Oak Learners provides summer camps that incorporate STEAM (Science-Technology-Engineering-Arts-Math activities) for children between the ages of 4 through 12. Children the opportunity to learn while engaging in the outdoors, what a great combination!
While engaged in outdoor play, Oak Learners provides children with risky play opportunities. Children need to engage in risky play as it enhances children’s development by developing independence and confidence within themselves. STEAM is delivered through the summer camp at Oak Learners to help children enhance their social skills along with confidence and their cognitive abilities.
A parent had mentioned that “My son attended his first camp last week at Oak Learners. To say he loved it would be an understatement. They built a fun soap volcano, saw caterpillars and watched them eat and grow, and even managed a visit to a splash pad. They did many arts and crafts projects which are now displayed at home. Thank you to Oak Learners for a great week!” (Gillian R.).
The children spend a majority of the time outside while at the summer camps and go on field trips that take place within the community that will allow them to explore the world in which they live! Mental health is very much supported within the summer camps by allowing the children to participate in self-care activities that focus on mindfulness. This allows them to have the time to relax and focus on themselves!
“At camp, kids try new things, build confidence, and become leaders”
Get updates on new classes, hosted events, and more.


When Westerners come to China, how can they adapt to the Chinese culture? Many people immediately think of the language issue. Although language is crucial to interpersonal relationships and communication, it alone is not sufficient in dealing with Chinese people. Language is only the starting point for understanding the Chinese culture. Even a foreigner who has lived and worked in China may still have difficulty figuring it out. Following is an attempt to help one better understand the Chinese culture and how to relate to Chinese people.
Taiji: a conversation of hidden strength
Any morning, before the city is awakened by the business and noise of the day, look at the parks throughout China. You cannot miss the crowds of people working out—among them the most visible are the Taiji (Taichi) lovers. These people slowly, yet constantly and gracefully, change the positions of their arms and legs as they concentrate and breathe deeply. Some of their slow movements seem useless and one might wonder what purpose they serve. Yet, those who understand Chinese martial arts know of the strength hidden in Taiji whose principles are “apparent softness overtakes toughness” and “gentle but firm.”
To some extent, Taiji reflects the Chinese culture and its way of solving problems. No matter what changes the rest of the society has gone through during hundreds of years of history, Taiji remains exactly the same. Year after year Chinese practice Taiji in the morning. Some principles drawn from Taiji have been gradually made known to society. These principles, that go beyond the physical aspect, tell us that “the use of quietness overcomes motion,” “apparent softness overtakes toughness,” “apparent looseness outside, actual tightness inside,” “avoid tough hands but attack weak spots,” “surprise and win,” and “withheld strength may go unnoticed.”
Later, when people described these skills or ploys adapted by politicians, warlords, entrepreneurs or merchants to be the winners in their respective fields, they used the term Quanshu (clever stratagems for politics and business). Quanshu also has the meaning of hidden conflict as drawn from Taiji’s character of hidden strength. When two individuals are in an unannounced struggle, they are said to be “playing Taiji.” Chinese often rely on this nonverbal message to make themselves understood in the struggle to protect their interests. This way of dealing with others is not found in the West; nevertheless, it is at the core of Chinese culture. Not knowing about it may be costly to the Westerner.
China continues to be in a technological growth period; it now boasts millions of Internet subscribers. Fashionable young people may care nothing about Taiji but admire basketball players like Jordan and Johnson; however, Taiji culture is still prevalent. When a Chinese responds to you slowly, you need patience. Practicing Taiji requires “inner strength.” “Inner strength” refers to the resilience that can absorb a punch as well as hit back, but in a pleasant manner. A fast-acting person often finds himself having to change his mind; but one who restrains himself from making a quick response usually has well balanced ideas for decision-making. The individual using this type of thought process is referred to by the Chinese as a “master of calculation” and cunning. He will never strike up an argument with you nor clearly announce his intentions. He never forgets to smile—but his smile is a bit mysterious. He does not necessarily have evil purposes in mind and cannot simply be labeled as a “good” or “bad person”; however, for self-protection he feels that “beating around the bush” is his only option. You may find that this person is more likely to be middle-aged and fits into a Taiji lovers category. This mental practice of Taiji is a part of Chinese wisdom; it follows the Chinese wherever they go.
Eating and drinking: the passport to Chinese society
“Have you eaten yet?” used to be the most common greeting in China. This greeting has now faded from use. Eating, however, still enjoys unshakable status in Chinese culture. No other people of the world are more serious about eating, more focused on eating or more capable of getting the best out of eating. Over 2000 years ago Confucius said: “Never settle on an imperfect meal.” China gave birth to world famous cuisines including Sichuan, Cantonese, Shandong, and others. China also has McDonalds, KFC and pizza. Wherever you go in China you will be impressed by the number of restaurant signs—even in poor backwoods areas. Likewise, Chinese restaurants are found in distant places.
Chinese love eating. Why? Eating in China is not just a simple personal activity; rather, it fits together the unrelated pieces of life. Eating is a cultural and social activity. Many events in life require a large get-together meal that is in accord with tradition, fosters the accomplishment of other activities and allows people to express their emotions. These events include Spring Festival celebrations, family or class reunions, weddings, funerals, admission to the Communist Party, promotions to leadership, asking for help, thanking others for help, opening a business, settling in a new home, farewells, conflict resolutions, celebrating successes—and the list goes on. Anything can be an excuse to go out for dinner.
Reports say that several hundred billion Chinese yuan are spent on banquets in China each year. Restaurants have become a performing stage for people eager to achieve their ends. They display intimate feelings, cope with bosses, negotiate prices and resolve conflicts. Obviously, food is not the real issue for either the host or the guest. Refusing to “perform” on this stage means that many things one may want to see happen will not be accomplished. Not understanding the significance of eating in Chinese culture means you will miss a valuable shortcut to getting complicated things done in China.
Eating is also a means for friends to express friendship and gratitude. If you would like to expand your network of relationships rapidly, invite your friends to the neighborhood eateries for simple meals. Over time you will acquire a long list of people interacting with you. If you do not take initiatives or accept invitations, you may be misunderstood and thought difficult to relate to as a person. Remember, the most appropriate occasion to exchange information, improve communication, resolve conflicts and affirm friendships is always at the dinner table.
Mian Zi (face): the treasure that never wears out
No one wants to be diu ren (embarrassed in front of people, a “lost person”); every individual has a sense of self-esteem. This human characteristic is extremely pronounced in Chinese culture; it has been observed to an extent that is beyond a Westerner’s imagination. For example, a Chinese may wrong you and be fully aware of his wrongdoing, but if you point this out to him or criticize him with another person present, he will desperately defend himself denying any offense. However, if the conversation takes place between just the two of you, he will readily accept your criticism. The facts you point out are the same, but his reaction is different due to the changed situation. The reason: mian zi. This comes out in other situations as well. For example, if you ask someone for help, few people will give you a negative answer; most will say: “Sure, no problem.” Is it really “no problem?” In actuality, there may be many problems, but the individual will not admit it. When you follow up on the issue, the individual will say, “Oh, this needs to be delayed a little bit. Please be patient, because…” Eventually, you will find that from the very beginning this person was unable to help you. Another common example is seen when friends go out for dinner together. When dinner is over, since they have not talked about who will pay for it, everyone will be fighting to pay the entire bill. Each one is afraid of being thought of as a tightwad.
A story goes that many years ago in Shanghai a man lived in the slums. He would go out on the street only after putting on his one decent jacket, combing and slicking his hair back, shining his shoes and spreading pork lard on his lips to pretend to be a wealthy man who had just enjoyed a greasy meal. That’s what mian zi is. Today, similar incidents occur, only in more subtle ways. For example, unemployed people actually “work” for mian zi. They leave home as usual in the morning as if they were going to work, but they do not end up at their previous workplaces but stay with friends or go to parks or cinemas to kill time.
When you invite friends over or to join you for an outing, you need to first examine each person’s special needs. How free is this person? Has he or she eaten yet? If expenses are involved, who will pay for them? You need to think these through and not ask your friends for information. Even if you do, you will only get polite answers that do not reflect what is truly on their mind. Chinese deem it a virtue not to bother others with questions. Between friends and acquaintances it is harder to ask for a favor precisely because of the relationship.
Zhong Yong: the moderate way
Zhong Yong, or “being moderate,” is the most essential principle for living in China and the primary principle that the Chinese subscribe to. What does it mean to “be moderate” in the Chinese context? Put simply, it means never going to extremes, never confirming things absolutely (always leave some margin or wiggle room), never pushing ahead to be first—yet avoiding being left behind. People may say they see things in black and white, but in reality they favor gray. Gray seems less risky and allows flexibility.
Five thousand years of Chinese tradition defies anyone who tries to fully understand it. While one need not fully grasp the meaning of these traditions, these four seemingly simple principles discussed above should be taken seriously. It is wise to deal with the Chinese in the Chinese way. If you are not convinced, try it your way— and see what happens!


