The IoT world is all about sensing, and no sense is more important or empowering than vision. We humans rely on our sight to understand the world around us more than any other source of information, and it’s likely that the same will be true for our intelligent machines. From automotive applications like ADAS to drones to factory automation, giving our systems the ability to “see” brings capabilities that are difficult or even impossible to achieve in any other way.
But vision is one of the most challenging computational problems of our era. High-resolution cameras generate massive amounts of data, and processing that information in real time requires enormous computing power. Even the fastest conventional processors are not up to the task, and some kind of hardware acceleration is mandatory at the edge. Hardware acceleration options are limited, however. GPUs require too much power for most edge applications, and custom ASICs or dedicated ASSPs are horrifically expensive to create and don’t have the flexibility to keep up with changing requirements and algorithms.
That makes hardware acceleration via FPGA fabric just about the only viable option. And it makes SoC devices with embedded FPGA fabric – such as Xilinx Zynq and Altera SoC FPGAs – absolutely the solutions of choice. These devices bring the benefits of single-chip integration, ultra-low latency and high bandwidth between the conventional processors and the FPGA fabric, and low power consumption to the embedded vision space.
Unfortunately, they also typically bring the requirement of an engineering team with FPGA design expertise. Developing the accelerators for vision algorithms is a non-trivial task, and the accelerator part is typically created using a hardware description language such as Verilog or VHDL, driving a design flow with RTL simulation, synthesis, place and route, and timing closure. In addition to requiring a qualified engineering team with specialized expertise, this can add months to the development cycle.
The problem is just getting worse. Now, AI technologies such as neural networks are being increasingly used for the complex and fuzzy pattern recognition part of vision systems. Neural networks have two distinct modes of operation. “Training” – which is done once on a large sample data set, typically in a data center environment – requires heaping helpings of floating-point computation. Your vision algorithm may be shown millions of pictures of cats, so that it can later automatically recognize cats in video streams. Training sets and tunes the coefficients that will be used in the later “Inference” phase. “Inference” is the in-the-field portion of the neural network. During inference, you want your autonomous mouse to be able to recognize cats as quickly and accurately as possible, engaging its “fight or flight” mode.
Inference is done at the edge of the IoT, or as close to it as possible. You don’t have time for massive amounts of image data to be uploaded to the cloud and processed, delivering a “Hey, that thing you’re looking at is a CAT!” conclusion about 100ms after the limbs are torn from your robotic device. Inference, therefore is typically done with fixed-point (8-bit or less) precision in the IoT edge device itself – minimizing latency and power consumption while maximizing performance.
This “training” vs “inference” model is very convenient for the companies who make FPGAs and hybrid SoC/FPGA devices. FPGAs are really good at high-speed, low-precision computation. It’s, interestingly, doubly convenient for Xilinx, whose FPGAs and SoCs differ from archrival Intel (Altera) in that Intel’s devices support hardware floating-point (good for training) supposedly at the expense of some performance in the fixed-point domain (good for inference). Xilinx is apparently more than willing to let Intel duke it out with GPUs for the training sockets, while Xilinx focuses advantages on the much-more-lucrative inference sockets.
So, Xilinx is sitting pretty with their Zynq SoCs and MPSoCs, perfectly aligned with the needs of the embedded vision developer and well differentiated from Intel/Altera’s devices. What else could they possibly need?
Oh, yeah, There’s still that “almost impossible to program” issue.
Rewinding a few paragraphs – most of the very large systems companies have well-qualified teams of hardware engineers who can handle the FPGA portion of an embedded vision system. Xilinx has dozens of engagements in every important application segment involving embedded vision – from ADAS to drones to industrial automation. But many companies don’t have the required hardware expertise for it, and they wouldn’t want to dedicate the design time to it even if they did. Plus, crossing the conceptual barrier from vision experts to neural network experts to FPGA design experts and back again is a very expensive, time consuming, and lossy process. What we really need is a way for software developers to be able to harness the power of Zynq devices without bringing in a huge team of hardware experts.
That’s the whole point of Xilinx’s reVISION.
reVISION, announced this week, is a stack – a set of tools, interfaces, and IP – designed to let embedded vision application developers start in their own familiar sandbox (OpenVX for vision acceleration and Caffe for machine learning), smoothly navigate down through algorithm development (OpenCV and NN frameworks such as AlexNet, GoogLeNet, SqueezeNet, SSD, and FCN), targeting Zynq devices without the need to bring in a team of FPGA experts. reVISION takes advantage of Xilinx’s previously-announced SDSoC stack to facilitate the algorithm development part. Xilinx claims enormous gains in productivity for embedded vision development – with customers predicting cuts of as much as 12 months from current schedules for new product and update development.
In many systems employing embedded vision, it’s not just the vision that counts. Increasingly, information from the vision system must be processed in concert with information from other types of sensors such as LiDAR, SONAR, RADAR, and others. FPGA-based SoCs are uniquely agile at handling this sensor fusion problem, with the flexibility to adapt to the particular configuration of sensor systems required by each application. This diversity in application requirements is a significant barrier for typical “cost optimization” strategies such as the creation of specialized ASIC and ASSP solutions.
The performance rewards for system developers who successfully harness the power of these devices are substantial. Xilinx is touting benchmarks showing their devices delivering an advantage of 6x images/sec/watt in machine learning inference with GoogLeNet @batch = 1, 42x frames/sec/watt in computer vision with OpenCV, and ? the latency on real-time applications with GoogLeNet @batch = 1 versus “NVidia Tegra and typical SoCs.” These kinds of advantages in latency, performance, and particularly in energy-efficiency can easily be make-or-break for many embedded vision applications.
Xilinx has also announced a range of embedded vision development kits supporting various cameras and input configurations supporting the reVISION development flow, so you’ll be able to get your design working on actual hardware as quickly as possible.
At press time, Intel had just announced the acquisition of Mobileye – a company specializing in embedded vision and collision avoidance in the automotive market – for almost as much as they paid for Altera. It seems that the stakes in this emerging applications space are going up yet again. It will be interesting to watch the battle unfold.


Narrative essay vs descriptive essay personal narratives will require descriptive features in order to be you can add elements from the other in order to. Lesson 5: elements of narrative essay be highly descriptive because this is now that you have understood what a narrative essay is and all its elements. Pay for performance research paper elements of a narrative essay order resume to write an outstanding descriptive essay features how- poster for each. My article review asap tameside features and elements of descriptive essay bedfordshire who won the presidential debate on october 3rd cardiff make literature review. Use narrative and descriptive elements to strengthen to add narrative and descriptive elements to expository writing his point in an expository essay. Descriptive give the features and elements of descriptive essay essay the title page provides the first impression for your audience of your proposal.
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Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on basic features and elements of essay. Give the elements and features of an essay not only should an essay demonstrate your defining the key elements of a descriptive essayif you want to write an. How to edit a descriptive essay a descriptive essay should give a full description of some object, concept or action, no matter what it is – a table or love.
Basic features and elements of an essay 1 thesis: your main insight or idea about a text or topic, and the main proposition that your essay demonstrates. There are several styles of essay: expository, descriptive a narrative essay is a window on an and should contain all the basic elements of a story. Basic features of a descriptive essay mar 10, 2013 the descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe one might benefit from keeping in mind.
Defining descriptive elements you can define any number of descriptive elements for an item catalog group you can also describe whether the descriptive element is. The quotations essay features and elements a descriptive writing format just like any other challenge.


Pigeons can pose a critical problem for homeowners. They can breed very rapidly and have been known to have harmful diseases. Luckily, there are lots of approaches to get rid of pigeons which are both effective and humane.
Pigeons are stout-bodied birds which are pale gray in color, with black bars on each wing. If folks talk about “pigeons,” they’re most commonly referring to the feral Rock Pigeon, which is the species most commonly found in urban areas. They are quite a nuisance and will feed on several different readily available foods, like seeds, fruits, plants, and discarded food. Pigeons are powerful scavengers and will visit wherever the food is.
Pigeons generally build nests on top of roofs, in gutters, on external ledges, or even in external air conditioners; Wildlife Removal Palm Bay.
Pigeons are considered pests since they may cause damage to buildings and transmit disease. They’ve been proven to take out the Avian Flu, as well as several distinct sorts of parasites.
Should pigeons start to roost in your area, there are lots of strategies that could show homeowners how to eliminate pigeons. When dealing with almost any pest, the initial step is always prevention. Homeowners must seal off potential nesting sites with screens or fillers. Other pigeon repellents include anti-roosting spikes and scarecrows. These scarecrows can choose the form of owls, snakes, cats, or even people. However, to succeed, these scarecrows will need to look alive and move either randomly or responsively.
Homeowners may also use chemical pigeon repellents. A few of those chemicals simply produce the perch embarrassing for the birds to sit down on or cause pain to the toes. Other chemicals may not simply repel pigeons, but will rather kill them. Avitrol is 1 chemical commonly used to remove pigeons, despite the fact that it’s indiscriminate and will destroy other birds or animals that come in contact with it. It may unintentionally harm pets or even kids. However, the compound is quite ineffective anyway. Even though the pigeon population will initially decrease, it will immediately return, as these birds breed quickly.
The most effective way to get rid of pigeons is to reduce the food supply. Some cities also use avian contraceptives, which control the pigeon population by diminishing the viability of this egg.


