Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and atherosclerosis is the primary underlying cause. Main risk factors for atherosclerosis are elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and inflammation. Leukocytosis, the expansion of white blood cells, positively associates with CVD in humans, independent of inflammation. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) suppresses leukocytosis. We found a negative association between HDL-c and blood leukocytes in the LifeLines DEEP cohort, as such providing translational evidence for the findings in animal models. Leukocytosis in humans with myeloproliferative diseases is accompanied by low plasma LDL-c levels. Regardless, these patients are at increased risk of CVD. We propose that this is due to leukocytosis, and that stem cells take up high amounts of LDL-c to induce their proliferation leading to leukocytosis, which decreases plasma LDL-c. We also focused on a specific leukocyte subset, T cells. During atherogenesis and aging, T cells accumulate cholesterol leading to differentiation into distinct subsets with either pro- or anti-inflammatory characteristics. To investigate the effect of T cell cholesterol accumulation on T cell aging and atherosclerosis, we generated a mouse model with combined deficiency of the cholesterol transporters ATP Binding Cassette A1 and G1 (ABCA1/ABCG1) specifically in T cells. T cell Abca1/Abcg1 deficiency increased T cell apoptosis and senescence, and decreased atherosclerosis in middle-aged mice. Our findings suggest that T cell cholesterol efflux pathways are crucial in maintaining peripheral T cell numbers and T cell tolerance, especially during aging.
|Kwalificatie||Doctor of Philosophy|
|Datum van toekenning||17-okt.-2022|
|Plaats van publicatie||[Groningen]|
|Status||Published - 2022|


He has been so tired, so hurting, so wiped out. Sleeps all day. Cries when he wakes up. Photosensitive. Doesn't like to walk or move around.
He gets the spinal taps / intrathecal chemo twice per week. It was finally seeming to work (his CSF count went down to 1 this morning).
However, they also did a head CT today, and compared it to several weeks ago.
On today's picture (the left one below) you can see the dark areas on the left edge of the picture.
Those are pushing against his brain and compressing the middle part (the ventricles).
|There should normally be a "butterfly shaped dark area in the middle
and it is compressed together because of the pressure from the left edge (dark areas).
|Normal "Butterfly" shaped
Ventricular cavities (circled in red)
They do not think
it looks like bleeding (not acute subdural hematoma) (new blood would be bright).
So it's either extra CSF fluid, infection, or pockets of leukemia.
We need to check that out - there is much discussion about how and how soon. We hate to poke into his head because of risks of bleeding (low platelets bad coagulation),
and risk of infection (no white cells yet - marrow still empty five weeks out from 2-CDA chemo).
The neurospecialists think it is a Chronic Subdural Hygroma
- possibly caused by either:
#1) Negative CSF pressure
from sequential traumatic spinal taps creating a separation space for the collection of CSF fluid - the pressure differences accumulating over time.
#2) Small hematoma(s?)
in the past, followed by water osmosis to the protein rich pocket of old blood. Osmotic pressure could have continued to grow the hygroma.
#3) An infection
with the same osmotic water accumulation (not pus because he has no white cells yet)
#4) Leukemia cells
(but then why not 22 days ago when his CNS leukemia was worse?)
Since that subdural area [a virtual area between the
dura (brain cover)
and the brain itself] does not communicate very well (isn't connected) with the ventricals of the brain
consequentially either of the last two options (infection/leukemia) may not have shown up in the bi-weekly spinal taps.
Another interesting question is whether the pressure sequestered ("squeezed off") an area with leukemia from the normal CSF fluid flow,
and was both not getting treated with the bi-weekly chemo, and also giving us an unacurately lower CSF nucleated cell count.
I think this is possible because for three taps (5th, 8th, 11th) the count hovered (4,5,4)
and then started dropping.
That seemed to coincide with his clinical symptoms increasing.
I was so busy focusing on the CNS counts, I hadn't been paying attention to some of the potential side-effects
of the many lumbar punctures.
Things like CSF-HypoVolemia
, IntraCranial Hypotension
, Tonsilliar Herniation
Even the type of needle used makes a difference - either a cutting (Quincke) needle or a Atraumatic (Sprotte) needle
It seems research touts the benefits (less headaches
, and leakage
) of using the latter.
Will have to check on that a bit more.
Tomorrow morning he is going in for surgery (drilling a hole into his head)
. That will give them time to prepare - give him blood and platelets first.
Also then there will be a full team at hand because of his delicate condition.
If they observe pressure that will help them understand more about these fluid pockets.
Then they can also send it in for cytometry
to find out if there is cancer present.
They will leave a drain in his head for at least 24 hours, that way the brain can re-expand without pushing against positive fluid pressure.
He will be in intensive care afterwards.
That brings back memories


The silly feline duo of Cole & Marmalade graciously allowed themselves to be studied by their beleaguered human Chris and personally demonstrated the incredible range of emotions that felines have and how they go about expressing those emotions.
The science of cats, do cats show emotions? … Of course they do! I’ve been owned by cats all my life and for the past few years I’ve been conducting an highly scientific research project on cat emotions, here are the results I managed to document.I’m sure there are many more cat emotions left to be discovered…. But I’m still not sure that cats feel guilt, what about you?


Ferroptosis, a type of iron-dependent programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and other types of cell death, is characterized by lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence has highlighted vital roles for ferroptosis in multiple diseases, including acute kidney injury. Therefore, ferroptosis has become a major focus for translational research. However, despite its involvement in pathological conditions, there are no pharmacologic inhibitors of ferroptosis in clinical use. In the context of drug repurposing, a strategy for identifying new uses for approved drugs outside the original medical application, we discovered that vitamin K1 is an efficient inhibitor of ferroptosis. Our findings are strengthened by the fact that the vitamin K antagonist phenprocoumon significantly exacerbated ferroptotic cell death in vitro and also massively worsened the course of acute kidney injury in vivo, which is of utmost clinical importance. We therefore assign vitamin K1 a novel role in preventing ferroptotic cell death in acute tubular necrosis during acute kidney injury. Since the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of vitamin K1 formulations are well documented, this drug is primed for clinical application, and provides a new strategy for pharmacological control of ferroptosis and diseases associated with this mode of cell death.
Keywords: Acute kidney injury; Ferroptosis; Ischemia–reperfusion injury; Vitamin K.
© 2022. The Author(s).


Best Probiotic Supplements
How Long Does It Take For Probiotics To Start Working …
What can help, she noted, is eating a more plant-based diet. “These healthy animals that live in our guts have to eat what we consume, and they like fiber from plant foods – Probiotic Supplements.
Probiotics are made of both germs and yeast. Common probiotic germs can consist of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. The most typical yeast discovered in probiotics is saccharomyces boulardii.
Probiotics are comprised of excellent bacteria that assists keep your body healthy and working well. This great germs assists you in numerous ways, consisting of combating off bad bacteria when you have too much of it, assisting you feel much better. Probiotics belong to a larger picture concerning bacteria and your body your microbiome.
Do Probiotic Supplements Actually Work? – Andy The Rd
This community is made up of things called microorganisms. You have trillions of microbes on and in your body. These microorganisms are a combination of: Bacteria. Fungi (consisting of yeasts). Infections. Protozoa. Everybody’s microbiome is distinct. No 2 people have the exact same microbial cells even twins are various. For a microorganism to be called a probiotic, it should have a number of attributes.
Where do beneficial probiotics (microorganisms) live in my body? The most typical place linked to advantageous microorganisms is your gut (primarily big intestines), you have several places in and on your body that host excellent microorganisms.
How do probiotics work? The primary job of probiotics, or excellent bacteria, is to maintain a healthy balance in your body. When you are sick, bad bacteria enters your body and increases in number.
Should You Take A Daily Probiotic Supplement? – Md Anderson …
Good bacteria keeps you healthy by supporting your immune function and controlling swelling. Certain types of great germs can also: Help your body digest food. Keep bad germs from leaving control and making you sick. Develop vitamins. Assist assistance the cells that line your gut to avoid bad germs that you might have consumed (through food or drinks) from entering your blood.
