Modern science informed us that the moon is moving around the Earth in an oval, or elliptical orbit. Also the Earth and the rest of the planets, revolve in oval, or elliptical orbit around the sun.
In the holy Quran this movement is described as follows: (And he is the one who created the night, daylight, sun and the moon, all swimming in an orbit). (Quran, The Prophets: 33).
From my point of view, I think God used the names of the sun, moon, night, and daylight as symbols of the four heavenly cosmic creatures,
Night (darkness): nowdays symbolizes dark matter, or what is sometimes called the cosmic fluid, or fabric of cosmos. Dark matter did not glow by the passage of light. Daylight: symbolizes the gases of the earth atmosphere, or other gases in the universe that glow by the passage of light, Sun: symbolizes the stars and the sources of energy and cosmic tremendous heat radiation. Moon: a symbol of the cold rocky objects in the universe.
So night, daylight, sun, and moon are only a set of nearby symbols, that are close to us in the universe, and are having masses, energy, radiation…etc.
The idea behind all of this, is that if God is telling us: (All swimming in an orbit). This means that the natural mechanical movement of every thing in the universe, either it is radiation, dark matter, energy or solid masses, it is swimming, or what we call in physics wavy motion.
What can be understood from swimming (the wavy motion)? throughout many verses in the Quran, and through the Arabic language uses of the word, it is meant by swimming: the moving waves, or moving on the moving waves, is absolutely different from the word floating.
So how come the space objects are moving in oval or elliptical orbits, while God telling us it is moving in a wavy way inside its orbits?
In figure (1) When an object is floating on the surface of a wave, it will appear moving up and down following a circular or oval path, But if this object moves up and down and, at the same time it follows the track of the wave, by moving forward with it, it will appear swimming for an outer observer, but still appear moving in a circular or oval path for an observer located in or on that object.
Also we know from mathematics, if any rotating object needs to keep rotating around its center of rotation, after that center of rotation moved from its place, it must follow a wavy track around it.
Science today has proved that all cosmic objects are moving from its places, due to the expansion of the universe, this means that no object will return to its old place, so since circular or oval path can result only if an object returned to its old starting point, after rotating around another object, this means that no object in the universe is rotating in oval or circular orbit.
So from all of the above, we can reach a result: everything in the universe, to keep its local oval or circular track around another moving object, it must follow a wavy track.
But maybe somebody will ask: how the moon appeared to us moving around the earth in an oval path, while you are saying, it is a wavy orbit?
At first, imagine you were sitting inside a car. in a center of a roundabout, a car came from behind, and moved towards your right, then front of you, then to your left and back to behind. There is no doubt that you will see the vehicle moving around you in a circular path as in figure 2.
Now imagine that you were sitting inside a car, moving smoothly out of the center of the roundabout without your feeling. A car came from behind you figure 3, increased its speed, and passed you from right, then turned to left to be in front of you, then went more to the left to be in your front left side, after that this car reduced its speed, so you started passing it, and it became at your left, then at your rear left, at that moment the driver of that car took to the right, and become behind you, if you were watching that vehicle from inside your car, and somebody asked you describe the path of that vehicle around you, you will tell it came from behind me to right, front, left and behind, so you will describe the path, the same when you described while your vehicle was stationary in the center of the round about, the result is that you are drawing a circular path of that vehicle.
But there is one observer watching from a distance, over your silver car, and over the other yellow car. This observer is drawing a different path than the one you have drawn, he is drawing a wavy path for the yellow vehicle around you, he devised that movement of that vehicle around you in stages: Stage 1: Yellow car behind you, and increases its speed to pass you from behind to right. Stage 2: Yellow car at your right. Stage 3: yellow car passed from right to front of you towards your front left, Stage 4: Yellow car decreased its speed and you passed it, so it become at your left. Stage 5: Your speed is still higher, so the yellow car became at your rear left, later its driver took to the right and became behind you.
The moon is moving in the same way around the earth figure 4, when its behind the earth its speed is the lowest, it is 0.968 km/s, then this speed increases while the moon is passing the earth from the right until it reach max. value (1.022 km/s) at the moment when the moon is in front of the earth, then it begin to decrease while the moon is at the left, the reason why the earth passes it, until the moon become behind the earth again where its speed is the lowest. This will be further explained in the gravity chapter.
The increase and decrease in the speed of the moon, related to the average 30 km/s speed of the earth, where the speed of the moon is added to it while it is at the right side of the earth, and substracted from it while it is at the left, this moon speed increase and decrease, is the same to what is happening with a swimmer, when he pulls on his hands on the water, he gets more speed, and his body raises up, when he interchange between his hands, his speed decreases, and his body goes down, completing a wavy motion, the wave of water itself is doing the same, when its speed increases, it raises up, when its speed decreases it goes down and so on, drawing a wavy track.
Also as the earth speed fluctuates around its average value (29.783 km/s) the sun is moving at a speed of nearly 220 km/s, the increase of the speed of the earth makes it passes the sun, the decrease of its speed makes the sun passes the earth, that is while the earth is moving around the sun, figure. 5.
Note that the earth has two main movements and speeds, one with the sun, its speed equals to the speed of the sun (220 km/s), where the earth here moves with the sun inside the curved space-time of the galaxy, and around its center, while the other movement of the earth has a speed average (29.783 km/s), this speed makes the earth capable of moving inside the local curved space-time around the sun, in a local elliptical path, but when drawing the orbit of the earth according to both movements at the same time, and considering that the earth local speed fluctuates to make it one time passes the sun, while the sun passes it again periodically, the actual orbit will be wavy, this will be discussed and explained in more details in the gravity chapter.
In the following figure 6, I drew the wavy path of the moon around the earth, while the earth is orbiting in a wavy way around the sun.
Here it can be seen, that both earth and moon, are swimming in the sun orbit, also our galaxy is moving with a local group of galaxies at a speed of 2 million km/h or 555 km/second. As the sun swims at an increasing and decreasing speed of average 220 km/s, around the moving center of our galaxy, it will swim one wavy motion every 250 million years; this means our sun has done around 20 wavy motions since its creation. Figure 7 shows how the sun is moving in a wavy track, around the moving center of our galaxy, noting that, this model and all the models I have drawn are not to scale, if it is difficult to draw these to scale in a big area, other bigger orbits will be impossible to be drawn to scale, even on the whole surface of the earth.
This figure 8 shows in the upper side, the earth waving in its orbit with the moon, both around the sun, and the sun with the earth and moon, waving inside one orbit around the moving center of the Milky Way galaxy.
While figure 9 shows a sketch of the wavy orbits of the moon around the earth’s wavy orbit, also showing both earth and moon wavy orbits around the sun’s wavy orbit, while all moon, earth and sun orbits are waving in one orbit, around the center of the milky way galaxy....
When I reached the result: small celestial bodies swim inside bigger orbits of bigger celestial bodies and so on, I was capable of drawing the orbits of the moon in that of the earth, the sun, the milky way galaxy, the local group of galaxies, the galactic clusters, super galactic cluster, and the great wall. Figure 10, is showing these orbits, where we can see that the tracks or orbits in our universe are wavy, this is why we can read in another verse in the Quran, (I swirl by the heaven which own a fabric (texture or knots) property) (Al-Tharieat: 7), knots in Arabic means the wavy curved shapes, that appear on the water, sand, wheat, or fabrics. Also, prophet Mohammad was asked one day: (What is this heavens? He answered: it is waves, but hidden from you or (separated from you)), nowdays we are describing the space in scientific language, that it is having a property of: texture, fabric, gravity waves...etc.
When I reached these results, and understood from the description of the heavens, that it has a property of knots, while knots means in our language (Arabic) the wavy ways on tissue, water or sand, I expected to find the combinations of waves from the small over the bigger over the bigger, on the tissues, figure 11, water, figure. 12, and sand figure 13. Actually what I found was the same that I drew for the wavy accumulated orbits of swimming cosmic objects. If I want to draw the maps of tracks of air on tissues, or water, or sand accumulated waves, it will be the same of that drawn on fig. 10.
This figure shows that the air imprints on the flag waves, that moves the tissue in a wavy way, at the same time we can see small waves over the bigger ones.


A review commissioned by the Department of Health is expected to recommend promoting e-cigarettes as a less harmful alternative for existing smokers, when it reports later this month. Health Secretary Sajid Javid appointed former Barnardo’s Chief Executive Javed Khan to lead the inquiry in February. Ministers want to make England “smoke free”, defined as fewer than one in 20 people smoking, by the end of the decade.
E-cigarettes heat up a liquid containing nicotine, which is then inhaled. They are considered to be less harmful than traditional cigarettes and the British Medical Association has suggested they should be licensed as medicine, which would allow doctors to recommend them to smokers trying to quit.
Mr Khan said: “In my review I have considered a range of critical interventions that will make the most difference. For example, I’ve looked at the promotion of vaping as a less harmful alternative; a greater role for the NHS in ending smoking and the need to tackle illicit tobacco sales”
He added: “Tobacco is the single largest cause of preventable illness and death, with a quarter of deaths from all cancers estimated to be from smoking in 2019.
“Despite national progress such as the ban on indoor smoking implemented in 2007, smoking remains very high in certain parts of the country – particularly in poorer areas.”
“I have been tasked by the Health and Social Care Secretary to help the government achieve its ambition to be smokefree by 2030. The evidence is clear that taking action on smoking will be critical to dramatically improving the health and wealth of the nation.
“Smoking costs society around £17 billion, of which the NHS alone spends £2.5 billion a year on treating smokers, and that cost is spiralling. A greater focus on prevention is needed.”
His findings will contribute to the Government’s Health Disparities White Paper, designed partly to cut huge differences in life expectancy across the country, and a planned Tobacco Control Plan for England. Both are due to be published this year.
The Government sees reducing health differences as a key part of its “levelling up” agenda. Currently, life expectancy varies wildly by location, with men from Blackpool, in the North West, living 74 years on average, while men in Kensington and Chelsea in London live an average of 84 years.
Reducing smoking would also provide a boost to household finances, with the average smoker spending £2,000-a-year on tobacco on average.
Anti-tobacco campaigners initially feared that e-cigarettes might prove attractive to non-smokers. But this does not appear to have happened and it’s now thought vaping can be promoted as a less harmful alternative for existing smokers.
A report published by the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Smoking and Health, which supports efforts to cut smoking, found: “Concerns that use of e-cigarettes among young people would grow rapidly and provide a new pathway into smoking have not materialised in the UK to date.”
It continued: “The vast majority of e-cigarettes are being used by adult smokers to help them quit smoking, cut down or prevent relapse.”
But there is concern that the Government will fail to meet its goal of making England “smoke free”, which it defines as fewer than one in 20 people smoking.
Conservative MP Bob Blackman, chair of the all-party group, said: “If we do carry on as we are, we will be lucky if we make England smoke-free by 2046, as opposed to 2030.
“Roughly 300 young people start smoking every day. When someone is hooked on smoking, they will almost certainly die prematurely. Radical action has to be taken.”


