right plant type to have in your outdoor terrarium is key to making sure it can thrive within your specific type of climate. The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map below and the AHS Heat Zone Map are the standard by which gardeners and plant enthusiasts can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. Under the map below, you can enter your location and understand your geographical hardiness zone.
Here is a summary of information for the plants mentioned throughout this article for your convenience.
Although maintaining an outdoor terrarium creates some additional complexities, that is no reason why you should shy away from one if that is your desire. Just make sure that you consider the following key takeaways:
- Open Vessel containers are best for outdoor use
- Succulents and Cacti are great plant choices for outdoors
- Understand your plant’s sunlight exposure requirements
- Direct Light/Full Sun vs Indirect Light/Partial Sun
- Understand your climate and what plants are best suited for your location
- Check USDA Hardiness Zone & AHS Heat Zone Ratings
- Protect your terrarium against rain, strong winds, frost, and high humidity
Meet Brad, the creator behind Vivarium Vibes, where his deep connection with nature and animals truly comes to life.


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Researchers from Michigan, USA, determined the knowledge base and practice patterns of a nationwide cohort of primary care physicians (PCPs) regarding hepatitis C.
A survey was developed to assess the knowledge of PCPs regarding risk factors for hepatitis C, management of hepatitis C patients, and attitude regarding testing for hepatitis C.
The survey was mailed to 4000 PCPs in the USA. A total of 1412 (39%) PCPs completed the survey.
More than 90% of PCPs correctly identified the most common risk factors for hepatitis C.
|PCPs and hepatitis C trends:|
90% correctly identified risk factors.
59% asked all patients about risk factors.
70% tested all with HCV risk factors.
78% tested all with elevated HCV liver enzymes.
25% did not know what treatment to recommend.
|Journal of Viral Hepatitis|
However, only 59% indicated they ask all patients about hepatitis C risk factors.
70% reported they test all patients with hepatitis C risk factors and 78% test all patients with elevated liver enzymes for hepatitis C.
Most (72%) PCPs would refer an HCV-positive patient with elevated aminotransferase. However, only 28% would refer an HCV-positive patient with normal aminotransferase to a specialist.
A quarter of the PCPs did not know what treatment to recommend for hepatitis C patients.
Dr Shebab, of the University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, said on behalf of fellow colleagues, "Our data suggest that hepatitis C patients may be under-diagnosed and under-referred."
"Specific educational initiatives and practice guidelines for PCPs are needed to optimize the recognition of patients at risk for hepatitis C and to ensure appropriate testing and referral," it was concluded.


Researchers at Peking University have applied gene editing to treat HIV. The CRISPR tool removed the CCR5 gene from the patient’s immune cells, which makes them vulnerable to the virus, Live Science reported.
There is no talk of a cure for a dangerous disease, but this is an important step towards effective gene therapy for HIV.
The experiment was conducted on an adult volunteer who developed leukemia against the background of HIV. In any case, the patient needed a bone marrow transplant, so the scientists took this opportunity and edited the stem cells from the donor sample before transplantation.
CRISPR removed the CCR5 gene from cells, which synthesizes proteins located on the surface of certain immune cells. It is to these proteins that a viral particle attaches before it penetrates deeper into the cell. In individuals, the CCR5 gene contains a natural mutation that protects against HIV, but such a successful combination of genes is rare.
The surgery helped save the patient from leukemia. Tests showed that the edited stem cells took root and produced blood cells that remained in the body for 19 months. No unwanted side effects of gene editing have been detected.
Unfortunately, the intervention did not save the patient from HIV. When he stopped taking antiretroviral drugs for a short while, the amount of viral particles in the body grew rapidly.
The reason, apparently, was that the CCR5 gene was not removed in all donor cells.
However, the study was important evidence of the safety of CRISPR for HIV treatment, so the authors are optimistic. If you increase the effectiveness of gene editing, the technique will become the basis for new methods of dealing with this dangerous disease. True, they are not suitable for everyone, but only for patients who have already recommended bone marrow transplantation.


Professor of Cell Biology
His research and teaching interests include T-cell development and signal transduction; he has recently been examining the effect of phytochemicals on cells of the immune system. He has also begun a student research program in fermentation science.
His other interests include astronomy, general aviation, skydiving, and zymurgy.
This course will provide an overview of the science and issues surrounding substance-related addictions and the processes and mechanisms that underlie addiction. We will address both the genetic and environmental underpinnings of addiction and introduce the epidemiology and developmental course of addiction. Students will work in teams of 4-5 to investigate an area of interest in the science of addiction. The groups will use the primary scientific and medical literature in an effort to understand the use, effectiveness and limitations of the particular treatments or approaches selected. Each team member will be responsible for some aspect of the research and will report back to the whole group. The groups will present their findings to the whole class. The students' goal is to assess the effectiveness of the various approaches by examining the available data carefully, explaining the methodologies employed to look at the treatment, and critically reading the authors' conclusions. Examples of past projects include: How do benzodiazapines affect episodic memory? How does cocaine affect the progression of HIV? Is sex addiction a real addiction? What alternatives to methadone are available in the treatment of pregnant women opioid addicts? Is caffeine an addictive drug? How effective is psilocybin for treating substance use disorder? Does alcohol affect men and women differently from a brain chemistry perspective? Each student will have the opportunity to work in three groups over the semester and to complete three projects and presentations. Students will also learn to find and read scientific research articles on topics of their choosing. They will write analytical critiques of these articles and will have numerous opportunities to revise these based on the instructors' comments. These critiques will form the basis of the final papers in which students explored a particular narrow topic on some aspect of addiction. The final compilation of the three critiques will be used in putting together their final papers. All students are also introduced to elementary aspects of data analysis and statistics. We also will have presentations by local treatment counselors as well as a video presentations from a local physician specializing in addictions treatment. A final portfolio of all work will be used to evaluate each student's progress.
