Bringing people one step closer to robot sentience, Beyond Verbal has developed software that can read emotions from voice called the 'Moodies' app. The frightening software can take clips of your voice and analyze it in real time. Moodies then determines what the speaker's mood is with their patented "emotions analytics."
Over the course of 18 years, Beyond Verbal worked with a team of physicists, neuro-psychologists and other experts to develop its emotion recognition engine. The Moodies app is just a simple demonstration of how powerful the software is.
The emotions analytics algorithms work by looking at speech in pieces. Fragments that are between 10 and 15 seconds are analyzed instantly. That information can then be relayed back to the app's user.


Vivo has sent out press invites for the launch event of Vivo V7+ which will be held next month- 7th September to be precise in Mumbai. Seems like the company will be skipping the digit 6, as after Vivo V5 they will be directly coming out with Vivo V7+.
The media invite shows a gorgeous smartphone with almost no side bezels and minimum top and bottom bezels. Apart from that, the invite says that the phone will “redefine the selfie camera with revolutionary selfie experience”. The image in the invite also does not show a fingerprint sensor on the front and it is highly unlikely that the V7+ comes with an optical fingerprint sensor which was unveiled in China a couple of months back. From what we can analyze from the image, the V7+ will have an 18:9 aspect ratio quite like the Samsung S8+ or the LG G6.
Vivo is known for bringing out a series of selfie-focused smartphones like the Vivo V5 (Review), Vivo V5s (Review), and Vivo V5 Plus (Review) that came with dual front cameras. Apart from the bezel less display, Vivo V7+ is supposed to come with some really decent hardware specifications. Below are the speculated technical specs of Vivo V7+
Vivo V7+ Specifications
- Display -5.5 inch Super AMOLED multi-touch display with 1920 x 1080 pixels resolution
- Storage and RAM – 6GB RAM and 128 GB Internal Storage expandable via a micro SD card
- Processor – Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 Octa-Core processor with Adreno GPU
- Connectivity -Bluetooth v4.2, A2DP, LE
- OS – Android 7.1.1 Nougat
- Battery – 3500 mAh battery
Vivo V7+ Price in India
Although not much information is available about the price of Vivo V7+, however going by the pricing of the past devices and speculated V7+ specifications, it is speculated that Vivo’s latest phone may be priced well above Rs 32,000 in India. However, stay tuned for more details on the price and other details of the upcoming device.


Gl1800 Cruise Wiring Schematic - Another Blog About Wiring Diagram • wiring for 1984 goldwing cb radio schematics wiring diagrams u2022 rh ssl forum comBack Of Cb Radio Wiring - Once your wiring is secure, reconnect the battery terminal. The aerial The most important part of the CB radio system is the antenna, Sandoval says.. CB mic wiring can be frustrating enough, but when you can't find the right wiring info, it is just impossible. We will continue to try to get all the information that we can listed on this page. CB Radio Mic Wiring Diagram. Normal vehicle wiring is shown and discussed in detail on this page link. Follow the current in this system. If the ground or negative wire from the radio to the battery opens, radio current would flow from the radio out through the antenna cable, the speaker jack, the key jack, or any other jack or connector that connects to the radio circuit board grounds to the vehicle chassis..
Cb Microphone - Gear Keeper Mic Hanger (669) *Retractable mic hanger *24" cord *The D clip can be screwed onto the side of your radio. *Loop on cord slips around hanger button on back of mic.. Sep 30, 2018 · The cable runs under the rear hatch seal, under the carpeting, and up to where the CB is mounted on top of the dash in the corner (rugged ridge mount). I. The CB Radio Talk Forum. From the CB to the PC! You have found a Skip shooter's Paradise for HAM / CB radio operators online. This forum is for all my fellow radio enthusiasts, or up and coming radio operators to seek or give advice..
The CB Radio Talk Forum. From the CB to the PC! You have found a Skip shooter's Paradise for HAM / CB radio operators online. This forum is for all my fellow radio enthusiasts, or up and coming radio operators to seek or give advice.. Feb 26, 2013 · What dose the T back button do for the cobra 29 lx cb radio What does T back switch do - Cobra 29lx Cb Radio W/clock 29 Lx question. Search Fixya. Browse Categories SOURCE: Wiring Johnson Microphone to cobra 29 CB Radio.. Jun 18, 2013 · Section 4: CB Radios Section 5: Wiring Section 6: Mounting the CB Section 7: Mounting the Antenna Section 8: Antenna Tuning Thanks to: LUSETACO for the extra info and corrections. Benson X for a good install thread. CircuitBreaker for additional information. Disclaimer: Anything you do yourself, you are always taking a chance something will go wrong..
Citizens’ Band radio (often shortened to CB radio) is, in many countries, a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the 27-MHz (11 m) band. The CB radio service is distinct from FRS, GMRS, MURS, or amateur (“ham”) radio.. Diagram Of Circuit Cb Radio Manuals And Circuit Diagrams photo, Diagram Of Circuit Cb Radio Manuals And Circuit Diagrams image, Diagram Of Circuit Cb Radio Manuals And Circuit Diagrams gallery Back To Diagram Of Circuit. 11 photos of the "Diagram Of Circuit" Building Wiring Diagram; Mini Fm Transmitter Circuit Diagram; Old Three Way. Before you can get power to your new radio, you'll need to drill one more hole in the helm, this one for the wires. To determine the best location, put the radio in the.
Most CB radios have a down-firing speaker mounted in the bottom of the case. This works well if the CB is mounted under the dash. If you plan to install your radio in-dash or on top of the dash, then you might consider the Cobra 18WXSTII, which has a front-firing speaker. Or you could also use an external speaker. After choosing a radio, the next step is to choose an antenna.. Microphone wiring can be a real pain if you aren't sure how to work out which wire goes where. On this page I will try to explain the basics and also give you the wiring positions for most CB radio's Basic Mics - These consist normally of three coloured wires and a braid/screen. The braid is the common wire for the TX/RX/Mod.
This is the back of the door panel, I ran a ground wire to the bolt ... This is the back of the door panel, I ran a ground wire to the
Amazon.com: Cobra Electronics CBR29LTDCHR 40-Channel CB Radio With ... Amazon.com: Cobra Electronics CBR29LTDCHR 40-Channel CB Radio With PA Capability: Car Electronics
DIY dipole CB base antenna There are many ways to hang a dipole. Sometimes they're use horizontally at a half-wavelength above the ground for trying to shoot skip.
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Rugged Ridge CB Radio and Antenna Mounting Kit Write-Up - JK-Forum ... CB radio and antenna installed and ready to use! Let me know any question you may have and I will answer to the best of my ability, otherwise, ...
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CB radio has a place in your preps - The Quiet Survivalist I picked up two of these really nice Cobra 86XLR base station radios today. Only $15 for the pair. Back in the day this was a high end radio and it includes ...
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Share your cb radio install location - Dodge Cummins Diesel Forum ... ran the control wire to the actual radio back under the back seat. Held the radio itself down to the carpet under the seat with sticky backed velcro.


