“Collection of Successful Case Examples as Appendix to Guidelines on Approaches to Hybrid Virtual Shareholder Meetings” Formulated
February 3, 2021
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) formulated and hereby publishes a Collection of Successful Case Examples as an appendix to the Guidelines on Approaches to Hybrid Virtual Shareholder Meetings (hereinafter referred to as the “guidelines”). This collection is a compilation that presents case examples of leading companies that have successfully conducted shareholder meetings in 2020 and the approaches that they have employed in conducting their meetings, aiming to further encourage the implementation of hybrid virtual shareholder meetings.*
*Note: The term “hybrid virtual shareholder meetings” refers to a form of physically-conducted shareholder meetings with attendance of board members and shareholders in which shareholders who are not physically present at the meetings are able to virtually participate over the internet or through other telecommunications. There are two types of such meetings: “hybrid remote attendance-type” in which participants are eligible to exercise their voting rights, make inquiries, etc. and “hybrid participation-type” in which participants can only observe deliberations, etc.
In February 2020, METI published the guidelines, which clearly describe approaches that companies should take in conducting hybrid virtual shareholder meetings, and in particular in addressing legal and practical challenges (Appendix 1).
As companies utilized the guidelines in instituting measures for preventing the expansion of the novel coronavirus disease, in June 2020, 9 listed companies conducted “hybrid remote attendance-type” shareholder meetings and 113 listed companies conducted “hybrid participation-type” shareholder meetings (*1).
Aiming to further encourage the implementation of hybrid virtual shareholder meetings, METI formulated a Collection of Successful Case Examples as an appendix to the guidelines (Appendix 2) based on the current situations of shareholder meetings conducted in 2020, the results of the call for public comments and other elements.
The data is based on the results of a survey conducted by Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corporation.
2. Outline of the collection
The collection focuses on key points which companies may cover as points of content in discussing implementation of hybrid virtual shareholder meetings, and then presents case examples of companies which have successfully conducted such meetings, their approaches to operation thereof and other points concerning the respective key points. For example, it explains case examples and other points concerning specific points of content, such as backup measures against communication failures and methods of receiving and responding to inquiries.
METI expects companies to refer to these case examples and other information and advance specific discussions toward implementation of such meetings by taking into full consideration their current situations, demands of shareholders and other elements.
3. Results of the call for public comments
From December 23 (Wed.), 2020, to January 22 (Fri.), 2021, METI opened a call for public comments on the “Draft Collection of Successful Case Examples as an appendix to the Guidelines on Approaches to Hybrid Virtual Shareholder Meetings.”
- Call to Open for Public Comments on Draft Collection of Successful Case Examples as Appendix to Guidelines on Approaches to Hybrid Virtual Shareholder Meetings (news release dated December 23, 2020)
As a result of the call, METI received comments from 5 individuals and associations. METI highly appreciates the participation of these individuals and associations. For the outline of the major comments that METI received and METI’s approaches to them, see Appendix 3, titled “Results of the Call for Public Comments.”
Link to the related information
- Guidelines on Approaches to Hybrid Virtual Shareholder Meetings Formulated (February 26, 2020)
- Study Group on Ideal Approaches to Processes Involving Shareholder Meetings in the New Era (in Japanese)


Mystic library accepting gift card donations for local family services
MYSTIC, Conn. - In lieu of the annual Giving Tree this year the Mystic & Noank Library will be accepting gift card donations to be given to Groton Human Services and Pawcatuck Neighborhood Center. To maintain contactless interactions as much as possible, Groton Human Services and Pawcatuck Neighborhood Center will provide families with gift cards to purchase their holiday meal and toys for their children. Donations of gift cards to local stores such as Walmart, Target, Amazon, Stop & Shop, Big Y, and Aldi are encouraged.
Donation gifts cards should be dropped off at the circulation desk by Dec. 3 to allow time for distribution to each family.
The Mystic & Noank Library is located at 40 Library Street in Mystic. Library hours are from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. Monday and Wednesday, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday.
Coronavirus scams: How to avoid banking scams
GROTON, Conn. - Join the Groton Public Library for a free, virtual workshop presented by the State of Connecticut Department of Banking, Nov. 30 at 3 p.m.
From fake charities to offers of phony cures, the pandemic has given scammers new ways to get us to let our guard down. Scams all share a common goal: to access your personal financial information and steal your hard-earned money. Don't let con artists get the best of you. Learn what new scams are out there and learn tips to avoid being a victim. Knowledge is your best defense!
Register for all virtual programs through the Library’s online calendar. Zoom meeting information will be emailed to our newsletter subscribers, registered attendees, and by request.
For more information, visit grotonpl.org. Note that programming may be affected or cancelled due to COVID-19.
NAMI offers online support
NORWICH, Conn. - The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) of Southeast Connecticut offers Online Family Support Groups, for family, partners, friends and significant others of adults living with mental illness every Wednesday at 7 p.m. via Zoom.
To register for NAMI Zoom Meetings
- in advance, email email@example.com to sign up for online support groups
- download the Zoom app
- as the meeting date approaches, check your e-mail for a Zoom meeting invitation from NAMI SECT
For more information, visit: www.namisoutheastct.org.
Senior Center looking for decorated houses
GROTON, Conn. – D you live in Groton and decorate your house for the holidays? Could your house be a fan favorite? The Groton Senior Center will be making a list of addresses (no names will be used) of houses participating. Register with the Senior Center (e-mail TSTANLEY@groton-ct.gov) by 10 a.m. Dec. 1 and decorate your house by Dec. 3.
Maps of houses participating will be available for pickup outside of the Senior Center, Dec. 4 from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. or by visiting the Center’s Facebook page.
To cast your vote, write down your favorite decorated house’s address and drop your vote in the box located outside the Senior Center, Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., on Facebook or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org.
Voting closes Jan. 1 at 4:30 p.m. This event is open to all. For more information, call the center at (860) 441-6785.


8 edition of Chicago China Blue found in the catalog.
Written in English
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||404|
A companion volume to the exhibition Paper Sons, organized by the Chinese American Museum of Chicago, this book explores the history of Chinese immigrants in Chicago—their culture, livelihoods, communities, families, and : ArcadiaPublishing. USABlueBook, Waukegan, Illinois. likes talking about this were here. USABlueBook is the water and wastewater industry’s leading source for equipment and supplies. O Items • /5(9).
Find out what your car is worth at , the Trusted Resource for used car values. Get the Kelley Blue Book Value for your used car or trade-in vehicle, find tools to help you with buying or. Chicago is located in the Midwest along the Great Lakes shoreline. It is the third largest city and metropolitan area in the United States with a city population approaching 3 million and a metro population approaching 10 million. Chicago is a huge vibrant city and metropolitan area that sprawls okm². It's well known for house music and electronic dance music, blues, jazz, comedy.
chinese business name english business name address phone # 芳華家庭用品: aj housewares & gift: a s. china place: 芳華家庭用品公司. Tips, service requests, events and other good stuff. Get your pickup schedule. And reminders too! Reduce, reuse, recycle. Sustainable news and tips from Chicagoland and beyond. In partnership with. City of Chicago. This site provides information on Chicago's Blue Cart Recycling program. If you live in a building with 5 units or more, or outside.
Poems on most of the festivals of the church
Commission decision of 21 December 1992 setting up a scientific committee for designations oforigin, geographical indications and certificates of specific character (93/53/EEC).
search for competitiveness and its implications for employment
Geology of Lethbridge, Alberta.
Rural Canada needs libraries.
Without Your Love
Color design in photography.
Dynamics and Interactions of Galaxies
two noble kinsmen
Victorian church in York.
Specifications for the Sale of the Franchises and Rights of Way of the New Orleans City Railroad ...
Le maitre de la Mitidja.
Theatrical figures in porcelain, German 18th century
Oil and gas finding costs in Alberta, 1970-1986
The Chicago blue book of selected names of Chicago and suburban towns. Publication date Topics Chicago (Ill.) -- Directories Publisher Chicago: The Chicago directory company Collection americana Digitizing sponsor University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Contributor University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Language English.
The Chicago Jewish community blue book by Sentinel Publishing Co. (Chicago) Publication date Topics Jews Publisher Chicago: Sentinel Publishing Co.
Collection newberry; carli_lib; americana Digitizing sponsor CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Pages: Chicago China Blue [Collins, Michael] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
Chicago China Blue. I now read anything Longfellow writes. This seems to be her first published book. For a first book, it's highly polished. China Blues is a witty, fast-paced, fascinating delight of a read, a close and colorful look at San Francisco in the early Jazz Age.
But it's also a study of a young woman very much like Austen's Emma. Longfellow's heroine /5. Find flights to China from $ Fly from Chicago on JetBlue, Delta and more. Search for China flights on KAYAK now to find the best deal.
Chicago Blue Book Soundex Code C In the introduction to the first Chicago China Blue book edition, the editors presented this explanation: The title, "BLUE BOOK," is simply a name given the work on account of its blue cover.
It does not refer to blue blood, as many people suppose. Webster's definition of Blue Book is as follows: "BLUE BOOK. A parliamentary. The biennial publication, Blue Book of China s Commercial Sector (), now in its sixth edition, off ers the single most authoritative account of those trends and issues re-shaping China's commercial landscape, from retailing, wholesale/distribution and logistics to catering and urban : $ The Illinois Blue Book is one of the most comprehensive sources of state government information.
It is a nationally recognized source for information about Illinois'. The Blue Book of Building and Construction, was a yellow pages-like buyers guide of company information targeted towards commercial construction, first published in The guide contains information on architects, contractors, manufacturers, suppliers, vendors, and other companies relevant to the commercial bidding and build process.
Get menu, photos and location information for China Blue - NYC in New York, NY. Or book now at one of our other great restaurants in New York. Blue Book was founded inand is located at E Ontario St in Chicago. It employs 1 employees and is generating approximately $56, in annual on: E ONTARIO ST, CHICAGO,IL.
Bluebook Law Review. Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition (full note) American Psychological Association 6th edition. Modern Language Association 8th edition.
Make sure your paper is error-free. Good job citing. Now get peace of mind. Scan your paper for grammar mistakes and catch unintentional plagiarism.
Auto-fill mode Manual entry mode. A popular reference book is "Blue Willow" by Mary Frank Gaston (Collector Books, $ paperback). To order, send a check for $, plus $2 for shipping and.
The Social Register is a semi-annual publication in the United States that indexes the members of American high published in the s by newspaper columnist Louis Keller, it was later acquired by Malcolmit has been owned by Christopher Wolf.
Historically a directory of wealthy and well-connected families from the northeast United States, it has, in recent Country: United States. of Illinois,” which was the predecessor to the modern state-issued Illinois Blue Bookand which, for the purposes of this article, is considered the first Illinois Blue Book.
The Illinois State Archives has the second edition of the book, published in Februaryleading to the assumption it was originally published in File Size: KB. Find 16 listings related to Blue Book Construction in Chicago on See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for Blue Book Construction locations in Chicago, IL.
In response to the evolving COVID pandemic, the City of Chicago has joined the State of Illinois in issuing a Stay at Home order effective Saturday, March 21st at 5pm CT. In addition, City of Chicago facilities are closed to the public.
Staff are prioritizing essential services to protect the health and safety of our residents and employees. Illinois Blue Book Publications/Forms. – Message from Illinois Secretary of State Jesse White.
Flights from Chicago to China have been viewed 17 times in the past calendar month. What are the most popular airlines that fly from Chicago to China.
Before booking your flight from Chicago to China check out the most popular airlines for this route: Major Airline, Air Canada or Air China. What are the most popular routes from Chicago to China.
Red China Blues book. Read reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Jan Wong, a Canadian of Chinese descent, went to China as a starry /5. Seniors Blue Book - Chicagoland Area & Northwest Indiana, Saint John, Indiana.
likes 5 talking about this. Housing, Resources and Local Events for Aging ers: To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, IM or document To embed the entire object, paste this HTML in website To link to this page, paste this link in email, IM or document To embed this page, paste this HTML in website.Search Shanghai flights on KAYAK.
Find cheap tickets to Shanghai from Chicago. KAYAK searches hundreds of travel sites to help you find cheap airfare and book the flight that suits you best.
With KAYAK you can also compare prices of plane tickets for last minute flights to Shanghai from Chicago.