This fermentation science course is designed to familiarize students with the current topics and procedures in brewing science. This upper-level course requires previous course and laboratory work in chemistry and microbiology. The course will focus on the study of the fundamental and applied sciences related to the use of microorganisms as production and processing agents. Specifically, we will examine the technological and biochemical aspects of the brewing process, including raw materials, malting, mashing, fermentation and maturation. In addition to lectures and discussion on the readings, the course will include extensive laboratory work. Students will work in small groups on a focused research project. Prerequisites: cell or molecular biology, and chemistry or microbiology.
Students in this course will learn about the biological function of selected human organs and systems through the study of actual medical cases. Not all human systems will be covered, but students will gain a good understanding of how diseases affect the body and how they are diagnosed. Working in small teams, students will develop diagnoses for medical cases through reviewing descriptions of patient histories, physical exams, and laboratory findings. A human biology text, medical texts on reserve, and Internet resources will help students track down information they need to solve these medical mysteries. Students will also learn to find and read scientific research articles on topics of their choosing and will learn to write analytical reviews of these articles. These reviews will form the basis of final papers in which students choose particular diseases or treatments to investigate in detail and present their findings to the class.
This fermentation science course is designed to familiarize students with the current topics and procedures in brewing science. This upper-level course requires previous course and laboratory work in chemistry and microbiology. The course will focus on the study of the fundamental and applied sciences related to the use of microorganisms as production and processing agents. Specifically, we will examine the technological and biochemical aspects of the brewing process, including raw materials, malting, mashing, fermentation and maturation. In addition to lectures and discussion on the readings, the course will include extensive laboratory work. Students will work in small groups on a focused research project. Prerequisites: cell or molecular biology, chemistry, or microbiology
Dreaming about winning a Nobel Prize in medicine? You might need this class exploring exciting topics in contemporary biomedical research.We will focus on rapidly advancing areas such as human microbiome, immunology targeted drug delivery, circadian rhythms, and more, with each of 6 Natural Science faculty members leading discussions on a cutting edge topic. Activities will include analysis of research papers, exploration of methodologies, problem solving, and an examination of the implications of this research for the future of medicine. Finally, students will have the opportunity to conduct independent inquiry into a topic of interest to them.
This course is designed as an introduction to the immune system. Our goal is to understand the basic elements of the immune system and the mechanisms by which these elements protect us from infectious agents, growth of tumors and other pathologic conditions. The overview design of the course will not preclude us from exploring a few areas in depth and students will also have an opportunity to dig deeply into an area of their choosing when writing papers and doing group presentations. We will stress the experimental basis of each concept we discuss. This will enable us to see how scientists analyze questions, design experiments and draw conclusions. This process will show us how fluid "facts" are and how they are being continuously modified. Primarily for this reason, we stress understanding the process rather than memorizing the "fact". The rapid pace of discovery makes the study of the immune system exciting and challenging. This course will provide you with enough background to pursue further study in this area. Prerequisites: physiology, cell biology or molecular biology.
We will explore the complex microbial interactions and succession seen in the production of some ales. This will be a research project-based course focused on questions of interest to brewers. The microbiology of many of the Belgian ales and some American dry hopped beers is quite complex and largely unexplored at the molecular level. The fermentation is natural and often involves mixed cultures of yeasts and bacteria. Some microorganisms may participate in parallel, while others act in a sequential manner with a changing dominant biota during the course of fermentation. Little work has been done to characterize these organisms at the molecular level. Even less is known about the environmental influences affecting the selection and displacement of the series of organisms that grow in these ales and the contribution of minor byproducts including flavor active esters and other bioactive molecules produced during fermentation. Previous course work in chemistry and microbiology or molecular biology is required. Prerequisite: NS 296, Zymurgy.


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An Overview on Pectins
B.R. Sharma, Naresh L., N.C. Dhuldhoya, S.U. Merchant and U.C. Merchant
Lucid Colloids Limited Jodhpur-342005, Rajasthan, India
Pectins have been utilised for their functionality in foods for many years. Ubiquitous in the conserves and preserves industries, development of pectins has centred on its use to impart texture in high sugar systems. Pectin has been widely studied and published but is difficult to characterise as a model system due to the heterogeneous nature of the polymer. Industrial use has mainly been focussed on tailoring the polymer to specific needs.
Backbone structure Pectins are a family of complex polysaccharides that contain 1,4-linked α-Dgalactosyluronic residues. Three pectic polysaccharides, homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan-I and substituted galacturonans, have been isolated from primary plant cell walls. Homogalacturonan (HG) is a linear chain of 1,4-linked α-D-galactosyluronic residues, in which some of the carboxyl groups are methyl esterified. They may also be Oacetylated at the C-2 and C-3 positions. Homogalacturonans have been isolated from sunflower heads and apple pectin but were obtained by extraction treatments likely to cleave covalent bonds so they may have been released from a heterogeneous pectic polysaccharide. Pectin is not a homopolysaccharide however and has rhamnopyranosyl residues inserted in the galactosyluronic backbone at 1 to 4% substitution. The other major feature of these rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) chains are large substituted side chains. Between 20 and 80% of the rhamnopyranosyl residues are, depending on plant source and method of isolation, substituted at C-4 with neutral and acidic oligosaccharide side chains. The predominant side chains contain large linear and branched α-L-arabinofuranosyl and/or β-Dgalactopyranosyl residues and their relative proportion and chain lengths may differ depending on plant source. Other rarer side chains are also present and generally shorter.
