Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, conservative Lutheran church in the United States, organized in Chicago in 1847 by German immigrants from Saxony (settled in Missouri) and Bavaria (settled in Michigan and Indiana) as the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States. C.F.W. Walther, a seminary professor and pastor ordained in Germany, was president of the church from 1847 to 1850 and from 1864 to 1878. The church grew rapidly through an active educational and evangelistic program, by absorbing entire congregations and synods, and by meeting newly arrived German immigrants in port cities to guide them into its congregations. “German” was dropped from the name in 1917, and in 1947 the present name was adopted.
The Missouri Synod has often been at odds with other Lutheran groups because of its insistence on strict conformity with its interpretation of “pure doctrine” based on the Bible and the Lutheran confessions. Until the 1960s it refused association and cooperation with all groups that it considered doctrinally in error. In 1872 it formed a loose federation (the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference) with several small conservative Lutheran groups. In 1967, however, the conference dissolved when the Missouri Synod joined with the American Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church in America, and the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches (which in 1971 became part of the Missouri Synod) to form the Lutheran Council in the United States of America (LCUSA), a cooperative agency; the Missouri Synod, however, subsequently withdrew.
In the late 1960s and early ’70s the Missouri Synod experienced internal strife that led to an exodus of faculty and students from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Mo., in 1974 and the formation two years later of the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches by 100,000 Missouri Synod dissidents. At issue in the dispute were congregational autonomy versus synodical authority and the nature of the church’s mission. The Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches also ordained women, while the Missouri Synod did not. In 1982 the new group voted to join with two other Lutheran bodies to begin planning the formation of what became in 1988 the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).
The Missouri Synod is governed through a biennial general convention and several elected officers, including a president. Congregations are grouped in geographical districts. The church supports an extensive educational system that includes parochial schools, colleges, and seminaries. In 2005 the group reported about 2.4 million members and 6,144 congregations. Headquarters are in St. Louis, Mo.


Crystal Smallwood, in her 32nd year in education, is utilizing technology in creative ways as the librarian at Jenkins Independent to promote learning for students who may not have Internet access at home.
Crystal credits her parents, who were both avid readers, to pursue a career as a librarian. “My parents shared that love of reading with me. All I ever really wanted to do is work in a school library, stay up-to-date with the most current literature and share the love of reading to my students.”
She began her career as the school media librarian at Dorton Elementary in Pike County where she worked for 27 years. This is her fourth year as the librarian at Jenkins Independent. She spent one year working as an environmental education teacher for the PRIDE Program in Pike County.
Crystal used an “Innovation Grant” $1,000 award she earned through her proposal to the Kentucky Valley Educational Cooperative (KVEC) to purchase “Play-a-ways” for students who would like to take a story (an audible eBook) home with them.
Crystal explains the need for the proposal, “Jenkins Middle High is a 1:1 school meaning each student has access to a digital device. Every child has their own personal chrome book. Every teacher has both a personal classroom device and a mobile laptop. All teachers have interactive whiteboards. In addition to these chrome books, many classrooms also have sets of learn pads and IPads.
“Even though every child has access to their own chrome book, at the end of the day- those devices must be left at school. Because we have some students without internet access at home, they are not able to use our eBook library after school hours. This means that other students who do have internet access have an advantage over the others. Students with home internet access have more opportunity to reach their Accelerated Reader Goals because they have access to more audible, interactive books via our school eBook library. This is why I decided to write a project proposal for an innovative grant titled, “Put a Story in Your Pocket.”
Students can check out a play-a-way just like they can check out a print library book. Crystal adds. “A Play-a-way is a small box with an mp3 recording of an audible book housed inside. They just put the device in their pocket, plug in their earbuds and listen away. I am very grateful for the opportunity to use innovative grant funds to level the playing field for my students.”
Crystal is proud of the Jenkins library and its use of technology. The mission of the Jenkins School Library Program is to provide both students and staff with an inviting place, which fosters collaboration through the use of technology and quality resources while teaching students 21st-century skills in order to create a culture of lifelong learners, she adds. The school library is well-equipped with technology. We have twenty-five iMacs, a MondoPad, two ceiling-mounted projectors and best of all, an eBook library of over 7,000 books. We access our eBooks via the internet.
Crystal recalls when she began her career, computers were just beginning to be introduced into the school system. “One of the first tasks I had to complete was to get the school library entered into a library automation system. With the help of high school typing students, we entered around 9,000 marc records for the school library collection. This was my first real computer experience. The printer, the desktop computer, and software to run it was more than $10,000. It took years to be able to afford computers, software, and printers for classrooms. At that time, I could not imagine having the technology we have today in our school systems.”
This is Crystal’s second Innovative Grant. She received a grant last year titled, “Listen and Doodle.” She used the funding from that project to get a couple of iPads for her students to use for taking pictures for projects, a listening center so up to 16 children at a time can listen to the same audiobook and also a multifunction machine (records, CDs, mp3s, phones) they can use in the listening center.
As part of her project funded through the KVEC “Race to the Top” federal funding by the U.S. Department of Education, Crystal was one of over 100 instructors who presented at the Forging Innovation in Rural Education (FIRE) Summit, a multi-district K-12 educational professional learning event October 25 in Pikeville, KY. More than 17,000 viewers, from 15 countries and 42 states, tuned in to the live stream provided by KVEC’s digital platform the Holler to watch Crystal’s and the other presentations.
Crystal Smallwood’s and the other presentations can be found on the www.theholler.org.


Continuance theory and teacher education
Wright, N. (2012). Continuance theory and teacher education. In M. Brown, M. Hartnett & T. Stewart (Eds.), Future challenges, sustainable futures. Proceedings ascility Wellington 2012. (pp. 1096-1099).
Permanent Research Commons link: https://hdl.handle.net/10289/8427
Continuance theory is usually related to the regular use of technology in the business/industry area. It attempts to explain why people either continue to use specific technologies in their work, or not. Essentially, it links to the perceived value to individuals‟ ability to work effectively, however that is understood in their workplace. In the profession of education, particularly schools and teacher education, the perceived value of continued use is not about individuals and their work, but about individuals‟ work with groups of students and what happens to learning when these digital technologies are used. Continued use is contingent on their students‟ positive responses to these technologies supporting learning. I examine, in the light of continuance theory, what happens when student teachers in an initial secondary teacher education programme report on including digital technologies on practicum. This includes reporting on the effect students‟ responses have on their subsequent attitudes and practices regarding digital technologies in learning contexts.
Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education
© 2012 Noeline Wright.
- Education Papers


Global Environment Facility (GEF)
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to help tackle our planet’s most pressing environmental problems. Since then, the GEF has provided over $17 billion in grants and mobilized an additional $88 billion in financing for more than 4000 projects in 170 countries. Today, the GEF is an international partnership of 183 countries, international institutions, civil society organizations and the private sector that addresses global environmental issues.
The GEF is…
- A UNIQUE PARTNERSHIP of 18 agencies — including United Nations agencies, multilateral development banks, national entities and international NGOs — working with 183 countries to address the world’s most challenging environmental issues. The GEF has a large network of civil society organizations, works closely with the private sector around the world, and receives continuous inputs from an independent evaluation office and a world-class scientific panel.
- A FINANCIAL MECHANISM for 5 major international environmental conventions: the Minamata Convention on Mercury, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
- AN INNOVATOR AND CATALYST that supports multi-stakeholder alliances to preserve threatened ecosystems on land and in the oceans, build greener cities, boost food security and promote clean energy for a more prosperous, climate-resilient world; leveraging $5.2 in additional financing for every $1 invested.


220.127.116.11 Examples of Invalid Single-quoted Strings
In finishing our discussion of singled-quoted strings, consider these
examples of strings that are not legal because they violate the
exceptions we talked about above:
'You cannot do this: \'; # INVALID: the ending \ cannot be alone
'It is 5 o'clock!' # INVALID: the ' in o'clock should be escaped
'Three \'s: \\\\\'; # INVALID: the final \ escapes the ', thus
# the literal is not terminated
'This is my string; # INVALID: missing close quote
Sometimes, when you have invalid string literals such as in the example
above, the error message that Perl gives is not particularly intuitive.
However, when you see error messages such as:
(Might be a runaway multi-line '' string starting on line X)
Bareword found where operator expected
Bareword "foo" not allowed while "strict subs" in use
It is often an indication that you have runaway or invalid strings.
Keep an eye out for these problems. Chances are, you will forget and
violate one of the rules for single-quoted strings eventually, and then
need to determine why you are unable to run your Perl program.