What did ancient philosophers, like Plato, use to write their works on/with, physically? (Tree bark, animal skin, types of writing utensils, etc)
Nobody knows what Plato wrote on because no originals survive.
However, papyrus was the standard at the time of Plato. You can check out some examples here. Leather was also used for writing in his time, but parchment probably wasn't popular until at least couple hundred years later.
It's worth noting that parchment wasn't simply invented on a particular date. It was gradually developed in stages over a long period of time. Different treatments of animal skin were used for writing and had been for thousands of years before Plato. There's a good chance ancient Greeks, Plato included, had access to something like parchment.
According to Quintilian (Inst. 8 6.64) and Diogenes Laertius (3.37), Plato probably first wrote on wax tablets, and then retranscribed them on papyrus. The image of the wax tablet (Plato: Theaetetus, Timaeus. Aristotle:De Anima, Parva Naturalia) to illustrate the memory, the acquisition of knowledge or the nature of intellect is also a sign of this practice.


Taught with the British Library offering the unique opportunity to study early modern literary works (including Shakespeare) in light of recent critical approaches and as material artefacts (print and manuscript). Ideal foundation for doctoral work or for careers in the arts, education, curatorship or broadcasting.
This MA programme reflects an innovative and exciting partnership between the Department of English at King's and the British Library.
Its focus on the transmission of key early modern literary texts makes it unlike any other programme of its kind. Transmission is understood both as the circulation of literary texts in manuscript and print and their reception. Students will therefore learn to read early modern handwriting, to transcribe neglected literary manuscripts and rare printed texts and to edit them for the modern reader.
By focusing on transmission, this MA programme will also make students aware of the impact of the materiality of the text and of the material conditions of its (re)production on its interpretation. The specific process whereby a literary text reaches its readers or its audience is always central to its interpretation.
The core module taught at the British Library is specifically designed to teach students how to search collections of early modern manuscripts and rare books held in major research libraries worldwide and how to identify the agents involved in their production, transmission and preservation in libraries and private collections.
Dr Sonia Massai, Department of English Language & Literature
King's College London
Credit value (UK/ECTS equivalent)
UK 180/ECTS 90
One year FT, two years PT, September to September.
Strand Campus and British Library.
We expect some students will pursue PhD level study in the area, leading to a teaching or academic career. Other students will be ideally placed for jobs in the arts, creative and cultural industries, curatorship and broadcasting.
Year of entry 2013


What are those shiny trails across the garden and over the patio? Those are snail trails! Snails sleep during the heat of the day and like to explore at night. What adventures do snails have when we are fast asleep?
In this action filled picture book, a tiny snail has a night full of adventures in a square foot of garden. Read the book with your child and then try some of these activities to extend the fun and enhance the learning!
Laugh About it!
Q: Why is the snail the strongest animal?
A: Because it carries its house on its back!
Q: What did the snail say when the turtle passed him on the road?
A: SLOW DOWN YOU MANIAC!
Make a snail obstacle course on a square of green paper. We used items from the story Snail Trail like a trowel for a slide and garden gloves for a snug cave. Indicate the snail’s trail with a dotted line. A tiny picture of a snail on a popsicle stick is a great puppet for your child to retell the story of the snail’s adventures with.
Make a fist for a shell with your left hand and cover your right hand that has two fingers sticking out for “eye stalks.” Teach your child this rhyme:
A tiny snail through the garden did go…(move slowly)
He couldn’t move fast, he could only move slow!
Where he went a shiny trail did tell. (wiggle a finger like a trail)
And when he got scared he hid in his shell! (pull your fingers in under the “shell”)
- Make a shelter! Snails love dark, damp places. If you put a flower pot upside down in your garden you may entice a snail to live there!
- Collect tracks! Lay black construction paper outside over night in the garden or on your sidewalk. If you are lucky maybe a snail will make tracks on it over night!
- Have a snail race! In this race, the slowest person wins and you get bonus points for wiggling through the race on your belly!


Book about Kemet and Other ancient African Civilizations.
|Publisher:||Third World Press|
|Product dimensions:||5.50(w) x 8.50(h) x 0.14(d)|
About the Author
Vivian Verdell Gordon Kemet
Vivian Verdell Gordon earned her PhD from the University of Virginia and served on
the faculty of a number of universities including the State University of New York at
Albany, the University of Virginia and Wellesley College.


Hawaii, Honolulu Index to Passengers, Not Including Filipinos - FamilySearch Historical Records
|This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.|
Access the records: Hawaii, Honolulu - Index to Passengers, Not Including Filipinos, 1900-1952 .
- 1 Record Description
- 2 Record Content
- 3 How to Use the Record
- 4 Known Issues with This Collection
- 5 Related Websites
- 6 Related Wiki Articles
- 7 Contributions to This Article
- 8 Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
Record Description[edit | edit source]
The collection consists of an alphabetical card file of non-Filipino passengers arriving in Honolulu, Hawaii during the years 1900 to 1952. It corresponds to NARA publication A3410, Index to Passengers, Not Including Filipinos, Arriving at Honolulu, Hawaii, 1900-1952.
This serves as an index to NARA publication A3422, Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Honolulu, Hawaii, 1900-1953. It complements NARA publication A3407, Index to Filipino Passengers Arriving at Honolulu, Hawaii, ca. 1900 to ca. 1952.
Passenger arrival lists known as customs manifests date back to 1820. Congressional action in 1891 resulted in federal immigration officials recording the immigrants’ arrival.
Arrival lists was used by legal authorities to gather personal information about immigrants prior to the person being allowed to live in the United States. The information was supplied by the immigrant or a traveling companion (usually a family member). Incorrect information was occasionally given, or mistakes may have been made when the clerk guessed at the spelling of foreign names.
For an alphabetical list of records currently published in this collection, select the Browse link from the collection landing page.
Citation for This Collection[edit | edit source]
The following citation refers to the original source of the information published in FamilySearch.org Historical Record collections. Sources include the author, custodian, publisher, and archive for the original records.
- "Hawaii, Honolulu Index to Passengers, Not Including Filipinos, 1900-1952." Index and Images. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : accessed 2013. Citing NARA microfilm publications A3410, 3422. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.
Record Content[edit | edit source]
The information found in the index cards may include the following:
- Date of arrival
- Port of embarkation
- Name of ship
The information found in the Passenger lists after 1906, generally include the following:
- Name of ship
- Port of departure and port of entry
- Name and age of passenger
- Birth place
- Citizenship, gender, and marital status
- Last permanent residence
- Name and address of relative or friend near former address
- Name and address of relative or friend in this country
- Physical description (height, hair color and eye color)
How to Use the Record[edit | edit source]
To begin your search it is helpful to know
- The full name of your ancestor
- The approximate date of immigration
If you do not know this information, check the census records after 1900.
Search the Collection[edit | edit source]
To search the collection by name fill in your ancestor’s name in the initial search page. This search will return a list of possible matches. Compare the information about those in the list to what you already know about your own ancestors to determine if this is the correct family or person.
If you did not find the person you were looking for, you may need to search the collection image by image.
⇒ Select the "Browse" link in the initial search page
⇒ Select the "Name Range" category which takes you to the images
Look at the images one by one. Again you will need to compare the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine which one is your ancestor.
Be aware that with either search you may need to compare the information about more than one person to make this determination. Keep in mind:
- There may be more than one person in the records with the same name.
- You may not be sure of your own ancestor’s name.
- Your ancestor may have used different names or variations of their name throughout their life.
- If your ancestor used an alias or a nickname, be sure to check for those alternate names.
- Even though these indexes are very accurate they may still contain inaccuracies, such as altered spellings, misinterpretations, and optical character recognition errors if the information was scanned.
For tips about searching on-line collections see the on-line video at FamilySearch Search Tips.
Using the Information[edit | edit source]
When you have located your ancestor’s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. These pieces of information may give you new biographical details that can lead you to other records about your ancestors. Add this new information to your records of each family. For example: Use passenger lists to:
- Learn an immigrant’s place of origin
- Confirm their date of arrival
- Learn foreign and “Americanized” names
- Find records in his or her country of origin such as emigrations, port records, or ship’s manifests.
Tips to Keep in Mind[edit | edit source]
- If your ancestor had a common name, be sure to look at all the entries for a name before you decide which is correct.
- Continue to search the passenger lists to identify siblings, parents, and other relatives in the same or other generations who may have immigrated at the same time.
- If your ancestor has an uncommon surname, you may want to obtain the passenger list of every person who shares your ancestor’s surname if they lived in the same county or nearby. You may not know how or if they are related, but the information could lead you to more information about your own ancestors.
Unable to Find Your Ancestor?[edit | edit source]
- Look for variant spellings of the names. You should also look for nicknames and abbreviated names.
- Search the indexes and records of other ports.
- Try alternative search methods such as only filling in the surname search box (or the given name search box) on the landing page leaving the other box empty and then click on search. This should return a list of everyone with that particular name. You could then browse the list for individuals that may be your ancestor.
Unable to Find Your Ancestor?[edit | edit source]
- Check for variant spellings of the name.
- Look for other indexes. Records are often indexed by local historical and genealogical societies.
- Search the passenger lists year by year.
- Search the indexes of other port cities.
Known Issues with This Collection[edit | edit source]
For a full list of all known issues associated with this collection see the attached Wiki article. If you encounter additional problems, please email them to email@example.com. Please include the full path to the link and a description of the problem in your e-mail. Your assistance will help ensure that future reworks will be considered.
Related Websites[edit | edit source]
Related Wiki Articles[edit | edit source]
Contributions to This Article[edit | edit source]
|We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. We are looking for additional information that will help readers understand the topic and better use the available records. We also need translations for collection titles and images in articles about records written in languages other than English. For specific needs, please visit WikiProject FamilySearch Records. |
Please follow these guidelines as you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections[edit | edit source]
Citations for individual images are available for this collection. Browse through images in this collection and click on the “Show Citation” box: Hawaii, Honolulu Index to Passengers, Not Including Filipinos, 1900-1952
When you copy information from a record, you should also list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.


