Saturday is the day of the week following Friday and preceding Sunday. Saturday is the seventh and therefore last day of the week according to many commonly used calendars, and it is the second-to-last (sixth) day of the week according to ISO 8601 (see below). The Romans named Saturday Sāturni diēs ("Saturn's Day") no later than the 2nd century for the planet Saturn, which controlled the first hour of that day, according to Vettius Valens. The day's name was introduced into West Germanic languages and is recorded in the Low German languages such as Middle Low German sater(s)dach, Middle Dutch saterdag (Modern Dutch zaterdag) and Old English Sætern(es)dæġ and Sæterdæġ. However, the name was selected as a calque of the god Saturn, after whom the planet was named. The day was also referred to as "Sæternes dæġe" in an Old English translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. In Old English, Saturday was also known as sunnanæfen ("sun" + "eve" cf. dialectal German Sonnabend).
For more informations
Be the first one who uploadthe trail map
You can contribute to your community.Upload it! :-)Upload


The Hazard Perception Test
Keeping a safe distance to the side
Keeping a safe distance between you and other road users to your right and left is part of maintaining a "space cushion" around your car.
If you have to brake or swerve suddenly, this space to the side gives you some room to move. This may be enough to avoid a collision with other road users if a hazard arises.
Try to keep at least a metre between your vehicle and other moving or parked vehicles. This is important when driving beside parked cars because someone might open a car door in front of you. It is also important when passing or overtaking other vehicles and when other vehicles travelling in the opposite direction pass you on narrow roads.
A space cushion to the left and right of your car also allows other vulnerable road users such as cyclists some room to move. This reduces the chances of colliding with them.
Avoid travelling next to other vehicles
It is best not to travel next to other vehicles even on a multi-laned road unless you have to. With a vehicle to your left and right as shown in the picture below, you have no room to swerve right or left should a hazard arise in front of you. So try to keep some space in the lane beside you so that you have a chance to steer around a hazard rather than be forced to brake hard.
The following picture also shows that having vehicles to your right or left (or both) also blocks your vision. This may prevent you from seeing a hazard to the left or right (eg a car entering from a side road).
It will be harder to avoid travelling next to other vehicles on multi-laned roads or freeways when the traffic is heavy. In these circumstances, however, the traffic is usually travelling more slowly, so braking is often easier.
Key points summary: Keeping a safe distance to the side
- Keep at least a one metre "space cushion" between you and vehicles on your left or right.
- Avoid travelling next to other vehicles, particularly trucks and buses.
- Give cyclists, motorcyclists and pedestrians plenty of room


Children should say hello, goodbye, thank you and please. It helps them to learn that they aren’t the only ones with feelings and needs.
When they misbehave, give them the “big eyes”—a stern look of admonishment.
Allow only one snack a day. In France, it’s at 4 or 4:30.
Remind them (and yourself) who’s the boss. French parents say, “It’s me who decides.”
Don’t be afraid to say “no.” Kids have to learn how to cope with some frustration.


Pie refers to a colorful and healthy dish formed after baking dough mixed with butter, cold flour, salt, sugars and few other ingredients. It is generally circular in shape. Crust refers to the external hardened shell or flaky topping of the pie. Pie crust is mainly of two types: single pie crust and double pie crust. Classic pie crust is made out of the chief ingredient i.e. butter.
Making a pie crust requires a simple process. The first step in the process is making dough by mixing few basic ingredients and it needs just 10-15 minutes. Every ingredient serves an important function with respect to the characteristics of finally prepared pie. Flour adds bulk and structure to crust. Fat i.e. butter or shortening gives a flaky texture and flavors to pie. Butter aids in workability of the dough and also helps in forming golden crust of the pie. The water added to the mix must be icy cold. Liquid binds the dough and makes it workable. Salt adds to the flavor of pie and pie filling. It also provides brown or golden color to crust. The secret ingredient prevents the formation of gluten strands in the pie crust, making it soft and flaky.
In this method, white flour is mixed with butter, chilled water and salt to form a mixture, which is well kneaded to form a dough. The dough is then shaped in the form of disc, cooled and divided forming 2 parts. Next dough is a baked in an oven, till the browning of crust. Fruity fillings are added to the pie crust for dressing and flavor enhancement.
- More than 2 cups of flour
- Half teaspoon of iodized salt
- 1 cup of ice cold unsalted butter or shortening
- 7 tbsp of ice cold water
- 1 tbsp of secret ingredient i.e. sugar or lemon juice
- Mulberry or blueberry
- White sugar
- Brown sugar
Materials and equipment required
- Mixing bowl (heat resistant)
- Pie plate of 1 to 9 inches
- Sharply edged knife
- Rolling pin
- Microwave oven
- Food processor
- Stirring spoon
- Plastic bags or wax paper
Step 1: Mixing the dough
Firstly, mix flour and salt in a large mixing bowl, which is thermally resistant. Thoroughly, stir flour and salt together in the bowl. Dough consists of gluten strands, which might bind together during the mixing process. In order to prevent bond formation, it is necessary to maintain the flour at a cool temperature. Hence chilled flour must be used.
Step 2: Addition of chilled butter chunks
Cut the butter or shortening and pour it into the flour. Butter adds little moisture to the flour so that the dough gets well formed. The butter used for adding to flour mixture must also be chilled. Before mixing, chilled butter must be divided into large chunks to ease the combination process. The addition and mixing of fat is continued, until small and uniformly size chunks are distributed throughout the mix. Mixing of butter chunks into flour may be done using forks or pastry cutter. With the help of a food processor, the flour mixture is pulsed for 1-2 minutes, so that butter is divided into finer pieces inside the mix.
If in case, the workability of the mix is not as per specifications, it is advisable to stop the process of mixing at that point and insert the mixing bowl into fridge. This will enable the mixture to get chilled to a proper workable temperature.
Step 3: Mixing in ice cold water, forming dough
Pour ice cold water in tablespoons into the bowl containing the dry mixture. Stir the contents gently using a stirring spoon. Pour water gradually in tablespoons in the mixture, with constant agitation. The final mixture should form a loose ball which should neither be too dry nor too wet. The dough must never be overworked, so that the final crust is flaky enough, but at the same time not too tough.
Step 2: Dividing and shaping of dough
Pull the flour and knead the dough forming a ball. Then divide the ball into equal parts in order to make top crust and bottom crust. Place dough on flour smeared work surface. A clean and smooth surface is required for making a delicate and tender crust. Sprinkle 1-2 tbsp of floor on the top surface of dough. Spread out the edges with a rolling pin, so that balls get disc shaped.
Step 3: Refrigeration
Cover the dough parts each with a plastic wrap. Chill the parts in the refrigerator till the time of rolling and baking. In order to preserve the dough for extensive period of time, a self sealing freezer can be used. Just before final application, the dough must be defrosted in the refrigerator for one night.
In order to preserve the dough for extensive period of time, a self sealing freezer can be used. Just before final application, the dough must be defrosted in the refrigerator for one night.
Step 6: Transfer onto pie plate
Prepare the rolling pie crust. One might use plastic bags or wax paper can be used for making a non stick barrier so that the dough could easily be rolled out. This will help the crust transfer safely on a pie plate.
Use a pastry brush, outline the bottom crust’s perimeter with water. With the help of a fork, crimp upper and lower crusts. Use a sharp knife to scrape off excess dough.
Step 7: Baking
Preheat the oven to a temperature of 425°F. Place the pie plate inside the oven for heating. Trim the edges. Ideally, the pie crust is evenly textured with a width of about 0.3 cm.
Step 7: Pie dressing
Fill the bottom crust with pie filling. Filling can be made from fresh fruits like blueberry or blackberry. Take fresh fruit and add white sugar and cornstarch for forming thickened paste. Then add cherry or peach. Cook the apples, rhubarb and crunchy fruits to add juicy constituents and soften the pie interior. Add bits of cinnamon and brown sugar to enhance taste and flavors. To make pumpkin or sweet potato filling, mix mashed pumpkin with sweetened condensed milk. The other ingredients added are cinnamon, clove, nutmeg and various other spices. Design and decorate the pie.
By adding alternative ingredients, many different versions of pie crusts could be prepared. The essential process is the same. A cookie pie crust may be made with the help of mixing molten butter to the dough and adding cookies to it. Gluten free pie dough can be made with the help of brown or white rice flour. Alternatively, one may also use sweet rice flour.
Depending on the variety of ingredients present, there are other varieties of pie crust like
- Olive oil pie crust
- Almond flour pie crust
- Gluten free pie crust
- Sweet Dough pie crust
- Apple pie crust
- The dough should not be handled excessively or overworked. Else the crust formed will be too tough.
- Water should be added gradually to the mixture.
- In case the bottom crest becomes soggy, its baking must be done at a higher temperature. If baking temperature is too less, there is a chance the pie filling will start bubbling before the browning of crust. This will not allow bottom crust to be held firmly.
- If the proportions of ingredients are not proper, the final pie crust formed will be crumbly.


