Thomas Paine, Rights of Man
It was the Greek heritage of Democracy and the Roman Republic that inspired the American thinkers and revolutionaries not the Judeo-Christian Kings & the Dark Ages of Christian Europe. It was the Roman Republic of Cicero that was the inspiration not Christian Europe that ushered in more Kings and Church state power.
Dr. Joe Wolverton II
Cicero lived from approximately 106 B.C. to 43 B.C. John Adams, in his Defense of the Constitution, said of Cicero: “All of the ages of the world have not produced a greater statesman and philosopher united than Cicero…” First as a lawyer, then as a consul and senator, Cicero boldly defended the republic against the rise of dictators.
John and Abigail Adams wrote over a thousand letters to each other during the months (sometimes years) that John was away from home helping found a new nation.
As was the custom of the time, they adopted pen names:
- Abigail was Diana, after the Roman goddess of the moon and later she adopted the pen name, Portia, wife of the great Roman politician Brutus.
- John adopted the name, Lysander, after the Spartan war hero.
George Washington was sometimes called an American Cincinnatus because he too held his command only until the defeat of the British and, at a time when he could have chosen to exercise great political power, instead returned as soon as he could to cultivating his lands. After the end of the Revolutionary War, a group of former officers in the (now) American army formed The Society of the Cincinnati, taking the name from the Roman general. The city of Cincinnati was named after this organization, and a statue of Cincinnatus stands there today.


Angela Fernandez, University of Toronto Faculty of Law, has published Tapping Reeve, Nathan Dane, and James Kent: Three Fading Federalists on Marital Unity. Here is the abstract.
Tapping Reeve wrote in his treatise on the law of husband and wife, Baron and Femme (1816), that husband and wife were not one person in law. His rejection of Blackstone’s maxim is not as well-known as it should be. Yet, his position was not idiosyncratic, as it was also adopted by Nathan Dane in his important General Abridgment and Digest of American Law (1823). However, James Kent did not follow it in his Commentaries on American Law (1826-30). This paper explores whether Dane’s agreement with Reeve in rebelling against marital unity was based on their New England background (Reeve lived in Connecticut and Dane in Massachusetts), which Kent (from New York) simply did not share. Reeve, Dane, and Kent were all “Fading Federalists,” using their legal expertise and their position as law book writers and law teachers as a way to continue to exert influence lost to them in the political world. They turned to the creation of an American common law as a way to continue to have influence on what America would become. Like Reeve, Dane was involved in various moral campaigns, including the temperance movement, which was an early kind of women’s movement. He was also religious like Reeve and against slavery -- according to some, Dane was responsible for the anti-slavery clause in the North West Ordinance. Kent was not interested in these causes or interests and, indeed, considered those who were to be fanatics or zealots. This helps explain why, when he wrote about married women he was inclined to choose the traditional English approach, Coke and Blackstone, over the indigenous position that jurists in New England were cultivating that sought to emphasize the rights of married women.Download the paper from SSRN at the link.


(see: juvenile RA menu)
- definition: < 4 involved joints.
- most frequently encoutered subgroup, accouting for 30-40% of JRA;
- peak age is 2-4 years
- more common in girls (4x)
- differential dx
- begins w/ incidious onset which can be painless
- swelling, warmth, and restriction of motion are common sx;
- knee, ankle, and elbow (& wrist) may be involved (initial involvement of hip or neck is uncommon);
- systemic signs are absent;
- chronic iridocyclitis:
- is a common symptom (20-35 %) at the time of diagnosis
- w/ iridocyclitis, ANA will usually be positive;
- may precede or follow the arthritis;
- note that incidious blindness may occur 2nd to adhesions.
- posterior synechiae: deform the pupil;
- cataract formation;
- ref: Prevalence and outcome of uveitis in a regional cohort of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
- ESR and WBC are frequently normal;
- RF is rarely positive (if RF is positive then consider polyarticular arthritis);
- 1/2 of patients have a positive ANA
- however positive titers are not exceedingly high ( < 1:320)
- if test is negative, note that it may become positive w/ time;
- good prognosis: 70% will be in remission 15 yrs after onset.
- < 15% have severe joint destruction or disability;
- subluxation of the knee may occur;
- disease may last several years;
- leg length inequality may occur (either larger or smaller)
- usually occurs w/ knee involvment.
- if JRA occurs before age 9, tend to get overgrowth (< 3cm)
- affected hip jont: in young patient there is premature growth arrest of the acetabulum and the femoral head)
- if JRA occurs after age 9, may get premature closure which may cause subtanial shortening ( > 6 cm)


Originally Memorial Day was called Decoration Day - the tradition began on May 30, 1868 with decorating graves of Civil War soldiers with flowers, wreaths and flags. The name was changed to Memorial Day in 1950 calling on Americans to observe each Memorial Day as a day of prayer for permanent peace and designating a period on that day when the people of the United States might unite in prayer. In 1971 President Nixon changed it to a National Holiday in order to honor the men and women who died in all wars.
Some of the ways to honor our Veterans include:
Putting flags or flowers on the graves of men and women who served in wars
Fly the U.S Flag at half-staff until noon
Visit monuments dedicated to soldiers, sailors and marines
Participate in a National Moment of Remembrance at 3 pm local time
March in / attend a parade
So thank you to our Veterans - those who served so bravely. We thank the families of those who gave their lives for our country. Thank you to our Veterans and our current men and women in all branches of the military - we thank you for the fact you are willing to lay down your lives for our country. May you stay safe.
We honor these brave men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice. Your sacrifice was not in vain.


Study: Speech processing requires both sides of our brainJanuary 15th, 2014 in Neuroscience /
A new study by Cogan et al proposes that speech processes occur on both sides of the brain and are distinct from language, which occurs on one side, typically on the left. This suggests a revision to the standard model of how speech is linked to language with some processes going through a "bilateral sensory-motor interface". Credit: Greg Cogan and Bijan Pesaran
We use both sides of our brain for speech, a finding by researchers at New York University and NYU Langone Medical Center that alters previous conceptions about neurological activity. The results, which appear in the journal Nature, also offer insights into addressing speech-related inhibitions caused by stroke or injury and lay the groundwork for better rehabilitation methods.
"Our findings upend what has been universally accepted in the scientific community—that we use only one side of our brains for speech," says Bijan Pesaran, an associate professor in NYU's Center for Neural Science and the study's senior author. "In addition, now that we have a firmer understanding of how speech is generated, our work toward finding remedies for speech afflictions is much better informed."
Many in the scientific community have posited that both speech and language are lateralized—that is, we use only one side of our brains for speech, which involves listening and speaking, and language, which involves constructing and understanding sentences. However, the conclusions pertaining to speech generally stem from studies that rely on indirect measurements of brain activity, raising questions about characterizing speech as lateralized.
To address this matter, the researchers directly examined the connection between speech and the neurological process.
Specifically, the study relied on data collected at NYU ECoG , a center where brain activity is recorded directly from patients implanted with specialized electrodes placed directly inside and on the surface of the brain while the patients are performing sensory and cognitive tasks. Here, the researchers examined brain functions of patients suffering from epilepsy by using methods that coincided with their medical treatment.
"Recordings directly from the human brain are a rare opportunity," says Thomas Thesen, director of the NYU ECoG Center and co-author of the study.
"As such, they offer unparalleled spatial and temporal resolution over other imaging technologies to help us achieve a better understanding of complex and uniquely human brain functions, such as language," adds Thesen, an assistant professor at NYU Langone.
In their examination, the researchers tested the parts of the brain that were used during speech. Here, the study's subjects were asked to repeat two "non-words"—"kig" and "pob." Using non-words as a prompt to gauge neurological activity, the researchers were able to isolate speech from language.
An analysis of brain activity as patients engaged in speech tasks showed that both sides of the brain were used—that is, speech is, in fact, bi-lateral.
"Now that we have greater insights into the connection between the brain and speech, we can begin to develop new ways to aid those trying to regain the ability to speak after a stroke or injuries resulting in brain damage," observes Pesaran. "With this greater understanding of the speech process, we can retool rehabilitation methods in ways that isolate speech recovery and that don't involve language."
More information: Nature paper: dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12935
Provided by New York University
"Study: Speech processing requires both sides of our brain." January 15th, 2014. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-01-speech-requires-sides-brain.html


Make this spyglass telescope and you will be the first to discover the new world from your make believe perch in the crowsnest of the Santa Maria or spot pirates roaming the seven seas.
This spyglass is a little more difficult than the easy spyglass version and would be appropriate for ages 6+ but will require adult assistance/ supervision.
- Two paper tubes, one which will fit inside the other. -- we painted one of ours (the thinner one) purple before we started
- Construction paper
- Wooden sticks (stir sticks or popsicle sticks)
- scotch tape
- x-acto knife
- Optional: plastic wrap
- You should have two paper tubes that will slide together. We used two toilet paper tubes but you could use paper towel or gift wrap tubes for a longer spyglass.
- Optional: Take a small square of plastic wrap and cover one end of the outer tube. Secure the plastic wrap with tape. This is the glass lens for your spyglass. Don't worry if it is not neat because you will be covering the edges of the plastic wrap in the next step.
- Cover the outside of your paper tubes with construction paper (you choose the colors). On the outer tube, add a narrow strip of yellow around the end that has the glass (plastic wrap).
- Put one tube completely inside the other and use a little bit of tape over one end to keep them together.
- Note that the tubes we used are not covered to make it easier to see what we have done in the next steps.
- Make four marks at equal distances around the outside of the tube.
- Using the a book as a straight edge and the marks you just made, draw four lines down the length of the tube starting and ending about a half inch from the ends.
- ADULT: Stand the tube up (with the plastic wrap end down) and very carefully cut four slits along the lines you just drew. Make sure that your knife goes through both paper tubes.
- Push a wooden stick into one of the slits and pull it out of either one of the slits next to it. Do the same for the other side.
- Trim the wooden sticks so that there is only a little more than a quarter inch exposed on each end.
- Slide the inner tube out as far as you can. Make sure the the sticks are positioned at the end of the outer tube that is opposite from the glass (plastic wrap).
- Put a piece of tape beside each stick on the outer tube to close the slit. This will prevent the sticks from moving when you are extending your telescope.
- Initially, the tubes will not slide very easily. As you use your spyglass it may loosen up and allow the sticks to fall out. To prevent this, you may want to put a small ball of play dough or play clay on the ends of each stick to prevent them from falling out.