Like stratified layers of soil tell the story of the natural world, paint layers can tell a rich story of a building and the communities that lived there. Recently, the Society undertook a study of the paint in the sanctuary of its historic 1876 synagogue. The findings of this Historic Paint Analysis help us to piece together an idea of the building’s original appearance 138 years ago, and provide a map for future restoration activities. The project was funded in part by the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the MARPAT Foundation.
While this research rendered a nearly complete picture of the sanctuary's original paint and wood finishes, further study is needed to solve a remaining mystery: was there always a biblical passage painted on the Torah ark? If so, was it originally gold leaf?
The Historic Synagogue
In 1876, Adas Israel Hebrew Congregation built this synagogue at 6th and G Streets, NW. The building was the first purpose-built synagogue in Washington, DC. By all accounts, the sanctuary’s original appearance was quite modest. Its walls were whitewashed, with wood wainscoting below stained to look like walnut.
The most significant “extravagance” was on the Torah ark, which had some gold-leaf on the edges of its columns and cornice. Today it includes the familiar “Ma Tovu” passage from Numbers 24:5 in gold: “How lovely are your tents, O Jacob, your dwelling places, O Israel!” A June 1876 newspaper article about the synagogue’s dedication noted the presence of biblical quotation expressing reverence for synagogues. However, the article did not indicate whether or not the passage was painted direction above the ark, and if it appeared in gold or another color.
In 1908, the congregation sold the building to a real estate investor who converted the first floor to store fronts, and leased the second floor to a succession of churches. In 1969, when the building was marked for demolition, the Jewish Historical Society saved the building by moving it three blocks to 3rd and G Streets, NW. In 1975, JHSGW rededicated the building as the Lillian & Albert Small Jewish Museum. Learn more about the building’s history.
Since that time, the Jewish Historical Society has sought to restore the building to its original appearance. The Historic Paint Analysis is just one of the many tools that create a picture of the building’s original appearance in 1876. Other sources of information include newspaper accounts from the building’s dedication, and photographs from the 20th century.
Historic Paint Analysis
JHSGW worked with Worcester Eisenbrandt, Inc. (WEI) to carry out the historic paint analysis. WEI’s analyst excavated tiny craters and took dozens of samples of paint and varnish from throughout the main sanctuary and its balcony area. Locations included walls, window frames, the newel post on the stairway to the balcony, and, of course, on the Torah ark.
The craters revealed layer upon layer of paint and varnish, each representing a “moment” in the building’s history. This crater from the wainscot rail ringing the entire room shows the first layer of finish – a varnish – and successive layers of paint, including “graining” layers that emulated the appearance and rare, expensive woods. More recent layers included white, brown, and green paint, as well as a thick layer of dirt.
Future research might help to reveal precisely when each layer – including the dirt – was added and the length of time it was visible. This information, coupled with the timeline of the building’s inhabitants, would make it possible to imagine what the interior of the building looked like at different times.
Perhaps the most significant discovery was the existence of a layer of gold paint added within a few years of the synagogue’s construction on the columns that support the second floor. For the mostly immigrant congregation of modest means, this decoration was likely a costly addition.
In addition to the craters, WEI’s analyst placed cross sections from the wall finishes under the microscope. These provided a “side view” that revealed all the different layers of paint, varnish, and wallpaper in some cases. In this image, a thick layer of dirt from the period when the sanctuary was used a warehouse for shops on the first floor is visible.
There are still unanswered questions about some of the paint. The Hebrew inscription over the ark (called an entablature) is a reproduction of text that was present when the synagogue was dedicated. Yet, we do not yet know if the biblical passage was inscribed on the ark or on another piece of material and attached to the ark when the sanctuary was built, and if it was gold leaf. The Historic Paint Analysis found some gold leaf or paint below the several layers of paint. However, it is inconclusive whether or not the “older” layers are in fact just the bleeding through of the newer paint.
In December 2014, JHSGW raised support for another round of analysis on the entablature to answer this question. Thanks to an anonymous gift in memory of Margot Heckman and contributions from other community members, we will be able to solve this mystery.


One of the most important symbolist painter born ahead of his time, Austrian artist Gustav Klimt is well-known today for his paintings created during his Golden Phase such as “The Kiss”, “Danae” and “Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I”.
Klimt started his career as a successful decorative painter popularly commissioned to paint murals and embellish museums, churches and other important buildings, working closely with his brother and a friend under the name “Company of Artists”.
However, the deaths of both his father and brother in 1892 led to a shift in his artistic vision from classicism to a more personal Art Nouveau style that includes highly ornamental gold paint, abstract compositions and erotic symbolism of the female figure.
His new-found style provoked outcry and was rejected by the conservative Austrian society, but was well-received overseas. He attained international fame as Art Nouveau painter and at the height of his career, Klimt co-founded the Vienna Secession in 1897 to support the works of local and foreign non-traditional artists.
Klimt’s Golden Phase, inspired by Byzantine mosaics he saw on his visits to Venice and Ravenna, brought him much positive recognition and financial success. However, he kept a simple and discreet life, devoted to his art and his family, and avoiding socializing with other artists. He mentored younger artists including Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka and paved the way for other modernist artists.
“There is nothing that special to see when looking at me. I’m a painter who paints day in day out, from morning till evening. Whoever wants to know something about me ought to look carefully at my pictures and try and see in them what I am and what I want to do.” – Gustav Klimt
On January 11, 1918, Klimt was left partially paralyzed by a stroke and while hospitalized, caught a lung infection and died the following February 6.
This year marks the 100th death anniversary of a great symbolist master.


PERTHUIS, CHARLES, merchant, commercial fisherman, churchwarden, and a director of the Compagnie de la Colonie; b. 1664, son of Charles Perthuis and Anne Minet, of the parish of Saint-Saturnin in Tours; d. at Quebec in 1722.
The exact date of Perthuis’s arrival in the colony is unknown. He first appears in 1694; a year later, while still a bachelor, he rented a house on Rue Notre-Dame (sous le Fort), from Paul Denys de Saint-Simon, and was thus a neighbour of a man whose partner he would be on many occasions, Nicolas Pinaud. At the age of 32, on 26 June 1697, Perthuis signed a marriage contract, witnessed by the political and social elite of the colony, in which he is referred to as a merchant, and on 8 July he married Marie-Madeleine Roberge, the daughter of Denis Roberge and Geneviève Auber. Perthuis had 11 or 12 children, the best known being Joseph*, his penultimate child, baptized on 30 Aug. 1714. In 1732, his widow resided at the same address, and a later census, that of 1744, indicates that his son Joseph was the owner of the house.
Perthuis’s business career resembles that of many other merchants and bourgeois of the colony. His commercial activities ranged from selling groceries and supplies and being a partner in the Compagnie de la Colonie, to outfitting privateers during the War of the Spanish Succession. “Merchant capitalism” or “venturing” best describe his many activities. He (and not his son, as J.-N. Fauteux writes), was engaged in the leather business. In partnership with Nicolas Pinaud, in 1695, he signed a contract to supply flour and biscuits, and many years later, in 1715, they were engaged in the same trade. In 1716 they had a one-half interest in the Sainte-Anne. When the Compagnie de la Colonie was formed, Perthuis acquired 2,000 livres worth of shares. He soon became a director of the company, and, with Nicolas Pinaud and René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière, was appointed to settle the debts of the company in 1708.
Perthuis also established commercial relations with merchants from La Rochelle such as Robert Butler and Charles-Joseph Amiot de Vincelotte, the latter a ship’s captain as well as “venturer,” whose activities had brought him to Canada. In 1716, Perthuis acquired an interest in the sous-ferme of Tadoussac from the estate of Joseph Riverin. In the same year he entered into a partnership with Robert Drouard, a Quebec merchant, for the exploitation of this concession.
Perthuis was a churchwarden of the church of Notre-Dame in Quebec, and he acted on several occasions as the guardian of minors. This role, and the many requests he received to arbitrate disputes before the Conseil Souverain, indicate how much his judgement was respected.
Perthuis died in Quebec at the age of 58, and was buried there on 5 March 1722. No papers from his estate appear to have been preserved.
AJQ, Greffe de Louis Chambalon; Greffe de François Genaple. “Correspondance de Vaudreuil,” APQ Rapport, 1938–39. Documents relating to Canadian currency during the French period (Shortt), I, 3. Jug. et délib. Charland, “Notre-Dame de Québec: le nécrologe de la crypte,” 178. “Liste générale des intéressés en la compagnie de la colonie du Canada, et des actions qu’ils y ont prises,” BRH, XL (1934), 498–512. É.-Z. Massicotte, “Congés et permis déposés ou enregistrés à Montréal sous le régime français,” APQ Rapport, 1921–22, 189–225. Fauteux, Essai sur l’industrie sous le régime français, I.