American Novelists and Manners, 1880-1940
Observers from Alexis de Tocqueville to Lionel Trilling have found the United States wanting in what it takes to produce a novelist of manners—namely, a rich enough past and sufficiently stratified classes. In a work that recovers the broader meaning of "manners" for past generations, Susan Goodman demonstrates that American writers have consistently tied the subject of national identity to the norms and behaviors of everyday life—that, in fact, the novel of manners is a dominant form of American fiction.
Goodman concentrates on a cluster of writers—William Dean Howells, Henry James, Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, Ellen Glasgow, and Jessie Fauset—whose analyses of manners offer several distinct social histories. Under her scrutiny, these writers' works allow us to view the creative interaction of individual lives, social dynamics, and historical legacies—what might be called the panorama of manners themselves—as well as the development of American fiction. Above all, Goodman shows that novels of manners are central to American literature, and that these novels speak in a large cultural way about who and what composes America.
About the Author
Susan Goodman is a professor of English at the University of Delaware. Her books include Ellen Glasgow: A Biography, also available from Johns Hopkins.
"Goodman aims to show the many ways in which American novelists have scrutinized the norms of everyday life for clues about character, history, morality, social change, and national identity... Her discussions of William Dean Howells, Ellen Glasgow, and Jessie Fauset are particularly cogent."
"Foregrounding questions of taste and manners leads Goodman to a number of new perspectives on the literary production of her subjects."
"Goodman presents an original and compelling argument that forces readers to acknowledge that the novel of manners—which typically focused on attitudes toward race, class, and national identity—did in fact play a central role in American literary and cultural history. This book is notable for its insight and originality."
"Intelligent and superbly written. This book is fluid and consistently animated with fresh ideas. It will be welcomed by the community of scholars concerned with the so-called novel of manners in America because it refines the definition of this genre, without blurring its differences from the naturalistic novel. Civil Wars is an acute and enormously instructive literary analysis and history."
|Johns Hopkins University Press|
Other Titles in LITERARY CRITICISM / American / General
Other Titles in Literature: history & criticism


A short film on the history and demolition of the Govan Cranes – Shipbuilding at the Govan Shipyard is a fraction of what it was 40 years ago. Its towering 80-ton cranes were last used in May 2008 after shipyard bosses at BAE Systems decided to decommission them. They stand as rusting relics, a health hazard, an eye-sore, and are to be replaced with newer mobile cranes.
In November 2013 yard owners announce plans to cut 825 jobs at the very same time that work begins on the dismantling of all the cranes. The future of the Govan yard looks uncertain and there is an approaching referendum that some say threatens the very future of shipbuilding in Scotland. Despite the Govan cranes being part of one the greatest industrial stories of the world there is no time or political will to discuss the legacy of the cranes and their preservation.
The Last of the Govan Cranes is a specially commissioned film that explored Govan’s rich heritage in Shipbuilding alongside the demolition of the cranes. Filmed over a period of 5 months it uses multimedia and time-lapse photography with archive footage alongside interviews with former workers.


SPEC Kit 320: Core Beneﬁts · 85
64. Please briefly describe how the library orients new employees and disseminates information to
current employees regarding retirement and insurance beneﬁts. N=47
All information about beneﬁts and retirement comes from the parent Faculty & Staff Beneﬁts department. Library does
not orient new employees to beneﬁts. This is done by Human Resources.
Beneﬁts direction is given by the library HR ofﬁce.
Beneﬁts Orientation is required for full-time, beneﬁts-eligible staff. Human Resources conducts this orientation session.
Either in-person or group orientation sessions for new employees. Library Personnel Ofﬁcer answers questions on a daily
basis. Information can be obtained from Web site. Retirement program vendors hold on-campus information sessions.
E-mail, training sessions, one-on-one session.
Employee orientation & HR Web site.
Employees are directed to Employee Beneﬁts if they have speciﬁc questions after attending the university’s orientation
Employees referred to the beneﬁts ofﬁce; individual counseling given/available with library HR manager; Presentations
are periodically scheduled and individual 1-on-1 consultations are encouraged.
I enroll them in two all-campus orientation sessions prior to their start date. On their ﬁrst day, I meet with them and
give them the information for the orientation sessions and provide them with the links to the retirement and insurance
Individual meetings prior to contract signature. Otherwise, human resources management responsibility.
Initial new hire meeting with libraries HR department includes beneﬁts orientation and arranging for new employee to
attend university orientation.
Libraries Human Resource Director communicates options on the ﬁrst day of employment. Provides resources to how
to ﬁnd forms, information, and who to contact in parent Human Resource ofﬁce. Libraries communicates to Parent
Institution of the new hire. Insurance packet is then campus mailed to new employee. Libraries Human Resource Director
offers time to walk through application with new hire.
Libraries new employee orientation program. Advise employees to attend beneﬁts overview sessions, check out
Retirement Manager tool and/or make appointments to meet with FMEC Consultants; review the employee beneﬁts
Web pages, send questions to Beneﬁts e-mail or make appointment with beneﬁts counselor.
Library brieﬁng points new employees to the parent institution online orientation program.
For retirement, library HR staff answer routine questions and provide information on who to contact in the central
Human Resources Department. For insurance, library role is similar to their role regarding retirement beneﬁts, answer
basic questions and direct to central HR.
Library orientation is catered toward the speciﬁc position/department. Library employees receive retirement information
centrally through the university Beneﬁts Ofﬁce. Library makes sure employees know about Beneﬁts Meetings on


A new book tells the story of Marion Carroll’s miracle cure at Knock Shrine for the first time following last year’s official Church recognition of her life-changing healing.
Over thirty years ago, the Athlone mother was brought to the Co Mayo shrine on a stretcher in September 1989 for the Anointing of the Sick. She had been suffering for seventeen years with MS and was incontinent, blind in one eye and partially sighted in the other, and her speech was affected.
During Mass she felt a “whispery breeze” pass over her and when Mass was over, she asked the nurses to open her stretcher and she stepped pain free of it and fully cured of all her ailments.
In her new book ‘My Miracle Cure’, the Athlone woman recounts how her life was changed forever.
To this day, conventional medical wisdom is unable to account for what happened. For three decades the Church investigated her recovery and 30 years to the day of her cure, the Church officially recognised it as a miracle cure – the first miracle recorded at Knock.
“I am absolutely convinced it was a miracle. My speech was perfect and my hands and arms were perfect. I was standing unaided on my own two feet,” she recalls in the book.
The grandmother of five added, “Standing there that moment I saw my own heart right in front of me. And it was so full of joy and peace and a love without end and it was shining like looking directly into the sun and then the rays came towards me and I got all these gifts of joy and peace and love and a lot of other things.”
According to the book, the late Monsignor Joseph Quinn of Knock described Marion as “a chosen instrument of God and Our Lady to communicate at home and abroad.”
The Knock Shrine, built in 1976 on the site of the famous 1879 apparition, was elevated to the status of a basilica in 1979, during Saint John Paul II's visit to Ireland. The basilica was recently visited by Pope Francis during his 2018 tour of Ireland.