The use of ingredients to enhance taste in beer is as old as its history. In general it is believed that the first beer was made or “discovered” by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia some 6000 years ago. It was also the time nomads started to create agricultural communities producing e.g. bread from the growing and breeding of grasses. Probably some wet or soaked bread started to ferment spontaneously and tasting the liquor, the drinkers found it very promising….
But it was already clear then that the primitive sugary partially low fermented liquor tasted very weak. Local tasty ingredients as honey, dates and some herbs were used to spice the beer.
And ever since one has always been trying to improve taste and more interesting shelf life. In Medieval times in North-West Europe the use of a mixture of herbs (gruit or gruut) did partially the job. As beer making was not only a domestic occupation anymore monasteries and the first commercial brewers had to pay tax for the use of “gruut”. This right to put tax was sometimes given to the Church but also sold by the government to rich families. That is why the constitution of the blend of the different herbs was kept secret and often dried and mixed with malt It was in fact the first tax on beer in history.
The mean ingredients were bog myrtle or sweet gale (gagel), marsch or wild rosemary (moeras rozemarijn) and yarrow (duizendblad). The first two were growing in different location so it was the one or the other. Apart of those herbs a lot of other herbs (more than 100) were used even ones which were absolutely dangerous when used too much. Used along their appearance.
Growing of hops arises around 9th century in South Germany and Techy. It started to be popular in beer as from the 13th century. Beer made with hops had a much better shelf life and with increasing trade amongst the Hanza cities this beer was preferred by the trade. But it could only compete the “gruut” beer when also the hop beers were taxed (on demand of the trade). So there was no problem for the beneficiaries of the tax to change. Around that time beer making became also an important craft. And if money is to be made there are always crooks… Often tax was bypassed by using less, other or cheap ingredients. This led already in the 14th century to laws which were stipulating which ingredients to be used.
In 1516 the two Bavarian monarchs proclaimed the famous “Reinheitgebot” wherein was fixed that beer could only be made anymore with water, barley(malt) and hops. This law insured at the same time two purposes: a certain quality level and also a more easy way to tax the beer. This law claims to be the first food safety law in Europe. For sure the law also prohibited the import of “other” beers in Germany up into the 20th century. Certainly pilsener type brewers adapted the German law not only for export/import reasons but also from a marketing point of view.
Nowadays big adjunct brewers get strong competition of the Craft scene. A new attitude come along with the new interest in artisanal brewed beer. A lot of attention is paid to ingredients, not only a big choice in all kind of hops but also in malted cereals.


STATE SONG: On April 24, 1979, "Georgia on My Mind" (music by Hoagy Carmichael and lyrics by Stuart Gorrell) was designated Georgia's official state song. It was performed on March 7, 1979, before the Georgia legislature by Georgia-native Ray Charles. Click here for song lyrics.
Georgia's state flag was adopted by the 2003 General Assembly. It is based on the first national flag of the Confederacy, the "Stars and Bars," with the state coat of arms in gold in the center of a circle of thirteen stars, which represent Georgia and the original twelve other states that formed the United States. Beneath the coat of arms is the national motto: "In God We Trust."
The great seal of Georgia was adopted by an act of the General Assembly in 1799. The commonly seen reverse of the seal depicts an arch with "Constitution" engraved on it, supported by three pillars emblematic of the three branches of government: legislative, judicial, and executive. The first pillar has engraved upon a scroll "Wisdom," the second, "Justice," and the third, "Moderation." A uniformed man with a drawn sword, representing the aid of the military in defense of the Constitution, stands between the columns. The obverse of the seal depicts a ship with cotton and tobacco, and a man plowing, representing the seal's motto, "Agriculture and Commerce." The date 1776 refers to the date of the Declaration of Independence.
COLONY: Founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12, 1733; 13th colony
STATEHOOD: January 2, 1788; 4th state
CAPITAL: Atlanta, since 1868
MOTTO: "Wisdom, justice, and moderation"
NICKNAMES: Empire State of the South; Peach State
TOTAL POPULATION: 8,186,453; 10th most populous in U.S. (as of 2000 census)
LAND AREA: 57,906 sq. miles; 24th largest in U.S.
COASTLINE: 100 miles
HIGHEST POINT: Brasstown Bald, 4,784 ft.
LOWEST POINT: Sea level at the Atlantic Coast
ELECTORAL VOTES: 15 (as of the 2004 presidential election)
U.S. CONGRESS: 2 senators; 13 representatives (as of the 2002 election)
GOVERNOR: Nathan Deal


Managing Linux permission can be tricky at times. Although it is possible to manage permission from GUI interface on most of Linux distributions, in this article we will go over basic CLI permission and ownership management of files and directories.
Key commands that can help you manage the permissions and ownership of a file are chmod, chown, and chgrp. We will examine how to use those commands to change permissions along with the user and group that owns a specific file, or even a series of files.
One tip that can help you change the permissions on a series of files is the -R switch. It is the recursive switch for all three of these commands. In other words, if you specify the -R switch with any of the noted commands on a directory, it applies the changes recursively. The changes are applied to all files in that directory, including all subdirectories. Recursion means that the changes are also applied to files in each subdirectory, and so on.
The chmod Command
The chmod command uses the numeric value of permissions associated with the owner, group, and others. In Linux, permissions are assigned the following numeric values:
r = 4, w = 2, and x = 1
For example, if we want to give read, write, and execute permissions on test1 to all users, you could run the chmod 777 test1 command. The chown and chgrp commands adjust the user and group owners associated with the cited file. The chmod command is flexible. You don’t always have to use numbers. For example, the following command sets execute permissions for the user owner of the test1 file:
# chmod u+x test1
Note how the u and the x follow the ugo/rwx format specified in the associated
To interpret, this command adds (with the plus sign) for the user owner of the file (with the u) execute permissions (with the x). These symbols can be combined. For example, the following command disables write permissions for the group owner and all other users on the local file named special:
# chmod go-w test1
While you can use all three user types in the chmod command, it’s not necessary. The following command makes the noted file executable by all users:
# chmod +x test1
For the SUID, SGID, and sticky bits, some special options are available. If you choose to use numeric bits, those special bits are assigned numeric values as well, where SUID=4, SGID=2, and sticky bit=1. For example, the following command configures the SUID bit. It includes rwx permissions for the user owner, rx permission for the group owner, and r permissions for other users, on the file named test1:
# chmod 4764 test1
If you’d rather use the ugo/rwx format, the following command activates the SGID bit for the local test1 file:
# chmod g+s test1
And the following command turns on the sticky bit for the /test directory:
# chmod o+t /test
While the chmod command described assumes changes are made by the root administrative user, that’s not always required. The user owner of a file is allowed to change the permissions associated with that file.
The chown Command
The chown command can be used to modify the user that owns a file. For example, take a look at the ownership of a file based on the ls -l command:
-rw-r–r–. 1 usr1 gr1 8544502 Oct 2 4:07 test1
The user owner of this file is usr1; the group owner of this file is gr1.
The chown command shown changes the user owner to user urs2:
# chown usr2 test1
You can do more with chown; for example, the following command changes both the user and group owner of the noted file to user usr3 and group gr3, assuming that user and group already exists.
# chown usr3.gr3 test1
The chgrp Command
You can change the group owner of a file with the chgrp command. For example, the following command changes the group owner of the noted dirtest directory to the group named gr2 (assuming it exists):
# chgrp gr2 dirtest