They were toys destined only to bob up and down in nothing than a child's bath - but so far they have floated halfway around the world. Boxes of the bathtime toys - made in China for the United States firm The First Years Inc - were washed overboard in the Eastern Pacific Ocean one stormy January night in 1992 and broke open. The shipment of 29,000 rubber bathtub toys, including ducks, beavers, turtles and frogs have traveled 17,000 miles.
Floating across the sea, landing in Hawaii and spending years frozen in an Arctic ice pack, while others have made their way through the Bering Strait, past icebergs, around the Northern coast of Greenland and into the Atlantic Ocean. While the ducks are undoubtedly a loss to the bathtime fun of thousands of children, their adventures at sea proved an invaluable aid to science.
The toys have helped researchers to chart the great ocean currents because when spotted bobbing on the waves they are much more likely to be reported to the authorities then the floats which scientists normally use.
And because the toys are made of durable plastic and are sealed watertight, they have been able to survive years adrift at the mercy of the elements.
Eric Carle could not resist making a story out of this newspaper report. And neither could I.


To coincide with the Nature Science Blogging 2008 conference this weekend in London, we present this guest post from Coracle, the away-from-the-bench scientist who writes the Science and Progress blog. I’ve long been a fan of Science and Progress and Coracle shares my love of natural products pharmacology and skeptical eye for alternative medicine.
If you’re in London and see Coracle at the conference, please buy him a pint and send me the bill.
“Last Friday, April 16th, 1943, I was forced to interrupt my work in the laboratory in the middle of the afternoon, being affected with a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness.”
The invention and serendipitous discovery of the psychoactive properties of Lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD) are, of course, well known. However, the curious history and biology of its parent compound are perhaps less well known. For those that are not familiar with the story, LSD is a semisynthetic compound produced from a metabolite found in the fungal parasite ergot. When Albert Hofmann was screening ergot derivatives for oxytocic activity, he happened to become intoxicated by LSD. How this happened, either by ingestion or absorption, is not clear. However, the compounds effects were severe enough to force him to stop working. To confirm the effect Hofmann experimented on himself, ingesting 0.25 mg of each product he had been working on that Friday. Shortly after consuming LSD he again suffered hallucinations. The ingestion of 0.25 mg seems to be a rather high dose. Current opinion has it that the threshold dose for mental effects is 20 – 30 microgrammes.
However fascinating, LSD is only part of the story.
Ergot has a rich and varied history in medicine and in disease. It grows on a range of cereal and grass plants, preferring damp conditions. In rye, ergot forms dark horns which project from the ear of the plant. These growths give ergot its name, from the French argot, or cock’s spur.
Its growth on cereal crops has resulted in many historical outbreaks of disease, at its height it is thought to have resulted in 40,000 deaths. Ergot poisoning takes two forms: the gangrenous and the convulsive and neither sound particularly pleasant. Gangrenous ergotism results from the vasoconstrictive actions of ergot alkaloids, and causes swelling of the extremities and limbs. This swelling was said to be extremely painful, and could result in the loss of a hand or foot at a joint. Because of the vasoconstriction this loss was both painless and bloodless. The order of St Anthony, whose members traditionally cared for the victims, also contributes to one of the justifiably dramatic names for the disease, St Anthony’s Fire.
The second form, the convulsive, sounds barely preferable. A number of symptoms occur, including painful muscle spasms, convulsions and diarrhoea, as well as the mental manifestations of hallucinations and delirium. Although the worst of the epidemics occurred in the middle ages, there were still some out-breaks in the twentieth century, in both the UK and in France.
Along with its history of disease, ergot has a history of medicinal use. Its earliest use was in obstetrics in ancient China, in around 1100 BC. The effect of ergot alkaloids on smooth muscle meant that it had applications as an abortificant or to induce labour. The oxytocic effect of ergot was rediscovered in 1582 in Germany, when the physician and botanist Lonitzer described its use by midwives as a means of quickening labour.
Ergot derivatives still find use in modern obstetrics. Ergonovine, a naturally occurring ergot alkaloid, is somewhat pharmacologically promiscuous. It is a weak antagonist to dopamine in blood vessels, and a partial agonist on a-adrenergic receptors in the same tissues. However, its primary effect is believed to be as an agonist on 5-HT2 receptors in uterine smooth muscle, enhancing contractions. This stimulant effect has lead to ergonovine being approved for the treatment of spontaneous abortion complicated by haemorrhage, or for the treatment and prophylaxis of haemorrhage following delivery.
Thanks their effects on blood vessels, ergot alkaloids also find uses outside obstetrics. Although they have fallen out of favour somewhat, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine and methysergide have found use in migraine therapy. Ergotamine tends to be used in a preventative manner, whereas dihydroergotamine is used in the management of acute symptoms. Understandably, due to their vasocontrictive actions, these compounds are contraindicated in vascular diseases.
The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra results in the movement disorder known as Parkinson’s disease, and is characterised by tremor, muscle rigidity and the slowing of movements. The standard therapy is to replace missing dopamine using the pro-drug L-dopa, which is converted to dopamine by L-amino acid decarboxylase. However, as treatment with L-dopa continues, the body becomes tolerant and the therapeutic effect is abrogated. Fortunately, a number of ergot derivatives exhibit selective dopaminergic agonism. Bromocryptine, pergolide and cabergoline may be used on their own, or as adjuncts, in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
So, ergot alkaloids act on a number of pharmacological targets. We have seen them as agonists to serotonin receptors, to dopamine receptors and to adrenergic receptors, but which of these are responsible for the remarkable psychic effects of LSD? That LSD is antagonistic to serotonin in peripheral tissues was established in the 1950s. This lead to the hypothesis that a similar activity in the CNS and, indeed, LSD was found to be inhibitory to 5-HT neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus through an agonistic activity on 5-HT1A receptors. However, other hallucinogens with structural similarities, such as psilocin or mescaline, don’t share this activity, suggesting that this activity is not responsible for the hallucinatory effects of LSD. One shared affinity of these compounds is for agonism at 5-HT2A receptors. Activation of these receptors increases the activity of neurons in a range of structures within the brain. However, LSD is also an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors and the the role this activity may play is not clear. Although many applications for LSD have been tried, none have stuck, and these tribulations contributed to Hofmann considering LSD his ‘troubled child’.
Back in April we had a discussion as to whether Terra Sig should become a co-blog given my decreased posting frequency due to changes in my offline life. Based on your feedback, we’ll stay solo but will gladly offer you guest posts like these on occasion.


“Penguins are remarkably well adapted to their icy environment, thanks to millions of years of evolution.”
You're reading a web page about penguins written by someone who's really interested in them. The page has this scientific observation.
Penguins are remarkably well adapted to their icy environment, thanks to millions of years of evolution.
"Remarkably" is a word that means something similar to "very" or "quite". It also expresses a feeling of surprise.
"Remarkably ___ is not as common as "very" or "quite", though. It's mostly used within certain phrases like "remarkably well ___". Some examples of this include:
Plant remains, textiles, leather, and even human bodies have been remarkably well preserved by the dry desert climate.
Your children are remarkably well behaved.
Their meat and vegetable dishes were remarkably well flavored.
"Well adapted", as used in the example at top, is another common phrase used with "remarkably".
To be "adapted to" an environment means to be able to live in that environment well because of certain qualities you have. For example, penguins are adapted to cold environments because they have thick feathers that keep them warm.
People can also "be adapted to" an environment. This can mean either that they are physically adapted, or that they are mentally able to handle a situation.
"Evolution" is a scientific term. It means the way that animals and plants change over time, to become better adapted to their environments. For example, people sometimes like to talk about why humans first started to walk on two feet instead of using all 4 hands like apes do.
Evolution takes a long time to work, so it's common to talk about "millions of years of evolution", or "hundreds of thousands of years of evolution.
Society expects us to control our urges, but you can't fight against millions of years of evolution.
You can say what was responsible for something, or what caused it, using "thanks to ___".
This phrase works best for talking about the cause of something good:
We've raised over $130,000 thanks to your help and donations.
I can watch thousands of movies and TV shows instantly in my living room thanks to this device.
But there are also times when you use this phrase to talk about the cause of somethingbad:
We had to re-do our entire bathroom and hallway floors thanks to that water leak.
We missed the first half thanks to the traffic.
You can use "thanks to ___" to say that a person was responsible, or a thing:
I know how to do it thanks to you.
She's in much better shape now, thanks to the dance classes she's been taking.