The possibility of a catastrophic asteroid on course to slam into Earth is extremely rare – but, experts say it’s just a matter of time before this threat becomes a reality.
To prepare for such an event, NASA has teamed up with the Federal Emergency Management Agency for a series of exercises intended to simulate an asteroid emergency.
In the most recent exercise, the experts prepared for a hypothetical object 300-800 feet wide approaching far too quickly to be redirected, necessitating a mass evacuation of the metropolitan Los Angeles area with 100 percent chance of impact.
‘It’s not a matter of if – but when – we will deal with such a situation,’ said Thomas Zurbuchen, Associate Administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
‘But unlike any other time in our history, we now have the ability to respond to an impact threat through continued observations, predictions, response planning and mitigation.’
The simulation was carried out on Oct 25 in El Segundo, California, and allowed the planetary science community to demonstrate the ways in which it would collect, analyze, and share data about an asteroid predicted to collide with Earth.
And, emergency managers explored the ways in which this data could be used to prepare and warn the public, and respond to a potential threat.
The exercise included experts from NASA, FEMA, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Department of Energy’s National Laboratories, the US Air Force, and the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services.
The initial estimates stated that the impact could happen anywhere on a long stretch of Earth, including a band that crossed the entire US.
But in the fictitious scenario, observations with ground-based telescopes tracking the object for three months determined the chance of impact would actually be 65 percent.
Subsequent observations were then delayed four months due to the asteroid’s positon relative to the sun, and when they resume in May 2017, the hypothetical impact probability had jumped to 100 percent.
By November of that year, the researchers say the fictitious asteroid would strike somewhere along a path between Southern California and the coast of the Pacific Ocean.
This scenario describes a timeframe that’s too short to feasibly conduct a deflection mission, meaning the emergency managers must evacuate the region.
To do this for the hypothetical emergency, the researchers presented models of the predicted impact footprint, population displacement estimates, and data on the infrastructure damage that would result.
‘The high degree of initial uncertainty coupled with the relatively long impact warning time made this scenario unique and especially challenging for emergency managers,’ said FEMA National Response Coordination Branch Chief Leviticus A. Lewis.
‘It’s quite different from preparing for an event with a much shorter timeline, such as a hurricane.’


Esophageal cancer is relatively common and one of the most deadly of all the associated diseases.
As recent as 1998, 12,000 of the 12,300 new cases died of their disease.
This is partly because of the location within the body.
It’s hard to watch television for more than a few minutes without seeing a commercial about some pharmaceutical product to control heartburn or acid reflux.
Acid reflux, or stomach acids rising into the esophagus and damaging cells (known as squamous cells), is the leading cause of this disease. These damaged squamous cells lead to more than 80% of all esophageal cancers.
It’ll make you think the next time you eat greasy ribs and then reach for the anti-acids.
When damaged squamous cells reproduce and make more abnormal cells, they grow, and invade more of the esophagus.
Oncoming symptoms can be: difficulty swallowing, also known as dysphagia.
Often times, without realizing it, the victim will change eating habits to compensate for difficult swallowing. They may eat softer foods, less meat, and less bread.
When the problem gets worse, the person may again change their eating habits to compensate. This time they may stop eating solid foods altogether, and change to a liquid diet.
The body seems to make excess saliva at this time, and many victims complain of bringing up lots of thick mucus or saliva.
Pain is an additional symptom. This can range from heart burn, to pressure, or burning in the chest. Pain can also be present during, or immediately after, swallowing when food seems to get caught part way down to the stomach.
Because of difficult or painful swallowing, many victims lose body weight. It becomes hard to maintain their previous weight when they can't eat as usual.
Sometimes the area around the disease will bleed. When this blood passes through the digestive system, it can cause dark or black stools. Dark stools should always alarm the person that something is wrong somewhere.
This takes proper testing to diagnose esophageal cancer.
It can involve a barium swallow followed by x-rays. It could also take test to include computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scan, or insertion of an endoscope to view the area and take a tissue sample for a biopsy.
Staging is set as stage 0,1, 2, 3, 4, or recurrent.
Stage-3 usually includes invasion of the lymph nodes, while stage-4 means it has spread to distant sites, organs, or tissues.
These include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy; with surgery beng the most common treatment used.
During surgery, only the cancerous portions and neighboring lymph nodes can be removed, called Esophagectomy...
The surgical procedure can remove the entire esophagus and the top portion of the stomach, called Radical Esophagectomy.
If the last procedure is used, things get really complex and costly because a new esophagus will need to be constructed of something. They often remove a part of the intestine for this purpose.
Both of the above procedures are most likely followed by chemotherapy.
A newer therapy called Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is sometimes used instead of the above. This therapy uses laser-sensitive Porfirio sodium, a chemical, injected into the tumor site. After injection, a laser beam targets the chemicals to destroy the tumor.
5-Year rates are as follows:
When the cancer is Localized: 38%: Regional: 20%; and Distant: 3%
Even including the worst cases, the clinic this author went to in Mexico reports an awesome 85%, 5-year success ratio.
This statistic means 5-years after natural treatments for esophageal cancer, 85% of patients were still living and were clear of cancer, or cancer is in remission and causing no symptoms.
My Name is Peggy Sue Roberts, the author of this website.
In 2007 I lived in Riverside, California, USA when I was diagnosed with stage-4 cancer and told I had as short as 3-months to live.
Oncology almost killed me with chemo, and then sent me home to die.
I researched the internet, talked to friends, networked, shopped, and found a wonderful Mexican Cancer Clinics which was recommended by a American nationally known investigative reporter.
He had researched over 300-natural clinics worldwide and recommended this one particular clinic in Tijuana, BC, Mexico.
This clinic has an impressive 85%, 5-year success rate which I’m positive you’ll want to go to!
After a few weeks of non-painful, natural treatments, I walked out of the clinic clear of cancer and ready to live again. I’m sure you can too if you get there in time for them to help you.
“My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge.”
The Bible, Hosea 4:6
Thank you for visiting my website. I wish you and your family the best of health and happiness.
Peggy Sue Roberts, Southern California, USA
Return from Esophageal Cancer
back to Home page.
Request Mexican Clinic Contact Information
What to do now:
1. Complete the request for information located just below.
2. Receive, and read, the email which will be returned to you immediately after completing the form below (it will be sent to the email address you provide).
3. If you would like: Call and speak with me and/or my husband, Peggy Sue & Jim Roberts. We have 7-years’ experience with Mexican clinics. Our phone number and email address will be provided in our emails.
4. Also, if you would like: Call the clinic to obtain a 'Free Confidential Medical Evaluation'.
5. If you are accepted as a patient, we urge you to reserve your space, and go to this wonderful Mexican Clinic.
What you'll receive
after submitting the 'Request' below . . .
· clinic name
· doctor’s name and contact info
· patient coordinator contact info
· phone numbers
· website and email addresses
· my personal referral to the doctor
· treatment fees for first 3-weeks (as an out-patient)
· average length of treatment stay at the clinic
· Much more info, ie: hotel accommodations, travel arrangements to and from the clinic, funding options, safety of the Tijuana business district, statistics of treatment success
Request Clinic Mexican Contact Information
(Please double check your filled-in information for accuracy.)
I became cancer-free after 3-weeks of natural treatments.
Hi. My name is Peggy Sue Roberts, the author of this website. This is my personal account of surviving stage-4 cancer in 2007.
I was diagnosed with 22-tumors in my upper body, pronounced that I had terminal stage-4 cancer, and oncology declared that I had as short as 3-months to live.
Without giving me a chemo sensitivity test, he then treated me with aggressive high doses of chemo. I had an allergic reaction to the second dose, and it almost killed me in the chair.
My oncologist then stated he couldn't do anything else for me, and sent me home to die.
By this time I was in late-stage-4 cancer with intense pain. My husband, Jim Roberts, did an exhaustive, wide-spread search to discover natural, alternatives cancer treatments at a Mexican Cancer Clinic. The treatments were non-invasive and not painful in any way.
The doctor explained he has a two-pronged approach:
First - he builds up the immune system.
Secondly - he kills cancer cells at a pace the cancer patient can keep pace with and eliminate them from the body.
I went to the clinic in March 2007, had 3-weeks of natural, alternative treatments and returned home to California cancer-free.
My amazing recovery astonished all my friends and family who were expecting to receive my funeral announcement.
Go to Request Clinic Contact Information, and I’ll send you the complete contact information of the clinic.
Viewed 5-Year Results: Since 2007 Jim and I have kept track viewing 726 patients surviving 5-years or longer from this clinic.
Much like me, you’re here looking for natural, alternative cancer treatments at a Mexican cancer clinic for you, or for a loved one. I am more than confident that this is the clinic and doctor you're searching for.
This Mexican clinic has my blessing and my confidence.
Donations are used for the upkeep of this website. Thank You.