Inspired by the MMM-OpenHABFloorplan module, this is a module for the MagicMirror² to connect to an ISY device from Universal Devices (http://www.universal-devices.com) using a WebSocket. It will display a floor plan showing live updates of which Insteon or Z-Wave devices are turned on/off (including dimming levels), which alarm zones are tripped, and the status of the thermostats.
The module works by treating each device/variable as a “layer” on top of the base Floor Plan image–similar to layers in Photoshop. For each device, you create an overlay image (with a transparent background) of only what you want the device to look like when it’s on. The module will then show/hide this layer by setting the opacity based on if the ISY says the device is on or off.
Floorplan Base Layer:
- Initial Release


The question of how to learn computer is being asked by many people online today. Because it is very important to have computer education to work in any office today.
If you have no knowledge of how to use or operate a computer, you may be lagging behind and may have difficulty finding a job.
Computer education or computer knowledge has become a necessary thing today 2021 without which most things cannot be done.
So nowadays children are being given computer education from this school. You will understand when you go to any office other places.
Where data entry is being done in Microsoft Excel Someone has edited a video or photo Where is the calculation being done through Tally software or Where is the work being done using computer internet.
Moreover, if you have your own business, then you can easily settle your work and accounts by using the computer properly.
So using a computer today people in different places have done different things and do their work in a simple and straightforward way.
So the use of computers is happening in every private or government office today.
And knowing how to use it to get a job has become very important.
In the end, if you want to keep yourself updated with today’s era then you need to learn the computer.
Once you have knowledge or use of a computer, you can prepare yourself for all kinds of work.
So let’s use simple rules or methods of how to learn computer at home, we do not know at a glance below.
FOUR EASY WAYS TO LEARN COMPUTER
The Internet is a great way to learn computers at home. Yes, today the Internet has become an education through which we can learn not only about computers but also about anything.
In this case, the Internet is a blessing for us, but I will not say wrong.
Today, people are learning about computers one by one through the internet.
All you need is a smartphone and an internet pack in it then you can take computer education using various internet learning tools.
I myself have learned a lot about computers in this way and so I am telling you.
THERE ARE FOUR WAYS TO LEARN COMPUTER USING THE INTERNET
You must have an Android phone, so if that’s the case then activate the internet pack on it and you can learn everything from using the computer to the four rules I will tell you.
But first, you need to know what you want to learn on the computer.
I mean a computer is a machine that works with different software and hardware and there is a lot to learn from computers there is no end to learning.
For example, if you have never used a computer before, you must first learn Computer Basic. If you want to calculate the official work data entry cost, then you need to learn Microsoft Excel or any other software.
There are many other things that you can learn about the work of editing the work of various software, the use of the Internet, the work of DTP Microsoft-office Photoshop, and the work of software development networking.
But you have to think for yourself what you want to learn about computers and which computer course you need to learn and continue your course accordingly.
Once you have basic computer knowledge then how can you learn professional courses and of course you can learn everything through the internet.
FOUR WAYS TO LEARN COMPUTER FROM INTERNET
Remember that you will learn computers using the online methods or rules I will talk about below.
But to become an expert you have to practice what you have learned at home or you will forget everything.
LEARN COMPUTER BY YOUTUBE
YouTube is the best way to learn anything online on the internet because there are millions and millions of tutorial videos on YouTube that you can watch to learn anything.
Today, anyone can use YouTube to learn computer courses for Computer Basics, just by watching videos on their mobile phones, you can learn about computers and the things related to them.
Through YouTube, you can learn computers by watching videos in Bengali, Hindi, English, and many other languages.
Once you search for a computer course or computer basic course on YouTube, you will find many good tutorial videos.
Plus you can learn Microsoft Office Excel Photoshop and much more by watching videos. Search for the course you want to learn on YouTube and watch the video online at home.
COMPUTER TUTORIAL BY PDF
Just like you can learn about your computer by watching online videos, you can download various e-book files and learn about computer at home.
A PDF is actually a file that contains text and images on a topic.
And then the PDF files are uploaded to the internet so that people can download and read the content written on them.
In this case, you can find many computer courses and computer-related tutorial PDF files on the Internet.
You can download them from mobile and read advanced courses from computer basic to mobile.
ONLINE COMPUTER LEARNING WEBSITE
Nowadays in the age of the internet and in this age of the internet, we can learn almost everything as an online course.
Do a Google search for the online computer course and you will find many websites that offer you free online computer courses and advanced courses.
To put it bluntly, you can learn computers using some of the online websites on the internet.
And there are some who have promised to give you a certificate for your exam.
So if you don’t know anything about computers and want to take basic computer knowledge then you can learn how to use computers without any cost through these online websites.
LEARN HOW TO USE A COMPUTER BY USING APPS
Yes, nowadays you can get many Android applications for free in the Google Play Store that you can use to take your computer education.
It is very easy to take more computer knowledge using these apps.
Apart from these, you will get many more Bangla computer tutorial apps quite loudly.
OUR LAST WORD
So friends, using the ones I mentioned above, you can learn about computers on the Internet at home.
These mediums are best for learning basic computer online saving basics.
Moreover, if you want, you can join the computer class and take computer training in a few days.
If you learn by joining a computer institution or class you can learn a lot faster and a lot better because there you will be shown everything in a practical way.


We are highly reputed in the electronics industry for over 30 years, through products such as audio and power transformers, adaptors, chargers and power supplies. Beam Tech is now one of the leading Taiwanese manufacturers of Sine wave Line Interactive / On Line Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) & Sine Wave Inverters (with the capacity up to 12KVA). Beam Tech has been an ISO9002 certified company since 1996, and ISO9001 since 2002.
Our customer-oriented innovations lead us to provide a value-added UPS to increase our strategic partners' competitive edge without any compromise in quality & service. We are highly reputed in the electronics industry for over 30 years.
We are welcome any PCB ODM/OEM requests. We are also capable of developing the related products, microprocessor based design, customized performance at the lowet price. Easy test, easy assembling, available for special design of control chips.
Quality Control procedures are accomplished by using PCB in-circuit testers. Automatic testing equipment is used for final QC. We complete our QC policy from start to finished product


The drone can used for pesticide spraying in agriculture. Dagong drone sprayer D5 is specially developed for agriculture use. It has different operation mode, intelligent software and wonderful working performance.
◆Environment friendly. Using UAV in agriculture can save water and reduce the use of the pesticide. To spray pesticide via a remote controller, the chance of close contact between farmers and the pesticide is greatly reduced, which effectively decreases the damage to human body.
◆Emergency response to the outbreak of the pest disaster: The high efficiency makes the UAV pesticide spraying the first choice to cope with the pest disaster.
◆Suitable for farmland: The flight height can be adjusted according to different crops without more cost.
◆Cost effective and easy to operate: The farmer can operate the UAV after a short training. GPS mode offers great help for flight stability.
In 2017, DAGONG delivered Agriculture Drones to Japanese Client.


Here is everything you need for your event:
We recommend the ProChip Timing System, our active timing solution.
X2 ProChip decoder
The X2 ProChip Decoder is a small, lightweight and affordable timing device to be installed in the timing booth on the track. The decoder determines the exact time at which each transponder passes the detection loops and sends this data to the server.
