Human Genetics - Mitosis and Meiosis
Using the text and any other sources you choose, sketch the phases and sub-phases of
3. meiosis with one single cross-over event
in a “typical” diploid animal cell. Be sure to indicate (in the sketch) how any and all cellular components are changing during these phases.
So you will have three series.
☞ The cell has 1N = 2
☞ with one smaller acrocentric chromosome and one larger metacentric chromosome.
☞ Use 2 colors to distinguish the maternal and paternal chromosomes.
☞ If there are alternate outcomes (such as segregation in meiosis I) show both alternatives
★ include all subphases (specifically in prophase I)
▸ leptotene stage
▸ zygotene stage
▸ pachytene stage
▸ diplotene stage
★ label each drawing
✓ each drawing has a title (phase or subphase)
✓ label each structure in every sketch, or at least every time it changes appearance
★ If you choose, you may magnify a component or structure to show important features, rather than magnify the entire sketch. Be sure your labels are clear.


Readers of different religious traditions, and even those within the same tradition, may read sacred Scripture in radically divergent ways. Among the most pronounced ways this occurs is in the common refrains that religious immigration activists tend to cite. The Hebrew Bible directs adherents to watch over the ger, a term that alludes to a permanent resident or a convert and is often defined imperfectly as “stranger.” The New Testament depicts Jesus as a refugee, and the Quran directs the religious to care for both the wayfarer (aabir sabeel) and the homeless (ibn sabeel). These religious values motivate many to advocate for refugees and would-be immigrants, while many others understand their religious mandate differently.
Exegetical variety aside, experts and nonprofit leaders say that religious activists have rallied of late in response to the president’s immigration policy and rhetoric. Since President Donald Trump’s election, immigration activists have demonstrated a “new energy” and a “new level of urgency,” even though they were concerned about high levels of immigrant deportation under President Barack Obama, says Grace Yukich, associate professor of sociology at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut, and author of One Family Under God: Immigration Politics and Progressive Religion in America.
“The anti-immigrant rhetoric during Trump’s presidential campaign frightened immigrants and their allies, including many faith-based activists, who saw such rhetoric as antithetical to their religious traditions’ calls to welcome the stranger,” Yukich says. The activists are concerned about what they interpret as White House efforts to curb the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program (DACA), to reduce both legal and illegal immigration, and to curb the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment. Activists are also concerned about separation of families on the border, targeting of undocumented immigrants without criminal records, and the tragic incidents of immigrant children who have died within U.S. custody. The activists worry both about the immigrants and “the moral and spiritual health of a nation that often treats immigrants in cruel and inhumane ways,” Yukich says.
Mark Hetfield, president and chief executive officer of HIAS, has seen more American Jewish passion for welcoming refugees and asylum seekers than he has observed in decades. (HIAS was founded in 1881 as the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society.) “They want to volunteer to welcome them, to set them up in new homes and new communities, and to help them navigate our Byzantine and often vicious legal process,” he says. “Unfortunately, with the Trump administration’s allowing the fewest number of refugees in the 40-year history of the program, and with the ‘remain in Mexico’ policy, volunteer opportunities are increasingly scarce. Consequently, we’ve facilitated more advocacy opportunities to change these policies.”
More than 2,000 rabbis and hundreds of congregations have formally committed to work with HIAS to support welcoming refugees, and HIAS helped organize more than 100 meetings between constituents and their congressional representatives this summer. “The global refugee crisis of 2015, and then, just before the Jewish high holidays, the photograph of the lifeless body of 3-year-old Alan Kurdi washed up on the beach in Turkey, woke up our entire community, and they’ve been actively engaged in welcoming refugees ever since on a scale we haven’t seen since the late 1980 and the Soviet Jewry movement,” Hetfield says. “The big difference today is that they are not welcoming refugees who are Jews, but welcoming refugees as Jews.”
Religious activists are helping immigrants by providing legal services along the border, raising money to help immigrants and their families, and offering sanctuary to those at risk for deportation through the New Sanctuary Movement, which offers “sacred resistance,” Quinnipiac University’s Yukich says. Activists are also educating communities about immigration policies and collaborating with groups like No More Deaths, an Arizona-based organization that provides water and other necessities to immigrants and is part of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Tucson.