The number of new, amateur finds of Roman coins have been increasing rapidly in recent years. Researchers generally agree that coins from amateur finds are fully legitimate numismatic sources. It is estimated that non-archaeologists made no less than 90% of old discoveries of Roman coins from the area of central Barbaricum. This is also true for the beginning of the 21st century. The disadvantage of this situation lies in the fact that the lack of information about the context of most of the amateur finds significantly decrease their source value for archaeology. However, the mass representation of the material is a big advantage. In order to obtain more data on new discoveries from Poland, it was necessary to develop a project that would allow for collecting anonymous information about finds of Roman coins. The scheme of action was thus based on two kinds of activities. One of them involved searching information about the new discoveries of coins on the Internet and then expanding and verifying these data. The other involved propagating the project of recording finds as wide as it was possible in order to encourage finders to pass as much information about their discoveries as possible. During the realisation of the project, from May 2004 to November 2007, the number of 518 pieces of anonymous information had been gathered. This material comprised of 1,028 Roman coins from 448 finds. Among the newly reported finds, there were: 11 treasures and 437 small finds (113 group finds and 324 single finds). Basing on the collected data, we may assume that single finds of Roman coins are relatively rare in Poland, which can mean that they usually appear in a broader archaeological context. Unfortunately, in most cases we have no information about the context whatsoever. Some interesting observations on the collected material are worth mentioning here: • Republican denarii quite frequently occurred in small finds; • Denarii subaeratii also occurred quite frequently; we may assume that no less than 10 percent of all small finds of Roman denarii in Poland were in fact denarii subaeratii; • Three hoards similar to Drzewicz hoard were discovered in the basin of Bzura river, which may suggest that there were “Drzewicz type” hoards in that area; • The example of four hoards found in the Polish Jura suggests that hoards deposited on this territory in the Migration Period often contained a number of denarii and jewelry, including gold coins adapted for pendants. General methods of critical approach to such new material are still being developed, since information regarding the coins and the circumstances of their discovery happened sometimes to be, no matter if intentionally or not, false or distorted. Registration activities were continued in 2008 which resulted in capturing two important single finds: a siliqua of Constantius II discovered in a field in the village Prusice (commune Złotoryja) and a solidus of Arcadius found in a field in Rotmanka in the suburbs of Gdansk (6 figures, 2 tables).


MONDAY, April 30 (HealthDay News) -- Children are more likely than adults to suffer from a number of diseases, but few clinical trials are conducted to test new drugs in children with these conditions, researchers have found.
In a new study, researchers looked at all clinical trials registered worldwide from 2006 to 2011 for drugs to treat these common conditions: asthma, migraine headaches, schizophrenia, depression, diarrheal illness, lower respiratory infection, malaria, bipolar disorder and HIV/AIDS.
While children account for 60 percent of the patients with these conditions, only 12 percent of the clinical drug trials involved children, the investigators found. The gap was widest for conditions that are widespread in low- and middle-income countries.
Clinical drug trials in children are important because youngsters often respond differently to medications than adults, the study authors pointed out in an American Academy of Pediatrics news release.
"We found that there is a large discrepancy between global disease burden in children and the amount of clinical trial research devoted to this population," Dr. Florence Bourgeois, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, said in the news release.
Lack of funding may be a major reason why there are so few clinical drug trials involving children, she noted.
"We found that 58.6 percent of pediatric drug trials were conducted without any industry funding, relying solely on nonprofit organizations. In contrast, the majority of adult drug trials (64.7 percent) received industry funding," Bourgeois said.
She said additional programs and incentives are needed to increase the number of drugs tested in children.
"It is critical that drugs are studied that are most likely to benefit children, particularly children in developing countries who appear to be most neglected in the current research portfolio," Bourgeois said.
The study was slated for Saturday presentation at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting, in Boston. The data and conclusions should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has more about children and clinical trials.
SOURCE: American Academy of Pediatrics, news release, April 28, 2012
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


Border Studies at EPCC
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We do NOT have the resources to assist with genealogical research.
For GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH please contact:
*El Paso Genealogical Society
Flu Epidemic of 1918 Hit El Paso Hard
Article first published in Vol. 19, 2000.
By Valerie Garnica and Armando Resendiz
In 1918, a flu pandemic spread in three principal waves. For 17 weeks, from September 1918 to January 1919, the virus killed 20 to 40 million people worldwide, with unusually high death rates among young, healthy adults. The virus became known as the "Spanish Flu," not because it originated in Spain but because so many Spaniards caught the disease - an estimated eight million.
Such a vaccine was not available 82 years ago.
In 1918, the severity of the disease became apparent when it targeted so many different ages and types of people. Rural and city dwellers alike, soldiers, and most surprisingly, those in the prime of life became victims. The second wave of the flu attacked mostly young people between the ages of 20-40, unusual because influenza historically had affected the elderly and the very young.
Europe recorded over two million deaths compared to almost 16 million deaths in Asia, about five million in India alone. Fatalities in the United States numbered over 500,000. Even isolated areas such as Eskimo villages in Alaska were wiped out. In 1918, El Paso was a dominant railroad center and a rapidly growing city, with a population of about 75,000. Fort Bliss had become a major military base. The Spanish flu epidemic made El Paso work together as a community.
On October 3, 1918, Mayor Charles Davis closed all schools, churches, theaters and other public places. Even funerals could not be held in churches. Health officials denied all requests to reopen them. Dr. J. W. Tappan, Director of the El Paso City-County Health Unit, declared on October 26, "The epidemic is abating, but has not abated sufficiently to allow reopening. If we reopened now, it would start out again with a whoop."
One reason this flu epidemic became so deadly was the rapid course of the disease. Some victims died within hours of contracting this flu. The El Paso Herald-Post published four directives to help prevent the flu from spreading. Residents were told not to cough or sneeze without covering the mouth; not to sleep in the same room with an infected person; not to kiss; and not to wait until the symptoms pass before calling a doctor.
Local health officials enacted an ordinance making it mandatory for residents to wear face masks in public. El Pasoans were told to avoid crowds and packed cars. Because the city was not prepared for an epidemic, existing hospitals became overcrowded and physicians were in great demand. Various buildings were converted into makeshift hospitals.
Fort Bliss soldiers could not leave the base without permission and were subject to arrest if they did. When they entered El Paso, soldiers could not go south of Overland Street. By October 15, Fort Bliss had 1,309 cases. Many of these patients were soldiers who had returned from Europe, where the flu was raging. The commander of Fort Bliss volunteered the services of his medical officers to help the city with the epidemic.
Mexican-Americans in the south part of the town suffered most. The virus ripped through the section named Chihuahuita because no hospital existed in the area, and other health services were not provided. Residents of the area died by the dozen. On October 15, officials recorded 37 deaths in south El Paso, and 22 sick people were found in one house.
Fred M. Morales, writing about the neighborhood, said that ambulances would pick up the seriously ill from Chihuahuita four to five times a day and transport them to the Santa Fe Street tenement buildings that were converted into hospitals. Residents often avoided hospitals because they could not speak English and were frightened of dying there.
On October 16, 1918, city and health officials decided to convert the 28 rooms of Aoy School into an emergency hospital for influenza patients. Historian Bradford Luckingham writes that the city furnished utilities; the school board provided the building; the United States Public Health Service supplied the physicians; the Red Cross contributed the beds, medicines and nurses; and the Associated Charities provided food, clothes and money for families in need. Aoy teachers assisted Red Cross workers, speaking Spanish to the patients.
Volunteers from all over the city donated food and clothing to the sick in hospitals, while others used their vehicles as ambulances. These volunteers also taught family members of flu patients rules to prevent reinfecting the patient or spreading the disease to others.
The epidemic took its toll on El Paso. In late October, nearly 5,000 Spanish influenza cases had been reported, and at least 400 people had died. During the week ending October 23, 229 deaths occurred in the city. Of the dead, 144 were from the Southside, an increase of 42 over the previous week. Dr. Tappan explained that the high death toll among Chihuahuita residents resulted largely from the fact that a whooping cough epidemic already existed and served to further weaken children who then contracted influenza.
The economic loss in El Paso was drastic. The board of health decided that no new businesses should be opened and ordered that "no stores or public gathering places of any kind, shall allow more than twenty-five persons other than employees, to congregate on one floor." The board also authorized special officers to help enforce the regulations. They cited several stores and restaurants for unnecessary crowding.
The city removed the prohibition of public gatherings on November 9, allowing more than 8,000 people to view the Armistice Day parade on November 11. Fort Bliss lifted its quarantine. By this time, El Paso had recorded 600 fatalities. Cases of the Spanish flu continued to occur, but by January 1919, the flu scare was over.
Today, researchers are trying to figure out where this virus came from, why it did so much damage and if and when it will occur again. Determining the origin of the virus can help doctors understand how best to fight the disease. One research team has noted that there had been an outbreak in spring 1918 of a mild flu, followed by an outbreak in the autumn among pigs, and then the killer epidemic in people. This sequence of events supports the theory that the 1918 influenza spread from humans to swine and then back to humans.
Scientists investigating the 1918 flu were stymied in part by the difficulty of finding viable tissue samples from people who had been dead for more than eight decades. In 1999, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology team used samples from the body of an Alaskan Inuit who was buried in permafrost on the Seward Peninsula, a 21-year-old soldier who died in South Carolina and a 30-year-old who died in New York. The team managed to compose the entire gene for hemagglutinin, a protein the influenza virus uses to infect the cells scientists look at first to determine a flu strain.
Dr. Rod Daniels, of the National Institute for Medical Research in London, England, says, "Ultimately when we have the genetic information and we have pinned down the pathogenic determinants, then we can monitor for those things through our existing surveillance system. We could probably spot a virus that is evolving down a particular route and prepare a vaccine ahead of time and maybe stop that virus in its tracks."
Regardless of technology, an influenza epidemic is still possible in our time. Paul M. Rowe writing in the British medical journal Lancet, says, "Influenza pandemics are not new, but rapid international travel combined with complications caused by emerging drug-resistant bacteria and the deterioration of the public health service infrastructure in many places may make the next one very severe." No cure exists for the flu, but the yearly vaccines minimize the symptoms. Doctors can identify various strains and treat patients immediately.
Even with a new vaccine every year, El Pasoans fall victim to various strains of influenza. Epidemiology units monitor hospitals and schools here in El Paso daily from September through April for high numbers of people with flu-like symptoms. If the number of flu cases rises 10 percent above normal, the city will react with emergency measures.
The two main medical interventions available are vaccinations and antiviral drugs, neither of which is 100 percent effective. Bertha Holguin, a nurse at Texas Tech Medical Center, who concentrates on flu cases, says the most important step to preventing flu is still to wash hands thoroughly and frequently.
The Spanish Flu, coming at the end of World War I, killed more people than the war did. Because the city's health agencies and volunteers worked relentlessly to stop the spread of the virus, El Paso had a relatively low mortality rate. Nevertheless, the flu remains a potentially fatal disease 100 years later. The world must be better prepared for another catastrophic outbreak than it was in 1918.
Bacteria Fingered as Killer in 1918 Flu Pandemic (NPR piece)