n 1942 the Board of Library Trustees asked the State Librarian to develop a strategy for improving the archival situation. A committee studied the problem for a year before submitting its report to the Board. The report recommended that:
At the same time an independently formed committee was working from a different perspective to protect Oregon government records. Only weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 the Committee on the Conservation of Cultural Resources organized. It functioned under the Oregon State Defense Council and was chaired by Professor Luther Cressman, head of the Department of Anthropology and director of the Museum of Natural History at the University of Oregon. Concern for the safety of historical records in the event of enemy air raids occupied much of the early committee discussion. The resulting research into how and where records were housed led to the realization that many valuable records were in danger of destruction because of neglect.
In response to this, Cressman appointed a subcommittee to formulate recommendations. The subcommittee (which included the State Librarian as a member) submitted a report to Governor Earl Snell in 1944 recommending "the creation of a depository, the appointment of a custodian or archivist, and the establishment of standards for the selection of those records that are non-current and proper for preservation."2 The report also noted nagging problems of poor storage, the uncertain fate of records of defunct agencies, and the potential benefits of a microfilm program. It pointed out the need for an adequate budget and strong legislation to facilitate the creation and development of an effective archives program.
Bolstered by these reports, supporters introduced archives legislation to the 1945 Legislative Assembly. Unfortunately, the Society of American Archivists model law used as the basis of the bill conflicted with existing statutes including the Oregon laws of evidence. Because of this a comprehensive act creating a state archives did not pass.
However, the Legislative Assembly did approve a provision for the State Archives as part of the 1945-1947 State Library budget. The modest amount of $15,000 was allocated to get the program underway. Additionally, the Attorney General issued an opinion which allowed the state archivist to collect records for the use of government agencies but did not further define specific activities. State Librarian Eleanor Stephens painted the budget in rosy terms in a letter to a prospective candidate for the State Archivist position, "Because office and storage space will be furnished the Archives in the Oregon State Library Building without expense to the archival budget, this provision is even more liberal than it appears."3
Eventually, the Board of Library Trustees approved the appointment of David Cushing Duniway as State Archivist. The challenge of creating a state archives from the ground up helped him overcome initial reservations to Salem while interviewing for the position: "The whole area was filled with the smell of the paper mill and I can remember my wife saying that she never wanted 'to live in a town like that.'"4


Oregonians in 2050 Produce and Use Materials Responsibly
Conserving Resources · Protecting the Environment · Living Well
Many environmental challenges facing Oregon and the world, such as pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, relate to how we produce, use, and manage materials. To address these challenges, DEQ’s Materials Management program has a long-term vision for Oregon.
In this vision:
- Producers make products sustainably, so every option is a sustainable option.
- People live well and consume sustainably.
- Materials have the most useful life possible before and after discard.
What is Materials Management?
Materials management takes a holistic view of environmental impacts across the full life cycle of materials, as well as actions that can be taken to reduce those impacts. It includes resource extraction and use of recovered materials, the design and production of materials, their use, and end-of-life management, including solid waste disposal and recovery.
What happened to the Solid Waste program?
DEQ’s Materials Management program was called the Solid Waste program, because it traditionally focused more attention on managing products and materials at the end of their useful life, when they were considered “solid waste”. The program places more emphasis on the full life cycle of materials including – but not limited to – the management of solid wastes.


The Hakka, known as Kejia (客家）or “guest people” in Mandarin, are scattered across southeastern China, mostly in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. They can also be found in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan.
There are an estimated 30 to 45 million Hakkan descendants worldwide. Famous Hakkans include Sun Yat-sen, the Father of Modern China; China’s late paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping; Singapore’s first prime minister, Lew Kuan Yew; the late Canto-pop star, Leslie Cheung; Canto-pop icon Leon Lai; and Chow Yun-fat, a Hong Kong actor that has starred in countless Hong Kong and several Hollywood flicks.
Northern Chinese Roots
The ancestors of the Hakka are thought to have originated in Northern China. They migrated to Southern China hundreds of years ago, maintaining their unique customs, dialect, and food preferences.
Needless to say, cooking styles might have remained the same, but ingredients depended on what was available locally.
Hakka Food emphasizes original flavours and nutritional value over presentation. Preserved meats are featured, vegetables are favoured, and those that settled along the coast took to seafood. Internal organs also feature prominently in Hakka style cooking.
Copyright: Michael Taylor
China’s Eight Great Cuisines: an Introduction
Foodie Challenge: Can I Eat My Way Around China Without Leaving Shenzhen?
Eight Great Cuisines of China (中国8大菜系 )
Cantonese Cuisine: China’s Most Popular Cooking Style (粤菜)
Chiu Chow Cuisine: Regional Cantonese Food (潮州菜 )
Hakka Cuisine: Regional Cantonese Food (客家菜)
Shun Tak Cuisine: Regional Cantonese Food (信德 菜)
Hunanese Cuisine: Chairman Mao’s Favourite (湘菜)
Sichuanese Cuisine: Famous for Numbing Peppers （川菜）
Jiangsu Cuisine: Huaiyang Food (Part 1) （蘇菜）
Zhejiang Cuisine: Huaiyang Food (Part 2) （浙菜）
Anhui Cuisine: China’s Best Kept Culinary Secret? （徽菜）
Shandong Cuisine: This Is Where Peking Duck Originates （魯菜）
Fujian Cuisine: Popular in Taiwan（闽菜）
Your Response Wanted!
What is your favourite style of Chinese cuisine – and why?
Please post your comment on Facebook at the following link: Accidental Travel Writer on Facebook. And don’t forget to LIKE us while you’re there!


Best Answer - Chosen by VotersClimate :
Climate is the average and variations of weather in a region over long periods of time. The climate of a location is affected by the presence of mountains, ice caps, as well nearby oceans and their associated currents. Locations on the western side of oceans exposed to warm water currents are relatively warm and humid, while deserts tend to exist on the east side of oceans where cold water currents contribute less warmth and moisture, leading to a more stable atmospheric profile. Mountain chains can cut off moisture streaming off an ocean or bay from reaching more inland locations. Climate zones can be defined using parameters such as temperature and rainfall to define desert, steppe, rain forest and polar ice cap regimes.
Paleoclimatology is the study and description of ancient climates using information from both non-biotic factors such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic factors such as tree rings and coral, and can be used to extend back the temperature or rainfall information for particular locations to a time before various weather instruments were used to monitor weather conditions. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates and can therefore be used to describe the likely patterns of future changes.
Understanding how interactions between climate and habitat can affect elephant ecology will be important for the long-term conservation and management of the species. As extreme conditions such as droughts repeat, wildlife becomes increasingly vulnerable to climate variability and climate change. In our study, we have developed a database of fine-scale indices needed for wildlife management studies. These include a database of climatic parameters, hydrological parameters, vegetation indices, and drought indices. 67% 4 Votes
Other Answers (3)
Think how climate affects the environment of a desert vs a far northern wilderness, vs a tropical rain forest , a farming area in India, Indiana, or China... clearly climate has an extreme affect on so much that we call our environment.
Switch the relationship around and ask how much various things we group into environment affect the climate. None of them in a short term basis have an impact that compares with the natural variation in climate, geographically or over time.
So we then have to ask might climate be altered much more significantly over a longer time by influences we categorize as environment?
There is ample evidence that over time we have had major shifts in climate over fairly long periods. These have occurred without human intervention. These climate changes mostly give us reason to think that relatively minor changes can influence major climate changes over a longer period.
We have some thought that we may be accelerating global warming, even bringing it on earlier than it might naturally occur. But we have no illusion that absence of our contribution to those influences would guarantee that we would not eventually experience that global warming which leads to a major ice age.
Our environmental contribution may start a change, but we can not from that assume that we can stop the process by removing the cause of the start.
It is like getting a car moving on a gradual down-slope, and then assuming that if we shift out of gear, let it coast, that it will always stop before it reaches the brow of the downhill ahead.
We know that climate change can drive more climate change, so we can not be sure the change will stop when we stop doing what started it. 17% 1 Vote
Climate is the average and variations of weather in a region over long periods of time. The climate of a location is affected by latitude, terrain, and persistent ice or snow cover, as well as nearby oceans and their currents. Climate zones can be defined using parameters such as temperature and rainfall to define desert, steppe, rain forest and polar ice cap regimes. On the other hand, environment is the external conditions, resources, stimuli, etc.with which an organism interacts.
Yahoo Search: Wikepedia
0% 0 Votes
the environment can affect the climate quite alot.this is because the activities that occur in the environment affect the climae. For ezample, humans overuse of fossil fuels have cause the climate to change. The climate also affects the envirmonent because there is more biodiversity where the climate is proper. It all depends on what is proper for a certain situation.
17% 1 Vote


I just heard another news report on the catastrophic effects that global warming will someday have on our planet. Apparently a 2° rise in the global temperature (when and if that ever happens) will cause the earth’s oceans to rise over the planet and this apparently will place millions of people “under water.”
Now, let’s just think about that for a moment. I will not spend any time arguing over the cause of this warming trend. There are just as many scientists who refute blaming the industrialized world as being the cause as there are who are accusatory. But I just question the physics of the whole thing. Maybe it was something I learned in my college Chemistry of Water class–which I don’t recommend taking, by the way.
But let’s do an experiment. Prepare yourself a glass of ice water. Now just let it sit as the room temperature alone goes to work causing global warming so to speak. When the ice melts, does the level of water in the glass rise or decrease? Surprise! The water level actually decreases. This is because ice is unlike all other substances on earth. It is the only substance whose solid form is actually larger than its liquid form. So, if the temperature of the earth rises, will the sea levels rise or decrease? Remember our experiment.
And what happened when I allowed the glass of water to sit? It evaporated into the atmosphere. And it happens even more quickly if it’s moving like in a river, ocean, or in the fish ponds outside my own house. This is the cycle of water that has existed throughout the history of the planet.
So sleep tight and don’t waste too much time worrying about flood waters. And if your feet get wet, move to higher ground. There is plenty of it.