The right move
The discovery of a giant transposable element may lead to breakthroughs in gene therapy
Nematodes, sea urchins and clawed frogs have something in common with the scrumptious Dover sole served up in pricey restaurants, and no sense making you guess. Their genomes are all full of Mavericks, a newly discovered, giant-sized transposable element.
Transposable elements, or transposons, are mobile genetic elements that jump around in genomes. Biology Assistant Professor Ellen Pritham likens a genome to an ecosystem. Each chromosome is a distinct geographic locale teeming with populations of these mobile elements.
In science, the honor of naming goes to the discoverer. Because the bold and distinctive little movers were discovered at UT Arlington, Dr. Pritham and her husband, biology Assistant Professor Cédric Feschotte, named them after UT Arlington’s mascot.
Nearly every organism’s genome has active transposable elements. About half of the human genome is made up of these “jumping genes.” The transposon’s movement may or may not affect genes. If it does, the impact can be positive or it can lead to disease, including cancer.
“Transposable elements are thought to have no function,” Pritham said. “They are just the baggage carried along by the genome.”
She and Dr. Feschotte were working on the genome of a disease-causing organism called Trichomonas vaginalis when they discovered the new group of mobile genetic elements.
“One very distinctive feature is their size,” Pritham said. “You could safely say they are eight to 10 times bigger than any other mobile element ever reported. So big, in fact, that together they comprise one-third of the Trichomonas genome.”
The missing link?
The professors and undergraduate student Tasneem Putliwala published a journal article in the August 2006 issue of GENE that detailed how they used computational tools to pinpoint the presence of Mavericks in the genomes of animals as diverse as worms, beetles and fish and in the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, where they amount to more than 1,000 copies.
While Mavericks do not inhabit the human genome, their presence in Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, trichomoniasis.
“What we learn about transposable elements in the genome of Trichomonas could help us understand how pathogens can change quickly and how they can become resistant to drugs and chemicals,” Pritham said.
Mavericks appear to be evolutionary and related to adenoviruses, which infect humans and other mammals and have been harnessed as a promising tool for gene therapy. Studying the way Mavericks move within the genome will likely give researchers much more information about adenovirus replication in humans. Pritham and Feschotte further hypothesize that Mavericks represent a missing evolutionary link between seemingly disparate invasive DNA elements such as adenoviruses, plasmids and bacteriophages, the viruses that infect bacteria.
The first transposons were discovered in the 1940s by Barbara McClintock, the third woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. McClintock’s work on the structure, formation and function of cells (cytogenetics) of corn led her to theorize that genes can move around, an inference she drew by observing changing patterns of coloration in corn kernels.
Many scientists gave little credence to the theory or thought it had no implications for anything but corn. Eventually, other scientists confirmed McClintock’s breakthrough and expanded her findings to many organisms. She received the Nobel Prize in 1983.
Research takes flight
Feschotte and Pritham, who met at the University of Georgia and married in 2004, may be the only husband and wife team focused on transposon research. The partnership assures that work is not left behind at the end of the day. One evening they were sitting on the couch after dinner perusing a scientific journal when they read an article by a scientist identifying—incorrectly, they believed—a new family of genes.
“We were up all night, identifying elements,” Pritham said. Turns out the researcher was indeed incorrect. The DNA sequences were not new genes, but part of giant and selfish mobile elements.
Lately, the duo’s research has focused on bats. In the Feb. 6 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, they report on their latest discovery: the massive proliferation of rolling-circle transposons, or Helitrons, in a small brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, also called a vesper bat. Helitrons are another newly recognized group of transposable elements that previously had been identified only in the genomes of plants, invertebrates and zebrafish.
“This is the first time that Helitrons were discovered in a mammalian genome,” Feschotte said. “This is exciting because these types of elements are known in plants to cause numerous chromosomal rearrangements and to shuffle genes around as they move within the genome.”
Pritham and Feschotte got to name those elements as well, christening them HeliBats. In their preliminary analysis of the bat genome sequence, they found an amazing quantity of HeliBats—more than 115,000 distinct copies, the largest number of Helitrons ever reported in any species. It was not an overnight invasion. Sequence divergence and cross-species analysis indicate that HeliBats have amplified within the last 30 million-36 million years and are restricted solely to the lineage of vesper bats.
Feschotte said the mammalian transposable element landscape has been finely delineated for the genomes of humans, mice, rats and dogs. With graduate student John Pace, he recently established the first comprehensive catalog of human DNA transposons. The study published in the April issue of Genome Research shows that the human genomic landscape is rich in varied types of DNA transposons, but no Helitrons have been identified.
Furthermore, only retrotransposons are known to be recently active in humans and rodents. There has been no evidence of any primate DNA transposons jumping within the last 50 million years. In contrast, Helitrons and many other DNA transposons have exploded in the vesper bat lineage.
Among mammals, only rodents are more speciose than bats. Among bats, the vesper has the largest number of species as well as the broadest geographic distribution.
“The impact that HeliBats may have played in altering the genome organization and contributing to the extraordinary diversification of bats is a fascinating question that we are now actively pursuing,” Feschotte said.
And one that may impact gene therapy.
— Sue Stevens


Ou, Ow, Ew Words
More Lessons for Grade 3
Videos, stories and songs to help Grade 3 students learn about Ou, Ow and Ew words with fun.
OW Phonics Sound Lesson Story
EW Phonics Sound Lesson Story
Six sounds of ou
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.


Natural Moisturizing Factors (NMFs) are multiple natural substances found in the outermost layer of skin that keep the skin hydrated and help prevent water loss. This blog we will explain all the substances NMFs have.
Ceramides are a type of lipids that are found in the stratum corneum. These lipids help to maintain the skin's barrier function and keep it moisturized.
The ceramide content of your moisturizer will vary depending on what ingredients it contains, but you'll want to look for products containing at least 10% ceramides (or higher).
Cholesterol is a waxy substance that is produced by the body. It's found in your skin, as well as your outermost layer of the epidermis and dermis. This natural moisturizer helps maintain elasticity and helps protect against premature aging of the skin.
Fatty acids are a type of lipid (fat) that are found in the stratum corneum and epidermis. They also occur naturally in human skin, where they help to maintain its elasticity, hydration and strength. Fatty acids form bonds with other molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates to create an oil-like substance called sebum. Sebum lubricates your skin so it can move freely without friction or uncomfortable rubbing against itself; it helps protect against environmental damage like windburns or sunburns; it moisturizes your skin by keeping it hydrated at all times; and lastly, it helps keep bacteria from growing on the surface layers of your epidermis
Glycerol is a humectant, which means it helps retain moisture. It can also be absorbed into the skin and help heal dryness. The glycerin in moisturizers is derived from plants or animals, so it's natural and safe for you to use on your face.
Glycerin occurs naturally in the human body, but we must first break down fats before they become usable by our cells; this process is called metabolism. When we eat foods high in fat like meat or dairy products (which contain large amounts of cholesterol), our bodies produce an enzyme called lipase that breaks down the fat molecules into smaller pieces called fatty acids or triglycerides—and these smaller lipid chains go through several rounds of oxidation before being used up by other parts of our bodies like cell membranes or nerve endings!
Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that has been found to help the skin retain moisture. It’s also known as hyaluronan and can be found in the skin cells, where it helps keep them hydrated by holding water between the cells. The substance is produced naturally by all mammals, including humans.
Hyaluronic acid works to keep your face looking healthy and youthful by keeping it hydrated throughout each day—and even when you've been outside for hours! That's because as we age, our skin loses its flexibility; this makes us look older than we really are because wrinkles appear more easily on mature faces than young ones do. Hyaluronan helps maintain this elasticity so that wrinkles are less noticeable by keeping your face plumped up with moisture while also making lines disappear faster when they appear on other parts of your body such as lips or hands.
Lactate is a natural moisturizer that is found in the outermost skin layer. It's a byproduct of the breakdown of amino acids, which occurs when you sweat or exercise. Lactate helps keep your skin hydrated and smooth by attracting water from wetness on your body's surface to its interior, where it can then be used for lubrication and protection against friction damage.
PCA is a humectant that's naturally found in the skin. It's also a natural moisturizing factor (NMF), which means it helps retain moisture in the skin and keep it healthy.
it has been shown to improve elasticity, increase hydration levels and boost collagen production. The molecules help bind moisture molecules together so that they can work more effectively.
As we can see, there are many different kinds of NMFs. They all serve their own unique purpose and have a different effect on the skin. When choosing an NMF moisturizer, you should consider which one is best for your needs and skin type. NMFs are made up of ceramides, fatty acids, glycerol, hyaluronic acid, lactate and PCA. They work together with moisture in your skin to keep it healthy. This layer is called the stratum corneum or just "skin."


While browsing the Internet today, I came across some fascinating videos that connected upper-level math concepts with real-life applications in an engaging, easy-to-understand way. The videos explore such varied examples as making fireworks and oil production–along with MUCH more!
The series are secular series, and I do not agree with some of the examples chosen and ideas presented in the videos, but they do contain very clear, helpful examples of math in action if you discern through some of the conclusions. It might be wise to discuss them together with your students afterward, and explore together what the Bible says about the various topics (the environment, health, etc.)
If you’re interested in the videos, I would suggest watching them soon, as the site dropped another video series on math they used to have, and purchasing the DVDs are VERY expensive. I think they rotate the content periodically.
Anyway, here are the links!