STRIDE: Study Targeting Recognition of Immune Deficiency and Evaluation
Icahn School of Medicine is a major referral center for infants, children, and adults, who have known or suspected primary immune deficiency diseases. We are taking the next step to help our patients, as well as those patients nationwide and globally by exploring new diagnosis and treatment therapies for these disorders. Researchers at Mount Sinai’s Human Immunodeficiency Diseases and Immuno-Reconstitution Laboratory launched STRIDE (Study Targeting Recognition of Immune Deficiency and Evaluation), which aims to evaluate data from patients with medical complications suggestive of immune deficiency to determine what immune systems may not be working normally. Our overall goal is to improve the quality of life for individuals with primary immune deficiencies.
Primary Immune Deficiencies Overview
Primary immune deficiencies encompass more than 150 hereditary diseases caused by defects in one or more genes responsible for the development of key components of the immune system. The type of the immune defect dictates in many ways, the age of the patient at which the immune defect manifests and the kinds of medical complications likely to develop. When a very essential component of the immune system is flawed, the age of onset of symptoms is usually in the first year of life; these defects can result in significant disease in these infants if not treated. The most severe forms are the genetic defects that lead to Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID), sometimes called the “Bubble Boy Disease.” Treatment for this form of immunodeficiency is currently bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.
Many other known forms of primary immune deficiency are not treated with a stem cell transplant. These can be diagnosed in infants, children or adults. Some of the milder, but still very significant forms lead to the occurrence of many episodes of “ordinary” illnesses such as pneumonia, bronchitis, chronic sinusitis or ear infections. These conditions can be either overlooked or misdiagnosed as an allergy, asthma, or recurring bronchitis. When not addressed, primary immune deficiency can leave a patient vulnerable to prolonged illnesses, disability, and - in the most severe cases - organ damage.
Primary immune deficiency can be diagnosed through blood tests that evaluate immune functions. These tests are commonly performed in stages, based on clinical history, in order to narrow down the area of abnormality. Once diagnosed, patients will consult their physician about various treatments, which range from selected antibiotics to gamma globulin infusions and cytokine treatments. Other treatments include bone marrow or stem cell transplant. In the future, gene therapy may be possible for some severe forms. Primary immune deficiency is not AIDS. While both involve the immune system, primary immune deficiency occurs as a result of a genetic flaw while AIDS is an acquired immune defect due to infection.
Primary Immune Deficiency at Mount Sinai
Some immune defects are more common than others. Icahn School of Medicine is a referral center for infants, children, and adults, who have known or suspected primary immune deficiency diseases. During recent years, more than 1000 patients have been seen and evaluated. Approximately one half are children and the other half are adult. As many studies have indicated, the most common immune defects involve deficient production of antibodies.
Figure 1 shows the commonest defects seen in the last several years, based on percentages. Common variable immune deficiency, IgA deficiency, IgG subclass deficiency and transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy are some of the common immune defects that are associated with insufficient antibodies, but many other types of immune defects are also seen.
Lack of Recognition of Primary Immune Deficiency
Primary immune defects are believed to occur equally in all populations, races, and ethnic groups, but it has is very concerning that the diagnosis of primary immune defects patients varies considerably from one hospital to another and from one state to the next. For this reason, we have been investigating measures to enhance recognition and diagnosis of patients with primary immune defects at Mount Sinai area and developed an NIH-funded program based on a survey of the diagnoses of large patient groups to determine more about why this is so, and what measures can be taken to improve diagnosis.
Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, MD, PhD
1425 Madison Avenue,1st Floor
New York, NY 10029


Part of the celery family, the celery root or celeriac, is routinely used in French cooking and is seen throughout Europe. It is solely grown for its root use and appeared in the United States beginning in the 19th century.
This root is bypassed by many because of it unusual appearance of crevices and rootlets. When cooked well, this root evokes celery and parsley flavors.
Availability, Selection, Storage and Preparation
Celery roots are available year-round with a peak during November through April. Select roots that are the least knobby or ones that have the smoothest skin (for easier peeling). Medium roots tend to be smoother and harder and these roots can be sold with or with out the celery tops. If you do buy the roots with the tops, trim the stalks and save them for soups and stews. The roots should be wrapped in plastic, stored in the refrigerator, and used within a week. Celery roots must be scrubbed, trimmed at the top and bottom, quartered, and then peeled before eating. Be sure to discard any spongy parts. Avoid overcooking celery root as it will go quickly from firm to mushy.


As regions across Africa continue to suffer consecutive seasons of drought and food shortages, World Vision is bringing assistance to malnourished children like Saytuun, who was able to recover after three months of therapeutic feeding at a nutrition center.
Goldogob, located near the border between Ethiopia and Somalia, is surrounded by numerous villages that depend on it for their medical needs, because they lack health facilities.
Saytuun is a 10-month-old girl who was admitted to the World Vision outpatient theraputic program in Goldogob, after she was diagnosed with malnutrition. At the time of her admission in November 2012, she only weighed five kilograms, or 11 pounds.
“We are a very poor family that cannot afford to pay for treatment of our children, and sometimes we miss our daily food,” says Saytuun’s mother, Ikran, who attributes her daughter’s malnutrition to the poverty they face.
Virtually all families in Goldogob, northern Somalia, and across rural East Africa depend on livestock to make a living. However, successive droughts have decimated the cattle population, leaving many families poor and unable to meet their basic needs.
At the local nutrition center managed by World Vision, Saytuun received nutrient-rich supplements, while her general health was monitored on a weekly basis.
Within the first three weeks, her condition improved, as she continued to gain strength. And after three months in the program, Saytuun had fully recovered and was discharged. This girl is among dozens of children who have been treated successfully at the nutrition center thus far.
Currently, World Vision is the only humanitarian agency that provides nutrition intervention in Goldogob. The program operates weekly with five staff members. It targets children ages 6 months through 4 years old who suffer from severe acute malnutrition.
The team also dispenses deworming medicines and conducts community mobilization and health education sessions in Goldogob and surrounding villages.
Malnutrition remains a major challenge for children in Somalia. Recently released statistics indicate malnutrition affects nearly one in three children. An estimated 215,000 children under 5 years of age are acutely malnourished, out of which at least 45,000 are severely malnourished.
World Vision’s successful treatment of Saytuun and other children in Goldogob, Somalia — as well as other parts of the drought-weary Horn of Africa — has contributed to overall efforts to reduce malnutrition among children.
But challenges remain as dry conditions persist across large parts of the continent, resulting in poor harvests, loss of livestock, and resulting food shortages. World Vision teams remain focused on providing emergency aid to children in greatest need, like Saytuun, while helping families and communities develop sustainable, long-term solutions to reduce malnutrition and increase food security.
Read more about World Vision’s work to address hunger and malnutrition.
Please pray for children like Saytuun who are extremely vulnerable to hunger and malnutrition. Though Saytuun was able to recover, many more are at risk in this region and across other parts of Africa where prolonged droughts have caused major suffering.
Make a one-time donation to help provide life-saving food and care to children suffering from hunger. Your contribution will help us bring assistance in places of great need through interventions like emergency food aid, nutritional training, agricultural support, clean water, and more.
Give monthly to support children affected by hunger. Your monthly donation will help us reach even more children who suffer because of hunger, malnutrition, and food shortages.
Contact President Obama today. Sign our Beyond 5 petition and urge the president to support policies that reduce global hunger and address other preventable causes of death among children under age 5.