Expanding access to electricity in the developing world with renewables is creating economic opportunities for women through assisting businesses, microfinance and longer workdays.
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists today published a roundtable article about how energy access is improving the lives of women in developing nations. Kalpana Sharma, who is a freelance columnist for and former deputy editor of The Hindu, gave the talk on empowering women through renewable electricity sources.
Solar power has begun to assist women in rural areas that are not on India's centralized power grid, Sharma said. Without power, many women are fearful of going out after sunset, drop out of school because they cannot study after dark, and spend hours every day gathering wood for fuel, Sharma noted.
Selco, an Indian business that creates sustainable energy solutions for rural areas, is helping to make a difference in the lives of women by providing solar power equipment on installment plans. It targets groups of women who own businesses, and selects a "leader" from the group to rent out solar charged batteries to the rest. The business owners are available to afford the payments via extended business hours, Sharma said, adding that the model could be replicated across much of India.
Women in Rajasthan are becoming local experts on solar installations, maintenance, and lighting through an NGO called Barefoot College. They form a center of excellence for their communities, Sharma said. "And by choosing to train women, Barefoot College has guaranteed that the expertise remains in the villages (men are more likely to go elsewhere to find work)," she said.
Empowering women can accomplish a lot for economies, including promoting a higher standard of living and lower population growth. Bangladesh is a great example of where this type of initiative has made a difference. Its population growth was on par with Pakistan -- until it created economic opportunities for women. Bangladesh is now a part of the "next eleven" list of high potential economies.
(image credit: Barefoot College)
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com


Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease
What is hand, foot, and mouth disease?
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral infection in infants and children that is caused by enteroviruses (most often Coxsackievirus A16). Symptoms begin 3-7 days after exposure and usually begin with a fever, poor appetite, a general feeling of being sick, and a sore throat. One to 2 days later, persons usually develop painful sores in the mouth and a rash with blisters. The rash does not itch and is usually located on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, but may also be on the buttocks.
- How do you get hand, foot, and mouth disease?
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is spread by direct contact with nose and throat discharges (coughing, sneezing), saliva, fluid from blisters, and stool of infected persons. Persons are very contagious in the first week of illness, but virus can be shed in the stool for several weeks.
- How serious is hand, foot, and mouth disease?
Most persons experience a mild illness and recover without medical treatment in 7 to 10 days. The most common complication is dehydration because the mouth sores can make swallowing difficult and painful. In rare cases, a serious form of the virus may cause viral meningitis or encephalitis, which can be life-threatening.
- Who is at risk for hand, foot, and mouth disease?
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) occurs mainly in children under 10 years old, but may occur in adults as well. HFMD is most common in children in child care settings, where diaper changing and potty training are constant and little hands are often in and out of the mouth frequently. Everyone is at risk for infection, but not everyone who is infected gets ill. Children are more likely to experience illness because they may not have immunity from a previous infection. Infection results in immunity to the specific virus, but a second episode may occur resulting from a different type of enterovirus. HFMD is more common in the summer and early autumn months.
- How can I prevent my child from being infected with hand, foot, and mouth disease?
View tips on protecting your child from hand, foot, and mouth disease on this page: Preventing Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
- What should I do if I think my child has hand, foot, and mouth disease?
Your healthcare provider can usually diagnose hand, foot, and mouth disease upon visual examination. No specific treatment is available, but symptomatic treatment can be given to relieve fever, aches, pain from the mouth sores, and to maintain hydration.
- Should my child attend daycare if he or she has hand, foot, and mouth disease?
There are no specific recommendations for excluding children with HFMD from child care settings, although children with a fever should stay home. Excluding children may not prevent additional cases because the virus can be excreted for weeks after the symptoms have disappeared. Some benefit may be gained, however, by excluding children who have blisters in their mouths and drool or who have weeping lesions on their hands. Your child care provider may recommend that your child stay home if the child is unable to participate in activities or if the provider is unable to care for the child without compromising the ability to care for other children.


Stress in the womb takes Greater Toll On Male, Study Showsexposure in utero stress could hurt after birth after birth than women, researchers have found.A study shows that in female mice stressful situations are exposed early in pregnancy – placed in an unfamiliar environment, changing cages several times in one day, or smelling the scent of a predator – their male offspring are more susceptible to stress than women. sildenafil citrate
This increased sensitivity to stress and behavior , and the behavior can be displayed, the aspects of the development of brain disease in humans.Presented as adults these men with smaller testicles and lower testosterone levels, suggesting an influence of maternal stress on fetal development. Interestingly, these effects were also passed on to the next generation – from father to son.
Notes:. Lopez is one teacher in medical at Harvard Medical School, study that was Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Medicine and to the Faculty of the MGH disparities in Solutions Center. Additional co-authors which study, which was supported by a grant from the Etna Foundation, be Marina Cervantes, Joseph Betancourt, and Alexander Green, of the MGH Mongan Institute Health Policy and inequalities Solutions Center at and Andrew Wilper, hotels in Boise VA Medical Center and of University of Washington School of Medicine.


Infected wound or an inflammation in the surrounding area. Lymph nodes are aggregations of white blood cells that usually become swollen when there is an infection eg.
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Swollen elbow crease lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes in elbow crease; To finish massage the lymph nodes in your armpits again. Sooo strangest body thing happened to me- yesterday randomly the lymph nodes in my elbow crease inner elbow what is it called anyway started swelling dramatically and I got a rash on both of them. You have lymph nodes here.
The lymph system is a network of lymph nodes lymph ducts lymph vessels and organs that produce and move a fluid called lymph from tissues to the bloodstream. Less often it is caused by a staphylococcal infection. One lump may be felt in the back of the affected elbow.
Among the things to consider for lymph nodes in the arms are. For example swelling in the lymph nodes of the neck is frequently linked to throat infections. Pain especially with movement of the elbow or pressure on the elbow.
Answer 1 of 1. The swelling or lump is caused by increased fluid within the bursa and is tender with movement or when touched. Using your palm pump directly into your elbow crease.
All the information content and live chat provided on the site is intended to be for informational purposes only and not a substitute for professional or medical advice. These are outlined below together with a short explanation as to what each is but as always it is important that for any medical condition to seek the advice of a qualified medical professionalGanglion CystGanglion Cysts are commonly found on the inside of the elbow second only to the hands and wrists. Jill Goodrum 46 is warning others to watch out for signs themselves after she was wrongly diagnosed with tennis elbow after already contracting cancer in her lymph nodes.
Place your first 3 fingers in the center of your armpit. Then slide them slowly down your torso a few inches until they are just above the side of your breast. There are more than 600 small kidney bean-shaped lymph nodes in clusters throughout your body — under your neck in your armpits and groin and in the middle of your chest and belly.
The lymph nodes in this area are located toward the bottom of your armpit near the rib cage. Lymph nodes reside just where you describe. Once youve cleared the upper arm you can massage from your lower arm and your fingers up toward your armpit in slow continuous strokes encouraging the fluid into the armpit.
Lymphocytes or white. Swollen lymph nodes are more likely to be caused by infection than cancer. Swollen lymph nodes How they feel Soft rubbery movable and sometimes tender.
The edema in enlarged epitrochlear lymph nodes is also seen along with pain in the arm especially in elbow region. This condition is associated with skin diseases because the superficial lymphatic system is involved. Feel the lymph nodes in your armpits.
A reaction to a prior infection try to recall if you used to have some problems with the skin wounds benign cysts some of these have a tendency to grow near the joints the exact reason isnt clear but some minor injuries along the tendons may form capsules and promote development of cysts then theres cancer. Epitrochlear nodes just above the elbow crease can signify Hodgkins disease. There a few possibilities as to what a lump in the elbow crease can mean.
I DIDNT EVEN KNOW I HAD LYMPH NODES THERE The rash went away but they are still swollen. We get more concerned with lymph nodes if they persist and grow if one is way out of proportion to the others or if the patient is systemically ill eg. Lymph nodes may also become enlarged because of cancer but infection and inflammation have to be ruled out first since these are a lot more common conditions at your age.
Redness red streaking warmth fever and swollen lymph nodes in the armpit caused by infection. Is odd to have bilateral elbow node s. You have lymph nodes in your armpits and neck especially under your jaw behind your ears and at the base of your.
Nodes that are firm non-tender and matted together increase the possibility of malignancy. Lymph nodes in elbow crease Lymph node near your elbow Download Here Free HealthCareMagic App to Ask a Doctor. Erythema warmth tenderness and fluctuance of a node suggest lymphadenitis of infective origin.
Lymphangitis most often results from an acute streptococcal infection of the skin. The lymph nodes get enlarged and swelling occurs along with severe pain in the upper limb area near elbow and shoulder. Fever chills night sweats weight loss.
These will swell when forearms or hands are irritated or inflamed.
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So, Lymph nodes in elbow crease! Have a great day, lovelies!