Improving Mathematics Achievement in the New Normal Education System Using Genyo E-Learning
Keywords:Genyo E-Learning; Convention Virtual Lecture Method; Online Distance Learning
Mathematics as a discipline effectively learned when teacher-assisted instruction is present has now aided with computer-assisted learning. This study assessed the effectiveness of Genyo-E-Learning in Online Distance Learning through a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Pupils have matched accordingly with their Mathematics grades in the third-grading period. Pretest underwent KR20 and Levene’s Test of Homogeneity of Variance to see if the covariate is reliable and groups are at the same level. As shown in the Schema of Classes, the researcher designed two lesson outlines with different structures for the intact groups covering the topic: Circumference of a Circle. The lesson for the Control Group was delivered through the Conventional Virtual Lecture Method, while the Experimental Group had Genyo E-Learning as an aid for transmission. The post-test scores were the basis as to what group the significant difference favors. Post-tests were treated with ANCOVA at a 0.05 significance level. The researcher used the National Achievement Test Descriptive Equivalence Table to determine groups' mastery level and used the Evaluation Form on the Excerpts of Online Classes to evaluate the degree of pupils' interactivity toward the lesson. Mathematics Achievement of pupils taught with Genyo E-Learning is greater than that of Conventional Virtual Lecture Method teaching and rated Very Satisfactorily and Satisfactorily respectively based on Interactivity Evaluation. More pupils from the Experimental Group achieved Mastered Level based on the Achievement Level Scale. Genyo E-Learning Systems could improve Mathematics Achievement in the New Normal Education System.
Aldiab, A., Chowdhury, H., Kootsookos, A., Alam, F., & Allhibi, H. (2019). Utilization of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education system: A case review for Saudi Arabia. Energy Procedia, 160, 731-737. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3scu5PA
Aliyyah, R. R., Rachmadtullah, R., Samsudin, A., Syaodih, E., Nurtanto, M., & Tambunan, A. R. S. (2020). The perceptions of primary school teachers of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period: A case study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 90-109. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3sczRkm
Alshorman, B. A., & Bawaneh, A. K. (2018). Attitudes of Faculty Members and Students towards the Use of the Learning Management System in Teaching and Learning. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 17(3), 1-15. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3lZLdqC
Ayd?n, M.K., & Semerci, A. (2017). Ö?retmenlerin BIT tutumlar? ölçe?inin geli?tirilmesi [Developing teachers' ICT attitudes scale]. Milli E?itim Dergisi, 46 (213), 155-176. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2Xt6A9T
Capacio, L. J. A., Celesio, G. A., & Naparan, G. B. (2021). Teachers’ Experiences in Online Teaching and Learning Modality. Edline: Journal of Education and Learning Innovation, 1(1). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3tWLvQv
Cetinkaya, L. (2017). An Educational Technology Tool That Developed in the Natural Flow of Life among Students: WhatsApp. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(2), 29-47. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3iHsTk3
Ciroma, Z. I. (2014). ICT and education: Issues and challenges. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(26), 98-98. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3yLb6OC
Chakraborty, M. (2017). Learner engagement strategies in online class environment. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3nJPnC1
Derntl, M., & Motschnig-Pitrik, R. (2005). The role of structure, patterns, and people in blended learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 8(2), 111-130. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3AIXgN5
Findik-Co?kunçay, D., Alki?, N., & Özkan-Yildirim, S. (2018). A structural model for students' adoption of learning management systems: An empirical investigation in the higher education context. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(2), 13-27. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3jSs2fN
Honculada, J. R., & Naparan, G. B. (2020). The Lived Experiences Of SEAMEO Innotech Guro21 Graduates. International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education, 2(2), 91-120. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3tnVRI4
Hortal, M. K. A. (2021). ELECTRONIC LEARNING: A TOOL FOR GRAMMAR AND WRITING DISCUSSION. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 7(7), 136-140. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/37FfMJS
Joshi, D. R. (2017). Influence of ICT in mathematics teaching. International Journal For Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field, 3(1), 7-11. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/37I5jNL
Kwok, A. (2021). Managing classroom management preparation in teacher education. Teachers and Teaching, 1-17.Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2VUkHnS
Mafikasari, A., Henri Fatkurochman, S. S., & Nurkamilah, M. P. A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF ICT-BASED EFL CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3iHAvmH
Mazana, Y. M., Suero Montero, C., & Olifage, C. R. (2019). Investigating students' attitude towards learning mathematics. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2UfTBHf
Moorhouse, B. L., Li, Y., & Walsh, S. (2021). E-classroom interactional competencies: Mediating and assisting language learning during synchronous online lessons. RELC Journal, 0033688220985274. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3iKkkFn
Ngussa, B. M., & Mbuti, E. E. (2017). The Influence of Humour on Learners’ Attitude and Mathematics Achievement: A Case of Secondary Schools in Arusha City, Tanzania. Journal of Educational Research, 2(3), 170 -181. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3yMuxqb
Ploj Virtic, M., Dolenc, K., & Šorgo, A. (2021). Changes in Online Distance Learning Behaviour of University Students during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak, and Development of the Model of Forced Distance Online Learning Preferences. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 393-411. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3fYSjrU
Rabiman, R., Nurtanto, M., & Kholifah, N. (2020). Design and Development E-Learning System by Learning Management System (LMS) in Vocational Education. Online Submission, 9(1), 1059-1063. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/37I0DHY
Santiago, J. C., Aguja, S. E., & Prudente, M. S. (2017). Students’ Understanding of Genetics Through Blended Learning Activities. Advanced Science Letters, 23(2), 869-872. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2SoJvT8
Sebial, S. C. (2017). Improving mathematics achievement and attitude of the grade 10 students using Dynamic Geometry Software (DGS) and Computer Algebra Systems (CAS). International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN, 2348-3164. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2QzFydG
Simanullang, N. H. S., & Rajagukguk, J. (2020, February). Learning Management System (LMS) Based On Moodle To Improve Students Learning Activity. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1462, No. 1, p. 012067). IOP Publishing. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3yJypII
Sutrisno, S., Andre, H. L., & Susilawati, S. (2021, February). The Analysis of the Facilities and ICT Applications Usage by the University’s Students. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1793, No. 1, p. 012050). IOP Publishing. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3AB2A5e
Syyeda, F. B. (2021). Mathematical identity: an investigation into the learning journeys of adult learners (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2VVjnRV
Usak, M., Masalimova, A. R., Cherdymova, E. I., & Shaidullina, A. R. (2020). New playmaker in science education: COVID19. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 19(2), 180-185. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/20.19.180 . Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3jUjfd8
Waluyo, B. (2020). Learning outcomes of a general English course implementing multiple e-learning technologies and active learning concepts. Journal of Asia TEFL, 17(1), 160. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3m0u8wY
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2021 Leadean Jay Capacio
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Content Licensing, Copyright, and Permissions
International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education has CC-BY NC or an equivalent license as the optimal license for the publication, distribution, use, and reuse of scholarly work for non-commercial purpose. The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Creative Commons License
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User Rights
International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education objective is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, this journal permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and this journal on distributing works in the journal.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
Copyright, and proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
The right to use the substance of the article in future own works, including lectures and books, The right to reproduce the article for own purposes, The right to self-archive the article, the right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal (International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education).
The author has a non-exclusive publishing contract with a publisher and the work is published with a more restrictive license, the author retains all the rights to publish the work elsewhere, including commercially, because she/he is not subject to the conditions of her / his own license, regardless of the type of CC license chosen.
If the article was jointly prepared by other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
This agreement can be terminated by the author or International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education.
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by This agreement can be terminated by the author or International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education or its sublicensee.
International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that it deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers


The Story of Jandamarra
Jandamarra, or "Pigeon" as he is often called, was an infamous "outlaw" in the 1890s.
During that time the European settlers were opening up large parts of the Kimberley. In the process Aboriginal people were driven from their lands, or worse, rounded up, deprived of their freedom and forced to work on the newly established cattle stations.
Aboriginals also could not hunt on their land any more like they used to. The only alternative were of course the new animals the settlers had brought in...
If Aboriginals were caught spearing the sheep or cattle of the settlers, they were chained around the neck, marched to Derby, and forced to work there in chains.
Pigeon belonged to the Bunuba tribe and grew up and lived in the Oscar and Napier Ranges.
Through his contact with European settlers—he worked on cattle stations and was also jailed for spearing cattle—he became an excellent horseman and marksman. But because of his jail term he was not fully trained in his own tribal law... The jail time had interrupted that education.
He broke the strict kinship rules of the Bunuba by having sexual relations with prohibited women and was banished from his tribal society.
Left out alone he turned to the Europeans, became friends with Police Constable Richardson and started working as a tracker for the police.
On one of their patrols in the Napier Range Richardson and Jandamarra captured a large group of Bunuba, Jandamarra's kinsmen and women. The group was held at Lillimura Police Post for a few days. And even though he had helped capturing the group, Jandamarra was now overcome by remorse as his tribal roots got the better of him.
And Pigeon shot Richardson, set the group free, stole some weapons and disappeared.
November 10, 1894 marks the first organised attack that used guns against Europeans. Pigeon and his men ambushed a group of of five settlers who were driving cattle into Bunuba land to set up a large station. Two of the settlers, Burke and Gibbs, were killed at Windjana Gorge.
In late 1894 Europeans thought they had won a victory. A group of thirty police and settlers attacked Jandamarra and his band at Windjana Gorge. Jandamarra was seriously wounded and thought dead.
Then the police continued their operation, raiding the Aboriginal camps in the Fitzroy Crossing area and killing many, even though none of those Aboriginals were known to have anything to do with Jandamarra...
But Jandamarra sure wasn't dead yet. He recovered and for the next three years defended his land and people against the white intruders. His ability to appear out of nowhere and disappear without a trace became legend.
Once a police patrol followed him to his Tunnel Creek hideout (The "Cave of Bats"). Or so they thought. While they were at Tunnel Creek, Jandamarra was actually raiding THEIR base, the Lillimura Police Post.
Aboriginal people were in awe of Pigeon, a man of magical powers who could "fly like a bird and disappear like a ghost". They were convinced that he was immortal, that the only person who could kill him would have to be an Aboriginal person with similar magical powers.
It seems Micki was that person...
Micki was a black tracker whom the police had recruited in the Pilbara. And he WAS said to possess magical powers as well, and he did not fear Pigeon.
With the help of Micki the police managed to track down Jandamarra at Tunnel Creek on April 1, 1897. Jandamarra was killed in the shoot out, and another battle for Aboriginal lands came to an end.
The Pigeon Heritage Trail is a self drive trail that follows the story of Jandamarra. The drive begins in Derby, taking in the Old Goal and the Pioneer Cemetery. It follows the places connected with Pigeon's operations, like Lillimura Police Post, and eventually takes you to to Windjana Gorge and Tunnel Creek. You can get the necesary information and brochures from the Derby Visitor Centre.
Back to Derby page
Return to Tunnel Creek National Park