Reaction Torque Transducers
When you choose a reaction torque transducer from S. Himmelstein and Company, you get ultimate real-world accuracy based on 50+ years of experience and innovation.
A reaction torque transducer measures torque transferred to ground (or any rigid structural member). While intended primarily for static torque measurement, these reaction transducers can also measure dynamic torque, thanks to Newton’s third law of motion. (For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.)
Reaction Torque Transducer Principles
A reaction transducer has two mounting flanges. One face is fixed to ground or a rigid structural member and the other to the rotating or rotary element. Rotation generates shear forces between the flanges. S. Himmelstein and Company measures these forces with precision strain gages. These incorporate wire that responds to being stretched or compressed with strand small changes in electrical resistance. While the change is subtle, it can be detected effectively in a reaction torque sensor by incorporating four gages into a Wheatstone Bridge arrangement.
Accurate and repeatable torque measurement from the reaction torque transducer is achieved through precise manufacture and installation of the strain gages — plus temperature compensation and sophisticated signal conditioning. Details vary by transducer size and type, but strain gages are typically arranged at 45 degrees to the rotation axis. In this configuration, the shear stress produced by twisting creates tensile and compressive stresses of equal magnitude.
When selecting a reaction torque transducer, always consider the extraneous loads to which it will be subjected. Typical of such loads are bending moments and axial thrust. Transducer specifications list the maximum such loads that can be safely applied.
Electrical resistance varies with temperature. Without compensation, the result would be inaccurate readings from the reaction torquemeter. While strain gages are temperature-compensated, reaction torque sensors incorporate our superior technology for improved accuracy.
Common Applications for Reaction Transducers
Torque measurement via reaction torque sensor is widely used in process control and testing. It can yield valuable information about how a process is running and enable torque control that improves product consistency. In testing, torque measurement can indicate product performance, safe operating limits, maximum loads and breaking points.
Coil winding systems like those used in steel and paper manufacture are a common torque measurement application. In rolling mills, it can indicate load and hence material properties. In chemical processing, a change in fluid viscosity can signal the onset of a chemical reaction or degree of mixing.
In test and measurement, torque measurement is used to calibrate torque wrenches, determine fastener breaking torque and monitor the force needed to open child-proof containers. Torque can even indicate the approach of plastic deformation in materials testing.
Types of Reaction Torque Transducers
We offer four types:
- Hollow Flanged Transducer — Achieve faster response by employing a patented double-wall design that results in a compact package with high torsional stiffness. Maximum loads range from 60 to 2,400,000 lbf-in.
- Solid Flanged — Handle torques from 10 ozf-in to 750,000 lbf-in. Overload capacity is twice the rated torque.
- C-Faced Hollow Flange — Mate with NEMA C-Face motors and offer high accuracy and stiffness along with low deflection. Handle torque from 50 to 20,000 lbf-in.
- Square Drive — Low weight and compact size simplify installation and handling. They are intended for larger torques, in the 300,000 to 4,000,000 lbf-in range.
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The Keeping Safe Talking Mats resource is a visual framework that has been developed and trialled over 3 years. It provides:
- A listening space for people with learning disability to raise concerns
- A structure for staff to find out what people are thinking about their lives, and raise issues that can be difficult to discuss.
We have produced a poster that describes the development of the resource and where we have got to . Please click here to view CM poster 20150825
The Scottish government learning disability strategy keys to life has 4 strategic outcomes for people with learning disability in 2015-2017
- A health life
- Choice and control
- Active Citzenship
Using the Keeping safe resource allows people to think about , reflect on and have their say in these areas. We have loved training staff working in learning disability across Scotland to use it. The feedback on how it is being used is very powerful, so watch out for more blogs that will show how it has helped people with a learning disability have a say in changing and determining their lives.


A person is attracted to space. He wants to figure out where it came from, if not from monkeys, and is there intelligent life on other worlds. And don’t always need to look prohibitively far away, if you planet “on all occasions”. Mars became the object of attention long before the exploration of space, and it is popular with filmmakers who want to make fiction.
But it was a fantastic part of the question this film will have problems. The Director was not able to find and catch the right rhythm and the right mood. The trouble is in the details. It begins with the earthly scenes where the astronauts rolled up a party on the occasion of the mission. Then the viewer is immediately thrown on the surface of Mars, where already carried out some work. Even really clear what they’re looking for. In movies about space and traveling through it is always interesting to watch the preparation. As the astronauts enter the ship, as the ship takes off, passes the atmosphere, overcomes a great distance, and were approaching their destination. Well and then — as scientists begin their work, take their first steps in uncharted territory, etc. Continue reading
People were engaged in agriculture in the stone age, 30 – 35 thousand years ago. This is evidenced by the notches on animal bones and rocks, cave paintings. This is, perhaps, the earliest “scientific notes”, in which the authors noted the different phases of the moon and count days and nights.
Monitored by our astronomical instruments, the universe consists by weight of about 76 percent hydrogen and 23 helium. Only slightly more than one percent accounts for all other elements of the periodic table.
It is estimated that the galaxy contains more than a hundred and twenty billion stars and to represent its enormous size, we will give one comparison: if the path from the Sun to Earth light travels in 8 minutes, the diameter of the galaxy it will for a hundred thousand years.
To show the progress made over half a century in the study of the Universe, astronomer Paul Couderc came to a startling comparison. Suppose that all known astronomy to 1900 area of the Universe displayed on the plan area of one square meter. Continue reading
The main problems during space flight are considered motion sickness, fatigue, dehydration, loss of appetite and back pain
The astronauts can perform on the International space station not more than six months. And for good reason.
The loss of muscle and bone mass in zero gravity during this time is so great that the continued presence in space for humans is not possible.
Future space tourists will not go through the same tough training as cosmonauts and astronauts – how flying can affect their health?
In an article published by the British medical journal, argues that the district doctors in British clinics need to be prepared for the fact that in the near future, their patients will begin to wonder whether their body to move space travel.
Only a handful of doctors have sufficient knowledge in the field of space medicine to give expert advice. Continue reading


What makes a building healthy?
A healthy building needs to be designed for efficiency, safety, livability, and of course, comfort. Most organizations strive to provide healthy buildings for their tenants and employees, but their understanding of what that entails is often limited. Fortunately, the Healthy Buildings Program at Harvard created nine guidelines to follow.
Here are the nine foundations of a healthy building:
- Outside Air. Outside air is significantly cleaner and healthier than the air indoors—at least above street level where you can eliminate things like car exhaust. Healthy ventilation means removing the stale, recirculated air, and replacing it with clean, fresh, outdoor air—then filtering that air to remove contaminants.
- Air Quality. Eliminating particles from the air, down to the nanometer size is essential for good air quality. Many furnishings, supplies, and building materials release harmful chemicals over time. Look to eliminate things like lead and asbestos from older buildings, and do not use paints, solvents, or cleaning supplies that include volatile organic compounds.
- Water Quality. The water system in a healthy building must be tested regularly and meet the U.S. National Drinking Water Standard. This may involve installing water purification and filtration above and beyond what’s done by the municipal water system.
- Thermal Health. The building’s temperature must be kept comfortable and consistent over time. The same goes for humidity. If possible, this should include separate climate controls for each floor in the building. Since heat rises, upper floors may be significantly warmer than lower ones. There should also be a thorough examination of the building to see if there are disparate temperatures in different areas and address those issues.
- Dust and Pests. Dust and contaminants in the air can be eliminated by your air ventilation and filtration system. But what about the dust that settles in the carpet, or on surfaces? What about bugs and other pests that can make their way into your building? Sealing leaks, gaps, and other potential entry points can help prevent pests from getting in. Vacuum regularly with a high-efficiency filter, and dust thoroughly.
- Lighting and Views. Healthy buildings should be designed to let in as much natural light as possible. Working for long periods of time in an area lit only with artificial light can be detrimental to workers’ health and well-being. All workers should have a clear view of at least one window from their station.
- Noise Level. How well can you hear the traffic outside? Is there heavy construction? Airplanes overhead? What about the noise inside, such as the humming of equipment, or the beeps of devices? Noise should be mitigated as much as possible, and “quiet areas” should be provided in the building to get away from the noise.
- Moisture. There are a number of ways moisture can enter a building, from roof leaks to plumbing problems, to HVAC issues. Moisture can in turn lead to mold, mildew, and other problems. A building’s roof, plumbing, and HVAC systems should be checked regularly and well-maintained to prevent unwanted moisture.
- Safety and Security. Exit signs should be clearly visible. Stairways, parking lots, and other potentially dangerous areas should be well-lit. Smoke alarms, fire alarms, carbon monoxide detectors, etc. should be regularly maintained and kept working and in good repair.
This is just a basic overview of Harvard’s nine foundations of a healthy building and what they entail. There is a myriad of ways to improve the health of your building, and with effort and dedication, any building can be made healthier. What’s more, by creating a healthier building, you create a brighter future for your company and employees.[/vc_column_text][vc_cta h2=”Are you ready to improve the health of your building?”]Contact the EEP team today to get started.[/vc_cta][/vc_column][/vc_row]


Answered By: Gabe Gossett Last Updated: Jan 03, 2020 Views: 56111
Note: This is an answer only for citing within an appendix. If you are looking for information on how to cite an appendix you have created within the body of your text, please follow this link.
- Use parenthetical in-text citations in your appendix
- Include all sources cited in your appendix in your larger alphabetical References section
Answer with explanation
The APA Publication Manual does not give explicit direction on how to cite external sources that are used within appendices. However, APA style favors the idea of keeping all sources cited in a single reference list. A good practice would be to cite your source information in your appendix with an in-text parenthetical citation, like you would in the body of your paper, and include the source in the alphabetical list with everything else in your References section. With a grey area like this, where the manual does not have explicit direction, it is often a good idea to check in with your instructor to ensure that your approach will align well with their expectations.