Of all the gold ever refined, 600 tons were created 4.6 billion years ago, when two neutron stars collided -1,000 light-years away.
By James DiGeorgia
Sixty years after Margaret Burbidge and her colleagues determined that violent cosmic explosions must have created the universe's heaviest elements, the first neutron-star collision was detected. When LIGO and Virgo detected a collision in 2017, gravitational waves observed led to a global hunt for the cosmic flash created by the debris of the neutron stars. These findings made neutron stars the most probable candidates to have created Burbidge’s elements.
Burbidge’s process creates, amongst others, radioactive elements that decay steadily after they were initially created. These elements carry information about their origin by acting as ever-present cosmic clocks. Some of these clocks pointed to a collision involving a neutron star that happened a mere 1,000 light-years from what is the solar system today. This event was responsible for creating 0.3% of some of the heavy elements found on Earth, including iodine, uranium, and gold.
Matter deposited by this event is pervasive. Humans all have some matter in them that came from the collision, mostly as iodine. Of all the gold ever refined on Earth, 600 tons came from this collision. A nuclear reactor contains 200 kilograms of this matter, a Tesla Model 3 five grams and a gold wedding ring 10 milligrams.
Neutron stars are dead stars that are ultra-compact and are formed when huge stars collapse due to their gravitational pull. Although they can weigh as much as our sun, their size is only that of NY City. They are massive atomic nuclei, primarily made up of neutrons.
Scientists have long theorized that neutron stars will occasionally collide with each other, but the conclusive proof was elusive. In the early 1960s, Freeman Dyson suggested that two neutron stars closely orbited each other and was interested in finding ways of extracting energy from such systems. In the 1970s, Joe Taylor and Russell Hulse were the first to detect two neutron stars that were close to each other. These stars are expected to collide in 300 million years as their distance apart is decreasing continuously due to gravitational waves.
The first clue of neutron-star collisions was an unexpected result of the cold war. A network of military satellites, known as Vela, was launched by the U.S. during the 1960s to monitor Soviet Union compliance with a nuclear test ban treaty. The satellites however detected mysterious signals from outer space, instead of rogue detonations on Earth. These cosmic flashes of energetic photons are known as gamma rays, and some of them were later shown to be signs of neutron stars colliding billions of light-years away.
In 2017, the Virgo detector in Europe and the LIGO detectors in America picked up a gravitational wave signal that was recognized as a collision of neutron stars some 130 million light-years away. This proved for the first time that these collisions do happen. Although this event was distant, the fact that LIGO and Virgo had only monitored the sky for about four months before detecting it meant that neutron stars collide regularly. In the Milky Way, it is estimated that a collision occurs every 100,000 years.
Where and when neutron stars collide is important for the birth of the solar system. Before the planets and our sun were shaped, the matter that they’re made was only a primordial cloud of dust and gas. This cloud was an order of magnitude bigger than what the solar system is today, and it cast a massive cosmic net collecting atoms that traveled between stars in the interstellar medium. Some of this matter in the pre-solar cloud originated with neutron stars colliding, including most of the uranium, platinum, gold and other heavy elements found on Earth today.
We can use radioactive isotopes that were formed by neutron star collisions and dropped in the pre-solar cloud to reconstruct what happened. Although many of these isotopes have decayed since their presence was recorded in meteorites formed soon after the collapse of the pre-solar cloud started forming the planets and sun.
Information contained in radioactive isotopes is enlightening. It was discovered the relative quantities of various short-lived isotopes with a half-live smaller than 100 million years is indicative of them originating from neutron stars, as they are not consistent with any other type of cosmic explosion, i.e., supernovas generated by huge stars dying. Supernova explosions happen 1,000 times more often in the Milky Way than what neutron star collisions do.
The shortest-lived isotopes would, therefore, be replenished regularly if they were produced by a supernova, making it certain they would be present when the solar system formed. For neutron star collisions, the short-lived isotopes would be depleted soon after and would remain depleted until the next collision. It is therefore probable that this isotope was depleted at the time of the solar system forming. The abundances of short-lived iodine-129 and curium-247 isotopes in the early solar system indicate this depletion, thereby ruling out supernovas.
When Burbidge did her original work, and in the years after that, it was still believed supernovas were the main source of the heaviest elements. This model was challenged by numerous pieces of evidence, including the optical signal observed by Virgo and LIGO when they detected the neutron star collision.
Radioactive isotopes also suggest a collision close to the pre-solar cloud. By comparing numerical simulations of the Milky Way with the measured quantities, it was found that a single collision likely produced a significant portion of the early solar system’s short-lived elements. Curium’s longest-lived isotope with a half-life of 15.6 million years, was for example mainly produced by one collision.
Elements produced by neutron star collisions play an important role in our lives. These include valuable metals, including platinum and gold, and elements required to manufacture modern electronic devices. Some are even critical to life itself, e.g. iodine. If the rate of collisions had been different, or if Earth had been in a different section of the Milky Way, our environment may well have been very different.
With new kinds of observatories being built that can detect neutrons or gravitational waves, the universe’s exploration relies increasingly on looking at information from different cosmic messengers in combination. In a new field known as multi-messenger astrophysics, the solar system’s radioactive elements are a valuable addition.


|A History of Magic|
Magical history prior the 20th century
Standard text for students at Hogwarts
A History of Magic was a book written by Bathilda Bagshot, one of the most eminent magical historians, covering the history of the wizarding world up to the end of the 19th century. It was first published in 1947 by Little Red Books. A second edition was released by M. L. Books at an unknown date.
It was a required text for all Hogwarts students from the first year onward for the History of Magic class taught by Professor Binns. Hermione Granger had an extra copy of this book in her school trunk. A copy of this book costs 2 Galleons at Flourish and Blotts.
A History of Magic was one of the books Hermione packed in her handbag when the Trio went to hunt Voldemort's Horcruxes. When Harry admitted that he did not know Godric's Hollow was named after Godric Gryffindor, she read an extract from the book to him. After their trip to Godric's Hollow, Hermione read A History of Magic at night while Harry struggled with the loss of his wand and learning about Albus Dumbledore's friendship with Gellert Grindelwald.
- "Little could be heard over the squawking of the Diricawls, the moaning of the Augureys and the relentless, piercing song of the Fwoopers. As witches and wizards attempted to consult the papers before them, sundry pixies and fairies whirled around their heads, giggling and jabbering. A dozen or so trolls began to smash apart the chamber with their clubs, while hags glided about the place in search of children to eat. The Council Chief stood up to open the meeting, slipped on a pile of Porlock dung and ran cursing from the hall."
- —Bagshot describes a meeting of the Wizards' Council (headed by Burdock Muldoon) with representatives of all beings, at the time defined as every creature who walked on two legs.[src]
- "Non-magic people (more commonly known as Muggles) were particularly afraid of magic in medieval times, but not very good at recognising it. On the rare occasion that they did catch a real witch or wizard, burning had no effect whatsoever. The witch or wizard would perform a basic Flame Freezing Charm and then pretend to shriek with pain while enjoying a gentle, tickling sensation. Indeed, Wendelin the Weird enjoyed being burned so much that she allowed herself to be caught no less than forty-seven times in various disguises."
- —Bagshot describes the witch-burnings in medieval times.[src]
- "Upon the signature of the International Statute of Secrecy in 1689, wizards went into hiding for good. It was natural, perhaps, that they formed their own small communities within a community. Many small villages and hamlets attracted several magical families, who banded together for mutual support and protection. The villages of Tinworth in Cornwall, Upper Flagley in Yorkshire, and Ottery St. Catchpole on the south coast of England were notable homes to knots of Wizarding families who lived alongside tolerant and sometimes Confunded Muggles. Most celebrated of these half-magical dwelling places is, perhaps, Godric's Hollow, the West Country village where the great wizard Godric Gryffindor was born, and where Bowman Wright, Wizarding smith, forged the first Golden Snitch. The graveyard is full of the names of ancient magical families, and this accounts, no doubt, for the stories of hauntings that have dogged the little church beside it for many centuries."
- —On the consequences of wizard seclusion after the signature of the Statute of Secrecy in 1689.[src]
Behind the scenes
- In early British editions of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, the book is incorrectly said to be written by Adalbert Waffling, instead of Bathilda Bagshot. The error was corrected in the American editions and later British editions.
- Although required and used in his class, Harry Potter says he has never read it, maybe just opened it, showing his obvious dislike for the subject. However Hedwig is a name that Harry found in the book (perhaps he found it when he read the book for the first time).
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (video game) (Mentioned only)
- Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them