When Joan Rosenhauer, executive director of Jesuit Refugee Service/USA, thinks about her group’s humanitarian work, she turns to the New Testament. “The fact that the very Son of God was a refugee serves to call us to see the face of Christ in all those who are forced to flee,” she says. (While Gospel stories from Jesus’ childhood are rare, one has his family crossing a national border, fleeing King Herod-endorsed infanticide in Bethlehem for Egypt.) Jesus preached that when one visits the imprisoned or feeds the hungry that one is visiting and feeding God, Rosenhauer says.
Jesuit Refugee Services, which was founded in 1980 and is based in Rome, supports refugees in more than 50 countries. Its activities include creating safe spaces for children within refugee camps, running schools, training refugees to teach and to launch businesses, providing food and hygienic supplies, and offering pastoral and religious support to those in U.S. detention hoping to immigrate. On the U.S. southern border in particular, the U.S. chapter operates a program where chaplains provide pastoral and religious assistance to non-citizens in five detention centers operated by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (Rosenhauer has visited the centers in El Paso, Texas, and in Florence, Arizona. The others are in Batavia, New York; Los Fresnos, Texas; and Miami.)
In 2018, Jesuit Refugee Service activists distributed religious materials, provided religious services through volunteer faith leaders, and offered stress management classes and psychosocial support to 10,453 migrants through this program, Rosenhauer says. The Mexican chapter of Jesuit Refugee Service also collaborates with other Jesuit organizations to help migrants with legal and psychological support. “Many of our donors support our work with displaced people where it is most needed,” Rosenhauer says. “We see a lot of generosity among Americans toward people who have fled their homes, but it is not exclusively focused on the U.S. border.”
Catholics aren’t monolithic in their views, including on immigration reform, according to PRRI data. More than 60 percent of Catholics in New York City and 70 percent of Catholics in Washington, D.C., believe immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents. In Philadelphia, on the other hand, 45 percent of Catholics think immigrants take American jobs, housing, and healthcare, a 2015 PRRI survey found. But Rosenhauer has been impressed with the ways that Catholics worldwide have responded to Pope Francis’ public support for refugees. In a message released in advance of the church’s World Day of Migrants and Refugees, which was held on September 29, the pope stated that “the presence of migrants and refugees—and of vulnerable people in general—is an invitation to recover some of those essential dimensions of our Christian existence and our humanity that risk being overlooked in a prosperous society. … I invoke God’s abundant blessings upon all the world’s migrants and refugees and upon all those who accompany them on their journey.”
Not every faith group is seeing a surge in activism around immigration reform. Many members of the Orthodox Jewish community in Lakewood, New Jersey, for example, read the Torah literally and turn to Jewish teachings for guidance on all aspects of life. At the yeshiva Beth Medrash Govoha, some 6,000 men pore for many hours a day over Hebrew and Aramaic texts, and most can recite Exodus 22:20 (“Neither harass nor oppress the ‘stranger,’ for you were ‘strangers’ in Egypt”) by heart in biblical Hebrew, but they aren’t interpreting the verse, or others like it, as a mandate to jet or bus to the southern border and pitch in. Instead, members of this community (and many others) tend to see their primary religious responsibility as internal obligations to more immediate neighbors.
“Our tradition teaches us—and it is imbued through our education, both in our homes and in our Yeshivas—that people have a deep and important responsibility to care for each other’s welfare,” Rabbi Eli Steinberg says, speaking personally rather than in his capacity as Beth Medrash Govoha’s spokesman. “What it also teaches us is a system of prioritization of our efforts. We are responsible for those closest to us first: family, extended family, community.”
But other Jewish communities read the biblical texts differently. An 85-year-old rabbi was handcuffed with a plastic tie while protesting outside Philadelphia’s Immigration and Customs Enforcement office last year, even as the man, who walks with a cane, needed assistance to stand, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported. This past July, the Associated Press reported that a network of more than 70 synagogues nationwide has committed to supporting asylum seekers and immigrants.