Detection loops are installed in the track at the start and finish line and intermediate time points. The loops work as the system´s antennas and pick up the ProChips signals.
An active chips sends out a signal to the loop to register the time.
ProChip Timer is a timing solution for timers that have to manage a large number of chips at once. The ProChip is attached to the ankle of the athlete or the frontfork of the bike.
The ProChip FLEX is a subscription based highly reliable and accurate transponder suitable for all active sports. Attached to the competitior's ankle or bike frame, the ProChip transmits a unique signal to the detection loop in order to identify the athlete and record the exact passing time at an accuracy of 0.003 sec..
Do you want to receive tailored advice?
Receive the advise in your email including pricing overview for your specific situation.
Are you looking for a timer? Check our partner network for a timer in your area.


View all Preventa XU
safety light curtain segments type 4 - XUSLDS - for hand protection - 2120 mmShow more characteristics
Discontinued on 31 March 2015
End-of-service on 31 March 2015
XUSLDSY5A2120 has not been replaced. Please contact your customer care center for more information.
The maximum number of products that can be compared is 4. Remove already added products.
Main range of productPreventa Safety detection series nameAdvanced product or component typeSafety light curtain segments type 4 device short nameXUSLDS product specific applicationFor hand protection minimum object diameter for detection30 mm height protected2120 mm number of beams106 Complementary product compatibilityXUSLDM detection systemTransmitter-receiver system response time32 ms four segments32 ms three segments32 ms two segments kit composition1 receiver(s)1 transmitter(s) 2 sets of 2 brackets with fixings electrical connectionFlying lead with 1 female connector M12 4 pins receiverFlying lead with 1 female connector M12 4 pins transmitter net weight10.02 kg Contractual warranty Warranty18 months
User guideFormatSizeAdd to My Documentsprp.document.label.format pdfSize 3.6 MBDate 2/1/08DescriptionThe XUSLB/XUSLDM system is for use where personnel protection is required.
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Colloidal suspensions of multilayer nanoparticles composed of a silver core, a polyelectrolyte spacer layer (inner shell), and a J-aggregate cyanine dye outer shell have been prepared for the first time. Absorption properties of the colloid were measured in the visible region. This multilayer architecture served as a framework for examining the coupling of the localized surface plasmon resonance exhibited by the silver core with the molecular exciton exhibited by the J-aggregate outer shell. The polyelectrolyte spacer layer promotes the formation of an excitonic J-aggregate while serving as a means of controlling the plasmon-exciton (i.e. plexciton) coupling strength through changing the distance between the core and the shell. An analytical expression based on Mie Theory and the Transfer Matrix Method was obtained for describing the optical response of these multilayered nanostructures. Computational and experimental results indicate that the absorption wavelength of the J-aggregate form of the dye is dependent on both the distance of the dye layer from the silver core and the degree of dye aggregation.
© 2013 Optical Society of America
Silver and gold nanoparticles have been studied extensively for their unique optical properties in the UV, visible, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum [1–4]. These properties arise from the collective oscillation of conduction band electrons throughout the particle in response to optical excitation, a process commonly termed as localized surface plasmon resonance. Resonance occurs when the frequency of incident radiation is at or near the frequency of the electronic oscillation. This resonance results in a strong enhancement of the local electric field, useful for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface-enhanced fluorescence, and the study of nonlinear optical response [5–7]. Additionally, the size and morphology of the silver and gold nanoparticles have a significant impact on surface plasmon resonance frequency and therefore have a great significance in such fields as sensors and photonic devices.
Cyanine dyes are commonly used in spectral sensitization, and have potential application in novel optoelectronic materials . Structurally, these dyes consist of two heterocyclic units that are connected by an odd number of methine groups (CH)n (n = 1,3,5, etc.). The color of the dye is mainly determined by the length of the polymethine chain . A particularly intriguing property of cyanine dyes is their tendency to aggregate under certain conditions in solution. These so called J-aggregates exhibit a narrow absorption band that is red shifted with respect to the monomer absorption band . The shift in absorption of the aggregate has been described by a Frenkel exciton model, in which excited states are formed by the coherent coupling of molecular transition dipoles [10,11].
Multi-layered nanoparticles, composed of both a noble metal and a J-aggregate dye, provide a unique framework for studying plasmon-exciton interactions. Numerous structures exhibiting these plasmon-exciton interactions have been fabricated and studied in recent years. Some nanostructures have involved the direct adsorption of J-aggregate dyes onto the surface of silver nanoparticles with varying geometries [12–14]. Other efforts have focused on the aggregation of cyanine dyes onto complex geometries. For example, cyanine dyes were adsorbed onto silica core/gold shell nanoparticles . In these studies, it was observed that the absorption spectra of these composite nanoparticles were not the simple sum of the absorption of the metal nanoparticle and the J-band of the aggregate. Rather, strong plasmon-exciton interactions (plexcitons) were observed, resulting in a shift in the absorption bands of the individual plasmon and exciton resonances. A more recent study by Yoshida et al. explored the impact of inserting a spacer layer (inner shell) between a metallic core particle (Au) and an outer J-aggregate dye layer (outer shell) . The spacer layer used in the study was a cationic thiol which promoted the J-aggregation of anionic cyanine dyes onto the surface of the nanocomposite. The spectral line shape of these composites was dependent on the strength of the plasmon-exciton coupling between the metal core and the J-aggregate shell.
The metallic core composition and size, excitonic shell composition, degree of J-aggregate formation within the excitonic shell, and distance between the plasmonic core and excitonic shell are among the factors that play the most significant roles in controlling optical response. Metallic core particles and excitonic dyes of varying composition are readily available and selection is based on the intrinsic optical properties of the material. In terms of particle shape, a range of metallic core shapes such as spheres, rods, and platelets may be fabricated using well documented solution-based techniques [17–20]. However, spacer layer thickness and its impact on plasmon-exciton coupling in these nanoparticle systems have not been studied systematically. The spacer layer must serve the two-fold purpose of promoting the formation of a J-aggregate shell while also creating a distance, with specified length, between the metallic core and excitonic shell. To that end, we report the use of a variably thick polyelectrolyte spacer layer as a means of building multilayered plexcitonic nanoparticles and controlling plasmon-exciton distance. Specifically, we report the use of alternating cationic poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and anionic poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) as a spacer layer between a silver core and a J-aggregate outer shell. The layer-by-layer self-assembly of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes has been used extensively as a means of coating and functionalizing colloidal particles [21,22]. The thickness of the polyelectrolyte spacer layer was controlled in this study by varying the number of PDADMAC/PSS layers that were adsorbed. The outer J-aggregate shell was formed by adsorbing the cationic form of PIC onto the outermost anionic PSS layer. A schematic of the double-shell structure is provided in Fig. 1(a). Figure 1(b) provides a schematic of the electrostatic adsorption of 1,1’-diethyl-2,2-cyanine (PIC) J-aggregates at the surface of a PDADMAC/PSS coated silver nanoparticle. The use of a polyelectrolyte spacer layer may be incorporated into a wide range of core-shell systems, regardless of geometry and composition. Therefore, this approach may be used as a means of studying plasmon-exciton coupling in a wide range of multilayered plexcitonic structures.