Is it yesterday's NAV or today's or tomorrow's?Asked
Net Asset Value or NAV is the fund’s market value per unit. It is the total value of assets being managed in a mutual fund divided by the number of units of the mutual fund. Mutual funds collect money from investors and invest in various investment vehicles such as stocks, bonds, etc. The sum total of the current value of all the assets (stocks, bonds, etc) and the cash they have is called Asset Under Management or AUM. As the price of stocks changes with time, total value of AUM changes and as a result NAV varies.
NAV= (Total AUM) ÷ (Total Number of Units)
If an investor is willing to invest in mutual funds, the amount required is the NAV of the fund multiplied by the number of units purchased by the investor. For example if person A owns 10 units and person B owns 20 units, the amount paid and profit or loss accumulated by the person B will be double to that of person A. NAV of a fund is calculated on the basis of the closing prices at the end of the trading day.
A person can invest in mutual fund on any business day of the year, but one may or may not get the same day’s NAV. It could be yesterday’s, today’s or tomorrow’s NAV. It depends on the time you submit your application and transfer the money to the fund house. This time is known as cut-off time in a mutual fund and it differs for different types of funds.
Cut off timings for types of funds:
Type of funds - Cutoff timing
Liquid funds - 2 pm
Equity funds - 3 pm
Debt funds - 3 pm
Liquid funds: The cut off timing for liquid fund is 2 pm. If an investor submits the application and transfer funds before 2 pm, he gets the NAV of the previous day. If he fails to transfer before 2 pm, NAV of the same day on which amount is received by the fund house is applicable.
Equity and Debt funds: The cut off time for both equity and debt funds is 3 pm. If an investor submits the application before 3 pm, he get the NAV of the same day and submitting it after 3 pm will make him eligible for the next day’s NAV. For these type of funds, transferring the amount before cut off time is not required. The only exception to the above mentioned rule is that if investment amount is more than Rs. 2 lakh, both the application and transfer should completed before the cut off timing.
Cut off timings are not important to investors planning for long term or starting with a small amount but it matters to individual investing large amount of money. Even one or two percent change can bring a lot of difference to these investors.
In India, people do attach a lot of importance with the NAV of a mutual fund. If you are planning to invest in mutual funds, NAV shouldn’t be paid much attention to. The other factors such as Asset Under Management (AUM) size, past performance, alpha, beta and other financial factors should be given importance.
NAV or the Net Asset Value of a mutual fund is the cost at which a single unit of the mutual fund can be bought by an investor. It is equivalent to the MRP of any product. If a mutual fund has an NAV of Rs.500, then that is what the investor will have to pay to acquire one unit of that mutual fund. Conversely, if an investor decides to invest Rs.20,000 in a mutual fund whose NAV is Rs.500,then that investor will be allotted 40 units of that fund.
The NAV of any mutual fund is calculated and revised at the close of every trading day. However, the NAV of the mutual fund, that is the price you will have to pay to acquire a unit in the fund, depends on the time of submission of application as well as the time of making the payment. Accordingly, although you can invest in a mutual fund on any business day of the year, you may not always get the same day’s NAV.
There are separate rules for calculation of NAV for Liquid Funds and Equity or Debt Funds.
If you want to invest in Liquid Funds, the cut off time is 2pm contingent on both, having placed the application as well as transferring funds to buy units in the mutual fund before 2pm. If both these conditions are met, then the investor will be allotted units of the scheme at the NAV of the previous day. SEBI mandates that both the application form as well the payment should be completed before the cut off time of 2pm. Therefore, it is advisable to undertake the transfer using Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) or National Electronic Funds Transfer facility (NEFT).
If you want to invest in Equity or Debt Funds, the cut off time is extended to 3pm. However, investors investing under Rs.200,000 need to only place the application and not actually transfer funds to the fund houses's account to be able to purchase/sell units of a mutual fund at the previous day's NAV. However, it is pertinent to note here that if the investor wishes to invest more than Rs. 200,000, then the cut off timing rules will apply as per the timing when the amount gets deposited in the fund house's account.
Though it is good to know the cut off timings, where the amount to be invested is small, missing out on buying/selling units of the mutual fund at the desired NAV should not be a cause of worry. Because Mutual Funds are meant for long term investment, a day's difference here and there should not make a large difference. However, where the amount to be invested is huge, the NAV does play a signifcant role in the decision making criteria for purchase/sale of units.


Though it may be hard to believe for visitors and younger residents, Northwest New Jersey was once home to an abundance of railroad systems, criss-crossing the countryside between every point of commercial significance. 1946 saw the peak of rail mileage in the United States; powerful locomotives and glorious double tracked lines bound from the heartland for our major cities. But that was 30 years after an obscure short line stretching from Whitehouse in Hunterdon County to the outskirts of Morristown had carried its last load.
The Rockaway Valley Railroad was about 25 miles long and lasted for about 25 years. It was constructed predominantly to ship peaches, and although it also saw other freight and passenger traffic, Hunterdon County orchard owners were responsible for the railroad's commencement in 1888. John Melick, who grew up in Hunterdon County, and whose family name is still prominent in county agriculture and politics, was the railroad's builder. The prime financier, until his death in 1899, was James Nelson Pidcock, who had built the Georgia Northern Railroad, served in Congress, and returned to Whitehouse to resume agricultural pursuits.
From the beginning, the Rockaway's story is one full of twists and turns, trials and tribulations, as the railroad sought its way in a transportation industry dominated by giants. In his fascinating history of the railroad, Tom Taber III writes, "Its travail against adversity is a classic; the unavailing efforts against the realities of business. It is a colorful story of the hopes and work of people to establish and then keep going a railroad that possibly should never have been built; a railroad that needed five corporations to construct its meager twenty five miles and saw four different ownerships within its short lifespan." The cost of building the line was nearly half the standard estimates of the day, and due to the moderate grading along the line, the railroad earned the nickname "Rockabye Baby" for the swaying motion made by trains as they rode the light gauge rail around the many turns through Hunterdon, Somerset, and Morris counties.
The Rockabye Baby began at Whitehouse Station, where it broke away from the Central Railroad of New Jersey (now NJ Transit) heading north through Readington into Tewksbury Township, passing through Oldwick, which at the time was called New Germantown. Turning east, it crossed the Black River/ Lamington River entering Somerset County's Bedminster Twp, and then north into Pottersville. Continuing on in a generally eastern direction, the line also passed through Gladstone, Ralston, Mendham, Washington Valley, and Watnong, two miles from the center of Morristown. The trains promised prosperity to the little towns along the route.
Record peach crops kept the railroad afloat in the 1890s, even as the financial picture for the company clouded. Unfortunately, before the little railroad had an opportunity to turn a profit, the peaches were infected with blight, and the Hunterdon orchards passed their prime. Although its future looked as dire as that of the peaches, the line struggled on carrying coal, farm goods, and other merchandise. In fact, there was less business than the prospectus forecast, and carloads were not even full. Trains ran picnickers from Morristown out into the Black River wilderness. And they ran folks from out of town into Morristown on special Shopping Day excursions. Though it was proposed to connect the line to the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western's main line in Morristown, the connection was never made. A great deal of construction work was done on the proposed extension, but never reached further than Speedwell Lake. No connection was made either in Gladstone where the Rock-A-Bye-Baby passed near the DL&W. Since beginning its construction, the Rockabye Baby had already filed for bankruptcy three times by 1912.
Even the arrival of the Morris County Traction Company at Morristown in 1910 could not help the struggling railroad complete a long awaited extension to Speedwell Avenue. The line was sold off to Frank B. Allen in 1913 after the Watnong Station was destroyed by fire. Under the new name of the Pennsylvania and New Jersey Railroad, efforts were made to improve grades, buy more equipment, and refurbish bridges. Sadly, hope was given up in 1917, and the remains of the railroad were removed using Allen's Model T and sold for scrap and World War I salvage.
Much of the Rockabye Baby has been forgotten, it's right-of-ways eroded or farmed beyond recognition, while other parts have been absorbed into parklands and multi-use trails. Patriot's Path, an ever-growing trail system throughout Morris County, has incorporated a great deal of the right of way which varies from unimproved narrow hiking pathways to crushed stone surface or pavement. The longest continuous section of the trail stretches from Ralston to Speedwell, following the railroad bed as closely as possible, diverging from the route a few times where land has been developed, or where it meets impassable marshlands. The most significant detours made by the trail are at Lewis Morris County Park where the Patriot's Path takes to the top of a hillside, and near Speedwell where a sewage treatment facility has been constructed.
Remnants of the railroad can be seen throughout the course of the trail. Aside from the leveled grades, ties can be seen at times, and where ties have long since rotted away, roots of trees in some places grow around where the ties once lay. Where the Patriot's Path crosses Lake Road and the Whippany River, there is still a bridge under the road near the trail, which has been almost completely filled in, as well as a significant rocky cut for the tracks visible from the road. Further southwest, another section of Patriot's Path makes use of the right of way through Willowwood Arboretum to Daly Road and Route 206. In addition, a new municipal park in Bedminster incorporates a beautiful section of the right of way along the Black River, parallel to Black River Road.
In nearby Hunterdon County where Vliettetown Road reaches the Black River, a section of the Black River Road has been constructed aligned on the right of way. In Whitehouse Station, the railroad's western terminus, some of the right of way between municipal ballfields and the site of a trestle over the Rockaway Creek is used often as fishing access. Many other sections are now recognizable only because fiber-optic wire has been laid under the rail bed. The tracks crossed what is now US Rt. 22 in the short section where it is co-aligned with County Route 523 at Whitehouse Station.
The Little Railroad That Couldn't lives on, if only for hikers, cyclists and patrons of local lore. Take a walk and imagine the slow moving locomotive rocking back and forth on its way through the countryside.
Thanks to reader Gerry Geisler who sent us these photos from his collection.


It is very difficult to find information or studies about cerebral palsy in Asia. In fact, the most concrete data found, regarding the prevalence of cerebral palsy in Asian communities came not from the continent of Asia itself, but from birth records collected on native Asians that had moved to California.
The Californian study showed that the rate of cp in Asians was lower, overall, than that of whites. However, that range varied greatly. In Thai children, the rate was 0.61 out of a thousand, while Samoans showed a similar rate to Caucasians at 2.08 in 1000. The study adjusted for things such as maternal age, birth weight, and other factors, but even after adjustments, the rate still remained lower.
You can find the study here.


Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Right Years: Episode 6 Bridge To Freedom 1965
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CATEGORIES OF THIS FILM
After ten years of effort, what had changed? From Selma to Montgomery, this program captures some of the movement's most crucial protests, and follows the fight for voting rights to the highest corridors of power. Climaxing with the signing of the voting rights act, the program celebrates the promise that the movement made famous: "We Shall Overcome."
When Eyes on the Prize premiered in 1987, The Los Angeles Times called it ""an exhaustive documentary that shouldn't be missed."" The series went on to win six Emmys and numerous other awards, including an Academy Award nomination, the George Foster Peabody Award, and the top duPont-Columbia award for excellence in broadcast journalism.


