The first aircraft to be branded British Aircraft Corporation was the BAC One-Eleven, a short-range jet airliner, which became one of Britain’s best-selling airliners. Originally designed by Hunting Aircraft, the One-Eleven was intended as a replacement for the Vickers Viscount and made its maiden flight on 20 August 1963. The design was highly successful and it saw service well into the 1990s. The One-Eleven could carry up to 119 passengers and was operated by numerous airlines, including British United Airways, British Airways, Braniff Airways and American Airlines.
In 1960 English Electric Aviation Limited, Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft) and Bristol Aeroplane Company were merged to form the British Aircraft Corporation. Bristol, English Electric and Vickers-Armstrongs held 40 per cent, 40 per cent and 20 per cent of the share capital respectively. BAC then acquired 70 per cent of Hunting Aircraft a few months later.
In 1956 Hunting Aircraft had started a series of research studies for a 30-seat jet-powered airliner. Following the company’s merger into BAC the design was taken over and developed into the BAC 107, a 59-seat version powered by two Bristol Siddeley BS75 turbofan engines. Post-merger BAC had also inherited the 140-seat VC-11, a development of the Vickers VC10. The two concepts were merged into the BAC One-Eleven design with two Rolls-Royce Spey engines.
On 9 May 1961 the One-Eleven was publicly launched when British United Airways placed the first order for ten One-Eleven 200s. Orders soon followed from Braniff International Airways in the United States, Canada’s Mohawk Airlines, Kuwait Airways, Central African Airways and Aer Lingus amongst others.
The BAC-One Eleven soon found itself competing with the Douglas DC-9 and the Boeing 737, which had a lower unit cost, could carry more passengers and had more favourable maintenance costs.
The Canadian operator Mohawk Airlines was the first American airline to use the aircraft. The BAC One –Eleven entered service with them on 25 June 1965 and within five years the company had acquired a fleet of twenty aircraft.
The BAC One-Eleven was used extensively by European short-haul operators well into the 1990s, when the remaining aircraft were generally sold off to smaller airlines in Africa and the Far East. British Airways finally retired its last BAC One-Eleven in 1998.
The introduction of the Stage III noise abatement regulations in Europe from March 2003 meant that the aircraft was generally withdrawn from service when operators found it too expensive to develop hush-kits for the noisy and outdated Rolls-Royce Spey engines.
The BAC One-Eleven remained in production for nearly twenty-years, eventually ceasing in the UK in 1982. In the same year production was switched to a Romanian manufacturer under licence and the Rombac 1-11 entered service. Production continued until 1989, with most of the aircraft sold to Eastern European, Chinese and other emerging economy customers. In all 244 aircraft were delivered.
The European Aviation Safety Agency accepted a request from the aircraft manufacturer Airbus in 2010 to revoke the Type Certificate for the BAC One Eleven. As a result of this decision any of the aircraft registered with an operator within any European Union Member State became ineligible for a Normal Certificate of Airworthiness and were therefore forced to disappear once and for all from European skies.
Today a BAC One-Eleven 510, in British Airways livery, can be seen at the Imperial War Museum at Duxford in Cambridgeshire. In addition BAC One-Eleven 475 G-ASYD, which was built in 1965, can be seen at the Brooklands Museum in Surrey. The aircraft was the prototype 400 series and made its maiden flight on 13th July 1965, with pilot Peter Baker at the controls. The aircraft was donated to the museum by British Aerospace Airbus Limited and it made its final flight, its 5,043rd flight, on 14th July 1994, when it touched down at Brooklands.
The book is published by Pen and Sword Books (Aviation) and is currently available in hardback. The ISBN reference number is 9781848846456. Click here to order your copy.
For more information on military conflict in the Pacific in the first half of the twentieth century take a look at The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Imperial Naval Air Service by Peter Edwards.
The book is published by Pen and Sword Books (Aviation) and is currently available in hardback. The ISBN reference number is 9781848843073. Click here to order your copy.


Pennsylvania environmental officials are attempting to track the source of explosive levels of methane in two private water wells in a shale gas field in Dimock, Pennsylvania.
That in itself is not especially newsworthy. The small town in northern Susquehanna County has been the focus of state and national investigations since 2009, when gas linked to nearby drilling by Cabot Oil & Gas seeped into the aquifer and caused a water well to explode. It’s significant, however, that the recent problems emerged in the middle of a 9-square mile area where the DEP banned drilling four years ago due to chronic methane migration problems. It’s also significant that the agency allowed fracking to resume at two nearby gas wells.
| EPA technician collects samples at a Dimock home last year|
Photo James Pitarresi
Last August, Cabot Oil & Gas reached an undisclosed settlement with 32 of 36 Dimock families suing for damages related to pollution of their water wells. Other lawsuits are pending. Due to widely publicized concerns, the federal Environmental Protection Agency began its own investigation last year. After six months of testing, the EPA found elevated levels of arsenic, barium, manganese, or methane, in five of 64 water wells – roughly 8 percent. It concluded that the concentrations could pose health risks, but those risks were mitigated by treatment systems drilling companies had installed or planned for the homes. The federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry is now following up with an evaluation of it’s own.
In recent weeks, investigators, responding to complaints, have found two new cases where methane concentrations in private water wells pose an explosion hazard, said Colleen Connolly, a spokeswoman for the DEP. The contaminated water supplies are near the Costello and Gesford gas wells. Those wells, drilled into the Marcellus Shale, were fracked last fall, Connolly said.
And this makes the story more than another gas-migration case. The industry has disputed claims that fracking – the use of pressurized chemical solution to break rock and release gas in deep formations – poses a threat to water tables above them. In fact, it has denied that it has ever happened. That denial is at the root of a national controversy that has raised the stakes on the outcome of ongoing investigations by the DEP and the EPA in Dimock and elsewhere.
It is known that methane migration can happen naturally in gas rich zones. It is also known that drilling (apart from fracking) can cause or intensify problems by opening pathways through the aquifer into pressurized zones below. The problem is managed by casing the well bore with cement to seal off the aquifer, a method that is effective but not foolproof.
Not do be confused with drilling, fracking is done to stimulate the flow of gas after the well bore has been cemented. It’s functionally and technically a separate process from drilling. The industry’s insistence that fracking cannot create pathways for pollution to reach the aquifer has drawn scrutiny in several controversial cases.
An EPA investigation in 2011 found water wells near fracking operations on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Pavillion, Wyoming were polluted with synthetic chemicals, glycols, alcohols, methane, and petroleum hydrocarbons “consistent with gas production and hydraulic fracturing fluids.” The drilling company implicated in the study, EnCana, has denied responsibility, and the industry is challenging the EPA conclusions.
In a lesser-known case, the Ohio Division of Mineral Resources Management concluded that fracking caused an explosion in Bainbridge in 2007. One house was destroyed and 19 other homes were evacuated due to high methane levels. According to the agency’s investigation, the problem arose when Ohio Valley Energy Systems Corp fracked the well without properly cementing the production casing.
The most recent problem in Dimock surfaced after a water well near a gas well turned turbid in early February, according to the DEP's Connolly. She declined to disclose the location, but residents report that crews have been working at two affected homes near the intersection of Carter Road and State Route 3023, which are also near gas wells that have been fracked.
Cabot Spokesman George Stark was unavailable for comment today. The company has blamed the problem on a frozen pipe used to vent methane gases, Connolly said.
The water wells have been taken off line, and methane concentrations have fluctuated since the problem began, Connolly said. Regulators have not reached conclusions about the cause of the problem, and they are continuing to monitor the work of Cabot, Connolly said. Cabot contracts Crews were at the site last week with a drilling rig used to service and inspect gas wells.
While there is relatively little documentation associating high volume hydraulic fracking to water pollution -- apart from spills and accidents related to handling fracking chemicals and waste above the surface before and after they are injected into the ground -- risks of methane migration from drilling are relatively well known. In September, 2009, the DEP issued a draft report that found methane migration from gas drilling, had “caused or contributed to” at least six explosions that killed four people and injured three others in Pennsylvania alone over the course of the decade preceding full-scale Marcellus development. The threat of explosions had forced 20 families from their homes. At least 25 other families have had to deal with the shut-off of utility service or the installation of venting systems in their homes. At least 60 water wells (including three municipal supplies) had been contaminated.