and less than that degree of methylation are called low methoxy (LM) pectins. RG-II is of interest as it occurs in relatively high amounts in wine and other fruit juices and it has been demonstrated that it binds heavy metals and has immunomodulating activities. The esterification of galacturonic acid residues with methanol or acetic acid is a very important structural characteristic of pectic substances.The final and much more minor component of the backbone is rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II).4-linked α-D-galactosyluronic residues like HG. acetic acid. phenolic acids and occasionally amide groups. Functional Groups Pectins also carry nonsugar subsituents. It is possible to separate essentially pure galacturonan fractions from other high molecular weight pectin fractions by degrading purified pectins specifically in the galacturonan backbone either chemically or enzymatically . This same principal applies to acetylation although the degree of acetylation . essentially methanol. This is not structurally related to RG-I since its backbone is composed of 1. The degree of methylation (DM) is defined as the percentage of carbonyl groups esterified with methanol. If more than 50% of the carboxyl groups are methylated the pectins are called high-methoxy pectins (HM). At approximately 30 glycosyl residues long it has a non-saccharide and an octasaccharide side chain attached to C-2 of some of the backbone residues and two structurally different disaccharides attached to C-3 of the backbone. It appears that there is an intramolecular distribution in which the neutral sugars are concentrated in blocks of more highly substituted rhamnogalacturonan regions ('hairy' regions) which are separated in the polymer by D-galactosyluronic-rich regions ('smooth' regions). These smooth regions can be up to 100 units in length.
4 2.3 6. The overall polysaccharide is therefore ionic but with large neutral regions giving interesting functionalities. For commercially extracted pectins with tailored DM the distribution depends on the raw material and the extraction and de-esterification conditions.5 4.3 3.8 8. Commercial pectins can also be amidated.5 1 3.7 0.(DAc) can be larger than 100% as galacturonosyl residues can be acetylated with more than one group per monosaccharide.9 2.8 1.8 5 27.2 2. Overall the degree of substitution is known as the degree of esterification (DE).5 1. Methyl esterification is common in native pectins but acetylation is rarer in natural extracts. Table 1: Composition of a number of pectin sources Component Sugarbeet pulp Apple pomace Citrus peels Pea hulls (% w/w) 1.6 8 1.5 8 5.7 18.7 2 (% w/w) 1.2 14.4 2.2 2 5. For native apple pectins a random distribution of the metheyl esters groups over the galacturonan backbone was found.2 3. The amidation improves the gelling ability of low methoxy pectins in that they need less calcium to gel and are less prone to precipitate at high calcium levels.4 (% w/w) 1.6 1 1.2 45.3 1. Acetyl groups are generally present in the 'hairy' rhamnogalacturonan regions and only present in very low amount in homogalacturonan from apple and citrus.9 4.1 12.2 19.6 26 (% w/w) 0.1 17.5 1.3 21.9 25.7 Rhamnose and Fucose Arabinose Xylose Mannose Galactose Glc Galacturonic acid Methanol Ethanol Proteins Lignin Ash . They can be present in much higher amounts in homogalacturonan from sugarbeet and potato.
The presence of acetyl groups prevents gel formation with calcium ions but gives the pectin emulsion stabilising properties. The structure of such a junction zone is generally ascribed to the so called 'egg box' binding process. mainly governed by electrostatic interations. The gelation mechanism of pectins is mainly governed by their degree of esterification (DE). This results in a system resisting deformation and showing a stress-strain relationship for small deformation. For the low methoxyl pectins.Gelation of Pectins Low methoxy pectin (LM) LM pectins can gel in the presence of divalent cations. denoted LMP (DE < 50%). Such a gel is considered a 2-dimensional network of pectin molecules in which the solvent (water) with the co-solutes sugar and acid are immobilised. In these systems gelation is due to the formation of intermolecular junction zones between homogalacturonic smooth regions of different chains. gelation results from specific non-covalent ionic interactions between blocks of galacturonic acid residues of the pectin backbone and with divalent ions such as calcium. raw material and extraction conditions but molecular weight determination is a challenge because of the extra problems of heterogeneity and aggregation which can obscure data gathering. The build up of the 3-d network is based on the formation of junction zones in which there are chain associations stabilised by hydrogen bonding between undissociated carboxyl and secondary alcohol groups and by hydrophobic interaction between methyl esters. the distribution pattern of free and esterified carboxyl groups has an important effect on the strength of calcium binding. The gel forming ability of LM pectins increases with decreasing degree of methylation. LM pectins with a blockwise distribution of free carboxyl groups are very sensitive to low calcium levels. Initial strong association of two polymers into a dimer is followed by the formation of weak interdimer aggregation. . Molecular weight of pectins can be expected to vary with plant source. The affinity of pectin chains towards calcium is known to increase with decreasing degree of esterification or ionic strength. so-called low water activity gels or sugar-acid-pectin gels. High methoxy pectin (HM) HM pectins have the ability to form gels with sugar and acid. usually calcium. Besides the influence of the charge density of the polygalacturonate chain. and with increasing polymer concentration.
Gelling Properties and Applications Low methoxy pectin gels Calcium induced gelation is predominant in low methoxy pectin gels. Pectins can also be extracted using enzymes. improves the gelling ability of LM pectins and are less prone to precipitation by high calcium levels. Amidation.Sources and Extraction Pectin is found in most plants.5 to 6 hours are varied to give a material that has the desired gelling capacity and degree of methylation. Sodium deoxycholate (SDC) is used dilute to remove pigments and lipids and a treatment with 90% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) will remove the bulk of the starch. Enzymatic degradation of the pectin is avoided by addition of a surfactant like sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). starches and nucleic acids. grapefruits) and apples. Grinding and washing with ethanol are used but this can lead to co-precipitation with intracellular proteins. lemons. Scientific studies have all extracted pectins using galacturonase enzymes. The separation of the viscous material from the swollen and partially disintegrated plant material remains a problem. The extraction of pectins can lead to large variations in the chemical structure of the final material. Another method by which this contamination may be avoided is by wet ball milling at low temperature. The extraction method may therefore be optimised for the type of pectin required.5 to 3. conversely. The disadvantage of alcoholic treatment could be the possibility of reinforcing hydrogen bonding between cell wall constituents and effecting the extraction of the pectins.0 and temperatures of 60-100 C for 0. Gel forming ability decreases with degree of methoxylation and some blockwise distributions of carboxyl groups are very sensitive to calcium presence. In order to extract unaltered pectins arabinase and galactanase could be used to avoid degradation. The effect of calcium is decreased by the acetylation of the pectin. but is most concentrated in citrus fruits (oranges. This results in short but branched segments. The advantage of alcohol treatment is that the resulting preparation is in a very suitable form for further modification to high methoxylated (HM) pectins using acid treatment or to low methoxy pectin (LM) by treatment with ammonia. be it modified or native. Gelation is due to the formation of intermolecular junction zones between the 'smooth' HG regions of separate polymers. Extraction conditions of pH 1. Pectins are industrially extracted from citrus peels and apple pomace by hot acidified water. is still debated. . Pectin obtained from citrus peels is referred to as citrus pectin. although known to be electrostatic to some extent. The nature of the interaction.