Dinosaurs, those monsters who ruled for millions of years, feared something. It happened at the end of the Cretaceous Period. At that time there was an inland sea in what is now North America. The dinosaurs came unprepared to drink. Little did they know that death haunted them. A death in the form of a terrible and violent attack. It was nothing short of Deinosuchus, the crocodile who ate dinosaur.
It was the largest carnivore in this semi-aquatic environment. Its teeth were the size of bananas. They could stab the most careless of dinosaurs and cause massive damage. Its body resembled that of a current crocodile. But it was 10 meters long.
The fossils of the genus Deinosuchus They have been studied since 1850. But there is a new discovery about it. A research was published in Vertebrate Paleontology by scientists from the University of Iowa. She concludes that there are three types in this group rather than two as previously believed. Is about D. riograndensis, D. hatcheri and a new one D. schwimmeri.
«Deinosuchus He was a real giant. It must have scared the dinosaurs who came to the water’s edge to live, ”says Adam Cossette. He is a study director and researcher at the New York Institute of Technology. Until now, the full size of this creature was unknown. But with the specimens we examined, we revealed it. It was a strange and monstrous predator with teeth the size of a banana. «
Cossette explains how the three types of Deinosuchus stood up. It was following a geological process that divided the North American inland sea in half. Three different environments were formed in which all three species evolved over time.
These creatures are some of the largest and most terrifying crocodiles that ever existed. Christopher Brochu is co-author of the work. He says the existence of these three species shows that “crocodiles are not“ living fossils. ”Not that they have not changed since the time of the dinosaurs, but that they evolved as dynamically as any other group.
The researchers conclude from this D. riograndensis and D. hatcheri They lived in western North America. It must have been between Montana and the northern part of Mexico. AND D. schwimmeri He lived on the Atlantic coast between New Jersey and Mississippi.
The fossils show that they were the kings of their time. “There was nothing bigger when you lived in the eastern US,” said David Schwimmer. He is a researcher who is not involved in the study. But his name is the origin of the name of the new species. It pays homage to his significant contributions in the field.
Bites from millions of years
According to Schwimmer, there is a big open question. There are large stains on the teeth of Deinosuchus in dinosaur bones. Yes, but it is not known if they did it while hunting or simply cleaning up.
“I bet they were predators,” says Schwimmer. “That creature was big enough to kill most of the dinosaurs. In addition, we found most of the markings in the bones of the legs and tails. Exactly where you would catch them if you wanted to catch a dinosaur ».
Yes, the crocodile that ate dinosaurs must have been a real monster. The ferocity of their attacks continued to this day on the remains of their prey. As if he wanted to perpetuate the terror he triggered.


"Mons Graupius AD 83" is written by Duncan B Campbell and illustrated by Sean O'Brogain. The book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in the Roman era, and in particular for anyone wanting to know more about the Roman campaign in Scotland between AD77 and AD83. The approach is inclusive, and the wider background across the Roman Empire at the time is covered, both in setting the scene for the campaign and in explaining why the Romans effectively turned their back on the conquest of these islands which was within their grasp after their overwhelming victory at the Battle of Mons Graupius.
The text is well researched and written in an accessible and engaging style. This is ably complemented by the numerous images of relevant scenes, of artefacts, of re-enactors: alongside plentiful clear maps and fine pictures of the development of the battle itself. Elements such as a clearly laid out chronology add greatly to the reader's understanding of a military campaign which took rather longer than is usually understood, and descriptions of the opposing forces and the societies which produced them help set the events which took place in a wider context. The book then goes on to look at the Roman campaign on a year by year basis, while the latter half looks at the Battle of Mons Graupius in some detail, and its aftermath.
What is particularly good is the way the author is up front about the limitations of the historical records about the battle. These largely depend on the account written fifteen years later by Tacitus, who happened to be the son in law of the man who led the campaign, the Roman Governor of Britain, Julius Agricola. As a result there are historians who believe that Mons Graupius was actually fought somewhere other than on the slopes of Bennachie in Aberdeenshire, which plays a starring role in the book: and as the author states, there are even some who question whether the battle took place at all.
Against this background, any attempt to present a detailed account of the battle might seem ambitious, but Duncan B Campbell does it very well indeed, and very convincingly. Perhaps at some time in the future someone might unearth a letter, perhaps at the Roman fort at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall, complaining that parts of Tacitus's biography of his father in law were a work of fiction: but unless they do, as far as we are concerned the location of Mon Graupius at Bennachie is compelling: and on that basis, this book is as near a definitive account of what took place as is ever likely to be written.


An immense frustration ecologists encounter is prompted by the attempt to keep track of individual animals in a study. This task only becomes more difficult when trying to pinpoint small, mobile animals like songbirds.
While intelligent computer algorithms can help scientists better complete this task, training these systems to recognize different species — let alone individuals in a species — can take thousands of data points, time, and money.
However, French and Portuguese researchers recently devised a way to streamline this process. They designed a deep-learning network that can identify individual birds with up to 92 percent accuracy in three different species.
This tech can not only save scientists resources but can help them collect important data about the lives of birds — and better understand what may be leading to their decline in North America.
The study team describes their approach to solving this historic problem using strategically timed photos, RFID sensors, and deep learning in a paper published Monday in the journal Methods in Ecology and Evolution.
"A major challenge for the application of individual recognition using deep learning methods is the need for collecting extensive training data," the researchers write. "Acquiring training data typically involves labeling, [instead] we provide an efficient pipeline for collecting training data, both in captivity and in the wild, and we train CNNs for individual re-identification."
Instead of chasing down birds to take their photos in a number of different environments, the researchers used RFID chips and motion-sensor cameras in feeding areas to capture and automatically label images of birds from different angles, providing a robust image of what an individual bird looks like.
How does it work — The researchers tested out their new approach using three common species of birds: the sociable weaver (Philetairus socius,) the Great tit (Parus major,) and the Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata.)
In both wild and captive environments, the researchers used RFID sensors on the birds and autonomous cameras to capture a thousand images per individual of the species.
Labeling these photos with information such as what type of bird was in the image is a process that would typically take hundreds of hours of tedious work. Combining these two technologies actually made the process seamless. It also helped the researchers form a large dataset to feed to their A.I. algorithm.
The more data provided — the better the A.I. is.
To make sure the algorithm wasn't simply learning to memorize the different markings on these birds (a process called "overfitting") the researchers used part of their dataset to train the algorithm and set the other part aside to use as a validation set, or essentially a way to check the A.I.'s work.
What were the results — After setting the A.I. loose to check just how well it had learned about these birds, the researchers found that it demonstrated 92 percent accuracy when identifying sociable weavers, 90 percent accuracy when identifying Great tits, and 87 percent accuracy when identifying Zebra finches.
The researchers do write that introducing new individual birds to the party did make it harder for the A.I. to accurately identify these individuals. The authors report that there was a 17 percent chance of misidentification when new birds were introduced.
What's next — The researchers write that the success of their model represents a new era of technological opportunity for ecologists.
"[T]he ability to move beyond visual marks and manual video coding will revolutionize our approach to addressing biological questions," write the authors. "Importantly, it will allow researchers to expand their sample sizes, thereby providing more power to test hypotheses. Finally, it will open up opportunities to address questions that previously were not tractable."
But, that said, there are several elements that researchers say need to be refined with their algorithm. While the algorithm showed high accuracy identifying individuals in a given location during a given season the authors write that more research needs to be done to see how this level of accuracy will stand the test of time. Similarly, a more robust dataset in the future should also include photos of these birds at different stages of their life, like when molting.
Being able to identify individuals through time and space could be an incredibly powerful tool for understanding long-term animal behavior.
Abstract: Individual identification is a crucial step to answer many questions in evolutionary biology and is mostly performed by marking animals with tags. Such methods are well-established, but often make data collection and analyses time-consuming, or limit the contexts in which data can be collected. Recent computational advances, specifically deep learning, can help overcome the limitations of collecting large-scale data across contexts. However, one of the bottlenecks preventing the application of deep learning for individual identification is the need to collect and identify hundreds to thousands of individually labelled pictures to train convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Here we describe procedures for automating the collection of training data, generating training datasets, and training CNNs to allow identification of individual birds. We apply our procedures to three small bird species, the sociable weaver Philetairus socius, the great tit Parus major and the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata, representing both wild and captive contexts. We first show how the collection of individually labelled images can be automated, allowing the construction of training datasets consisting of hundreds of images per individual. Second, we describe how to train a CNN to uniquely re-identify each individual in new images. Third, we illustrate the general applicability of CNNs for studies in animal biology by showing that trained CNNs can re-identify individual birds in images collected in contexts that differ from the ones originally used to train the CNNs. Finally, we present a potential solution to solve the issues of new incoming individuals. Overall, our work demonstrates the feasibility of applying state-of-the-art deep learning tools for individual identification of birds, both in the laboratory and in the wild. These techniques are made possible by our approaches that allow efficient collection of training data. The ability to conduct individual recognition of birds without requiring external markers that can be visually identified by human observers represents a major advance over current methods.