Apples and Newton and shells and "foot pounds"
For each force there is an equal and opposite force.
When the apple fell onto Newton’s head his head received no damage, other than muss his hair.
The apple busted.
Another factor in the rifle recoil is the gas expelled from the muzzle after the bullet has left the barrel and is no longer subject to the expanding gas. This means the rifle is experiencing a reactive force which is not caused by accelerating the mass of the bullet.
This expelled gas also has force. The mass is small but the velocity is large. This is the principle by which rockets operate.
To demonstrate this effect you might pull the bullet from the case and plug the end or use a blank, and fire the rifle. There will still be substantial recoil. Perhaps not as much as with firing a bullet, but there will be recoil.
This does not take into consideration the total mass accelerated forward and the total mass accelerated back. But it does apply to the recoil force felt by the shooter and the impact force of the bullet.
So, stick a modified shell in that there clip and see how many of them there “foot pounds” you get.


Using water for warmth is a type of radiant floor heating called hydronics. Tubes of cross-linked polyethylene -- PEX -- carry warm water between the subfloor and the finished floor surface. The warmth transfers to the tile and radiates into the room, warming people and objects. Tile is one of the best materials to install as a finished floor for this type of system. It holds and evenly distributes warmth conveyed by PEX tubing. Almost any heat source can warm the water, including gas, propane, oil, wood, electricity or solar energy.
Install PEX tubing in S-shaped loops across the top of the plywood. Special staples hold the loops in place, and installers pour a self-leveling mortar mix over the floor. The mortar embeds PEX tubing and provides a firm, flat surface for tile installation. Retailers also sell pre-grooved plywood sheets that are designed to accept PEX tubing. After attaching the plywood, snake the PEX into the grooves, and cover the subfloor with self-leveling mortar. Have a licensed contractor check your flooring support to ensure it has enough strength to hold up the added weight of mortar and tile.
Existing concrete slabs are candidates for hydronic heating systems. Application is similar to that used on plywood subfloors. Installers wind PEX tubing over the floor, secure it by tieing it to rebar, then embed both in a layer of mortar. Make sure the slab was insulated before it was poured, or add a reflective insulation material before installing PEX tubing over an existing slab. Without proper insulation, the slab becomes a heat sink that drives warmth toward the ground and away from the home. Lay ceramic tile over the mortar.
Under a Subfloor
If you’ve already installed tiles, and you have a basement or crawlspace, you can still add hydronic radiant heating. Introduce PEX tubing into the joist bays, which are the open spaces between floor joists. You’ll need to drill through joists in order to extend the tubing from one bay to the other. Once in place, add aluminum plates designed for this type of application. The plates staple to the subfloor and help keep the tubing in place. Add a layer of insulation to direct heat toward the living space.
Over Existing Tile
Ceramic tile installs over any type of solid subflooring, even over existing tile. If you have a slab subfloor and do not wish to take on the laborious job of removing an existing tile floor, add PEX tubing over the tile as if it were a subfloor. Pour a self-leveling mortar over the tubing, which will conceal the coils and offer a solid, flat surface for a new tile installation. Be aware, however, that this will raise the height of the existing floor by 2 to 3 inches.


This gave me the chance to introduce my son to Aristotle's ideas of social structure, as well as to explain largely how the society works using subsidiarity as a principle, namely the idea of a larger order dependent on autonomous smaller orders for its existence.
In Bali, the two large orders are caste and town (Pura adat). The castes follow standard Hindu rules, though due to sound shifts, V's are changed to W's (so Vishnu is called Wishnu, and the Vasya are the Weisya).
The costs and benefits of the Hindu caste system are too numerous to go into here. Whole books could be written on the subject, but two points are worth noting. First caste stands in the way of self-sufficiency. Different kinds of labor are divided by caste such that one cannot achieve much without working with others of different castes. Thus one important aspect is that the caste system trades independence for interdependence and thus ensures that society must always work together. Instead of an undifferentiated mass of individuals as we are used to thinking of society in the West, Hindu society aggressively partitions society and apportions members of it with lots in life. This may be explored in a future post.
However the major focus of this post will be the town. As an economy that was up until very recently dependent on rice agriculture for survival, most Balinese come from an agricultural background. Even today rice farming is a very important both economically and culturally to the island although tourism is the main industry on the island these days. The primary form of farming is that of small rice paddies, periodically flooded based on water availability. Water management is a central communal focus.
Family and Neighborhood
The fundamental unit in any society is the married household. Married households are societies in miniature and they are the primary method of passing cultural expressions and values onto children. As in most societies these are often multi-generational and there may be several generations living under one house. However in general, only married child is allowed to stay in the home of the parents and inherit the living quarters. Other sons must go out and build their own, while daughers move into their husbands houses upon marriage.
Each married household itself must belong to the banjar through the husband's membership. The banjar is the smallest social/governmental unit in Balinese society, being similar to a neighborhood association but with a wider range of power and responsibilities than is seen in the West. The Banjar is thus properly seen as an organ of government in Balinese society and a fundamentally democratic one (Bali is traditionally, like most Hindu societies, a monarchy but one with local democratic institutions).
The banjar thus constitutes the first of the fundamental public institutions of
Farming Association and Water Management
The second fundamental institution is that of the Subak, or farming association. The Subak is actually more akin to a water district, and the primary responsibility is to coordinate schedules for flooding the paddies so that there is enough water for every member. Because there may be some distance between the paddy and dwelling, the subak and the banjar may not be coterminous. A given banjar may consist of people in different subak2, while a given subak may consist of people in different banjar2.
One can see in this approach something akin to the guild system of Europe. Here the various professional individuals work together to divide up scarce resources and ensure that everyone is productive.
The Subak and Banjar essentially form the warp and weft of village organization, and are woven into the municipal government. These various villages would then form the kingdom of Bali which into historical times was a monarchy (and the royal family is still well respected and carries with them a great deal of moral authority, as far as I can tell).


Another oft-quoted claim of Cassidy’s, which has absolutely no basis in fact, is the notion that crony can be traced back to an Irish phrase comh-roghna. Cassidy says that this word means “fellow chosen-ones, mutual-sweethearts, fellow favourites, close friends, mutual pals”.
While comh– exists and rogha/roghanna exists there is no evidence in the Irish language of either roghanna or comhroghanna being used to mean friends or pals. Comhrogha and comhroghanna are not even in Ó Dónaill’s dictionary, though the word comhrogha has been used with the senses of rival, alternative or choice. Rogha means a choice. There are plenty of words and phrases for the concept of friends or mates – cairde, compánaigh, comrádaithe. Comhroghanna and roghanna are not among them. They do not occur in the dictionaries with these meanings and they are not used in speech in this sense.
While the other words for companion or comrade, comrádaí, compánach and cara occur many times in Corpas na Gaeilge (a database of Irish), comhrogha only occurs five times and always in the sense of choice or alternative, never to refer to friends. In any case, comhroghanna (koh-ray-anna) doesn’t sound much like cronies to me!


Stage stations burned
by Ed Cook, Contributing Writer
The stage from Fort Laramie arrived here today. Regular weekly coaches are again scheduled to leave Fort Laramie every Saturday. The coach, crew and passengers will stay overnight here and get an early start tomorrow so they can cover the most hazardous part of the remaining trip in the daylight.
With the establishment of military camps at Hat Creek and Camp Collier on the Cheyenne River, the Stage Co. announced the resuming of regular weekly stage schedules and said they intend to start running three stages per week as soon as the route is "clear of Indians," so that the station keepers and stock on the route would be safe. In addition to the newly established camps, and Captain Egan's troops patrolling the route. The 5th Cavalry commanded by Colonel Merritt is camped on Sage Creek, under orders to stop the flow of Indians from the Red Cloud agency trying to join Sitting Bull in the Powder River country.
June 27, 1876 - Luke Voorhees, superintendent of the Cheyenne Black Hills Stage and Express Co., rode in today from Custer City. He had been on a lone ride from Custer to Livingston, Mont. (north of Yellowstone), and back as requested by the 2nd Assistant Postmaster General, to determine if a mail route could be established through the area. Voorhees is convinced that the route could not be established at this time.
On his way back to Fort Laramie from Custer City, Voorhees also rode upon the smoldering ruins of the Stage Stops at the Cheyenne River and here at Hat Creek that were burned by Indians last night.
NOTE: J.W. Dear's Ranch on Rawhide Creek, which had just been completed and intended as a stage stop was also burned at the same time. Bands of Sioux even swooped as far south as Chugwater where they ran off 20 head of Hi Kelly's horses. These events all happened simultaneously with the defeat of the 7th Cavalry in the Battle of the Little Big Horn in which Gen. George A. Custer and his command of 256 troops were killed.
For a brief time no wheels turned along the Black Hills trail and no travelers ventured into the Indian country north of Fort Laramie.
(Information sources: Cheyenne and Black Hills Stage and Express Route by Agnes Wright Spring; Hat Creek and hard Times by Edward C. Bryant.)