New Defender's Study Bible Notes
8:8 the former age. Bildad evidently is thinking here of Enoch, Noah, and the other patriarchs of the antediluvian age, indicating he was aware of their inspired records, especially of God’s punishment of the wicked in that “former age.”
8:9 days upon earth. Even though the people of Job’s day were still living to ages of two hundred years (Job 42:16), this was “but a shadow” compared to the nine-hundred-year life spans of the antediluvian patriarchs.
8:11 rush... flag. Marsh-land plants.


IN SHORT: NONFICTION
By Peter Brunette
Published: December 29, 1985
THE INTERNATIONAL FILM POSTER (Salem House, Cloth, $24.95, Paper, $14.95) gives pleasure to the nostalgic eye, if not always to the mind. The writing is dull, and Gregory J. Edwards frequently offers a lengthy plot summary to provide background for a one-line comment on the film's poster.
The posters, however, are a delight. Often reproduced in full, gloriously garish color, they allow glimpses of the stylized celluloid fantasies of another era. Mr. Edwards, a British illustrator and designer, admits in his brief introduction that ''a few only can claim to be of first-rate design that will stand scrutiny beside the best in the whole range of poster art,'' but the illustrations often belie his caution. Those posters that coincide with a strong artistic movement (like German Expres-sionism) are the most striking. Others, such as the British ones for which Mr. Edwards unfortunately seems to have the most information, border on the dreadful. Most illuminating is the book's survey of American films and posters. Here we discover that a studio's ''look'' is distinguishable in its posters as well as in its films. And the author's sharp eye notices that the picture of Humphrey Bogart used for ''The Maltese Falcon'' poster is actually from ''High Sierra.'' Mr. Edwards singles out a few poster auteurs, such as the American Saul Bass, the man responsible for the revitalization of film title credits in the 50's, and the brilliant contemporary Polish artist, Franciszek Starowieyski. The technical information the book provides is skimpy but useful.
Photo of a poster by Georgii and Vladimir Stenberg ''Fragment of an Empire


Lady Chatterley?s Lover has been notorious since it was written. Banned for 30 years it was published unexpurgated, by Penguin Books in 1960 and immediately became the first novel charged under the newly written Obscene Publications Act. The famous story of life, love and society in 1920s England, re-worked as an hilarious comic book by 'Britain?s zaniest cartoonist' Hunt Emerson.
Perhaps the most famous of Lawrence's novels, the 1928 Lady Chatterley's Lover is no longer distinguished for the once-shockingly explicit treatment of its subject matter--the adulterous affair between a sexually unfulfilled upper-class married woman and the game keeper who works for the estate owned by her wheelchaired husband. Now that we're used to reading about sex, and seeing it in the movies, it's apparent that the novel is memorable for better reasons: namely, that Lawrence was a masterful and lyrical writer, whose story takes us bodily into the world of its characters.


|Genres||Documentary History Short War|
|Plot||What Happened in Beijing in 1900? The truth and the facts about the so-called Siege of the Legations have become obscured by misconceptions and reporting that was aimed at the prejudices of the day. The reality in Beijing was not as clear cut as reported by European correspondents. There was no siege as portrayed in the Hollywood movie, 55 Days at Peking. There were no Chinese batteries of big guns, no attacks on the walls, no heavily-armed attackers in uniform. One of the participants of the events in Beijing of June/August 1900 was a young language student who took over a hundred photographs and recorded the scenes of events. His records, discussed in this documentary, present a different version of events.... search for Beijing 1900: The Siege That Never Was on IMDb|
Those are web search results for "Beijing 1900: The Siege That Never Was 2010" and may change in time. We are not affiliate with any of these websites. If some of the links harm copyright laws please see our DMCA and Copyright page.
-- Ad space


Volume 36 of the Proceedings of The Combustion Institute (PROCI) will ship by the end of March 2017, later than the earlier announced timeframe of mid to late February. Several issues regarding preparation of the table of contents, color pages, typography, and other publication items have delayed Elsevier’s publishing process.
Immediate access to individual research papers published in PROCI are currently available online as PDF downloads through Science Direct. Those electronic papers are published with full citation information. Most research libraries and institutions within the international combustion community have active accounts. Researchers not affiliated with a participating institution may purchase access to individual PROCI papers.
Once the print volume of PROCI is published and bound, the first shipment will be sent to those who placed advanced orders during registration for the 36th International Symposium on Combustion in Seoul, Korea. Verified members of a CI Section who did not place an advanced order may contact CI with their name, billing address, and shipping address. Elsevier will then provide a member discount on a print volume.
Proceedings of The Combustion Institute contains forefront contributions in fundamentals and applications of combustion science. For more than 50 years, The Combustion Institute has served as the peak international society for the dissemination of scientific and technical research in the combustion field. In addition to author submissions, PROCI includes CI’s prestigious invited strategic and topical reviews that represent indispensable resources for emergent research in the field. All papers are subjected to rigorous peer review.
Questions pertaining to the delayed publishing of PROCI may be directed to Katherine Eve, Publisher at Elsevier: K.Eve@Elsevier.com. If you placed an advanced order for PROCI and it does not arrive by mid-April 2017, contact the CI office: Office@CombustionInstitute.org.


Nação, sociedade civil, Estado e estado-nação: uma perspectiva histórica
Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira
Texto de Discussão da EESP/FGV n. 189, maio de 2009.
Nation and civil society are forms of politically organized societies, the state, the central institution, and the nation-state the basic territorial-political unity that the Capitalist Revolution originates. Each country of a nation-state is formed of a nation or a civil society, a state, and a territory. Each state is the expression of its respective form of politically organized society, but the relation between the state and society is explicitly dialectic in so far as each national society creates its state to regulate it. Since these definitions are historical, the forms of society and, correspondently, the forms of state change historically. The paper summarizes these historical forms.


Introduction : A library is a store or house of books . People can borrow books for reading from a library . In bigger libraries readers can read them during certain hours of the day . A school library is generally meant for the students and teachers of the school . Almost all school in our country have libraries now – a – days .The School Library Essay in English
List of national Parks in Assam – click here
Special features of school library : A school library has some special features . Its first speciality is that the books and journals kept in it are carefully selected so that they may be useful for the students . In a school there may be students of different age groups with different interests and levels of understanding . Sol utmost care is to be taken in selecting books to be kept in the library . Biographies of great men , stories on travel and adventure and books on everyday science generally attract the young readers . Hence most school libraries keep such books in large number with a view to developing the habit of reading books among the students . Reference books on different subjects are also kept .The School Library Essay in English
Assam History Most Important Questions in Assamese – click here
Management : It is very difficult to manage a school library well . In many schools the authorities cannot provide separate rooms for their libraries . Regular whole time librarians are also not appointed . Therefore the library books are kept at some place in the teachers ‘ common room or in the principal’s office room . It is managed by a teacher who is in charge of the library . One or two students help him . Books are issued to students and teachers for a certain period . Students are fined . if books . damaged or returned late .The School Library Essay in English
Usefulness : The school authority collects library fees from the pupils every year . This fund is used for the development of the library . A good school library has great importance . It acts as a supplementary to the text books . Text books contain knowledge of specific subjects . They cannot satiate the inquisitive learners ‘ thirst for more information and better knowledge . Moreover , most of our students hail from very poor families for which they cannot buy books for extra reading . In such case a school library comes to be a great help for them .The School Library Essay in English
পুথিভঁৰাল ৰচনা || Assamese Essay – click here
Conclusion : If the heads of our schools take a bit pain in organising and developing the school libraries and if the government appoints regular librarians school libraries will surely create a congenial atmosphere for developing better reading habit among the students and serve their real purpose .


|PDF Title :
|Total Page :
|PDF Size :
|PDF Link :
Here on this page, we have provided the latest download link for Postharvest : An Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruit and Vegetables PDF. Please feel free to download it on your computer/mobile. For further reference, you can go to newsouthpublishing.com
Postharvest : An Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruit and Vegetables
Weight loss during cooling may also be greatly reduced by wetting warm produce such as leafy vegetables with potable water before it is put into the store. It is preferable to harvest produce early in the morning, when it is coolest, and put it directly into the cool store.
This reduces the load on the refrigeration plant and lowers costs. When it is necessary to harvest produce later in the day in hot, dry weather, it may be practicable to spray some types of produce with potable water, to leave produce overnight in the open to cool by a combination of evaporative cooling and radiation cooling (if the night sky is clear), and place into store the next morning.
Postharvest Book PDF
Know more about our initiative


In 2374, Rekar led a successful hijacking of the Federation starship USS Prometheus, killing the Federation crew. He and his officers were the first to prove the effectiveness of the experimental multi-vector assault mode in combat conditions by disabling a pursuing Nebula-class starship.
Rekar and the others were eventually rendered unconscious by neurozine gas, introduced into the life support systems by The Doctor, working together with the Prometheus' EMH Mark II. The vessel was then returned to Starfleet control. (VOY: "Message in a Bottle")


ERIC Number: ED207043
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1981-Aug
Reference Count: 0
William Brennan and the Failed "Theory" of Actual Malice.
Gillmor, Donald M.
This paper contains an analysis of Justice William Brennan's Supreme Court opinions concerning cases on freedom of expression and his interpretations of Alexander Meiklejohn's theory of actual malice in cases of libel. Particular attention is paid to Brennan's landmark contribution to the law of libel, his opinion in "New York Times v. Sullivan," and analytical criticism of this opinion. Later cases are examined to determine any changes in Brennan's interpretation of actual malice, as well as to examine the impact of his "libel formula" on a narrowing view of public issue and public official defamation. The concluding section of the paper indicates that Brennan's history of using Meiklejohnian theory demonstrates the difficulties inherent in the theory and why it has failed. (RL)
Publication Type: Information Analyses; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers: Brennan (William J); Libel; Meiklejohn (Alexander); Supreme Court; Theory Practice Relationship
Note: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism (64th, East Lansing, MI, August 8-11, 1981).