CNG PRODUCT OVERVIEW
IMW INDUSTRIES LTD., CANADA
Oct 16 - 22, 2006
CNG PRIMER AND PRODUCT OVERVIEW:
a. What is CNG? CNG is compressed natural gas. CNG systems take natural gas from distribution pipelines - at relatively low pressures - and compress it to pressures of 3600 psig or more to fuel vehicles or fill transportation trailers that carry the gas to off-pipeline users. The gas is typically used at lower pressures but compressing it allows it to be transported in much higher volumes, making the overall use more efficient.
b. Why is it a better fuel? CNG as a combustible fuel is much lower in a number of harmful pollutants, particularly sulphur, lead, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter. As well, its overall lifecycle impact (well-to-wheels) is much better for the environment than other refined fuel products such as gasoline and diesel. For these reasons, the implementation of CNG fueling for public transportation is a key component in the clean air strategies of many major cities around the world.
c. Is it safe? Natural gas is neither corrosive nor toxic, its ignition temperature is high, it is lighter than air, and it has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fuel compared to others. Natural gas cannot contaminate soil or water. It always rises to the atmosphere when outdoors, unlike other fuels, which are heavier than air and can pool, either as a liquid or a vapor, on the ground. Natural gas contains a distinctive odorant (mercaptan), which allows it to be detected at 0.5% concentration in air, well below levels that can cause drowsiness due to inhalation and well below the weakest concentration that can burn. In practice, CNG use worldwide has resulted in only a handful of accidents and incidents which have resulted in damage or injury; most of which were the result of improper equipment use.
d. What does CNG cost? Despite its other compelling advantages, often the greatest impetus for the use of CNG globally is its price relative to gas or diesel. While prices and availability vary from country to country, generally, CNG vehicle fuel - at the "pump" - represents a savings of 30 ~ 50% for the driver or fleet operator. In addition, there are other mechanical advantages for the vehicle engines, which may reduce overall maintenance costs. For the country developing CNG infrastructure, there may be other critical economic advantages such as a reduced reliance on foreign oil and/or a reduction of costly subsidies that may exist on liquid fuels. Worldwide, natural gas deposits are abundant and far better distributed than crude oil deposits, making them a viable resource for many countries.
e. So, why doesn't everybody use it? One of the principal disadvantages of CNG fuel is the relatively high cost of fueling infrastructure development, i.e. CNG fueling stations. Most people take it for granted that gasoline and diesel are widely available; however, because CNG is still at an early stage of market development, its availability cannot be guaranteed in all countries or regions. This can slow down the adoption of CNG vehicles into fleet use, as operators do not want to be confined to limited fueling access. This is the "chicken and egg" conundrum that many potential industry participants struggle with - which comes first, the CNG station or the vehicles? - Yet in many developing countries, proponents have developed a "build it and they shall come" attitude, which has proven to be generally true. In some markets, natural gas is not a domestic resource (i.e. Japan); yet the importation of liquefied natural gas by ocean tanker still provides an overall economic benefit by the time it reaches the CNG vehicle operator.
f. Why does infrastructure cost so much? At the present time, CNG systems are generally custom built to suit the specific site requirements, i.e. electrical supply, gas pressure, overall flow requirements. This factor, coupled with the high-pressure and safety aspects of CNG systems, makes them costly to manufacture. Unlike liquid fuel systems, which require only a storage tank and a pump, CNG systems require multi-stage compression, high-pressure cooling, high-pressure storage, dispensing, and metering of a flammable gaseous medium, which is much more difficult to manage. Despite the high capital cost for infrastructure development, CNG systems have an incredibly positive return on investment in most markets. In many cases, payback (of equipment) can be amortized over periods of less than two years, due to the high latent demand for CNG fuel by vehicle operators. Overall payback periods, of course, depend on the total station development costs (i.e. construction & land) and rate of usage.
SELECTION OF A CNG COMPRESSOR:
In the CNG industry there are mainly two types of compressor technologies:
*Lubricated Compressors - These machines have lubricating oil in the crankcase to provide lubrication to bearings and crank mechanisms. They also provide oil lubrication to packings, cylinders and valves either by injecting oil directly into these components or incorporate a design that purposely allows the oil from the crankcase to migrate into the packings, cylinders and valves from the crankcase.
*Non-lubricated Compressors - These machines have lubricating oil in the crankcase but are engineered to keep the migration of oil into the packings, cylinders and valves to an absolute minimum. These machines do not use any direct injection of oil.
a. Oil Carry-Over Rate - Oil carryover (aerosols and vapors) in CNG has a significant negative influence on natural gas vehicle engines and the maintenance and operation of the CNG station itself. This oil originates largely from the oil lost to the gas stream in lubricated compressors. Non-lubricated equipment minimizes the migration of oil into the cylinders and piping system thereby keeping oil carry-over into the gas to an absolute minimum.
The oil carry-over of lubricated compressors can be as high as 100 ppm (m/m). The oil carry-over of CNG equipment should always be less than 5 ppm.
b. Oil-Carry-Over And System Performance -
The deleterious effects of oil carry-over include the following:
* Oil vapor and small aerosols accumulate in the vehicle fuel tank as liquid oil. Fuel storage capacity is diminished and the vehicle dead weight will increase incurring a fuel penalty paid for lugging around this dead weight.
*Oil collects in ground storage equipment reducing the capacity and performance of the CNG station.
*Oil aerosols accumulate on heat exchanger surfaces causing fouling. As the heat exchanger performance degrades, higher temperatures reduce compressor ring and packing life, reducing the gas storage capacity and reducing energy efficiency.
*Oil carryover increases vehicle emissions in the form of un-burnt hydrocarbons.
*The maintenance and replacement of oil separators and filters will affect the CNG station availability and reliability. It also increases maintenance cost with the increased cost of consumables and additional maintenance labor.
*Inside a CNG vehicle, higher pressure gas, about 20Mpa, is reduced to 0.7Mpa by a regulator and then injected into the engine. There are many examples of oil soaking the regulator diaphragm, affecting its accuracy, or in some cases forcing a rupture of the regulator internals if oil clogs the regulator.
*The most sensitive area to oil contamination is in the engine itself. The oxygen sensors of the engine system are extremely sensitive to any oil contamination and may cause engine shut down.
c. Advantages of Non-Lubricated Compressors -
Non-lubricated compressors offer distinct advantages over lubricated compressors in terms of system reliability, performance and maintenance. Some of the key advantages of the non lubricated feature are as follows:
*Daily or frequent oil replenishment is not required
*Less frequent draining of scrubbers and filters
*Reduction in waste oil disposal cost
*Heat exchanger surfaces remain clean since oil is not contaminating the cooling tubes
*The compressor discharge is fitted with only one coalescing filter and does not require an oil separator
*No oil lubricators required which means reduced equipment maintenance and service
*Reduced oil carry over reducing maintenance requirements on down stream equipment
Emissions of natural gas from compressors can be significant and are usually not considered in performance specifications of CNG equipment. Emissions of natural gas have the following negative effects.
*Result in financial losses
*Negatively impact air quality through smog formation
*Reduce the energy efficiency of CNG stations
*Natural gas losses to the atmosphere are a serious contributor to greenhouse heat entrapment with each molecule of methane trapping 21 times more heat than carbon dioxide
a. Sources of Gas Emissions -
Some of the sources of gas emissions are the following:
*Packing case vent losses
*Leakage from pressurized crankcase seals
*Blow-down vent losses (auto draining scrubbers/filters)
*Maintenance blow-down losses
*stop/start blow down after recovery tank capture
*Gas actuated valves (if used)
*Relief valve venting (intermittent)
*Valve stem, piping and fittings leaks
*Compressor external seal leakage (i.e. gaskets, o-rings, rotating shaft seals, oil filler cap seal)
b. Features to Minimize Gas Emissions -
IMW equipment limits the loss of gas to the environment in the following ways:
*Since the IMW compressor is non-lubricated, the automatic draining of inter-stage scrubbers and oil traps is not required. Some lubricated compressors employ automatic drain systems to drain the traps. Each time the system is actuated a certain amount of natural gas is vented to the environment.
*Recovery tanks are installed on all IMW compressor systems to recover a maximum amount of gas from the compressor during blow-down.
*IMW does not use a pressurized crankcase. Pressurized crankcases are prone to shaft seal failures and may cause continuous gas leakage from compressor shaft seals.
*Packing case vent losses are probably the most important source of natural gas emissions from a CNG stations assuming the station is well maintained. IMW equipment is designed to limit the loss of gas to extremely low levels in the range of 0.05% - 0.15% of total gas throughput.
Pakistan has demonstrated the value and merits of natural gas as a transportation fuel. To achieve maximum benefit from its CNG infrastructure, it is recommended that equipment be built and tested in accordance to best CNG practices and internationally accepted codes and standards.
David S. Gamble - Director, Sales and Marketing
IMW Industries Ltd.
45831 Hocking Avenue
Chilliwack, British Columbia
ALLIED ENGINEERING & SERVICES LTD.
IMW - Canada is the top CNG equipment manufacturer of the world and now being represented under Allied Engg's banner in PAKISTAN. This would be an added advantage to sell CAT G3306TA & CAT G3406NA Industrial Engines with each and every station as well, which will be coupled or driving force of IMW Compressor.


Guinea’s gold is predominantly found in the Upper Niger basin in the Siguiri region, in the north-east of the country.
The country produces an annual average of 8-10 tons of gold. Its potential reserves are estimated at 700 tons.
Gold is becoming an important commodity in Guinea as international exploration funding to the country is increasing significantly – KPMG, Guinea Country Mining Guide
Several companies operate industrially in Guinea to produce gold, including:
- Guinea Gold Corporation (SAG, an AngloGold Ashanti subsidiary), which produces 350,000 ounces per annum;
- Dinguiraye Mining Corporation (SMD), which produces 300,000 ounces per annum.
In addition, Wega Mining, a subsidiary of Avocet Mining, has held an operating licence since 2015. It is currently in late-stage funding for operations in Guinea.