This battleground is a long way from the main battle that was occurring at that time on the Somme. The battle is commemorated by the Australian Memorial Park with its Cobbers statue and the VC Corner Cemetery near the small village of Fromelles. They are in the middle of a flat, featureless plain of cultivation and wheat fields. The Laies River around which the Australian 5th Division carried out the Australian’s first attack in France on 19th July 1916 is just like a straight open drain in this area. The attack was a complete disaster with 5533 casualties, and it is not too difficult to see why. The land is so flat and the only slightly higher spots of Fromelles village and Aubers Ridge were held by the Germans.
There are five panoramas in this set which enable a number of different viewpoints of the battlefield
1. Australian Memorial Park and Cobbers Statue.
2. VC Corner Cemetery.
3. The frontline near the Laies River.
4. The starting line near the 'Sugarloaf' salient
5. Le Trou Aid Post Cemetery
More information about the Battle of Fromelles can be obtained from:


Why is a party based on working-class solidarity far less sinister than a party based on a racial or ethnic group? Perhaps because being working-class is not a fixed identity, and solidarity is open to all. One’s race or ethnicity is viewed as more static. Most of us can imagine struggling to pay bills and keep a roof over our heads, but few can imagine being another race. Race-thinking is anti-empathetic by its nature.
Obviously, most humans have a variety of identities that they balance, synthesize, and are enriched by. Before World War I, socialists expressed their opposition to a conflict that they believed, correctly, would only bring suffering to the workers of the world. But once the Great War commenced socialist parties in the main fell into line, expressing national patriotism. This shattered the illusion of radicals that socialism would supersede nationalism, and that class solidarity trumped patriotic feeling.
The rise and success of the Soviet Union as a socialist state proved that identities and emotions beyond class are necessary. A cult of personality around Stalin flourished, while to defeat Nazi Germany the Soviet Union promoted the “Great Patriotic War” rooted in a traditionalist Russian nationalism.
Just as individuals have complex identities, so do societies. Historian David Cannadine argued that the British Empire may have been grounded in the racial and ethnic nationalism that was ascendant in the late 19th century, but there was also an element of conservative class hierarchy that cut across race and ethnicity. The British aristocracy did not view the nobility of non-European societies as simply non-white, nor did they view their own British social inferiors as simply other white people.
In modern identitarian Left politics, the multidimensional texture of identities is often collapsed, with a spectrum of “marginality” being the primary organizing principle. Social justice liberation aims to free, empower, and “center” marginalized sexual, racial, religious, and social identities. But this paradigm ignores the fact that not all identity categories are interchangeable or operate with the same currency, and some identities are much more powerful, and dangerous than others. Race and ethnicity in particular have the potential to ignite conflicts within societies in a manner without parallel. Any conflict rooted around fixed identities can only end in zero-sum games. Someone wins. Someone loses. Always.
The other fixed identity is sex. But, despite rhetoric about a “battle of the sexes,” men and women need each other. Even in patriarchal societies where men are held to be superior to women, men have mothers and often sisters. The tensions between the sexes emerge from intimacy, not alienation and ignorance, and that necessary intimacy imposes a limit on the conflicts and social discord that might emerge due to activism.
Men and women cannot abolish each other because men and women need each other to exist. There is no sexist equivalent in patriarchal societies to the sort of exterminationism which flourished in Nazi Germany or in Rwanda in the 1990s. Women in a nation such as Saudi Arabia are unfree and held in a level of extreme subordination and control which offends all those with liberal sensibilities, but there would be no Saudi nation without women.
Saudi Arabia in many ways is a perfect laboratory to illustrate the anatomy of oppression and the dimensions it may take. The House of Saud built a state on the foundation of religious supremacy, class hierarchy, and the abject subjugation of women to men. The monarchy began in the 18th century as an alliance between the rulers of Diriyah in central Arabia and the Wahhabi movement. The Saudi ruling family allows the Wahhabi sect to dictate the religious life of the nation through the ubiquitous morality police, and the Wahhabi establishment confers divine legitimacy upon the monarchy.
But the Wahhabis are only a minority of Saudi Arabia’s population. There are Shia Muslims in the Persian Gulf region of Saudi Arabia who suffer explicit discrimination. Sunni Muslims from the west of the country, where Mecca and Medina are located, are also marginalized, outsiders to the Nejdi Wahhabi ascendancy. And though Saudi Arabia has large non-Muslim communities of guest workers, no non-Islamic religion can be present and visible in public spaces in the kingdom.
But religion, by its nature, has within it the capacity for assimilation and fluidity. If you are a Shia Muslim oppressed by the Wahhabi domination of Saudi society, conversion is always an option. One’s religion is not seen as fixed by birth. Oppression is balanced against the possibility of assimilation, even if such transformations of identity offend our views of the liberty that human conscience is due.
Similarly, though the Saudi state is run for and by the numerous princes of the royal family, who exist as a leisured class, poorer Saudis do have a chance, small as it is, to join the economic and social elite through luck and hard work. Osama bin Laden’s father is a famous example of this. Born in coastal Yemen, he immigrated to Jeddah and worked as a porter, before parlaying a relationship with the House of Saud into wealth and prosperity. In all societies, there are those who are born poor who become rich, and those born to wealth who lose their wealth, status, and power.
Then there is sexual orientation. The Saudi state has executed people due to “homosexual acts.” But the reality of being gay in Saudi Arabia is more complex. In many repressive patriarchal societies where gender segregation is the norm, homosexuality is tacitly accepted so long as discretion and outward conformity to heterosexuality is maintained. Though sexuality has a biological basis, historically the way it plays out in terms of particular identities has been complex, and subject to cultural norms.
Whereas the Saudi treatment of religious and sexual minorities and women as second-class citizens is explicit, and the privileged social and economic position of the ruling family understood by all, attitudes toward race in the kingdom are much more shadowy. Very few outsiders are aware that about 10 percent of the population of the kingdom are native Saudi blacks. The reason for this is straightforward: black Saudis are marginalized and excluded from visible elite positions in society. This is implicit, and there are exceptions.
Prince Bandar bin Sultan, a member of the royal family, is well known in the West as a diplomat and ambassador. He is also the son of an Ethiopian slave woman. Despite his African appearance his status as a grandson of Ibn Saud, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, guaranteed his social promotion due to his competence and skills. Prince Sultan as a black man has raised eyebrows, but Prince Sultan as a member of the House of Saud is due deference.
Whereas religious bigotry and sexism are enshrined in the de jure laws of many states, explicit racism is far more taboo. The pariah status of South Africa in the late 20th century highlights this fact. After the 1990 earthquake that devastated Iran, the authorities made an appeal for aid, but explicitly rejected any from South Africa. Iran is a nation where women have fewer rights than men, religious minorities have fewer rights than Muslims, with the Bahá’í Faith being subject to explicit persecution.
Iranians also harbor a great deal of ethnic prejudice against their neighbors, and as highlighted in the Iranian film Bashu, the Little Stranger, take a dim view of their own dark-skinned fellow citizens. But this is not legally enshrined. Sexism and religious supremacism is a feature, not a bug, of Iranian society. Racism in contrast is missing the mark of their aspirations toward Islamic universalism.
Despite their differences, all civilized traditions over the past several thousand years have converged upon a common set of ideas and impulses which balance local particularism with human universalism. This is almost certainly an outcome of the fact that as our species settled down into villages, and produced agglomerations of habitation that we know as cities, something beyond our native social instincts was needed to smooth human affairs.
Christianity universalized the ethical monotheism pioneered by the early Jews. In China, Confucian scholars argued that the ways of the sages were accessible even to barbarians. The Indian concept of Dharma is universal, and through the vector of Buddhism a universalist rendering of Indian thought is now espoused by members of all nations in various quantities.
But these insights are not purely religious, as they echo down to the modern world as self-evident truths. The French in 1789 promulgated a “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,” which applied not just to their fellow citizens, but humans the world over. The revolutionary government abolished slavery in the colonies on these grounds. The early feminist Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman predicated on the unfilled human universalism of the French declaration.
And yet there was another face to human nature which emphasizes the local and particular as more precious. Confucianism explicitly acknowledges this, admitting that the primary loyalty of humans is to their family, and so builds social and political institutions on the rock of familialism. The spread of universal religions did not lead to universal government, as proto-national identities retained their coherence in a global world order.
Benedict Anderson in Imagined Communities argues for the late development of national feeling with the rise of early modern vernacular language media. In this telling, nationalism is often seen to be a modern invention. In contrast, Azar Gat in Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism argues that nationalism is a primal force, derived from natural human tribalism. As such, it is at once powerful, pervasive, and dangerous.
I believe that Gat’s thesis is closer to the truth. Though it is fashionable to say that race and ethnicity are social constructions, it is hard to deny that operationally they tend to follow certain lineaments of human relatedness and genealogy. To be someone’s parent is a social construction. Adoptive parents are parents. But the truth is that in most cases parenthood is strongly associated with a close biological relationship to one’s children. Similarly, the people whom we call Swedes or Japanese exhibit, on the whole, certain features due to predominant shared relatedness.
The association between biology and race and ethnicity is the fundamental reason that identities rooted in these categories are more dangerous than those rooted in religion or class. Biology is often defined by zero-sum Malthusian dynamics. The Victorians viewed nature as “red in tooth and claw.”
This is entirely too reductive, as complex human societies or eusocial insects falsify this generalization, but it gets at some element of the dynamics which define the world around us. Biological species compete with each other, and compete within species as groups or individuals. It is a world where resources are finite, and to the victors go the spoils.
In the Hebrew Bible, the Lord God has given the land of Canaan to the children of Israel. As a consequence, the Hebrews under Joshua and his successors enter into a program of conquest and genocide. These portions of the Hebrew Bible reflect primal human biological existence in a state of competition. The Hebrews were a nation. A collection of tribes. Their God, the Lord God, was a tribal god. An angry, jealous, and vengeful God.
Over 1,000 years later, the Jewish revolt of the Maccabees against the Seleucid Greeks was also characterized by violence. The revolt began with the priest Matthias disemboweling a Jew who began to offer sacrifice to an idol. The Maccabees did not win their independence through persuasion, but through violence. But Jews of the first century BC were not the Hebrews of the Bible. The Maccabees forcibly converted peoples they conquered to their religion. Though this action is objectionable to the modern mentality conditioned to no compulsion in religion, it was a humanitarian step forward, as gentiles could become Jews through affirmation of the God of the Jews and adherence to Jewish law. Herod the Great, who was appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate, descended from a people forcibly converted after the Maccabean revolt.
The developments of Christianity, Islam, and eastern religions, after 0 AD take this process even further. The core insight of these faiths is that the truths of the world—to live a better life and devote oneself to transcendent truth—are accessible to all humans. Many of the moral and ethical teachings from these religions run counter to our baser instincts, whether it be to turn the other cheek, or unconditionally love a parent who is without merit.
And religion can also unleash brutality and repression, as evidenced by the Saudi theocracy, the Thirty Years War in 17th century Europe, or communal slaughter between Hindus and Muslims during partition. Religion, like most human institutions, can be turned to purposes good, and purposes bad. It is a collective human enterprise, and as such reflects our imperfections. But, unlike racialism, ethical religion has within it an element of utopianism, of striving for improvement.
The same can be said of political religions, such as Marxism. The ultimate aim of these movements is to expand the circle of dignity outward, to encompass the whole of humanity. Failure is inevitable, and sometimes the consequences are horrific, but the egalitarian impulse also has salubrious consequences, as chronicled in Steven Pinker’s The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined.
Racial and ethnic identity do not hold the possibility for such capaciousness of spirit. Taken to its logical conclusion this style of thinking leans upon biology, and therefore takes us down the path of eliminationism. In 1901, the brilliant futurist HG Wells wrote, “And for the rest, those swarms of black, and brown, and dirty-white, and yellow people… it is their portion to die out and disappear.”
Though we are all conscious of the Nazi regime, the reality is that, in the first decades of the 20th century, this spirit of race was widespread in the Western world. A strong sense of racial purpose and solidarity amongst whites imbued the cultural elites with the sense of a zero-sum world of racial competition. It was either to eliminate the non-white peoples, or be swamped by what racial thinker Lothrop Stoddard termed “the rising tide of color.”
It has been three generations since the fall of the Nazi regime and the end of crude racialism. The racist laws of the American South were repealed in the decades after World War II, and race-based regimes such as Rhodesia and South Africa became pariahs. This is not to say that racism does not exist, and that racial feeling and nationalism is not pervasive in many societies.
To a great extent, to be Chinese and to be of the Han ethnicity are implicitly coterminous. In much of Europe, non-white descendants of immigrants are still viewed as outsiders in societies which evolved organically out of local tribes over thousands of years. It would be folly to deny that ethnicity and nationality are not connected; I myself was born in Bangladesh, which was founded as a nation by and for speakers of the Bangla language.
But when the subtext becomes the text, furies can be unleashed, and atavistic reflexes can re-emerge. Much of the antiracist discourse in the West today seeks to make race more salient, more explicit, as an organizing principle of society. To remove racism one must acknowledge that one is racist. For white people to repair their injuries to the world, they must acknowledge their own racial identity.
The road to hell was paved with good intentions, and no one can deny that the intentions here are good. But history teaches us that the choices we make in the present can have unforeseen consequences in the future. Some white nationalists are quite pleased that we are in a moment where “race matters.” They see an opportunity in the awakening racial awareness of white people, and the explicit re-racialization of public life. Perhaps white people are a race of saints, and the darkness shall not fall over them. But more likely some will fall prey to the temptations of racial pride as the world is soaked in racial thinking.
In the Malthusian world, where there is a loser and a winner in every game, you will always eventually lose at some point. The revival of racial identity to tackle social injustice reawakens an ancient beast. One may think that one can ride the beast to victory, but more likely the beast breaks free, and unleashes the rages of the ancient world upon the modern.
Razib Khan is a geneticist and director of science at the Insitome Institute. He has written for the New York Times, India Today, National Review Online, and runs two weblogs, Gene Expression and Brown Pundits. Find Razib at his website or follow him on Twitter @razibkhan