Imam Omar Suleiman, the Dallas-based founder and president of the Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research and a Southern Methodist University adjunct Islamic studies professor, was arrested at the U.S. Capitol last year for protesting the mistreatment of American-born children of undocumented immigrants, known as “Dreamers” based on never-passed congressional legislation called the DREAM Act. “Hundreds of thousands of families are being ripped apart and we need to come to a permanent solution for them,” he posted on social media at the time.
Suleiman’s activism is theologically motivated and draws upon a faith tradition in which stories of migration are hardwired into the theology. Islamic Scriptures tell of Muslim migrants fleeing violence from Mecca to both Medina and to Abyssinia, a Christian land. Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, who are also prophets in Islam, were migrants, and the Islamic calendar starts with the date of the migration from persecution. The Quran prescribes recognizing the sanctity of all sons of Adam—meaning all people—and caring for both the wayfarer and the homeless.
Islam’s teachings on the sanctity and dignity of the human being are principles that Suleiman believes and explains to the immigrants in detention that he meets. “I read Scriptures on general hardship, ease, patience, and love. I definitely use a universal language,” he says. “I have a set of Scriptures that I read … nothing that a Christian or Jew couldn’t pray to.” When he talks—and more importantly, he says, listens—to young immigrants, he is frequently asked to pray, typically for the young people’s relatives. The Quranic verses, which he translates into Spanish, include this one: “When my servant cries out to me, then I am near to him. I answer the call of every caller when they call unto me, so that they will respond to my call and believe in me. So that they will find guidance.” He adds this verse from the Quran as well: “With every hardship comes ease.”
Among American evangelical Christians, there are longstanding and deep divisions on immigration and refugees, John Fea, professor of history at Messiah College in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, says. Fea is the author of Believe Me: The Evangelical Road to Donald Trump. The spectrum of evangelical views on immigration range from Jim Wallis, founder and editor of Sojourners magazine and author of the 2013 op-ed “The Bible’s case for immigration reform,” and the National Association of Evangelicals on the left, to groups on the right like Evangelicals for Biblical Immigration, Fea says.
Those in the same camp as Evangelicals for Biblical Immigration largely oppose granting citizenship to American-born children of undocumented immigrants affected by the DACA program, and would like to see borders either closely defended or severely restricted, Fea says. “[They] claim that these verses are manipulated by the evangelical opponents to serve their political interests,” he says. “Most claim that these verses about welcoming the stranger do not apply to illegal immigrants, because these immigrants are breaking the law.”
The essential evangelical division here, which divides along political lines, pits Christian compassion against rule of law. “The evangelical differences on immigration have been around for several decades, but right now politics seems to be shaping everything,” Fea says. “Almost all of the evangelicals, who support Trump’s Supreme Court nominations, [and] move of the Israeli embassy to Jerusalem … also oppose all forms of illegal immigration and are fearful about the arrival of these refugees. If they do have any moral qualms or pricks of conscience about the separation of families at the border or the treatment of refugees in detention centers, they do not speak up about it.”
Many white evangelicals, he says, believe that a wall is the only solution to the problem on the southern border. “They do not want to jeopardize their access to political power, because Trump is delivering on abortion and Supreme Court justices, and other issues that are more important to them than immigration reform,” Fea says. “Evangelical Christianity in America has been divided for a long time, but the immigration debate, and Trump’s handling of it, reveals this division perhaps more than anything else.”
Menachem Wecker is a freelance journalist in Washington, D.C.
Source link Google News


Yellow bittern of India is one of the smallest members of the bittern species. It is found occupying the Asian countries of India, Sri Lanka, Japan and Indonesia. Yellow bitterns are scientifically known as Lxobrychus sinensis and are of Old World origins. They are shy by nature and are brilliant in the camouflage technique.
Yellow bitterns of India are small birds, growing to an average length
of 38 cm. The neck is short, but the bill is quite long. The male Yellow
bittern is of dull yellow color on the upper side as well as the buff
below. The head and neck are of chestnut color and the crown is black.