People's clothing customs and traditions aztec civilization: agriculture & farming aztec and mayan differences more articles inca geography: the incans gave their empire the name, 'land of the four quarters' or the tahuantinsuyu empire. Geography the western side of while the people of tenochtitlan were celebrating the few spaniards who were not able to escape and were killed the death of aztec tenochtitlan, the life of mexico city austin: university of texas press 2015. The aztec empire flourished between c 1345 and 1521 ce and, at its greatest extent, covered most of northern mesoamerica aztec warriors were able. The aztec environment the aztec people lived in the valley of mexico located in south-central mexico the valley is approximately 7,000 feet above sea level and is surrounded by high mountains on all but the northern side. Toltec civilization the aztecs were strongly influenced by a culture that rose to power in the valley of mexico this culture was called toltec, and they rose to power after the collapse of teotihuacan. These elements of the aztec environment provided to be a muse to other aspects of their everyday lives the aztec people had diverse architectural styles team project americas group history of civilization since 1500 dr breuer university of texas @ arlington.
The aztec geography was very unique entertainment in the jazz age at the time of spanish conquests a history and geography of aztec people. Rather than start a war other tribes a history and geography of aztec people were living in the area schmal the aztec empire of 1519 was the most powerful mesoamerican kingdom of the rise leadership and don the essays on squatter of the aztec a history and geography of aztec people empire. How did geography influence the societies of the aztec and the spanish the aztec mexico is a land of great diversity how did geography and history affect the worldviews of the aztec and the spanish 229. Events and people into major eras to identify and explain historical relationships related to the study of history (h7) geography from the olmecs to the aztecs by michael d coe maps of mexico library and internet access. History 10 fascinating facts about the aztecs gregory myers february 21 elbows, knees and hips ( harner estimated that roughly 20,000 people were ritually sacrificed by the aztecs every year the people who were.
Common people, terrace farming, specialized professions, royals and nobility this unit explores the rise and fall of the aztec empire it includes geography, place of the prickly pear cactus, human-environment interaction incas, mayas, aztecs. Aztec social organization the people of tenochtitl n were divided into numerous clan he notes that tlatelolco was a trade city and that the union of these two cities made the site of tenochtitlan-tlatelolco the economic and political center of the history of aztec capital. The aztecs were an indian people who began as a migrant tribe geography of the ancient aztecs (2004, november 29) in writeworkcom retrieved 13:13, march 15, 2018 more central & southamerican history essays. History : the world of the aztecs quiz quiz theme/title: the world of the aztecs description/instructions one of the most ancient civilizations in north america was the aztecs they had their own calendar and government system, raised grand cities, and held power over a vast empire.
Climate overview : aztec, new mexico, gets 11 inches of rain per year the us average is 39 snowfall is 14 inches the average us city gets 26 inches of snow per year the people are very friendly schools are great i would recommend. Find and save ideas about mayan empire map on pinterest | see more ideas about mayan location, aztec geography and culture of mexico. The excavation of a sacred pyramid is turning up clues to the empire's bloody rituals but so far, no sign of its most feared emperor.
Chapter 7 how did geography and history affect the worldviews of the aztec and the spanish the aztec and the spanish of 1500 had very different worldviews. History 25 unbelievable facts about the aztecs that might surprise you ok, they did a whole bunch of other things too as the last great native american civilization these are 25 unbelievable facts about the aztecs that might it is believed that nearly a quarter million people died. Unit 9 - aztecs & incas people in aztec society had clearly defined roles these roles, along with social class, determined how aztec men and women lived passing down aztec history and stories to keep their tradition alive. The aztec capital city was tenochtitlan, nowadays mexico city they were surrounded by mountains and they literally lived in the middle of a lake.


This species is known from northern and southern Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. It occurs up to 1,000m asl.
Habitat and Ecology
This species inhabits tropical rainforest, and can also survive in degraded habitats such as rural villages, plantations and degraded forest. It is a species that breeds by direct development and lays its eggs on the ground.
It is a common species.
There are unlikely to be any threats to this species.
The distribution on Bougainville and other islands needs to be documented, and the population status needs to be assessed. It is not known from any protected areas.
Red List Status
Least Concern (LC)
Listed as Least Concern since, although its Extent of Occurrence is probably less than 20,000 km2, it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
Fred Parker, Stephen Richards 2004. Cornufer minutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T58237A11755849. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58237A11755849.en .Downloaded on 11 December 2018


04 May Preventing Welding Flashback
Preventing Welding Flashback
Oxy-acetylene torches have been used for many years for cutting, welding, brazing, and heating of metals. The equipment used today is safe, but every year, hundreds of employees are injured or die as a result of improper use. Knowledge and precautions can prevent fires and violent explosions.
Gas Pressure: One cause of fires and explosions is high acetylene pressure. When more than 15 pounds of pressure is used, acetylene becomes unstable and decomposes explosively. This is the major reason for using other fuel gases such as MAPP, propylene, propane, and natural gas which may be safely used at higher operating pressures.
Burnback: If your oxygen cylinder is low or empty, reverse flow of gas may occur. The fuel gas, being at a higher pressure, can travel up the oxygen line and mix with gas in the hose, regulator and cylinder. If you light your torch without purging the lines, a burnback may occur with explosions in the hose, regulator, or cylinder.
Backfire: The same thing can happen with high oxygen pressure and low fuel gas pressure if a backfire occurs, which is usually caused by holding the cutting torch too close to your work. This causes gas starvation of the cutting flame and results in the flame being sucked into the torch head. Usually, you will hear a popping sound that turns to a whistle when this happens.
Flashback: When a backfire takes place in a mixing chamber, unless you shut off the oxygen valve, the flame burning in the torch head may ignite gases in the hoses and result in a flashback. A flashback is an explosion that progresses through the torch, hoses, regulators, and into the cylinders. The consequence can range from a burst hose to a violent explosion of the regulator and cylinders.
There are several things you can do to help prevent flashbacks, fires and explosions:
- If using acetylene, keep the pressure below 15 pounds.
- Purge your hoses before lighting the torch.
- Never light your torch with a mixture of fuel and oxygen. After purging the lines, light the torch with only the fuel gas valve open.
- Check valves should be installed on both torch inlets and operating properly. Check valves can stop the reverse flow of gases, but will not prevent flashbacks.
- To prevent flashbacks, flashback arrestors must be installed on the outlets of both regulators, and/or torch inlets.
Check The Torch: How can you tell if the torch you are using has flashback arrestors and check valves? If you look at the torch you will notice a small cylindrical valve on each inlet with the hoses screwed onto this valve instead of hooked directly to the torch. Most of these valves are combination flashback/check valves and will say so on the valve body. Often, combination valves are also installed on regulator outlets.
Before welding, take time to inspect the equipment you will be using to be sure check valves and flashback arrestors have been installed. This precaution can prevent a deadly cylinder explosion.


Measurement Tool 2, the person conducting the producibility measurement
determines that each board has six elements - RF, digital, etc. By taking the
sixth root of .85 (each root representing a unique independent element) it is
found that the average first-time yield of each element of the board must be
.97327 or 97.327% to meet the specified 85% goal of the board.
Similarly, if the six elements of the board each have four components, then
the fourth root of .97327 is taken and the first-time yield of each component
must average .9932 or 99.32% to meet the 85% goal of the board.
Worked another way; six elements of the board x four components per element
= 24 opportunities for defects. The required component level yield is then
found by taking the 24th root of the 85% overall goal of the board which would
be .9932. In other words, if all the components were to exhibit a first-time
yield of 99.32%, we could expect a first-time board yield of


In physics a black body is a theoretical object without reflective properties. When it is heated it emits visible wavelengths dependant on temperature. It glows red, orange, yellow, white and finally blue with increased temperature. Stated in Kelvin, the “Color Temperature” is the absolute temperature required for the black body to radiate a certain color.
Kelvin is an absolute measure of temperature. A single Kelvin (K) (not expressed with a degree symbol) has the same interval as degree Celsius however 0K = -273.25°C.
Our eyes automatically compensate for color temperature. A page of a book can look equally white in daylight at midday and in tungsten light in the evening. However when recording an image on camera without adjustment, the same page can look blue in daylight or yellow in tungsten light. In order to get an accurate rendition of what you experience in person, it is critical to adjust for the color temperature of the ambient light. When using film the adjustment is made by selecting the correct physical media.
In practical terms cameras are set to either Daylight/Outside (approx.5600K) or Tungsten/Inside (approx.3200K). In order for white objects to appear white it is important to light the objects with the appropriate lighting source. It is possible to adjust the color temperature of a lighting source by the use of filters. A blue filter can be used to adjust a tungsten source to produce daylight. And a yellow filter can be used to adjust a daylight source to produce tungsten light. A wide range of color correction filters exist to balance most common light sources to appear the same on camera.