We all know the feeling of a pounding heart after exercising or when we're very scared or excited. But, what if it happens while you’re eating a meal or taking a nap? A racing heart can be caused by a wide range of conditions, some benign, some serious.
Based on your age and sex, there are generally accepted ranges for "normal" resting heart rate. Use the tapping tool on this page and the range visualizer to get an idea of where you fall on the spectrum of "normal".
If you feel your symptoms are serious or are having a medical emergency, call a doctor immediately.
Heart palpitations is the term doctors use to describe a strong and fast heart beat, giving pounding sensations in your chest. Unusual or erratic heart rhythms are also called arrhythmias.
Tachycardia is a rapid heart rate. It isn’t necessarily serious, and it can be treated, if necessary, depending on what is causing it.
It is the number of times your heart beats per minute when you have not been engaged in any activity for some time. It's the rate of you're heart when reading, sitting on the couch watching television, or eating a meal.
Resting heart rate contrasts with your heart rate during activity or exercise. It's important to not confuse the two measurements.
Normally you'd have to count your heart beats for an entire minute, or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2, or 15 seconds and mupltiply by 4, etc. The heart rate counter on this page will do the calculations for you and give you your average heartbeat in just a few seconds.
Measure your heart rate after you've been inactive for a significant amount of time. 15-30 minutes should be sufficient.
Many locations around the body where blood flow is palpable can serve as locations to check your pulse. Most commonly you can easily feel your pulse with your finger on the thumb side of your wrist. You can also put 2 fingers on the side of your neck, next to your windpipe.
Not everyone's pulse is the same. Heart rate varies from person to person. Tracking your own heart rate can give you valuable information about your heart health, and even more importantly, changes in your heart health.
What is deemed a healthy or unhealthy resting heart rate includes several factors, most notably, if you are male or female, and your age. The visualizer on this page will let you select your sex and age range to show you the spectrum of heart rate ranges for you.
Here is a more complete of factors that can affect your heart rate:
The "normal" resting heart rate for adults is between 60 and 100 beats per minute (BPM).
Generally speaking, the lower your resting heart rate, the more efficiently your heart is working and is an indicator of your fitness.
A long distance runner, for example, might have a resting heart rate around 40 beats per minute.
A "normal" resting heart rate is not an indication of "normal" blood pressure. Your blood pressure needs to be measured separately and directly.
This site is intended to help the average person with a casual interest in their heart rate. It is not intended as a medical diagnosis tool. It is not a professional peer-reviewed medical product. It is not intended to replace medical doctors or consultations with certified professionals. If you are having medical concerns, a medical crisis, feel sick, are having any other medical issues, please consult a licensed professional.


THE SHORT ANSWER IS, of course, the eucalyptus trees that cover the state from head to toe. The long answer is a history of colonization, of flora and fauna, of invasive species and attempts to resist them, of faulty research and fiscal ambitions, of public perception and eco-activist espionage.
Europeans first set foot for California in large numbers during the 1700s, but it wasn’t until the Gold Rush of 1849 that the population of invasive species really spiraled upwards. Prior to the Gold Rush, there were roughly 7,000 people of mixed-European descent living in the region. The 1860 census recorded 379,994 residents, with somewhere between 80 to 90 percent of those having arrived in the last decade, due to the Rush. Today, more than 38 million people live in the state.
What does this have to do with eucalyptus? Well, when you look at the numbers of vegetative invasive species, their spread resembles the human statistics. According to Teisha Rowland, a biologist at the University of Colorado, there were 16 non-native species in California by the early-1800s, and the number jumped to more than 130 by 1860. Today, there are more than 1,000.
The unique, colorful tree quickly became popular in Europe. Credit: Pay No Mind/Flickr
Specimens of eucalyptus reached the Western world during the 1770s, from Australia. They were quickly quite popular. The groves growing along the Australian coast were discovered to be quality timber, especially because some variants among the species can reach more than 300 feet tall (that’s a lot of wood!). The first recorded eucalyptus planting in California was in 1853, in the Golden Gate Nursery.
The Gold Rush depleted much of California’s old groves (miners eventually need houses, too) and sent many businessmen in the state looking for replacements. They settled upon the eucalyptus, believing it would have a wide variety of uses — everything from basic timber to industrial oils. Newspapers commented that “there is a pretty chance to make a fortune in the growing of gum trees.” Commercial plantings of the blue gum eucalyptus began in the 1870s.
What chiefly excited the entrepreneurs of the more than 100 companies that ended up planting eucalyptus was that the trees grew extremely quickly, and, once chopped down, would grow right back up without requiring a replanting — it seemed a wonder crop. A century or so later, these aspects of the eucalyptus would not seem so wondrous, but they convinced many at the time to plant the Australian tree. One notable example, Frank C. Havens, planted millions of eucalypts across 14 miles in Berkeley and Oakland.
A photo of Frank C. Havens from Localwiki.
Planning to harvest the trees for lumber, perhaps for use in shipbuilding or housing, Havens quickly found out that it would all be useless. Young eucalyptus wood has very different qualities than old eucalyptus; the millions he planted could not be quickly turned into boats like the trees in Australia, which were frequently over a century old before being harvested.
The tragic part of his story is that he began planting in 1910, long after the first commercial ventures in the 1870s had disproven the tree as a quality source of lumber. The mills and nurseries he opened closed shop in 1914. He wasn’t the only one: The city of San Diego planted millions of the trees around the same time as Havens, and continued planting into the Roaring Twenties, planning to use the wood for railroad ties. The timber warped and broke, unusable. San Diego eventually recouped its investment by selling off the forested land as estates to Hollywood celebrities.
Californian middle age — a eucalyptus in the Berkeley hills. Credit: John Andrew Rice
This marked the transition for the tree into its Californian middle age. Scientists during the 1800s hawked the tree as an antiseptic, deodorant, anti-spasmodic, expectorant and stimulant; also as a cure for insomnia, dysentery, tuberculosis, diphtheria, bladder infections, venereal disease and malaria. And even though it does have legitimate medicinal uses, by the end of the 1920s, Californians were coming to terms with its chief use: It looks good while it breaks wind.
“In the reclamation of many arid plains of the central and southern parts of California the blue gum has worked almost like magic,” tobacco-heir and eucalyptus-proselytizer Abbot Kinney wrote in his book, “Eucalyptus.” “It modifies the winds, breaks the lines of view all so quickly that one can scarcely realize that a valley of clustered woods and lines of trees was but a year or two before a brown parched expanse of shadeless summer dust.”
This optimism for the tree continued even through the 1960s, as even the nature writer for the San Francisco Chronicle, Harold Gilliam, wrote to attest that “the Eucalyptus seems an indispensable element of this State’s landscapes, as indigenously Californian as the redwoods, the poppy fields, the long white coastal beaches, the gleaming granite of the High Sierra.”
Jared Farmer details the change in public perception in his book, “Trees in Paradise.” He posits that the deep freeze in the early-1970s first showed Californians how indestructible the trees truly were. Assumed dead, the eucalypts were set to be removed — until it was discovered that only the above ground elements of the tree had deceased. Thus the Californians learned that only repeated and regular treatments of pesticide to the roots could get rid of the eucalyptus. Cutting them down or burning them would not.
Of course, their indestructibility was the reason they were planted in the first place, back in the 1870s. We can’t hold their selective memories against the Californians, however: something about this tree just sponsors being a step or two out of touch with reality, which may be why the National Park Service first decided to announce their intentions to destroy the trees in 1986 — on Arbor Day.
Since then, several efforts to clear parts of the state of the invasive trees have gained momentum, before eventually derailing in the face of the enormity of the task (and its side-effects: the poison required would certainly affect other species). Some of the efforts have succeeded, but most have been curtailed. San Francisco’s Angel Island, for example, was cleared of all eucalypts — except for a 6-acre plot deemed “historic.” Given that, one wonders what exactly “history” means.
Part of the problem in this debate is that there is confusion about the eucalyptus’ impact on the ecosystem.
Because the tree can be poisonous to local flora and fauna, are the eucalyptus choking out native, non-adapted species?
Did all of the excessive leaf litter created by the trees fuel the 1991 Oakland Fire Storm?
Are underground enviro-radicals importing destructive insects from Australia to wipe out the trees?
Eucalyptus leaf litter is particularly flammable. Credit: John Andrew Rice
In typical fashion, the answers for all of these questions are simultaneously yes, no and maybe — to all of them: Ecosystems are incredibly diverse, and California has many different types; the homes affected by the Oakland Fire Storm were cited by FEMA as the primary source of fuel, but eucalyptus litter is especially flammable; and who knows what sort of samizdat underground eco-activists might be distributing. One thing, however, is for sure: Something definitely smells.
And it smells like Australia.


Shares (Image credit: Pixabay) The first one is bias in the data. The Air Force's top intelligence officer warned of the dangers of using small or specific sets of data to train algorithms. A predictive model used for seeing is an individual would commit crimes again after being set free (and therefore used to extend or decrease the individualâs time in jail) shows racial biasâ¦ The topic of algorithmic bias is not new, and Iâll be providing some examples of several biases that are dated several years back. Most Popular. Executive Summary. (Airman 1st Class Luis A. Ruiz-Vazquez/U.S. I believe there are three root causes of bias in artificial intelligence systems. Artificial intelligence is hopelessly biased - and that's how it will stay. Over the past few years, society has started to wrestle with just how much human biases can make their way into artificial intelligence systemsâwith harmful results. Air Force) WASHINGTON â Artificial intelligence â¦ The re a son Iâm writing about this now is due to the rapid utilization of AI â¦ Tags Artificial intelligence Machine learning Bias Philosophy of artificial intelligence . Olga Russakovsky. Video. The issue is mired in complexity. By Joel Khalili 24 May 2020. Artificial intelligence tools and techniques are increasingly expanding and enriching decision support not only by coordinating diverse data sources delivery in a timely and efficient â¦ An algorithmic Jury: Using Artificial Intelligence to predict Recidivism rates.