In order to explain the measured absorption features of the Ag/polyelectrolyte/PIC composite nanoparticles, Mie Theory and the Transfer Matrix Method were used to calculate the optical response of these multilayered nanospheres. Numerical simulations yielded good agreement with experimental results. Specifically, the impact of polyelectrolyte spacer layer thickness on the shift of the exciton frequency was elucidated. These results indicate that a polyelectrolyte spacer layer is a plausible means for tuning plasmon-exciton coupling in colloidal suspensions of multilayered plexcitonic nanoparticles.
2. Experimental methods
Silver nitrate, trisodium citrate tribasic dihydrate, sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS, MW ~70,000), poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC, medium molecular weight 26062-79-3), sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, and 1,1’-diethyl-2,2’-cyanine iodide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Silver nanoparticles were prepared using a modified procedure by Lee and Meisel in which Ag+ ions are chemically reduced in aqueous solution . Approximately 110 mg of AgNO3 were dissolved in 400 mL deionized H2O (18MΩ) and placed in a 1L 3-neck flask. A condenser tube (250 mm jacket length) was placed on the center neck of the flask to minimize evaporation losses. An addition funnel, containing 10 mL of 1% (wt/wt) trisodium citrate solution, was attached to a second neck of the flask. The solution was magnetically stirred and heated to 100°C using a heating jacket and temperature controller (Glass-Col, Terre Haute, IN) while refluxing. Once the boiling point was reached, the trisodium citrate solution was slowly added drop-wise. The mixture was heated and stirred for an additional hour at 100°C. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and stirring continued for an additional hour. Assuming a 100% yield, the silver colloid had an approximate concentration of 0.3 mg/mL.
A standard solution of 1,1-diethyl-2,2’cyanine iodide (PIC) was prepared by dissolving 25 mg PIC in 100 mL phosphate buffer (pH = 6.0).
Silver core – polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticles were prepared by exposing the silver sol to supersaturated concentrations of polyelectrolytes. First, 10 mL Ag sol were transferred to a 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube. The sample was centrifuged at 4000 RPM for 15 minutes and the supernatant containing excess citrate was removed. 5 mL H2O were then added to the tube followed by sonication. Next, 5 mL PDADMAC (1 mg/mL, 0.01 M NaCl) were added, and the suspension was vigorously mixed for 1 minute. The solution was allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Centrifugation (4000 RPM, 15 minutes) was used to remove the supernatant and excess polymer. Two cycles of a 10 mL water addition, followed by sonication, centrifugation, and supernatant removal were performed to ensure the removal of excess polymer. The same solution concentration and procedures used for the adsorption of PDADMAC were used for adsorption of additional polyelectrolyte layers (i.e. PSS, 1 mg/mL, 0.01 M NaCl). Combinations of 2, 4, and 6 polyelectrolyte layers, i.e. (PDADMAC/PSS)1,2,3, were adsorbed onto the silver particles. The Ag core – polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticles were resuspended in 5 mL water with sonication.
For the in situ generation of a J-aggregate shell on the silver core – polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticles, the concentration of the Ag core - polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticle suspension was adjusted until absorbance measurements yielded an approximate absorbance of 0.5 to 1.5 absorbance units. This involved diluting 1 mL of the suspension to 25 mL with water. 3 mL of the diluted suspension were then placed in a 10 mm optical path quartz cuvette. 100 µL aliquots of PIC standard (0.25 mg/mL) were added to the cuvette, followed by mixing and immediate absorbance measurement.
Ag/polyelectrolyte/PIC composite nanoparticles were also prepared by exposing Ag core - polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticles to PIC for 24 hours. This involved placing 5 mL Ag core - polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticles in a 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube, follow by the addition of 5 mL of PIC standard. The samples sat for 24 hours to ensure adequate adsorption and aggregation of the dye onto the surface of the particles. The following day, the colloidal suspensions were centrifuged at 4000 RPM for 15 minutes, and the supernatant discarded for removal of excess PIC standard. The solid nanoparticles were washed with 10 mL water followed by sonication, centrifugation, and supernatant removal to ensure the removal of excess PIC. The particles were then resuspended in 5 mL water and sonicated. Finally, excessively large NPs were removed using a 0.22 µm Millex GP syringe filter. This procedure was repeated for each of the Ag/polyelectrolyte/PIC NP combinations.
All UV/Vis absorption spectra were measured in a quartz cuvette (10 mm optical path length) using a V-670 spectrophotometer (JASCO Co.). Spectra were measured from 190 nm to 800 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were observed in a FEI (Hillsboro, OR) Tecnai 12 TWIN TEM operating at 100kV. Samples were prepared by placing 5.0 µL of the particle solution onto a freshly ionized 300 copper mesh carbon coated/formvar grid. The samples were allowed to dry completely. Images were collected using an Olympus Soft Imaging System (Lakeland, CO) Megaview III digital camera. Figures were assembled in Adobe Photoshop using only linear adjustments in brightness and contrast. For the determination of zeta-potential, a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments) was used to measure the electrophoretic mobilities of colloidal particles. The mobility µ was converted into a ζ-potential using the Smoluchowski relation (ζ = µη/ε, where η is the viscosity of the solvent and ε is the permittivity of the solvent). The hydrodynamic radius was also determined using the Zetasizer Nano ZS instrument. This measurement is a dynamic light scattering technique.
3. Theoretical methods
In order to calculate the optical response of the Ag/polyelectrolyte/PIC nanocomposites, we generalize Mie theory to multilayer nanospheres via the Transfer Matrix Method [23–25]. For multilayer nanospheres, the electric field can be decomposed into orthogonal channels labeled by (σ,l), where σ takes TE or TM, and l = 1, 2, 3,… [26–29]. The scattering and absorption cross-sections are the sum of contributions from each channel, and the extinction cross-section is the sum of scattering and absorption cross-sections:
In order to determine rσ,l, we decompose the electric field inside each shell into incoming and outgoing spherical waves with coefficients (An, Bn). The coefficients of adjacent shells are connected by the transfer matrix of that interface, whose elements are determined by the boundary condition of TE or TM modes:30]:16,31]. Hence, 575 nm was taken as the excitation wavelength of the J-aggregate for the complex frequency-dependent dielectric function of the PIC J-aggregate, which was approximated using:32].
4. Results and discussion
The citrate reduction method used in this study yielded silver core nanoparticles with an average particle size of 54.5 nm and a standard deviation of 9.8 nm. Figure 2(a) displays a TEM image of the silver nanoparticles. Most of the particles have a spherical shape with a relatively narrow size distribution, although a small amount of non-spherical particles are observed. Figure 2(b) displays the absorbance spectra of the silver colloid (blue curve) and the PIC standard (red curve). The silver colloid and PIC standard solutions are characterized by an absorption λmax at 442 nm and 523 nm, respectively. Of particular note is the absence of the PIC J-aggregate peak, which is commonly observed at or near 575 nm. This observation is consistent with published data, as the concentration of the PIC standard in this solution is too low for the formation of the J-aggregate [16,31].