- 1 English
- 2 Czech
- 3 Slovak
- 4 Swedish
Old Norse víking (“marauding, piracy”) itself is from Old Norse vík (“inlet, cove, fjord”) + -ing (“one belonging to, one who frequents”) (the -r is the nominative desinence). Thus, “one from or who frequents the sea’s inlets”.
The Old English and Anglo-Frisian form, existing since at least the eighth century, could also have been derived from or influenced by Old English wīc (“camp”), on account of the temporary encampments which were often a prominent feature of the Vikings’ raids.
Viking (plural Vikings)
- (historical) One of the Scandinavian or other Northern European seafaring warriors that raided (and then settled) the British Isles and other parts of Europe in the 8th to the 11th centuries and, according to many historians, were the first Europeans to reach North America.
- (by extension) A stock character common in the fantasy genre, namely a barbarian, generally equipped with an axe or sword and a helmet adorned with horns.
- (colloquial) A Norseman (mediaeval Scandinavian).
- (colloquial, humorous, mildly offensive) An ethnic Swede, Norwegian, Dane, Icelander or Faroe Islander.
- (American football) A player on the Minnesota Vikings NFL team.
- “Viking” listed in the Oxford English Dictionary [2nd Ed.; 1989]
- Viking in Slovak dictionaries at korpus.sk
Viking c (genitive Vikings)
- A male given name.


China has started to build a joint Chinese-Russian livestock agricultural complex. A hundred thousand cows are planned to be bred in a project costing one billion Yuan [~US$161 million]. The farm is being set up in the Chinese city of Mudanjiang [Heilongjiang province],with production supplied to the Russian market, Zhang Chuntszyao, chairman of the Association of Applied Economics of the Heilongjiang Province told Interfax on Monday [29 June 2015]…Full Article: Russia Today June 2015
- The agricultural complex will developed by China’s Zhongding Dairy Farming and Russia’s Severny Bur, with approximately 100,000 ha of Russian and Chinese land to be used to grow animal feed.
- In June 2015, a Zhejiang-based company was granted permission to lease 115,000 hectares of uncultivated land in Russia’s Transbaikal region (i.e. Zabaykalsky Krai). The Chinese company plans to use the land to grow vegetables, wheat, and other agricultural commodities, as well as raise livestock.
- In 2004, the Sino-Russian agricultural joint venture “Armada” was established. The agricultural JV covered an area of 40,000 hectares in Russia’s Primorsky Krai region.