This balancing act is naturally occurring in your body all of the time. You don’t actually require to take probiotic supplements to make it take place. Great bacteria is just a natural part of your body. Consuming a healthy diet rich in fiber every day helps to keep the number of good germs at appropriate levels.
These include: Lactobacillus. Bifidobacterium. Probiotics are also made up of good yeast. The most typical kind of yeast discovered in probiotics is: Can I utilize probiotics to help with medical conditions? There is presently a large amount of research study happening around the idea of what probiotics can do for your body.
Do Probiotics Help Arthritis Symptoms? – Arthritis Foundation
However, there are some medical conditions where probiotics may assist. This can differ between people indicating that what works for someone may not work for another. These can likewise differ based upon the certain probiotic that is taken. Some of the conditions that might be assisted by increasing the quantity of probiotics in your body (through food or supplements) include: Can I take or consume something to increase the good probiotics (microbes) in my body? You can increase the amount of good microorganisms in your body through foods, drinks and supplements.
Fermented foods in particular (yogurt and pickles, for example) are home to a host of good bacteria that benefit your body. There are likewise fermented drinks like kombucha (fermented tea) or kefir (fermented dairy beverage) that present additional probiotics into your diet. Probiotic Supplements. Apart from food, you can include probiotics to your diet plan through dietary supplements.
Can I get probiotics from food? Certain foods have probiotics (great bacteria) in them and can benefit the health of your microbiome.
How Do Probiotics Work? – Kerry Health And Nutrition Institute
You may even be regularly consuming them now and not realize that they include probiotics. You will wish to examine the food label for “live and active cultures.” A few tips for just some of the probiotic-rich foods you can add to your diet plan and long times to attempt them consist of: For breakfast, try: Yogurt – Probiotic Supplements.
Sourdough bread. For lunch, shot: Cottage cheese. Kombucha. Tempeh. For a treat, try: For dinner, try: Fermented sauerkraut. Kimchi. Miso soup. Make sure you are still developing a balanced and healthier meal each time you sit down to consume. Though including probiotic-rich foods into your diet plan won’t hurt you, balance is still key.
How do I take a probiotic supplement? There are a number of methods you can take a probiotic supplement. They are available in a range of types, consisting of in: Foods. Drinks. Capsules or tablets. Powders. Liquids. Probiotic supplements might be integrated with a prebiotic. Prebiotics are complicated carbohydrates that feed the microbes in your gut.
Pre And Probiotics: What Are They And How Do They Work …
They help feed the excellent bacteria and keep it healthy. Prebiotics consist of inulin, pectin and resistant starches. When you have a supplement that integrates a probiotic and prebiotic, it’s called a synbiotic. How effective are probiotics? Researchers are presently uncertain how reliable probiotic supplements are for treating conditions. There’s constant research on the topic.
It’s also crucial to bear in mind that unlike medications, dietary supplements do not need to be authorized by the FDA. This means that makers can offer supplements merely with “claims” of safety and effectiveness. Always talk with your doctor (or pediatrician) before taking a supplement or offering one to your kid (Probiotic Supplements).
If you are pregnant or breast feeding, check with your provider before taking any supplement. Exist any storage instructions for probiotics? Several probiotic pressures are extremely delicate and require to be secured from heat, oxygen, light and humidity. The probiotics might begin to break down or die if they are exposed to these aspects.
How Do Probiotics Work? – Kerry Health And Nutrition Institute
Cooling particular probiotic pressures guarantees that they’re still feasible when you go to use them and will still offer the full advantage of the probiotic. Since microorganisms utilized as probiotics already exist naturally in your body, probiotic foods and supplements are usually considered safe.
There are specific individuals who need to use care when utilizing probiotic supplements. These people include those who have: A weakened immune system (those going through chemotherapy for example). Care should also be utilized when offering probiotics to really sick infants.
Can probiotics hurt me? For the majority of healthy people, probiotics do not cause any harm. They are normally considered safe and are typically “offered a shot” to see if they could aid with numerous medical conditions. There’s a lot of research study around the subject of probiotics. Researchers are trying to identify when and how they need to be utilized, as well as how effective they are.
The Risks And Benefits Of Probiotics – Consumer Reports
It’s constantly best to have the conversation first prior to beginning a new supplement. Probiotics are generally considered safe.
Developing damaging by-products from the probiotic supplement. Should I offer probiotics to my kids? If your kid has an illness that requires an antibiotic medication for treatment, taking a probiotic can help reduce signs.
Foods like yogurt and cottage cheese are often part of a balanced diet and can include good germs without much threat – Probiotic Supplements. There are commercially available probiotic supplements specifically designed for babies and children. Nevertheless, it is very important to talk with your child’s pediatrician prior to offering them any probiotic supplement or changing the kid’s diet plan to include probiotic-rich foods.
The Absolute Best Time To Take Your Probiotic – Parsley Health
Nevertheless, while antibiotics are eliminating the bad bacteria, they are likewise knocking out the excellent bacteria in your body. Some individuals establish conditions like diarrhea after taking an antibiotic. In other individuals, this might enable truly bad germs to take control of and occupy the gut, such as with C.
Some research has shown a positive connection in between taking probiotics after an antibiotic and remedy for diarrhea. This hasn’t been shown yet and does not work for everyone – Probiotic Supplements. The thought behind including probiotics back into your body after taking an antibiotic is that it can repopulate the good germs that was destroyed by the antibiotics and re-boot your system.
9 million Americans use such items – Probiotic Supplements. Some research studies suggest that probiotics may assist with diarrhea or symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), however strong proof to support their use for many health conditions is lacking, according to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. In addition, a lot of studies that have looked at the effects of probiotics have used participants’ stool samples as a proxy for what’s going on in their guts.
The Benefits Of Probiotics – Improving Our Immune & Digestive …
In the brand-new research study, the scientists analyzed info from 15 healthy volunteers who took either a probiotic product containing 11 strains of bacteria, or a placebo, for 4 weeks. The individuals likewise went through colonoscopies and upper endoscopies prior to they took the probiotics or the placebo, and once again after the four-week treatment duration.
The scientists found that the probiotic bacteria had the ability to colonize the gut in 6 individuals. The rest, nevertheless, were “resisters,” meaning the germs did not colonize their guts, despite the fact that the probiotic germs were shed in their stool.”Although all of our probiotic-consuming volunteers revealed probiotics in their stool, only a few of them showed them in their gut, which is where they need to be,” co-senior author Eran Segal, a computational biologist at the Weizmann Institute, said in the statement.
This forecast method requires to be verified in future studies. The researchers called for more research to better understand why some people resist colonization by probiotics, as that future research study might allow researchers to combat the resistance. Harmful effects?
Prebiotics & Probiotics – Gastrointestinal Society
The finding also highlighted the requirement for personalized probiotic treatments to safeguard individuals’s gut health “without jeopardizing microbiome recolonization” after prescription antibiotics, the scientists stated. Dr. Arun Swaminath, director of Inflammatory Bowel Illness Program at Lenox Hill Medical Facility, who was not associated with the research study, stated these findings “raise concerns about whether probiotics really delaythe return of [a] healthy bacteria community after” an individual takes certain prescription antibiotics.
“But it plainly shows that probiotics might have an unjust status, in the method they are presently believed of in popular culture as natural and unarguably healthy.”The researchers likewise noted that they did not take a look at scientific results, such as whether probiotics helped to reduce individuals’s gastrointestinal symptoms. Original post on. Probiotic Supplements.
Probiotics may have been gaining popularity in recent yearsbut think it or not, probiotics have actually been around because the early 19th and 20th centuries in some fashion or another. In those times, biologists discovered germs and yeast were used in the fermentation process and connected them to favorable health results.
How Do Probiotics Work? – Probiotics Learning Lab
This implied less strenuous standards for supplementsincluding probiotics. As an outcome, probiotics might be offered over the counter, which enabled consumers to acquire them more easily (Probiotic Supplements). What are probiotics?
You have a considerable quantity of great bacteria in your gut (more particularly in the intestinal tracts and digestive tract) that is essential for keeping you healthy and processing the food you consume. In reality, microbes like germs surpass human cells in your body 10 to one. “Probiotics, in essence, are the good germs in our gut microbiota,” says Jenna-Ann Del Borrello, a registered dietitian in New york city City.