What about your list?
My extended no-pay leave from the seminary has begun, and this gives me a bit of freedom to catch up with some reading. Here is a list of books I will be reading and engaging with in the months to come.
What about your list?
Authored by Bishop Emeritus Hwa Yung, Dr Lee Soo Tian, Revd Dr Lee Tat Yan & Revd Dr Lim Kar Yong.
Published by Faith Books, an imprint of August Publishing Sdn Bhd, Puchong, Malaysia
Date of publication: January 2023.
This book is available from Canaanland Bookstore. Please click here for ordering information.
The Table of Contents can be viewed below:
A group of Malaysian scholars currently in Malaysia and other parts of the world come together to contribute to a book project entitled, "From Malaysia to the Ends of the Earth: Southeast Asian and Diasporic Contributions to Biblical and Theological Studies." This volume is edited by my colleague, Elaine Wei-Fun Goh, and others including Kah-Jin Jeffrey Kuan, Jonathan Yun-Ka Tan, and Amos Wai-Ming Yong. This project is now in the final proof reading stage and should be published by Claremont Press in the autumn of 2021.
I make a small contribution to this project where I examine Paul's understanding of ethnic relations between Jews and Gentiles gleaned from his letters, and offer some contemporary reflections for nation building in Malaysia.
My essay is entitled, "“For All of You Are One in Christ Jesus” (Gal 3:28): Paul’s Social Vision Beyond Inclusivity and Diversity", in pages 83-116. This bulk of the essay was written when I was on sabbatical in the second half of 2019. In light of the current political climate and the COVID-19 pandemic, I have made further reflections on what I have written. Perhaps a short follow-up piece might be needed.
I look forward to seeing this significant project in print soon.
Writing this devotional booklet has a profound impact on me. I share about this at the conclusion:
May this devotional be a helpful tool for you as you prepare for the Holy Week.
"Following Jesus to the Cross" is now available from Our Daily Bread. This illustrated guide with 12 devotionals for Easter will guide our reflections on the passion, crucifixion, death, and resurrection of Jesus this Easter season. Based on the Gospel of Mark, each reading contains reflection questions and prayers to commit ourselves to God.
Evoke our senses with photographs of the sites where the events of the final week are believed to have taken place, and let this devotional make the Scripture come alive for us in fresh ways.
A sample chapter of this booklet is extracted below.
If you or your church would like to have copies of this devotional booklet, please contact Our Daily Bread Malaysia.
Finally, Porter believes that my book "will undoubtedly provoke further investigation of metaphor use in identity formation in the Corinthian correspondence and elsewhere. This work is a valuable resource for anyone considering the social-scientific analysis of metaphors and their use in the Corinthian correspondence."
Overall, the review by Porter on my work is generous and encouraging, his critique on the weaknesses of the book is fair and courteous, and his comment on my methodological framework for analysis on metaphor is positive and welcoming.
Please click on the file below to read the review.
I am very pleased to inform that all copies of my recent publication (Metaphors and Social Identity Formation in Paul's Letters to the Corinthians) that are in my stock have all been sold.
I would like to thank everyone in Malaysia for your continuous support for my work and ministry.
For those who are still interested to purchase the book, please click here for options of how to order the book. I will not be holding anymore stock in future.
My other publication, Jesus the Storyteller: Hearing the Parables Afresh Today, is still available at RM45 per copy. Please get in touch with me if you are keen on purchasing this book.
For the month of October, Logos Software is having a very good sale on selected reference works published by Yale.
In addition, the free book of the month on offer is the commentary on Romans in the Anchor Yale series by Joseph Fitzymer, with options to purchase a couple more commentaries on Habakkuk (by Francis I. Andersen) and Galatians (by J. Louis Martyn) at additional cost of US$2.99 - this is a real deal!
Resources on sale include:
1) The entire Anchor Yale Bible Commentary set - you may choose to purchase the entire OT and NT series, or opt for either OT or NT set.
2) Selected works on Jonathan Edwards
3) Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library
4) Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary
5) and others.
Now is a good time to build your digital library, if fund permits of course.
The cover design for my upcoming publication has been finalised by the publisher, Pickwick Publications. The book, Metaphors and Social Identity Formation in Paul’s Letters to the Corinthians, is due to be published in the middle of the year. I will provide further details of the book in the weeks to come.
I am very pleased that I am able to use a photograph that I took when I visited ancient Corinth in 2015 for the cover.
Special thanks to Brian Tucker, Kathy Ehrensperger, and Bill Campbell for the blurbs.
Lecturer in New Testament Studies at Seminari Theoloji Malaysia. You can find out more about me by clicking here.
My engagement in conversation with issues, reflections, and concerns related to my vocation as a seminary lecturer and theological education in general. Opinions expressed in this blog are strictly my personal views and do not represent the official position of the seminary


Rediscovered Once More
By Terry Teachout
Published: November 26, 1995
THE DIARIES OF DAWN POWELL 1931-1965. Edited by Tim Page. 513 pp. South Royalton, Vt.: Steerforth Press. $32.
MY HOME IS FAR AWAY By Dawn Powell. Introduction by Tim Page. 295 pp. South Royalton, Vt.: Steerforth Press. Paper, $14.
EVERY decade or so, somebody writes an essay about Dawn Powell, and a few hundred more people discover her work, and are grateful. And that's it. Few American novelists have been so lavishly praised by so many high-powered critics to so little effect. Diana Trilling, writing in 1942, called Powell "our best answer to the familiar question, 'Who really says the funny things for which Dorothy Parker gets credit?' "; Edmund Wilson, writing in 1962, judged her to be "quite on a level with . . . Anthony Powell, Evelyn Waugh and Muriel Spark"; Gore Vidal, writing in 1987, said she "should have been as widely read as, say, Hemingway or the early Fitzgerald." No such luck. Dawn Powell remains today what she was a half-century ago: a fine and important writer adored by a handful of lucky readers in the know and ignored by everybody else.
Interestingly, Powell has yet to be taken up by the tenure-haunted injustice collectors who live to exhume Unfairly Neglected Women Writers and add them, by force majeure if necessary, to the canon they affect to despise. It says much about the mind-set of the pesto-and-phallocentrism crowd that the person who may end up being chiefly responsible for bringing about a Powell revival is, of all things, a mere journalist. Tim Page, a music critic lately of New York Newsday and now of The Washington Post, has been collecting Powell first editions (there are no Powell second editions) for years. What started out as a hobby has become an industry. Mr. Page is at work on the first biography of Powell; last year he edited "Dawn Powell at Her Best," an omnibus volume that attracted wide and favorable critical notice.
Now Steerforth Press, publisher of "Dawn Powell at Her Best," has just brought out two "new" Powell books. The first is a much-needed paperback reissue of Powell's 1944 novel, "My Home Is Far Away," with an introduction by Mr. Page. The second is one of the outstanding literary finds of the last quarter-century: Powell's diaries, which cover the last 34 years of her life (she died in 1965) and whose existence was not generally known until Mr. Page prepared them for publication.
Dawn Powell actually began keeping a diary in 1925, shortly after she moved to Greenwich Village, the scene of most of her later novels, but the entries were sporadic and fragmentary. It was not until 1931 that she embarked on a serious diary. The first sentence -- "The tragedy of people who once were glamorous, now trying in mediocre stations to modestly refer to their pasts" -- announces its nature: it would be a writer's notebook, concerned less with earthshaking events and true confessions than with the raw material of what later became her novels.
This is not to say that the diaries are lacking in gossip value. In fact, the book is full of cruelly funny vignettes, some as short as a single steel-tipped line. Here, for example, is Powell on Clifford Odets: "Later he talked of the Odets Plays, the audience joy over Odets Plays, as if Odets, the genius, was quite apart from Odets, the 'modest' citizen." And admirers of Powell's novels will be glad to learn something about the life and character of the woman who wrote them. It takes a special kind of toughness to keep on writing for four decades without any great material success; to read Powell's diaries is to learn just how tough their author really was.
Powell was born in 1897 in Mount Gilead, Ohio, deep in the heart of the Babbitt belt. The idyll of her small-town childhood was brought to a harsh end by the death of her mother in 1903. Her father, a ne'er-do-well traveling salesman, subsequently married a joyless puritan, and Powell soon ran away: first to the home of a maternal aunt, then to college and finally, in 1918, to New York. Within three years, she had married a drunk named Joseph Gousha and given birth to a son who suffered from cerebral palsy and schizophrenia. By the 30's, husband and wife had settled into a bizarre menage a trois with Coburn (Coby) Gilman, a witty, selfdestructive magazine executive with whom Powell appears to have been deeply in love; he and the still-married couple lived in a Ninth Street duplex with separate entrances.
That all this turned Powell into an unsparing satirist is hardly a surprise. But it took a decade of hard work before she found herself. Five of her first six novels are set in Ohio, and they are an odd amalgam of harshness and pathos, rather like a cross between Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis, only well written. Not until 1936 did Powell shift her sights to her new milieu, publishing "Turn, Magic Wheel," a glittering comedy of manners in which her mature self comes instantaneously into focus from the first page onward. " 'Satire,' " she wrote in her diary that year, "is the technical word for writing of people as they are; 'romantic,' the other extreme of people as they are to themselves -- but both of these are the truth." That is Powell in a nutshell: like her heroines, she believes in love, even though she knows better.