A fun day at the beach means plenty of sun, which naturally gives your body vitamin D. But excessive and prolonged sun exposure can cause sunburn, skin damage, premature skin aging, skin cancer (the most common form of cancer), cataracts, uneven pigmentation of skin and heat stroke. Take the right precautions to avoid these hazards and enjoy the sunshine in a safer way.
Part One of Five:
Choosing a SunscreenEdit
1Select an appropriate SPF level. Contrary to popular belief, the SPF, or "sun protective factor" number, does not signify how strong the SPF is. It tells you how long it will keep you protected from ultraviolet B (UVB) rays––at least theoretically. It is calculated by how many minutes it would normally take for your skin to burn multiplied by the number (SPF value) that tells you how long it should last. So, if you burn in 5 minutes of sun exposure without any protection, SPF 30 will keep you protected for 150 minutes (in theory).
- The American Academy of Dermatology recommends an SPF of 30 or higher. It is not recommended to use higher SPF formulas because they give a false sense of security in the sun and a higher dose of chemicals on your skin. In fact, experts now say that sunscreen with values above SPF 50 do not provide any more real protection than sunscreen with values below SPF 50.
2Look for both UVA and UVB coverage. UVB rays are what cause sunburn. However, UVA rays also cause skin damage, including signs of aging like wrinkles or spots. Both types of UV light increase your risk of skin cancer. Look for sunscreen that provides broad spectrum protection, meaning that the sunblock will protect against both kinds of damaging ultraviolet light.
- The SPF factor refers only to the sunscreen’s ability to block UVB rays. The “Broad spectrum” label refers to the ability to block both.
3Look at the ingredients. Some chemicals are allergens (like parabens), potential hormone disruptors (such as oxybenzone), or just plain unnecessary (like fragrances and other inactive ingredients).
- Retinoids (a form of vitamin A) are a common inactive ingredient in sunscreens. Canadian studies suggest that these additives can increase your sensitivity to UV light from the sun.
- Oxybenzone is believed to be a hormone disruptor. It can mimic estrogen in the body and has been shown to alter sperm production in males and may cause endometriosis in women.
- Octinoxate is another ingredient believed to be a hormone disruptor. Octinoxate can mimic hormones and has been shown to affect the reproductive system and the thyroid in laboratory studies. It can also cause an allergic reaction on some users' skin.
- Homosalate is a commonly-reported hormone disruptor that may also be toxic when broken down inside the body.
- Octocrylene has a relatively high rate of reported skin allergies in some users.
- Paraben chemicals are commonly used as preservatives in sunscreen. Butyl-, ethyl-, methyl-, and propyl-parabens are believed to be linked to allergic reactions, hormone disruption, and toxicity in the body.
- Look for a PABA-free sunscreen. Para-aminobenzoic acid, or PABA, was used in sunscreens for a long time, but it can cause an allergic reaction in some people, and has been linked to severe liver toxicity at high doses.
- Avoid sunscreens with added insect repellent. Added insect repellent can actually reduce the effectiveness of sunscreen, and added sunscreen can increase the toxicity of chemicals in an insect repellent. For this reason, experts recommend using two separate products: an effective sunscreen and a safe insect repellent.
4Choose a water-resistant sunscreen if you're going to be swimming or sweating a lot. Remember, no sunscreen is truly waterproof, so you should reapply the sunscreen frequently, according to package instructions.
- Recent updates to FDA regulations have changed the way water resistance may be labeled on sunscreen in the United States. Labels must now indicate water resistance according to one of two categories: 40-minute protection or 80-minute protection.
5Choose a sunscreen form that suits you. Wearing sunscreen need not be unpleasant, so try different sunscreen brands and styles to find the one(s) that are best suited for you.
- Some daily sunscreens aren't as gooey or smelly as some of the heavy-duty outdoor sport formulations.
- Some sunscreens come in spray-on, roll-on, and stick formats. However, experts warn that spray-on and powdered sunscreens may cause lung irritation due to the risk of inhalation of the chemical contents. Additionally, these formats may not be as effective at protecting your skin as a liquid-based sunscreen.
- However, spray sunscreens may be helpful for hairy areas, such as the chest or head. Alcohol or gel-based sunscreens may be more effective for people with oily skin.
- For those who wear moisturizer, many daily moisturizers contain sunscreen protection. However, if you are using both a moisturizer and sunscreen, add the moisturizer first, then add sunscreen. This helps maximize absorption and protection.
6Choose sunscreen appropriate for children. Mineral-based UV filters like zinc and titanium are considered least likely to cause an allergic reaction in children and people with sensitive skin, but they may be less effective than chemical-based UV filter sunscreen. Most sunscreens are fine to apply on children older than 6 months.
- It's generally recommended that you avoid using sunscreen for babies under 6 months of age. Experts say that shade is the best preventative measure (natural, or from an umbrella). If you must use sunscreen on a baby under 6 months of age, consult with your child's pediatrician to decide a safe course of action.
- Spot test any sunscreen on children. Children's skin is more sensitive and likely to react to sunscreen, so make sure that your child won't have an unpleasant reaction to a tiny amount before applying it all over.
Part Two of Five:
1Check the expiration date. In the US, sunscreen must remain effective for at least 3 years after it is manufactured. However, you should always note and follow expiration dates to ensure that you get the best protection.
- If the bottle does not have an expiration date when you buy it, write the date of purchase on a label and put it on the bottle. That way you will know when it’s time to buy new product.
2Apply sunscreen before you head outdoors. It takes about 30 minutes for the chemical agents in sunscreen to fully bind to your skin and offer protection. Apply sunscreen before you go outside, about 30 minutes before you’ll be exposed to the sun.
- Don’t forget your lips! Apply a lip balm with SPF 45-60 minutes before going outdoors.
3Apply the sunscreen generously. If you're using a cream, the amount of sunscreen you should use is about the size of a regular golf ball, or 1 ounce (about the quantity it would take to fill a shot glass).
- Use more than you think you need. During an extended beach outing, you should plan on using between a quarter to half of an 8-ounce bottle.
- Be sure to cover the most vulnerable areas of your body––the entire face and forehead, especially the nose and tips of your ears, as well as your scalp, the back of the neck, backs of your knees and hands, and arms. Don't forget the tops of your feet, if you're wearing sandals - sunburned feet can be very sore! Any skin that will be exposed to sunlight should be covered.
- Don't just grease it on. Put a little on and rub it in. Then do it again and again, until you have a deep, penetrating layer of sunscreen. Do it right and you won't notice it at all, and it will truly protect you from the sun.
- Have a friend help with hard-to-reach spots like backs and shoulders.
4Reapply sunscreen often. Factor in conditions like sweating and/or swimming. As sweat or water washes away the sunscreen you've applied, you will usually need to reapply more sunscreen more quickly than the quoted SPF value would indicate.Advertisement
Part Three of Five:
Covering Up with ClothingEdit
1Cover up. Light layers of clothing with a tight weave work best. Try a shell or tank top, and then wear a light long-sleeved camp shirt open over that. Long pants will offer more protection than shorts. Natural fibers like cotton are coolest.
- Although light clothing does not absorb heat as much as dark clothing, dark clothing offers more sun protection.
- Very thin clothing, such as a white t-shirt, does not offer much sun protection. Apply sunblock under your clothes if you’re wearing light, loosely-woven clothes.
- If you’re going swimming, consider a long-sleeved swim shirt, or “rash guard.” These can help you avoid burning while you’re in the water.
2Choose clothing with a rated ultraviolet protection factor. A lot of clothing, especially that from outdoor activity stores, will carry a label indicating the UV protection level of the clothing.
3Wear the right hat. Choose a hat with at least a 3-inch (8 cm) brim all around.
- Baseball caps leave the ears and neck exposed, so they're not the best choice for sun protection.
- A hat will also help to protect your eyes from glare.
- Make sure children wear sun hats as well. Choose hats that shade the face and the neck.
4Wear sunglasses. Choose sunglasses that block UV light and wrap around to block light from the sides, too. Long term exposure to UV light can lead to cataracts and may expose the skin of your eyelids to UV radiation. Wear sunglasses in conjunction with a hat to optimize your eye protection.
- If you're not sure whether your old sunglasses adequately block UV rays, ask an optometrist to have them checked.
Part Four of Five:
1Stay hydrated. Water is the best choice for keeping hydrated on warm and hot days (and cold days too!). Experts recommend that males consume around 13 cups (3 liters) of fluids per day, and females should consume about 9 cups (2.2 liters) of fluids per day.
- Experts recommend that you drink about 1 cup of water every 15-20 minutes if you are doing moderate activity outside in the heat.
- Experts advise that water can usually hydrate you better than sports drinks, despite the touted benefits of electrolytes. That's because most sports drinks have high levels of sugar and sodium. Although these are electrolytes, sugar also contains a lot of calories and salt can dehydrate you. If you’re concerned about your electrolyte levels, grab a handful of pretzels or nuts to help restore them.
2Avoid caffeine and alcohol. Both can dehydrate you, and are best avoided. The occasional cold soda is unlikely to cause dehydration, but it’s best to stick to water for hydration purposes.
- Additionally, alcohol can impair your judgment and increase response time. Up to 70% of deaths in adults and teens that occur during water recreational activities are linked to alcohol. If you do have the occasional summer beer, make sure to drink at least twice as much water as alcohol.
3Drink water even if you're not thirsty. Thirst occurs in the human body after dehydration has already occurred, so it's important to sip water throughout the day to avoid thirst altogether.
4Remember that babies get dehydrated too. If you have an infant, make sure s/he stays well hydrated by giving him or her at least the usual amount of breast milk or formula while you’re outside. In addition, check with your doctor to see when your baby can have small amounts of water, juice, or infant oral electrolyte solution such as Pedialyte or Enfalyte in addition to formula or breast milk.
- Because babies don’t sweat the same as adults, they are at greater risk of becoming overheated and dehydrated when outside. Keep a careful eye on your child to make sure s/he is safe and comfortable.
Part Five of Five:
1Check the UV index. The National Weather Service uses weather forecast information to create a daily index that assesses the risk of damage caused by UV exposure. Knowing in advance what the index predicts for that day can help you avoid getting burned.
2Stay out of the sun. This is especially important between the peak hours of 10 AM and 2 PM; UV is at its highest around the middle of the day, when the sun is directly overhead. If you are outdoors during this time, stay in the shade. You can still sunburn in the shade (or even on overcast days), but shade will help protect you.
- Create your own shade. As well as using a hat, carrying an umbrella or parasol and making use of it to keep off the sun is a very good way of keeping you safe.
- If you have heavy physical activity to perform outside, try to do it in the morning or evening, not the heat of midday. If you do have to work midday, take plenty of breaks and drink at least 1 cup of water every 15-20 minutes.
- When walking babies and children outdoors, choose the coolest parts of the day. Use a shade canopy over a baby's stroller and ensure that children are adequately covered with clothing, hats, sunglasses and sunscreen when out in the heat of the day.
3Watch your shadow. UV intensity is correlated with the angle of the sun relative to your position on earth. If your body is casting a short shadow, you may want to retreat into the shade.
4Cool off if you start to feel overheated. Spending too much time in the sun can cause heat exhaustion in addition to sunburn. Wet a towel with cool water and place it on your forehead or neck to help you cool down.
- Take a swim. Submerging your body in cool water can help lower your body temperature--but don't let it drop too low. Body temperatures can drop 25 times faster in cold water than in cold air, and if your body temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit, you may experience hypothermia. Knowing the water temperature and air temperature forecasts in advance can help you avoid extreme swings in body temperature.
5Be cautious of sun exposure while driving. Roll up car windows and run the air conditioning rather than dangling your arm out the window. Glass blocks UV light reasonably well, but you should still apply sunscreen to yourself and any passengers.
- If you’re lucky enough to drive a convertible, make sure to apply sunscreen and wear a protective hat.
6Know the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. If you experience any of the following symptoms, get out of the sun (preferably someplace cool) and drink plenty of fluids:
- skin that is hot to the touch
- excessive sweating
- dizziness or disorientation
- nausea or vomiting
- rapid heartbeat
- dark and/or infrequent urination
- If symptoms do not improve after a half hour, seek medical attention immediately.
How many degrees is the heat index increased by standing on black top in the full sun?Answered by wikiHow Contributor
- When the sun is shining and the outdoor temperature is 90 degrees F in the shade, the blacktop will range from 120F-135F if exposed to the sun. I have checked this many times with my temperature gun.
Is it a bad idea to get your head wet when in the sun?Answered by wikiHow Contributor
- People do it all the time when they're swimming outdoors. The biggest drawback is that any sunscreen you've applied to, say, your hairline, will wash off, thus leaving you vulnerable to a sunburn on your scalp.
- Take a water bottle with you when you go outside.
- Although some people are concerned about oxybenzone, a common ingredient in sunscreen, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other rigorous studies have not found any link between oxybenzone and adverse health effects.
- When skiing or snowboarding, it is common to get a sunburn on your face. If you are planning to have some fun on the mountains, in any season, put on your sunscreen!
- It is possible to get burned through clothing. Clothing typically has between a 3-10 SPF. Wet clothing has even less. To be safe, apply sunscreen underneath clothing, or launder clothes with a wash-in protective product that can provide an UPF (Ultra-Violet Protection Factor) of 30 to clothes and lasts for up to 20 washes.
- Sunscreen can highly irritate your eyes. Do not apply sunscreen too closely to your eyes. If contact occurs, immediately wash the sunscreen out of your eyes thoroughly with water.
- If you experience watering eyes, reddening skin and other skin or body reactions when applying sunscreen, you may be suffering from an allergic reaction. Switch to a more sensitive sunscreen or talk to your doctor.
- It's possible to get sunburned on a cloudy day, and it's possible that the clouds will clear up during the day. Take and use sun protection even if it's cool and cloudy when you leave.
- If possible, you should purchase a sunscreen that is paraben-free. Used as a preservative for products with a long shelf life, parabens have been linked to breast cancer and may cause skin allergies or rosacea in susceptible people. However, the cosmetics industry considers parabens to be a safe addition, and more studies remain to be done.
- There is no “safe” way to tan. If you want a golden look, consider using a quick-tanning product rather than sun exposure. Quick-tan products contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a chemical that temporarily and artificially darkens your skin tone. Some researchers caution that using a spray-application of DHA may cause lung damage and could cause cancer if the fumes are inhaled.
Things You'll NeedEdit
- Appropriate sunscreen (preferably SPF 30+)
- Clothing, hat, and sunglasses
- Hydration methods (carry a water bottle with you)
- Umbrella for sun protection
About this wikiHow
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Entrance to Riga
Jewish Population over the years
Synagogues and Rabbis
University of Latvia Center for Jewish Studies in Riga
Jewish Museum of Riga
Synagogues of Latvia 1918-1940
Sir Isaiah Berlin
of Old Riga
Riga Picture Gallery
Religious Life in the Riga Ghetto -
Testimony of Karl Schneider
Riga in Encylopedia of Jewish
Life before and after Holocaust-copyright Yad Vashem.
Maccabi Riga 1918-1933 Text and pictures from Malz Archive
Names in Text translated from Yiddish to English
Maccabi Riga Text and Pictures from
Latvian side of book
Topographic Maps of Eastern Europe -
History of the Pale of Settlement and links to other very interesting articles
Holdings at the Latvian State Historical Archives
This is a listing of the records held by the ArchMaccabiives and is not a searchable database. Researchers will be able to gain some knowledge of whether their ancestors records are still available.
Riga was founded in 1201 by the Teutonic Order. In the 15th and
16th centuries Jews had economic ties with Riga. They were allowed
to come to Riga to work for limited periods of time but could not
live in the city permanently. In 1638 a hostel was opened for them
and in 1725 they received permission to establish a Jewish
cemetery. There were about 70 Jews in Riga at this time and they
left in 1743 when the Jews of Russia were banished. In 1764 some
rich Jewish families were classed as "Protected Jews" and were
considered as guardians of the "foreign Jews" who had come to the
hostel .In 1765 a Chevra Kadisha was officially founded. In 1785
Jews traded in Riga but had to register in a small town called
Sloka.(Schlock) not far from Riga. In 1813 they were granted
permission to live in Riga and there were 736 inhabitants
comprising Protected Jews,Foreign Jews and Schlock citizens. In
1858 they were allowed to own real estate.The area around Moscow
Road was known as "Moscow Vorstadt" and was a main area of Jewish
settlement. The Russians evacuated the population of Kurland in
1915 while retreating from the advancing Germans. They started
with the Jews in March or April of that year.At the end of the
19thC some Jews moved out and lived in the centre of the City In
1941 they were forced back into the Moscow area which became the
Riga Ghetto.There were Jewish intellectuals, professionals, and
tradesmen but between the 2 world wars about 10% of Latvian
Jews were paupers.
In 1940-1941 leading Jews were arrested and perished in Stalin's Gulag. The NKVD deported 14,000 inhabitants of Latvia on June 14th 1941 including about 5000 Jews, half from Riga. After the war some survivors returned and some Jews from the USSR settled in Riga. 23,000 Jews were registered in Riga in 1989.. There are at present about 9000 Jews in Riga.
1918-1934: Establishment of the Latvian Republic. Saima Period
15th May 1934 -1940: Karlis Ulmanis' presidency
1940-1941: Soviet occupation
22nd of June 1941 - 13th October 1944: German occupation
1944-1990: Soviet occupation
1990: Establishment of the Latvian Republic.
Jewish Population over the years
Kurland "mitnaggedim"spoke German and in 1881 half of Riga Jews considered their spoken language to be German. A strong German cultural influence dominated. Little by little others came from Belorussia( White Russia),Lithuania and Poland and spoke Yiddish. At the end of the 19thC Russian was added. During the 1920's and 1930's the youth learned the Latvian language.Hebrew was mastered as Zionism spread. According to the 1925 census,85% of the Jews in Latvia considered Yiddish to be their mother tongue. Yiddish was the language of Primary schools.
Synagogues and Rabbis
"Alt Neue Schul" was opened in1850.
The Great Choral Synagogue "Kar Schul" 25 Gogola Street was consecrated in 1871. In 1941 300 Lithuanian Jewish refugees sheltering in the synagogue,entire Jewish families from the neighbourhood and passers-by in the street were burnt alive in the synagogue. Ruins and a grey memorial stone carved with a Magen David serve as a monument.
In 1873 a Soldiers Synagogue was founded.
By 1915 there were about 40 synagogues.
1873-1893 Rabbi Aharon Pompiansky
Rabbi Shlomo Pucher
Rabbi Leib Kantor
Extracts from text by Marger Vestermanis Director of Jewish
Museum in Riga. Fragments of the Jewish History of Riga.
Extracts from text held at Kibbutz Shefayim by Association of Latvian and Estonian Jews in Israel.
The Jewishgen Latvia Database has information from a number of different sources. Data has been drawn from Family Lists for Riga,Courland and other shtetlach in Latvia, Recruits Enlistment registers, Duma Voter's lists, Donations to Schools in Riga, Business and Telephone Directories, Vedomosti (Russian Empire daily newspapers) and many other sources. The latest additions include a database of passport registration names from all over the Russian Empire. Visitors to Riga for any length of time had to register their passports with the police. It is thus a great source of information as relatives visiting Riga can be identified. It is not a passport application database. We have also included the first databases from the 1897 All Russian Census with census names from Rezekne and Krustpils. The 1897 database will be added to at intervals.
HaMelitz index of Lithuanian and Latvian donors to charitable
Yizkor Book Translations
Poor Jews Temporary Shelter-click on arrow
Please use back on your Browser to return to Riga
|Compiled by Arlene Beare
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Contact: Arlene Beare
Copyright©1998-2015 Arlene Beare
Updated February 2015
There have been visits to this page since November 1998