S ocial self-efficacy in the real world offline is negatively related with the degree of game addiction, whereas social self-efficacy in the virtual world online indicated a positive association.
They are the discriminating elements of handwriting. Use of mobile media starts young: What has been commonly and frequently referred to characteristics or writing features, or qualities are simplified manifestations of the habits formed. Therefore, it is rather recommended to pay more attention to teaching the lower case letters.
Adolescents who expose themselves to greater amounts of video game violence were more hostile, reported getting into arguments with teachers more frequently, were more likely to be involved in physical fights, and performed more poorly in school Gentile et.
Below you can find a number of links to D'Nealian handwriting practice worksheets to use for teaching your children this format. The Nelson Handwriting Font software is available as a one-off purchase here. A data analytics company, Flurry, has conducted a study that found a percent increase in the number of mobile addicts over the last year.
Fun warm-up videos to help get children ready for writing.
This case report exemplifies the sequelae of IGD, reviews the possible mechanisms of behavioral addiction, as well as the status of IGD as a potential subcategory of behavioral addiction.
There are 28 weeks of lesson plans. Phil Zimbardo, a psychology professor at Stanford University, discussed the demise of guys, stating that boys are flaming out academically and wiping out socially with girls and sexually with women.
The results from a study examining the impact of twitter use on relationship fidelity and divorce suggest that active Twitter use leads to greater amounts of Twitter-related conflict among romantic partners, which in turn leads to infidelity, breakup, and divorce Clayton, A Handwriting Identification: Impact Statement The past decade has seen a profound increase in use of entertainment technology by children, some as young as one month of age.
Book your place Q: Online teaching software screens for every unit from Reception to Y4. The majority of mass shooters were either taking, or strongly suspected of taking, mind-altering psychiatric drugs.
The screen viewing pathway compete with social pathways, negatively affecting the social brain pathways, resulting in global developmental delay Heffler A study on the effect of background television on the quantity and quality of parental speech directed at toddlers has found that background TV reduced words per minute, utterances per minute, and number of new words Pempek et.Written to meet today’s higher standards, Nelson English Skills offers a flexible, whole-school solution for mastering comprehension, handwriting, spelling and grammar.
Prepares children for the SATs and national assessments with curriculum-matched resources and practice test papers; Includes effective assessment with regular check-ups to keep children on track.
The Miss Nelson is Missing packet, includes a variety of writing, language arts and reading activites. Plus some adorable "craftivities" to review even more standards. Plus some adorable "craftivities" to review even more standards.
Jun 21, · Nelson Handwriting author, Anita Warwick, provides lots of warm-up exercises you can do at the start of your Nelson Handwriting lessons. With thanks to the pupils and staff at.
Below, you will find a large assortment of various handwriting practice worksheets which are all free to print. Some of the icons link to new pages of worksheets, such. Your kids will enjoy completing these printable Groundhog Day activities during your winter homeschooling!
Well, you can᾿t go far wrong with Nelson Handwriting – an awesome programme that ticks all the boxes without an ‘apptivity’ in sight. It bends over backwards to make the teaching, learning and assessment as smooth as possible – not an easy task given that handwriting is a road full of twists, turns, red lights, speed cameras and pot holes.Download


Anthropology of Media
Communicating Conflict in the Daily News
216 pages, 3 illus., bibliog., index
ISBN 978-1-84545-579-8 $120.00/£85.00 Hb Published (May 2009)
ISBN 978-0-85745-156-9 $29.95/£21.00 Pb Published (November 2011)
eISBN 978-1-84545-915-4 eBook
“...Extensively referenced, this is a book for communication theorists and anthropologists.” · Choice
“…an intriguing read which can broaden the perception of the news media and stir class debates as well as suggest further academic research…[It] is a complex academic work…[offering] suitable and inspiring reading for postgraduate students and scholars.” · Media, Culture & Society
News stories provide an essential confirmation of our ideas about who we are, what we have to fear, and what to do about it: a marketplace of ideas, shopped by rational citizen decision makers but also a shared resource for grounding our contested narratives of identity in objective reality. News as a fundamental social process comes into being not when an event takes place or when a report of the event is created but when that report becomes news to someone. As it moves off the page into the community, news discovers - through its interpretations - its reality in the lives of the consumers. This book explores the path of news as it moves through the tangled labyrinth of social identities and asserted interests that lie beyond the page or screen. The language and communication-oriented study of news promises a salient area of investigation, pointing the way to an expansion, if not a redefinition of basic anthropological ideas and practices of ethnography, participant observation, and “the field” in the future of anthropological research.
Andrew Arno’s degrees include a JD from The University of Texas at Austin and a PhD in Anthropology from Harvard University. Currently, he is a Professor and Graduate Chair in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Hawai‘i. His research and publications focus on communication about conflict. His publications include The World of Talk on a Fijian Island: An Ethnography of Law and Communicative Causation (Ablex, 1993) and The News Media in National and International Conflict, edited with Wimal Dissanayake (Westview, 1984).
Subject: Media Studies Peace & Conflict Studies General Anthropology
Chapter 1. News and the Anthropology of Conflict Communication
Chapter 2. The Dark Side of the News: News as Control Communication
Chapter 3. Two Theories of News: The Civic Model and the Conflict Discourse Systems Model
Chapter 4. The News Act: News Analysis and Semiotic Theory
Chapter 5. News and Law as Conflict Communication Systems
Chapter 6. News in Extra-Textual Terrain
Chapter 7. Policy Talk: In Law, the Street, and on Television
Chapter 8. Order, Disorder, and the News Media in Western Society: Whose Side are they On?
Figures 1, 2, and 3
Back to Top


10 Amazing Ways Colors Have Been Significant In History
Humans love color. It affects our moods, attracts our attention, defines our culture. We use it in our national identities, and we’ll spend weeks agonizing over swaths of it for our kitchen. Our visual sense is often our strongest, and color has been an important part of our existence from our very earliest history. Sometimes a color can change the world, for good or for evil, or be associated with some of our greatest events or customs.
10Color-Coded Saints Changed The Meaning Of Blue
In 431, the Catholic Church assigned color to its various saints, with Mary the mother of Jesus receiving the color of blue. Blue was an expensive and rare dye, perfect for religious use. Over time, Mary’s blue became what we’d recognize today as navy blue, and its association with Mary meant blue took on a meaning of trustworthiness and innocence and also led to its use in police and military uniforms.
With time, that color is now associated with authority (or even authoritarianism) more than it is with Mary or trustworthiness. Because of this, the United Nations specifically adopted a lighter shade of blue when it designed uniforms for its peacekeeping troops.
9Color Tv Changed American Politics
In 1976, the NBC network, which was the first fully colored network, chose a color-coded, illuminated map used to distinguish which states had voted for which party in the presidential race: blue if the states had voted for Republican Gerald Ford and red if for Democrat Jimmy Carter. Eventually, other networks used similar devices, but in the 1980 election, there was no standard. On one channel Reagan voting states would be blue, but on others red.
It wasn’t until the heated 2000 election, when calling a state for either candidate was a long and suspenseful process, that a standard color scheme developed across the board. Red was assigned to Republican candidate George W. Bush and blue to the Democratic candidate Al Gore. “Red states” and “blue states” were born, and those monikers have been used increasingly ever since in the American political landscape.
8Purple Proof Of Royalty
In the Mediterranean, a sea snail, Bolinus brandaris, has a mucus that can be used to produce a purple dye. It would take some 250,000 poor sea snails to make just one ounce of this purple. Yet this was the only source of purple dye in the ancient world, so the color was very expensive. A pound of purple wool cost more than an average year’s wage at the time. It became status symbol for the rich and powerful. Ancient Rome, Egypt, and Persia all associated the color with royalty. Purple was prized greatly in the Byzantine Empire, where rulers wore purple, signed edicts in purple ink, and even their children were considered “born in the purple.”
The association continued to England, where during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, it was forbidden for anyone not in the immediate royal family to wear the color. This monopoly mostly continued until 1856, when an 18-year-old chemist named William Henry Perkins accidentally created a synthetic purple dye while trying to make an anti-malaria drug. For thousands of years, purple defined governments and status, divine right, and rulership, and now, we can casually throw on a purple scarf before jogging to the corner shop.
7Pink As A Color Of Support
Pink as a symbol for the fight against breast cancer can be traced back to a different color entirely. It began with a yellow ribbon used by Penny Laingen as a symbol of awareness and support for her husband during the Iran hostage crisis in 1979. A decade later, an activist group called Visual AIDS used a red ribbon as a way to raise similar awareness and support. From there, every charity used their own color of ribbon to support different causes, so much so that The New York Times labeled 1992 as the “Year of the Ribbon.”
One important result was the Pink Ribbon as a symbol in raising awareness of and support for those suffering through breast cancer. In many ways, it is the most successful movement of its kind, and its footprint can be seen the world over. Firefighters are wearing pink, the NFL is sporting the color, and even moving trucks and cranes are painted.
6Orange Varnish Makes Music Worth Millions
Antonio Stradivari is perhaps the most well-known instrument maker in history. From the late 1600s to the early 1700s, he crafted some of the most beautiful and sought-after instruments ever made. Some of his work sells for tens of millions at auction.
One defining feature of his violins is the brilliant orange varnish used in their construction. While it would be an oversimplification to attribute the quality of a Stradivari violin solely to the varnish, it has long been thought that his unique varnish provided a critical piece to the puzzle. More evidence of his talent lies in the recent discovery that his orange varnish recipe contains common materials, easily available to other instrument makers of the time. Yet none of his peers’ work remains as timeless and unforgettably beautiful as the music made from the orange violins of Stradivari.
5International Orange Defines A City
In the 1930s, bridges were traditionally black, gray, or maybe silver to spice things up. But things were changing in San Francisco. The largest suspension bridge ever built was being constructed over the Golden Gate Strait, and the consulting architect on the project Irving Morrow, who designed the bridge’s iconic styling and lighting, also had a thought on the color.
“The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the greatest monuments of all time.” He said, “Its unprecedented size and scale, along with its grace of form and independence of conception, all call for unique and unconventional treatment from every point of view. What has been thus played up in form should not be let down in color.”
Inspired by the red steel primer used on the project, Morrow began extensive color studies with engineers, painters, sculptors, and other architects. The result of this collaboration was the color International Orange. The orange has come to define one of the most recognizable landmarks in the world, as well as the city it resides in.
4Yellow Topples A Tyrant
Ferdinand Marcos’s dictatorial rule of the Philippines was resisted by opposition leader Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, whose favorite color was yellow. When Ninoy Aquino was shot and killed in 1983, his supporters took their cue from the song “Tie a Yellow Ribbon ‘Round the Old Oak Tree” and used yellow ribbons as a memorial and show of support all around the airport where he died.
From then on yellow became the color of the revolution. The opposition united behind Ninoy’s widow Corazon Aquino, who wore a yellow dress while campaigning against Marcos. When warned that this yellow dress made her an easy target, she replied, “When Ninoy died, I lost my fear.” From there, yellow began appearing in everything associated with the revolution: T-shirts, banners, flags, caps, and even toilet paper sported the common color.
More and more elements of the military and government backed Aquino, and the entire movement culminated in a three-day rally of some two million participants. Eventually, support for Aquino reached a point where Marcos was forced to cede control of the government and leave the country. Aquino was elected president in 1986. During the entire revolution, not a single shot was fired. Though formally called the People’s Party Revolution, another popular name is the Yellow Revolution.
3White’s Role In Combat
In the Second Punic War between the Roman and Carthaginian Empires, a Carthaginian ship was reported to display white wool and olive branches to signal its wish to surrender. This practice continued into 69, where a white banner was again used to broadcast a wish to parley in the Second Battle of Cremona. Soon, the white flag became well established in the Western world as a sign of surrender. Interestingly, the practice also arose independent of the West in the first to third century in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Though often used as a sign of surrender, the white flag has also been used to indicate non-combatants, such as medieval Heralds, who carried white standards to make sure they weren’t mistaken for soldiers. The white flag has become so predominate in the world stage that many treaties and countries have forbade its misuse and defined such abuse as a war crime.
2A Morbid Brown Creates Cultural Heritage
Masterpieces of art such as The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon by Edward Burne-Jones and Martin Drolling’s L’interieur d’une cuisine share a disturbing fact in common. Both were painted using dead people.
By the 16th century, the export and misuse of mummies had become a thriving business. The corpses were used as attractions or ground into powder for medicine or even as paint. “Mummy Brown” was used for centuries and was still produced even as recently as 1964. As a paint, it received mixed reviews. Some claimed, “it flows from the brush with a delightful freedom and evenness” and provides “thin films that are extremely lovely and enjoyable,” while others held the practice to be distasteful.
Those in disgust seemed to be the majority. When Edward Burne-Jones learned of the grisly origin of his paint, his widow reported, “he left us at once, hastened to the studio, and returning with the only tube he had, insisted on our giving it decent burial there and then. So a hole was bored in the green grass at our feet, and we all watched it put safely in, and the spot was marked by one of the girls planting a daisy root above it.”
1A Green Poisoned Napoleon Bonaparte
The cause of Napoleon’s death has been hotly debated. Was it a stomach ulcer? Arsenic exposure? Evidence for the latter can be found when studying samples of the wallpaper of Longwood, Napoleon’s prison home while in exile.
In the 18th century, a new pigment of green was devised and named Scheele’s Green, after its creator. This pigment made heavy use of arsenic and was present in the wallpaper Napoleon was surrounded by in his final years. Both samples of the wallpaper and Napoleon’s own hair have been tested and found to contain arsenic. In a high temperature, damp room, the wallpaper could well release enough arsenic to account for what was found in Napoleon’s hair, but we’ll never say for sure if it was the color green that killed him.