On November 17, 2005; the Brazilian State of Piauí modified the flag. On that date the State Law 5.507 proclaimed:
"Article 1st. The Flag of the State of Piauí, defined by the Law 1050 of June 24, 1922, will contain the date of *13 de Março de 1823* (March 13,1823) the day of the Battle of Jenipapo, written in white, capital letters, in the blue rectangle above the star"
This date, March 13, 1823, is the day of the Batalha do Jenipapo (Battle of Genipap) the bloody battle in the Independence war of Brazil. At the banks of the Jenipapo river where today is located the city of Campo Maior-Piauí the Brazilians patriots fight fought against Portuguese troops, and the date is considered the date of the entry of Piauí into the Independent Brazilian Empire. The province of Piauí has a strategic position for the maintenance of the North of Portuguese America between Amazonia and the Northeastern provinces, this is the reason why Portugal appointed the Governor-in-army of the Province the veteran of Napoleonic Wars João José da Cunha Fidié.
In Piauí the first city to claim its adhesion to the Empire was Parnaíba in the extreme north of the State, this initiative was the reason for the relocation of Portuguese troops from Oeiras (the capital of the province at that time) to Parnaíba, these troops commanded by Major Fidié, when the Portuguese troops were in Parnaíba in January of 1823,the cities of Piracuruca, Matões e Oeiras, also claimed entry to the Empire and in February of 1823 was the time of the city of Campo Maior claim the same entry. In March of 1823 the troops left Parnaíba to try to subdue those cities, and at the banks of the River Jenipapo the big combat happened, a great part of the local population fought against the Portuguese troops, the Portuguese troops having superiority of arms, soldiers and training. In March 13, 1823, after five wars of battle under a boiling hot sun, the Piauians 700 casualities and the Portuguese around 100. Portugal won this battle, but this battle was a the first of the war in Piauí and in April of 1823 the troops of the Major Fidié was obliged to retreat to Maranhão, a province loyal to the Portuguese Crown, but in June of 1824 after the Battle of Caxias the troops of Ceará and Piauí, supported by the patriots of Maranhão defeated the troops of the Major Fidié, consolidating the independence of these provinces and the entry of these provinces in the Empire.


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Mark Serrurier (12 May 1904 in Pasadena, California – 14 February 1988) is the son of Dutch-born electrical engineer, Iwan Serrurier, who created the Moviola in 1924 which became the technology used for film editing. Mark was a graduate of Caltech and went on to work on designs for the Mt. Palomar 200 inch (5 m) Hale telescope. The pioneering truss design he invented for that instrument's massive tube structure (the "Serrurier truss") is still used today in large telescope designs. During World War II, Mark worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory testing jet aircraft engines. In 1942, Rolf Sabersky worked in mechanical design on the Southern California Cooperative Wind Tunnel under Serrurier and Hap Richards. After the war in 1946 Mark took over as president of Moviola Co., his father Iwan’s company. Mark re-designed his fathers invention with many improvements and ran the company until he sold it in 1966. In 1979, Mark accepted a special Academy Award for Technical Achievement" For the progressive development of the Moviola from the 1924 invention of his father, Iwan Serrurier, to the present Series 20 sophisticated film editing equipment". He only accepted after insisting that his late father's name would also appear on the statue. The Oscar sat on Mark's kitchen table until his death from Alzheimer's disease on Valentine's Day 1988.
Mark Serrurier has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions in Motion Pictures.
- Millikan, Clark B. (1945) The Southern California Cooperative Wind Tunnel. Engineering and Science. 8 (7): 3.
- Millikan, Clark B. (1948). High-Speed Testing in the Southern California Cooperative Wind Tunnel. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. 15(2): 69-88.
- Gally, Sid. (1 August 2010). Southern California Cooperative Wind Tunnel. Pasadena Star News. Pasadena, CA.
- "INDUSTRY MOURNS ENTREPRENEUR MARK SERRURIER"
- Mark SERRURIER / Guillaume BLANCHARD • l'Astronomie (1980–2006) Vol. 116 (Janvier 2002) page 20-23
|This article about a civil engineering topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


Power Over Prejudice Programs
Middle school students are being exposed to more aggressive acts of school violence resulting from bullying, stereotyping, prejudice, teasing as forms of discrimination. These experiences often have a lasting impact on children’s social and academic achievement, self-respect, and personal growth.
The Solution – POP Summit Experience
In an effort to decrease bullying and violence in middle-schools, the Power Over Prejudice (POP) Summit offers an educational experience for student leaders to share with their peers. Students are selected by their schools to serve as POP Ambassadors to attend the Summit. Through activities and discussions, students learn how to recognize their own prejudices, biases, and stereotypes and how these can cause social and academic problems. Our programs help teach school students tools and skills for recognizing their own biases and overcoming prejudice in their schools.
Students come to learn tools for embracing differences and then are prepared to promote awareness back at their school. Students will explore:
- Culture, race and gender differences
- Learning how to recognize, understand and address issues their everyday lives
- Tools to help them implement POP programs at their schools during week-long programs
Our signature programs, the Power Over Prejudice Summit and POP School Program, are funded and hosted by the Anti-Prejudice Consortium.
Middle School Students and their Counselors.
Over 700 middle-school students (230 each day) and their counselors from 69 schools across Metro Atlanta and surrounding counties.
Currently serving Atlanta; Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, North & South Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry County Public Schools ; Private and Religious Schools.


The immersive and experiential National Museum of Qatar tells the story of the people and the land of Qatar from earliest times to today, giving voice to the country’s rich heritage. The National Museum embraces, as its centerpiece, the restored historic Palace of Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani (1880-1957), son of the founder of modern Qatar: a building that in former times was both the home of the Royal Family and the seat of government and was subsequently the site of the original National Museum.
The Architecture of the Desert Rose
Jean Nouvel’s new 52,000-square-meter building echoes the geography of Qatar while evoking the history and culture of the nation.
“Qatar has a deep rapport with the desert, with its flora and fauna, its nomadic people, its long traditions. To fuse these contrasting stories, I needed a symbolic element. Eventually, I remembered the phenomenon of the desert rose: crystalline forms, like miniature architectural events, that emerge from the ground through the work of wind, salt water, and sand. The Museum that developed from this idea, with its great curved disks, intersections, and cantilevered angles, is a totality, at once architectural, spatial, and sensory.” Jean Nouvel. Source by and photos Courtesy CLAUDINE COLIN COMMUNICATION.