NASA Image Proves Extraterrestrial Life On Mars
A NASA image of a massive underground cave entrance on Mars might hint at extraterrestrial life on the planet.
Conspiracy theorists claim that a new photo of the Red planet released by NASA may be evidence of life on Mars.
Does this cave pit on Mars show the entrance of an extraterrestrial base?
Many people believe there are aliens living on Mars and the Moon, and are convinced we are not the only form of intelligent life in the universe, let alone our own solar system.
The evidence of water being conserved underneath the planets surface has only fueled speculation that an alien civilization is living beneath the heat on the barren celestial body.
Conspiracy YouTube channel Mars Alive suggest these images are proof of intelligent life on the planet, and that NASA is covering the truth about an alien life form.
See the video below for the latest alien news story of alien life on Mars.
Extraterrestrial life on Mars:
The video points out an image that appears to show a cave entrance running underneath the Martian surface.
The author of the video says there is evidence of structural wholes within the crater that indicate they were put there by an intelligent form of life.
He says: “The reason why I think these are entrances is because you can almost see the dark areas there that could have been areas where these beings walk from one entrance to the other.”
The Martian crater is estimated as being 77 meters wide, with an entrance within the crater being 30 meters.
Many viewers of the new discovery are convinced this helps prove there are aliens on Mars.
Currently NASA deny any claims of alien life existing on the scorching planet. Their Mars Rover has not detected any signs of extraterrestrial life – intelligent or microbial.
So, could this image actually show the entrance to an underground alien civilization, or is it just optical illusions and a poor image quality as skeptics would have you believe?
Please feel free to leave your own thoughts and opinions in a comment below.
Recent proof of aliens on Mars
An ‘alien face’ on Mars that NASA has called the Chryse Alien is reigniting the theory that the US space agency know about the existence of extraterrestrial life.
NASA has insisted that the abnormal image they release was caused by a meteorite impact and erosion over the years, and does not indicate life on the barren planet of Mars.
However, alien conspiracy theorists are not convinced by this simple explanation and are adamant that this is another hint of a Martian extraterrestrial being living on our neighboring planet.
Scott C Waring, a top researcher in UFO and alien phenomenons, insists that this could in fact be a rock caving by the Martian race. He says this would mirror the same habits of ancient human civilizations in which they would create and carve human like faces in hillsides and rocks.
NASA actually released this image 13 years ago in 2005, but it seems to have gone under the radar for a large portion of its existence.
The NASA photograph of the Chryse Alien was released on the 26th Jan, 2003.
Mr Warning says on his blog: “This crater on Mars is called the ‘Chryse Alien’. Yeah, you heard me right. NASA named it after an alien!”
He goes onto say that the ‘alien face carving’ is 350 meters by 400 meters, and is convinced that more precise measurements prove this could not have occurred with natural events, as explained by NASA.
The UFO researcher goes on to say that the ‘eyes’ of the Chryse Alien are 250 meters long and are perfect matched in size and width.
Mr Warning is not alone in believing that an alien race once lived, or still live, on the red planet, and that NASA and other leading governing bodies of the world knowingly cover up their existence.


In Montgomery County, Maryland, it is now estimated that the deer population is hovering near 100 head per acre. It’s enough to make decent gardeners tear up their landscaping in despair and put down gravel and plastic flowers.
Not that it will work. A friend of mine in Germantown moved his deciduous hollies to the fenced back garden and in their place ‘planted’ berry sprays of Made in China. The deer were not deterred and ate them right down to the wire. They spat out the berries however, preferring brown plastic stem wrapping to hardened pellets of Red Dye No. 3.
Another friend planted a front garden on a busy suburban crossroads with plants known to be toxic and deerproof and ended up with a front garden filled with nubs, stalks and heavily pruned shrubs. They don’t make anti-depressants strong enough to cure him at this point.
Obviously there’s a problem with this picture. With less habitat available for predators, and less hunters out there, the deer population has reached epic proportions – bad for them and very bad for us.
A deer that eats a piece of plastic might be an amusing anecdote when sharing gardening war stories, but that is one desperate animal we’re talking about – an animal in tight competition for resources. A heavy deer population means a heavier deer tick population, and that means that the next time you take a quiet walk in the footsteps of Thoreau, you may come back sporting a life-changing illness – Lyme Disease. When Nature swings out of balance, she really swings.
A number of solutions to the problem have been suggested. The word “cull” comes quickly to this girl’s mind; and indeed, controlled culling is still practiced where housing density permits it. Birth control pellets have also been used, but oddly, this can often result in more twin and triplet births. One step forward, two steps back.
But my favorite solution (insofar as it illustrates how far we have come from any type of commonsense connection to food, the Earth and our money) is one recently adopted by Fairfax County: the surgical sterilization of does. Cost: $1000 a head. Privately funded or no, the snarkier part of me can’t help but take this ‘solution’ back in time 400 years:
Settler: Captain Smith – the deer have decimated the spring crops this year and all the fall seedlings have been eaten! What are we to do?!
Smith: “Quick! Let’s knock the deer out and remove their ovaries – that’ll stop them.
Settler: “I don’t understand. Do you mean, kill the deer and eat them?”
Smith: No, I mean knock them out and remove their ovaries. Where’s my scalpel?”
Settler: Geez….is this what happened to Roanoke?
If you can safely immobilize a deer for surgery, you can safely immobilize it for the hereafter. Just sayin’.
In our new home, age-old deer paths run through our property like highways – complete with rest stops near the peach trees, asparagus and hosta beds. Thus, all planting so far is within spitting distance of the house and the dogs are nightly encouraged to access their inner wolf.
Putting in a garden when one knows that deer browsing will not only be an issue, but a huge issue, is quite a production. One cannot simply look at the landscape and think “such-and-such would look fantastic there” without immediately thinking, “Can I protect it?” When shrubs meant to beautify are covered in browse-proof concertina wire; and the vegetable garden can only be accessed through an eight-foot chain-link gate, gardening does tend to lose a bit of its romance.
Without money to build a massive yet tasteful fence, our first step in dealing with the potential problem has been to fill the freezer and encourage our friends to buy hunting licenses. So far it seems to have worked admirably. Two four-foot deer candies that I planted in the field last fall (aka Thuja occidentalis) show no signs of damage to their tender bronze-green foliage. That’s pretty impressive when all else is either grey, brown or white.
Either the smell of death hangs heavy in the air ’round here, or all the does have migrated to Fairfax County where they know they can get free birth control.


E3.1 General introduction 42 E3.2 Specific health, safety and environmental requirements 42 produced at an elevated temperature in an asphalt plant. Asphalt layers are designed to contribute to the structural capacity of the pavement, and / or improve functionality (e.g. riding surface texture, evenness) and
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An asphalt plant is a plant used for the manufacture of asphalt, macadam and other forms of coated roadstone, sometimes collectively known as blacktop or asphalt concrete . Asphalt plants for road construction. Asphalt plant in Belgium. The manufacture of coated roadstone demands the combination of a number of aggregates, sand and a filler (such as stone dust), in the correct proportions, heated, …
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London Asphalt Specification Revision September 2009. London Centre of Excellence London Technical Advisors Group Transport for London LONDONWIDE ASPHALT SPECIFICATION Guidance on the selection and recommendations for the use of road surfacing materials September 2009 u0001 Please consider the environment and do not print this document unless
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This declares a pure virtual function, as opposed to a regular virtual function. Pure virtual functions are declared in base classes. Their effect is that every child class is required to implement this function. It can choose the implementation, but it has to be defined. This gives you a way to define a contract between a base and a child class, saying "you can only derive from me if you implement this function".


In this week's BeagleCast, my blog post about getting a kernel running on my BeagleBoard-xM with CLFS got a mention. That's cool! But there seemed to be some confusion around what CLFS really is. Let me try to explain, in my own words:
CLFS stands for Cross Linux From Scratch, it's an offshoot of the LFS (Linux From Scratch) project. The goal of both LFS and CLFS is to provide instruction on how to build a Linux system, step by step, from source. In both projects, first a toolchain is built and then a bootable GNU/Linux operating system is built using that toolchain. CLFS differs from LFS in that CLFS builds a GNU/Linux system for an architecture different than the one doing the building. For example, if I have an x86 based computer on my desk that I want to use to build GNU/Linux for a PowerPC system I just bought off eBay, I'd use CLFS rather than LFS.
The methods described by CLFS are very similar to the methods used by OpenEmbedded or Buildroot, but each step is described and there's very little automation. You literally manually build, step by step from upstream source, a toolchain and then a functioning GNU/Linux system. Throughout the books there is information on all the different choices you are required to make. For example: if targeting an ARM processor, when building GCC, you have to choose which ARM version to target, like "armv7-a" for Cortex-A8.
The CLFS project has three different books: Standard, Embedded, and Sysroot. The Standard book is the most developed book and mostly targets people who want to build a cross-compiled system for a desktop computer system. The Embedded book (the one I work on) builds a minimal GNU/Linux system using uClibc targeted at embedded devices where resources may be constrained. The Sysroot book uses a different technique to accomplish similar goals as the Standard book. Both the Standard and Embedded books are under active development, Sysroot hasn't been updated in a while.
Where OpenEmbedded and Buildroot hide a lot of the complexity of building a cross compiled version of GNU/Linux, CLFS hides almost nothing. Think of CLFS as more of a learning experience rather than a quick way to build a cross system. A big advantage of CLFS over an automated system is that errors are usually easy to identify, since everything's done manually you stay at the terminal and you'll probably watch the configure scripts and compiler output. If something doesn't look right, you will have a much better idea of where the problem is, if not what the problem is.
If you'd like to help with the CLFS project, or if you just have questions, come join the IRC channel (#cross-lfs) on Freenode and / or sign up for the clfs-support mailing list.
PS: On Freenode (both in #cross-lfs and #beagle), I'm user "bradfa".