Diabetes mellitus currently affects 346 million individuals and this is projected to increase to 400 million by 2030. Evidence from both the laboratory and large scale clinical trials has revealed that diabetic complications progress unimpeded via the phenomenon of metabolic memory even when glycemic control is pharmaceutically achieved. Gene expression can be stably altered through epigenetic changes which not only allow cells and organisms to quickly respond to changing environmental stimuli but also confer the ability of the cell to "memorize" these encounters once the stimulus is removed. As such, the roles that these mechanisms play in the metabolic memory phenomenon are currently being examined.
We have recently reported the development of a zebrafish model of type I diabetes mellitus and characterized this model to show that diabetic zebrafish not only display the known secondary complications including the changes associated with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and impaired wound healing but also exhibit impaired caudal fin regeneration. This model is unique in that the zebrafish is capable to regenerate its damaged pancreas and restore a euglycemic state similar to what would be expected in post-transplant human patients. Moreover, multiple rounds of caudal fin amputation allow for the separation and study of pure epigenetic effects in an in vivo system without potential complicating factors from the previous diabetic state. Although euglycemia is achieved following pancreatic regeneration, the diabetic secondary complication of fin regeneration and skin wound healing persists indefinitely. In the case of impaired fin regeneration, this pathology is retained even after multiple rounds of fin regeneration in the daughter fin tissues. These observations point to an underlying epigenetic process existing in the metabolic memory state. Here we present the methods needed to successfully generate the diabetic and metabolic memory groups of fish and discuss the advantages of this model.
19 Related JoVE Articles!
Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
Institutions: University of Arizona, University of Arizona.
A simple, validated protocol consisting of a battery of tests is available to identify elderly patients with frailty syndrome. This syndrome of decreased reserve and resistance to stressors increases in incidence with increasing age. In the elderly, frailty may pursue a step-wise loss of function from non-frail to pre-frail to frail. We studied frailty in HIV-infected patients and found that ~20% are frail using the Fried phenotype using stringent criteria developed for the elderly1,2
. In HIV infection the syndrome occurs at a younger age.
HIV patients were checked for 1) unintentional weight loss; 2) slowness as determined by walking speed; 3) weakness as measured by a grip dynamometer; 4) exhaustion by responses to a depression scale; and 5) low physical activity was determined by assessing kilocalories expended in a week's time. Pre-frailty was present with any two of five criteria and frailty was present if any three of the five criteria were abnormal.
The tests take approximately 10-15 min to complete and they can be performed by medical assistants during routine clinic visits. Test results are scored by referring to standard tables. Understanding which of the five components contribute to frailty in an individual patient can allow the clinician to address relevant underlying problems, many of which are not evident in routine HIV clinic visits.
Medicine, Issue 77, Infection, Virology, Infectious Diseases, Anatomy, Physiology, Molecular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Retroviridae Infections, Body Weight Changes, Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures, Physical Examination, Muscle Strength, Behavior, Virus Diseases, Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena, HIV, HIV-1, AIDS, Frailty, Depression, Weight Loss, Weakness, Slowness, Exhaustion, Aging, clinical techniques
Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model
Institutions: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
Trypsin digest is the gold standard method to analyze the retinal vasculature 1-5
. It allows visualization of the entire network of complex three-dimensional retinal blood vessels and capillaries by creating a two-dimensional flat-mount of the interconnected vascular channels after digestion of the non-vascular components of the retina. This allows one to study various pathologic vascular changes, such as microaneurysms, capillary degeneration, and abnormal endothelial to pericyte ratios. However, the method is technically challenging, especially in mice, which have become the most widely available animal model to study the retina because of the ease of genetic manipulations 6,7
. In the mouse eye, it is particularly difficult to completely remove the non-vascular components while maintaining the overall architecture of the retinal blood vessels. To date, there is a dearth of literature that describes the trypsin digest technique in detail in the mouse. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step methodology of the trypsin digest in mouse retina, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.
Neurobiology, Issue 76, Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Ophthalmology, Eye, Posterior Eye Segment, Retinal Diseases, Eye Enucleation, trypsin digest, mouse, rat, rodent, retina, vasculature, blood vessel, histology, diabetes, tissue, animal model
Dissection of Human Vitreous Body Elements for Proteomic Analysis
Institutions: University of Iowa.
The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2
Abnormal interactions between vitreous substructures and the retina underlie several vitreoretinal diseases, including retinal tear and detachment, macular pucker, macular hole, age-related macular degeneration, vitreomacular traction, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and inherited vitreoretinopathies. 1,2
The molecular composition of the vitreous substructures is not known. Since the vitreous body is transparent with limited surgical access, it has been difficult to study its substructures at the molecular level. We developed a method to separate and preserve these tissues for proteomic and biochemical analysis. The dissection technique in this experimental video shows how to isolate vitreous base, anterior hyaloid, vitreous core, and vitreous cortex from postmortem human eyes. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analyses of each vitreous component showed that our dissection technique resulted in four unique protein profiles corresponding to each substructure of the human vitreous body. Identification of differentially compartmentalized proteins will reveal candidate molecules underlying various vitreoretinal diseases.
Medicine, Issue 47, vitreous, retina, dissection, hyaloid, vitreous base, vitreous cortex, vitreous core, protein analysis
Evisceration of Mouse Vitreous and Retina for Proteomic Analyses
Institutions: University of Iowa, University of Iowa, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
While the mouse retina has emerged as an important genetic model for inherited retinal disease, the mouse vitreous remains to be explored. The vitreous is a highly aqueous extracellular matrix overlying the retina where intraocular as well as extraocular proteins accumulate during disease.1-3
Abnormal interactions between vitreous and retina underlie several diseases such as retinal detachment, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.1,4
The relative mouse vitreous volume is significantly smaller than the human vitreous (Figure 1), since the mouse lens occupies nearly 75% of its eye.5
This has made biochemical studies of mouse vitreous challenging. In this video article, we present a technique to dissect and isolate the mouse vitreous from the retina, which will allow use of transgenic mouse models to more clearly define the role of this extracellular matrix in the development of vitreoretinal diseases.
Cellular Biology, Issue 50, mouse, vitreous, retina, proteomics, superoxide dismutase
Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate
Institutions: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School.
Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Medicine, Issue 79, Photoreceptor Cells, Rodentia, Retinal Degeneration, Retinal Detachment, animal models, Neuroscience, ophthalmology, retina, mouse, photoreceptor cell death, retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
Institutions: University of Manchester.
The accurate quantification of peripheral neuropathy is important to define at risk patients, anticipate deterioration, and assess new therapies. Conventional methods assess neurological deficits and electrophysiology and quantitative sensory testing quantifies functional alterations to detect neuropathy. However, the earliest damage appears to be to the small fibres and yet these tests primarily assess large fibre dysfunction and have a limited ability to demonstrate regeneration and repair. The only techniques which allow a direct examination of unmyelinated nerve fibre damage and repair are sural nerve biopsy with electron microscopy and skin-punch biopsy. However, both are invasive procedures and require lengthy laboratory procedures and considerable expertise. Corneal Confocal microscopy is a non-invasive clinical technique which provides in-vivo
imaging of corneal nerve fibres. We have demonstrated early nerve damage, which precedes loss of intraepidermal nerve fibres in skin biopsies together with stratification of neuropathic severity and repair following pancreas transplantation in diabetic patients. We have also demonstrated nerve damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy and Fabry's disease.
Medicine, Issue 47, Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Corneal nerves, Peripheral Neuropathy, Diabetic Neuropathy
Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
Institutions: Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine.
The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of human Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transfer studies in irradiated recipient mice have established that T cells are pivotal in T1D pathogenesis in this model. We describe herein a simple method to rapidly induce T1D by adoptive transfer of purified, primary CD4+ T cells from pre-diabetic NOD mice transgenic for the islet-specific T cell receptor (TCR) BDC2.5 into NOD.SCID recipient mice. The major advantages of this technique are that isolation and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells can be completed within the same day, irradiation of the recipients is not required, and a high incidence of T1D is elicited within 2 weeks after T cell transfer. Thus, studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions in T1D can proceed at a faster rate than with methods that rely on heterogenous T cell populations or clones derived from diabetic NOD mice.
Immunology, Issue 75, Medicine, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology, Biomedical Engineering, Genetics, Surgery, Type 1 diabetes, CD4+ T cells, diabetogenic T cells, T cell transfer, diabetes induction method, diabetes, T cells, isolation, cell sorting, FACS, transgenic mice, animal model
Intravital Video Microscopy Measurements of Retinal Blood Flow in Mice
Institutions: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center.
Alterations in retinal blood flow can contribute to, or be a consequence of, ocular disease and visual dysfunction. Therefore, quantitation of altered perfusion can aid research into the mechanisms of retinal pathologies. Intravital video microscopy of fluorescent tracers can be used to measure vascular diameters and bloodstream velocities of the retinal vasculature, specifically the arterioles branching from the central retinal artery and of the venules leading into the central retinal vein. Blood flow rates can be calculated from the diameters and velocities, with the summation of arteriolar flow, and separately venular flow, providing values of total retinal blood flow. This paper and associated video describe the methods for applying this technique to mice, which includes 1) the preparation of the eye for intravital microscopy of the anesthetized animal, 2) the intravenous infusion of fluorescent microspheres to measure bloodstream velocity, 3) the intravenous infusion of a high molecular weight fluorescent dextran, to aid the microscopic visualization of the retinal microvasculature, 4) the use of a digital microscope camera to obtain videos of the perfused retina, and 5) the use of image processing software to analyze the video. The same techniques can be used for measuring retinal blood flow rates in rats.
Medicine, Issue 82, mouse, intravital, microscopy, microspheres, retinal vascular diameters, bloodstream velocities, retinal blood flow
The Goeckerman Regimen for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Psoriasis
Institutions: University of Southern California, University of California, San Francisco , University of California Irvine School of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease affecting approximately 2-3% of the population. The Goeckerman regimen consists of exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) light and application of crude coal tar (CCT). Goeckerman therapy is extremely effective and relatively safe for the treatment of psoriasis and for improving a patient's quality of life. In the following article, we present our protocol for the Goeckerman therapy that is utilized specifically at the University of California, San Francisco. This protocol details the preparation of supplies, administration of phototherapy and application of topical tar. This protocol also describes how to assess the patient daily, monitor for adverse effects (including pruritus and burning), and adjust the treatment based on the patient's response. Though it is one of the oldest therapies available for psoriasis, there is an absence of any published videos demonstrating the process in detail. The video is beneficial for healthcare providers who want to administer the therapy, for trainees who want to learn more about the process, and for prospective patients who want to undergo treatment for their cutaneous disease.
Medicine, Issue 77, Infection, Biomedical Engineering, Anatomy, Physiology, Immunology, Dermatology, Skin, Dermis, Epidermis, Skin Diseases, Skin Diseases, Eczematous, Goeckerman, Crude Coal Tar, phototherapy, psoriasis, Eczema, Goeckerman regimen, clinical techniques
A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination
Institutions: University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Waterloo.
Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, both immune-mediated type 1 and obesity-linked type 2, studies aimed at delineating diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms are of critical importance. The β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are responsible for appropriately secreting insulin in response to elevated blood glucose concentrations. In addition to glucose and other nutrients, the β-cells are also stimulated by specific hormones, termed incretins, which are secreted from the gut in response to a meal and act on β-cell receptors that increase the production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Decreased β-cell function, mass, and incretin responsiveness are well-understood to contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, and are also being increasingly linked with type 1 diabetes. The present mouse islet isolation and cAMP determination protocol can be a tool to help delineate mechanisms promoting disease progression and therapeutic interventions, particularly those that are mediated by the incretin receptors or related receptors that act through modulation of intracellular cAMP production. While only cAMP measurements will be described, the described islet isolation protocol creates a clean preparation that also allows for many other downstream applications, including glucose stimulated insulin secretion, [3H
]-thymidine incorporation, protein abundance, and mRNA expression.
Physiology, Issue 88, islet, isolation, insulin secretion, β-cell, diabetes, cAMP production, mouse
Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
Institutions: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Hasselt University, Hasselt University, Leuven University.
The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 µm. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. The retina is a tissue that lines the interior of the eye and it is the only tissue that allows for a non-invasive analysis of the microvasculature. Nowadays, high-quality fundus images can be acquired using digital cameras. Retinal images can be collected in 5 min or less, even without dilatation of the pupils. This unobtrusive and fast procedure for visualizing the microcirculation is attractive to apply in epidemiological studies and to monitor cardiovascular health from early age up to old age.
Systemic diseases that affect the circulation can result in progressive morphological changes in the retinal vasculature. For example, changes in the vessel calibers of retinal arteries and veins have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. The vessel widths are derived using image analysis software and the width of the six largest arteries and veins are summarized in the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE) and the Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE). The latter features have been shown useful to study the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The procedures to acquire fundus images and the analysis steps to obtain CRAE and CRVE are described. Coefficients of variation of repeated measures of CRAE and CRVE are less than 2% and within-rater reliability is very high. Using a panel study, the rapid response of the retinal vessel calibers to short-term changes in particulate air pollution, a known risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, is reported. In conclusion, retinal imaging is proposed as a convenient and instrumental tool for epidemiological studies to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Medicine, Issue 92, retina, microvasculature, image analysis, Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent, Central Retinal Venular Equivalent, air pollution, particulate matter, black carbon
Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina
Institutions: McGill University, University of Montréal, University of Montréal.
The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). It is increasingly being recognized that several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis present elements of vascular compromise. In addition, the most prominent causes of blindness in pediatric and working age populations (retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy, respectively) are characterized by vascular degeneration and failure of physiological vascular regrowth. The aim of this technical paper is to provide a detailed protocol to study CNS vascular regeneration in the retina. The method can be employed to elucidate molecular mechanisms that lead to failure of vascular growth after ischemic injury. In addition, potential therapeutic modalities to accelerate and restore healthy vascular plexuses can be explored. Findings obtained using the described approach may provide therapeutic avenues for ischemic retinopathies such as that of diabetes or prematurity and possibly benefit other vascular disorders of the CNS.
Neuroscience, Issue 88, vascular regeneration, angiogenesis, vessels, retina, neurons, oxygen-induced retinopathy, neovascularization, CNS
Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults
Institutions: Emory University School of Medicine, Brigham and Woman‘s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital.
Adapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple step elements. Adapted tango involves movement initiation and cessation, multi-directional perturbations, varied speeds and rhythms. Focus on foot placement, whole body coordination, and attention to partner, path of movement, and aesthetics likely underlie adapted tango’s demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. In this paper, we describe the methodology to disseminate the adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and to implement the adapted tango by the trainees in the community for older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Efficacy in improving mobility (measured with the Timed Up and Go, Tandem stance, Berg Balance Scale, Gait Speed and 30 sec chair stand), safety and fidelity of the program is maximized through targeted instructor and volunteer training and a structured detailed syllabus outlining class practices and progression.
Behavior, Issue 94, Dance, tango, balance, pedagogy, dissemination, exercise, older adults, Parkinson's Disease, mobility impairments, falls
A Simplified Technique for Producing an Ischemic Wound Model
Institutions: University of Louisville.
One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work well in non-ischemic wounds may not work in human diabetic wounds because vasculopathy is one major factor that hinders healing of these wounds. We published an article in 2007 describing a rabbit ear ischemic wound model created by a minimally invasive surgical technique. Since then, we have further simplified the procedure for easier operation. On one ear, three small skin incisions were made on the vascular pedicles, 1-2 cm from the ear base. The central artery was ligated and cut along with the nerve. The whole cranial bundle was cut and ligated, leaving only the caudal branch intact. A circumferential subcutaneous tunnel was made through the incisions, to cut subcutaneous tissues, muscles, nerves, and small vessels. The other ear was used as a non-ischemic control. Four wounds were made on the ventral side of each ear. This technique produces 4 ischemic wounds and 4 non-ischemic wounds in one animal for paired comparisons. After surgery, the ischemic ear was cool and cyanotic, and showed reduced movement and a lack of pulse in the ear artery. Skin temperature of the ischemic ear was 1-10 °C lower than that on the normal ear and this difference was maintained for more than one month. Ear tissue high-energy phosphate contents were lower in the ischemic ear than the control ear. Wound healing times were longer in the ischemic ear than in the non-ischemic ear when the same treatment was used. The technique has now been used on more than 80 rabbits in which 23 were diabetic (diabetes time ranging from 2 weeks to 2 years). No single rabbit has developed any surgical complications such as bleeding, infection, or rupture in the skin incisions. The model has many advantages, such as little skin disruption, longer ischemic time, and higher success rate, when compared to many other models. It can be safely used in animals with reduced resistance, and can also be modified to meet different testing requirements.
Medicine, Issue 63, Wound, ischemia, rabbit, minimally invasive, model, diabetes, physiology
Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
Institutions: Oregon Health and Science University , University of Southern California.
Noncontact retinal blood flow measurements are performed with a Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using a circumpapillary double circular scan (CDCS) that scans around the optic nerve head at 3.40 mm and 3.75 mm diameters. The double concentric circles are performed 6 times consecutively over 2 sec. The CDCS scan is saved with Doppler shift information from which flow can be calculated. The standard clinical protocol calls for 3 CDCS scans made with the OCT beam passing through the superonasal edge of the pupil and 3 CDCS scan through the inferonal pupil. This double-angle protocol ensures that acceptable Doppler angle is obtained on each retinal branch vessel in at least 1 scan. The CDCS scan data, a 3-dimensional volumetric OCT scan of the optic disc scan, and a color photograph of the optic disc are used together to obtain retinal blood flow measurement on an eye. We have developed a blood flow measurement software called "Doppler optical coherence tomography of retinal circulation" (DOCTORC). This semi-automated software is used to measure total retinal blood flow, vessel cross section area, and average blood velocity. The flow of each vessel is calculated from the Doppler shift in the vessel cross-sectional area and the Doppler angle between the vessel and the OCT beam. Total retinal blood flow measurement is summed from the veins around the optic disc. The results obtained at our Doppler OCT reading center showed good reproducibility between graders and methods (<10%). Total retinal blood flow could be useful in the management of glaucoma, other retinal diseases, and retinal diseases. In glaucoma patients, OCT retinal blood flow measurement was highly correlated with visual field loss (R2
>0.57 with visual field pattern deviation). Doppler OCT is a new method to perform rapid, noncontact, and repeatable measurement of total retinal blood flow using widely available Fourier-domain OCT instrumentation. This new technology may improve the practicality of making these measurements in clinical studies and routine clinical practice.
Medicine, Issue 67, Ophthalmology, Physics, Doppler optical coherence tomography, total retinal blood flow, dual circular scan pattern, image analysis, semi-automated grading software, optic disc
Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
Institutions: University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco.
The vascular endothelium is a monolayer of cells that cover the interior of blood vessels and provide both structural and functional roles. The endothelium acts as a barrier, preventing leukocyte adhesion and aggregation, as well as controlling permeability to plasma components. Functionally, the endothelium affects vessel tone.
Endothelial dysfunction is an imbalance between the chemical species which regulate vessel tone, thombroresistance, cellular proliferation and mitosis. It is the first step in atherosclerosis and is associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
The first demonstration of endothelial dysfunction involved direct infusion of acetylcholine and quantitative coronary angiography. Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors on the endothelial cell surface, leading to an increase of intracellular calcium and increased nitric oxide (NO) production. In subjects with an intact endothelium, vasodilation was observed while subjects with endothelial damage experienced paradoxical vasoconstriction.
There exists a non-invasive, in vivo
method for measuring endothelial function in peripheral arteries using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. The endothelial function of peripheral arteries is closely related to coronary artery function. This technique measures the percent diameter change in the brachial artery during a period of reactive hyperemia following limb ischemia.
This technique, known as endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) has value in clinical research settings. However, a number of physiological and technical issues can affect the accuracy of the results and appropriate guidelines for the technique have been published. Despite the guidelines, FMD remains heavily operator dependent and presents a steep learning curve. This article presents a standardized method for measuring FMD in the brachial artery on the upper arm and offers suggestions to reduce intra-operator variability.
Medicine, Issue 92, endothelial function, endothelial dysfunction, brachial artery, peripheral artery disease, ultrasound, vascular, endothelium, cardiovascular disease.
Implantation of the Syncardia Total Artificial Heart
Institutions: Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Commonwealth University.
With advances in technology, the use of mechanical circulatory support devices for end stage heart failure has rapidly increased. The vast majority of such patients are generally well served by left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). However, a subset of patients with late stage biventricular failure or other significant anatomic lesions are not adequately treated by isolated left ventricular mechanical support. Examples of concomitant cardiac pathology that may be better treated by resection and TAH replacement includes: post infarction ventricular septal defect, aortic root aneurysm / dissection, cardiac allograft failure, massive ventricular thrombus, refractory malignant arrhythmias (independent of filling pressures), hypertrophic / restrictive cardiomyopathy, and complex congenital heart disease. Patients often present with cardiogenic shock and multi system organ dysfunction. Excision of both ventricles and orthotopic replacement with a total artificial heart (TAH) is an effective, albeit extreme, therapy for rapid restoration of blood flow and resuscitation. Perioperative management is focused on end organ resuscitation and physical rehabilitation. In addition to the usual concerns of infection, bleeding, and thromboembolism common to all mechanically supported patients, TAH patients face unique risks with regard to renal failure and anemia. Supplementation of the abrupt decrease in brain natriuretic peptide following ventriculectomy appears to have protective renal effects. Anemia following TAH implantation can be profound and persistent. Nonetheless, the anemia is generally well tolerated and transfusion are limited to avoid HLA sensitization. Until recently, TAH patients were confined as inpatients tethered to a 500 lb pneumatic console driver. Recent introduction of a backpack sized portable driver (currently under clinical trial) has enabled patients to be discharged home and even return to work. Despite the profound presentation of these sick patients, there is a 79-87% success in bridge to transplantation.
Medicine, Issue 89, mechanical circulatory support, total artificial heart, biventricular failure, operative techniques
Laparoscopic Left Liver Sectoriectomy of Caroli's Disease Limited to Segment II and III
Institutions: University of Insubria, University of Insubria.
Caroli's disease is defined as a abnormal dilatation of the intra-hepatica bile ducts: Its incidence is extremely low (1 in 1,000,000 population) and in most of the cases the whole liver is interested and liver transplantation is the treatment of choice. In case of dilatation limited to the left or right lobe, liver resection can be performed. For many year the standard approach for liver resection has been a formal laparotomy by means of a large incision of abdomen that is characterized by significant post-operatie morbidity. More recently, minimally invasive, laparoscopic approach has been proposed as possible surgical technique for liver resection both for benign and malignant diseases. The main benefits of the minimally invasive approach is represented by a significant reduction of the surgical trauma that allows a faster recovery a less post-operative complications.
This video shows a case of Caroli s disease occured in a 58 years old male admitted at the gastroenterology department for sudden onset of abdominal pain associated with fever (>38C° ), nausea and shivering. Abdominal ultrasound demonstrated a significant dilatation of intra-hepatic left sited bile ducts with no evidences of gallbladder or common bile duct stones. Such findings were confirmed abdominal high resolution computer tomography.
Laparoscopic left sectoriectomy was planned. Five trocars and 30° optic was used, exploration of the abdominal cavity showed no adhesions or evidences of other diseases.
In order to control blood inflow to the liver, vascular clamp was placed on the hepatic pedicle (Pringle s manouvre), Parenchymal division is carried out with a combined use of 5 mm bipolar forceps and 5 mm ultrasonic dissector. A severely dilated left hepatic duct was isolated and divided using a 45mm endoscopic vascular stapler. Liver dissection was continued up to isolation of the main left portal branch that was then divided with a further cartridge of 45 mm vascular stapler.
At his point the left liver remains attached only by the left hepatic vein: division of the triangular ligament was performed using monopolar hook and the hepatic vein isolated and the divided using vascular stapler.
Haemostatis was refined by application of argon beam coagulation and no bleeding was revealed even after removal of the vascular clamp (total Pringle s time 27 minutes).
Postoperative course was uneventful, minimal elevation of the liver function tests was recorded in post-operative day 1 but returned to normal at discharged on post-operative day 3.
Medicine, Issue 24, Laparoscopy, Liver resection, Caroli's disease, Left sectoriectomy
Institutions: University of Utah.
A limitation of traditional full-field electroretinograms (ERG) for the diagnosis of retinopathy is lack of sensitivity. Generally, ERG results are normal unless more than approximately 20% of the retina is affected. In practical terms, a patient might be legally blind as a result of macular degeneration or other scotomas and still appear normal, according to traditional full field ERG. An important development in ERGs is the multifocal ERG (mfERG). Erich Sutter adapted the mathematical sequences called binary m-sequences enabling the isolation from a single electrical signal an electroretinogram representing less than each square millimeter of retina in response to a visual stimulus1
Results that are generated by mfERG appear similar to those generated by flash ERG. In contrast to flash ERG, which best generates data appropriate for whole-eye disorders. The basic mfERG result is based on the calculated mathematical average of an approximation of the positive deflection component of traditional ERG response, known as the b-wave1
. Multifocal ERG programs measure electrical activity from more than a hundred retinal areas per eye, in a few minutes. The enhanced spatial resolution enables scotomas and retinal dysfunction to be mapped and quantified.
In the protocol below, we describe the recording of mfERGs using a bipolar speculum contact lens.
Components of mfERG systems vary between manufacturers. For the presentation of visible stimulus, some suitable CRT monitors are available but most systems have adopted the use of flat-panel liquid crystal displays (LCD). The visual stimuli depicted here, were produced by a LCD microdisplay subtending 35 - 40 degrees horizontally and 30 - 35 degrees vertically of visual field, and calibrated to produce multifocal flash intensities of 2.7 cd s m-2
. Amplification was 50K. Lower and upper bandpass limits were 10 and 300 Hz. The software packages used were VERIS versions 5 and 6.
Medicine, Issue 58, Multifocal electroretinogram, mfERG, electroretinogram, ERG