When Breath Becomes Air
When there’s no place for the scalpel, words are the surgeon’s only tool.
Paul Kalanithi graduated from Stanford with a BA and an MA in English Literature and a BA in Biology. He also earned a MPhil in history and philosophy of science and medicine from Cambridge before attending and graduating from the Yale School of Medicine. He returned to Stanford to do an 8-year residency in neurosurgery and a postdoctoral fellowship in neuroscience. In his seventh year of residency in May, 2013, 36-year old Paul Kalanithi was diagnosed with Stage 4 lung cancer – an illness that rarely strikes young men (he notes that only 0.0012 percent of 36-year olds get lung cancer).
Faced with his own mortality and the grim statistics, Kalanithi pursued aggressive treatment and struggled to complete his residency but he also decided to pursue his love of writing. He wrote an article for the New York Times called “How Long Have I Got Left” which was published on January 24, 2014, eight months after his diagnosis. At the time, his wife, Lucy was pregnant with their daughter, Cady who would be born in June, 2014. Encouraged by the response to his article, Kalanithi continued to write as he struggled with his illness, the side effects of the treatments, and his desire to pursue the answers to the question “What makes life meaningful enough to go on living?” The answer was to pursue love – love of his family, friends, and co-workers – because these relationships gave his life meaning.
Kalanithi frantically wrote about this stage of his life in a book that was published in 2016, a year after he died in March, 2015 (22 months after his initial diagnosis). The book – When Breath Becomes Air – is dedicated to his daughter, Cady who was 8 months old when he died.
The author knew his daughter would never remember him and that the book would be his legacy to her. What he didn’t know was that the book would become a New York Times Bestseller and an inspiration to many because the words tell the story of a man who faced death with courage and dignity by focusing on living (“We are never so wise as when we live in the moment.”). He knew the odds better than anyone but he didn’t dwell on his sentence; instead, he focused on the people who gave his life meaning which is why the book is such a fantastic read.
Several years ago (2008), Randy Pausch with Jeffrey Zaslow published The Last Lecture which was written after Pausch delivered his last lecture at Carnegie Mellon after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The “last lecture” was titled “Achieving Your Childhood Dreams” and the book expanded on those ideas. Although the book was primarily written for his three young children, readers of all ages were inspired by The Last Lecture.
While Pausch focused on how to live in his book, Kalanithi zeroed in on how to find meaning in a life cut short in When Breath Becomes Air. Kalanithi doesn’t tell the reader how to die but instead, how he decided to spend the limited amount of time he had left, which included living in the moment with the people – his wife, daughter, parents, brothers, friends, and colleagues – who made his life meaningful.
Kalanithi had planned to do so much, and he had come so close. His biggest regret was that he would never see his daughter grow up and so he wanted to leave her with his words including the following:
When you come to one of the many moments in life where you must give an account of yourself, provide a ledger of what you have been, and done, and meant to the world, do not, I pray, discount that you filled a dying man’s days with a sated joy, a joy unknown to me in all my prior years, a joy that does not hunger for more and more but rests, satisfied. In this time, right now, that is an enormous thing.
What Kalanithi couldn’t know is how moving his words would be for the people who would eventually read When Breath Becomes Air, a book that seems at times to be unfinished. Kalanithi did in fact die before the book was finished but his wife, Lucy along with Abraham Verghese (who wrote the Foreward) pulled his work together to publish this unforgettable story.


This first book in the Hands on Guides series provides step-by-step instruction on how to make your pre-school setting inclusive, and provides lots of helpful photocopiable resources, checklists and practical activities.
Issues covered include:
- Advice on inclusive environments, play and planning to meet individual needs in 0 - 3 and Foundation stage settings
- Coverage of current legislation, such as the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) and what it means for the pre-school practitioner;
- Quick-reference materials, for planning and auditing any early years setting;
- A CD Rom with templates that can be customised to fit your needs.
This book is essential for those working with Birth to Three Matters and the Foundation Stage curriculum, including pre-school practitioners, managers, advisory teachers, Area SENCOs, Inclusion Officers Tutors and Child Care and Education students and tutors.
It provides straight-forward practical advice on how to make pre-school settings inclusive, and provides lots of helpful photocopiable resources, checklists and practical activities.
**Winner of the 2007 NASEN and TES Book Award!!**
"Any setting will find this a useful, informative and accessible book" - Early Years Update
"I really enjoyed reviewing this book and will find it an excellent resource to share with the childminders with whom I work. I feel that it would benefit early years practitioners from all settings and would be a useful tool for tutors and students working at all levels" - National Childminding Association
"The straight forward step-by-step practical advice and guidance in this essential guide really helps to demystify exactly what is meant by inclusion . It is a vital and essential read for all those working with the 0-5 age range. It is an easy read that will leave you feeling more confident and well-informed about your role and it empowers you to help children with difficulties that you may have been reluctant to include in your setting" – Early Years Educator
"I really liked the way the book is set out with hands-on activities, checklists, discussion points and further reading after each chapter...[it] is full of brilliant suggestions and practical ideas to ensure all children can play and learn together...I will be recommending this book to early years practitioners and colleagues" – Nursery World


Gager, William (DNB00)
GAGER, WILLIAM (fl. 1580–1619), Latin dramatist, was a nephew of Sir William Cordell, master of the rolls [q. v.] He became a scholar of Westminster School, whence he was elected to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1574. He proceeded B.A. 4 Dec. 1577, M.A. 5 June 1580, and B.C.L. and D.C.L. 30 June 1589 (Oxford Univ. Reg., Oxford Hist. Soc., ii. iii. 70). Gager soon proved a facile Latin verse writer, and wrote a series of Latin plays, which were performed in the university with great success. In 1581 a Latin tragedy, ‘Meleager,’ was produced in the presence of the Earl of Leicester, Sir Philip Sidney, and other distinguished persons. In June 1583, when Albert Alasco, prince palatine of Poland, was entertained by the university, two plays by Gager were acted at Christ Church, and the distinguished visitor expressed much satisfaction with them. The first was ‘a pleasant comedie intituled “Rivales,”’ the second ‘a verie statelie tragedie named “Dido,” wherein the Queenes banket (with Eneas narrative of the destruction of Troie) was livelie described in a marchpaine pattern,’ and the scenic effects were ‘all strange, marvellous, and abundant’ (Holinshed, iii. 1355). The second and third acts of the ‘Dido,’ with prologue, argument, and epilogue, are extant in the Brit. Mus. MS. Addit. 22583, ff. 34–44. Early in February 1591–2 a fourth piece, ‘Ulysses Redux,’ was acted at Christ Church. In the manuscript volume already mentioned, which was formerly in Dr. Bliss's library, are extracts from a fifth play by Gager on the subject of ‘Œdipus.’ When Queen Elizabeth visited Oxford in September 1592, Gager wrote the prologue and epilogue for the comedy ‘Bellum Grammaticale,’ which was performed in the royal presence at Christ Church. Joseph Hunter suggested that Gager was identical with William Wager, the author of some morality-plays, but Wager's pieces were written before Gager left school: the theory is altogether untenable. Meres mentions ‘Dr. Gager of Oxford’ among ‘the best poets for comedy’—not a very apt description, since Gager's chief works were tragedies—in his ‘Palladis Tamia,’ 1598.
Printed copies of only two of Gager's plays are now known—the ‘Ulysses Redux’ and ‘Meleager’—both printed at Oxford by Joseph Barnes in 1592. The former, ‘Ulysses Redux, tragœdia publice Academicis recitata octavo Idus Februarii 1591,’ is dedicated to Lord Buckhurst. Copies are in the Douce collection at Oxford and at Bridgewater House. Commendatory verse by Alberico Gentili, Matthew Gwinne, Thomas Holland, and others is prefixed. The ‘Meleager, tragœdia noua bis publice acta in Æde Christi Oxoniæ,’ copies of which are in the British Museum and Bodleian libraries, is dedicated (1 Jan. 1592) to Robert, earl of Essex. Verses by Richard Edes [q. v.], Alberico Gentili [q. v.], and J. C. are prefixed. There is an epilogue addressed to the Earls of Pembroke and Leicester, and at the close of the volume is ‘Panniculus Hippolyto Senecæ Tragœdiæ assutus, 1591;’ an address to Elizabeth, dated 1592, with the prologue and epilogue to the ‘Bellum Grammaticale.’
Gager sent a copy of the ‘Meleager’ to Dr. John Rainolds, then of Queen's College, afterwards president of Corpus Christi College, and with it he forwarded a letter defending the performance of plays at Oxford. Rainolds replied by denouncing the practice and by condemning the excess to which it had lately been carried at Christ Church. A letter of protest from Gager, dated 31 July 1592, is in Corpus Christi College Library (MS. ccclii. 6), and copies of other parts of Gager's share in the correspondence are in University College Library (MS.J. 18). Finally Rainolds wrote a detailed and spirited answer to Gager (preface, dated 30 May 1593), which was published in 1599 under the title of ‘Th' overthrow of Stage-Playes by the way of controversie betwixt D. Gager and D. Rainolds, wherein all the reasons that can be made for them are notably refuted.’ Rainolds attacked with especial vigour the appearance on the stage of youths in women's clothes. A Latin defence of Gager by Alberico Gentili, and a final reply by Rainolds, are appended to Rainolds's volume. A reprint of this volume and the manuscripts dealing with the controversy has long been promised by the New Shakspere Society.
Gager was a voluminous writer of Latin verse. He probably edited the ‘Exequiæ D. Philippi Sidnæi,’ Oxford, 1587, to which he largely contributed. He also wrote in the university collection issued on the deaths of Sir Henry Unton in 1596 and of the queen in 1603. The volume in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 22583) which contains parts of Gager's tragedies of ‘Dido’ and ‘Œdipus,’ includes Latin-verse translations by him of Homer's ‘Batrachomuomachia,’ ‘Susanna,’ ‘Præecepta quædam Isocratis ad Demonicum,’ Musæus's ‘Hero et Leander,’ together with numerous verses and epigrams addressed to friends, patrons, and relatives, like George Peele, Martin Heton, Richard Edes, Toby Matthew, the Earl of Leicester, Sir William Cordwell, Nicholas Breton, and Richard Hakluyt. Two long pieces, ‘Musa Australis’ and ‘Ægloga,’ are both addressed to Toby Matthew. Congratulatory odes on the queen's escape from the Babington plot, a few trifling English verses, and a prose ‘Encomium Eloquentiæ,’ conclude the volume. A Latin heroic poem, ‘Piramus,’ dated 5 Nov. 1605, is in MS. Royal, 12 A. lix. Latin verses by Gager appear before Breton's ‘Pilgrimage to Paradise’ (1592). In 1608 Gager seems to have publicly defended the thesis at Oxford ‘that it was lawful for husbands to beat their wives.’ William Heale of Exeter College replied in ‘An Apologie for Women,’ Oxford, 1609. On the death of Martin Heton, bishop of Ely, 14 July 1609, Gager wrote a Latin elegy, which was engraved on the bishop's tomb in Ely cathedral (Bentham, Ely, p. 197).
In 1590 Gager seems to have been disappointed of a fortune which he expected from an uncle, Edward Cordell, who died in that year. He attributed his disappointment to the action of his uncle's wife. In 1601 he became surrogate to Dr. Swale, vicar-general of Ely. On 29 May 1606, when his friend, Martin Heton, was bishop of Ely, Gager was appointed chancellor of the diocese of Ely. He was delegate and commissary to Archbishop Bancroft for the diocese of Ely in 1608, and custos of the spiritualities on the vacancy of the see in 1609. He was also vicar-general and official principal to Bishop Andrewes in 1613, 1616, and 1618.[Wood's Athenæ Oxon., ed. Bliss, ii. 87–9; Halliwell's Dictionary of Plays; Stevenson's Supplement to Bentham's History of Ely (1817), 10, 20, 28, 33; Wood's Annals of Oxford, vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 216, 256; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Addit. MS. 24491, f. 90; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.]