No one has 360-degree vision. When we are focusing on something, everything else is out of focus, so there will be many important things that are there, right by us, but we don’t see them. That is fine most of the time, but on occasions it can be really problematic if we don’t make ourselves aware of those blind spots. How often have you felt like kicking yourself because, after the event, you have realised that you missed something significant and really wished you hadn’t?
What is boils down to is that perception is an active process. Our senses don’t just simply alert us to what is around us in a direct way, with us passively receiving the sense data. What actually happens is that our senses are constantly filtering out much of what is presented to them. Much will depend on purpose. What is it we are doing? What are we trying to achieve? Answers to those questions and others will shape what is highlighted by our senses and what is filtered out. For example, imagine a painter and decorator entering a room to prepare for carrying out work there. What they notice will be linked to what they need to know in terms of the materials needed, any particular complications or whatever else a painter and decorator needs to know. Now imagine that a health and safety inspector subsequently enters the same room. They are likely to pay no attention at all to how many rolls of wallpaper would be needed or whether the doorframes would need to be sanded down. But what they are likely to notice is that loose electrical socket in the corner that could be highly dangerous or the pile of boxes in the other corner that is so high and so badly stacked that it is only a matter of time before someone brushes against it and gets seriously injured. They went in to the same room, but saw different things and came away with different conclusions, and therefore will no doubt behave differently as a consequence.
What we notice (and don’t notice) therefore depends largely on what we are doing and why we are doing it. But that is not the only factor. Much can also depend on habit and taken-for-granted assumptions. For example, if we are used to trusting someone and have never had cause to question their loyalty to us, we may not notice the way they are exploiting or undermining us. Habit is a powerful force, and generally a very helpful one, but it does have its downside – it can blind us to important issues or potential dangers
So, what is the magic answer? How do we become more tuned in to these blind spots that can stop us moving forward positively at times (because we didn’t spot the opportunities) or put is in danger (because we didn’t spot the hazards)? Of course, there aren’t any magic answers, but there are things we can do. Let’s go back to the two sets of issues we have already looked at. First of all, the purpose of your activity – being clear about what your purpose is can help to keep you focused and that is a good thing, of course. But what you can also do is to think about how a situation might go wrong or how opportunities may be missed. This involves being sensitive to your surroundings – focusing carefully on what is important, but not doing that to the exclusion of all else. For example, a parent focusing on their career to enable their children to have a good standard of living may focus narrowly on work issues and not spend enough time with their children – thereby providing well for them financially, but perhaps not so well emotionally. The challenge, then, is to be holistic: focus narrowly when you need to, but also take a broader look at the situation too.
Second, in terms of habits and assumptions, this is where self-awareness comes in. If you review for yourself what your habits and assumptions are in certain situations, you will find yourself in a stronger position to avoid blind spots – you will be more tuned in to the potential issues to be missed because you allowed yourself to get stuck in tramlines, rather than go where your spirit takes you more creatively.


This clip is taken from the film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. It has Brad Pitt narrating the build-up to the traffic accident that Kate Blanchet's character suffers. During the narration the series of events that finally lead to the accident are described using past continuous and most notably past perfect tenses. At the point where any alternative actions in the series are suggested which would have avoided the accident, the third conditional is used. The key word of any standard conditional being "if". In the third conditional it looks like this: (If something had (not) happened) (this alternative would (not) have happenend). The "if" is quite clearly stated in the clip but there are distractions which may make the whole conditional structure less obvious.
It is an interesting clip to consider in any lesson that deals with past tenses or the third conditional. This clip does not have subtitles but is less than 4 minutes long. Despite this and because of the complexity of language, upper intermediate EFL students may benefit from it more than students at intermediate level or below.
Relevant classroom activities could involve students being given a starting and finishing point in a series with or without any linking actions. They could then be asked to create a similar narration to that which appears in the clip. Check for logic and sentence structure.
Click here to buy the DVD The Curious Case of Benjamin Button starring Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett
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View the clip here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyrMhKsHHd0
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IF GOD WERE NOT BESIDE US NOW – By Martin Luther 1524
From Martin Luther: Hymns, Ballads, Chants, Truth page 17-18:
Luther’s friend Justus Jonas in 1524 wrote an eight-stanza paraphrase of Psalm 124. In contrast to the smooth-flowing style of Jonas, Luther also undertook the paraphrasing of the same psalm, his being shorter, more rugged, and closer to the text of the psalm. After Luther’s version was published in Walter’s Wittenberg hymnal of 1524, both his and Jonas’ paraphrases were included in early Lutheran hymnals. Walter’s tune is the one most associated with this text.
Continue reading “Martin Luther – If God Were Not Beside Us Now”
“A New Song Shall Now Be Begun” – Composed by Martin Luther 1523
From Martin Luther: Hymns, Ballads, Chants, Truth page 8-13:
On July 1, 1523, the infant Reformation saw executed in the Brussels market place Heinrich Voes and Johann Esch, two Belgian Augustinian monks and followers of Luther. Since wandering minstrels and their ballads served as the mass media of the day, Luther wrote this first hymn of the Reformation as a ballad recounting the martyrdom of these witnesses. First appearing in 1523 in broadsheet for, it, along with Luther’s tune, was published in Johann Walter’s 1524 Wittenberg hymnal.
Continue reading “Martin Luther Lyrics – A New Song Shall Now Be Begun”


Personal space is highly variable. Those who live in a densely populated environment tend to have smaller personal space requirements. Thus a resident of India may have a smaller personal space than someone who is home on the Mongolian steppe, both in regard to home and individual.
It can be determined on a habitat level by profession, livelihood, and occupation. Personal space can also be heavily affected by a person's position in society, with the more affluent a person being the larger personal space they demand. See also ethnic stereotype. While it is highly variable and difficult to measure accurately the best estimates for personal physical space place it at about 24.5 inches (60 centimeters) on either side, 27.5 inches (70 centimeters) in front and 15.75 inches (40 centimeters) behind for an average westerner.
In certain circumstances people can accept having their personal space violated. For instance in romantic encounters the stress from allowing closer personal space distances can be reinterpreted into emotional fervour. Another method of dealing with violated personal space, according to psychologist Robert Sommer, is dehumanization. He argues that, for instance on the subway, crowded people imagine those infiltrating their personal space as inanimate.
Attitudes of people regarding someone else entering their personal space may depend on the sex of both people. Some train cars are women-only, to allow women to avoid men entering their personal space, providing privacy, and safety from the possibility of being groped. Changing perceptions about personal space and the fluctuating boundaries of public and private in European culture since the Roman Empire have been explored in A History of Private Life, under the general editorship of Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby, published in English by the Belknap Press.


Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors. Various scales have been developed to describe the extent of vision loss and define blindness.
Total blindness is the complete lack of form and visual light perception and is clinically recorded as NLP, an abbreviation for "no light perception. Blindness is frequently used to describe severe visual impairment with residual vision. Those described as having only light perception have no more sight than the ability to tell light from dark and the general direction of a light source. When someone is partially sighted, they have a less severe loss of vision.
Blindness can cause difficulty with almost every aspect of life, especially everyday tasks such as cooking, dressing, reading and writing, shopping and going for a walk.
Visual problems may also cause huge problems for children at school. However, although baby’s eyes are tested, many schoolchildren don’t have regular sight tests even though some eye conditions set in as the child grows. As a result children may strain to see, read or contribute in class and their progress may be limited by undetected visual problems.
The risk of physical and social isolation is greater for people who are blind or partially sighted as it can be difficult to get out and make new friends. Blindness can also be an expensive condition because of the cost of special equipment.
Causes of blindness
Many different things can damage sight. Accidents and disease are often responsible for blindness, while some people are born blind or partially sighted because of genetic or developmental disorders.
Common causes in adults include age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. While not causing blindness, common visual problems such as short-sightedness, squints or long sight may give a child particular problems at school.
There are a range of support services, charities, and devices that can all help make life easier if your vision is impaired. And just because you have low vision, it does not mean you are no longer able to work.
With the help of assistive technology, training and support, many people who are either partially sighted or blind can continue to work in often very demanding roles. Probably the most well-known example of such a person is the politician David Blunkett.
Some causes of blindness can’t be prevented but there are things that you can do to reduce some of the risks.
If you develop problems with your sight, or symptoms of eye disease such as pain, visual changes or a discharge, then get urgent medical advice.
If you have a condition such as diabetes, glaucoma and cataracts, which are known to damage sight, then it is especially important to look after your eyes. Treatment may help to preserve vision.
Most sight loss in diabetes is preventable but waiting until vision has deteriorated before seeking help may be leaving things too late. Although their vision may seem fine, people with diabetes can unknowingly develop changes in the retina which can cause permanent damage if not treated. People with diabetes are advised to have annual eye tests, which are free for them, as they are for anyone with any kind of disability.
If you wear contact lenses then you should scrupulously follow instructions for their use, including good hygiene in handling the lenses, and seek urgent medical advice if you develop any problems.
Research suggests that the following points will make sure your eyes are healthy and your risk of developing an eye condition is as small as possible.
Everyone should have their eyes examined at least once every two years - even if there is no change in your vision. An eye examination can often pick up the first signs of an eye condition before you notice any changes in your vision. This can lead to you getting vital treatment at the right time, which could save your sight.
Did you know smoking can double the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, the UK's leading cause of sight loss? In fact, the link is as strong as the link between smoking and lung cancer. You definitely should speak to your GP about giving up smoking.
Eating a diet low in saturated fats but rich in green leafy vegetables such as spinach and broccoli may help protect against cataracts and AMD. Oranges, kiwis, nuts & nut oil, seeds and oily fish may also help prevent and slow down some eye conditions. Taking supplements is not a substitute for a healthy diet. It is important to maintain a healthy weight. Obesity can increase the risk of developing diabetes, which in turn could lead to sight loss.
UVA and UVB rays in sunlight can harm your eyes and may increase the risk of cataracts and AMD. In bright sunlight it is important to wear sunglasses, glasses or contact lenses with built in UV filter to protect your eyes. You should only buy sunglasses that have a CE mark or carry British Standard BSEN 1836:1997 otherwise you cannot be sure that they will adequately protect your eyes from the harmful rays of the sun.
DIY causes thousands of elevated injuries each year. Always wear safety goggles to protect your eyes from flying debris and fine particles. Sport (especially racquet-based sports) also causes lots of eye-related injuries each year. Investing in a good pair of protective sports goggles will help prevent serious damage to your eyes.


Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) community patterns in invertebrate hosts from inshore marginal reefs of the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal of Phycology, 2017, 53 (3), pp. 589 - 600
- Issue Date:
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© 2017 Phycological Society of America The broad range in physiological variation displayed by Symbiodinium spp. has proven imperative during periods of environmental change and contribute to the survival of their coral host. Characterizing how host and Symbiodinium community assemblages differ across environmentally distinct habitats provides useful information to predict how corals will respond to major environmental change. Despite the extensive characterizations of Symbiodinium diversity found amongst reef cnidarians on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) substantial biogeographic gaps exist, especially across inshore habitats. Here, we investigate Symbiodinium community patterns in invertebrates from inshore and mid-shelf reefs on the southern GBR, Australia. Dominant Symbiodinium types were characterized using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting and sequencing of the ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA. Twenty one genetically distinct Symbiodinium types including four novel types were identified from 321 reef-invertebrate samples comprising three sub-generic clades (A, C, and D). A range of host genera harbored C22a, which is normally rare or absent from inshore or low latitude reefs in the GBR. Multivariate analysis showed that host identity and sea surface temperature best explained the variation in symbiont communities across sites. Patterns of changes in Symbiodinium community assemblage over small geographic distances (100s of kilometers or less) indicate the likelihood that shifts in Symbiodinium distributions and associated host populations, may occur in response to future climate change impacting the GBR.
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Better Students Ask More Questions.
What is subliminal retention?
1 Answer | add yours
- the brain can process subliminal information unconsciously
- the sudden nature of the exposure breaks away from predictability and makes the cue more salient
- depending on one's personal schema an instant connection can be made with the cue; maybe it appeals to the senses, or to emotions
Subliminal retention is a short term memory process that consists of the exposure of a visual, verbal, or distorted cue, within a specific context or not, just for the sake of piquing the wavelengths of the brain.
The supposition is that, when the brain is consistently predicting a pattern, the application of a very sudden and brief break from the pattern elicits an impulse in the wavelength of stimulus which creates imagery that moves immediately to short memory. As a result, when someone is asked whether they saw "something different" to what they are used to seeing, the first recalled fact will be the distorted, visual, or verbal cue that was applied.
A controversial study by James Vickary (controversial, because of allegations that it was flawed as far as controlled conditions, data analysis and established correlations) claimed that marketing works best when an intended product flashes out of nowhere and then disappears. The subliminal nature of the introduction of the product causes, according to theory, that the brain will retain that one piece of information due to the fact that
Therefore, memory solidifies as a result of the combination of execution (how fast, appealing, and suddenly the cue is presented), unconscious neurological processes, and the appeal to the senses that it evokes.
Posted by herappleness on July 21, 2013 at 8:26 PM (Answer #1)
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IN People ON 14 May, 2015
North Sentinel Island is one of the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal and most of it is forested. It is a small island surrounded by coral reefs. People living in this area are known as Sentinelese. Their population is estimated to be between 50 and 400 individuals. They reject any contact with other people and if anybody tries to contact them, they are ready with their weapons. The Sentinelese are very protective of their own territory. But due to their hostile nature towards strangers, they have been saved from extinction for centuries. They are hunters and they also collect wild plants and go for fishing. They also happen to make tools and weapons from metal, which they recover from ships wrecked on the island’s reefs. There is no evidence of agricultural practice, however.
During 2004, the catastrophic tsunami had occurred and the Andaman Islands were being slashed by the terrific waves. So, the existence of the Sentinelese remained unknown. They were living just in the path of the waves and it was predicted that they could not have possibly survived it. But it was discovered that they had shifted someplace else before the tsunami came. This discovery was made when a helicopter flew low over the island and a Sentinelese man aimed his weapon and did not allow it to land.
They are thought to be directly descended from the first human populations to emerge from Africa and have probably lived in the Andaman Islands for up to 55,000 years. Due to their language, it is predicted that they haven't been in contact with other people for thousands of years. They are also known to be backward due to their habit of being isolated.
During 1990s, the Indian Government carried out a contact expedition. They sent boats where coconuts and gifts were being offered to the Sentinelese. In 1991, they began to accept the gifts directly. A few weeks later, a Pandit visited the islands and stayed there for a few days but towards the end of the visit, he was in the water with a group of Sentinelese when the dinghy drifted slightly away from him. And then one of the tribesmen pulled out a knife and pointed it threateningly at Pandit, obviously thinking that Pandit intended to stay on the island while his companions sailed off. The boat quickly returned, however, and Pandit left. After this incident, it was decided that the Sentinelese stay on their own and must be left alone.
Look at some pictures from the island.
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NASA’s InSight Mars lander has just registered the strongest tremor ever recorded on any other planet.
The Marsquake, which took place on May 4, was registered at a magnitude of 5, slightly beating the previous record of magnitude 4.2 for a quake detected by InSight in August last year. Further study of the natural phenomenon that NASA dubbed a “monster quake” will help scientists pinpoint its exact location and the nature of its source. The hope is that it could also provide more information about the interior of the red planet.
NASA reported the powerful Marsquake on Monday, May 10th on the InSight Twitter account.
“I felt that!” said the tweet. “After more than three years of listening to the soft rumble of Mars, I’ve just felt my biggest ‘Marsquake’ yet: it looks like it’s around magnitude 5. My team is examining the data to learn more . Science rewards patience!”
Felt that a‼
After more than three years of listening to the soft rumble of Mars, I’ve just felt what is by far my biggest “Marsquake” yet: it looks like it’s about magnitude 5. My team is examining the data to learn more. Science rewards patience!
— NASA InSight (@NASAInSight) May 9, 2022
Mars doesn’t have the kind of tectonic plates whose sudden movements cause tremors on Earth. Instead, marquakes are caused by volcanic activity. Scientists are keen to study Mars’ seismic activity as the data may help better understand the red planet’s mantle and core.
In more than three years of monitoring Mars, InSight has detected more than 1,313 tremors. Its highly sensitive seismometer works under a dome designed to block the noise of the wind and protect it from the cold nights.
Bruce Banerdt, InSight’s lead investigator at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, commented on last week’s significant Marsquake: called: “Since we set down our seismometer in December 2018, we have been waiting for ‘the big one’. This quake is sure to provide an unparalleled glimpse of the planet. Scientists will analyze this data to learn new things about Mars in the years to come.”
NASA also reported that InSight is currently having issues with Martian dust covering its solar panels, resulting in reduced efficiency. InSight can attempt to remove dust by using its robotic arm to drizzle sand over the slabs. Windy conditions can also drive it away, but the lander must be lucky to experience such a weather event. Dust is also causing problems for NASA’s Ingenuity helicopter, which last year became the first plane to perform powered, controlled flight on another planet.
NASA’s Psyche spacecraft is almost ready for launch to a strange metal asteroid
NASA’s single-plane observatory, SOFIA, will no longer fly
Perseverance Rover begins exploring the ancient river delta on Mars
Watch NASA drop a capsule from 1,200 feet to test the Mars Sample Return System
NASA’s Mars drone takes cool shots of the rover’s landing gear
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When we think about Parashat Noah, we tend to think about the title character. We are interested in understanding why Noah was chosen, we want to know more about his experience building the ark, living in the ark, and emerging from it. However, part of the beauty of Noah’s story is that it is not only about him, it is also about all of the animals he brought with him onto the ark, two by two, seven and seven, the impure and the pure, who were saved and tended to by him during the flood. One animal in particular, the raven, is highlighted by Rabbinic literature as having a unique experience in the ark and having a different kind of interaction with Noah. Focusing on the raven’s story highlights a different dimension of what life was like during the flood and draws our attention to the tension between being sensitive to loss and the responsibility to move on from it.