While probiotics have various germs species or pressures, the 2 most common germs pressures discovered in probiotics include: Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Probiotic Supplements). Probiotic products include dietary supplements or foods with natural probiotics (like fermented foods such as kimchi and sauerkraut) or included probiotics such as Activia yogurt. As tablets or pills, probiotics can be bought over-the-counter or with a prescription.
Probiotic Supplements Review (Including Pet Probiotics …
What do probiotics do? There are numerous advantages of probiotics, but most notably, they are used to treat GI health conditions as they help stabilize out the excellent and bad germs in the gut. Probiotics can: There is a great deal of speculation over the effectiveness of probiotics because there is restricted research (Probiotic Supplements).
This is because probiotics can be found in numerous ranges with many different pressures, and it’s yet to be seen if all variations of a particular strand would produce the very same benefits. For instance, if a specific type of Lactobacillus assists avoid an illness, that doesn’t always indicate that another type of Lactobacillus would have the same result – Probiotic Supplements.
What is the best probiotic? It is tough to state what the best probiotic is due to the fact that the effects of probiotics are different for each individual.


buy Lyrica from canada ratingTechnology broughthygiene to the next level with the introduction of dental endoscopy over a decadeago. Thesympatheticcomponent causes the rate of contraction to increase (an ef-fect known astachycardia) and increases the force ofmusclecontraction Thesympatheticcomponent causes the rate of contraction to increase (an ef-fect known astachycardia) and increases the force ofmusclecontraction. If ingested byrequirement buy Lyrica from canada a large proportion of available Cys is used for protein synthesis and GSH.Protein turnover and hydrolysis of GSH by the ?-glutamyl transpeptidase and dipeptidaseenzyme will result in the release of new Cys at amino acid pool. selective surfactant and continued mechanical ven-tilation for preterm infants with or at risk for respira-tory distress syndrome. For ‘physical’, the effectsizes are 9.86, 15.46, and 3.93 as age increases, which shows no obviousmonotonic increase or decrease. The last of these is also preferred sometimes inthe UK buy Lyrica from canada when some service recipients object to the term ‘user’.
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Liver is the primary site (also salivaryglands and kidneys). J Pediatr Surg 38:283–289; discussion 283–289Hoskote A et al (2004) Oxygenation and systemic, cere-bral and pulmonary vascular haemodynamics after thebidirectional superior cavopulmonary shunt.
Insome studies, selected controls may be found subsequently to have missingkey information, and so may be excluded from the statistical analysis.Therefore, although researchers specify the target number of controls per case,the number actually recruited and analysed may be less. Divergenteffects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on cardiovascular hemodynamics of near-term fetalsheep exposed to hypoxemia and maternal hypotension. Correlation with beta-adrenergic receptordownregulation. Withincreasing anesthetic depth, there is a progres-sive decrease in alveolar ventilation with a reduc-tion in tidal volume and an increase in PaCO 2 inspontaneously breathing patients. (2004) Paroxetine doesnot improve symptoms and impairs cognition in frontotemporaldementia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial (2004) Paroxetine doesnot improve symptoms and impairs cognition in frontotemporaldementia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. As a result, decision-makers are increasingly scrutinized for the reason-ableness of their decisions. In particular cell types,such as developing rat retina and retinal ganglion cells buy Lyrica from canada p53 can stimulate expres-sion of catalase, another enzyme involved in H2O2 decomposition . ( b) On 2Dimage buy Lyrica from canada it is seen as a nodular lesion ( arrow) containing air density. Computerized monitoring system in neurosurgical intensivecare. Nosocomial ventriculitis and meningitis in neurocritical carepatients. At one site, three distinct granules (arrows) are evident. 8.32 Airway pressurerelease ventilation differsfrom conventional modesbecause trigger initiates adrop in airway pressure ratherthan a rise 8.32 Airway pressurerelease ventilation differsfrom conventional modesbecause trigger initiates adrop in airway pressure ratherthan a rise. Their framework isoriented as a matrix that shows the linkage between principles to guide behavior,structures within organization that facilitate or impair teamwork and collaboration,and processes that enable professional activity.
Shadowing artifactappears as a hypoechoic or anechoic region extending downward from a very strongattenuating medium. Theprostate gland consists of two lobes separated by a shallowgroove called the median sulcus (Fig. 11.3 A pneumotachograph, consisting of a differen-tial pressure transducer to measure the drop across aknown resistance. This is regardless of the onset of sexual activity, which-ever comes first. The LES is a 4-cm segment of circular muscle in thedistal esophagus that is tonically closed because of the intrinsic myogenic properties of thisspecialized segment The LES is a 4-cm segment of circular muscle in thedistal esophagus that is tonically closed because of the intrinsic myogenic properties of thisspecialized segment. The second phase is characterizedby an increase in renal release of vasodilating prostaglandins,leading to venodilation, and decreased preload and ventricularfilling pressures.10 The latter effects may explain the nearlyimmediate symptomatic improvement often noted in patientswith acute pulmonary edema, which may precede the onset ofactual diuresis.2 With prolonged use, a compensatory activationof the sympathetic nervous system occurs and can lead to chronicadaptations known as the “braking” effect. kingae may be found in the oro-pharynx of infected children.


Roles for the endocannabinoid system in ethanol-motivated behavior.
Recent studies have indicated a role for the endocannabinoid system in ethanol-related behaviors. This study examined the effect of pharmacological activation, blockade, and genetic deletion of the CB(1) receptors on ethanol-drinking behavior in ethanol preferring C57BL/6J (B6) and ethanol nonpreferring DBA/2J (D2) mice. The deletion of CB(1) receptor significantly reduced the ethanol preference. Although the stimulation of the CB(1) receptor by CP-55,940 markedly increased the ethanol preference, this effect was found to be greater in B6 than in D2 mice. The antagonism of CB(1) receptor function by SR141716A led to a significant reduction in voluntary ethanol preference in B6 than D2 mice. A significant lower hypothermic and greater sedative response to acute ethanol administration was observed in both the strains of CB(1) -/- mice than wild-type mice. Interestingly, genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of the CB(1) receptor produced a marked reduction in severity of handling-induced convulsion in both the strains. The radioligand binding studies revealed significantly higher levels of CB(1) receptor-stimulated G-protein activation in the striatum of B6 compared to D2 mice. Innate differences in the CB(1) receptor function might be one of the contributing factors for higher ethanol drinking behavior. The antagonists of the CB(1) receptor may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of ethanol dependence.


Shivering is a reflexive response of the body to cold temperatures or as a response to fever, infection, or other medical conditions. It is a mechanism by which the body generates heat to maintain its temperature. Shivering involves rapid and involuntary contractions of the muscles, which generate heat through increased metabolic activity.
Shivering can be a normal and healthy response to cold temperatures, but it can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition. In addition to cold exposure and fever, other possible causes of shivering include hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland), anxiety, and side effects of certain medications.
Treatment of shivering depends on the underlying cause. If shivering is due to cold exposure, it can be treated by warming the body with warm clothing, blankets, or a heating pad. In cases of fever, treating the underlying infection or illness can help to reduce shivering. If shivering is due to an underlying medical condition, treatment of that condition can help to alleviate symptoms.
In some cases, medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used to reduce fever and relieve discomfort associated with shivering. If shivering is severe or persistent, or if it is accompanied by other concerning symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention.


|Posted on February 15, 2015 at 9:00 AM|
According to a Cochrane Database abstract "The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends administration of an oral dose of 200,000 IU (or 100,000 IU in infants) of vitamin A per day for two days to children with measles in areas where vitamin A deficiency may be present." (Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD001479).
If the World Health Organization recommends this why aren't we hearing about this in America? Vaccinations are not providing complete protection against the measles virus. Four out of the ten measles cases at Disney World were previously vaccinated. The U.S. vaccination governing body is now stating that not only is one MMR vaccination insufficient, two vaccinations may not be sufficient, and now they are recommending that we receive three vaccinations. How many will we have to get before they become effective?