and the chemical nature of the junction zones. Interactions of Pectin with other Hydrocolloids 1.2.1 . with the added evidence of low methoxy pectin gelation with alginate at very low pH.0 .1 Acid jams and jellies 2. Acetyl groups prevent gelation and the DM within the group of high methoxyl pectins determines the setting temperature of a gel. HM Pectin DM (%) Setting time (min) pH Application 3. High sugar conditions create low water activities which can be mimicked by other solutes with the same resulting gels. This finding. High dissolved sugar and acid conditions ensure that chain-chain interactions dominate over chain-solvent interactions.9 Acid to very acid and jellies Ultra Rapid Set 74-77 1-3 Rapid Set 71-74 3-7 Medium Set 66-69 15 .The modification of the hydrogen bonding nature of the polymer by the addition of amide or acetyl moieties indicates that the 'egg-box' mechanism of gelation may not apply for all situations of calcium induced low methoxy pectin gelation.8 . A pH above 4 also hinders the gel formation. The larger hydrophobic element in HM pectins allows for rapid arrest of the systems.3. Rupture strength depends on the number of junction zones per single long chain molecule whereas for rigidity the number of junction zones per unit gel volume plays a greater role.25 Slow Set 58-65 30-120 Many factors influence the conditions of gel formation and the gel strength achieved.6 .4 Jams with whole fruits 3. Under equal conditions gel strengths increase with the molecular weight of the pectin used.3 'Classical Jams' 2. High methoxy pectin gels Jams and preserves are of course the main use of industrially extracted pectins. Interactions between pectins and alginates Mixtures of pectins with other polysaccharides such as alginate has found that good gels are formed from high methoxy pectin and guluronic rich alginates. their chain length. This is reflected in the subdivision of HM pectins into rapid-set pectins of DM~77 to slow-set with DM~60. and any treatment depolymerising the pectin chains is reflected in weaker gels. indicates that the chains must be sufficiently charge .3. Most chain-chain interactions in these systems are not based on electrostatic interactions and so the other hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding effects exert most influence. The major role is played by the pectin molecules.3.
resulting in higher production capacity. With increasing pectin share the texture of the gum articles becomes more elastic and brittle. are the so-called ”jelly beans“. and that esterification is required only to reduce electrostatic repulsion. With that the residence time in the mogul plant is shorter. Interactions of pectins with gelatin Gelatin is used almost exclusively in confectionery products. due to the number of interactions possible with pectins. The products are more stable at higher temperatures. The consumer expects a very special texture of this product and this is regulated with the pectin/starch ratio. 4. A further positive effect of adding pectin is the reduction of the setting time compared to a pure gelatin system. 3. there are many opportunities to explore different systems. the low-melting temperature of the products may prove to be a disadvantage. tough. Mixtures of proteins and polysaccharides are prone to incompatibility or undesirable complex formation. PolyL-lysine also serves to control network swelling. In some gum products even up to 15% gelatin may be necessary to obtain the desired firmness. Texture and chewing behaviour of the product can be regulated by the pectin/gelatin ratio. Interactions between pectins and proteins Understanding interactions between pectins and proteins is thought to be central to developing satisfactory food texture.neutralised before interaction can occur. For these products a dosage of 7-10% gelatin is required to reach a sufficient firmness. One such system sees LM pectin interacting with poly-L-lysine. When using gelatin alone. These clear. As with some hydrocolloids. strong gels crosslinked by physical bonds with the protein were obtained at pH's close to neutrality. thus increasing the storage stability of the confectionery products. Excess protein caused increased opacity and eventual network collapse. Compared with jelly products the texture is long and viscous. chain length of the protein was found to have an optimum value. Depending on the ratio of the two gelling agents either the pectin or the gelatin has a greater influence on the texture of the gels. which may correspond to the different regions of the pectin molecule. These mixed systems work well with cold setting conditions. This may be compensated by combining it with pectin. Alterations in consistency can be achieved by changing the pectin/starch ratio or by . 2. However. in which long. In pectins with a DE of 36%. with increasing gelatin share the products become more viscous. Interactions of pectins with starch One example of a product produced using a combination of pectin and starch. gum-like textures are desired. elastic gels had controlled increase in gel strength with added crosslinker up to an optimum. Here a part of the gelatin is replaced by a substantially smaller amount of pectin.