Insertion of a polyelectrolyte layer between the Ag core and the cyanine dye outer shell was a central theme in this study. Specifically, our goal was to demonstrate the formation of the PIC J-aggregate on a silver core – polyelectrolyte shell composite nanoparticle. The layer-by-layer self assembly of polyelectrolytes on colloidal particles is an established technique for building stable and functionalized multilayers on nanoparticles. The irreversible electrostatic interaction between cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte layers aid in stabilizing these films. In our study, the sequential addition of PDADMAC and PSS, with PSS forming the outermost polyelectrolyte layer, was used to control the thickness of the polyelectrolyte layer and to render the outer surface of the particles with a negative charge. The negative surface charge promotes the adsorption and J-aggregation of the cationic PIC dye onto the surface of the particles. Figure 2(c) provides a summary of the ζ-potential measurements of Ag particles coated with sequential layers of PDADMAC and PSS. The ζ-potential alternates between positive and negative values for the sequential additions of PDADMAC and PSS, respectively.
Silver core – polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticles were exposed to PIC in a series of experiments. First, UV/Visible absorbance measurements of Ag core – polyelectrolyte shell colloids (0.013 mg/mL) were taken immediately after the addition of 100 µL increments of PIC standard, in order to determine if the PIC J-aggregate would form in situ. All in situ experiments were performed on Ag particles coated with one PDADMAC/PSS bi-layer. Figure 3 displays the absorbance spectra of these particles. As a control, the absorbance spectrum of Ag/PDADMAC/PSS was determined prior to the addition of PIC. The absorbance spectrum of Ag/PDADMAC/PSS is characterized by a λmax at 435 nm; compared to the absorbance spectra of the silver sol displayed in Fig. 2, it has a somewhat broader absorbance from 600 nm to 700 nm, possibly due to the slight agglomeration of silver core-polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticles. As PIC standard was incrementally added, a sharp peak near 570 nm is observed, indicative of J-aggregate formation. We note that the concentration of the PIC standard is too low to form J-aggregates in solution; therefore the observed J-aggregation of PIC must be promoted by the presence of the polyelectrolyte shell. J-aggregate peaks at 570 nm, 571 nm, and 571 nm were observed after the sequential addition of 100 µL, 200 µL, and 300 µL of PIC standard, respectively. Typically, when fully aggregated, the J-aggregate of PIC is characterized by an absorbance at 575 nm. Based on the theoretical model of the J-aggregate absorbance wavelength, we conclude that the PIC shell in this experiment is not in a fully aggregated form.
Next, we studied the impact of spacer layer thickness. This was achieved by adsorbing PIC to Ag/polyelectrolyte composite nanoparticles composed of 1 PDADMAC/PSS bi-layer, 2 PDADMAC/PSS bi-layers, and 3 PDADMAC/PSS bi-layers. In this set of experiments, formation of a fully aggregated PIC shell was promoted by exposing Ag/polyelectrolyte composite nanoparticle suspensions to PIC dye for 24 hours. A TEM image of the silver/polyelectrolyte/PIC nanoparticles is provided in Fig. 4(a). Figure 4(c) also displays the absorbance spectra of these experiments. The spectra is characterized by the formation of a red-shifted J-aggregate peak at 581 nm, 581 nm, and 579 nm for Ag particles coated with 1 (PDADMAC/PSS), 2 (PDADMAC/PSS), and 3 (PDADMAC/PSS) shells, respectively.
The J-aggregate peaks were observed at wavelengths that were comparatively longer than what is commonly reported in the literature for PIC, i.e. 575 nm. Additionally, the J-aggregate peak wavelength was found to increase with decreasing spacer thickness. These results suggest that the PIC was fully, or close to fully aggregated, and that the plasmon-exciton interaction further red shifted the J-aggregate peak. This observation is consistent with the fact that plasmon-exciton interactions are enhanced as the distance between the J-aggregate shell and the Ag core particles is diminished.
Simulated absorbance spectra of Ag/(PDADMAC/PSS)/PIC nanoparticle composites were calculated in Fig. 4(c) in order to explain the main absorption features of the experimental data. For the dielectric constants, we used experimental frequency-dependent complex dielectric constant for the silver , literature values of 2.25 for PDADMAC and 2.56 for PSS , and Eq. (8) (with f = 0.35 and γ = 0.015) for the PIC J-aggregate. We assume a silver core of 54.5 nm (with SD = 9.8 nm), a J-aggregate dye outer shell of 5 nm, and a polyelectrolyte spacer of thickness 1 nm per bi-layer. This calculation is consistent for similar structures, in which the thickness of the polyelectrolyte bi-layers was determined to be 1.7 to 3.0 nm [21,34]. The simulation result in Fig. 4(c) was in qualitative agreement with the experimental absorbance spectra in Fig. 4 (b). Namely, the experimental and simulation results demonstrate the dependence of coupling strength and shift of the exciton frequency on spacer layer thickness. The red-shifted energy of the J-aggregate peak increases as the spacer layer thickness is minimized, i.e. the plasmon-exciton interaction is maximized. Discrepancies between the experimental and simulated results, in terms of J-aggregate peak shape, may be attributed to the fact that non-spherical and/or aggregated particles were not included in the simulated results.
Multilayered plexcitonic nanoparticles composed of an Ag core, polyelectrolyte spacer layer, and a PIC outer shell have been synthesized. The optical properties of the composite nanoparticles in aqueous solution were measured in the UV/Visible regions. Absorbance spectra of the colloidal nanoparticles indicate that PDADMAC/PSS spacer layers successfully promoted the J-aggregation of PIC. The in situ generation of the J-aggregate was observed when PIC standard was added directly to a colloidal suspension containing silver core – polyelectrolyte shell composite nanoparticles. The formation of the fully J-aggregated form was observed when PIC was exposed to a colloidal suspension of silver core – polyelectrolyte shell nanoparticles for 24 hours. The 24 hour study yielded a J-aggregate absorbance at 579-581 nm, indicating the formation of a fully aggregated dye on the surface of the composites. The fully aggregated form of PIC is typically observed at 575nm. The additional red-shift in energy that was experimentally observed may be explained by the plasmon-exciton interaction between the silver core and the J-aggregate exterior. It is concluded that the use of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes is a valid approach for inducing the formation of J-aggregates on silver core-polyelectrolyte shell particles. Furthermore, polyelectrolyte spacer layers are a means of controlling the plasmon-exciton distance, which can ultimately be used to control the shift in exciton frequency. Finally, the ease with which polyelectrolyte layers are assembled onto colloidal nanoparticles of varying shape and composition, makes this technique suitable for building a wide range of plexcitonic particles.
This research was funded by the Department of the Army Basic Research Program and sponsored by the Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. Support was also provided by the U.S. Army Research Office under contract W911NF-13-D-0001. Special thanks to Dr. Michael McCaffery of the Johns Hopkins University Integrated Imaging Center for his assistance with the TEM images.