The human body has been designed to adequately handle many health conditions when properly supplied with balanced nutrition. Americans are famously overfed and starving for real nutrition. There are some very hopeful possibilities that will likely sooner or later get the media attention they deserve.
Find out more about our Designed Clinical Nutrition at http://www.fallchiropractic.com/nutritional-assessments.


Over the course of the last 20 years, we have established a comprehensive portfolio of models for the large number of species that we supply feeds for. The purpose of these models is to forecast how fish and shrimp will perform in their surrounding conditionsand to give cost-benefit evaluations for different farming situations
Research & development
The development process for AquaSim began 20 years ago, when Skretting generated growth models for salmon and other fish species. In the last 5 years, we have been developing the concept further for shrimp based on research, experimentation and validation.
Our AquaSim tools are well established for many species of fish and shrimp, and provides tools based on three criteria: biology, quality and economics. The models are easy to use and require custom inputs from the farmer, including farm dimensions, stocking plan, feed and feeding regime as well as water quality parameters.
From these inputs, a range of data can be obtained, from harvest dates to feed selection, making AquaSim an essential tool for efficient planning, forecasting and benchmarking.
Optimising farm performance
Over the years, we have developed numerous models to help optimise farm performance. The growth model for instance, is based on body weight, and calibrated using commercial farming data. The FCR model provides a biological FCR based on body weight. Each Skretting diet has a unique FCR model, based on research done by Skretting Acuaculture Research Centre (ARC), which tests all raw materials and diets both in the lab and under field conditions.
Farm management in your hands
AquaSim can be accessed via our online portal and can be used on PC, tablets or smartphones.


A group of researchers and scientists revealed reasons for understanding why Corona virus vaccines from AstraZenka and Johnson & Johnson cause rare but fatal blood clots, after recording a number of cases, which angered some and made them feel so reluctant to take vaccines.
Al-Arabiya Net quoted the German researcher, Dr. Andreas Grencher, that he found the chemical in the “AstraZenka” vaccine that leads to an immune reaction that produces those rare side effects that were recorded in a few people who received the vaccine, explaining that a preservative in the Covid-19 vaccine A subsidiary of “AstraZeneca” may lead to a rare over-reaction of the immune system that causes blood clots, according to the newspaper “The Wall Street Journal”.
The German professor and his team identified more than 1,000 proteins in the AstraZeneca vaccine derived from human cells, as well as a preservative known as ethylene diaminetracitic acid, or EDTA, that may trigger an overactive immune reaction by forming clumps using platelets in the bloodstream.
He also explained that inflammation caused by vaccines, in addition to PF4 compounds, can trick the immune system into thinking that the body has been infected with the bacteria, leading to an old defense mechanism that gets out of control and causes clotting and bleeding.
Professor John Kelton of McMaster University in Canada, whose group runs a reference laboratory to examine patients with symptoms of blood clotting after vaccination, said that the laboratory had repeated some of Greensher’s research and confirmed his findings.
However, Kelton explained that the reasons are not yet clear “enough”, indicating that Greensher’s hypothesis may be correct, but it may also be false.
Some scientists believe that the viruses themselves could play a role in triggering the condition because they are linked to blood clotting. Others speculate that infected people may have a genetic predisposition, or that their immune systems have previously developed the problematic antibody.
The World Health Organization announced last April that the link between the AstraZeneca vaccine against the Coronavirus and the emergence of a rare form of blood clots is “possible but not certain.”
The organization’s experts in the field of vaccines said earlier that specialized studies must be conducted in order to fully understand the possible link between vaccination and possible risk factors, noting that these phenomena are very rare despite being worrisome, noting that more than 200 million people have received the AstraZeneca vaccine – Oxford.
Loma News is a news search engine, and Loma News disclaims all responsibility for the content of the news Yemen News Finally … Scientists reveal the secret behind the occurrence of deadly strokes from some Corona vaccines Or the pictures, but the responsibility rests on the original publisher of the news and the source hayrout.com, as the original publisher bears the copyright and intellectual property rights of the news. This news has been automatically transmitted.


Human γ-Aminobutyric acid transporter 1 (hGAT1) is a Na + /Cl − dependent co-transporter that plays a key role in the inhibitory neurotransmission of GABA in the brain. Due to the lack of structural data, the exact co-transport mechanism of GABA reuptake by hGAT1 remains unclear. To examine the roles of the co-transport ions and the nature of their interactions with GABA, homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of the hGAT1 in the open-to-out conformation were carried out. Our study focused on the sequential preloading of Na + and Cl − ions, followed by GABA binding. Our simulations showed pre-loading of ions maintains the transport ready state of hGAT1 in the open-to-out conformation essential for GABA binding. Of the four putative preloaded states, GABA binding to the fully loaded state is most favored. Binding of Na + ion to the Na1 site helps to maintain the open-to-out conformation for GABA binding as compared to the Na2 site. GABA binding to the mono-sodium or the di-sodium loaded states leads to destabilization of Na + ions within their binding sites. The two most prominent interactions required for GABA binding include interaction between carboxylate group of GABA with the bound Na + ion in Na1 binding site and the hydroxyl group of Y140. Overall our results support the fully loaded state as the predominate state for GABA binding. Our study further illustrates that Na + ion within the Na1 site is crucial for GABA recognition. Therefore, a revised mechanism is proposed for the initial step of hGAT1 translocation cycle.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||9|
|Journal||Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal|
|State||Published - 2019|
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
Support was provided by HEC ‘Indigenous Ph.D. Fellowship for 5,000 scholars’ Phase-II, Batch-I, 2012. University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute provided all the necessary computational resources.
- Conformational analysis
- GABA transporter 1
- Molecular dynamics simulations
- hGAT1 translocation cycle


2.2- Second Professional B.D.S:
At the end of the course the student should be competent to apply the scientific study of diseaseprocesses, which result in morphological and functional alterations in cells, tissues andorgans to the study of pathology and the practice of dentistry.
Enabling the student
1. To demonstrate and apply basic facts, concepts and theories in the field of Pathology.
2. To recognize and analyze pathological changes at macroscopically and microscopical levels and explain their observations in terms of disease processes.
3. To Integrate knowledge from the basic sciences, clinical medicine and dentistry in the study of Pathology.
4. To demonstrate understanding of the capabilities and limitations of morphological Pathology in its contribution to medicine, dentistry and biological research.
5. To demonstrate ability to consult resource materials outside lectures, laboratory and tutorial classes.
126.96.36.199- SEMESTER I:
1. CELL INJURY:
a. Terms necrosis, ischemia, hypoxia, infarction and gangrene.
b. Sequence of the ultrastructural and biochemical changes which occur in the cell in response to the following:
Immunological injury-eg. Asthma / SLE /Anaphylactic reaction
Physical agents: eg. Radiation
Genetic defects- eg. Thalassemia / haemophilia
Viruses: eg. Hepatitis / Aids / HIV infections
Fungi: eg. Staphylococcus
Parasites: eg. Malaria
c. Irreversible and reversible injury.
d. Apoptosis and its significance.
e. Necrosis and its types.
f. Exogenous and endogenous pigment deposition
g. Dystrophic and metastatic calcification along with clinical significance.
h. Metabolic disorders
2. INFLAMMATION AND MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
a) Describe the role of inflammation in the defense mechanisms of the body.
b) Describe the vascular changes of acute inflammation and relate these to the morphological and tissue effects.
c) Describe the process of chemotaxis, opsonization and phagocytosis.
d) Describe the role of cellular components in inflammatory exudate.
e) Differentiate between exudate and transudate.
f) List the important chemical mediators of inflammation
g) Describe the pathway of Archidonic Acid metabolism.
h) Discuss the role of products of Archidonic acid metabolism in inflammation.
i) Describe the mechanism for development of fever, with reference to exogenous and endogenous pyrogens.
j) Describe chronic inflammation including granulomas.
k) Describe granuloma , its type and causes.
l) Describe the systemic effects of acute and chronic inflammation and their possible outcomes.
m) Describe the signification of ESR.
3. WOUND HEALING
a) Describe the differences between repair and regeneration.
b) Describe wound healing by first and second intention.
c) Discuss the factors that influence the inflammatory reparative response.
d) Compare wound contraction with cicatrization.
e) Describe the formation of granulation tissue.
f) Describe the complications of wound healing.
4. DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
a) THROMBO-EMBOLIC DISORDERS AND THEIR MODALITIES:
1. Explain the pathogenesis of thrombosis.
2. Describe the possible consequences of thrombosis.
b) DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATION AND SHOCK
1. Define edema, ascites, hydrothorax and anasarca.
2. Describe the pathophysiology of edema with special emphasis on CHF.
3. Describe the pathogenesis of four major types of shock (Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, vasovagal and septic) and list their causes.
4. Describe the compensatory mechanisms involved in shock.
Description of Neoplasia Characteristics of bengin and malignant tumors, Spread of tumours, Pre-disposing factors, etiology carcingenesis, classification, Skin tumours Bengin Malignant.
Description of hereditary and related disorders
1. Histopathological presentations: Necorsis, Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inclammation, Granulation tissue, Granulomatous inflammation, Fatty Change.
2. Study of Microscope
3. Sterlization methods
4. Simple Staining methods
5. Culture Medias
6. Gram staining
7. Zeihl Nelson staining
8. Histopathological presentations: Beningn Tumour (leiomyoma ), Malignant Tumour (leiomyosaecema), Sq. cell Ca, Papillioma, Basal Cell Ca,
9. Serology (widal test)
188.8.131.52- SEMESTER II:
Introduction to Hematopoietic System Red cell disorder Anemia’s , White cell disorder, Leukemia’s, Platel disorders, Bleeding disorders, Blood transfusion Blood groups, Blood Chemistry
Description of Antigen, Antibody, Complement, Immune responses, Adverse immune reaction, HLA Tissue transplantation.
Description of G.I.T. Disorders (Oral lesions, Infections, Ulcerations, tumours, Congenital defects), Liver Disorders (Jaundice, Hepatitis Lab, Investigation), Bones & JointsDisorders (Osteomyelitis, Paget’s disease, Bone tumours), Circulatory System Disorders (Arterioscleroses, Hypertension, IHD, Rheumatic fever), Nervous System Disorders (Meningitis, Facial nerve palsy), Respiratory System Disorders (Pneumonia, tuberculosis, Tumours), Hormonal disease (Diabetes Mellitus, Thyroid, Pituitary).
THE ORAL CAVITY:
a. Predisposing factors (pipe smoking, ill fitting denture, alcohol abuse, irritant foods) of leukoplakia.
b. Clinical and morphological features of oral cancer.
c. Benign and malignant tumours of salivary glands.
d. Clinical and morphological features of plemorphic adenoma.
a. Study of Blood Culture & Sensitivity
b. Study of Anaerobic bacterial culture
c. Study of Total Leukocyte Count & Differential Leukocyte Count
d. Study of Blood Grouping methods
e. Study of Bleeding Time & Clotting Time
f. Study of Blood transfusion, Blood groups
g. Study of micro-organisms: Staphylococci, Streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheria, M. Tuberculosis, Clostridium, Plasmodium.
h. Urine examination
i. Stool examination
j. Study of Blood Chemistry
184.108.40.206- RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Basic Pathology BY Robbin & Kumar
To introduce the students to the exciting world of microbes. To make the students aware of various branches of microbiology, importance, significance and contribution of each branch to mankind and other fields of medicine. The objectives of teaching microbiology can be achieved by various teaching techniques such as :
b) Lecture Demonstrations
c) Practical exercises
d) Audio visual aids
e) Small group discussions with regular feed back from the students.
A. Knowledge and Understanding
At the end of the Microbiology course the student is expected to :
1. Understand the basics of various branches of microbiology and able to apply theknowledge relevantly.
2. Apply the knowledge gained in related medical subjects like General Medicine and General Surgery and Dental subjects like Oral Pathology, Community Dentistry,
Periodontics, Oral Surgery, Pedodontics, Conservative Dentistry and Oral medicine in higher classes.
3. Understand and practice various methods of Sterilisation and disinfection in dental clinics.
4. Have a sound understanding of various infectious diseases and lesions in the oral cavity.
1. Student should have acquired the skill to diagnose, differentiate various oral lesions.
2. Should be able to select, collect and transport clinical specimens to the laboratory.
3. Should be able to carry out proper aseptic procedures in the dental clinic.
220.127.116.11- SEMESTER I:
1. GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY:
a. History, Introduction, Scope, Aims and Objectives.
b. Morphology and Physiology of bacteria.
c. Detail account of Sterlisation and Disinfection.
d. Brief account of Culture media and Culture techniques.
e. Basic knowledge of selection, collection, transport, processing of clinical Specimens and identification of bacteria.
f. Bacterial Genetics and Drug Resistance in bacteria.
a. Infection – Definition, Classification, Source, Mode of transmission and types of Infectious disease.
c. Structure and functions of Immune system
d. The Complement System
f. Immunoglobulins – Antibodies – General structure and the role played in defense mechanism of the body.
g. Immune response
h. Antigen – Antibody reactions – with reference to clinical utility.
i. Immuno deficiency disorders – a brief knowledge of various types of immunodeficiency disorders – A sound knowledge of immuno deficiency disorders relevant to dentistry.
j. Hypersensitivity reactions
k. Autoimmune disorders – Basic knowledge of various types – sound knowledge of autoimmune disorders of oral cavity and related structures.
l. Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy
18.104.22.168- SEMESTER II:
1. SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY:
I. Pyogenic cocci – Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Gonococcus, Meningococcus – brief account of each coccus – detailed account of mode of spread, laboratory diagnosis, Chemo therapy and prevention – Detailed account of Cariogenic Streptococci.
II. Corynebacterium diphtheriae – mode of spread, important clinical feature, Laboratory diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Active immunisation.
III. Mycobacteria – Tuberculosis and Leprosy
IV. Clostridium – Gas gangrene, food poisoning and tetanus.
V. Non-sporing Anaerobes – in brief about classification and morphology, in detail about dental pathogens – mechanism of disease production and prevention.
VI. Spirochaetes – Treponema pallidum – detailed account of Oral Lesions of syphilis, Borrelia vincentii.
b. General properties, cultivation, host – virus interaction with special reference to Interferon.
c. Brief account of Laboratory diagnosis, Chemotherapy and immuno prophylaxis in general.
d. A few viruses of relevance to dentistry.
i. Herpes Virus
ii. Hepatitis B Virus – brief about other types
iii. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
iv. Mumps Virus
v. Brief – Measles and Rubella Virus
e. Bacteriophage – structure and Significance
a. Brief Introduction
b. Candidosis – in detail
c. Briefly on oral lesions of systemic mycoses.
a. Brief introduction – protozoans and helminths
b. Brief knowledge about the mode of transmission and prevention of commonly seen parasitic infection in the region.
22.214.171.124- RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Microbiology Lipincott’s Illustrated Reviews
Medical Microbiology (Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg)
The broad goal of teaching under graduate students in pharmacology is to inculcate rational and scientific basis of therapeutics keeping in view of dental curriculum and Profession.
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
i) Describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of essential and commonly used drugs in general and in dentistry in particular.
ii) List the indications, contraindications; interactions, and adverse reactions of commonly used drugs with reason.
iii) Tailor the use of appropriate drugs in disease with consideration to its cost, efficacy, safety for individual and mass therapy needs.
iv) Indicate special care in prescribing common and essential drugs in special medical situations such as pregnancy, lactation, old age, renal, hepatic damage and immuno compromised patients.
v) Integrate the rational drug therapy in clinical pharmacology.
vi) Indicate the principles underlying the concepts of “Essential drugs”.
At the end of the course the student shall be able to:
1) Prescribe drugs for common dental and medical ailments.
2) To appreciate adverse reactions and drug interactions of commonly used drugs.
3) Observe experiments designed for study of effects of drugs.
4) Critically evaluate drug formulations and be able to interpret the clinical pharmacology of marketed preparations commonly used in dentistry.