Pectin fibres exhibit higher hydration properties than other fibres and this property is exploited in its use as a structural component in foods. for example in bakery products. Pectin has the ability to associate ions due to a high content of negative charges and calcium .the choice of the pectin or starch used. The water binding is positively influenced by pectin thus leading to better preservation and longer storage stability. In these products a more viscous texture can be achieved by replacing the agar-agar partially or completely with pectin. 6. Gel formation of LM pectins with guar. When selecting the gelling agents. potato maltodextrin and gum arabic have shown there to be specific interactions between polysaccharide complexes. The fruits and vegetables which are especially rich in pectins have dietary fibre contents in the range of 1-2%. Complex formation between gum arabic and LM pectin (DM 31) was found to be enhanced when there was specific spatial compatibility between the HG areas of the pectin and the gum arabic fibrils. locust bean gum. oxidised starch. Pectin's adsorbent and bulk-forming properties have promoted its use in some multi-ingredient anti constipation and anti diarrhoeal preparations. This enhances the mouth-feel factor and hence provides a more distinctive flavor. Source of dietary fibre Pectin is sourced from plant cell walls and is analysed as a soluble and insoluble fraction as galacturonic acid after hydrolysis. Studies have shown that substitution of flour with citrus fibres. Nutritional Aspects of Pectins 1. In order to increase societal intake in fibre it is therefore preferable to add products concentrated in fibres. Combination of pectins with agar-agar Agar-agar is often used as the classic gelling agent in aerated confectionery products such as marshmallows. Branched hydrocolloids caused faster destabilisation of calcium induced LM pectin than linear polymers. These interactions were found to be non-ionic and were more likely a hydrophobic association and stabilisation which resulted in differing gel properties. Interactions with other polymers Interactions with other hydrocolloids has been studied in depth recently. Mineral binding Another functionality of dietary fibre is in mineral and ion absorption and exchange. apple flakes and concentrates in bakery and confectionery products had a positive sensory effect. the manufacturers should be consulted. interactions that are highly hydrophobic and non-ionic. 2. This takes into account the interactions of branched regions in pectins with other branched regions. 5.
The final products of fermentation of pectin are the short-chain fatty acids. It appears that the viscosity of pectin is related to its possible hypocholesterolemic activity. Pectin preparations with high viscosity appear to be more effective in lowering cholesterol than are pectin preparations with lower viscosity. The short-chain fatty acids that are not metabolised in the liver enter the systemic circulation and are distributed to the various tissues of the body. propionate and butyrate. In another study. High-viscosity pectin may interfere with the formation of micelles and/or lower the diffusion rate of bile acid and cholesterol-containing micelles through the bolus. giving 40 to 50 grams of pectin daily significantly lowered cholesterol levels in both normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects. Pectin rich fibres can behave as weak cation exchange resins and are reversible depending on pH conditions. Studies on the metabolising of pectin chains has shown that many bacteria can degrade certain regions of the polymers. generally the HG regions. consequently diminishing the uptake of cholesterol and bile acids. Highviscosity pectin is thought to lower cholesterol levels by raising the excretion of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols. Subsequently. This use of a plentiful polysaccharide in maintaining and encouraging digestive flora is of advantage in assessing pectin uses in the future. It has been shown that non-methyl-esterified pectins were more rapidly fermented than methyl-esterified pectins. Prebiotic effect Following ingestion of pectin. Pectin substituents (homogalacturonans) are fermented in the colon with the formation of short chain fatty acids. 3. The short-chain fatty acids that escape colonic metabolism are transported via the portal circulation to the liver where they undergo metabolism. Pectins are therefore beginning to gain interest as prebiotics. Some fermentation of pectin takes place in the large intestine via the action of bacteria. Cholesterol regulation The mechanism of the possible hypocholesterolemic activity of pectin is not well understood. very little of it gets digested in the small intestine. Acetate appears to be the principal short-chain fatty acid to reach the systemic circulation from the liver. 4. In a small early study. a pectin-supplemented diet (without other dietary or lifestyle changes). as well as hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that pectin has favourable effects on lipids. administration of 15 grams of pectin daily for three weeks resulted in a mean 13% reduction in plasma cholesterol levels. There was no effect on plasma triglyceride concentrations. acetate.binding is an example of binding strength and specificity. significantly reduced plasma cholesterol in volunteers evaluated to be at medium to high risk for coronary heart disease due to .
6% and LDLcholesterol 10. when administered orally to rats. The pectin was credited with decreasing plasma cholesterol 7. and thereby is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer metastasis. Conclusion An understanding of pectin gelation in terms of the overall molecule as opposed solely to the associating areas may allow the expansion of pectin uses beyond their quite macroscopic behaviours to a more functionalised approach. galectins are secreted from cells via nonclassical secretory pathways. This was a double-blind. It is thought that galectins may play a role in human prostate cancer. Anti-cancer action Modified citrus pectin. galectin-3 mediates cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix interaction via binding to its complementary glycoconjugates. the galactin family includes 10 members. inhibit the metastatic process. The inherent properties of pectins have not been fully explored and can. Galectin-3. . one of the members of the family. when researched. Some metastic events may involve cellular interactions that are mediated by cell surface components. which bind the branching carbohydrate molecules of glycoproteins and glycolipids on cell surfaces.8%. such as laminin and fibronectin. placebo-controlled trial.hypercholesterolemia. and in particular. Apparently. 5. Treatment continued for 16 weeks. It had no effect on the growth of the primary tumour. At present. Galectins are proteins that can bind to carbohydrates via carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). Injected modified citrus pectin was found to inhibit metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. The mechanism of these anticarcinogenic effects is not clear. Galectins comprise a family of galactoside-binding mammalian lectins. including galectins. On the cell surface. was found to inhibit spontaneous prostate carcinoma metastasis. resulting in agglutination or proliferation. human prostate cancer metastasis. Lectins themselves comprise a group of hemagglutinating proteins found in plant seeds. The galactose-containing carbohydrate side chains of modified citrus pectin may interfere with these cellular interactions by competing with the natural ligands of the galectins and by doing so. is thought to be involved in mitosis and proliferation. show some novel and timely applicabilities. among other things.