Summer 2009, Vol. 15 No. 3
Measuring Unmeasurable Land-Use Changes from Biofuels
Measuring Unmeasurable Land-Use Changes from Biofuels
Bruce A. Babcock
The debate over whether biofuels are good for the environment used to hinge on the credibility of studies published by David Pimentel, professor of ecology at Cornell University, who concluded that it took much more energy or fossil fuel to grow, transport, and process corn into ethanol than the ethanol could ever hope to replace as transportation fuel. A preponderance of other studies on the issue found the data and methods used by Pimentel to be suspect, and most concluded that biofuels generally, and corn ethanol specifically, have a positive net energy balance, and their use as a replacement for gasoline leads to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
The debate about whether biofuels are a good thing now focuses squarely on whether their use causes too much conversion of natural lands into crop and livestock production around the world. The worry is that the loss of carbon stocks on the converted land would more than offset the direct reduction in greenhouse gas emissions caused by lower gasoline use. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has concluded that corn ethanol causes such large amounts of land conversion that it does not qualify as a low-carbon fuel. In its recent analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that corn ethanol and biodiesel made from soybean oil cause enough land-use changes to call into question whether these biofuels meet required greenhouse gas reductions.
The debate over land-use changes caused by biofuels has two main threads. The first is a policy question focusing on whether the United States should even account for land-use changes in other countries when considering greenhouse gas regulations of biofuels. The second is on the actual measurement of land-use changes and whether the models used by CARB and EPA are accurate enough to support regulations that have billion-dollar consequences on the biofuels industry.
Most of the audience in the debate over measurement of the land-use impacts of biofuels has little understanding of the approach that is used by CARB and EPA to estimate land-use changes from biofuels. Hence, it is difficult for most to judge whether the approach is accurate enough to justify its use. An overview of the procedures used to estimate indirect land use should help clarify the most important issues involved.
Why Are Economists Doing the Measuring?
The three groups that have been most involved in estimating land-use changes from biofuels are economists at Iowa State University, Texas A&M University, and Purdue University (see the Editor's note at the end of the article). Economists are involved because land-use changes from biofuels expansion is a response by farmers and other landowners to a change in the supply of crops available to meet non-fuel demands. The economic story for corn ethanol is as follows. Expansion of U.S. corn ethanol production increases the demand for corn. This demand increase causes the market price of corn to rise. The increase in the price of corn causes U.S. farmers to grow more corn. Growing more U.S. corn can be done by increasing yields on existing land, by allocating more land to corn and less to other crops, and by creating more farmland. Cutting acreage to other crops can lead to price increases for these crops also. Because agricultural commodities are traded worldwide, the price changes for corn and other crops seen in the United States will also be seen by farmers in other countries, thereby affecting their agricultural supplies. Those farmers around the world who see higher market prices will also increase yields, reallocate land among crops, and bring new land into production.
Each step of this corn ethanol story requires an economist to estimate the likely response of farmers, livestock producers, the food industry, other industrial users of agricultural commodities, and non-farming landowners to a change in market price. The key factors that influence how much land is converted to cropland include the following:
- Which crops will U.S. farmers decrease in response to higher corn prices?
- How much U.S. pasture and forest land will be converted to crops?
- How much will farmers increase yields in response to price?
- How much will prices, demand, and production change in each important producing or consuming country in response to a change in U.S. production and exports?
Economists understand that the answers to each of these questions depend greatly on how much time passes before the response is measured. For example, a $1.00-per-bushel increase in the price of corn will cause almost no U.S. land to be converted from pasture or forest to cropland after a single year. But a sustained $1.00-per-bushel increase for five years will likely result in some land being converted. Similarly, supply and demand in other countries will respond a great deal more after five years than after one year.
Economists also understand that the precision with which these responses can be measured depends greatly on the quality and availability of data. We have a fairly good idea of the response of U.S. livestock producers to higher feed costs: given enough time, livestock supplies will be reduced, resulting in higher meat and dairy prices. But economists' ability to estimate how Brazilian cattle ranchers will respond to the resulting increase in demand for Brazilian beef is less precise. The Brazilian cattle sector is simply less well understood than the U.S. livestock sector (even by Brazilian economists). The sector has had less scrutiny, and data measuring its performance and structure is much less developed.
More often than we want to admit, economists face situations in which we do not have adequate data to make precise estimates of the response of a sector to a price change. The backup strategy is to rely on economic theory to determine the direction of the response, and then to make a reasonable assumption about the magnitude of the response. For example, as anybody who has taken Econ 101 knows, supply curves slope up. This means that the quantity supplied to the market will increase if market demand increases. Thus, economists know that the Brazilian cattle herd will increase by some amount if U.S. meat supplies decrease. But an informed judgment about the magnitude of the change will rely on a trade economist looking at Brazilian trade policy to determine the extent to which a change in U.S. meat supplies will affect Brazilian prices. Then an experienced agricultural economist will know something about the cattle cycle and estimate how long it might take for the Brazilian cattle herd to respond to a price increase. A dedicated Brazilian agricultural economist with detailed knowledge of Brazilian environmental enforcement mechanisms will then make an estimate of the extent to which pasture can expand in frontier forests. This estimate will then be linked with the cattle cycle and the price transmission to come up with an informed estimate of the timing and extent to which the Brazilian cattle herd will change in response to an increase in feed prices caused by biofuels expansion.
Most of the parameters used to capture supply and demand responses to price changes that populate the models economists use to estimate the impact of biofuels on land are based on less detailed knowledge than the given example assumes. Rather, estimates are based on previous work (the applicability and quality of which is typically not addressed), insight of the analyst, and overall "reasonableness" with respect to the problem at hand. Economists need not apologize for constructing models in this manner: it simply is the only way to proceed because of a lack of data and specialized knowledge about agricultural and food systems around the world.
One implication of this reliance on a combination of theory and judgment is that it is quite difficult to construct confidence intervals around model predictions. The distribution of most model parameters is not known because most are not estimated statistically. Furthermore, those parameters that are taken from the original studies in which they were estimated are generally not directly applicable to the new use for which they are being gathered. Thus, there is no way that model predictions can be tested statistically.
Modelers will conduct sensitivity analyses in recognition of the uncertainty underlying key model parameters. The parameters are varied from what might be considered reasonable lower and upper bounds on their values, and then model predictions over the parameter range are calculated. Although useful as a way to identify which model parameters are most important in determining outcomes, this procedure cannot be represented as a statistical test of the model.
Why Model Predictions Will Not Be Consistent with History
One criticism of the models used by CARB and EPA to estimate indirect land use is that their predictions of land-use changes seem not to track with the actual changes in land use that we have observed in the last few years in response to sharply higher biofuels volumes. One might hope that the land-use changes we have seen could be used to validate or discredit the model predictions. For example, two recent studies (Tokgoz et al. 2007 and Hertel et al. 2009) of the impact of expanded biofuels on U.S. and world agriculture both estimate that expansion of corn ethanol would be accompanied by a large increase in corn production, a large decrease in soybean production, and significant decrease in corn and soybean exports. History differs from these predictions. Since 2005, corn ethanol has increased by about six billion gallons. Corn acreage has increased by about 6 percent, which is consistent with predictions. But soybean acreage has increased by more than 7 percent, corn exports are projected to be flat in the 2009/10 marketing year, and soybean exports are projected to increase by more than 25 percent. The model predictions completely missed the large expansion in U.S. soybean production that has accompanied corn ethanol expansion and the ability of the United States to maintain or expand its exports of corn and soybeans.
The problem with comparing actual outcomes with model predictions is that they are not comparable. The impacts of biofuels are estimated by modelers relative to what their models predict will be the agricultural situation under a baseline volume of biofuels, and under a set of assumptions about future macroeconomic growth, growing conditions, crop yields, exchange rates, and government policies. The models are then re-run with a higher biofuels volume and the same set of conditioning assumptions. By subtracting the model results with higher biofuel volumes from the baseline model results, modelers hope to isolate the effects of biofuels expansion because all other factors that affect the agricultural economy are held constant.
But of course, economic growth, weather, yields, exchange rates, and policies change every year. Thus, the projected agricultural situation will never line up with what actually occurs. The hope of modelers is that estimates of the change in production and market prices caused by biofuels expansion relative to baseline projections of production and prices are robust to changes in the conditioning assumptions. So even if the commodity boom and bust, the worldwide recession, and the major drought in Australia have moved agriculture away from its projected path, modelers assume that their estimated impact of biofuels on production and prices remain valid.
One advantage that modelers have is that their estimates are largely irrefutable because the world that they use to make their projections is never actually observed. For example, the expansion of U.S. soybean acreage since 2005 would seem to refute model predictions about how U.S. farmers would adjust their acreage in response to expansion of corn ethanol. But we will never know because we cannot re-run history with lower ethanol volumes. If we could, it may well be that U.S. soybean acreage would have been much larger than it actually was, in which case the model predictions would be correct. Because model predictions cannot be refuted by past data, the credibility of models relies on submitting the models and results to peer review, being transparent about model assumptions and parameters, and putting in place a process by which the models reflect the latest knowledge about agricultural and food systems.
New Uses for Agricultural Models
Perhaps economists' greatest social contribution is their ability to anticipate unintended consequences of seemingly good policy ideas. A classic unintended consequence is the market response of producers and consumers to a price change. When agricultural intervention is large enough to affect prices, then we must anticipate that there will be a response. And if the affected prices are for commodities that are traded, then some of the response will occur in other countries. The fact that the world will respond to a U.S. policy that diverts 30 percent of an expanded U.S. corn crop from other uses to biofuels is not surprising. Predictions that expanded biofuels will cause expansion of cropland are not new. For example, in 1992, researchers at the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development conducted a study on the implications of increased cellulosic biofuels production and concluded that "higher crop prices in the biomass scenarios induce a conversion of nonagricultural land to crop production" (Reese et al. 1992).
What are new are legislative mandates to quantify the response of the world agricultural system to U.S. biofuels policy, with severe financial consequences for those biofuels having estimates of unintentional consequences deemed too great. The models that have been employed to estimate changes in domestic and international crop acreage have not traditionally been used in a regulatory context. Rather they have been used to give policymakers an idea of the likely consequences of changes in agricultural and trade policy. As a guide to policy development and understanding, these models have proved invaluable in facilitating policy agreements. The jury is still out on their use as a regulatory tool.
Economists know that agricultural supply curves slope up and that expanded agricultural production will require some additional land. This means that expansion of U.S. biofuels will result in more land being devoted to crop production on an aggregate worldwide basis. However, given all the forces that affect agricultural production decisions, it is impossible to attribute any given agricultural development project to U.S. biofuels expansion, which is why CARB and EPA have to rely on models that attempt to isolate the effects of U.S. biofuels.
The financial stakes involved in the estimation of land-use changes from biofuels have created a large incentive for interest groups to know more about the models and the approaches that are used. Those whose interests have been harmed by model estimates will have an incentive to identify and change model assumptions and approaches that will serve their interests. Given the lack of data and detailed knowledge about exactly how the world's producers and consumers will respond to a change in U.S. policy, the models used to estimate land-use changes are populated with parameters that reflect judgment calls, modeler insights, and economic wisdom rather than hard data. Thus, these models, like most economics models, are ripe ground for aggrieved parties.
As we look to agriculture and forestry as a means of offsetting carbon at low cost, the demand for economic models of land use will increase. If greater investment in data and knowledge of agriculture around the world occurs, then the precision with which these models can estimate the impact of biofuels on the quantity of land brought into production, where the land-use expansion will occur, what the land will be planted to, and how the new lands will be managed will only improve. ♦
Researchers in the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development at Iowa State University have worked for the last 18 months with EPA staff and other academic modelers at Texas A&M University and Purdue University to estimate the impacts on agriculture from expanded biofuels. EPA staff then used the results of this analysis in their life cycle assessment of biofuels.
Hertel, Thomas W., Alla A. Golub, Andrew D. Jones, Michael O'Hare, Richard J. Plevin, and Daniel M. Kammen. 2009. "Comprehensive Global Trade Analysis Shows Significant Land Use Change GHG Emissions from U.S. Maize Ethanol Production." Manuscript, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University.
Reese, Randall A., Sateesh V. Aradhyula, Jason F. Shogren, and K. Shaine Tyson. 1992. "Biomass as Sustainable Energy: The Potential and Economic Impacts on U.S. Agriculture." CARD Working Paper 92-WP 92, April 1992, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University.
Tokgoz, Simla, Amani Elobeid, Jacinto F. Fabiosa, Dermot J. Hayes, Bruce A. Babcock, Tun-Hsiang (Edward) Yu, Fengxia Dong, Chad E. Hart, and John C. Beghin. 2007. "Emerging Biofuels: Outlook of Effects on U.S. Grain, Oilseed, and Livestock Markets." CARD Staff Report 07-SR 101, July 2007, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University.