126.96.36.199- SEMESTER I:
1. General Pharmacology:
a. Definition of drug and drug nomenclature.
b. Branches / Divisions of Pharmacology
c. Active principles of drug and Pharmacology
d. Dosage forms and doses of drugs.
e. Absorption of drugs and processes involved in drug absorption
f. Factors modifying absorption of drugs.
g. Transport of drugs across cell-membrane
h. Bioavailability, its clinical significance and factors affecting bioavailabiliy
i. Drugs reservoirs, distribution and redistribution of drugs, plasma protein binding.
j. Pro-drug, Biotransformation of drugs, enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition and entero-hepatic circulation
k. Plasma half-life of drugs, steady state concentration, its clinical mportance and factors affecting it.
l. Excretion of drugs.
m. Mechanism of drug action.
n. Dose response curves, structure-activity relationship.
o. Factors modifying action and doses of drugss.
p. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and Receptors
2. Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous system
• Cholinimimetic Alkaloids
• Anti Muscarinic
• Non catecholamine
Anti- Cholinergic Drugs
• Anti Muscarinic
• Non catecholamine
Sympatholytics / Antiadrenergics
• Alpha Adrenergic Blockers
• Beta Adrenergic receptor Blockers
3. Autocoids and Anti-inflammatory Agents:
Introduction to anti-inflammatory agents and autocoids.
Introduction to diuretics and related agents
5. Cardiovascular System:
Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure & Cardiac Glycosides, Anti- Anginal agents, Anti Hypertensive, Anti Arrhythmic, Coagulation & Anti-coagulants, treatment of Anemia, treatment of Hyperlipidemia.
6. Gout and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Treatment of gout and rheumatoid arthritis
Introduction to non-narcotic analgesics
1. Weight & Measures, Interconversion
2. To prepare & Dispense 90 ml of 0.05% KmnO4 solution.
3. To prepare & dispense 120 ml of 1:4000 KMnO4 solution
4. To prepare & dispense 100 ml of .01% KMnO4 from stock.
5. To prepare and dispense 90 ml of Carminative Mixture.
6. To prepare and dispense 3 doses of Bismuth Kaolin
7. To prepare & dispense 90 ml Castor Oil Emulsion. Each 30 ml Contains 4 ml of Oil.
188.8.131.52- SEMESTER II
Introduction, Antiseptics & Disinfectants, Folate Antagonists, Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Quinolones, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides, Anti-Tuberculous. Antiviral agents
Central Nervous System:
Treatment of Parkinsonism, Epilepsy, CNS Stimulants, Antipsychotics, Antidepressants, Opioid Analgesics, General Anesthetics, Local Anesthetics, Sedative Hypnotics, Anxiolytics, Treatment of migraine
Description of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of respiratory disorders.
Description of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
Description of Anti-protozoal agents, Anti-Helminthic agents,
Introduction, Pituitary and Hypothalamus, Thyroid & Antithyroid Drugs, Insulin & Oral, Hypoglycemics, Paratharmone & Calcitonin, Androgens, Female sex Hormones & Anti-Estrogens, Corticosteroids.
Anti – septics, astrigents, obtundents, mummifying agents, bleaching agents, styptics, disclosing agents, dentifrices, mouth washes, caries and fluorides. 2. Pharmacotherapy of common oral conditions in dentistry
a. To prepare & dispense 90 ml Cod Liver Oil Emulsion. Each 30 ml containing 4 ml Oil.
b. To prepare & dispense 40 ml of Calamine Lotion.
c. To prepare and dispense 20 ml of Turpentine Liniment
d. To prepare & dispense 4 powders of Atropine diphenoxylate.
e. To prepare & dispense 4 powders, each containing 0.6 mg Hyoscine.
f. To prepare & dispense 15G of Sulphur Ointment.
g. Prescription Writing
184.108.40.206- RECOMMENDED BOOK:
• Bertam G Katzung, Basic and Clinical pharmacology
• Review of Pharmacology Katzung
• Lauerence D.R. Clinical Pharmacology 8th ed. Churchill Livingstone
• Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology
• Basis of therapeutics and pharmacology Goodman Gillmans
2.2.4- ORAL BIOLOGY
Oral Biology course includes instructions in the subject of Dental Morphology, Oral Embryology, Oral Histology and Oral Physiology.Introduction – Oral Biology – a composite of basic Dental Sciences & their clinical applications.
The student should acquire basic skills in :
1. Carving of crowns of permanent teeth in wax.
2. Microscopic study of Oral tissues.
3. Identification of Deciduous & Permanent teeth.
4. Age estimation by patterns of teeth eruption from plaster casts of different age groups.
After a course on Oral Biology,
1. The student is expected to appreciate the normal development, morphology, structure & functions of oral tissues & variations in different pathological/non-pathological states.
2. The student should understand the histological basis of various dental treatment procedures and physiologic ageing process in the dental tissues.
3. The students must know the basic knowledge of various research methodologies.
220.127.116.11- SEMESTER I:
I. TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
1. Introduction to tooth morphology:
Human dentition, types of teeth, & functions, Palmer’s & Binomial notation systems, tooth surfaces, their junctions – line angles & point angles, definition of terms used in dental morphology, geometric concepts in tooth morphology, contact areas & embrasures – Clinical significance.
2. Morphology of permanent teeth :
• Description of individual teeth, along with their endodontic anatomy & including a note on their chronology of development, differences between similar class of teeth & identification of individual teeth.
• Variations & Anomalies commonly seen in individual teeth.
3. Morphology of Deciduous teeth :
• Generalized differences between Deciduous & Permanent teeth.
• Description of individual deciduous teeth, including their chronology of development, endodontic anatomy, differences between similar class of teeth & identification of individual teeth.
4. Occlusion :
• . Definition, factors influencing occlusion – basal bone, arch, individual teeth, external & internal forces & sequence of eruption.
• . Inclination of individual teeth – compensatory curves.
• . Centric relation & Centric occlusion – protrusive, retrusive & lateral occlusion.
• . Clinical significance of normal occlusion.
• . Introduction to & Classification of Malocclusion.
II. ORAL EMBRYOLOGY
• General human development
• The brachial apparatus
• Development of face/tongue/thyroid gland
• Development of nasomaxillary complex
• Development of palate
• Development of mandible and temporo mandibular joint
• Development of para-nasal sinuses
• Development of salivary glands
• Tooth development and its associated structures
• Development of cartilages and bones of facial skeleton
• Introduction of clinical anomalies related with all the above topics
• Introduction to Post natal facial growth.
• Development of base of skull
III. ORAL HISTOLOGY
• Bone/cartilage (specially jaws)
• Alveolar bone
• Periodontal ligament
• Tooth eruption and shedding
IV. ORAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Saliva :
Composition of saliva – variations, formation of saliva & mechanisms of secretion, salivary reflexes, brief review of secretomotor pathway, functions, role of saliva in dental caries & applied aspects of hyper & hypo salivation.
2. Mastication :
Masticatory force & its measurement – need for mastication, peculiarities of masticatory muscles, masticatory cycle, masticatory reflexes & neural control of mastication.
3. Deglutition :
. Review of the steps in deglutition, swallowing in infants, neural control of deglutition & dysphagia
18.104.22.168- SEMESTER II
III. ORAL HISTOLOGY
1. Oral mucous membrane
5. Temporo-mandibular joint clinical consideration
6. Endogenous implants/changes during tooth movement/wound healing
7. Detailed microscopic study of Oral Mucosa, variation in structure in relation to functional requirements, mechanisms of keratinization, clinical parts of gingiva
8. Dentogingival & Mucocutaneous junctions & lingual papillae. Age changes & clinical considerations.
9. Salivary Glands :
a. . Detailed microscopic study of acini & ductal system.
b. . Age changes& clinical considerations.
10. TM Joint :
a. . Review of basic anatomical aspects & microscopiuc study & clinical considerations.
11. Maxillary Sinus :
a. Microscopic study, anatomical variations, functions & clinical relevance of maxillary sinus in dental practice.
12. Processing of Hard & soft tissues for microscopic study :
i. . Ground sections, decalcified sections & routine staining procedures.
13. Basic histochemical staining patterns of oral tissues.
IV. ORAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Calcium, Phosphorous & fluoride metabolism :
. Source, requirements, absorption, distribution, functions & excretion, clinical considerations, hypo & hypercalcemia & hyper & hypo phosphatemia & fluorosis.