1995. S.R. Marudova. 3.. 2001...K. 2004. O'Neill. 209-216.-F. 5. Ring. et al. G.. 25-31. Morris.A. In Advanced Dietary Fibre Technology. Ridley.. 55. 1... D..-C. 'Pectins: structure. Marcel Dekker Inc. 929-967.. Gibson. 339.. P. G. R. Ralet.. Blackwell Science. 57. 'Physicochemical studies in pectin/poly-L- lysine gelation' Carbohydrate Research. A. Mohnen. M. J.. MacDougall. In Food Polysaccharides and their applications. Thibault. M.R.. B. 2004. Richardson.. 2001. 'Effect of polymeric cosolutes on calcium pectinate gelation' 3 Parts. pg 287-340. Phytochemistry. 6.References and Recommended Reading 1. pg 369-378. biosynthesis and oligogalacturonide-related signalling'. A.. 2. E. Giannouli. 'Fibre and effects on probiotics (the prebiotic concept)' Clinical Nutrition Supplements. . M. 2004. Voragen. 4. Carbohydrate Polymers.


Oregano is a herb. There are many varieties of oregano species. The oil extracted from wild oregano grown in the Mediterranean known as “Origanum Vulgare” has, for centuries. Numerous university studies have shown that Oil of Oregano is a highly potent purifier that provides many benefits for human health. Oregano oil naturally contains a range of nutrients such as Vitamins A, C and E. It also contains the minerals iron, magnesium, boron, manganese, zinc and calcium.
Oregano Oil is More Than Just An Antibiotic
Dozens of other studies confirm the fact that oregano oil can be used instead of harmful antibiotics for a number of health concerns. The rest of the research cited is supporting the fact that oregano is more than just an antibiotic. It’s the ultimate natural antibiotic!
It has two key compounds found in it are called carvacrol and thymol. Studies have shown that both of these compounds have significant effects on harmful micro-organisms that cause many illnesses in humans. It is known to be a potent antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic oil that can reduce pain and inflammation and effectively fight off infections.
Used to treat iron deficiency anemia, oral iron therapy is well-known to cause a series of gastrointestinal issues like nausea, diarrhea, constipation, heartburn and vomiting.
Oregano Oil is Powerful Antiseptic
Thymol, a chemical also found in oil of oregano, has been shown to be a powerful antifungal, antimicrobial, and antiviral agent.
Because Oregano oil is so powerful, it is wise to dilute it with olive oil or other suitable comestible oils for internal use. When using on skin, again dilute it with a carrier oil so that it does not sting the skin. Oregano oil can be used for skin conditions such as athletes foot. A mixture of four drops Oregano oil with apple cider vinegar is an ideal treatment for this condition. Other skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and acne can be improved or eliminated with Oregano oil diluted with colloidal silver water or a carrier oil.
Oregano oil is effective in treating a myriad of conditions, some of which include, colds/flu, asthma, pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, arthritis, animal bites, candida, ear infections, rashes and sore throat.


The cells of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. (UTEX 637) are encapsulated in a cell wall of a negatively charged mucilaginous polysaccharide complex composed of 10 different sugars, sulfate, and proteins. In this work, we studied the proteins associated with the cell-wall polysaccharide. A number of noncovalently associated proteins were resolved by SDS-PAGE, but no covalently bound proteins were detected. The most prominent protein detected was a 66-kDa glycoprotein consisting of a polypeptide of approximately 58 kDa and a glycan moiety of approximately 8 kDa containing N-linked terminal mannose. In size-exclusion chromatography, the 66-kDa protein was coeluted with the polysaccharide and could be separated from the polysaccharide only after denaturation of the protein, indicating that the 66-kDa protein was tightly bound to the polysaccharide. Western blot analysis revealed that the 66-kDa protein was specific to Porphyridium sp. and P. cruentum, because it was not detected in the other species of red microalgae examined. Indirect immunofluorescence assay confirmed the location of the protein in the algal cell wall. The sequence of cDNA clone encoding the 66-kDa glycoprotein, detected in our in-house expressed sequence tag database of Porphyridium sp., revealed that this is a novel protein with no similarity to any protein in the public domain databases and our in-house expressed sequence tag database of the red microalga Rhodella reticulata. The 66-kDa protein bound polysaccharides from red algae but not from those of other origins tested. Possible roles of the 66-kDa protein in the biosynthesis of the polysaccharide are discussed.
- Cell wall
- Noncovalently bound protein
- Polysaccharide- associated glycoprotein


Miss Varrow, Science Department, informs us of the incredible news concerning space and St Augustine’s Priory:
‘I am very excited to announce the Biology department of St Augustine’s Priory will be taking part in an experiment run by the UK space Agency. After Easter we will be receiving seeds that have been to space!
Two kilograms of rocket seeds were sent from Florida to the International Space Station as a part of British ESA astronaut Tim Peake’s six month Principia Mission. After spending six months on board, the seeds will be sent back to Earth and will land in the Pacific Ocean in spring 2016. They will then travel to the UK, where they will be packaged with other identical seeds that have stayed on Earth. Nobody will know which seeds have been to space and which have not! Our school, along with many other around the UK, will receive 2 packets of 100 seeds to grow and compare. The results gathered will input into a National online database to allow comparison with the results gathered from other schools.
We, as a school, are very fortunate to be able to take part in such an exciting experiment. It will give us a chance to learn how science in space contributes to our knowledge of life on Earth. It will also allow us to discover whether we can sustain human life in space through production of our own food. Not only will the girls be able to develop their statistical skills, but also will be able to explore the potential of future careers in STEM and Horticulture.’Categories: Junior Nursery Prep Senior Sixth Form Whole School


The Genetics Society of America is hosting a one-of-a-kind conference that offers highly relevant organism specific content as well as broader topic-driven insights based on the fundamental unity of biology. The Allied Genetics Conference 2024 (TAGC 2024) connects scientists from multiple international biological research communities to share cutting-edge science, foster new collaborations, and strengthen existing relationships.
The conference will be held March 6–10, 2024 in National Harbor, MD (metro, Washington, DC).