There’s no greater time to teach the children about interdependence and the environment than during Earth Day. This is the day that we celebrate the living Earth that allows us to breathe. Without the trees, plants, water and soil, we wouldn’t be able to live.
It’s important to teach our future generations the importance of the Earth and this fun paper mache project will do just that. This activity is wonderful for large groups and team building. Give the children a chance to better understand what it means to help one another and appreciate each other’s work through Earth Day activities.
If you don’t have time to make the globe, you can use this ready made inflatable globe.
The downloadable document contains the list of materials you need, illustrated instructions and a sample picture.
This is a free document.


Who would ever guess that in 2011, one of the most popular television shows in the world is about fishing for crabs in “the vast Bering Sea.” Deadliest Catch premiered on the Discovery Channel on April 12, 2005 and currently airs in over 150 countries. If you don’t know, the show portrays the real life events aboard fishing vessels in the Bering Sea during the fall Alaskan king crab and the winter Opilio crab fishing seasons. With so much interest in the show and so much concern about climate change in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, it was just a matter of time before we explored the world of crabs and climate change.
Our interest in this subject actually came about given a recent article in the Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. The article was produced by three scientists from Oregon; Stoner et al. acknowledge that “This study was conducted as part of the AKCRRAB Program (Alaska King Crab Research, Rehabilitation, and Biology) funded by the NOAA Aquaculture Program and the Alaska Sea Grant College Program.” They note in their introduction that “Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) (RKC) was the most economically valuable crustacean fishery in Alaska from the late 1960s, until the population collapse in the early 1980s. Both over-harvest and unfavorable environmental conditions probably contributed to low fishery recruitment. Various fishing closures have been imposed in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea for more than two decades, but the stocks have not recovered substantially.”
Regarding any link to climate change, Stoner et al. state “Temperature is a dominant environmental factor that mediates the behavior, physiology, growth, survival, distribution, and recruitment of ectothermic animals living in temperate and high latitudes. Consequently, climate-driven changes in ocean conditions can cause significant fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of marine populations. In the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, oceanographic regimes linked to climate conditions occur on a multi-decadal scale, and these climate cycles have been linked to major temporal shifts in the composition of marine fish and invertebrate communities. Longer-term trends in sea surface warming and loss of sea ice have already been observed in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, and the potential impacts on economically important species are large.”


Earthquakes occurring both within Otago and beyond its boundary can affect people and property within the region.
The risk of damage from earthquakes, depends on the magnitude, frequency, and nature of the earthquake; its distance from the subject area; and the susceptibility of the underlying ground to seismic shaking.
Seismic activity can generate direct and indirect effects including ground shaking, surface rupture, liquefaction/settlement of soils, landslides, and the lateral spread of sediments towards water bodies. It can also generate tsunamis.
Visit the Otago Civil Defence and Emergency Management website for information on what you should do to be prepared for an earthquake.
The Otago Natural Hazards Database provides information about:
- Ground class (the nature of the sediment underlying a site). The ground class map classifies the Otago region into one of five geological categories – strong rock, rock, shallow soil, deep or soft soil, and very soft soil, based on the underlying geology.
- The susceptibility of the land to liquefaction.
- The likelihood and intensity of ground shaking associated with credible earthquake scenarios.
- The location of known active faults.
The information identified in the first three items above is derived from a ‘regional scale’ report completed by Opus in 2005 (Seismic Risk in the Otago Region).
The liquefaction potential of land was also investigated in the Opus report. Areas were classified and mapped into three liquefaction susceptibility categories: ‘not susceptible’, ‘low susceptibility’ or ‘possibly susceptible’. An updated assessment of liquefaction hazard for the Dunedin District was completed in 2014, which uses a slightly different classification system. The assessment for the Dunedin District draws upon methods developed for liquefaction hazard evaluation in Canterbury following the 2010-11 earthquakes.
Additional information about the susceptibility of land to liquefaction will continue to be incorporated into the database, as it becomes available. This includes local scale, or site specific investigations. The location of known active faults is based on information supplied by GNS Science.
Terms associated with earthquake hazard:
Surface fault rupture is a seismic hazard most commonly restricted to the location where a fault meets the land surface. The land surface may displace sideways (move horizontally) and/or one side of the land surface may rise (move vertically) depending on the type of failure. While there is potential for surface rupture to occur along any of the active faults within the region, the risk that populated communities would be directly affected is low, with most of the known active faults located outside urban areas (except for the Cardrona Fault, which runs close to Wanaka and Albert Town). Surface fault rupture can cause extensive damage to structures and features located across them, such as transport networks and utilities, dwellings, floodbanks, and drainage channels.
Ground shaking, or the movement of seismic waves through the earth’s surface, is the most recognised seismic hazard, due to the propensity for people to feel it. The intensity of ground shaking felt at any location during an earthquake depends on many factors, such as the underlying soils, distance to the earthquake focus and the magnitude of the event. The impact on people and the environment, both built and natural, is greater with stronger shaking intensities.
Liquefaction and settlement of soils. Liquefaction occurs when saturated fine grained sediments (such as sand and silt) are subjected to high intensity shaking and lose their ability to stay cohesive. As sediments are shaken, they act like a fluid or shaken jelly, causing deformation, settlement, and sometimes lateral spread towards rivers or lakes. Areas with unconsolidated sediments, soils, and high groundwater tables have a high risk exposure to liquefaction and settlement of soils. Locations close to active faults have a higher risk exposure to liquefaction due to more intense ground shaking.
Lateral spreading refers to the spread of sediments, often towards bodies of water such as a lake, as a result of seismically-induced shaking.
Earthquake-induced landslides. A large earthquake with sufficient ground shaking could trigger the movement of existing landslides, or generate areas of new movement on slopes with an existing marginal stability.
Earthquake-induced tsunami. The most likely source of tsunami events which may affect Otago’s eastern coastline are large earthquakes (magnitude > 8), which cause a vertical displacement of the seabed along a fault line. A smaller seismic event on a local offshore fault could also produce tsunami events along sections of Otago’s coast. Additional information about tsunami hazard is provided elsewhere.
Learn about the Alpine Fault from Professor Tim Davies Read more


The basic idea is as follows. We know that monetary exchange is not necessary, even in economies where mutually beneficial bilateral barter exchanges do not exist (what economists clumsily call a lack of double coincidence of wants). This is not simply a theoretical statement; we know of (and indeed most of us belong to) small economies (networks of families and friends) that operate according to "gift giving" principles. We are willing to make individual sacrifices without monetary compensation, hoping that they will be noticed, remembered, and most importantly, reciprocated at some point in the future.
Gift-giving societies seem to work well enough in small groups. This is probably because it is relatively easy to keep track of (remember) individual contributions and rewards in small groups. This "societal memory" seems to break down in large groups. Evidently, there are limitations to how much information can be recorded securely in the collective minds of people who make up society. When this is the case, some substitute form of memory could be useful. This is where money comes in.
Imagine that there is an object that is durable, divisible, portable, hard to counterfeit, and in limited supply. A lot of commodities fit this description, including gold, silver, and salt (think of what "salary" means). Historically, privately-issued paper in the form of asset-backed securities (like the banknotes of antebellum America) have also fit this description. In larger economies, objects like these begin to circulate as a means of payment. They become money.
Let me explain the basic idea. In the past, I may have made a contribution to society for "free." Well, not exactly for free; but because I knew that my contribution would be noticed and reciprocated. But as my community grows, it becomes increasingly difficult for people to keep track of each other's contributions. Well, if that's the case, then it might make sense to record my gift in some other manner. Accepting a monetary object is one way to do this. The money in my possession constitutes information about my past contributions to society. In the language of Narayana Kocherlakota (currently president of the Minneapolis Fed), money is memory.
Because commodities (including the physical capital that may back paper money) have uses in consumption and production, an implication of this is that society must bear a cost if such goods are tied up in facilitating exchanges. Their value in exchange generally means that they are priced above their "fundamental" value; that is, they possess a "liquidity premium." (This is related to what Caballero calls an asset shortage.)
Now, here is where fiat money potentially plays a role. According to the theory described above, the role of money is to encode a particular type of information (relating to individual trading histories). But information like a credit history is intrinsically useless (one cannot eat someone's credit history, for example). So rather than tying up intrinsically useful commodities to record intrinsically useless information, why not delegate the job to an intrinsically useless asset instead? Like the U.S. paper dollar, for example. (Electronic book-entry objects can work as well.)
According to this view, the market value of fiat money consists exclusively of a liquidity premium. The asset has no intrinsic value, and yet it has a positive price. Fiat money is a "bubble" asset -- but this is a bubble that plays a useful social role (it economizes on commodities that have uses other than record-keeping).
Prior to Ostroy's work, the answer to the question of how fiat money can possess exchange value was that its value is somehow supported by government decree (the original meaning of the word "fiat"). In particular, the government could introduce paper and insist that taxes be paid in government paper.
A recent paper by William Luther and Lawrence White (Positively Valued Fiat Money after the Sovereign Disappears: The Case of Somalia) casts some doubt on the strength of the mechanism highlighted by this older view.
Evidently, it is the case that the Somali shilling continues to circulate in that country long after the government that issued that paper collapsed in 1991. Here is a quote from the paper:
One of the most astounding phenomena of the domestic market is the continued circulation of the old Somali bank notes. The Somali currency has had no central bank to back it up since the bank was destroyed and looted in 1991. Nonetheless,the currency has maintained value, and has floated against other foreign currencies that are traded freely in local markets.One reason the shilling continues to maintain its value is no doubt related to the fact that it's supply can be trusted to remain relatively constant over time. In fact, it's supply may be contracting over time as notes wear out (I have heard stories of where old notes are laminated to make them more durable, but am unable to confirm this.) On the other hand, there is some evidence of counterfeiting; e.g.,
Perhaps the most convincing evidence that the Somali shilling held a positive value in the absence of sovereign support, however, is that individuals found it profitable to counterfeit these notes. Mohammed Farah Aideed ordered roughly 165 billion Somali shillings in 1996 from the British American Banknote Company based in Ottawa, Canada. Another 60 billion Somali shillings were imported by Mogadishu businessmen in 2001. In total, an estimated 481 billion in unofficial Somali shilling notes have been printed since 1991.This counterfeiting phenomenon, however, does not appear to be excessive; and, indeed, it probably plays some positive role in keeping the supply of shillings relatively stable.