References and links
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9. F. Würthner, T. E. Kaiser, and C. R. Saha-Möller, “J-Aggregates: from serendipitous discovery to supramolecular engineering of functional dye materials,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50(15), 3376–3410 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. A. S. Davydov, Theory of Molecular Excitons (Plenum, 1971).
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12. J. Hranisavljevic, N. M. Dimitrijevic, G. A. Wurtz, and G. P. Wiederrecht, “Photoinduced charge separation reactions of j-aggregates coated on silver nanoparticles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(17), 4536–4537 (2002). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. G. A. Wurtz, P. R. Evans, W. Hendren, R. Atkinson, W. Dickson, R. J. Pollard, A. V. Zayats, W. Harrison, and C. Bower, “Molecular plasmonics with tunable exciton-plasmon coupling strength in J-aggregate hybridized Au nanorod assemblies,” Nano Lett. 7(5), 1297–1303 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. N. Kometani, M. Tsubonishi, T. Fujita, K. Asami, and Y. Yonezawa, “Preparation and optical absorption spectra of dye-coated Au, Ag, and Au/Ag colloidal Na noparticles in aqueous solutions and in alternate assemblies,” Langmuir 17(3), 578–580 (2001). [CrossRef]
15. N. T. Fofang, T. H. Park, O. Neumann, N. A. Mirin, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Plexcitonic nanoparticles: Plasmon-exciton coupling in nanoshell-j-aggregate complexes,” Nano Lett. 8(10), 3481–3487 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. A. Yoshida, Y. Yonezawa, and N. Kometani, “Tuning of the spectroscopic properties of composite nanoparticles by the insertion of a spacer layer: effect of exciton-plasmon coupling,” Langmuir 25(12), 6683–6689 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. P. C. Lee and D. Meisel, “Adsorption and surface-enhanced Raman dyes on silver and gold sols,” J. Phys. Chem. 86(17), 3391–3395 (1982). [CrossRef]
18. B. D. Busbee, S. O. Obare, and C. Murphy, “An improved synthesis of high-aspect-ratio gold nanorods,” J. Adv. Mater. 15(5), 414–416 (2003). [CrossRef]
19. Q. Zhang, N. Li, J. Goebl, Z. Lu, and Y. Yin, “A Systematic Study of the Synthesis of Silver Nanoplates: Is Citrate a “Magic” Reagent?” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(46), 18931–18939 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. N. R. Jana, L. Gearheart, and C. J. Murphy, “Wet chemical synthesis of silver nanorods and nanowires of controllable aspect ratio,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 0(7), 617–618 (2001). [CrossRef]
21. G. B. Sukhorukov, E. Donath, H. Lichtenfel, E. Knippel, M. Knippel, A. Budde, and H. Möhwald, “Layer-by-layer self assembly of polyelectrolytes on colloidal particles,” Coll. and Surf. A: Phys. and Eng. Aspects 137(1-3), 253–266 (1998). [CrossRef]
22. G. B. Sukhorukov, E. Donath, S. Davis, H. Lichtenfeld, F. Caruso, V. I. Popov, and H. Möhwald, “Stepwise polyelectrolyte assembly on particle surfaces: a novel approach to colloid design,” Polym. Adv. Technol. 9(10-11), 759–767 (1998). [CrossRef]
23. W. Qiu, B. G. DeLacy, S. G. Johnson, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Optimization of broadband optical response of multilayer nanospheres,” Opt. Express 20(16), 18494–18504 (2012). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. H. C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles, (Dover, 1981).
25. C. Bohren and D. Huffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, (John Wiley & Sons,1983).
26. R. E. Hamam, A. Karalis, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Coupled-mode theory for general free-space resonant scattering of waves,” Phys. Rev. A 75(5), 053801 (2007). [CrossRef]
28. Z. Ruan and S. Fan, “Temporal coupled-mode theory for fano resonance in light scattering by a single obstacle,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(16), 7324–7329 (2010). [CrossRef]
29. Z. Ruan and S. Fan, “Design of subwavelength superscattering nanospheres,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(4), 043101 (2011). [CrossRef]
30. T. Kobayashi, J-Aggregates, (World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 1996).
31. A. Dixon, C. Duncan, and H. Samha, “Self assembly of cyanine dye on clay nanoparticles,” Am. J. Undergrad. Res. 3, 29–34 (2005).
32. H. Kuhn and H. D. Foresterling, Principles of Physical Chemistry (Wiley, 2000).
33. E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids (Academic, 1985).


The Resiliency Management System® will provide advanced visualization for control center operations
ResilientGrid, Inc. announced that a large Public Power utility in the US has selected the ResilientGrid Resiliency Management System (RMS™) software platform for implementation in their three integrated transmission operations centers. The deployment of the RMS will facilitate important shared situational awareness through advanced visualizations, allowing the operators to see and understand the full transmission system in one place - similar to a “single pane of glass” visualization. The integration of data streams, from the growing number of grid systems (such as SCADA, EMS, weather data, PMUs, advanced network applications, historian), provides for improved capabilities in the control center and fosters increased productivity among the operators and shift supervisors.
The utility, located in the western region of the US, is focused on providing its operators with best-in-class and innovative technologies that will optimize their environment and efficiencies as they embark on a multiyear project to update the primary, backup, and training centers for transmission and Balancing Authority (BA) operations. ResilientGrid’s RMS will play a central role by integrating the new video walls and operator workstations to provide a consistent and new level of shared situation awareness that is optimized by leveraging ResilientGrid’s expertise in human factors, cognitive systems engineering, and other science-based disciplines.
“We’re thrilled to be a part of this project,” said Michael Legatt, Founder and CEO of ResilientGrid. “The key to supporting system operators is in improving the ease of access to all of their critical data in a way that is optimized for them, when and where it is needed most. We’re looking forward to supporting continuous improvement in the utility’s control centers, and incorporating current and future advanced technologies, from PMUs to cutting-edge network applications”.


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If a solar flare happened during a total lunar eclipse, would the Earth block the flare from hitting the moon?
Probably not, for several reasons.
The high frequency electromagnetic radiation from a solar flare isn't what does the bulk of the damage to power grids and such. It's the huge stream of charged particles released by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that are sometimes associated with solar flares that do that damage. For example, it wasn't the solar flare itself that did the damage to telegraph systems on the Earth during the Carrington Event. It was the CME associated with the flare. While it took only eight minutes for the electromagnetic radiation from the flare to travel from the Sun to the Earth, it took over eighteen hours for those charged particles to travel from the Sun to the Earth -- and they followed a curved path.
This means that if a Carrington-level solar flare did happen during a total lunar eclipse, the Earth would have shielded the Moon from the direct effects of the flare. However, the eclipse would have been over by the time the CME hit the Earth. It gets worse.
The Earth's magnetic field has a huge cross section to charged particles emitted by the Sun, much larger than the Earth itself. The magnetic field protects the Earth against all but the worst devastations from the Sun. Even then, the vast majority of the charged particles are swept aside by the Earth's magnetic field.