Join us and other colleagues at TAGC 2024 to present your work to a diverse gathering of scientists, discover new findings in genetics and genomics, get inspired by keynote speakers, and advocate for science on Capitol Hill. You will also find opportunities for professional development, career advancement and networking. The unique programming aims to make TAGC 2024 a meeting that provides relevant tracks and content for all career stages, organism communities, research subjects, including members from academia, industry partners, and representatives of key scientific organizations and funding bodies. Everyone is welcome at TAGC 2024!
Send in your abstracts by November 9, 2023 and register by December 13, 2023 for early discounts.
We hope to see you there!


Ps 10-1049, Support for Strengthening and Expanding Comp HIV and AIDS Prev Pro
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Mossman’s Glen, Scott and Michael Fasano are among a handful of growers branching into peanuts as a fallow crop as they work to improve soil health and reduce fertiliser use while also developing a new stream of income. The trio harvested their first peanut crop in June and say the results have been encouraging. …Read more
About: Elaine Seager
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Cover crops have a range of benefits for soil health and nutrient management and since it's coming up to that time of year for ordering seeds, here's a rundown of the benefits of various species. Why implement cover cropping? Increases organic matter Legumes increase soil nitrogen Enhancing nitrogen recycling Reducing soil…Read more
When Babinda cane grower Steven Bonso saw how soft the soil was on a Bundaberg farm during a field trip several years ago, he knew it was time to make some changes. “The penetrometer being used to measure soil compaction levels literally fell into the soil,’’ Mr Bonso said. “The farmer had been using the…Read more
WTSIP's extension officers are developing their knowledge of pesticides in response to changes in the way pesticides are measured and assessed by the Queensland Government’s Paddock to Reef Monitoring and Modelling Program (P2R). The number of chemicals that are routinely measured is increasing - from 13 to 22 in the latest 2019 Wet Tropics Report…Read more
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OMEGA 3 NATURE CAPSULES
Omega-3 fatty acids belong to the group of polyunsaturated fatty acids and, unlike saturated fatty acids, cannot be produced by the body itself. They are vital for the organism and must therefore be taken in through food or dietary supplements. Omega 3 mainly consists of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA contributes to the maintenance of normal brain function and normal eyesight. DHA and EPA also contribute to normal heart function. * Our capsules are high-dose and contain 750mg omega-3 fatty acids (of which 500mg EPA and 250mg DHA).
|SIZE||120 OMEGA 3 NATURE CAPSULES|
OVERVIEW OF OMEGA 3 NATURE CAPSULES
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Monoamine neurotransmitters are stored in both synaptic vesicles (SVs), which are required for release at the synapse, and large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs), which mediate extrasynaptic release. The contributions of each type of vesicular release to specific behaviors are not known. To address this issue, we generated mutations in the C-terminal trafficking domain of the Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter (DVMAT), which is required for the vesicular storage of monoamines in both SVs and LDCVs. Deletion of the terminal 23 aa (DVMAT-Δ3) reduced the rate of endocytosis and localization of DVMAT to SVs, but supported localization to LDCVs. An alanine substitution mutation in a tyrosine-based motif (DVMAT-Y600A) also reduced sorting to SVs and showed an endocytic deficit specific to aminergic nerve terminals. Redistribution of DVMAT-Y600A from SV to LDCV fractions was also enhanced in aminergic neurons. To determine how these changes might affect behavior, we expressed DVMAT-Δ3 and DVMAT-Y600A in a dVMAT null genetic background that lacks endogenous dVMAT activity. When expressed ubiquitously, DVMAT-Δ3 showed a specific deficit in female fertility, whereas DVMAT-Y600A rescued behavior similarly to DVMAT-wt. In contrast, when expressed more specifically in octopaminergic neurons, both DVMAT-Δ3 and DVMAT-Y600A failed to rescue female fertility, and DVMAT-Y600A showed deficits in larval locomotion. DVMAT-Y600A also showed more severe dominant effects than either DVMAT-wt or DVMAT-Δ3. We propose that these behavioral deficits result from the redistribution of DVMAT from SVs to LDCVs. By extension, our data suggest that the balance of amine release from SVs versus that from LDCVs is critical for the function of some aminergic circuits.
Keywords: LDCV; dopamine; octopamine; serotonin; synaptic; vmat.
Copyright © 2014 the authors 0270-6474/14/346924-14$15.00/0.


6 edition of Stem Cell Now found in the catalog.
November 8, 2005
by Pi Press
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||256|
Online Now. Article. High-Resolution Dissection of Chemical Reprogramming from Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Fibrocartilaginous Cells. Chen et al. Learn about stem cell research and its potential to impact human health. Policy and Advocacy. Advocating worldwide for ethical stem cell research and clinical translation. Mar 07, · Maybe you’ve heard recently in the news how Mel Gibbson took his dad to stem cell therapy. His dad got injected with stem cells at 92 and now he's still kicking it at years of age. Want to know how to stay youthful and live longer? This article will tell you how to .
Aug 18, · If you want to learn more about these topics, read my mini-book on how to pick a reputable stem cell clinic for your knees: How Long Does Stem Cell Therapy Last for Knees? Right now, only the research on bone marrow stem cells is robust enough to reliably answer the question of how long does stem cell therapy last for knees. Apr 30, · New Stem Cell Book Highlights The Patient Perspective. the book is part of the non-profit Stem for Life Foundation's ongoing efforts to highlight and now it was time to try the procedure.
A comprehensive textbook covering major aspects of stem cell research and therapeutic applications. The Stem Cell Institute of Hawaii is dedicated to an ethical and honest approach to emerging stem cell technologies and research. Now serving Kona, Maui, Oahu and Kauai. Book an Appointment. Write us. Book A Free Consultation.
Requisitioning of ships in time of national emergency
All sizes of noises.
Whatever happened to job security?
Fourth supplemental appropriation bill for 1951.
flying, fighting weathermen of Patrol Wing Four, 1941-1945, U.S. Navy
story of prehistoric animals.