If you love to garden, you may like the idea of planting your very own rooftop garden. A green rooftop is simply a roof that is covered with various kinds of vegetation. They consist of a waterproofing membrane and a drainage system that helps excess water to run off the roof smoothly. Rooftop gardens are becoming more and more popular, as they benefit Mother Nature and are aesthetically pleasing. It might sound a bit complicated, but it really isn’t if you simply learn a little bit about it.
You might wonder why people would want a rooftop garden. There are several great reasons for planting such, as they absorb rainwater, create a wonderful habitat for wildlife, and provide insulation that will benefit the home.
You can plant an intensive roof, which are green roofs that are quite thick and will support many varieties of plants. These types of green roofs require more work and maintenance. You can also plant an extensive roof, which is a green roof that consists of a light layer of vegetation. These roofs are lighter than the intensive roofs and are possible on a roof that has a pitch of up to 30 degrees. If by chance you want an intensive roof and you do not think your roof has enough support, you can potentially reinforce the roof from the attic.
Green roofs are basically comprised of five components:
- Weatherproof membrane. At the base of your green roof, you will put down a weatherproof membrane to keep water from penetrating your roof. You could use asphalt roofing, a pond liner, or a fluid-applied waterproofing membrane.
- Root-protection barrier. If your barrier has bitumen or asphalt, you will need a root-protection barrier. There are some recycled single-ply membranes out there, but not nearly enough just yet. The most common root-protection barrier is PVC of 1mm thickness.
- Drainage layer. You want excess water to run off the roof, so adding a drainage layer is optimal. If your roof’s slope is more than 7 degrees, you may not need such a layer. In order to add a drainage layer, you can use a channeled flat plastic material or a bulky substrate. Common layers include lava stone, gravel, pumice, vermiculite, and brick rubble. Some people are now using a newer layer that is comprised of a pre-seeded extensive mat. All you do is roll this layer out on the roof.
- Growing medium. If your roof allows more extensive growth, you can add a separate growth layer over the drainage layer. This is often called a semi-extensive green roof and can support more varieties of vegetation including prairie flowers, bulbs, and grasses.
- Structure. Be sure that you understand structural issues before embarking on planting a green roof garden. The last thing you want is your roof to fall in on you! If you do not have expertise in carpentry or green rooftop gardening, consult a structural engineer or your local building inspector. It is vital that you exercise caution while creating a beautiful rooftop garden.
Once you are finished with your green rooftop garden, consult your local building inspector so he or she can take a look at it. If you have a green roofing expert around, go ahead and contact him or her as well. You want to know that your roof is structurally sound and that your rooftop garden will thrive.
Seametrics, a manufacturer of water flow meters that measure and conserve water.


A Tsunami can be triggered by large submarine or coastal earthquakes, underwater landslides, large coastal cliff or lakeside landslides or underwater volcanic eruptions.
The coastal areas of the Western Bay could be inundated by a tsunami.
Tsunami: Do you know what to do?
Western Bay of Plenty tsunami maps can be found here
Tsunami maps can also be found by downloading a copy of the Community Guide to emergencies of your area.
For a printed copy of the Community Guide please visit your Council at any of our service centres (Waihī Beach, Katikati, Ōmokoroa, Barkes Corner and Te Puke).


Rodents can serve as reservoirs for emerging fungal pathogens: Study suggests
news desk Lord save her
Fungal diseases among humans are on the rise, so it is important for health authorities to understand where these pathogens come from. A new study has looked at fungi in the lung tissue of small mammals and found fungal pathogens that cause disease in humans. This indicates that these rodents can serve as reservoirs, dispersal agents, and incubators for emerging fungal pathogens.
Fungal diseases among humans are on the rise, so it is important for health authorities to understand where these pathogens come from. A new study published in Frontiers in fungal biologythat small mammals can act as a reservoir for this fungal infection.
“Our analysis, which focused specifically on the lung pathogens that cause disease in humans, revealed a wide range of fungi in the lung tissue of small mammals,” said Paris Salazar Hamm, first author of the research, from the University of New Mexico.
“We found that many of the rodents that we sampled from areas in the southwestern United States harbored a type of fungus that can cause lung infections in humans, such as the fungus that leads to valley fever, a disease that typically causes flu-like symptoms and can potentially cause lung infections in humans. be life threatening.”
From animal to human
Over the past four decades, there has been an increase in reports of new human pathogens. Like the Covid-19 virus, host leaps have also allowed fungi to evolve and diversify. In some cases, this can increase their virulence and thus have an effect on humans.
“We wanted to understand if the fungal spores of respiratory pathogens live in the soil as they feed on dead and decaying plant material, or if instead they live inside young animals and their spores are released into the soil after the rodents die,” Salazar explained. -Important.
Using next-generation sequencing, a method that enables rapid assessment of large-scale fungi species, the researchers analyzed fungal DNA in rodent lung tissue from museum samples.
We discovered mushrooms Cronidiathe cause of valley fever, in the lung tissue of animals from Kern County, California, and Cochise and Maricopa counties in Arizona, which are areas with high rates of this disease,” Salazar Hamm reported.
In addition, we discovered sequences from Cronidia in animals from Catron, Sierra, and Socorro counties in New Mexico, the first time this pathogen has been detected in the environment in this region.”
This is the first large study to use next-generation sequencing to evaluate fungi in the lungs of small mammals. Our results support the hypothesis that rodents can be a breeding ground for fungal respiratory pathogens.”
The findings of this study hope to inform health officials about the possibility of contracting the disease locally.
‘Current forecast for the distribution of CronidiaDepending on the climate and soil conditions, Valley Fever is expected to expand significantly towards the north and east over the next century as a result of climate change affecting environmental conditions. Salazar Hamm explained that our results will guide these modeling efforts by adding valuable information about animals as reservoirs of pathogens.
Future studies hope to examine the health of the host animals and how this may affect the spread or virulence of diseases.
“We were unable to assess the health of the mammalian hosts from which the lung tissue was obtained. Although there were pathogens, it was impossible to say definitively that there was a disease,” Salazar Hamm said.
It would be interesting to further explore the effect of fungi on mammals. This effort will require more detailed information about the general health of the animal in question.”


An image briefly flashed on the retina introduces a cascade of processes in the brain that unfold in time. Some processing streams focus on texture, others on spatial locations or large scale forms. Temporal evolution along different pathways may occur at different rates. Even within a single processing stream, distinct locations in space can lead to neural responses at slightly different times - a static image never exists in the brain. In the images presented here, snapshots of temporally evolving internal forms are made visible.
The first stage of the algorithm resembles filtering that occurs in the retina, thalamus and primary layers of cortex. The next step derives from the observation that different neurons respond to distinct parts of an image at slightly different times. If these temporal variations are translated into spatial dislocations, then uniform fields are distorted, planes acquire curvature, and fractures arise. (A physical analogy for this process can be found in the underwater light caustics created by waves on the surface of a swimming pool.) The process is related to new algorithms for time-frequency analysis.


Last Monday night in Pruellage Hall, students assembled to learn about the changing face of dance at the turn of the 19th century. It was a time when the norms were challenged and curfews extended as Frenchman whirled around ballrooms to the beat of their modernizing world. The event illuminated that today’s casual forms of fun may still reflect our politics and deeper developments in society. Even though the French might seem formal and strait-laced compared to our modern culture, it turns out that our European relatives actually knew how to have a good time back in their day.
During the French Revolution, dance was parallel with the spirit of change running through all parts of life and reflected rebellious attitudes of the country. Perhaps our twerking, jerking, wopping, leaning-like-a-cholo, pop-lock-and-dropping and doing the dougie somehow still reflect more serious elements of our society. When compared to the romance of Masquerade balls, though, cross-class relations and murmurings of rebellion in France are dances that seem somewhat incomparable.
During the reign of Louis XIV, or the “Sun God” of France, ballet became a very popular formal style of dance with the king himself as the sole dancer. Once Louis XVI was crowned king the people became sickened by his supremacy and allowed for their politics to reflect in their dances. One example was the Contradance, which was an easy dance with many variations that multiple couples could perform together. This meant that Louis XVI was no longer front-and-center with the people acting as mere bystanders. Rather, everyone could dance on the same dance floor as the king, which presented a new symbol of how the monarch was beginning to crumble.
To reinforce their growing social freedoms, the nobles came up with the idea of the Masquerade Ball; when wearing a mask, rank is concealed and inconsequential. There could be co-mingling of all the social classes since gaining entry to a ball was purely based on having a ticket and there were no exceptions, even for the king. Nobles were clearly displaying their ability to make their own rules and how the populous could exercise their ideas freely without a monarch.
All parts of French society changed drastically during this time in order to do away with anything reminding the revolutionaries of the royal family. The tradition of dance continued to be fearless as the French became known for the waltz later in the 19th century, which had to be done with a great deal of reserve and decency since the style was so shocking.
The traditions of dance within a culture are not insignificant as we may sometimes assume. Along with the other art forms, dance reflects a culture’s motivations and inclinations. Too easily we brush aside the Arts as nonessential trivia in our history classes. Rather, we should look to Revolutionary France as an example for making each footfall a proclamation of power with which to maneuver through the chronicles that link political legacies to the world.