This free one year kid’s devotional study thru the Bible is designed to hit the highlights, provide practical application and requires no preparation. If you have a little more time, I encourage you to read the whole section of scripture (Luke 12) while we focus in on just a few verses in 5 minutes.
Background: Luke the doctor was a missionary companion of the apostle Paul. He wrote the book of Acts also. He focuses this account of the life of Jesus on His humanity and how Jesus understands our weaknesses and cares about every need that we have.
Jesus addressed the fear that His followers had over those who were their enemies. He told them something about God’s care for them that they didn’t understand.
Ask the children…
What did Jesus ask Peter?
“But who do you say I am?” (Luke 9:20)
How did Peter respond?
“You are the Messiah[d] sent from God!” (Luke 9:21)
Peter had finally got it. Jesus was not what all these other people were guessing. He was the Messiah that had been prophesied in the Old Testament that God would send to heal the broken hearted and to set the captives free. This was not an even an extraordinary man, but God Himself come to earth.
Ask your children who they say Jesus is? Ask them how this makes their lives different every day? Talk to Jesus about this and ask Him to reveal more of what it means that He is the Messiah who has come to live in our hearts.
If you like what you read about ways to teach children the Bible, check out the children’s book, Hooked on the Book, on this website. It is great for parents and kids because it provides the Big Story of God’s miraculous plan for His children in all 66 books in the Bible. CHECK OUT A FREE SAMPLE OF CHAPTER ONE BELOW.