She is one of the Twelve Olympians.
The Mourning Athene is a moving bit of ancient Greek sculpture the illustrates Athene’s concern for her people. Cassandra … Free the words in our story and hold the ideal as our voice. Some people in Greece still worship Athena and pay homage to her at the Acropolis.
Alternatively, Neith and Athena once formed a trinity with Medusa.
In the classical Greek story of Athena’s birth, She was born from Zeus’s head. This caused the goddess Athena to get mad and challenge Arachne to a weaving contest.
A Roman Emperor stole the statue in the fifth century CE; its whereabouts are unknown. Both Athena and her brother, Poseidon wanted to be the patron deity of Athens. The chariot – Athene is said to have invented the chariot.
When Metis was pregnant, Zeus was afraid that she would bear a son who would be greater than he, so he swallowed Metis.
Meat offerings: fish. Athene Ergane While he is not the god of death (that's the implacable Thanatos), Hades welcomed any new subjects to his kingdom, the Underworld, which… Hephaestus split his father's skull open to relieve the pain, and out popped Athena, fully grown and clad in her new robe and helmet. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.
- Athena rejects sexuality, marriage and motherhood. The form collects name and email so that we can add you to our newsletter list.
Athena may be the primordial Eye Goddess whose staring eyes appeared throughout the Neolithic world. Athena is often depicted in the company of the Goddess Nike.
Let the Circle be adorned with winter's... read more, by Mz.
Poseidon struck the ground and caused a spring of water to gush forth. I have many Owl figurines and images around my home of owls. An oracle warned him that any child produced of the union would be greater than he and so he swallowed his wife to prevent this eventuality.
The name Athene probably means something like “The mind of God” or “divine intelligence”. She is the Goddess Athena, Goddess , Mother and Sister to all women.
Medusa was known as the most beautiful mortal who lived in Athens. This is where the Parthenon temple got its name. She who leads the battle.
My birthday is April 3rd, my birth year ends in 7, I come from a strong military family, I love owls and have always been associated with them along with snakes and my name means olives or olive branch.
He gave her the Gorgon’s head which she wears upon her shield, the aegis.
ORIGIN: Greek .
Yes some of the myths were not so nice and that is life I guess but her strength and wisdom were very appealing to me.
Patrons and matrons (or just ‘patrons’ when referring to both) are the specific God (s) or Goddess (es) a Wiccan honors and works with. Her connection of water/wisdom stay with her today. Athena’s symbols are the olive tree and the owl. The fact that her own Father was frightened of her power, that she was a warrior Goddess but a Goddess of wisdom as well. :spades: :crown: ᴋɪɴɢᴅᴏᴍ :crown: :clubs: No biological children, but Erichthonius of Athens was her adoptive son, Geranium, Tiger Lily, Oak, Cypress, Olive Tree, Hellebore, Citrus Trees, Onyx, Ruby, Star Sapphire, Ivory, Gold, Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise, Gold, Orange, Yellow, Emerald Green and Royal Blue, Patchouli, Dragonis Blood, Musk, Indigo, Orange Blossom, Cinnamon and Cedarwood. She also has a shield called Aegis, which was a present given to her by Zeus. Poseidon’s gift, a spring of salt water was beat by the gift of an olive tree from Athena.
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World Blood Donor Day is marked annually on June 14 to raise awareness of the importance of blood donation. The goal of the observance is to encourage people to donate blood, but also to celebrate those who do it voluntarily, without reward.
The day was instituted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000, with the name of World Health Day and the slogan “Blood Saves Lives”.
The date was chosen in homage to Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner, awarded the Medicine Nobel Prize in 1930 for having discovered the blood types. He turned blood transfusions into a medical routine.
Most of the world’s population has no access to blood. Around 80 million units of blood are donated yearly, but only 38% of it is collected in developing countries, where 82% of the world’s population lives. Patients in many countries depend on blood donated by family and friends.
In 2022, the slogan of the World Blood Donor Day is: “Donating blood is an act of solidarity. Join the effort and save lives”.
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