2. Theories of Mineralization :
Definition, mechanisms, theories & their drawbacks.
Applied aspects of physiology of mineralization, pathological considerations – calculus
3. Physiology of Taste :
Innervation of taste buds & taste pathway, physiologic basis of taste sensation, age
changes & applied aspects – taste disorders.
4. Physiology of Speech :
Review of basic anatomy of larynx & vocal cords.
.Voice production, resonators, production of vowels & different consonants – Role of palate, teeth & tongue.
Effects of dental prosthesis & appliances on speech & basic speech disorders.
• Tooth carving with proper dimensions on a wax.
• Histological slides.
22.214.171.124- RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
• Oral Histology (Development, Structure and Function), A.R.Tencate
• Orban’s Oral Histology & Embryology – S.N.Bhaskar
• Oral Development & Histology – James & Avery
• Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology & Occlusion – Major.M.Ash
• Dental Anatomy – its relevance to dentistry – Woelfel & Scheid
• Applied Physiology of the mouth – Lavelle
• Physiology & Biochemistry of the mouth – Jenkins
• 2.2.5- Community Dentistry
To prevent and control oral diseases and promote oral health through organized community efforts
At the conclusion of the course the student shall have a knowledge of the basis of public health, preventive dentistry, public health problems in India, Nutrition, Environment and their role in health, basics of dental statistics, epidemiological methods, National oral health policy with emphasis on oral health policy.
B). Skill and Attitude:
At the conclusion of the course the students shall have require at the skill of identifying health problems affecting the society, conducting health surveys, conducting health education classes and deciding health strategies. Students should develop a positive attitude towards the problems of the society and must take responsibilities in providing health.
C). Communication abilities:
At the conclusions of the course the student should be able to communicate the needs of the community efficiently, inform the society of all the recent methodologies in preventing oral disease
126.96.36.199- SEMESTER I
1. Concepts of Health and Disease
Concepts of Health Disease and Illness, Determinants of Health, Primary Health Care Activity and Underlying Principals, Global Goals for Oral Health for the Year 2000, Criteria for A Public Health Problem and Public Health Importance of Oral Disease, Impact of Oral Disease with reference to Impairment Functional Limitation, Discomfort Disability and Handicap.
2. Principles of epidemiology
Epidemeology, Uses of Epidemeology, Types of Epidemeological Studies, Indices – Criteria for an Ideal Index. Protocol to conduct an Epidemiological Survey.
3. Dental Caries
Etiology and Nature of Dental Caries Methods of Diagnosis Caries, used in Epidemiology DMFT & DMFS limitation of DMFS, WHO Criteria for diagnosing Dental Caries and Criteria for Treatment need.
4. Periodontal Disease
Etiology and Natural History of Periodontal Disease continuous disease Model and Burs Model of Progression of Periodontal disease what Epidemeology has revealed about periodontal disease name of Indices used to Measure Periodontal Disease and Periodontal Treatment need short coming of Russel Perio Index, Ramfjord Perio disease indices, codes, dean’s index for fluorosis WHO indices for malocclusion for TMJ disorders lesions of Oral Mucosa and bone.
5. Dental Disease and Fluoride
Sampling types of sampling fluoride. Mode of action of fluoride sources and metabolism or fluoride historical back ground of water fluoridation, Fluoridation studies, advantages and disadvantages of water fluoridation, alternative methods to water fluoridation.
188.8.131.52- SEMESTER II
1. Surveys and Screening
Screening, aim and principles of screening difference between screening & epidemiological surveys validity, sensitivity +ve and –ve predictive value, Clinical trials various steps in conducting a clinical trial.
2. Prevention of Dental Disease
Trends in dental caries in developed and under developing countries, Studies showing correlation between sugar and dental caries, High risk markers of caries, Fissure sealant, rationale for used cost effectiveness, cost benefit, Strategy is to reduce sugar consumption in a community.
3. Health Promotion
Description of Health promotion & various types of Health Promotion Activities.
Statistics types of means median mode weighted mean variance, standard normal deviates, sampling error probability.
5. Dental Auxiliaries
Dental and non-dental auxiliaries, classification problems with dental care in developing countries. Uses of Health auxiliaries to provide a comprehensive O~ essential dental care to rural community.
6. Health Education
Description of Health education and principles followed to plan a dental health education program.
Practical & field assignments:
A. Clinical Oral Examination
i Exercise on Models and Extracted teeth
ii Exercise on patients in out patients department
iii Examination of institutionalized population like school children
B. Questionnaire / interview study
i Designing a questionnaire
ii. Pilot testing the questionnaire
iii Data coding, processing and analysis
C. Planning and conducting a dental health education (D.H.E.) session:
i. Designing D.H.E. material
ii Planning, conducting and evaluating (D.H.E) sessions
D. Chairside preventive dental procedures
i High fluoride gel application
ii Fissure sealing
iv Plaque disclosing
v Instructions about Oral Hygiene measures
• Tooth Brushing demonstration
• Inter-dental cleaning
• Chemical control of dental plaque
184.108.40.206- RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
Community Dentistry By Brian Burt
2.2.6- PRE CLINICAL DENTISTRY
The preclinical dentistry include the following: –
1. Junior Operative Techniques
2. Junior Prosthetic Techniques
3. Orthodontics Laboratory Procedures
1. Junior Operative Techniques
i. Introduction to dental operatory
ii. Introduction to instrument used in cavity preparation
iii. Classification of dental caries
iv. Principles of Cavity preparation
v. Cavity preparation on plaster models/phantom head
vi. Filling Materials
1. Identification and study of handcutting instruments chisles, gingival margin trimmers, excavators and hatchet.
2. Identification and use of rotary cutting instruments in contra angle hand pieces burs (Micromotor)
3. Exercises on phantom head models which includes cavity preparation base and varnish application matrix and wedge placement followed by amalgam restoration
a. Class I (5)
b. Class I with extension (2)
c. Class II (10)
d. Class II Mods (2)
e. Class V and III for glass ionmers (4)
f. Class V for amalgam (2)
4. Polishing of above restorations.
5. Demonstration of Class III and Class V cavity preparation. For composites on extracted tooth completing the restoration.
6. Polishing and finishing of the restoration of composites.
7. Identification and manipulation of varnish bases like Zinc Phosphate, Poly carboxylate, Glass Ionomers, Zinc Oxide, Eugenol cements.
8. Identification and manipulation of various matrices tooth separators and materials like composites and modified glass ionomer cements.
2. Junior Prosthetics Techniques:
I. Introduction of impression and denture materials
II. Laboratory procedures
a) Complete Dentures
b) Arylic removeable partial denture
c) Cast partial denture
d) Anterior crowns
e) Posterior crowns
g) Relining / Rebasing procedures
i) Soldering and welding techniques.
3. Orthodontics Laboratory Procedures
i. Properties of wires used in Orthodontics
ii. Principles of wire bending including wire bending on wooden blocks
2.2- Second Professional B.D.S:


Type 2 diabetes results when the body is unable to produce the amount of insulin it needs to convert food into energy or when it is unable to use insulin appropriately. Sometimes the body is actually producing more insulin than is needed by a person to keep blood glucose in a normal range. Yet blood glucose remains high, because the body's cells are resistant to the effects of insulin. Physicians and scientists believe that type 2 diabetes is caused by many factors, including insufficient insulin and insulin resistance. They increasingly believe that the relative contribution each factor makes toward causing diabetes varies from person to person.
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Sulfonylureas stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to release more insulin. Sulfonylurea drugs have been in use since the 1950s. Chlorpropamide (Diabinese) is the only first-generation sulfonylurea still in use today. The second generation sulfonylureas are used in smaller doses than the first-generation drugs. There are three second-generation drugs: glimepiride (Amaryl), glipizide (Glucotrol and Glucotrol XL), and glyburide (Micronase, Glynase, and Diabeta). These drugs are generally taken one to two times a day, before meals. All sulfonylurea drugs have similar effects on blood glucose levels, but they differ in side effects, how often they are taken, and interactions with other drugs.