There are many different types of disasters, both natural and man made, which occur in various countries throughout the world. When these disasters occur, an array of management teams are mobilized to properly clean up and manage these disasters. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) has specific ways of dealing with different disasters.
The National Hurricane Program
The National Hurricane Program has been set up by a number of different federal management agencies, including FEMA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA), the National Weather Service and the United States Transportation Administration and the Army Corps of Engineers. These organizations work closely with one another during hurricane season, pinpointing where a hurricane will make land fall and what areas need to be evacuated. They also determine which roads should remain opened and be closed and where shelters need to be set up. This helps to mitigate the negative affects of a hurricane, because people are prepared for it.
Nuclear Power Plant Emergency
As nuclear power plants become more prevalent, so too, does the possibility of a nuclear power plant disaster. FEMA, as well as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), have designed plans on how to deal with such a disaster. They have worked closely with local and state governments to develop emergency response plans. Each plan has two specific emergency planning zones, zone one covers the ten-mile radius around the location of the nuclear meltdown, whereas zone two covers a 50-mile radius around the location of the meltdown. This will help all the local, state and federal disaster management organizations safely screen people for radiation poisoning and treat those who have been exposed to radiation because of the disaster.
Much of FEMA's protection and disaster management during earthquakes is monitored and regulated by the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). Some other organizations in this multi-agency earthquake management program are the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Geological Survey. Because earthquakes are unpredictable, disaster management entails preparing for earthquakes to strike, knowing what fault lines are active, and locating specific buildings and neighborhoods that are more likely to suffer severe damage should an earthquake strike.
The RAND (Research and Development)Corporation has created the Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy, which works closely with the office of Homeland Security to protect the country from disasters caused by a terrorist attacks. This organization assesses insurance, financial and liability risk in response to a variety of terrorist attacks. At the same time, the federal government has created an entire task force, through Homeland Security, to protect the nation's airports, borders and major cities from terrorist threats, attempts and attacks. If and when an attack occurs, these organizations, along with FEMA, will respond to control the disaster and tend to the injured, assess and investigate how the disaster occurred and determine what needs to be done to keep it from ever happening again.
- Photo Credit car hotel disaster accident image by paul prescott from Fotolia.com
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What is a Civil Protective Order?
A civil Protective Order is a legal document that prohibits an individual who has victimized a spouse, intimate partner, or other member of the household by committing family violence in the past against them and who is likely to commit family violence again in the future against them from getting close to the victim and threatening, harming, and/or harassing the victim. An applicant applies for a Protective Order in Civil District Court, not Criminal Court, and it is valid for up to a two-year period. A civil Protective Order can be criminally enforced and the police can arrest an individual for violating the order. In addition, a civil Protective Order can be enforced via contempt of court and the violator can be monetarily fined.
What can a Protective Order Do?
A Protective Order may prohibit an abuser from the following:
- Committing family violence;
- Communicating with the victim in a threatening or harassing manner;
- Communicating with the victim in any manner, including emails, text messages, and communication through third parties;
- Coming within a specified distance of the victim’s residence;
- Coming within a specified distance of feet of the victim’s place of employment;
- Encumbering or disposing of mutually owned property;
- If children are included in the protective order, coming within two hundred (200) feet of the child’s school and/or daycare;
- Possessing a firearm or ammunition.
Note, this is not an all-inclusive list but highlights some of the prohibitions that can be put in place via a civil Protective Order.
***Please note, a Protective Order can only deter someone from committing future family violence and punish those who violate a protective order, but a protective order cannot prevent family violence from occuring.
Who is eligible to apply for a Protective Order?
An individual is eligible to apply for a civil protective order if he or she has been a victim of family violence or dating violence committed by a family member or someone whom they have had a dating relationship with, and if their abuser is likely to be violent against them in the future. Both parties must be living in separate residences at the time of filing the Protective Order in District Court.
“Dating Violence” and “Family Violence” are defined in the Family Code as:
- An act intended to result in physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault, or
- A threat that places you in fear of eminent physical harm, bodily injury, assault or sexual assault
Note: Acts done to protect and defend yourself from your abuser are not acts of family violence.
A “family member”, for purposes of obtaining a Protective Order, is someone who:
- The victim has had a relationship through marriage or blood (this includes past relationships), or
- An individual that lives in the same home or that has lived in the same home with the victim, or
- An individual whom the victim has had children with
A “dating relationship”, for purposes of obtaining a Protective Order, is between individuals who have had a continuing intimate/romantic relationship
Can children be included in a Civil Protective Order?
Depending on the facts of the case and the severity of the abuse towards the applicant and the children, children may be included in a civil Protective Order. The Court may make orders with regard to child visitation whether or not the children are included in the Protective Order if the applicant and the respondent have minor children together.
For minor victims of domestic violence, an adult can file a Protective Order on behalf of the minor child.
How long does a Protective Order last?
A civil Protective Order can be put in place for a period of up to two (2) years.
Who can lift a Protective Order?
Once a Protective Order has been signed by a District Court Judge, only the District Court Judge can lift the constraints and prohibitions or modify the term of the Protective Order. Even if the victim voluntarily returns to the respondent and resumes a relationship, if there is a protective order in place, the respondent will be in violation of the terms of the Order.
What is the difference between a Protective Order and a Magistrate’s Order for Emergency Protection or a No-Contact Order?
A Protective Order is a civil remedy, ordered by a District Court Judge. A civil Protective Order is independent of any criminal charges that may or may not be pending with regard to the family violence. A Magistrate’s Order for Emergency Protection (MOEP) and a No-Contact Order are remedies utilized by the Criminal Courts to temporarily protect the victim. MOEPs generally have a length of sixty to ninety days only.
What is the difference between a Protective Order and a Restraining Order?
A Restraining Order, although a civil remedy, is primarily designed to maintain the status quo between litigating parties in divorce and custody cases and focuses on restraining disparaging and alarming behavior and restraining detrimental action towards property and assets. It can only be enforced through a civil contempt of court action; whereas, a civil Protective Order is issued as a result of a finding of family violence and is both criminally and civilly enforceable.


Heart attack patients in the U.S. are far more likely to receive a blood transfusion than patients in other countries with the very same condition, but the outcome of their treatment is no better, according to Duke University Medical Center researchers.
The team examined almost 24,000 records of patients in 27 countries who suffered a certain type of heart attack, and found that non-U.S. patients were 80 percent less likely to get a transfusion when undergoing non-invasive treatments, 70 percent less likely to get blood when having an invasive procedure and 60 percent less likely to undergo transfusion as a result of coronary bypass surgery – a difficult and bloody procedure where transfusion rates might be expected to be similar.
"This is interesting because the data also show that patients do pretty much the same, whether they get a transfusion or not," says Dr. Sunil Rao, a cardiologist at Duke and the lead author of the study. "We have to conclude that some of us are doing too many transfusions or others are doing too few." Rao says clinical guidelines aren't clear enough to help them figure out which approach is best.
The study, published in the January 1 issue of the American Journal of Cardiology, comes at a time when increasing evidence suggests transfusions may not only be unnecessary but may actually be harmful to some patients. In earlier studies, Duke scientists found that heart attack patients with hematocrit above 25 (hematocrit is a measure of the supply of oxygen-carrying red blood cells) were more likely to have a second heart attack and were four times more likely to die within a month if they got transfusions.
Rao says most American physicians are trained to prescribe a transfusion when a cardiac patient's hematocrit falls below 30.
"But that's not based on good science," says Rao. "The first successful blood transfusion was done decades ago, and yet we still haven't conducted the randomized, prospective clinical trials we need to do in order to find out which cardiac patients should get transfusions, and when they should get them."
Rao says there's no doubt some transfusions are necessary. In extreme cases, for example, where patients undergo massive blood loss or become severely anemic, transfusion can save lives. But he feels physicians often rush to prescribe the procedure when it may not be needed. "We believe the body can automatically respond to lower hematocrit levels by manufacturing more red blood cells. We need to allow time for that to happen."
Researchers aren't sure why transfusions might hurt some patients. Recent research by Duke's Jonathan Stamler found that banked blood quickly loses nitric oxide, a chemical important in the transfer of oxygen from red blood cells to the tissues that need it.
"It's not surprising that outcomes are not better for heart attack patients who get transfusions," says Stamler. "But they should be. The problem lies with the quality of banked blood. We need to correct that, and then do more studies."
"There is too much confusion and controversy over blood transfusions today," says Rao. "It is amazing to me that in 2007, we don't know how to appropriately prescribe transfusion. Blood is a national resource donated by the public. We need to be accountable to the public and to our patients as well."
The study was funded by the Duke Clinical Research Institute.
Colleagues who contributed to the study include senior author Robert Harrington, director of DCRI; Christopher Granger, Kristin Newby and Jie-Lena Sun, also of DCRI; Robert Califf, director of the Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Karen Chiswell, North Carolina State University; Frans Van de Werf, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven; Harvey White, Auckland City Hospital; and Paul Armstrong, University of Alberta.
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Below are the basic steps on how to draw or create a circle in Adobe Illustrator.
1. Open a New Document by clicking on “File” > “New“.
2. Supply the necessary size and details for your new document. Click “Create“.
3. After creating the new document and Artboard, click on the “Ellipse Tool” located in the side toolbar.
4. A popup window will appear when you click on the artboard after selecting the “Ellipse Tool“. Supply the circle Width and Height. To make the circle proportional click on the constraint button in the middle right part of the window.
5. Back in your document, click anywhere on your artboard. You will notice that a circle/ ellipse shape has been drawn automatically.
6. You can resize your circle by opening the Transform Panel by pressing “Window” > “Transform“. Once the Transform Panel has been opened, change the value in the Width and Height field.
7. To change the color of your shape or the stroke, select the circle that you want to change and go to the upper toolbox and find the color palette tool.
8. Choose the color of the shape and stroke as well as the stroke design and thickness according to your preference.
9. After changing the stroke and colour settings, you can now add as many ellipses as you like.
10. Save your document.