In the world of books, Ken Follett is the stuff of legends. His writing is rooted in real events, be it the 1978 novel Eye of the Needle, a taut thriller about World War II espionage or Pillars of the Earth about the great medieval cathedrals of Europe. He weaves stories that imitate life. His latest project in the Century Trilogy, a collection of historical novels chronicling life around the world wars, is another set piece in his literary game.
On September 16, the book Edge of Eternity was released in India by Pan Macmillan and Amazon India. Continuing the story in Fall of Giants and Winter of the World, the book traces lives of five families through the Cold war and civil-rights movements. In an email interaction, Ken Follett remarks about the premise of the book, “The terrible thing about the Cold War was that it could have been the end of the human race. If there was a nuclear holocaust, with the Americans bombing all the communist countries and the Russians bombing all the capitalist countries, we would all be dead. So although it never came to that, there was the constant fear during this period that nuclear war would break out and the human race would end.”
Moving from thrillers to historical fiction
‘Pillars of the Earth’ emerged from his profound interest and fascination with medieval cathedrals and the people who built them. To his surprise and everybody else’s, the book became even more popular than his thrillers. “It seemed that readers would enjoy historical novels from me as well as enjoy thrillers from me. So that’s how the switch came about and eventually I decided that historical novels were more fun to write and more pleasing to the readers too,” he tells us.
Then, after completing World Without End, Follett admits that he thought to himself, ‘I must do something like this again because people like it so much.’ He thought he should write another long historical novel but he didn’t want to write another medieval story; he wanted to write about a historical period that was dramatic. “That’s when I thought, why not write about the 20th century because it’s the most violent era in human history. We had two world wars and we had the threat of nuclear war. And also, it is the century that tells us where we come from.” And soon, as he was thinking about it, he realized it would be much better to write three books instead of one, a book for each of the great wars of the century.
His predilection for strong female characters
Ken Follett was one of the first writers to use strong women characters in his novels like Lucy Rose, the hero of Eye of the needle who kills the German spy at the end of the story. Ken notes, “That was very unusual in the 1970s when I wrote that book. It was unheard of. But nowadays it isn’t so unusual.”
He attributes this change to the difference in attitudes to women and the evolving role that women play in society. He opines, “Fifty years ago women were considered subordinate. So in the novels the men were more important. But during my lifetime, I have seen women question, ‘Wait a minute. Why should women be secondary to men?” This change was reflected in literature too.
The television world came knocking
His book, On Wings of Eagles, a true story about two employees who were rescued from Iran during the revolution of 1979, was turned into a miniseries and The Pillars of the Earth became an eight hour television show. And the Century Trilogy will also soon be made into a television series. But as an author, he finds the process of adapting books into television shows “thrilling but also a little nerve–wrecking.” He adds, “It makes me very nervous because I have been very careful writing the book to make sure that it all makes sense. There are no boring bits, the plot is logical and the characters are interesting. And then I give this book to somebody else, a television producer and he takes it apart. He has a script written which is different from my book. Well, he has to because he has to tell a story in pictures not words. I worry that when they change it they won’t be as careful as I was and they won’t do it very well. But, to be honest, in the end if the television series is well made, I get to look at the screen and see the characters I invented played by very good actors.”
Evolving as a writer
The bestselling author has been writing for over four decades now, having taken to writing when he realised he didn’t love newspapers. He recalls, “I wasn’t a terrible journalist but I wasn’t a great journalist either. Fiction was what I really liked. And it took me a few years to realize that my destiny was not in newspapers, it was in books.”
He went to work with a publisher soon after. And although his first books were not very successful — in fact he wrote ten books before he had a bestseller — he managed to carve out success for himself in the literary world.
Recently on a Reddit AMA (Ask me anything), he remarked, “What does writing represent? It’s my life! It’s what I do all day, every day.” And his wonderfully crafted, genre bending and ambitious stories, that emerge from his knowledge of the world and life, has delighted many a fan around the world.
The book is available for purchase on Amazon
A version of this was published in The New Indian Express on September 18, 2014


Captain Underpants and the Attack of the Talking Toilets
Written by Dav Pilkey
Reviewed by Amanual L. (age 8)
Have you ever seen a guy wearing underwear while fighting crime? If not you shoud read this book. It's about a guy named Captain Underpants that fights these bad toilets that eat people.
This book reminded me of the time my brother thought he could fly. This book makes me feel happy because it is funny. My favorite part was when George and Harold created a robot. This is a great book because it is cool. I recommend this book to people who like silly stories.