- slide 1 of 5
Physical servers consist of hardware, an operating system and applications. Traditionally companies install a server for each of the roles they need. Mail servers, print servers, domain controllers, file servers, database servers and application servers are examples of the types of systems organizations install. Each server needs its own power supply, network connection, data storage, processor and memory.
Virtualization is when several servers are installed on a single piece of hardware but each one operates independently of the others and behaves as if it were the only operating system on the physical hardware. Special software called the hypervisor controls how each operating system and application works with the physical hardware and ensures that they do not conflict with each other.
- slide 2 of 5
A number of benefits arise from virtualization. Each physical server in a data center draws power and takes up space. With virtualization, several computers can operate in the same physical space as one server. The single physical hypervisor uses less power than all of the virtual servers combined if they had to be real servers.
This allows the data center operators to consolidate physical servers by virtualizing them. This frees up space for other resources and consumes less power from the physical plant. Another benefit of virtualization is cooling. In traditional data centers, large air conditioners keep hundreds and thousands of servers and devices cool. Consolidating these servers by virtualizing them results in less stringent cooling requirements saving even more power. These factors help drive the growth of the virtualization market.
- slide 3 of 5
Several companies make virtualization software. VMware provides a hypervisor technology known as ESX. The current version of the software is vSphere. Microsoft also makes virtualization software. Their offering is known as Hyper-V. Both applications have expensive hardware requirements but can run dozens or more virtual machines at the same time.
Xen is a free, open source hypervisor product. This software runs on free or commercial versions of Linux providing smaller companies with the means to expand their use of virtualization. Solaris, Parallels, and Citrix each provide their versions of virtualization software to the public for use as well. With the growth of the virtualization market each vendor has found a place for their products.
- slide 4 of 5
The Future of the Virtualization Market
According to the IDC the virtualization market size grew 46 percent in 2007. It grew an additional 54 percent in 2008. Growth slowed to 43 percent according to studies by Gartner but still equated to $1.1 billion in revenue for virtualization vendors. Gartner indicates that the new market for hypervisor vendors is the hosted virtual desktop. Instead of virtualizing servers, the desktop used by everyday employees are being virtualized.
In 2008 hosted desktop virtualization revenues were $74 million. In 2009 those revenues were measured at $298 million. Eleven percent of corporate desktops were virtualized and Gartner expects future growth of the virtualization market to increase significantly through 2013 for this segment.
- slide 5 of 5
Singh, Amit, An Introduction to Virtualization, http://www.kernelthread.com/publications/virtualization/
Benefits of Virtualization, http://www.vmware.com/virtualization/
Virtualization growth rising from 46% in 2007 to 54% in 2008, http://www.zdnet.com/blog/itfacts/virtualization-growth-rising-from-46-in-2007-to-54-in-2008/14780
Gartner Says Worldwide Virtualization Software Revenue to Increase 43 percent in 2009, http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=883312
Image credit: twobee / FreeDigitalPhotos.net


By Julie Giyer
Kern Valley Sun
Photos by: Ruthann Smith
Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger.
Founded in 1955, The Kern Valley Search and Rescue team puts in thousands of hours every year to train and be ready for when crisis emerges. They take pride in their capabilities in off-road, swift water, and wilderness search and rescue. This organization is composed of local citizens, business owners, and local professionals who donate their time and their own money to make sure this valley has a qualified and professional Search and Rescue team. They cover a vast area of terrain in Kern County including many miles of the Kern River, Lake Isabella, Sierra Nevada Mountain range, and the edges of the Mojave Desert. There are currently 35 members of the KVSAR team. There are two categories of water classification that determine the amount of rescues per year: High-water and Low-water. During a High-water part of the year there are about a hundred rescues. Typically, June and July are months where SAR is out patrolling every day. During a Low-water year, there are about 40 rescues a year, consisting of 2-3 rescues a month.


PITTSBURGH (KDKA) – Last year, 100 million work days were lost in the United States due to back pain alone.
If you or someone you know suffers from it, you know the pain can be debilitating and even devastating in some cases.
However, a new device may help to relieve back pain in some patients.
For Mary Ward, even simple activities like shopping or walking were nearly impossible because of a condition called lumbar stenosis.
“Mostly it was pain down the left leg. It would be very sharp and intense,” Ward said. “I couldn’t do my dishes without the pain being there and the longer you’re on your feet the more intense the pain becomes.”
The cause of the problem was in the bones of her lower back.
“She was active and relatively young. Her disc was relatively normal. It was only the joints in the back of the spine that were bad. But, she was very limited by her spinal stenosis and back pain from the bad joints,” AGH Neurosurgeon Dr. Donald Whiting said.
Lumbar stenosis is a when the tunnel through the spinal column in the lower back becomes narrow, most commonly, from wear and tear. Parts of the back bones get inflamed and thick, and the spaces for the spinal cord and for the nerves that go to the back and legs become pressed and pinched.
It’s actually a pretty common problem and many people have surgery to remove part of the back bones to make more room and release the pressure.
The procedure involves fusing the bones with rods and screws, to keep the spinal column strong. It does work, but there’s a drawback. It cuts down on the normal bending and flexibility the back is supposed to have.
That’s why doctors are studying an alternative to fusing the bones. It’s a device that mimics how the bones actually fit and move together, which is designed to relieve the pain of lumbar stenosis, while still maintaining motion in the lower back.
In the study, patients are chosen at random to get either the typical fusion or the experimental device. Then, doctors monitor them for motion and wear and tear above and below the device. Worldwide, there are only 100 patients with the device. Two of them are at Allegheny General Hospital.
“I was one of the first patients here getting it and we weren’t real sure what the risks were,” Ward said.
Ward had her surgery about two months ago.
“When I came out of surgery, I could immediately tell the difference,” Ward said. “It feels great and it did almost from day one.”
She still goes to therapy.
“I can bend over,” Ward said. “I’m doing my leg bends, crunches, and all the things that gave me problems before.”
However, she’s also doing all the things she loves.
“The ability at 40-years-old to be able to go dancing, go bowling, lift kids,” Ward said. “I can clean my house, do my dishes, I can walk and go to the store, I can go shopping if I want to.”
The device is currently only available through the research study.
One qualifying feature is that your disc, or the cushion of cartilage between the back bones, has to be normal.
If the disc is worn out or diseased as well, you will not be eligible.


Friday, July 2, 1999 Published at 16:54 GMT 17:54 UK
Bastille key found
The French will be celebrating Bastille Day again on 14 July
The original key to the Bastille prison has been returned after it was stolen from a touring waxwork exhibition in Sydney, Australia.
An unidentified man gave the key to a worker at a chapel in Sydney's infamous Kings Cross red light district on Friday evening, police said.
Police appealed for help earlier on Friday after the original treasure from the French Revolution was reported missing.
The key - on loan from Madame Tussaud's wax museum in London - was removed from the wall using wire-cutters.
The Madame Tussaud wax museum offered a reward of 3,000 Australian dollars (US$1,950) for the recovery of the cast-iron key, which disappeared last Saturday.
"I felt sick when I heard the news from a guard," said Madame Tussaud's general manager, Vicky Brown.
"It's not something you expect to get stolen."
The key is about 10 inches long, weighs more than four pounds and has a distinctive crucifix cut out of its wrought iron work.
Key rescued at beginning of revolution
The Bastille was built in 1369 by Charles V to defend Paris against the English.
It was later used as a state prison before being stormed on July 14, 1789 at the start of the French Revolution.
The key was collected the following day by Madame Tussaud, who worked as an art tutor at the royal palace in Versailles.
She was later arrested by revolutionary forces but escaped execution after agreeing to make death masks of guillotined aristocrats.
A few years later she fled to Britain, where she founded the wax work exhibition that still bears her name.


When it comes to successful epidemiologists, there are a few traits that they all have in common. After all, it’s not easy to thrive in a field where fewer than 8,000 people work, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Those who possess all of the following qualities, however, may be well-suited for this fast-paced, forward-thinking position.
Knowledge of Statistics
Epidemiologists are in charge of researching patterns in a variety of diseases that impact society. These experts make conclusions based on long-term patterns and historical data to help reduce hazardous chemical exposure. They also develop solutions that advance the field of preventative medicine. To put it another way, they’re the ones who come up with new methods for doctors to help their long-term patients prevent certain diseases. Epidemiologists must be able to analyze data effectively in order to do all of this. This involves being able to analyze data, make logical conclusions from it, and correctly forecast the future.
Although it is important to be able to analyze data quickly, it is not the most important trait of an epidemiologist. In fact, individuals who are unable to express their ideas will never be able to compensate for this by becoming excellent statisticians. As a result, anybody interested in working in this field must be an excellent communicator. Consider how difficult it is to persuade others to accept your new idea if they do not have the same statistical skills as you. Epidemiologists, on the other hand, are practically forced to convince people whenever they make a significant discovery. As a result, being communicative and successfully communicating ideas is critical.
Efficiency With Computers
Naturally, online software will handle the vast majority of all statistical tasks. This is because online programs make it simple to do complex calculations and utilize cutting-edge algorithms. To make use of these tools, the epidemiologist must be well-versed in the ins and outs of data analysis using computers. Furthermore, when it comes to the healthcare industry as a whole, knowing how to utilize computers is important. This is due to the fact that nearly every hospital, insurance company, and doctor uses computers to perform the bulk of their administrative tasks.
Ability to Actively Learn
In epidemiology, the nature of information is always changing. What might have caused a major disease epidemic a decade ago is today likely treatable with a variety of options. As a result, epidemiologists who want to be successful must be adaptable and eager to learn. That way, they’ll be able to learn something from each project, patient, or situation they work on. Furthermore, having an up-to-date knowledge base will make it simpler to identify important patterns that may indicate an imminent disease outbreak. This is why their capacity to learn is only important if they can actively do so.
An epidemiologist’s typical week often involves overtime work. This is an unintended result of having a lot of duties that aren’t directly connected to patients. Someone working in this area, for example, might spend months studying a single symptom pattern. The professional must be very organized in order to save a significant amount of time. This entails keeping a timetable that represents one’s true priorities. They must also be micromanagers to some degree. As a result, they are able to take control of important projects while minimizing any possible margin of error.
In reality, even if you don’t have all of the skills mentioned, you may work in this industry. Nonetheless, it is important to possess the majority of these five qualities in order to be a successful epidemiologist.