|My History Textbook... and the cat.... :/ This really|
has nothing to do with this post besides the history
textbook.... so there you go.
Throughout History China and Japan have taken very different approaches to various cultural political and economic trends. Both China and Japan have strong cultural and religious roots. Religion was pertinent to their governing, fighting, and everyday living. Their cultural ancestors and traditions have always, and continue to be vital to their individual and national identities. But how China and Japan used and treated their culture versus a western one was drastically different.
As demonstrated in Primary Source Boxer Propaganda, the Boxer uprising exemplifies many of the Chinese people’s desire to have western influence out of China. The Boxers pushed Europeans, and their influences out, forcing the government to come alongside them. They killed European missionaries and Chinese Christian converts as well as anyone who continued to follow western practices or anyone who helped westerners and Christians escape persecution.
In stark contrast the Japanese were more open to missionaries and western schools of thought, thought they were not totally sold out on the principles at first. They sought to analyze the pros and cons of Western philosophy and really look at the modern evidence to decide what to follow and who to trust, before making rash decisions.
For the most part the Chinese government did not see the western world or their ways as a big threat. Rather they focused their energies on suppressing internal revolutions, which continued to rise up; the peasants sensed change was needed, they simply never knew whom exactly to blame or what would really change their circumstances. Usually both uprising and suppressions came back to the Chinese ideal of going back to the basics, to what worked in past Chinese societies; but one key point China did not realize, was the world was changing. What worked in the past, was simply not sufficient for the quickly modernizing world.
While China refused contact with the western world, Japan studied their tactics. The Japanese sought to introduce a careful balance of Japanese culture and western tactics. Japan realized what China did not- to survive they must change their ways. One of the most important innovations the Japanese government instituted was the westernization of their military. This made them a military power to be reckoned with. While the Chinese were still trying to suppress the calls for change, the Japanese put the call for change into action.
This is not to say that none of the Chinese agreed with western principles. In fact merchants loved trading with western entities because of the silver and opium they could obtain, and the significant business that westerners maintained for their commodities. The Chinese government did it’s best to put a stop to this trading, but to no significant avail. There suppressions and regulations only raised more resentment in the Chinese people towards their government.
Ultimately Japan would institute important European economic, military, and ruling tactics, while keeping their cultural identity and heritage successfully. Contrarily, China would focus on suppressing it’s own people, not realizing the dangers of the western world if they did not revolutionize their ways until it was too late. China and Japan both loved their past culture and heritage but they used and treated this culture quite differently in relation to western influences.


Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators
Saving Deposits of Urban and Rural Residents refer to the total value of savings deposits of urban and rural households in banks and rural credit cooperatives at a given point of time, including the saving deposits of urban residents and the saving deposits of rural residents. The cash in hand by residents and the deposits of organizations such as enterprises, military units, government agencies, institutions, etc. are not included.
Employed Population in Urban (Town) Households refers to urban (town) residents engaged in certain work and receiving payment for their labor or income from their business operation, including those who work in state-owned or collective units and other various economic units; the owners and employees of urban private enterprises, reemployed retirees and other employed persons. This index indicates the employment condition of the urban residents, which is the key indicator for calculating employment rate and dependency ratio.
Total Income of Urban (Town) Households refers to the sum of wage and salary, net business income, income from properties, and income from transfers of members of the households under survey who live together during the period of survey, excluding income from selling of properties and income from borrowings.
Disposable Income of Urban (Town) Households refers to the actual income at the disposal of members of the surveyed households which can be used for final consumption, other non-compulsory expenditure and savings. This equals to total income minus income tax, personal contribution to social security and sample household subsidy for keeping dairies. Following formula is used:
Disposable income = total household income - individual income tax - personal contribution to social security
–sample household subsidy for keeping dairies
Total expenditure of Urban (Town) Households refers to total actual expenditure of households apart from the loan expenditure, including consuming expenditure, property expenditure, transferred expenditure, social security expenditure and housing expenditure.
Consumption Expenditure of Urban (Town) Households refers to total expenditure of the sample households for consumption in daily life, including expenditure on eight categories such as food, clothing, household appliances and services, health care and medical services, transport and communications, recreation, education and cultural services, housing, miscellaneous goods and services.
Expenditure of Urban (Town) Households on Consumption of Services refers to expenditure of households on non-commodity services of various kinds provided by the society, including the payment service for other people. Service consumption is different from commodity consumption. Services are offered and consumed at the same time and place. This is a derivative indicator, which is derived from the percentage of the service consumption expenditure in other expenditures such as grain and products, food processing service, dining out, clothing processing service, household service, medical service, transporting vehicle service, transit, telecommunication service, education, cultural and entertainment service, tuition fees, housing rent, interior decoration, residential service and other services.
Urban (Town) Households by Income Group All households in the sample are grouped, by per capita disposable income of the household, into groups of lowest income, low income, lower middle income, middle income, upper middle income, high income and highest income, each group consisting of 10%, 10%, 20%, 20%, 20%, 10% and 10% of all households respectively. The lowest 5% of households are also referred to as poor households.
Engel Coefficient refers to the percentage of expenditure on food in the total consumption expenditure, using the following formula:
Engel Coefficient = (expenditure on food / total consumption expenditure) x 100%
Full/Semi Labor Force Full labor force refers to persons capable of work, aged 18-50 for males and 18-45 for females. Semi labor force refers to persons capable of work, aged 16-17 and 51-60 for males and 16-17 and 46-55 for females. Persons at their working ages but not capable of work are not to be included as labor force. Persons not at working ages but participating regularly in work are included in semi labor force. For staff and workers as resident population of the household, they are included as full or semi labor force of the household if they are in the labor force.
Total Income of Rural Households refers to the sum of income earned from various sources by the rural households and their members during the reference period, and is classified as income from wages and salaries, income from household operations, income from properties and income from transfers.
Cash Income of Rural Households refers to income received by rural households and their members in the form of cash during the reference period. It is classified, by source of income, into income from wages and salaries, cash income from household operations, income from properties and income from transfers.
Net Income of Rural Households refers to the total income of rural households from all sources minus all corresponding expenses. The formula for calculation is as follows:
Net income = total income –household operation expenses – taxes and fees paid – depreciation of fixed assets for production
– subsidy for participating in household survey – gifts to rural relatives
Net income is mainly used as input for reproduction and as consumption expenditure of the year, and also used for savings and non-compulsory expenses of various forms. “Per capita net income of farmers” is the level of net income averaged by population which reflects the average income level of rural households in a given area.
Total Expenditure of Rural Households refers to total expenses of rural households on production, consumption and redistribution, including expenditure on household operations, on purchase of productive fixed assets, depreciation of productive fixed assets, taxes and fees, expenses on household consumption, expenses on properties and expenses on transfers.
Expenditure on Household Consumption of Rural Households refers to expenditure by rural households on their material and cultural life, including expenditure on food; clothing; housing; household appliances, articles and services; health and medical service; transportation and communications; articles and services on culture, education and recreation; and other goods and services.
Cash Expenditure of Rural Households refers to cash expenditure by rural households for production, consumption and redistribution during the reference period, including cash expenses on household operations, taxes and fees, purchase of productive fixed assets, household consumption, and expenses on properties and transfers.
Consumer Price Index reflects the relative change in prices of consumer goods and services in a certain period of time, Formation of consumer price index aims to study the impact of consumer price changes on the actual living cost of urban and rural residents and to provide scientific basis for central government and relevant departments in drawing up consumer up consumer policy, price policy, wage policy and monetary policy and in accounting the nation economy. It is also a key index reflecting the fluctuation of inflation.
Retail Price Index refers to the prices at which industrial, commercial, catering and other retail enterprises sell daily consumer goods and products for office use to urban and rural residents and institutions and social organizations. It reflects the general change in prices of retail commodities in a certain period of time. Formation of retail price index aims to keep abreast of price fluctuation of retail commodities and provide the reference basis for the central government in working out economic policies.
Producer Price Indices for Farm Products reflect the trend and degree of changes in producers’ prices received by farmers when they sell farm products during a given period. These indices depict the change in the level and struture of producer prices for farm products of the country and meet the needs of agricultural statistics and national accounts statistics. The producer price index for a given product is calculated as the geometrical mean of individual indices for all surveyed units which sell such product, and the indices for a product category is obtained as the weighted mean of price indices for all products in the category. Method for calculating accumulative quarterly indices is the same as for calculating the individual quarterly indices.
Producer Price Index formerly Industrial Product Price Index, is a statistic indicator reflecting the fluctuating tendency and extent of the price of manufactured goods. It is a relative ratio of the average price fluctuation of manufactured goods in different times and places. The price of manufactured goods includes the factory price of the manufactured goods at the first sale and the price of the raw materials, fuel and power purchased by the enterprises as intermediate input, which is an important basis for national economic accounting and economic administration.
Price Indices of Investment in Fixed Assets is a relative ratio reflecting the trend and degree of changes in prices of investment goods and charging projects in fixed assets of various engineering projects during a given period. This indicator is used to remove the factor of price change in the aggregates of investment at current prices.
Price Index of Residential Real
Estate Sales is a relative
ratio reflecting the general trend and variation degrees of the sales price of
the residential real estate. This index of