Given an input string, write a function that returns the Run Length Encoded string for the input string.
For example, if the input string is ‘wwwwaaadexxxxxx’, then the function should return ‘w4a3d1e1x6’.
Input : str = 'wwwwaaadexxxxxx' Output : 'w4a3d1e1x6'
This problem has existing solution please refer Run Length Encoding link. Here we will solve this problem quickly in python using OrderedDict. Approach is very simple, first we create a ordered dictionary which contains characters of input string as key and 0 as their default value, now we run a loop to count frequency of each character and will map it to it’s corresponding key.
This article is contributed by Shashank Mishra (Gullu). If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to email@example.com. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
- Run Length Encoding
- Program to implement Run Length Encoding using Linked Lists
- ML | One Hot Encoding of datasets in Python
- Python | Character Encoding
- ML | Label Encoding of datasets in Python
- Python | Encoding Decoding using Matrix
- Python | C Strings of Doubtful Encoding | Set-1
- Python | C Strings of Doubtful Encoding | Set-2
- Encoding a word into Pig Latin
- Python string length | len()
- Get length of dictionary in Python
- Python - Extract K length substrings
- Python | K length Padding in List
- Python | Find whether all tuple have same length
- Python | Strings length summation


Taking Your Course Online, Part 3 of 6
Select Material Delivery Methods
Determine which materials should be delivered in the face-to-face component of your course (if your course has one) and which items can be delivered online. Avoid delivering materials that will distract the student from the course objective. Do not add irrelevant information to “fill-up” the course site.
Prepare the materials for electronic delivery. This may include scanning graphics, creating files in a word processor, developing web pages, or creating slides in presentation software. If necessary, consult the Blackboard Administrator, or the Instructional Designer.
You may find the following guidelines useful.
- In the place of a written lecture, several instructional articles that distill the major concepts addressed in the lecture could be utilized.
- Instructional units should be short and concise documents conveying relevant, critical information to support concepts, procedures, and/or performance-based skills. The instructional unit should be written specifically to communicate the content-knowledge necessary for improved, more advanced performance.
- Ensure that each instructional article supports the learning objectives/goals of the course.
- Get the learner’s attention immediately by clearly making the topic relevant to something important within the learner’s frame of reference (e.g. job, studies, professional development)
- Integrate questions or other interactive activities – such as exercises, problem-solving situations, and/or short simulations – into the body of the module
- Always limit the module to one or two main ideas or concepts
- Use only the most important “need-to-know” supporting details
- When possible, support the module content with audio and/or video clips containing relevant information, such as “how to” instructions or examples that further clarify key learning points.
- A case study may be included within the body of the module, encouraging learners to notice connections between the module’s text and the example as they learn a particular fact or concept. Alternatively, the course could be set up with a single case study that includes links to all the pertinent instructional units and student exercises. Learners would then use instructional units as needed to help develop solutions to the problems presented in the case study.
- Simulations also may incorporate links to instructional units to be used as resources or prior research.
- Self-evaluation typically tends to be quiz questions in multiple-choice or true/false format. You can increase motivation and learner interaction by using drag-and-drop design to match correct answers with their questions, or construct a game. In a crossword puzzle, for example, the critical cues for the Down and Across words could; be taken from the definitions of key terms within the course.


We’ve carried out a huge research work in the Kara sea – since 2012 a number of expeditions were performed both in winter and summer seasons.
In a spring period of 2013–2017 we studied physical and mechanical properties of sea ice in the Kara sea. The main task was to evaluate the sea ice’s main physical (temperature, salinity, density, texture) and mechanical properties. Ice structures of different age gradations were studied with both borehole indenter and sample coring.
Glaciers and icebergs were also studied by different means. First iceberg towing trials in the Kara sea revealed new information on iceberg movement and behavior under tow.
Ice mechanics and physical properties
Ice properties of the Kara sea were comprehensively studied for several years in different zones. For example, we studied 120+ ice stations with 5000+ ice cores, 4000+ local strength measurements. Obtained data shows that for level ice with increase of thickness, its means temperature, salinity and density decrease, but mean values of local strength and strength of ice samples at uniaxial compression increase. Failure zones of different intensity developed after indenter penetration are studied. A range of comparison coefficient for local strength and uniaxial compression strength is updated. A comparison of strength at uniaxial compression of cylindrical ice samples drilled parallel to the ice cover surface with the ice strength in conditions of uniform compression (local strength) was also performed.
Glaciers and icebergs drift
In the Russian Arctic, icebergs are widely spread throughout Barents, Kara and Laptev seas. The distribution of icebergs in the central part of Barents Sea is better described, taking into account a large amount of accumulated data. Icebergs of the Kara and Laptev seas are less studied, whereas there are more calving glaciers. We tried to fill those gaps.
Icebergs may threaten marine structures, vessels and naval operations in a number of Arctic and Antarctic regions. These threats can be eliminated by iceberg towing. This technology is vital for the projects of iceberg towing to water-starved areas of the Earth. Our experiments on extra-long towing show great potential for this concept and bring so hope for realization of these projects.
Due to its geography and harsh environment, this area is remains poorly studied.
Among the factors that have a particularly strong impact on the region, one should highlight low air temperatures, storm winds and waves, intense currents, surges and presence of sea ice for most of the year.
Sea ice characteristics
During field ice studies in 2013-2017, more than 150 ice features were investigated in the Laptev sea. In most cases, a set of methods was used, including determination of the morphometry and internal structure of ice features using water thermal drilling, total station survey of the surface, sonar of the underwater surface of the ice feature, determination of the local ice strength using a borehole jack, taking ice samples to determine the physical (temperature, salinity, density) and strength (compressive and bending strength) properties of ice.
Permafrost in the Laptev sea
A complex multidisciplinary research was carried out from the land fast ice in the Nordvik Bay, Laptev Sea. The main aim was to obtain and summarize data on the geocryological conditions of the south-western part of the Laptev sea, which are necessary to assess the impact of adverse environmental parameters and model further possible permafrost degradation. The permafrost-geological structure and cryogenic processes, along with the presence of surface gas, are decisive geotechnical features of the shallow-water areas of the Arctic shelf.


Johns Hopkins Health - Fever Phobia
Issue No. 2
Fever PhobiaDate: September 24, 2008
A Recent Johns Hopkins Children’s Center study found that most parents have misconceptions about their children’s fevers and end up overtreating mild cases. Usually they reach for ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
But parents should be reminded that not all fevers are dangerous, says study author Michael Crocetti, M.D.
“Fever is a sign of the body’s revved-up defenses fighting infection,” he says, “and fever-reducing medications carry their own risks.” Those risks include accidental overdosing of medications with acetaminophen.
The study noted that “fever phobia” was higher among ethnic groups that believe fevers cause death and brain damage, which is a misconception. Researchers say that brain damage only occurs in fevers higher than 107 degrees, which are quite rare. For more, visit hopkinsbayview.org/pediatrics.


GREEN™ Nitride Etch
Most integrated circuits are passivated with a protective layer of silicon nitride. The most common method of removing silicon nitride is by plasma or reactive ion etching. Plasma etching is relatively expensive and comes with the disadvantages of plasma charging damage and lack of selectivity to etching silicon. GREEN™ is a safe, easy to use solution containing less than 5% of the active ingredient, ammonium fluoride. However, GREEN™, heated to 120°C will remove typical silicon nitride passivation in about 14 minutes. GREEN™ can be reused several times.
The nitride etch rate of GREEN™ increases with temperature from about 90 to 140 degrees Celsius. Etch rate selectivity of nitride to oxide is about 1.5 to 1.0 at 120°C. Selectivity of nitride to oxide decreases with temperature. Aluminum etch rate is insignificant throughout the temperature range.
The best uniformity is achieved if the solution is constantly agitated during etching. If a magnetic stirrer/hot plate is available, a Teflon coated stir bar will to cause sufficient motion in the liquid. A small stir bar (STRBR), 1/2″ x 5/16″, leaves plenty of room in the beaker to hold a small IC sample with locking tweezers.
Stainless steel beakers (SS125, SS250) are recommended for superior temperature distribution and chemical non-reactivity.


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From the time the Constitution was ratified, Americans have disagreed over its meaning and the extent of the powers it gave to different branches and reserved to the states and the people. Since the Constitution took effect, it has been amended several times and, just as importantly, interpretations of the Constitution have changed over time. For this assignment, examine the history of one constitutional issue in depth and explain how, and why, understandings of, and approaches to, the issue have changed over from colonial times through the present.
Develop an argument about how, in your informed opinion, the constitutional issue should be interpreted. Justify your position with reference to the Constitution itself, the history of the issue under consideration, and the stance adopted on the issue by significant constitutional interpretations, past and present. In the paper, you should identify key events and documents related to the event, including momentous historical controversies, major Supreme Court cases, and significant political developments. Conclude the paper by generating an argument for how the issue should be interpreted.
For this assignment, chose from one of the following issues:
Gideon vs. Wainwright
Definitions of citizenship and citizen’s rights
Relationship between state and federal governments
Role of the judiciary
For more Assignments visit