Feelings, we take them for granted. We think we should feel happy and when we don’t there is something wrong. Happy is our feel good feeling. It is the base feeling most of us gage all other feelings from. What would happen if someone came into your life and told you that your basic feeling is wrong? What you thought was ‘normal’ was instead warped and not normal?
You are 9 years old and rage is the only consistent feeling you know. Your whole world revolved around anger. Your normal feeling was anger. You don’t know what joy and happiness feel like other than fleeting strange feelings that were scary and different. Therefore when you find yourself feeling happy or joyful you acted out to get in trouble so you could again be mad. Can you imagine living your life in a state of anger and thinking this is normal?
A life change, the child is moved into a new home. Basic needs like food and toys and comfort are now met. You would think he would be happy and life would good right? Wrong! This isn’t normal. This is scary! So instead of being “happy” the child sets out to remake his world in the new home. He does things to make everyone angry. He disobeys. He pushes buttons. He yells and screams his rage at rules and consequences. Toys? He breaks them. A toy is good for less than 5 minutes in his hands before it is broke. He wanted others to feel the same as he does, angry. He is an expert at pushing all the right buttons to obtain lift off in everyone around him. This brings him great pleasure. This is his goal in life. His “joy” comes from having everyone around him as miserable as he is inside.
Time rocks on. His new family refuses to stay mad. They hold him accountable and offered consequences and ideas to change and most of all continue to offer him joy. He still was afraid to reach for it. He sees other emotions. He experiences other emotions, and they aren’t as scary. He keeps watching the different feeling that others have. He tests the water and runs back to anger. Each time he test the water he stays a bit longer. He samples joy and finds it doesn’t taste too bad. He forgets to be angry. When he discovers he isn’t feeling anger he is puzzled. He processes feeling different. He doesn’t understand why he isn’t mad. He puzzles over it. Sometimes he even voices his puzzlement. Time rocks on and he has fewer and fewer angry outburst. He doesn’t even notice he isn’t always angry. He is finding new feelings that aren’t scary any more. They feel good. As he changes he comes face to face with issues and feelings that he has to address.
When you know in your heart you are not wanted it is a breeding ground for anger and sadness. You know you aren’t wanted because your birth parents gave you up. Your adoptive parents didn’t want you either. Mom died, dad returned you to CPS like an unwanted item. This is fertile ground for the growing of seeds of resentment, anger, low self-esteem and other negative emotions. You are only 9 years old and you know that you aren’t lovable.
Then one day you and your new mom are swinging in the swing and discussion why you have so much anger. First person to blame is the new mom. This mom doesn’t accept the blame, but instead points out how angry the child was when he came to live with her. He then blames the foster family. Again his mom isn’t buying that as she points out to him he was mad when he moved into his foster family’s home. More swinging takes place as he thinks about why he is mad.
Finally he puts into words his deep seated most painful truth. He is angry because his adoptive dad didn’t want him. He feels rejected, worthless and unlovable. Still more swinging and talking about how he was given away instead of nurtured and loved. As he discusses his pain he says his dad couldn’t take care of him. Mom stops him with those words and ask him which is it? Did adoptive dad not want him or was adoptive dad unable to care for him? She explains they don’t mean the same thing. She talks about how not wanting is just getting rid of and not ever trying to take care of him, yet not being able involves him living with adoptive dad after mom died and dad trying to work, deal with health issues and deal with small child. More swinging happens. I light bulb goes on. Adoptive dad DID try to take care of him. He tried working and taking care of him. He had already had a heart attack so he had some serious health concerns. He came to understand that it adoptive dad tried very hard to take care of him, but couldn’t.
This was a freeing concept. He was wanted. He was loved. He wasn’t rejected. He tilled up his anger garden. He still didn’t understand why he wasn’t angry all the time. He just knew in his heart he wasn’t. He had room now for other emotions, the emotions he had been afraid to feel. Love, joy, peace and happiness where now taking root where anger and resentment had been. He still has to work at not allowing those seeds back in his heart garden, but it is much easier now to control the rage and temper tantrums that use to overwhelm him like a might ocean wave many times a day. He still slips some days and rages, but less often and less long. He is learning to ride the wave and come out on the other side stronger. He is 9 years old and has his whole life ahead of him. A life filled with joy and peace and hope. He now has a life of love and forgiveness and understanding of pain in others that will grow into compassion as he grows.


Appearance The adult beetle is 2-3 mm in length, oval in shape, reddish brown in colour, with a dense covering of yellowish hairs. The biscuit beetle is similar to the cigarette beetle and the furniture beetle in appearance but is slightly larger, more elongate, and has distinctly striated wing covers. They are also often confused with furniture beetles/woodworm. The young (larvae) of this insect look like a whitish maggot. When full size, they are approximately 5mm in length.
Habitat & Behaviour Biscuit beetles are found in shops and domestic larders infesting a large variety of dried foodstuffs. They are also found in wild birds’ nests, where they will live on the droppings and debris that accumulate. Biscuit beetle larvae will feed on human foodstuffs such as flour, bread, breakfast cereals, biscuits and other cereal products as well as beverage concentrates, and packet soup mixes. Adult beetles do not feed.
Life Cycle Over a period of about three weeks a single biscuit beetle will lay about 100 eggs. This will occur in the foodstuffs or surrounding areas. At normal temperature they hatch within one to two weeks to produce very tiny active larvae, which wander about and enter packaging to infest the foods inside. Development from larvae to beetle takes between 2-5 months depending on conditions, when the larvae will go through four moults. They will then change to a pupal stage which will last between 9-18 days. During this time they will turn into an adult beetle. When the adult beetle comes out of its pupal case (which can take up to two weeks) it will move away from the food source by boring their way through food or packaging, making holes that can look like woodworm, and head towards a source of light (usually a window.) The adult beetle can live up to two months, during this time it does not feed.
Control Any food commodities that are found to be infested with biscuit beetles should be discarded. Other sources of infestation such as birds’ nests and food residues should also be removed, and the area thoroughly cleaned. Heavy infestations in food shops and factories may require professional help. However, light infestations can be dealt with by the use of a crawling insect spray, paying particular attention to cracks and crevices.
If you suspect you have a biscuit beetle infestation in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Dundee or Perth, call GRAHAM pest control today and we could help.


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Products and materials are often moved from one location to another by conveyor. Conveyors connect the machines or units of a production line. Conveyor type should be selected to best fit the size, shape, weight and handling requirements of the items being transported. Conveyor systems use rollers, chains, belts, and other configurations. They can have one lane or multiple lanes.


Everyone has heard stories about llamas spitting, but you may be wondering: do llamas really spit? And if so, how far can a llama spit? In this blog post, we’ll answer all of your questions about llamas and spitting. We’ll take a look at the science behind the spitting behavior of llamas, explore why they do it and even find out how far they can spit! So get ready to learn more about these curious creatures who have been captivating us for centuries.
Do llamas spit?
Yes, llamas do spit. They typically only spit when they feel threatened or are agitated.
It’s a common question and one that has divided the llama community for years. Some say that llamas do spit, while others claim that they don’t. So who’s right?
The answer, it turns out, is both sides. Llamas do spit, but not in the way that most people think.
Llamas typically only spit when they feel threatened or are trying to defend themselves. When a llama feels like it is in danger, it will sometimes spit at its aggressor as a way to warn them off. This behaviour is most commonly seen in male llamas who are protecting their territory from other males.
Llamas also sometimes spit at humans when they are angry or upset. This usually happens when a llama feels like it has been mistreated or unfairly treated. If you’re ever on the receiving end of a llama’s anger, you’ll know it!
How far can llamas spit?
When a llama spits, it can shoot its saliva up to 6 feet! and sometimes even further if they are really upset.
They tend to aim for the face, so watch out if you ever get on a llama’s bad side!
Do Llama Spits Hurt?
Llamas are often thought of as spitters, but do their spits actually hurt? It turns out that llama spit is not as acidic as many people think, and thus it is unlikely to cause much pain if it were to come into contact with skin.
However, llamas do have strong musculature in their necks and can generate a fair amount of force when they spit. This means that if you were to get hit by a stream of llama spit, it could potentially sting or even leave a bruise.
What Does It Mean If A Llama Spits At You?
If a llama spits at you, it means that the llama is either annoyed or scared. spitting is a defence mechanism for llamas, and they will usually only spit if they feel threatened.
If you are close to a llama when it spits at you, the llama’s saliva could get into your eyes and mouth, which could cause irritation.
What Spits More Alpaca Or Llama?
When it comes to spitting, both alpacas and llamas can give a good ejection. In general, llamas tend to be the better spitters, with some reports claiming that they can spit up to 15 feet.
Alpacas, on the other hand, typically only spit about 10 feet. However, there is some anecdotal evidence of alpacas spitting even further than llamas. So, when it comes to who spits more between these two animals, it’s really a matter of personal preference.
How Long Does Llama Spit Last?
Llamas are often thought to spit when they are angry or agitated, but llamas will actually only spit on other llamas.
When two llamas meet for the first time, they will often greet each other by spitting.
While llama spit does not usually last very long, it can linger for a short while if it hits another llama’s fur.
Is Llama Saliva Poisonous?
Llama saliva is not poisonous. However, it can be irritating to the skin and eyes. If you come into contact with llama spit, it is best to wash the area with soap and water.
We can now say with confidence that yes, llamas do spit and they are capable of spitting up to 10 feet. While llama-spitting is generally not considered a desirable behaviour, it does serve an important purpose in the wild by deterring predators. With this information in mind, it’s clear that if you want to get close to these majestic animals then you should proceed with caution as they might not be so welcoming!
So, while llamas do spit, it’s not something they do all the time or without reason. Now that you know the truth about llamas and spitting, you can go forth and spread the word to all your friends!
Hi, I am Dale. My husband and I bought our first llama, an 18-month-old male llama, Pumpernickel, in 1984Since then, they are evergrowing; LlamaWeb is intended to provide information about llamas for people interested in these South American camelids.