This magnetic field has a very long magnetotail that extends beyond the Moon. Unlike eclipses, which are rare, The Moon crosses the Earth's magnetotail every month. It takes the Moon about six days to traverse the Earth's magnetotail. The problem is that this magnetotail is highly turbulent, particularly when the Earth is hit hard such as by a CME. Most of the charged particles ejected by a CME are swept aside by the magnetic field, concentrated in the outer fringes of the magnetotail. The turbulent nature of the magnetotail means the Moon would be occasionally inundated with a huge flux of charged particles should a Carrington-level event occur.
A solar flare that occurs during a lunar eclipse would mean that lunar colonists would need to get deep underground, and would need to protect equipment such as solar arrays left on the surface.


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MSDSE Archive - Themes
The world’s growing interest in data science is undeniable. One can see this reflected in the increased number of new academic degree and certificate programs, the number of new jobs available for individuals with data science skills, and the rising migration of researchers with computational skills to the private sector. In an effort to channel our efforts, we focus on six major themes around which academic data science discussions coalesce:
- Education and training
- Tools and software
- Reproducibility and open science
- Physical and intellectual space
- Data science studies
How do we create and sustain long-term career trajectories for a new generation of scientists whose research depends crucially on the analysis of massive, noisy, and/or complex data and whose work may require substantial curation and/or development efforts? What about those scientists who focus entirely on building next-generation tools that others ultimately use to derive new science? These career paths are currently complicated by strong competition from industry, a tendency by universities to measure productivity using only traditional metrics (e.g., journal publication) that do not reflect the scholar’s full contribution, and a general failure to provide a sufficiently supportive and meaningful environment and culture.
We see persistent, complex, and deep-rooted challenges for the career paths of people whose skills, activities, and work patterns do not fit neatly into the roles and success metrics of traditional academia. However, data science in research universities requires precisely the kind of complex, long-term interdisciplinary work with methodological and engineering efforts that leads to “low performance” under traditional metrics and “slow progress” and “lack of fit” in existing career tracks.
Activities around this theme in the Data Science Environments include the following:
- Defining positions and career tracks (e.g., data science faculty lines, data science fellows)
- Promoting institutional policies that facilitate career development for data scientists
- Building a recognizable data science community across scientific domains
- Promoting mentorship and job satisfaction
- BIDS Working Group on Career Paths and Alternative Metrics
- UW eScience Working Group on Career Paths and Alternative Metrics
Education and Training
Training in data science is needed at all levels in academic research, from the undergraduate student to the tenured faculty member. A major challenge to data science training is that it is inherently multidisciplinary, requiring training in computer science, statistics, applied mathematics, and one or more domain areas. Traditional university curricula do not provide this kind of broad data science training, and often data science courses are relegated to specific departments with no consideration of cross-disciplinary needs.
The Education Working Group is developing ways to use innovative teaching methods and formats to offer both formal and informal training in data science skills at undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels. Viewing education in its widest sense, the aim is to make data science technology and expertise far more accessible both within universities and beyond.
Tools and Software
Data-intensive science and data-driven discovery requires an ecosystem of software tools that are openly available, easy to use, and translatable across domains. How can the development, hardening, sustaining, sharing, and integration of techniques into a reusable software infrastructure be recognized and incentivized? There are known obstacles to the development of software tools, including the fact that domain scientists are specifically trained to develop and deliver the advanced software they require and that computer scientists and engineers have little incentive to harden, sustain, share, and integrate novel techniques into a reusable software infrastructure. We are working to remove these obstacles both within the Data Science Environments and in the broader academic community.
Specific goals around this theme include the following:
- Deliver high-impact, usable, and generalizable software for science that does not “reinvent the wheel”
- Promote open source software practices
- Create, strengthen, and deepen connections between tool developers and investigators in data-driven domains
- Promote “matchmaking” between methods/tools and substantive domains
- BIDS Working Group on Software Tools and Environments
- UW eScience Working Group on Software Tools and Environments
Reproducibility and Open Science
The pace of knowledge acquisition in science is impeded by a lack of sharing of the research process in its entirety in addition to all of its outputs. This makes it difficult for researchers to build upon each other’s work and undoubtedly results in some “reinvention of the wheel.” Further, there is increasing scrutiny of publications reporting on “irreproducible results,” which can lead to misinformation and public distrust of science. As we transition to data-intensive scientific discovery, we have the opportunity to address these issues through software tools and practices that support the sharing, preservation, provenance tracking, and reproducibility of data, software, and scientific workflows.
As data-intensive scientific discovery becomes more common, reproducibility and open science becomes both more challenging and more important. Work around this theme includes identifying and promoting repositories for sharing data and workflows, developing techniques to query and analyze shared data and workflows that will facilitate reuse, and creating software tools to better support sharing and reproducibility.
- BIDS Working Group on Reproducibility and Open Science
- UW eScience Institute Working Group on Reproducibility and Open Science
Physical and Intellectual Space
Innovative data science is advanced at universities through the creation of high-quality physical spaces that successfully cultivate the “water cooler” effect (i.e., exchange and collaboration), raise the level of prestige for data science and scientists, and are adaptable to a range of activities that can promote data science research and learning. It is also essential that spaces be designed to bring together the data scientists who reside in academic units spread across our (large) campuses. This requires the spaces to be valuable as study, contemplation, development, and individual work areas.
The goal of discussions around this theme include how to design common spaces that encourage collaboration both within and between universities in a setting where stakeholders wear multiple hats and often have their own labs to manage. What events are most successful at bringing in researchers from multiple domains? How can space provide both the means for collaboration and the proper setting for concentration on data-intensive science?
- BIDS Working Group on Working Spaces and Culture
- UW eScience Institute Working Group on Working Spaces and Culture
Data Science Studies
Data Science Studies is a multi-sited working group of cross-disciplinary researchers studying the sociocultural and organizational processes around the emerging practice of data science. As a sub-field of Science and Technology Studies, we utilize a variety of qualitative and computational methods to understand the changing scientific practices, knowledge infrastructures, and cultural values that are shaping the environment for data-intensive scientific research. This encompasses, but is not limited to research focused around topics such as: the cultural and institutional contexts for open science, open software, and open data, tool building and scientific workflow, new pedagogical models for data science education, how disciplines are adapting to the demands of data-intensive science, new epistemologies and social implications of data-intensive science, human-centered data science, and studies of sociotechnical data science ecosystems.


An ozone meter is a valuable tool that accurately measures and monitors atmospheric ozone levels. In this article, we will explore the significance of an ozone meter, its features, and how it aids in ozone monitoring.
Importance of Ozone Monitoring:
Ozone exists at different altitudes in the Earth’s atmosphere and has both beneficial and harmful effects. While the ozone layer protects us from harmful UV radiation, ground-level ozone can negatively impact air quality and human health. Effective ozone monitoring helps identify any potential threats and allows for appropriate measures to be taken in a timely manner.
Features of an ozone meter
Accurate Ozone Measurement:
Ozone meter are designed with advanced sensing technology that provides precise and reliable measurements of ozone concentrations. These meters utilize highly sensitive sensors that detect even trace amounts of ozone. Accurate measurement is crucial for understanding ozone patterns and identifying changes or trends over time.
Real-Time Data Acquisition:
Ozone meters offer real-time data acquisition, providing instant feedback on ozone levels. This feature allows for continuous monitoring of ozone concentrations and prompt response to any fluctuations. Real-time data empowers researchers, government agencies, and industries to make informed decisions regarding ozone-related issues.