Let us recap: In March 2018 we spent five days in Ravenna to see the town with its eight sites of UNESCO World Heritage:
- two from the Western Roman Empire (402-476): the Mausoleum Galla Placidia and the Orthodox or Neonian Baptistery.
- four from the Ostrogothic Rule (493-540): Theoderic’s Mausoleum, the Arian Baptistery, Sant’Apollinare Nuovo (remodeled during Byzantine times) and the Archbishop’s Chapel.
- two from the Byzantine Rule (540-751): San Vitale and Sant’Apollinare in Classe (both started during Ostrogoth times, but inaugurated in Byzantine times).
Let us start with our impressions from Roman times, the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia and the Orthodox (Neonian) Baptistery. The latter we will compare later with the Arian Baptistery.
The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia – solemnity in blue and golden colors
Galla Placidia was the daughter of Theodosius, the last emperor of the unified Roman Empire . In her second marriage Galla was the wife of Constantius, Magister Militum of Honorius, the first emperor of the Western Rome Empire (after the partition of Rome in 395). For some years Constantius ruled together with Honorius. Galla’s son, Valentianus III, became emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 425. Until 437 and until he was 18 years old, she managed the empire. During this time – in 425 – she had her mausoleum built. This is the outside view of the mausoleum with its four transepts. The transepts are ornated with blind columns and arcades.
Inside, we find a solemn atmosphere primarily in the colors blue and golden. The cupola is a blue sky filled with stars, with the cross in the middle and the four evangelists in the corners. I love the decoration band around this sky full of stars.
Below the cupola there are four mosaics with two men, a fountain and pigeons. In two of the mosaics, the pigeons are drinking from the water. These two pigeons drinking water decorate many, many souvenirs in Ravenna – cups, plates, mouse pads, scarfs, tablecloths, t-shirts etc. The elegant men next to the pigeons have not been identified.
Two of the mosaics in the four transepts show deer drinking water alluding to the psalm “like a deer drinking from a stream, I reach out to you, my god.”
The third transept hosts the mosaic depicting Christ as the good shepherd – he is caressing one of his sheep – and the animal obviously enjoys that.
Last the fourth transept shows the martyr Laurentius or Lawrence moving towards his martyrium, the grill, which is next to a bookcase with the four gospels.
The decoration in primarily blue and golden colors creates a solemn atmosphere. Very, very beautiful. Galla Placidia was surely an intelligent woman, but in addition she had a good taste. We looked around and around, we checked out every detail and, after having stepped out, I had to go back to get another glance.
The Orthodox or Neonian Baptistery – another “aaahhhh”
The Orthodox Baptistery is the second testimony of Ravenna as the capital of the Roman empire. It has been accomplished by Bishop Neone (450-476). This is why it is also called “the Neonian Baptistery”. The baptistery is what remains from the Basilica Ursiana which in the 18th century has been replaced by a new cathedral. This is the view from outside.
An interesting detail are the pilaster strips (Lisenen) and round-arch mouldings (Rundbogenfriese) – blind columns and arcades. This decoration has been in use in ancient Roman times, in Byzantium and in Ravenna. In Ravenna the Langobards picked it up and integrated it in their Lombardian architecture. From here the Romanesque architecture spread throughout Europe in the 11th century.
As this is a baptistery, the decoration centers around christening. The top of the cupola shows Christ standing in the river Jordan. He is being christened by Saint John, while the god of the river Jordan watches the procedure. Around this scene the apostles form a procession.
The outer circle contains a band of four double niche constructions alternating between a desk with the bible surrounded by two chairs (see below) and the throne of Christ in a garden (see above).
Windows give light to the baptistery. Next to the windows are plaster figures – perhaps prophets.
Below the windows are absidioles that once were much higher and contained (lost) mosaics showing biblical scenes. The spandrels connecting the absidioles are decorated with mosaics showing (unidentified) men sourrounded by blue and golden.
When entering the baptistery, I opened my mouth – aah – and just stared up at the cupola. Far away I heard a voice say something, but I did not listen. Only after some time I understood that this voice wanted me to show my ticket or buy one. A ticket? I came back to the world – oh yes, the cash point is inside the baptistery. The voice was very friendly, repeated “ticket please” and obviously enjoyed that I was so much overwhelmed by the beauty of the mosaics.
We will return to the scene of christening shown in the Orthodox Baptistery and compare it to the same scene in the Arian baptistery.
Clementina Rizzardi: “Ravenna, Eight Monuments World Heritage”, Municipality of Ravenna
Carola Jäggi: Ravenna, “Kunst und Kultur einer spätantiken Residenzstadt”, Schnell+Steiner, Regensburg 2016
Jutta Dresken-Weiland: “Die frühchristlichen Mosaike von Ravenna”, Schnell+Steiner, Regensburg 2016.