Typically some time around six months of age, your baby's first tooth will erupt. While you may not be able to predict the exact moment of this first tooth's grand appearance, there are a few (somewhat unpleasant) signs that a tooth is on its way. Teething is different for each baby, but most will experience some, if not all, of the following teething symptoms:
Swollen gums. Almost every baby will experience swollen gums to one degree or another. As a new tooth begins to erupt, the surrounding area will become swollen and tender.
Drooling. It's amazing how much drool can come out of such a tiny baby! Teething will most likely cause your little one to produce copious amounts of saliva - even months in advance of that first tooth.
Skin rash. A rash on your baby's face or chin is nothing to worry about - it's usually caused by excessive drooling (above). Try to wipe off the drool as it occurs, but if your baby already has chapped skin, simply moisturize the area until it heals.
Pain. For some babies, teething is a very painful experience, while others seem to breeze right through it. Most babies do, however, experience some degree of pain - and express that pain through crying and irritability.
Irritability. You guessed it - your baby's teething discomfort will probably make her feel crabby and irritable. For some babies, this passes quickly; for others, it can last up to weeks at a time.
Chewing. Babies learn pretty quickly that counter pressure relieves the discomfort of teething. When your baby starts teething, there's a good chance he'll grab whatever he can find - from teething rings to his own fingers - and start gnawing away.
Low-grade fever. Swollen gums can sometimes lead to a low-grade fever, that is one which is less than 101° F. Treat it as you would any other low-grade fever, and call your pediatrician if it lasts more than three days or if it goes over 101° F.
Loss of appetite. The suction generated by drinking from bottle or breast may be uncomfortable for teething babies, so they may be reluctant to eat. Even babies who have graduated to solids may start shunning their meals. Call your pediatrician if your child misses more than a couple feedings.
Sleep problems. If your little one is uncomfortable during the day, there's a good chance he will be during the night as well. Babies are known for waking up during the night when teething (even if they've been sleeping through the night for months).


Chicago Crime, 1900 To 1910
In the first ten years of the twentieth century, the good and the bad of Europe poured into Chicago by the thousands, bringing with them their historic customs and hatreds, their feuds and vendettas and their characteristic methods of revenge and reprisal. In addition to German and Irish, of all American cities, Chicago had the largest number of Poles, Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Bohemians, Dutch, Croatians, Slovakians, Lithuanians and Greeks.
As in previous boom eras, the underworld more than kept pace with other phases of municipal expansion. Powerful gambling syndicates, open brothels, the appearance of the Black Hand extortionists and the development of criminal gangs of young boys and men made Chicago a very dangerous place to live. While it was lauded for it’s financial institutions, parks and school systems, it was also noted for crime, political corruption and an inefficient and corrupt Police Department.
In one six month period of 1906, there was a burglary every three hours, a hold-up every six hours and a murder every day. Bands of thugs prowled the streets from dusk to dawn, robbing, beating and sometimes stripping their victims, tying them to a lamp post and cut shallow slits in their flesh with razors.
Women were afraid to leave their homes, even in broad daylight. Thugs would pursue them unafraid, drag them into alleys and rape them. A Board of Education member said (in part) in the Chicago Tribune, “Hunting women and hitting them on the head with a piece of pipe seems to be the favorite sport of Chicago men.”
Mayor Carter Harrison seriously suggested that if citizens left the shelter of their homes at night, that they “might carry revolvers strapped outside their clothing.”
The Chicago Tribune declared that “a reign of terror is upon the city…..No city in time of peace ever held so high a place in the category of crime-ridden, terrorized murder-breeding cities as held by Chicago.”
From “Chicago, Gem of the Prairie by Herbert Asbury, published 1940


EWG’s Dirty Dozen Guide to Food Additives: Generally Recognized as Safe – But is it?
The government classifies some additives as “Generally Recognized as Safe” or GRAS. They are presumed to be safe in food and are not required to undergo pre-market review and approval. This system makes sense for benign additives such as pepper and basil, but there are enormous loopholes that allow additives of questionable safety to be listed as GRAS. Manufacturers can decide whether these compounds are safe without any oversight by the Food and Drug Administration – and in some cases obtain GRAS status without telling the FDA at all.
It’s hard to believe that propyl paraben, an endocrine-disrupting chemical, is allowed in food, and even harder to believe that it’s “Generally Recognized as Safe.” Studies found that rats fed the FDA's maximum limit for propyl paraben in food had decreased sperm counts. At this dose researchers also noted small decreases in testosterone, which become significant with higher exposures (Oishi 2002).
Propyl paraben acts as a weak synthetic estrogen (Routledge 1998; Kim 2011; Vo 2011). It can alter the expression of genes, including those in breast cancer cells (Terasaka 2006; Wróbel 2014). Propyl paraben has been reported to accelerate the growth of breast cancer cells (Okubo 2001). And a recent study by scientists at the Harvard School of Public Health linked propyl paraben to impaired fertility in women (Smith 2013).
Propyl paraben is used as a preservative in foods such as tortillas, muffins and food dyes. People can be exposed to it either as a direct additive or as result of contamination during food processing and packaging. Tests done on samples collected from 2008 to 2012 found propyl paraben in more than half of them, including beverages, dairy products, meat and vegetables (Liao 2013). In a federal study, 91 percent of Americans tested had detectable levels of propyl paraben in their urine (Calafat 2010).
What you should doCheck product labels for propyl paraben and avoid it. Tell food companies that hormone-disrupting chemicals should not be allowed in food. Use EWG’s Food Scores to find foods without propyl paraben.
The FDA considers the preservative butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) to be a GRAS additive – even though the National Toxicology Program classifies it as “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen,” the international cancer agency categorizes it as a possible human carcinogen, and it’s listed as a known carcinogen under California’s Proposition 65 (NTP 2011; IARC 1986; OEHHA 2014). These designations are based on consistent evidence that BHA causes tumors in animals, although there is debate about whether these findings are relevant to humans.
The European Union classifies BHA as an endocrine disruptor. At higher doses, it can lower testosterone and the thyroid hormone thyroxin and adversely affect sperm quality and the sex organs of rats (Jeong 2005). One study reported that female rats given lower doses had a decrease in uterine weight, which may result from effects on estrogen metabolism (Kang 2005; Zhu 1997). Other studies found developmental effects such as decreased growth and increased mortality in rats that had not been weaned, and behavioral effects after weaning (EFSA 2011a; Vorhees 1981a).
What you should doLook for BHA on product labels and avoid it. Use EWG’s Food Scores to find foods without butylated hydroxyanisole.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a chemical cousin to BHA that is also listed as “generally recognized as safe.” It, too, is added to food as a preservative. The two compounds act synergistically and are often used together.
BHT is not a listed carcinogen, but some data have shown that it does cause cancer in animals. Rats fed BHT have developed lung and liver tumors (EFSA 2012). BHT has also been shown to cause developmental effects and thyroid changes in animals, suggesting that it may be able to disrupt endocrine signaling (EFSA 2012). A neurobehavioral study of rats exposed to BHT throughout development described effects on motor skills and coordination before the animals were weaned (Vorhees 1981b).
Propyl gallate is used as a preservative in products that contain edible fats, such as sausage and lard. It is classified as GRAS even though a National Toxicology Program study reported an association with tumors in male rats and rare brain tumors in two female rats (NTP 1982). These findings do not establish a causal link between propyl gallate and cancer, but they raise important questions about whether this chemical should be considered safe. A 2014 opinion by the European Food Safety Authority concluded that the available reproductive studies on propyl gallate are outdated and poorly described. In addition, there is incomplete data on whether propyl gallate is an endocrine disruptor; some evidence suggests it may have estrogenic activity (EFSA 2014; Amadasi 2009; ter Veld 2006).
What you should doBe cautious. Check labels for propyl gallate and consider avoiding it. Use EWG’s Food Scores to find foods without propyl gallate.


Did you know that nearly 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions* come from livestock? Or that cattle raised for beef, milk, and other products account for about 65% of livestock emissions?
These numbers point to an enormous problem, but also suggest that one small change–eating less meat, and in particular, less beef–could dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which cause rapid climate change that threatens people’s lives, livelihoods, and property, especially among the world’s most vulnerable.
In fact, research published this summer shows that, if everyone in the United States simply substituted beans instead of beef on our plates, we could meet 46-74% of the greenhouse reductions we pledged to achieve by 2020, and free up over 40% of our cropland! Thus, meaningful improvements in dietary sustainability don’t have to take the form of all-out vegetarianism or veganism.
In addition to swapping beans for beef, consider designating one or more “meatless” days every week, or limiting the amount of meat you consume on any given day. Start by building your list of hearty vegetarian recipes that can be part of your routine diet. That way, you’ll always have something at hand, and practicing good environmental stewardship will become second nature.
This is one change that each of us can make that has the potential to have a huge impact.
* In terms of carbon dioxide equivalent. (Many gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide, are even more effective than carbon dioxide at trapping heat and causing a “greenhouse effect”. To account for these differences and enable comparisons of different activities’ greenhouse impacts, the amounts of greenhouse gases emitted are converted to units of carbon dioxide equivalence.)