Dr. Fung says he decided to experiment with intermittent fasting because he was frustrated seeing so many diabetic patients with kidney failure. “It occurred to me that fasting was an underutilized therapeutic option for losing weight,” he recalls. “I started doing this five years ago, and a lot of people got incredibly good results – it reversed their diabetes.”
TCM views the human body and its functioning in a holistic way. From this perspective, no single body part or symptom can be understood apart from its relation to the whole. Unlike Western medicine, which seeks to uncover a distinct entity or causative factor for a particular illness, TCM looks at patterns of disharmony, which include all presenting signs and symptoms as well as patients’ emotional and psychological responses. Humans are viewed both as a reflection of and as an integral part of nature, and health results from maintaining harmony and balance within the body and between the body and nature.3
Within the model of Five Phases, each element is associated with an organ. Wood is associated with the liver, fire with the heart, earth with the spleen-pancreas-stomach, metal with the lungs, and water with the kidneys. In addition, other phenomena, such as seasons, cardinal directions, weather, color, and emotions, are associated with each element. Within the TCM model, diagnostic information is gained by finding out patients’ favorite season, color, and predominant emotion(s).
Complications, which eventually lead to death, usually arise when the patient does not adhere to the advice of their doctor. Statistics show that sixty percent of patients are able to live long and productive lives; the rest suffer from a lot of complications including retinopathy (eye disease which can lead to blindness), gastroparesis (inability of the stomach to move food), neuropathy, and end-stage renal disease to name a few.
The blood glucose level is the amount of glucose in the blood. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body's cells and is carried to them through the bloodstream. The hormone insulin allows the glucose to get into the cells. In type 1 diabetes, the body can no longer make insulin, so the glucose can't get into the body's cells. This makes the blood glucose level rise.
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you'll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates you have diabetes. A result between 5.7 and 6.4 percent is considered prediabetes, which indicates a high risk of developing diabetes. Normal levels are below 5.7 percent.
The theory of Five Phases, Wu Xing, is a means of classifying phenomena in terms of five basic processes represented by the elements wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. There exists a dynamic balance and relationship among the elements such that if the balance is interrupted or destroyed, pathological changes may occur. The clockwise movement of one element into the next (wood, fire, earth, and so forth) whereby one element generates, acts on, or promotes the following element, is referred to as the Sheng cycle. The Ke cycle represents an element acting on or controlling another element in a different order (Figure 2).3
Diabetes is a disease characterized by a person’s inability to process carbohydrates, a condition that if untreated can lead to often-catastrophic health consequences: lethargy, diminished eyesight, heart attacks, strokes, blindness and a loss of circulation in the feet that could lead to amputation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that in 2014, about 29 million Americans – almost 1 in 10 – had diabetes.
Milk thistle is an herb that has been used since ancient times for many different ailments and is considered a tonic for the liver. The most studied extract from milk thistle is called silymarin, which is a compound that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is these properties that may make milk thistle a great herb for people with diabetes.
8. Amylin Mimetic This type of medication stimulates the release of insulin, and is used along with insulin injections. It may also help suppress hunger and promote weight loss. It’s less commonly used because it’s a shot administered in addition to insulin at each meal. Side effects can include low blood sugar, nausea, vomiting, headache, and redness and irritation at the injection site. Symlin (ramlintide) is what your doctor will prescribe you.
In type 2 diabetes, even though insulin resistance is what leads to the condition, injections of insulin are not the first resort. Instead, other drugs are used to help boost insulin production and the body’s regulation of it. Insulin resistance occurs when the body’s cells don’t respond properly to insulin, which is a hormone made in the pancreas that’s responsible for ferrying glucose to cells for energy.
How long will diabetes stay away after weight loss? Long-term normal blood glucose control in previously diabetic individuals after bariatric surgery demonstrates that diabetes does not recur for up to 10 years, unless substantial weight gain occurs (86). These observations are consistent with the twin cycle hypothesis and the existence of a trigger level for adverse metabolic effects of fat in the pancreas. Hence, for a given individual with type 2 diabetes, reducing the liver and pancreas fat content below his or her personal trigger levels would be expected to result in a release from the fatty acid–mediated dysfunction. Individual tolerance of different degrees of fat exposure vary, and understanding this liposusceptibility will underpin the future understanding of genetically determined risk in any given environment. However, this should not obscure the central point: If a person has type 2 diabetes, there is more fat in the liver and pancreas than he or she can cope with.
One of the biggest hits in type 2 diabetes treatment is glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists, which induce insulin production in beta-pancreatic cells while suppressing the secretion of glucagon. All big pharma have GLP-1 drugs on the market or their pipelines, including Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Roche, AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. But Novo Nordisk is going a step further with the first oral version of a GLP-1 drug, which is now close to the market.


A tan has the ability to significantly reduce facial inflammation. Can you consider someone with positive red checks may realize this? Amazing? Unbelievable? Pale individuals typically lack melanocyte hormone. Melanotan has the ability to be able to stimulate melanin/melanocytes inside everyone who is not real albino… hiding a moderate flush below a tan. Again, this works within all types of epidermis down to probably the most porcelain white pores and skin.
When studied, melanotan users epidermal width increased significantly. In rosacea sufferers the epidermis could be half that of typical subjects; thus doubling or tripling typically the thickness of the epidermis should become extremely useful to rosacea sufferers.
Melanotan employ will be employed by many rosacea sufferers as it thickens the skin considerably (up to 300%), in addition to has an anti-inflammatory effect throughout the skin and top portion of the dermis. Furthermore, it shields blood vessels plus pain nerves via a much stronger in addition to thicker epidermis — this will minimize rosacea symptoms in addition to triggers!
Production associated with melanin thickens the epidermis, absorbs light rays from the sun and absorbs heat from the external environment. Thus rosacea blood vessels and annoyed nerves will not necessarily “see” multiple insults as the skin will repel or perhaps absorb rosacea activates. It is germane to make note of that rosacea sufferers are usually caught within a get 22 because they are advised to avoid the sun and wear sunscreen (wise advice)… however this results inside a thinner, weakened epidermis. Melanotan retains the potential to help fortify our main barrier. Not really a treatment, but something in order to be aware of indeed.
The minimal side effects associated with Melanotan One use are appreciated by simply users. Melanotan A single does not combination the blood brain buffer (BBB). For this specific reason this Ã©gal has continued trials. Cyclic analogues (MT-II) have a broad range of peripheral effects and systemic control are always gonna pose problem in clinical employ (weight loss, sexual desire, appetite suppression). Developers would become facing an almost impossible mission got they decided to create MT-II and place just before regulatory authorities regarding approval. Sides effects are more prevalent in Melanotan 2 users. However, the majority of choose Melanotan 2 over Melanotan A single because it is a better benefit, tans more efficiently/effectively, effects the sexual desire, etc. Across typically the board, MT-II is usually superior to Melanotan One when that comes to photoprotection and tanning. Furthermore MT-II has been shown with an effect on body composition via the melanocortin system.
Melanotan One’s peptide structure will be very closely matched up to alpha-melanocyte revitalizing hormone (? -MSH). It specifically targets the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) the industry individual receptor accountable for epidermis color. MT-II, on the other hand, is a reduced protein sequence which often effects a selection of melanocortin pain (MC1R, MC3R, MC4R & MC5R). This specific ‘shotgun effect’ agonism of the complete spectrum of pain results in outcomes that are only witnessed from MT-II. Most notably, increases within sexual arousal that are due to MC3R & MC4R activation. Melanocortin receptors display tissue-specific expression styles, as well because different binding affinities. The central melanocortin system plays a new fundamental role within the control associated with feeding and body weight. Melanotan One users want lowest side and peripheral effects using a focus on photoprotection.
Melanotan One has the half life that will lasts just moments in the body. www.blibrunutansol.bz is usually further reaching and lasts longer in the particular body. It had been recently found out there that the pituitary gland is not necessarily what exactly is responsible regarding a-MSH production, nevertheless the cites around the skin itself which often triggers the discharge. 1mg of possibly Melanotan One or even Melanotan II peptide is quite the super-physiological dose for that average caucasian. Melanotan One is typically the choice for refined results while Melanotan II may be the excellent peptide for Ashton kutcher and Barbie.