Learning about culture gives you ...
- a competitive edge
- the cognition to be a better mentor
- a knowledge of other people's backgrounds
- a chance to focus on people as individuals
- information in a non-intimidated way
- understanding that even in a group that appears the same there can be differences
- ability to remove obstacles and barriers that block us from our full personal potential
- techniques for gaining insight
- a chance to be an advocate for fresh ideas
- the tools to make your school or workplace an environment of value
- an opportunity for new friendships
- a reason not to quickly judge others
- a purpose of cherishing your own culture
- an awareness that diversity is about differences and similarities
Definition of Culture
Culture is the patterns of learned and shared beliefs and behavior. This is the definition of culture according to Cultural Anthropology: Asking Questions about Humanity by Robert Welsch and Luis Vivanco. However, Anthropologists cannot seem to agree on one definition of culture because of how broad culture is.
Culture is taken for granted. The culture and environment you grow up in is part of you; culture isn’t made up of just the big things like religion, foods, holidays, art, and folklore it’s everything in-between as well.
Culture also consists of humor, manners, marriage, gender roles, money, values/morals, your rights as a person, gestures and non-verbal communication, personal behavior and appearance, ownership, health/ medicine, superstitions, and the ceremonies we conduct.
When Anthropologists talk about culture, there are four levels of culture they discuss.
The process of learning the culture, rules and logic of a society, which begins with birth.
A subdivision in complex, diverse societies that shares some features with the larger society.
- Cultural Universals
These are generally learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity.
- Familial Culture
Culture shared with your family.
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Joseph Christian Freiherr von Zedlitz: “The Phantom Ship”
Excerpt, “Specimens of the Choicest Lyrical Productions of the Most Celebrated German Poets, from Klopstock to the Present Time.” With Biographical and Literary Notes translated in English Verse by Mary Anne Burt. 1856.
The Phantom Ship
O’er billows impetuous grey mists arise,
Each star has withdrawn its ray;
A pennon, ’mid night-winds, tempestuous flies,
On a Ship that darts o’er the spray:
That Vessel is steered by a Phantom’s hand,
Midst hurricane fierce, and storm;
She braveth each tempest—each rocky strand;
In that Ship lives no human form.
Afar, where each billow, in silence, lies,
A lonesome Island is found;
There, a rock, toward the Heavens, doth proudly rise,
That rock circling clouds surround.
There springeth no grass—no tree grows there,
No bird doth her offspring rear,
The eagle alone, as he roves through air,
Surveyeth that region drear.
Around the King’s tomb, on the dreary Isle,
Loud whirlwinds impetuous fly;
Sword, helmet, and sceptre old, awhile,
On the Monarch’s coffin lie.
No mortal there dwells: the world’s rushing wave,
On his wearied ear, sounds not;
No tear of affection bedews the grave
Of the Sleeper on that chill spot.
Moons change in the Heavens—as years glide away,
The Dead, immoveably lies;
Yet, annually, on the Fifth of May,
The Shade doth awaken, and rise!
The Spirit that Night, impatient of rest,
Through terrestrial regions doth stray:
On that Night—of vitality possessed,
’Mid earth he directs his way—
Near that Isle is a Ship, winds swell each sail,
For distant realms is she bound;
A Pennon there hovers amid the gale,
Golden Bees on a snow-white ground.
On board, the lone Monarch repairs, in haste,
With an eagle’s impetuous speed,
No helm guides the Ship o’er the dreary waste,
No pilot that Ship doth lead!
The Shade of the Monarch is there alone,
His eye pierces through mists of night;
How heaveth his breast with a heart-felt moan!
His eye darts consuming light,
The Ship steers on—on towards the well-known strand;
Rejoiced, his arm he extends,
With soul enraptured, he views his land,
O’er his Land his glance he bends.
The King leaves the Ship, and his foot doth rest
On that loved, that sunny shore;
How trembles the earth, as glides o’er her breast,
That Star whose light is veiled o’er!
He seeketh his City—’tis vanished now,
His People he seeketh in vain;
When the sun-beams of Glory circled his brow,
They flocked round him like waves of the main!
He seeketh his Throne—in dust is it hurled—
That Throne which aspired so high;
That Throne from which he surveyed the world,
At his feet, as a footstool lie!
The King seeks his heart’s best treasure—his Child,
Whose Heritage was a throne—
That Birthright was scattered by tempests wild,
Where, now, is the Monarch’s son?
“Where art thou, oh Child! Who, in infancy,
With coronets used to play?
On his breast, as a Parent fondled thee,
Bliss terrestrial passed away!
Oh, my cherished Wife! Oh, my offspring dear!
Extinct is the Sovereign’s race!
On the regal throne doth a menial appear,
And the King has a menial’s place!”


APSA Format Citation Generator
Many students always try to cope with a list of reference by themselves. However, manual work lacks perfection. There will be always minor mistakes and citations which doesn’t correspond to APSA referencing style. Those students who prepare perfect bibliographies are not such wise guys as you might think. Their secret lies in free APSA citation generator. It is an automatic APSA citation machine which will quickly turn the information into a full reference. It takes minutes to write the bibliography according to the requirements. Try it out! It will save much time and nerves. Guys are ready to tear their hair out when a list of reference should be placed on 15 pages. APSA format citation generator does it at a breakneck speed. All you need to do is to copy and paste the ready made bibliography.
APSA in-Text Citation Generator
APSA (American Political Science Association) is one of the most widely used referencing styles. Multiple authors use it to present their scientific researches. The style is quite simple in creating a list of reference accordingly. Moreover, it is piece of cake if you are using APSA in-text citation generator. Here, we are going to teach you how to apply APSA citation maker.
APSA Citation Examples
The best way for you to understand how the machine works is to produce an example. Examine the following situation. You need to create APSA citation from an electronic encyclopedia, Wikipedia, for instance. Firstly, find APSA citation tool and choose encyclopedia entry among the suggested options. Afterwards, insert the URL of your entry and push the button to see what happens next. The entry we have taken to provide you with an example is about the war of White and Red Roses. This is what we have got:
Title of Entry: Wars of the roses
Date Published: 16.02.2017
Name of Encyclopedia: Wikipedia
Publisher: Wikimedia Foundation
Date Accessed/Viewed: 17.02.2017
The APSA in-text citation looks like that: (Wars of the roses, 2017) and the full reference:
Wars of the roses (2017) in Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses (Accessed: 17 February 2017).
This is how your citation should be done if you need to APSA reference an encyclopedia entry. Did you notice any peculiarity about it? The thing is the citation is placed in brackets. All your in-text citations correlate with the full references and can be easily found by the first in-text citation word which is the same in the bibliography.
Beneath, you can find out how to deal with the material of concrete authors. The reader can search for any reference by the scientist’s name in the list which is alphabetically done.
A Guide on How to Cite APSA Format
Let’s take one more example with an author’s name. For instance, you are writing a term paper on a socio-political topic and you need to insert a name of a scholar. You can start in the following way: Conducted research (Brown 2016) on this matter proves… OR In 2016, Brown declared that…. OR Brown (2016, 297) made it clear that….
Now, you need to mention his scientific work in your bibliography. The above-mentioned citation builder is at your service! Apply the same algorithm of actions to get a ready-made reference:
Brown, J. (2016) How to Save People from Revolutions. 2nd edn. New York: Thomson Coorp.
APSA Citation Style
We didn’t want to exhaust you with a boring theoretical material. However, it might clear your vision of APSA citation style. As you have already noticed there are two or three compulsorily elements of an APSA citation. They contain the author’s name, the year of publication and the page number. Your citation is taken in brackets. However, it doesn’t if the author’s name is used as the part of sentence. You have been produced the example for this particular APSA rule above. Mind a type of the source you are dealing with. You have examined the two APSA citation examples in the article. The first source was the encyclopedia entry and the second one was the book. They do look different.
APSA Referencing is Easy
The free APSA citation online machine produces speckles bibliography. Simply use it if you hesitate where to mention a number of edition. It has all answers to referencing questions. Each parenthetical citation will be underpinned with a correctly written reference. That is the way to an excellent grade for your term paper. There are a lot of manuals on APSA topic. We have prevented you from crazy flipping through pages to find a necessary chapter. The presented info is a concise compilation of materials in simple words you will definitely need.