In the current era, it is clear that new modes of production are concomitant with new modes of distribution, which advances the field of logistics, the science of physical distribution or even supply chain management. Although logistics represents a whole system of space/time interdependencies, we believe that the discussion of its history and chronological evolution of supply chain still requires extensive studies to explore its origin and its advance in time, from a new point of view.
Logistics was first applied and recognised in military operations, its most significant impact is felt through the functions of production, distribution and consumption (Rodrigue and Slack, 2002). It became a large-scale activity during the industrial revolution. The origins of the modern distribution sector dates back to the emergence of the capitalist economy, the development of specific modes of industrial production and the deployment of a particular division of labor. This creates a distinct “sphere of circulation” between production and consumption (Marx, 1939/1953). To a certain extent, circulation enabled the transition from use value to exchange value, and thus made possible the large-scale capitalization of commodities. Retailing and marketing have become part of modern management practice (Chandler, 1977) and have been important factors in the wealth generation.
Consequently, and following this introduction, it is clear that the two functions have a history, it is undoubtedly what we will emphasize on the platform of this blog.
Reminder of Key Definitions – Logistics & Supply Chain Management
Logistics has been, is and always will continue to be one of the most controversial military subjects. Besides, it is obvious that there is absolutely nothing wrong with controversy when it leads to better understanding, better organization or better operations (Hesse, M. and J-P Rodrigue (2004)). With regard to military logistics, however, these goals eluded us time and time again because very few of us seemed to be talking about the same thing. If we were to compare all available definitions of logistics, we would recognize that logistics is a function of warfare, that it has a social and economic purpose, that it is a function of organization, and that most of these definitions say the same things even though they differ widely in detail (Graham W. Rider (1970)).
What is Logistics and Supply Chain Management?
« Logistics typically refers to activities that occur within the boundaries of a single organization and Supply Chain refers to networks of companies that work together and coordinate their actions to deliver a product to market. Also, traditional logistics focuses its attention on activities such as procurement, distribution, maintenance, and inventory management. » Hugo, M. (2003).
In one of the old article of SCMDOJO “ What is Supply Chain Management ? A Technical and Academic Definition”, we have presented quite a few academic definition of SCMDOJO, and one presented by Donald J. Bowersox, David J. Closs (1996) is:
“Supply Chain Management is defined as a channel construct as the structure of inter-company units and extra-company agents and dealers, wholesale and retail, through which a commodity, product, or service is marketed”
And I would use this definition of What is Supply Chain explained for Kids by 10 year old Sareen, which has received quite a widespread praise from some seasoned supply chain professionals.
Thus, in view of this old definitions, Logistics and Supply Chain Management have undergone significant changes over the past six decades in many studies by different authors, a variety of industries.
The 20th century announces a new science, that of the preparation of war: like the other sciences, its elements are not new; they have been doing a quasi-science for a hundred years or more, but it is only now that the immense importance of their unification – one could almost say their imperialization – is becoming a reality.
To briefly indicate its place, it should be remembered that war involves three divisions of labor: Strategy, Tactics and Logistics. The first is the planning service; the second objective execution; the third the commercial department (George C. Thorpe (1916)).
If we try to define the term “logistics”. A Google search for logistics will yield approximately 53 million results (R. Neil Southern, 2011). A more precise definition can be found in the dictionary, which states that logistics derives from the Greek word logistike-, “the art of calculating“, and from logos, which means “reason” (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2010).
The Chronological Evolution of the Concepts – Logistics & Supply Chain Management
It should be known that the concepts of logistics and the supply chain have evolved over the last half century or so. In an attempt to be logistically correct, research and studies have followed a specific ranking that is listed in chronological order by decade. But, first, an important disclaimer: this perspective is just that. It does not include all or even necessarily the most important logistical historical facts. It includes, however, those that were important in the eyes of some authors, were from the 1950s to the present day (R. Neil Southern, 2011).
Figure 1 : The Chronological Evolution of Logistics & Supply Chain Concepts
The first form of the chronological evolution of the concepts of logistics and the supply chain implies the existence of 7 distinct and important phases as shown in Figure 1.
- The First: The Transportation Era (1950s)
- The Second: The Physical Distribution (1960s)
- The Third: Physical Supply, Deregulation and Logistics (1970s)
- The Fourth: Transportation, Deregulation, Physical Distribution and Business Logistics (1980s)
- The Fifth: Business Logistics (1990s)
- The Sixth: Logistics and Supply Chain Management (2000s)
- The Seventh: Supply Chain Digitalization (2010’s)
The 1950s – The Transportation Era
In the 1950s, transportation was in focus. Several universities offered courses in the field of transportation. However, topics such as logistics, logistics, physical sourcing and supply chain management are not included in these courses. There were no computers or even pocket calculators back then that could help quantify data (R. Neil Southern, 2011). There is also not much discussion (if any) about the systems approach or the concept of total cost. The idea of working with suppliers or customers was not a priority for most managers at the time. The term logistics is mainly used in the military field. In times of war, having the right supplies in the right place at the right time is critical.
The main player in the 1950s was the federal government. For example, the most significant event related to logistics (or transportation) was the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, which authorized the National Interstate Highway and Defense Highway System. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) (founded in 1887) is the economic regulator of road and rail transportation. All road and rail freight duties and regulations regarding the entry of road carriers are under the jurisdiction of the International Chamber of Commerce. The ICC also regulates the closure of railway lines. In the 1950s, several agencies were available for transporting students and practitioners. Many companies encourage their transportation professionals to pass the ICC Practitioner exam administered by the ICC Practitioners Association (now the Transportation Practitioners Association 1984, the Transportation Law, Logistics and Policy Association 1994).
The 1960s – Physical Distribution
The study of transportation in the 1960s evolved into the study of logistics, and to a lesser extent, logistics. The National Council of Physical Distribution Management (NCPDM) was established in 1963 to represent professional logistics managers. This organization was renamed the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) in 1985 and the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) in 2004. Today, CSCMP has more than 14,000 members. In most cases, logistics (outbound logistics) and physical supply (inbound logistics) are seen as two distinct functions. This was reflected in the two major organizations of the time. Founded in 1963, NCPDM represents the outbound side of logistics and the National Association for Purchasing Management (NAPM) represents the inbound side. NAPM published a new magazine, Purchasing Magazine, in 1965. In the 1960s, there were some prominent textbook authors and authors of academic and professional journals. During this decade, one of the first textbooks to focus on logistics distribution and logistics was Logistics Management: Logistics Problems in the Enterprise (Smykay, Bowersox, and Mossman 1961)(R. Neil Southern, 2011).
While logistics received a lot of attention in literature in the 1960s, with transportation as the most important function of logistics. In the fall of 1961, the American Transportation Association published its first issue of Transportation Magazine. In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Public Law 89–670 establishing the Department of Transportation, and Alan S. Boyd was elected the nation’s first Secretary of Transportation.
The 1970s – Physical Supply, Deregulation and Logistics
In the early 1970s, the physical supply (or sometimes referred to as material management) of the input side of the logistics system was taken over. Later in the century, there was a movement to combine physical distribution with physical delivery, with an emphasis on broader logistics concept. The 1970s were a pivotal decade for the further development of the logistics concept. Universities, scholarly journals and textbooks, and professional organizations all contributed to making the decade productive (R. Neil Southern, 2011).
Transportation is also further emphasized as the most important function in logistics management. During the period of the 1970s, the Transportation Journal emerged as one of the leading academic journals in the discipline of transportation and logistics. This is because the latter has published a set of articles in the fields of economics, industrial management and carriers, physical distribution, logistics, regulation, public policy, education and communication. other relevant topics in particular. Another logistics-related academic journal that was introduced in 1978 is the Journal of Business Logistics (JBL), which was published by the NCPDM and is known today as one of the leading academic journals. JBL’s production took place at The Ohio State University. Professor Bernard “Bud” LaLonde was JBL’s first editor (Miyazaki, Anthony D. and al. (1999)).
The 1980s – Transportation Deregulation, Physical Distribution and Business Logistics
During the 1980s, and specifically in the world of transport, deregulation continued with the Motor Carrier Act of 1980, which reduced regulation of road freight rates and entry conditions. The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 allowed the railways to negotiate contracts and operate with less oversight by the ICC.
Indeed, the CAB ceased operations in 1984, and in 1987 the federal government sold its common stock in Conrail. Federal deregulation of transportation in the United States has resulted in a more competitive and flexible system (R. Neil Southern, 2011).
The term physical distribution began to be phased out during the 1980s, and the term logistics came to the fore. For example, James C. Johnson and Donald F. Wood changed the name of their textbook Contemporary Physical Distribution to Contemporary Physical Distribution and Logistics. The NCPDM changed its name to the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) in 1985.
The 1990s – Business Logistics
During the period of the 1990s, business logistics continued to be a very essential element. Most cost-focused companies have realized that there are opportunities for cost savings through negotiations with carriers and the implementation of the systems approach and total cost concept. Johnson and Wood, in their fourth edition of their textbook, dropped Physical Distribution from the title, to simply become Contemporary Logistics. Many transport companies have exploited the concept of logistics, using it from a theoretical angle, promoting the idea that they were not only transport companies, that they were logistics carriers, or they provided logistical solutions (R. Neil Southern, 2011).
During the 1990s, the main factors affecting logistics was the rapid development in electronics and communication technologies, such as the Internet and electronic data interchange. The growth of third-party logistics organizations, strategic alliances and partnerships has also been significant. Companies have started to see logistics as an integral part of overall business strategy.
The 2000s – Logistics and Supply Chain Management
The early years of the 21st century have seen a slow evolution from logistics to supply chain management in academia and business. As part of the business world, small and medium enterprises have been slower to accept the supply chain concept.
Supply chain management has therefore come to be seen as a chain that encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and converting and all logistics management activities. The Transport and Logistics Basics textbook states: “The supply chain includes all partners in the logistics process. The idea is to have integrated information sharing between all trading partners (suppliers, manufacturers and customers)”.
This assessment of logistics and supply chain management over the past few years would not be complete without a mention of development through online and distance education in logistics and supply chain management. It would be rare to find a college or university that didn’t have some sort of online presence. Distance learning is an important part of teaching logistics. The Logistics Management Institute claims to be the oldest logistics distance learning school in the world (R. Neil Southern, 2011).
The 2010 – present – The Era of Supply Chain Digitalization
The digitalization of the Supply Chain corresponds to the dematerialization of information processing. This digitalization offers better management of data flows as well as unparalleled reliability of information related to the Supply Chain. For optimal production flow management, the digitalization of flows (physical logistics flow or logistics just-in-time) is therefore essential.
Nowadays, different types of businesses find themselves faced to an increased and globalized competition. In order to remain competitive, the digitization of the supply chain has become necessary. The benefits of the digital of supply chains are no longer debated.
What is Supply Chain Digitalization ?
In their article « Digital Supply Chain: Literature review and a proposed framework for future research », Buyukozkan and Gocer have defined Digital Supply chain as a:
“Smart, value-driven, efficient process to generate new forms of revenue and business value for organizations and to leverage new approaches with novel technological and analytical methods”.
Digitizing the supply chain appears to be the most effective way to achieve the objective of a company with remarkable results.
The entire business cycle of an industrial company (sales forecast, supply, production, storage, shipping, after-sales service, etc.) should imperatively be digitized in the current era
Supply Chain Digitalization : Today Vs. Tomorrow
As the century unfolds, we are seeing a more joined up supply chain, with efficient, robust and technologically advanced systems integration.
Not only will efficiency remain at the heart of the supply chain, but with digitalization enabling high levels of connectivity, we’ll see greater transparency and collaboration across different departments as shown in picture above.
The advantages of digitalization are numerous including reliability, product and information traceability, automation (automatic synchronization = information flows and physical flows for example), and collection of forecast information for management, in particular sales forecasting, and inventory management according to demand using our sales forecasting software. Ultimately, supply chains that go digital are able to reduce their operating costs by 20% on average.
Inventory optimization Tool
One of the most important tips to take into consideration is to remember to include a successful digital approach in the company’s strategy: the transition to the supply chain 4.0 must be a real desire and the human and financial resources must be adapted so that all the players of the company adhere to this new organization and best adapt to the changes implemented.
The management of digital production flows brings great agility to the entire supply chain, from end to end. This agility will bring more responsiveness to disruptions in the chain and therefore improve customer service in real time thanks to better anticipation of their needs and better respected delivery times.
To end this article we have adopted Hesse & Rodrigue (2004) to show the New of Supply Chan Digitalization from 2010 to now which requires know-how of emerging technologies, change management and digital competencies which all supply chain professional now need to acquire to be successful and learn to implement 8 C’s of How to Make Your Supply Chain Digital
Figure 2 : Evolution of Logistics & Supply Chain Management (1960 – Until Now)
Adopted from Hesse & Rodrigue 2004
In Summary of this article of Evolution of Supply Chain Management
After recalling the key definitions of the concepts of logistics and supply chain management, in a second step, it proved necessary to present in a clear form the chronological evolution of the two concepts.
The description and interpretation of the chronological cycle represented in detail the 6 phases: The Transportation Era (1950s), the Physical Distribution (1960s), the Physical Supply, Deregulation and Logistics (1970s), Transportation, Deregulation, Physical Distribution and Business Logistics (1980s), Business Logistics (1990s), Logistics and Supply Chain Management (2000s) (R. Neil Southern, 2011) and now Supply Chain Digitalization (2010s)
In addition to these elements, it was important to recognize that each phase and era, at the end of this evolution, gave rise to mechanisms and notions that gradually became part of the temporal aspect, in a digitization logic.
The evolution of supply chain management and the rise of the logistics industry have four main characteristics (Hesse, M. and J-P Rodrigue (2004):
- First, fundamentally restructure commodity trade by developing integrated supply chains with integrated freight needs.
- Second, while transportation has traditionally been seen as a way to travel through space, logistics is time-sensitive. This is achieved by moving to vertical integration, i.e. subcontracting and outsourcing, including the logistics function itself.
- Third, according to the macroeconomic structure change dominates demand-driven activities. Whereas traditional supply is primarily driven by the supply side, current supply chains are increasingly demand-driven.
- Fourth, logistics services have become so complex and time-sensitive that many companies now outsource some of their supply chain management to external logistics providers. These suppliers benefit from economies of scale and scope by providing integrated solutions to many freight distribution problems.
- Fifth, The rapid growth of technology has led to advances in the supply chain and, in particular, the digital supply chain. As the century unfolds, we are seeing a more joined up supply chain, with efficient, robust and technologically advanced systems integration.
It is perhaps essential to remember that logistics within supply chain management is constantly evolving to meet consumer demands. Consumers frequently order products using iPods, iPhones, smartphones and tablets and expect to receive their product within 24 to 48 hours. In order to meet these expectations, companies need to improve their supply chain logistics with the goal of expediting order fulfillment and shipping the item quickly via the most reliable, yet cost-effective means. Yet remaining profitable and fast. When companies create a plan that outlines supply chain logistics, every component and element of that logistics model stays focused, reduces costs, and moves quickly and with significant efficiency, resulting in an ever-increasing customer satisfaction.
After detailing the history of the concepts and the presentation of each period that characterizes the logistics process, let us recall in particular the role and importance of logistics in the management of the supply chain and evolution of Supply Chain over the decades.
As you can imagine, trying to conceive the logistics process in your mind, supply chain management and logistics are considered to be two inseparable concepts that reduce overall business costs in order to produce goods and services and to improve the overall impression of the level of service for your target audience. Choosing the right software also plays a crucial role in optimizing logistics tasks. After all, automation is leading the progress of industrial enterprises today.
Let us know if we have missed some important event of history which could add to this text of Evolution of Supply Chain.
References used in writing Evolution of Supply Chain
R. Neil Southern. (2011), “Historical Perspective of the Logistics and Supply Chain Management Discipline”, Transportation Journal, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 53-64, Penn State University Press.
Hesse, M. and J-P Rodrigue (2004), “The Transport Geography of Logistics and Freight Distribution”, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 171-184.
Rodrigue, J.-P., Slack, B. (2002) “Logistics and National Security. In: Majumdar, S.K. (Ed.), Science, Technology, and National Security”, Pennsylvania Academy of Science Press.
Miyazaki, Anthony D. and al. (1999), “Twenty Years of JBL: An Analysis of Published Research.” Journal of Business Logistics 20 (2): 1– 20.
Donald J. Bowersox, David J. Closs (1996), “Logistical Management: The Integrated Supply Chain Process”, Marketing Series, McGraw-Hill series in marketing.
Chandler, A. (1977), “The visible hand. In: The Managerial Revolution in American Business”. Harvard University Press, Cambridge/ London.
Graham W. Rider (1970), “Evolution of the concept of logistics.” Naval War College Review, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 24-33, U.S. Naval War College Press.
Marx, K., 1939/1953. Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Okonomie (Foundations of the critique of the political economy).
George C. Thorpe (1916), Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Vol. 115, No. 12, p. 263.
 – Hugo, M. (2003). Essentials of Supply Chain Management. New Jersey: John Willey & Sons Inc.
About the Author- Dr Muddassir Ahmed
Dr MuddassirAhmed is the Founder & CEO of SCMDOJO. He is a global speaker, vlogger and supply chain industry expert with 17 years of experience in the Manufacturing Industry in the UK, Europe, the Middle East and South East Asia in various Supply Chain leadership roles. Dr. Muddassir has received a PhD in Management Science from Lancaster University Management School. Muddassir is a Six Sigma black belt and founded the leading supply chain platform SCMDOJO to enable supply chain professionals and teams to thrive by providing best-in-class knowledge content, tools and access to experts.