The Port of Emden lies near the North Sea coast of East Frisia near the Ems River estuary in northwestern Germany. In spite of serious damage to the city in World War II, the port facilities were undamaged, and it became one of the busiest ports in Germany. Important industries include shipping and shipbuilding, auto assembly, and construction product manufacturing. In 2003, the population of the Port of Emden was over 51 thousand.
People have lived in the area of the Port of Emden since the 8th Century. It has been known over the years as Amuthon, Embda, also Emda. The Port of Emden was granted city rights and a coat of arms in 1495 by Emperor Maximilian I.
During the 1600s, the Port of Emden was a rich city, primarily due to the many immigrants from the Netherlands when it was a center for reformed Protestantism. During the Napoleonic era, it was part of the Kingdom of Holland.
Industrialization began in the Port of Emden about 1870 when a paper mill and a shipyard were built. At the end of that century, the Dortmund-Ems Canal was built, connecting Emden and the Ruhr area and making Emden the region’s major seaport (until the 1970s). With coal shipped from the south, the Port of Emden shipped iron ore over the Canal to Rhine and Ruhr. The Port of Emden saw its last iron ore freighter in 1986.
The North Sea Works, a huge shipyard that still exists, was established there in 1903. Most of the city was destroyed during bombing raids during World War II. On September 6, 1944, about 80% of all the houses in the city center were destroyed. All that survived the bombing was the remains of 1616 ramparts and a 1648 Gothic Church. However, the shipyard went untouched because the British were targeting civilian districts. On the 18th anniversary of the bombing, the reconstructed town was re-opened.
Today, the Port of Emden’s main industries are production of automobiles and shipbuilding. The VW Passat is built at a big Volkswagen factory that employs about ten thousand people. Emden is one of Europe’s three major ports for the shipment of automobiles, and over 850 thousand cars moved through the port in 2005.
The Nordseewerke shipyard specializes in building conventional submarines and employs about 1400 workers. It also produces many types of cargo ships and specialized ships like ice-breakers and dredgers.
Tourism is another important part of the Port of Emden’s economy. Tourists stop there for day trips as they visit other areas on the coast of the North Sea.


Last lesson I was talking a lot about Kimono, so today I will start to show you more about obi and their ranks, too. This will be easier than Kimono, don’t worry. 😉
I guess you all know, but just in case: the obi (帯) would be translated with belt and you tie it over the Kimono. The obi keeps the Kimono together, thus it won’t slip. To tie an obi you mostly need two things which are called obiage (帯揚げ) and obishime (帯締め).
Depending on the color of obi, obiage, and obishime the appearance of the Kimono can change completely. 😉
Roughly, there are four types of obi and they all have a rank.
① The lowest rank is the so called hanhaba obi (半幅帯), which characteristic is that it is half-wide than the other obi.
Normally, you tie it over a yukata, but you also my tie it over a komon, an edo komon (without kamon), or iromuji (without kamon). Because hanhaba obi are casual, they are not tied over a tsukesage, homongi or other formal Kimono.
② The middle-ranked nagoya obi (名古屋帯) can be tied more differently. From yukata until homongi would be fine. The characteristic of a nagoya obi can be found in his form, as it is already folded except of the part, which will become the taiko (太鼓).
There are two types of nagoya obi: one has some kind of a lining inside and one without lining. The ones with lining have a higher rank than those without. Even the pattern can be different. Very popular one is the so-called point gara (ポイントがら) which is a pattern placed in the middle of the front and in the middle of the taiko part.
③ A very formal type of obi is the so called fukuro obi. They are not folded and longer than nagoya obi. You coordinate them to formal Kimono, that means edo komon with kamon and higher. As fukuro obi are long (up to 4.5 meters), you can’t tie a normal taiko. The most common tying would be a nijutaiko (二重太鼓), there also can be tied big ribbons (chohmusubi 蝶結び) and other specific tying which are called kawari musubi (変わり結び).
On the left picture you can see pretty well that on part of the obi is without pattern and just black. This is the difference to the next type of obi.
④ The last type and highest rank is the maru obi (丸帯). It is the most formal obi. The usage doesn’t really change to fukuro obi, except that maru obi have pattern on the inside and outside without interruption. Today they are mostly tied to wedding Kimono, because they are expensive. Another consequence of their high price is that nowadays they are not bought that often. Most maru obi you see online are antique.
So far with the basic terminology. Later we will learn more about Kimono and their ranks as well as their coordination which can rank a Kimono up or down.
Last week I was too busy with work, so I couldn’t take any pictures of my own obi or obi musubi. But hopefully I can add at least some obi musubi pictures next week.
P.S.: If you liked the obi examples, you should take a look here Shinei !! 😉
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The guardhouse was where visitors to the airfield would sign in and out as well as other important administrative tasks. The building was also where prisoners were often temporarily held, and cells or a detention room were usually included within the structure.
Motor Transport Shed
The Motor Transport section was responsible for the garaging, maintenance and repair of all the vehicles on the airfield. The buildings used for this purpose are therefore an important part of the technical site. There are various designs over time and according to the type of airfield. The largest Second World War design included sixteen bays and was 200ft by 28ft but the most common type was a four-bay shed.
First World War Home Defence airfields were equipped with offices that were used as a Squadron Headquarters, near the entrance to the airfield. The building was divided into three offices, for clerks, officers and the station commander. The standard Royal Flying Corps office was 15ft wide and 45ft long. As with other buildings, new designs and alterations came into use, the 1930s saw a protected roof design being the most common at bomber stations. This consisted of a two-storey central structure, with annexes added as needed, for a meteorological office for example.
The Station Headquarters building at West Raynham, 30 October 2014.
The 1920s design for the standard operations room for stations was a brick building, similar to a bungalow. At fighter stations they were protected by 6ft of earthworks. The structure included the operations room, signals office, wireless room, battery room, PBX, store and W/T (Wireless Telegraphy) Workshop. Other rooms were added in later examples, with the 1930s design adding significant roof protection as well as a 9ft high wall with an angled bank to deflect bomb blasts.
The Operations Block at Yatesbury, 13 December 2014.
First World War workshops were built to a design 110ft by 30ft. The main part was used as an engine repair shop while a smaller section was used for a blacksmith, coppersmith and welder. In the 1920s the Home Defence design was a U-shaped building for three squadrons. Further designs were developed in the 1930s during the expansion period, including a design with two main wings with gabled ends, with a flat roofed machine shop between the two. Second World War versions used two Nissen huts instead of the wings of the previous design, with a smaller Nissen hut between them.
The Station Workshop at Llandwrog, 18 June 2019.
Main stores buildings were used for the storage of items like clothing as well as technical equipment. These items were unloaded at the receiving bay at the rear of the building. Expansion period designs were of an E-shaped structure, the left-hand wing was generally used for technical store, while the right-hand wing was used for non-technical stores. During the Second World War the main stores buildings consisted of two 16-bay Nissen huts adjacent to each other, connected to two more at the front and rear.
The Main Stores buildings at Tain, 12 September 2018.
The Battle Headquarters is an underground office for the control of airfield defence. If a building couldn’t be adapted a purpose built structure was constructed with walls 13.5 inches thick. It contained a PBX, office, a room for messengers and runners and an observation post. The concrete observation post was usually the only part visible above ground.
The Battle Headquarters at Tilstock, 7 May 2017.
Various types of pillbox were used for airfield defence. The Pickett-Hamilton retractable pillbox was formed of two large concrete pipes, one sliding into the other. Three were installed on the landing area of the airfield. The Allan Williams turret was a dome shape and on a curved rail so as to give a 360° field of fire. The Tett Turret was similar but only 13 inches were above ground and it was constructed from reinforced concrete.
Parachutes became standard equipment in 1927 and with that came the need to store, and importantly dry, the parachutes. The building needed to be able to sustain a dry atmosphere with good ventilation and a temperature between 55°F and 65°F. There also needed to be room to hang the parachutes without the silk touching the floor. The subsequent rectangular design was used, with some alterations over time. A key part of the design was the porch that allowed the outer door to shut before the inner one was opened.
The parachute store at Tholthorpe, 14 October 2012.