Are you looking for ways to ensure safe medical waste disposal in your healthcare facility? Look no further!
In this blog, we discuss the best practices for medical waste disposal, providing you with tips and guidelines on how to properly manage it. With these insights, you can make sure your facility is correctly disposing of hazardous waste while protecting both your staff and the environment.
Types of Medical Waste
Healthcare facilities generate a wide range of waste materials that must be disposed of carefully to ensure public safety. When it comes to medical garbage, it’s important to recognize that this type of disposal differs from other forms.
There are a variety of different types of medical waste, some of which can be quite dangerous if handled improperly. Therefore, it is crucial to understand what these various types consist of and how they should be managed accordingly.
The following are the main categories of medical waste:
- Sharps include needles, scalpels, and any other devices contaminated with bodily fluid or tissue that can puncture or cut skin. These must be disposed of in special containers designed specifically for sharps disposal
- Pathological wastes include cells/tissues from biopsies or surgeries, as well as cultures and stocks from laboratories. These must be incinerated before disposal in order to prevent their spread.
- Pharmaceutical wastes include unused medication and expired products that contain potentially hazardous chemicals like heavy metals and drugs such as antibiotics
- Chemotherapy is one of the most hazardous forms of medical waste due to its high concentrations often used for treating cancer patients; these need to be treated differently than other types and may require separate collection due to their toxicity
- Infectious wastes contain microorganisms that can cause disease in humans or animals; this type includes soiled items like bandages, blood-soaked gauze, gloves, and masks
- Genotoxic wastes include carcinogens (cancer-causing agents), mutagens (agents that change genetic material), and reproductive toxins (toxins affecting reproduction), all three categories having significant environmental risks if not properly managed during disposal.
To get rid of all this waste, it is essential to dispose of it well. This can easily be done by hiring external companies like https://www.medwastemngmt.com/.
Best Practices for Medical Trash Disposal
Medical waste is any solid or liquid material generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals that may pose a threat to public health.
Healthcare facilities must regularly and effectively dispose of medical garbage. Following established protocols and best practices for medical garbage disposal is essential in order to protect patients, personnel, and the environment. Facilities must ensure that they comply with all applicable regulations when disposing of medical waste.
The following tips can help healthcare facilities establish an effective process for disposing of medical waste:
- Identify all types of medical trash your facility generates ─ Make sure you are aware of which wastes require special handling and which can go into regular garbage bags or recyclable materials.
- Label containers properly ─ Clearly mark hazardous materials with biohazard symbols or other warning labels.
- Segregate it by type ─ Segregate all hazardous solid wastes from non-hazardous garbage as well as from reusable materials. This will help streamline the collection, create a safer work environment, and reduce risks associated with improper disposal practices.
- Minimize the number of containers used for storage ─ To maintain compliance with local regulations on disposal limits, consider using space efficiently when storing medical waste containers in order to reduce the overall number needed.
- Verify technology requirements ─ Research technological options available to safely manage large volumes of hazardous material prior to disposal at an appropriate facility such as a dedicated incineration unit designed specifically for this purpose.
- Train staff ─ Ensure that personnel understands what falls under the “medical” or “hazardous” classification when it comes to disposal; this is often different than what is accepted in regular garbage procedures in a given city or state.
- Establish safe transport requirements ─ Whenever possible use dedicated transportation service providers who have experience handling hazardous materials safely and properly following Department of Transportation standards and other safety requirements associated with transporting healthcare-related wastes over long distances.
All healthcare facilities must ensure that medical waste is placed in containers for transport with appropriate labels. The label should be bright and visible so it can be easily seen, even when the container is full and stacked against other containers for transportation. Labels may include the following information:
- Facility name or address
- Source or generator
- Type or category of waste.
Labels should also be easy to read and understand (ideally using printed text instead of handwritten) and should include a hazardous material symbol, an international biohazard symbol, or a puncture/leak-resistant packaging symbol prominently displayed on the outer surface of the container – all in accordance with applicable labeling requirements specified by your state/regulatory agency.
Finally, labels must not detract from the original factory-imprinted label on the container. All healthcare facilities should also consider preparing necessary documents tracking container usage based on their specific requirements.
When storing medical trash, it is important that facilities use a clean, dry container with a tight-fitting lid. The container should not be used for any other purpose and should display a clearly visible label outlining the type of waste it contains.
Containers must be stored inside a secure area and kept away from food or areas where personnel may come in contact with them. Any spills or overfills should be immediately reported and cleaned up by facility staff wearing appropriate PPE.
The quantity of garbage stored will depend on the volume received at each facility, but excess amounts should not be allowed to accumulate; additional containers may be needed if overflow is an issue.
Furthermore, each container should only contain one type of medical waste; mixed containers are prohibited. All containers must also be inspected regularly for tears or bulging that could indicate potential contamination issues due to improper closure or hazardous reactions within the container itself.
By developing facilities’ medical waste management practices that include regular assessments, access control measures, careful surveillance of inventory levels, proper labeling procedures, and information education sessions for personnel involved in the handling or disposal of medical waste materials, healthcare facilities can improve their safety environment for everyone involved.


Joshua is the kind of person that every leader would want to have by their side. He shared a relationship with Moses that no one ever had. This close relationship with Moses resulted in him having a similar relationship with God that he had.
Joshua’s story is woven throughout the Pentateuch, but his best-known stories are found in the Old Testament book that is titled after his name. Joshua was a loyal disciple of Moses and he was a great encouragement to his Mentor. He faithfully served as a spy in the land of Canaan, he served as a military leader who fought and won great battles and he became a great leader who ushered the nation of Israel into the Promised Land. Here are some key components of this man’s amazing life.
Background of Joshua
Joshua: The Faithful Disciple
Every mentor is doing an excellent job when they have a faithful disciple(s) at their side. Moses is no exception. In the earlier days of his life, Moses was given an enormous God sized task to accomplish. There is no question Moses could have never accomplished what he did without God being present in his life.
Moses needed loyal men and women around him to accomplish many of the tasks set before him. It is vital for any Spiritual leader to be surrounded by faithful and loyal people to both mentor and disciple. Moses had several… but none more loyal than Joshua. Joshua was Moses’ “go to guy”. If he needed something done and needed it done right and without any lip, Joshua was his man. We do not read anywhere that Joshua ever questioned Moses’ strategies, commands or leadership, no matter how outlandish they may have seemed at the time. He trusted Moses exclusively, because he knew God was with him and he was completely submitted to God.
In Exodus 17 Moses tells Joshua to assemble an army and go out and fight the Amalekites, Joshua didn’t look at Moses like he had a third arm growing out of his body… he says, “Yes sir!” When Moses tells Joshua to take some spies and check out the land of Canaan. He did as he was told and he was one of two men who came back with encouraging news about how he felt they could defeat the Canaanites.
Moses and Joshua had a special bond. Moses would take Joshua with him when he went to the tabernacle to worship God. In Exodus 24:13, Joshua goes up to the Mountain of the Lord with Moses. In 33:11, Joshua stays with Moses in the tent as the Lord speaks to him.
Overall, Joshua has a deep love and respect for Moses. In return Moses pours his life into this young man and he mentors him to become the next great leader of the nation of Israel and who would inherit the promise of God.
Joshua: The Faith-Filled Leader
Joshua was a loyal servant, assistant and successor to Moses. He was not just a loyal man to Moses, he was also a loyal and dependent leader of God. Joshua had to be both a faithful servant and a faith-filled man of God. Joshua was a busy man, he had a full plate both as a Spiritual leader and a military leader. As a result he had to make some pretty tough decisions regarding sin in Israel, and he faced challenges that required a faith that seemed extraordinary.
The four key distinctions that made Joshua a faith-filled leader.
There is so much more to the life of Joshua than I was unable to touch on. I look at his loyalty to both God and his mentor and I desire to be and to have a Joshua in my life. As followers of Jesus Christ, it is imperative that we be men and women of our word, be people of faith, make tough calls when it comes to the glory of God and be men and women who are willing to pray big faith-filled prayers.
Jeff has been in ministry for well over two decades. He currently serves as Campus Pastor at West Bradenton Baptist Southside Campus in Bradenton, Florida.
Jeff Has authored an Advent Devotional (The Advent of Jesus) and a devotional on the book of James (James: Where Faith and Life Meet). Both are available on Amazon.
He is married to Carrie and they have four children, Micaiah, Gabe, Simon, and Berea.
Preview or purchase Jeff's Books


Epilepsy is a disorder where recurrent seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges from the brain. Evidence from randomised controlled trials (well-designed clinical trials in which people are allocated at random to test a specific drug, treatment or other intervention) are often used to examine how effective and safe antiepileptic medicines are in people who experience such seizures. This review included 12 studies and data from 2607 people with focal seizures (seizures that occur in just one part of the brain).
Data from six of the studies were combined in the analysis. All the participants (including adults and children) were previously taking at least one antiepileptic medicine and all were continuing to have seizures. Either gabapentin (an antiepileptic medicine) or a placebo (a tablet that contains no medicine) was added to the medicine regimen.
The results showed that gabapentin effectively reduced seizures when used as an additional treatment. Compared to a placebo, gabapentin was almost twice as likely to reduce seizures by 50% or more. The most common side effects associated with gabapentin ware ataxia (poor co-ordination and unsteady gait), dizziness, fatigue and drowsiness.
Quality of the evidence
Overall the quality of evidence was low to moderate as information was not reported for all participants in some of the trials and some of the results were imprecise. Research is needed into the effects of the long-term use of gabapentin.
The evidence is current to 20 March 2018.
Gabapentin has efficacy as an add-on treatment in people with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. However, the trials reviewed were of relatively short duration and provide no evidence for the long-term efficacy of gabapentin beyond a three-month period. The results cannot be extrapolated to monotherapy or to people with other epilepsy types.
This is an updated version of the Cochrane Review previously published in 2013.
Most people with epilepsy have a good prognosis and their seizures are well controlled by a single antiepileptic drug, but up to 30% develop drug-resistant epilepsy, especially those with focal seizures. In this review, we summarised the evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of gabapentin, when used as an add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin when used as an add-on treatment for people with drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
For the latest update, we searched the Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web, 20 March 2018), which includes the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's Specialized Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 20 March 2018), ClinicalTrials.gov (20 March 2018) and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP, 20 March 2018). We imposed no language restrictions.
Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, add-on trials of gabapentin in people with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. We also included trials using an active drug control group or comparing different doses of gabapentin.
For this update, two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted the relevant data. We assessed the following outcomes: seizure frequency, seizure freedom, treatment withdrawal (any reason) and adverse effects. Primary analyses were intention-to-treat. We also undertook sensitivity best-case and worst-case analyses. We estimated summary risk ratios (RR) for each outcome and evaluated dose-response in regression models.
We included 12 trials representing 2607 randomised participants. We combined data from six trials in meta-analyses of 1206 randomised participants. The overall RR for reduction in seizure frequency of 50% or more compared to placebo was 1.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40 to 2.55; 6 trials, 1206 participants; moderate-quality evidence). Dose regression analysis (for trials in adults) showed increasing efficacy with increasing dose, with 25.3% (19.3 to 32.3) of people responding to gabapentin 1800 mg compared to 9.7% on placebo, a 15.5% increase in response rate (8.5 to 22.5). The RR for treatment withdrawal compared to placebo was 1.05 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.49; 6 trials, 1206 participants; moderate-quality evidence). Adverse effects were significantly associated with gabapentin compared to placebo. RRs were as follows: ataxia 2.01 (99% CI 0.98 to 4.11; 3 studies, 787 participants; low-quality evidence), dizziness 2.43 (99% CI 1.44 to 4.12; 6 studies, 1206 participants; moderate-quality evidence), fatigue 1.95 (99% CI 0.99 to 3.82; 5 studies, 1161 participants; low-quality evidence) and somnolence 1.93 (99% CI 1.22 to 3.06; 6 studies, 1206 participants; moderate-quality evidence). There were no significant differences for the adverse effects of headache (RR 0.79, 99% CI 0.46 to 1.35; 6 studies, 1206 participants; moderate-quality evidence) or nausea (RR 0.95, 99% CI 0.52 to 1.73; 4 trials, 1034 participants; moderate-quality evidence). Overall, the studies were rated at low to unclear risk of bias due to information on each risk of bias domain not being available. We judged the overall quality of evidence (using the GRADE approach) as low to moderate due to potential attrition bias resulting from missing outcome data and imprecise results with wide confidence intervals.