Basic contract law (Tools for Your Business Workbelt--cover)
Jawaharlal Nehru and the disadvantaged
Wisdom in education
Jun 30, · Stem Cell Now is essential reading for anyone who wants to build an informed opinion on stem cell research. Inspire a love of reading with Prime Book Box for Kids Discover delightful children's books with Prime Book Box, a subscription that delivers new books every 1, 2, or 3 months — new customers receive 15% off your first box.
Cited by: 4. This is a fascinating book on important scientific, medical and consumer issues.” CHOICE Stem Cells: An Insider's Guide is an exciting new book that takes readers inside the world of stem cells guided by international stem cell expert, Dr.
Paul Knoepfler. Stem cells are catalyzing a revolution in medicine. The book also tackles the exciting Cited by: 1.
Dec 08, · While many believe stem cell research holds the key to curing a wide range of ailments, others see this research as opening a Pandora's box that will devalue human ktexcleaning.com Stem Cell Now, Christopher Scott--executive director of Stanford University's Stem Cells and Society Program--lays out the scientific and ethical issues surrounding this national dilemma/5.
Immunological considerations for cell therapy using human embryonic stem cell derivatives; Doug Melton talks Stem Cell Now book StemBook about diabetes, stem cells, and making beta cells.
Allan Spradling talks with StemBook about polyploidy, evolution, and the state of funding for basic science. We offer advanced aesthetic procedures used by celebrities, state-of-art hormone optimization, sexual wellness for both men and women, weight loss protocols that work and now stem cell therapy.
Book a consult today to find out how our Anti-Aging Program can change your life. Live SANTÉ. A stem cell is a cell that, when it divides, can produce a copy of itself as well as a differentiated cell progeny. This self-renewal capacity is essential to the function of adult stem cells, such Stem Cell Now book hematopoietic stem cells and spermatogonial stem cells – to continually renew tissues that turn over rapidly in the adult.
A higher rate of stem cell circulation goes beyond the improvement of external signs of aging. Anti aging treatment thought stem cell therapy permeates deeply and throughout the body. Book you consultation now and see what treatments can give you benefits for a better tomorrow.
Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is a form of stem cell therapy that has been used for many years without controversy.
Advantages. Stem cell treatments may lower symptoms of the disease or condition that is being ktexcleaning.com: Neil H. Riordan, PA, PhD Neil Riordan, PA, PhD is an accomplished scientist, developer of regenerative medicine therapeutics, author of more than 70 peer-reviewed publications, and holder of more than 40 patents and patent applications.
Riordan discovered and developed two novel stem cell types that cleared FDA requirements for use in the United States. Looking for a stem cell book that is clear and tells the real story of stem cells.
Take a look at my book, Stem Cells: An Insider’s Guide. It is a broad look at the exciting stem cell field, warts and all. An Introduction to Stem Cell Biology Michael L. Shelanski, MD,PhD Professor of Pathology and Cell Biology The stem cell is the ancestor at the top of the family adult cell becomes pluripotent Now In future Martin F.
Pera. Do We Have the Ability to Repair Ourselves. Our new book: The Stem Cell Revolution is now available. Purchase Signed Copy Download Free eBook.
Welcome to the Cell Surgical Network. Welcome to the Cell Surgical Network®. The affiliates of the Cell Surgical Network® (CSN) are devoted to advancing access and quality care in the area of adult stem cell regenerative medicine in order to.
Stem cells: What they are and what they do. Stem cells and derived products offer great promise for new medical treatments. Learn about stem cell types, current and possible uses, ethical issues, and the state of research and practice.
Aug 01, · In a book of this scope, there are inevitably a few mistakes, but it is generally thorough and accurate.
Research with stem cells offers one of the most important opportunities to understand and develop new treatments for human disease. Stem Cell Now provides a good introduction to the subject."Cited by: 4. Publisher Summary. One common strategy of embryo development is the use of the stem cell to help generate and maintain a given tissue or organ.
A stem cell is a cell that, when it divides, can produce a copy of itself, as well as a differentiated cell progeny. Stem cell, an undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate (become specialized).
Stem cells are an ongoing source of the differentiated cells that make up the tissues and organs of animals and plants. Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases What is Autoimmune Diseases. Autoimmune diseases are conditions in which the patient’s immune system generates cellular and antibody responses to substances and tissues normally present in the body.
This might be restricted to one organ or involve a particular tissue in different places. US STEMOLOGY is a leader in stem cell technology and combines it with a holistic approach to support your stem cell treatment with nutrition, hormones, microbiome, and addressing inflammatory issues.
Stem cells are like seeds and your body is the dirt. When you’re trying to grow things, dirt matters!. Types of Stem Cell Transplants. In a stem cell transplant, you receive healthy blood-forming stem cells through a needle in your vein.
Once they enter your bloodstream, the stem cells travel to the bone marrow, where they take the place of the cells that were destroyed by ktexcleaning.com blood-forming stem cells that are used in transplants can come from the bone marrow, bloodstream, or.
In Richmond, Virginia, Dr. Goradia with G2 offer stem cell injections for less than half the cost. Insurance plans don’t cover the cost of stem cell injections, but patients can use FSA funds for full payment. Due to the cost of the supplies needed for these injections, full payment is required at the time of surgery.
This book tells the story of the breakthroughs in working with embryonic stem cells and how this may help us grow new tissues to repair injuries. Scientists and medical researchers hope to induce stem cells to become nerve and muscle cells, which will then replace nonfunctioning cells and .This book provides up-to-date reviews on a wide variety of stem cell systems by world experts.
Chapters range from descriptions of the current knowledge of the biology of stem cells, to current molecular biological approaches and clinical implications. Oncologists and cell biologists will find this book of particular interest.Stem Cell Therapy is the future of medicine and the future is now.
Stem cell therapy signals to the body to achieve cellular regeneration. There are many applications for stem cells and here are a few.