Revolution #270, May 27, 2012
The U.S. Constitution and the Constitution for the New Socialist Republic in North America (Draft Proposal)
Two Constitutions, Two Different Systems, Two Different Futures for African-American People
Part 1: A Slaveholders' Union
The U.S. Constitution was drafted, debated, and approved by slave owners and exploiters. Despite this profound truth about the historical birth of the United States, many people argue that the Constitution has protected and expanded the political and civil rights of the people; and that it continues to provide the legal foundation and political vision for overcoming existing inequalities and injustices. But this message—that the U.S. Constitution establishes a vision and basis for achieving a society where “everyone is equal”—is profoundly UNTRUE and actually does great harm. From the very beginning this Constitution has provided the legal framework and justifications for a society torn by deep inequalities, and the preservation of a whole economic and social setup in which a relatively small number of people rule over an exploitative society and maintain that dominance.
In 2010 the Revolutionary Communist Party published the Constitution for the New Socialist Republic in North America (Draft Proposal) (CNSRNA). This visionary document, based on the new synthesis of communism developed over decades by Bob Avakian, provides the framework for a whole new society, a framework to advance to a communist world—a world no longer divided into antagonistic social groups, where people will instead live and work together as a freely associating community of human beings, all over the planet.
This series will compare and contrast the U.S. Constitution and the Constitution for the New Socialist Republic in North America (Draft Proposal)—in relation to the enslavement, oppression and emancipation of African-American people. We encourage readers to discuss and study this series, spread and share it among your friends; get it into the classrooms, communities and prisons; and send us your comments. The first half of Part One of this series was run in Revolution #265; here we are running it in its entirety. See Revolution #264 for the introduction to this series.
American enslavement of African people and their descendents was a never-ending hell of work, abuse, torture, rape, and degradation. It was enforced by whips, chains, shotguns, and vicious bloodhounds. The culture and outlook of white supremacy penetrated every aspect of life in the U.S., South and North alike. And all this was enshrined in the “law of the land,” starting with the U.S. Constitution—the binding legal document of the new country.
The U.S. Constitution was, and is, dedicated to the defense of “private property rights” based on exploitation, and for eight decades that included the enslavement of Black people. James Madison, the main author of the U.S. Constitution, wrote that the law in the U.S. regarded slaves as “inhabitants, but debased by servitude below the equal level of free inhabitants.… The true state of the case is that they partake of both these qualities: being considered by our laws, in some respects, as persons, and in other respects as property.... This is in fact their true character. It is the character bestowed on them by the laws under which they live; and it will not be denied that these are the proper criterion.”1
Here Madison was arguing for and defending a legal principle that established Black people as a form of property in U.S. law.
“Inhabitants, but debased by servitude below the equal level of free inhabitants”—which meant slaves had no rights whatsoever under the law.
“Being considered by our laws, in some respects, as persons, and in other respects as property”—which meant they could be put on an auction block to be bought and sold, and witness their loved ones taken from them as someone else’s purchase.
“It is the character bestowed on them by the laws under which they live”—which meant they could be forced to work like animals under the whip, chained up and hounded by dogs if they dared to escape; subjected to subhuman conditions of life, and the constant knowledge that the slave master could end their lives on even the slightest whim.
During more than the first 70 years of the United States, constitutionally sanctioned and court approved cruelty towards enslaved Black people knew no limits. The system of “justice” developed under the U.S. Constitution was dedicated to providing the legal basis for complete control of the slave master over their human property. For example: “In one case, a Missouri court considered the ‘crime’ of Celia, a slave who had killed her master while resisting a sexual assault. State law deemed ‘any woman’ in such circumstances to be acting in self-defense. But Celia, the court ruled, was not, legally speaking, ‘a woman’. She was a slave, whose master had complete power over her person. The court sentenced her to death. However, since Celia was pregnant, her execution was postponed until the child was born, so as not to deprive Celia’s owner’s heirs of their property rights.”2
A Slaveholders’ Union
The enslavement of African people and their descendents was integral to the development of what Europeans called the “new world” beginning in 1502. By the time the U.S. declared its independence from England in 1776, slavery existed in all 13 colonies, but it was most concentrated in the southern colonies—Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, especially in the cotton and tobacco plantation regions.
In May 1787, 55 delegates gathered in Philadelphia to write a constitution for a nation formed from the 13 newly independent British colonies. Since winning their war of independence, the former colonies had until this time been held together tenuously, by a weak and largely ineffective central power.
Whether these delegates could compose and agree upon a document capable of uniting the colonies into a coherent national state was not a settled question. Sharp, contentious debate expressing the conflicting interests of representatives from different states, in particular the slave owners of the South and the merchant capitalists of the North, continued for over four months before a complete document was drafted and approved by the delegates.
Much of their contention was shaped and driven by the question of slavery. George William Van Cleve writes in A Slaveholders’ Union: Slavery, Politics, and the Constitution in the Early American Republic, that by 1770 slavery in the American colonies “had become a central economic institution … slaves had become a major economic asset, with a conservatively estimated collective market value of about 14 million pounds sterling (about $2.4 billion today). Slaves constituted nearly 20% of total private wealth in the 13 colonies in 1774.”3
Two convention delegates delivered speeches denouncing slavery. But the debate here was not about the morality of slavery at the Constitutional Convention. There were no passionate speeches condemning this barbaric atrocity inherited from a colonial empire. There were no demands for its immediate abolition. The arguments concerning slavery centered on several inter-related issues: whether property or population would be the main factor determining representation in the new government’s congress, and the power of the new central government to control trade, commerce, and treaties—and most specifically, the international slave trade.
One Constitution, Two Mutually Dependent Economic Systems
Defenders of the U.S. Constitution often note that it doesn’t contain the word “slavery.” There are several possible reasons for this, including that at least some of its writers and signers recognized the contradiction in overtly recognizing slavery in a document that proclaims to be based on and represent “the people.”
But the fact is that this Constitution—the highest, binding political/legal document of the United States—acknowledged and defended the outright ownership as “property” of an entire category of human beings: Africans and their descendents. Building upon this constitutional foundation, the U.S., through both its political apparatus and its system of courts and laws, continued in its first 70 years to uphold this status of human “property” as a legal category.
The newly formed U.S. included two co-existing economic systems—capitalism and slavery, two ways of organizing society on a foundation of exploitation. These two systems were mutually dependent on each other. The merchants, lawyers, slave traders and slave owners, bankers, ship owners and other prosperous men who debated and wrote the U.S. Constitution needed to create a framework in which both capitalism and slavery could continue to develop. They needed a central state structure capable of protecting their sometimes clashing interests, while at the same time holding them within a unified federal state. They needed a constitution—a document that established the legal and political “rules” of the new country.
From the beginning, the U.S. was formed with the understanding that such a unified state was needed to forge a powerful new country in the Western hemisphere, one capable of resisting domination or interference by European powers, and with a central government strong enough to work out differences between northern capitalists and southern slave owners, especially as it expanded into its western territories. The Constitution’s “pro-slavery character” was the result of efforts to deal with this contradiction. Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution declared the slaves to be three-fifths human beings. In this way, the property of the slave owners, i.e. human slaves, were counted in the system of political representation—giving the South an advantage in the House of Representatives and the Electoral College—while denying slaves legal rights as persons.
Slavery was concentrated in the southern states. But it existed in a mutually reliant economic structure with the mercantile capitalism then dominant in the northern states and within a common political framework. Slavery was decisive to the growth, expansion, and prosperity of the entire country. The economic well-being of both southern slave owners and northern capitalists depended on each other’s activities. Cotton and other agricultural products from the slave plantations were processed in northern factories and shipped from northern ports, which also dominated most of the trade coming into the new country.
The Constitution that emerged from the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia protected both the capitalist and slave forms of exploitation and enrichment for a small number of people and established a means for their often intense differences to be worked through. The framework that the U.S. Constitution provided for the coherence and development of the new country enabled the U.S., as a whole, and in both its slave and non-slave components, to expand dramatically in the decades after independence was won.
The Missouri Compromise
The years after the U.S. Constitution was written and adopted were years of rapid westward expansion, into areas that are now states, like Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana in the North, and Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee in the South. Genocidal campaigns against the Native Americans who lived in areas coveted by white Americans made this expansion possible. And agreements made in Congress, under the provisions of this Constitution, established the legal basis for areas south of the Ohio River to be developed as slave territories, soon to be slave states.
Missouri, which lies mostly north of the Ohio River, became a battleground—as both pro- and anti-slavery forces were moving into Missouri in large numbers by 1815. The question of what the character of that state would be was up for grabs. As Van Cleve notes, “the Missouri controversy of 1819-1821 was a titanic economic and political struggle between America’s sections over their westward expansion. The dispute placed slavery in a clash with an emerging free-labor ideology.”4
The resolution of these “disputes” firmly upheld the legal, constitutional basis for slavery as a long-term social institution in the United States. Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state. In exchange the non-slave state of Maine entered the union so that Congressional “equilibrium” between the two sections of the country would be maintained.
The equilibrium proved to be fragile. For the next 40 years disputes between northern and southern states erupted repeatedly as the country continued to push westward. The key point of ongoing, unsettled contention—whether the territories being opened up to American expansion would be slave or non-slave—was argued and fought over repeatedly. But the outcome of the Missouri Compromise further strengthened and emboldened pro-slavery forces, and led them to push for further expansion of slave territories. It also further solidified the constitutionality of slavery in newly formed states or territories, not just the states that had originally been part of the union.
From the time the Constitution was approved in 1788, up until 1821, when the Missouri Compromise had been finalized, the number of slave states and the total number of enslaved people had both more than doubled. A huge proportion of the national wealth—in the North as well as the South—had been amassed from the backbreaking, never-ending labor of slaves—people who had no rights and no legal ability to resist their oppression; who were routinely worked to the point of death, sold away from families and loved ones, cruelly maimed and tortured, and systematically denied any education. The growth and expansion of slavery, as well as the enshrined right of slave masters and overseers to mete out any punishment they desired to their “property,” were built into the U.S. Constitution and were constitutionally protected.
As bargains and compromises were made in the halls of Congress, and as rulings came down in the U.S. Supreme Court, millions of human beings continued to have the legal, constitutional status of “property” without the rights of citizens. The blood of countless slaves was a mortar that bound together the increasingly clashing northern and southern sections of the country.
The Bloodhound Law (Fugitive Slave Act)
“No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.” Constitution of the United States, Article 4, Section 2
Put in plain English, this section of the U.S. Constitution said that a slave would remain the property of his or her “owner” wherever the slave may go, even into areas where slavery was not recognized. It further stipulated that officials in non-slave states who came upon escaped slaves were obliged to deliver the “property” to the “rightful owner.” To make things perfectly clear, Congress in 1793 passed the “Fugitive Slave Law” to require the return of “runaway” slaves.
But by the late 1840s, runaway slaves were becoming a major problem for slave owners, especially in areas on the perimeter of the slave states. A network of safe houses and secret trails called the Underground Railroad was operated by Black people and white abolitionists to help escaped slaves get to non-slave territory in the North and in Canada, and by the 1840s and 1850s thousands of Black people were escaping from slavery through the railroad.
Further, several northern states had enacted measures called “personal liberty laws” which were aimed at nullifying the Fugitive Slave Act and preventing bounty hunters from snatching Black people off the streets in northern cities and sending them to slavery. In several instances crowds of white abolitionists forced the release of slaves who had been arrested. Well-known intellectuals and writers such as John Greenleaf Whittier and Ralph Waldo Emerson condemned the law and called for people to defy it.
Around the same time, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850—called the “Bloodhound Law” by abolitionists because of the bloodhounds used to track slaves—was passed as yet another “compromise.” But it in fact went even further than the original Fugitive Slave Act—it required that citizens of non-slave states capture and return slaves to their “rightful owners,” under severe penalty of law.
Dred Scott, and a Crisis of Legitimacy
A ruling concerning a slave named Dred Scott was a stark and concentrated example of the logic of the constitutionality of slavery. Dred Scott was a Black man who had been born into slavery, and served as a slave to a U.S. Army officer who had been stationed throughout the U.S. After the officer was transferred from Minnesota to the slave state of Missouri, Scott and his wife filed a suit in federal court seeking their freedom, which he said had been established because they had lived in non-slave states.
In 1857, the United States Supreme Court ruled that neither Dred Scott nor any person of “African descent” could file a lawsuit in a U.S. court, since they could not be citizens of the U.S. The Supreme Court further ruled that simply living outside an area where slavery was established did not establish Scott’s freedom, since this would “deprive his owner of his property.”
Roger B. Taney, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, summarized his ruling with these infamous words: saying that the authors of the Constitution—the “founders”—regarded and legally institutionalized Black people as “beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations, and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.”
The Supreme Court’s decision emboldened the southern slave owners, and infuriated many anti-slavery forces throughout the North. The slave owners argued that the Supreme Court’s decision in effect negated the Missouri Compromise, and would restore to them their constitutional right to bring their slaves anywhere in the United States. Many northerners regarded the Dred Scott decision as a culmination of a decades-long drive to expand slavery, and vowed to defy and oppose it. The differences between the two sides could no longer be reconciled.
Four years after the Dred Scott ruling, the U.S. Civil War began.
To be continued
1. Cited in The U.S. Constitution: An Exploiters' Vision of Freedom, by Bob Avakian [back]
2. Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction, by Eric Foner and Joshua Brown [back]
3. A Slaveholders' Union: Slavery Politics, and the Constitution in the Early American Republic, by George William Van Cleve, p 6 [back]
4. Van Cleve, p. 225 [back]
If you like this article, subscribe, donate to and sustain Revolution newspaper.