a grayish-white crystalline deposit of frozen water vapor formed in clear still weather on vegetation, fences, etc.
After the Solstice: DECEMBER’S FULL COLD MOON
WHAT IS THE WINTER SOLSTICE?
The word solstice comes from Latin sol “sun” and sistere “to stand still.” In the Northern Hemisphere, as summer advances to winter, the points on the horizon where the Sun rises and sets advance southward each day; the high point in the Sun’s daily path across the sky, which occurs at local noon, also moves southward each day.
At the winter solstice (Friday, December 21st, 2018), the Sun’s path has reached its southernmost position. The next day, the path will advance northward. However, a few days before and after the winter solstice, the change is so slight that the Sun’s path seems to stay the same, or stand still. The Sun is directly overhead at “high-noon” on Winter Solstice at the latitude called the Tropic of Capricorn.
The Full Moon for December 2018 rises on the 22nd at 12:49 PM—very near the winter solstice this year! It will be close to full (95%) on Christmas Eve. Traditionally, this Moon is called the Full Cold Moon because it is the full moon closest to the Winter Solstice.
Don’t forget to shake your wallet at the moon to come into money. And keep in mind the days will be getting longer from here onward!
A “Thank You” to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, Refinery 29 and Google!
Frozen elegance in Bryant Park!
This year was the coldest Thanksgiving since November 30th, 1871.
According to the National Weather Service, that year there was a low of 15 F(-9.4 C) and a high of 22 F(-5.55 C) .
This year’s windchill took the temperatures downward.
Black Friday started out chilly (17 F or -8.3 C) — after this Frozen Moment we are back to 50 F (10 C).
Yet, dievca did cycle to work and Jury duty…
And people wonder why they are sick~
Photos: dievca Bryant Park fountain 11/2018


The discrete elements of nature are the negative and positive unit potential point charges, aka the electrino and positrino, respectively. These point charges continuously emit an electric potential field from their current position (t, s). That electric potential expands spherically at a radial speed @.
Geometrically each expanding spherical potential is defined as a Dirac sphere, which is a term I coined. I presume there may already be a geometrical object for this purpose, and will update the terminology once I become aware.
The electrino emits a Dirac sphere which propagates from (t, s) with radial velocity @ and has value –δ/r where r = @ times Δt, where Δt is the absolute time since the potential was first emitted on the path of the electrino.
Likewise, the positrino emits a Dirac sphere which propagates from (t, s) with radial velocity @ and has value +δ/r where r = @ times Δt, where Δt is the absolute time since the potential was first emitted on the path of the positrino.
A unit potential emits a continuous stream of Dirac sphere potentials along its path history in space and time. When a Dirac sphere potential stream encounters a point charge, action occurs. Each point charge may be considered to be constantly encountering the Dirac sphere stream of itself and every other point charge in the universe.
The path history of velocity of the point charge that emitted the Dirac sphere stream determines the vector potential. The velocity of the point charge that encounters a Dirac sphere stream is a factor in determining the action upon the point charge.
If a point charge is traveling at a velocity v < @ then it stays within the spheres of it’s own Dirac sphere stream and no self action occurs, or rather the action is null.
When the velocity of a point charge exceeds @, then the point charge is outside the spheres it has just emitted and is exploring its own prior emissions in a path dependent fashion and self action occurs.
When the velocity of a point charge equals @ this is a symmetry breaking point, since self action will change the point charge velocity.
Note that there are no infinities at small r nor zeros at large r. The magnitude of each Dirac sphere is somewhere on the |δ/r| curve. That said, at large distances, the magnitude is a very small real number and not only that superposition of negative and positive unit potentials will tend to cancel out.
Locally we think about action in terms of the path history of all significantly interacting point charges, including the self, where ‘significantly’ is defined relative to the scale of the problem to be solved. In this way we can compute each individual action and then sum all the action to determine how the point charge will move along its path.
As a matter of convenience, we define the term ‘aura‘ as the scalar and vector potentials that result from the superposition of all Dirac spheres at the current location of the point charge, i.e. (t,s), beyond those point charges in an assembly or set of local assemblies. That is to say, “aura” represents the churning background potential from far enough away to not be part of the typical behaviour of the assembly or reaction. The aura certainly has influence on the path of point charges, but that influence is generally very small compared to the nearby point charges. Occasionally superposition can result in a change in the aura that is in the right location and the right time and with the right magnitude to influence a reaction.


Over the last thirty-five years, state and local government spending on prisons and jails has increased more than three times faster than spending in education for pre-kindergarten through grade twelve, according to a new report from the U.S. Department of Education (ED). At the postsecondary education level, spending on corrections grew nearly twenty times faster over a shorter time frame (School Years (SYs) 1989–90 to 2012–13).
The report partly attributes the increase in corrections spending to the “enactment of additional, often lengthy mandatory minimum sentence laws.” As a result, the number of people incarcerated in state and local correctional facilities more than quadrupled, rising from about 490,000 in 1980 to more than 2 million in 2014—even as crime rates declined by more than 50 percent between 1980 and 2014.
Linkages Exist Between Poor Educational Outcomes and Incarceration
Of the people who are incarcerated, a large percentage are high school dropouts. According to a 2013 report from the Alliance for Excellent Education, 56 percent of federal inmates, 67 percent of inmates in state prisons, and 69 percent of inmates in local jails did not complete high school. Additionally, the report finds that the number of incarcerated individuals without a high school diploma is increasing over time.
“If the nation made a comparable investment in effort and dollars in schools as it does in jails and prisons, the return would be decreased levels of criminal activity and incarceration as well as significant and life-changing impacts on the individual,” reads Saving Futures, Saving Dollars.
The return would also be significant from a financial standpoint. In fact, the nation could save as much as $18.5 billion in annual crime costs if the high school male graduation rate increased by only 5 percentage points.
Among Individual States, Dramatic Differences in Spending on Education and Corrections
Upon examining individual states, the ED report finds spending differences that exceed 500 percentage points in the five states shown in the table 1 below. In total, twelve states posted differences of 300 or more percentage points. The states with the smallest spending differences were Massachusetts (63 percentage points), Connecticut (87 percentage points), and New York (88 percentage points).
When reporting the data on a per-capita basis to adjust for increases in the population, the report finds smaller percentage increases in spending, but gaps between education spending and corrections spending that remain very large. As shown in the image below, four states (South Dakota, Texas, West Virginia, and Wyoming) continue to post differences that were greater than 300 percentage points. Notably, only two states (Massachusetts and New Hampshire) saw spending on pre-K–12 grow at a faster pace than spending on corrections.
“All too often, children growing up in poor communities not only do poorly in school, but also are disproportionately arrested and incarcerated during their teenage and young adult years,” the report notes. “Even for offenses for which there are few differences by race or ethnicity in the likelihood of committing a crime, individuals of color—black youth in particular—are more likely than white individuals to be arrested and receive longer sentences for the same offenses.”
Citing a “large body of research,” the report notes that incarceration’s effectiveness in reducing future crime is “particularly weak,” with a 10 percent increase in incarceration accountable for only a 2 percent reduction in crime. Investments in education, however, can “reduce criminal activity by altering student behavior and improving labor market outcomes,” the report notes.
The Alliance report backs up this finding. In addition to saving $18.5 billion in annual crime costs, Saving Futures, Saving Dollars finds that increasing the male high school graduation rate by 5 percentage points would decrease overall annual incidences of assault by nearly 60,000; larceny by more than 37,000; motor vehicle theft by more than 31,000; and burglaries by more than 17,000. It would also prevent nearly 1,300 murders, more than 3,800 occurrences of rape, and more than 1,500 robberies.
A life of crime might not pay, but as these studies show, investments in education do.