Portable and Compact Design:
Many ozone meters are portable and compact, allowing for easy transportation and installation in various settings. Whether conducting field studies, indoor air quality assessments, or monitoring industrial emissions, the portability of these meters enables flexible ozone monitoring across different locations.
Wide Range of Measurable Parameters:
Ozone meters measure a variety of parameters related to ozone concentration. These parameters may include ambient ozone levels, temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. By simultaneously measuring multiple parameters, ozone meters provide a comprehensive understanding of ozone dynamics and their correlation with environmental factors.
Ozone meters feature user-friendly interfaces that facilitate easy operation and data interpretation. Clear digital displays present real-time ozone readings, allowing users to quickly assess ozone levels. Intuitive controls and menu options simplify the configuration and adjustment of meter settings.
Data Logging and Analysis:
Many ozone meters offer data logging capabilities, allowing for the storage of measurement data over an extended period. This feature enables long-term analysis of ozone trends and facilitates the identification of patterns or anomalies. Data analysis software further assists in visualizing and interpreting ozone-related data.
Alarm and Alert Systems:
Advanced ozone meters include alarm and alert systems that notify users when ozone concentrations exceed predefined thresholds. These systems ensure immediate awareness of potentially dangerous ozone levels, facilitating prompt action to protect human health and the environment.
Calibration and Maintenance:
Regular calibration and maintenance are essential for accurate ozone measurements. Ozone meters typically provide calibration guidelines and support to maintain measurement integrity. Proper maintenance and calibration procedures help ensure the continued reliability and accuracy of ozone meter readings.
An ozone meter is a valuable tool for monitoring atmospheric ozone levels. With its accurate ozone measurement, real-time data acquisition, portable design, wide range of measurable parameters, user-friendly interface, data logging and analysis capabilities, alarm and alert systems, and calibration and maintenance requirements, an ozone meter aids in effective ozone monitoring. By investing in reliable ozone meters, we can better understand ozone dynamics, mitigate potential risks, and safeguard both the environment and human health. Efficient ozone monitoring contributes to sustainable development and ensures a healthy future for our planet.


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For this study, I11 was used as it offers both high-resolution (HR), time-resolved (TR) SXPD, and long-duration in situ studies. SXPD data (HR and TR) were collected in Experimental Hutch 1 (EH1) to study the evolution of the lattice parameters during the first charge, while in situ long-term studies (105 cycles) from two identical battery cells were performed on the recently commissioned Long Duration Experiment (LDE) facility4. SXPD patterns were taken once a week upon long-term cycling. Using pouch cells suitable for in situ SXPD, the first cycle was performed with a C-rate of C/20 to activate the material, and all subsequent cycles were performed at a rate of C/5 between 2.0 and 4.6 V, completing 14.5 cycles each week. From this data, it is possible to determine, and quantify, transition-metal (TM) migration upon cycling by detailed reflection profile analysis, and Difference-Fourier (DF) mapping. The relationship of reversible, and irreversible, TM disorder with the strain in the material can guide improvements in the cycling stability of lithium-rich cathodes, and potentially lead to the synthesis of new application-oriented materials. Although previous studies indicate only minor changes in the bulk material, long duration in situ SXPD measurements, in combination with difference Fourier analysis of the data, revealed an irreversible TM motion within the host structure.
TMs tend to occupy tetrahedral sites in the lithium layer (Fig. 2B) at highly delithiated (charged) states, since the occupation of tetrahedral sites in the TM layer is less favourable due to the occupation of neighbouring octahedral sites by cationic species. A TM in tetrahedral sites of the Li-layer can then either move back to the TM layer (Fig. 2A), or move on to occupy octahedral lithium sites (Fig. 2C), leading to a delithiated, disordered structure which is thermodynamically more stable and, therefore, energetically favourable5. This disorder is identified in diffraction patterns as a mismatch in the reflection intensities, rather than changes in positions or the presence/absence of reflections. While a minor mismatch in the refined reflection intensities of the first cycle was observed, this became more significant as cycling progressed. If analysed further, the discrepancy in the measured, and refined, reflection intensities can provide useful information, as it originates from the difference between the measured, and calculated, electron density in the crystallographic structure. Due to their relatively high number of electrons, and thus their significant contribution to the X-ray diffraction profiles, TMs are the only elements in the HE-NCM structure that can cause such an effect. DF analysis of the diffraction data was performed to investigate which sites are occupied by TMs upon cycling. The DF maps of the first discharged state (Fig. 3A and B) show that the electron density of octahedral sites (Lioc and TMoc) are poorly described by the ideal rhombohedral structure, and the differences become even more significant by the 103rd cycle (Fig. 3C and D). Li/TM disorder is not observed in the first cycle of conventional layered oxides, supporting the assumption that lithium vacancies in the TM layer, created during the first charge (the so-called activation), accelerate transition-metal migration. During subsequent cycles, the disorder increases gradually, reaching roughly 5% of the transition metals in Lioc sites after 100 cycles. This observed increase of disorder leads to the conclusion that this type of migration is to some extent irreversible. Equivalent DF maps of the 1.5 and 102.5 charged states show underestimated electron densities in Lite sites (tetrahedral sites in the lithium layer). This confirms the migration of TMs via these sites in the charged state. Nevertheless, these results support the migration pathway shown in Fig. 3, and suggest that TM motion takes place at high states of charge. Migration of TMs into tetrahedral sites has to be largely reversible because no occupation of tetrahedral sites was observed in the discharged state throughout the 100 charge/discharge cycles, while Ca. 8% of the TMs occupy tetrahedral sites in the charged state. At the end of discharge, 2-5% of the TMs are refined to be in octahedral Li-sites, while the tetrahedral sites are unoccupied, strongly indicating that 3-6% of the TMs migrate reversibly back from tetrahedral sites into octahedral TM sites upon lithiation.
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Diamond Light Source Ltd
Harwell Science & Innovation Campus
Diamond Light Source® and the Diamond logo are registered trademarks of Diamond Light Source Ltd
Registered in England and Wales at Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom. Company number: 4375679. VAT number: 287 461 957. Economic Operators Registration and Identification (EORI) number: GB287461957003.


An affordable Pure Sine Wave inverter from EPSolar/EPEver - the manufacturers of our MPPTs
IPower series is a kind of pure sine wave inverter which can convert. 12/24/48VDC to 220/230VAC(or 110/120VAC). Industrial design, compared with the civil design, has a wider operating temperature, easy installation and operation. The wide input voltage range is ideal for solar system application. The inverter can be applied in many fields, such as household emergency lighting system, vehicle mounted system and small field power supply etc.
Please note this particular model does not have an active USB or RJ45 port and therefore cannot be used with the MT75 display.
Please note this unit does not come with cabling, we recommend 50mm cable and a 200A DC breaker or fuse and fuse holder. The battery cable connections are M6 bolts, therefore M6 lugs are required for cable termination.
|Type and size||200A fuse|
|Size mm2||50mm2 cable, M6 lug|