We've all seen those movies where someone lights a match by striking it against the window, or their boot, but if you've tried this yourself, it probably didn't work. That's because most matches today are safety matches. They're made in such as way that they can usually only be ignited when struck on the lighting strip of the match box or book. The flame is caused by the combination of an oxidizer (usually potassium chlorate, which is in the match head) with a reducer (usually red phosphate, found on the lighting strip) and the heat of friction caused by striking the match on the box. The matches are safe because the chemicals are kept separate until the match is struck.
The matches in those movies, however, are strike-anywhere matches or Lucifers. In these, all the chemicals are found in the match head. All that's needed to light the match is friction: The match can be struck on almost any surface -- even your pant leg! Historically, strike-anywhere matches came first, and they made lighting fires (and pipes and cigarettes) a much simpler job. However, the matches were also a safety hazard, as they could all too easily light unintentionally. Since the invention of the safety match in the mid 1800s, strike-anywhere matches have become far less common.
Nonetheless, there are plenty of anecdotes about being able to light a safety match without the box. This can only occur if the friction can make enough heat to start the chemicals in the match head burning even without the red phosphorus of the matchbox strip. If this is going to work at all, sandpaper makes a particularly good striking surface because the gritty surface provides lots of friction; other surfaces might work too, such as the unglazed ring on the underside of a mug. Even then, the force needed to get enough friction is likely to break the match. The best and safest way to light a safety match is the way it's intended -- with the box.