Thursday 21st January 2021
Here are your activities for today – Thursday 21st January.
Phonics: Log on to Phonics hero https://phonicshero.com/ and complete the next activity.
Yesterday we watched this video and reviewed the sound oo, ue, u_e
Watch this once more to recap, focusing on the words spelt with the split digraph u_e. Can you add sound buttons to these words? flute, spruce, plume, rule, rude, brute. Write a sentence using these words – For example – June plays the flute.
GPS: Adding y to words ending in e. See PDF for activity. Our spelling words this week are - every, everyone, everybody, blue, blew.
Guided Reading: Log on to Purple Mash and read Chapter four of ‘Magic in the Moonlight’ Complete the 2do.
Maths: Today we will continue to make equal groups. Watch this video which will take you though some examples and then complete the worksheet. You can write out your answers you do not need to print out your sheet. Remember to attempt the Flashback questions first. Watch this video.
Topic: PHSE: WALT recognise that not everyone feels the same at the same time or about the same things - Read the PDF about the athlete Dick Fosbury, who pioneered the ‘Fosbury Flop’ style of high jumping. Research a famous sportsperson who inspires you. Write about why they became famous and any difficulties they had to overcome.
Topic: Science: WALT Find out how the shapes of solid objects made from some materials can be changed by squashing, bending, twisting and stretching - Watch this lesson and complete the tasks - Use balls of clay or dough to explore how their shape can be changed by rolling, twisting, cutting and stretching. Take pictures and write about the changes that have happened. Describe how some objects and materials can be changed and how these changes can be desirable or undesirable.


The government of Japan plans to provide drivers with disaster information straight to their cars by making use of Japan’s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). The proposed software aims to improve the country’s disaster preparedness such as in the case of similar events to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The proposed system utilizes Michibiki satellites and has an advantage over other communication infrastructure due to its higher chance of surviving damages during disasters. The government has tested the software in November 2017 in the Wakayama and Kochi prefectures and it is expected to first be officially introduced in Tokyo during the 2018 fiscal year.
Due to its vulnerable location, Japan has been severely and repeatedly affected by natural disasters over the years. For example, in 2011 the Tohoku earthquake that figured 9.1 on the Richter magnitude scale and the subsequent tsunami it triggered caused great human and material losses and extensive and severe structural damage to the country. One of the issues encountered by Japanese authorities during the disaster was the difficulty in swiftly providing crucial information to those people who were inside vehicles during the earthquake and tsunami.
By planning to install this new software, the Japanese government hopes to improve the country’s disaster preparedness for the future. The government plans to cooperate with private companies in order to install the software in the navigation systems of the cars.
The Michibiki satellites are part of QZSS which was initially built to complement the Global Positioning System (GPS) and to increase the availability of GPS in mountainous and urban regions in Japan. Compared to other communication infrastructure such as mobile phone networks, the satellites are advantageous in that they are less likely to be damaged or destroyed in disasters.
In addition to this, the Japanese government also considers introducing a safety confirmation system based on satellites. This service would allow people to confirm the safety of their family and friends once their names and information have been input at evacuation shelters. The system will first be introduced on a trial basis in five municipal governments during 2018 and it will subsequently be expanded to twenty regions by 2021.


Read, Write, Breath and Love
A Revolutionary Summer (ARS) is an intensive critical reading and writing program dedicated to shifting harmful narratives about Black women and girls through art, literature and self-inquiry.
For eight Sundays in the summer, up to 20 “daughters” gather to discuss and experience the creative works of consequential Black women artists. They do so under the guidance of authors, community activists and teachers. Workshops begin at noon and end at 4PM. Each session concludes with a yoga class. Light snacks and refreshments are provided (though full plant-based meals are on our wish list). Daughters are gifted personal libraries, iTunes gift cards, and a month's subscription to Netflix (for access to the music and films we study). They are encouraged to participate in the end-of-program presentation. In years past, they’ve published their original writing in ARS’s online literary journal, recited their work at a public reading, and performed Ntozake Shange’s for colored girls who have considered suicide/ when the rainbow is enuf. This year they will perform excerpts from the anthology I Dream a World: Portraits of Black Women Who Changed America.
Authentic Stories and the Space to Be
A Revolutionary Summer’s mission is to present Black girls with authentic representations of themselves and to simultaneously convince them that they are more than those representations. That’s a tricky feat—to demonstrate both the power and limitations of story.
In June of 2017, the Center on Poverty and Inequality at Georgetown Law published the first study focused on the “adultification” of Black girls. The study, Girlhood Interrupted: The Erasure of Black Girls’ Childhood reveals data indicating significant bias toward Black girls. A snapshot of the findings appears on the report’s executive summary page and notes the following adult perceptions of Black girls:
Black girls need less nurturing.
Black girls need less protection.
Black girls need to be supported less.
Black girls are more independent.
Black girls know more about adult topics.
Black girls know more about sex.
The report goes on to link these perceptions to disproportionate rates of punitive action and disparate treatment in public systems like education and juvenile justice. These findings are devastating. ARS might feel hopeless were we charged with tackling these systems. We don’t feel hopeless, however, when charged with supporting Black girls with resources, tools, and mechanisms for navigating them. We certainly don't feel helpless knowing we can provide respite from their everyday battles.
Black women authors and artists do a tremendous job of telling the truth about Black existence, and because we know the power of story, we believe part of our duty is to ensure Black girls have ready access to authentic tales about themselves. This is why to date revolutionary daughters have read over 30 carefully selected books. But over time we’ve discovered that any story—constructive or injurious—requires defense. To believe you deserve novels and paintings and albums that reflect your experiences compels the fingers to gather into fists. Don’t get us wrong: there is no more noble fight. But it is equally as important to us that Black girls have a space to just be the baby bit of the universe that they are. They need the space to examine their small, capable hands holding a book; the space to curl their toes upward, toward the sun; the space to inhale and to exhale; the space to connect with all the world’s other trying beings—plants and animals and men and women with much different stories.
Spaces that honor the difficult, complex nature of trying to both live within your story and beyond it can be hard to find. A Revolutionary Summer uses literature, art, yoga, mindfulness, deconstruction of thought and self-love strategies to create, hold and honor this space.
ARS is run by a small team of Black women who not only understand the power and limitations of story but have depended on art, literature, mindfulness and self-inquiry to unearth and destroy stories that do not serve them and to cultivate those that do.
Andria Cole directs A Revolutionary Summer, but it would not exist without the support of coordinators Arnie Better, Shamoyia Gardiner, Nicole Karikari and Nichelle Calhoun. Bilphena Yahwon and Barbara Sherrod lead our teacher team.
What a Summer Costs
Per daughter, A Revolutionary Summer costs:
$400 stipend (daughters are responsible for raising the additional $100)
$135 books + media subscriptions
$170 food + drinks
$455 performance (costumes, venue, royalties, etc.)
$75 team building retreat (this year, we're taking a trip to Virginia)
$200 guest speakers and authors
$140 workshop venue & learning supplies
$180 across-the-seasons activities
Help Make ARS 2018 a Possibility
A Revolutionary Summer exists because of the people. Each year we welcome and are sustained by hundreds of individual donations. We are honored by every single contribution—those that make us clutch our pearls and those that make us nod Amen. We are also emboldened by the support; it has pushed us to think bigger. In years past, for instance, we did not offer a stipend. Now we're just crazy enough to think we can give daughters a little green appreciation. We've also challenged ourselves to create an excellent end-of-program presentation—a meaningful, visually stunning demonstration of the beautiful ideas our daughters earn, replete with costumes, set and a passionate director.
You can help guarantee that A Revolutionary Summer 2018 provides rigorous reading and writing workshops, publishes a gorgeous literary journal issue, produces a top-notch play, and feeds our daughters good things to eat by making a contribution that matches your heart and budget.


Why? When we work under so much control, we can’t develop our own stories. And happiness at work (whether in an orchestra or in an office) "does not come from only (the leader's) own story. The joy comes from enabling other people’s stories to be heard at the same time."
Talgam tells of another conductor who says, "the worst damage I can do to my orchestra is give them clear instructions because that would prevent the ensemble, the listening to each other.”
How do leaders give clear instructions, but not so clear that they stifle their employees' development and commitment?
By ensuring the outcome he desires is clear, that his employees are trained and skilled enough to reach that outcome, and then by trusting and celebrating the way those employees choose to get there. At the very end of Talgam's talk, he presents a conductor who makes none of the typical conductor movements with his hands. He merely watches his orchestra play, his broad smile evidencing his pure enjoyment of their playing.
Talgam tells us, "do without doing."


Accounts Payable definition - this is a listing of accounts in which money is owed to specific companies, vendors or individuals for products or services that have been purchased on credit. Accounts payables are usually an item that will be paid for in a relatively short period of time, less than one year.
If a company’s business is growing, it’s reasonable to expect its accounts payable, to grow in line with it's projected growth. But if accounts payable rise significantly more than a measure of its overall business activity, such as sales, it should be looked at.
There are various reasons for a disproportionate rise in accounts payable. Perhaps the company anticipates a supply shortage or a price increase for some component or raw material, and it has increased its inventory to protect itself. But this could also signal trouble.
Failure to pay its debts on time may damage the company’s credit rating, which may mean it will be charged undesireable interest rates when it needs to borrow. In extreme cases, it can bring a company to the bankrupcy.