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As we all learned from Jason Statham's important - and totally historically accurate - film The Meg, megalodons were absolutely huge sharks that existed in prehistoric times.
To make such a find, and in such condition, just wandering out and about is nothing short of incredible.
However, that's exactly what Jessica Rose-Standafer Owens and her husband Simon Chandley Owens did as they were walking along the bed of the Stono River just outside of Charleston.
They spotted a grey mass jutting out of the muddy riverbed, and decided that it looked just like a 'shark tooth'.
That's pretty much exactly what it is.
During a video filmed for her TikTok, Jessica said: "If it's a tooth, it's going to be like biggest one we have ever found."
As she brushed back the dirt, the find was revealed, and it is seriously impressive.
You wouldn't fancy sharing the water with whatever has the mouth that thing came out of.
They've measured it up, and this single tooth comes in at 5.75 inches long. That's just one tooth out of the hundreds that the megalodon would have once possessed.
She then shared the video on Facebook, and you can see how excited she was to have made the find. Both of them can be heard to audibly gasp as their haul is revealed.
Jessica-Rose even exclaimed: "I am literally about to cry."
Upon realising what they'd discovered, they shared the vid on Facebook, where The Mace Brown Museum of Natural History at the College of Charleston responded: "That's a great meg find - finds like that are why Charleston is known as the megalodon capital of the world!"
Wow, let's hope that is on the 'Welcome To Charleston' sign, right?
The museum added: "Well done, we can tell you were excited! As for an age, it's likely weathered out of the Goose Creek Limestone, so Pliocene in age (~3-5 million years old)."
The megalodon was the largest shark that ever lived on this planet, and could measure up to 60 feet in length, that's three times the size of the great white shark.
The earliest megalodon fossils that have ever been uncovered were from about 20 million years ago.
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Definition of 'Imputed Cost'
A cost that is incurred by virtue of using an asset instead of investing it or undertaking an alternative course of action. An imputed cost is an invisible cost that is not incurred directly, as opposed to an explicit cost, which is incurred directly.
Imputed cost is also known as "implied cost" or "opportunity cost".
Investopedia explains 'Imputed Cost'
For example, businesses that were created decades ago may own very valuable real estate in the downtown core. The imputed cost for such businesses is equal to the interest that the business would earn if those funds were invested. Another example of an imputed cost is that of a worker's decision to go back to school. The imputed cost in this case is the loss of wages.


Cable Landing Station is one important component of a submarine cable system which comprises of Wet Plant and Dry Plant.
The Dry Plant of a submarine cable system is a segment between the beach manhole and the cable landing station, comprises of land cable, power feeding equipment (PFE) and submarine line terminal equipment(SLTE), etc. The Wet Plant of a submarine cable system lies between the beach manholes, consists of submarine cable, repeater/gain equalizer, branching unit. A typical schematic of a submarine cable system is shown below.
The PFE and the SLTE of a submarine cable system are installed at the cable landing station. In some cases, the PFE is installed at a cable landing station nearby the cable landing site, while the SLTE may be installed in another cable landing station much faraway. For example, the terminal station at Hillsboro for the SLTE of the TPE cable system is about 150 mile away from the cable landing site at Nedonna Beach.
Multiple submarine cable systems may share the same cable landing stations. The submarine cable system is connected with the terrestrial network at the cable landing station, through the so called backhaul system.
The cable landing site is usually carefully chosen to be in areas:
Multiple types of submarine cables may be used in a submarine cable system, subject to depth of the seabed where the cable lies.
The double armored submarine cable is used at the shore-end, terminated at the beach manhole at the cable landing site, and is interconnected with much lighter land cable going onward to the cable landing station.
In most of the jurisdictions worldwide, the cable landing license is required to land a submarine cable.
There are now the following submarine cables landing in Mainland China:
Cables to the US:
Cables connecting Asia：
Cables to Africa and Europe：
The cables land at 9 submarine cable landing stations in China.
China Telecom owns three cable landing stations, including
China Unicom owns four cable landing stations, including:
China Mobile owns two cable landing stations:
There are now 15 submarine cables landing in 7 cable landing stations in Taiwan:
Global internet giants and operators have heavy investments in Taiwan.
Google has two hyperscale data centers in Taiwan, one in Changhua County which costs US$780 million and was completed in 2013, the other in Tainan Technology Industrial Park which will cost US$850 million, with a power supply of 10MW. So, Google builds two subsea cable connecting Taiwan and the US, FASTER and PLCN. Google also acquies huge capacity on other subsea cables connectign Taiwan.
Besides local operators including Chunghwa Telecom, Far EasTone Telecom (NCIC), etc., Telstra represents a key player on submarine cable business in Taiwan, its EAC-C2C network landing in 4 cable landing stations in Taiwan, and being HKA landing party in Taiwan.
Geographically, the east and south coast of Taiwan island is of significant importance for the submarine networks, and is also a high-risk region for the submarine networks due to the characteristics of the geology of Taiwan.
The east and south of Taiwan are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Through portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan respectively. This region is encountered frequent seismic faults which may caused serious harmful impact to the submarine networks. For example, the magnitude 7.0 Hengchun Earthquake in December 2006 resulted in 18 cable cuts in 8 submarine cable systems, atastrophically disrupted Internet services in Asia and Pan-Pacific regions.
Brunei Darussalam is shaping up as a bandwidth transit hub for the Bornean States of Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. Terrestrial fibre optic cables connect these Bornean States to Brunei cable landing stations which then provide direct connectivity to 9 international destinations, namely Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Japan, China and USA.
The Authority for Info-communications Technology Industry (AITI) facilitates the deployment of telecommunication infrastructure and services, including submarine cables, in Brunei. An Infrastructure Provider for the Telecommunication Industry (InTi) is required to deploy a submarine cable system into Brunei.
As of January 2020, Brunei Darussalam is connected to 4 active submarine cable systems, with a potential bandwidth capacity of 10 Tbps. These 4 submarine cable systems are landed in two cable landing sites in Brunei, namely the Tungku landing site and the Telisai landing site.
There are currently two cable landing stations:
There are now four submarine cables connecting Brunei:
Riding on the strong growth in IP-based traffic, Brunei has successfully lighted up 10 Tbps of international capacity to fuel bandwidth demand.
Brunei’s geographical location with no history of natural disasters like typhoons and earthquakes, and substantially lower power costs, presented the sultanate with added advantages as a connectivity and transit hub for the underserved regions of Borneo Island and the BIMP-EAGA (Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines East Asia Growth Area)
Brunei is connected Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia and the West Kalimantan Province of Indonesia with terrestrial connectivity via the border crossing of Sungai Tujoh, and with commercial traffic of 1 Tbps.
Guam is a natural hub and communication gateway for trans-Pacific telecommunications. On this 212-square-mile island, Guam arguably has one of the most extensive telecom infrastructures in the Asia Pacific region and most areas throughout the United States.
There are following cable landing stations in Guam:
There are 7 cable landing stations in Hawaii Islands, including
Cable landing stations in the Big Island:
Cable landing stations in Honolulu - Oahu Island：
American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of the sovereign state of Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa). The 2000 census showed a total population of 57,291 people. The total land area is 76.1 square miles (197.1 km2). American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States.
There is one international fiber optic cable between American Samoa, Samoa and Hawaii, the ASH/SAS Cable, and connects America Samoa to the existing global telecommunications infrastructure networks.
The ASH/SAS Cable lands at the Pago Pago Cable Landing Station.
Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa, formerly known as Western Samoa and German Samoa, is a country encompassing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city, Apia, and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
Samoa is connected into the global submarine networks with the Samoa American Samoa Cable (SAS Cable), and onward connectivity with the American Samoa Hawaii Cable (ASH Cable).
The ASH/SAS Cable lands at the Apia Cable Landing Station.
French Polynesia is an overseas collectivity or constituent country of the French Republic. It is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands, the most famous island being Tahiti in the Society Islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory (Papeete).
There are several cable landing stations in French Polynesia, including Vaitape, Uturoa, Huahine, Moorea and Papenoo cable landing stations.
The Papenoo Cable Landing Station in Tahiti island is the cable landing station for the Honotua submarine cable connecting French Polynesia and Hawaii, with onward connectivity to link French Polynesia with global submarine networks.
It is currently one international submarine cable linking Papua New Guinea, i.e., the PPC-1 cable landing at the Madang Cable Landing Station in Papua New Guinea.


Prof. M.E.G. Lyons
Dependence of rate on concentration. Revision of definitions of order of reaction and reaction rate constants. Initial rate and integrated rate equation methods. Pseudo-nth order reactions.
Experimental Methods. Physical monitoring of reaction. Use of conductivity and spectrophotometric methods. Introduction to experimental methods for fast reactions.
Multi-step reactions. Competitive and consecutive reaction steps. Reactive intermediates and the steady state principle. Relevance to gas phase (atmospheric), and polymerisation chemistry, Oscillating reactions, and Catalysis.
Dependence of rate on temperature. Arrhenius Equation. Activation energy and Arrhenius (pre-exponential) factor.
Theory of Chemical Reaction Rates. Bimolecular reactions. Simple collision theory and Activated Complex Theory (Thermodynamic Formulation). Potential energy surfaces, DeltaH & DeltaS of activation.