Vaccine is also called an immunization. It gives boost to immune system and fight against harmful viruses/bacteria. Vaccine research is a long process. There is no vaccine for HIV. Scientists are working on HIV vaccines in labs and animals it helpful for researchers learn to how will vaccine works. After completion of laboratory work, conducting clinical trials in human health volunteers by sequential phases. Such as phase-I and phase-II provides data how it works against HIV virus to protect Immune system, depends up on this results vaccines are processed in large scale as phase-III trails. This phase-III trails are done in incidence of HIV infection due to scientific reasons.
Related Journals of Vaccine Research on HIV/AIDS
All Published work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Copyright © 2019 All rights reserved. iMedPub LTD Last revised : June 17, 2019


The characters in a text widget are addressed by their line number and the character position within the line. Lines are numbered starting at one, while characters are numbered starting at zero. The numbering for lines was chosen to be compatible with other programs that number lines starting at one, like compilers that generate line-oriented error messages. Here are some examples of text indices:
|1.0||The first character.|
|1.1||The second character on the first line.|
|2.end||The newline character on the second line.|
There are also symbolic indices. The insert index is the position at which new characters are normally inserted when the user types in characters. You can define new indices called marks, too, as described later. Table 33-1 summarizes ...


There are myriad benefits to learning another language, including advancing your career, improving your memory and brain functions, and increasing your understanding of the languages you already speak.
Is a computer programming language considered a foreign language? We'd call a computer language a constructed rather than a natural language; it is created to communicate information from one entity to another. That being said, many of the skills you would use to learn a foreign language are effective in learning a programming language.
I spoke with language enthusiasts Lexi and Kathleen recently about their experiences using Udemy.
What courses have you taken in Udemy?
Why did you enroll in these courses?
Lexi: I wanted to watch my Chinese dramas without subtitles.
Kathleen: I have loads of curiosity! Even though I am proficient in Latin, the Latin class was a nice, brief refresher to relax my mind and prepare me for reading Latin texts.
What did you accomplish by taking these courses?
Lexi: I began to learn a new language!
Kathleen: I’m getting to know how programming and coding work in my everyday life and feel like I have a better grasp of how things that affect my everyday life operate.
The Udemy course library provides access to thousands of curated course materials. You have access to the freshest, most in-demand content taught by qualified, deep subject matter experts. Find out why thousands of learning organizations and corporations have partnered with Udemy to prepare their workforces for the future.
Access to the Udemy learning platform is available to permanent library card holders. You will need a Google, Microsoft, or Gale account to sign in to Udemy. To install the app on your device, choose the "Udemy for Business" app and then fill in gale.udemy.com when prompted.