After giving bloom to beautiful red or white flowers, the camellia produces a round fruit.
When the seed of this fruit is drypressed, it produces camellia oil.
There are records of this oil being used as far back as the Heian period, as a form of hair conditioner, while the flowers are mentioned in poems in the Manyoshu collection of poems that was compiled in the 8th century.
This demonstrates the high regard in which this plant has been held in Japan throughout history, and selective cultivation has resulted in the creation of several thousand different species.
Quite apart from the intrinsic beauty of the blooms, I think that people were moved by the sight of the camellia producing elegant flowers even in the shade of the forest.
After the flowers have finished, the tree produces fruit that break open when dry to release dark brown seeds that can then bepressed to obtain oil.
The seeds are also quite cute in appearance.
Only small amounts of oil can be obtained from the seeds so it is usually sold in little bottles.
It is used to produce the very best tempura and its ability to prevent dry skin results in it often being found among the ingredients of cosmetics.


When was the last time you ducked into a coffee shop, bought an espresso you didn’t really need, and logged onto the free wifi—the real reason you stopped by in the first place?
Well, be warned: That network may be a fake one, used to gather a password that could unlock your online data. That was especially true in London over two days last week, when James Lyne, global head of security research at Oxford-based cyber security firm Sophos, was out “war biking.”
Lyne rode the streets of London April 24 and 25, using hardware attached to his bike to beam a fake wifi “network” into cafes and restaurants that were offering free browsing. The move was to mimic—and help raise awareness of—the technique known in cyber security circles as “war driving.” That technique involves a hacker driving around with similar hardware, fishing around for passwords that could unlock sensitive data.
In a nutshell, Lyne created his own Internet hotspot with a 4G LTE modem loaded onto his bike and positioned to be in range of places that offer free wifi. Using the modem, he created a fake portal page, offering free Internet browsing.
He snagged 2,907 unsuspecting users. When he conducted a similar ride in San Francisco last month, over 1,500 people connected to the fake hotspot in in a few hours. Once online, many then accessed websites, for instance online banking sites, which require usernames and passwords.
“It is clear from this experiment that the default behavior of many mobile users is to find open networks, connect, test for Internet and ask questions later,” Lyne said.
He’s planning similar tours of Las Vegas, Hanoi, Sydney and Tokyo, among other cities.
In addition to counting how many folks he can dupe into giving him passwords, he was also able to analyze the security of existing wifi networks. Of 81,743 networks surveyed, some 29.5% were using either no security encryption to protect users, or they were using the Wireless Equivalent Privacy (WEP) algorithm—which tests have shown to be easy to decrypt and susceptible to attack with inexpensive off-the-shelf equipment. Another 52% of networks were making use of older and less secure protocols.
Lyne says his experiment didn’t break any laws. He kept data on wireless network names, locations and security levels long enough to conduct an analysis in accordance with regulations about holding data for an appropriate period of time for business use. All personal user login data was destroyed.
He also found that a large number of people in the cities kept the Bluetooth functions on their phones on, essentially making them discoverable to other devices scanning for them. Many were using default PIN codes of 0000, 1234, or 9876. That makes it easy to connect to someone’s Bluetooth, enter the password, and access their devices, including its data.
The risk isn’t just for individuals. According to Andrew Deacon, an IT security specialist at Sophos, the easiest way to hack into a corporation or organization is through the wireless networks that staff access on their personal devices.


The World Trade Organization’s Doha Development Round was meant to rebalance decades of unfair rules in agriculture and address the needs of developing countries. Instead, the negotiations have betrayed this promise. The WTO’s trade Round has become a ‘market access’ negotiation, in which developing countries are expected to give disproportionately more and will receive little but stale promises of the general benefits of liberalization.
Multilateralism is central to the fight against poverty and inequality – its role remains critical for states to work together to protect and develop the rights and opportunities of citizens. But for global policy-making to work in a fair and balanced way, political will is needed. Now is the time for WTO members to come back to the negotiating table and change the course of negotiations, much as they did nearly eight years ago in Doha.
The global economic crisis has reminded all countries of the importance of trade for their economies, as trade flows have dropped precipitously, with declining demand and constrained credit. The global economic crisis presents an imperative, and an opportunity, for real reform. Now more than ever, it is necessary to correct the rigged trade rules and skewed benefits that globalization has given to some countries at the expense of others.
In order to put the Doha Round back on the ‘development’ track, Oxfam recommends that WTO members take actions to:
- Improve the process of negotiations to make them more transparent and inclusive
- Ensure special and differential treatment for developing countries, through less than fully reciprocal commitments, greater effective flexibilities, and adequate policy space to promote development of agriculture, manufacturing, and services industries
- Promote development by enabling the realization of rights, such as the right to food, ensuring that trade rules respond to the needs of the most vulnerable people first
- Strengthen the WTO as an institution, to build greater confidence in its ability to achieve fairer trade rules for developing countries.