The female Yellow bittern has streaked-brown crown, neck and breast. The
chicks are pale peachish-pink in color and can climb even before they
Yellow bitterns are also solitary creatures, which usually hunt on
their own. They use their long sturdy bills to capture the prey. Yellow
bitterns of India can slip rather easily and are also pretty good at
quietly climbing among the bottom of reed beds and undergrowth. Usually,
they hunt from cover. However, at times, one can also see them foraging
over floating vegetation, like water-hyacinth beds. The birds are more
active during dawn and dusk.
Yellow bitterns prefer to breed in dense vegetation near water.
Yellow Bitterns feed on insects, fish and amphibians.
Yellow bitterns inhabit Indian freshwater wetlands, which are covered
with thick vegetation. This includes marshes, grasslands, reed beds,
ponds, dredge-mine lagoons and reservoirs, including man-made canals.
One can also spot them in mangroves.
Yellow Bittern is protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of


Stress in America 2022 Insights
There is no denying that the COVID-19 pandemic has created a mental health crisis. To better understand the impact of the past two years on individual stress, the American Psychological Association partnered with The Harris Poll to conduct a survey their annual Stress in America ™ survey. This survey, conducted in February and March of this year, had alarming results. As part of Stress Awareness Month, we wanted to share these important findings:
- 87%of respondents agreed it feels like there has been a constant stream of crises over the last two years.
- 73%of respondents said they are overwhelmed by the number of crises facing the world right now.
- 63%of respondents said their life has been forever changed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
- The rise in prices of everyday items due to inflation was rated as a stressor by the highest proportion of adults seen across all stressors asked about in the history of the Stress in America ™ survey, with 87%having reported it as a significant source of stress.
- 42%of respondents said that they have relied on a lot of unhealthy habits to get themselves through the last two years.
Stress Management Techniques
In addition to navigating though an unpredictable state of prolonged hyper-vigilance that the pandemic has created, individuals are now dealing with growing financial strain and the fear of the new geopolitical threat that has emerged. The survey findings make clear that U.S. adults appear to be emotionally overwhelmed and showing signs of fatigue and chronic stress. Chronic stress can have a severely negative impacts on overall health, including a weaken immune system, headaches, insomnia, high blood pressure and even heart disease. That is why it is critical to start incorporating stress management techniques into your daily routine.
- Exercise: Physical activityis one of the best ways to help you manage stress. Not only does it instantly improve your mood due to the release of hormones like endorphins and endocannabinoids, but it also helps improve your quality of sleep at night and improves your immune system. Both of which set your body up to handle stress more adequately.
- Nutrition: Stress eating highly processed foods that are high in sugar and fat may provide temporarily relief, however they cause long term damage to both your physical and mental health. Focusing on eating nutritious foods and consuming a balanced diet not only keeps your body healthy, but it helps regulate your mood and manage stress levels.
- Meditation: Meditating brings short-term stress relief as well as lasting stress management benefits. There are many different forms of meditation to try, each one is unique and brings its own appeal. Check out one of our past blog post to learn more!
- Gratitude: Studies show that grateful people enjoy better mental health, lower stress, and a better quality of life. Gratitude practices, such as journaling, are a great-long term strategy for managing stress. Practicing gratitude regularly also reminds you of all of the resources you have to cope with stress, which is very empowering.
- Positive Self-Talk: Training your inner voice to speak positively can help you develop a healthier outlook and help you manage your emotions and take positive action. Start paying attention to your self-talk and when you notice you are giving yourself harsh self-criticism or having self-doubt, redirect your thoughts in a more realistic and compassionate way.
If you are an employer looking to help your employees manage their stress levels, click here to view our Mental Health and Well-Being Offerings!


A feeding frenzy called a "Blitz" is happening right in close to the shore and within casting range of this surf fisherman. He is catching stripers.
In the fall as the water cools baitfish which have been growing up in the estuaries and bays migrate out into the open ocean. There they meet up with striped bass which are involved with their own migration south along the coast.
The feeding frenzies that result are called blitzes. Sea birds join the blitzes. The birds provide a beacon for fishermen. Boat fishermen scan the horizon with binoculars looking for the tell-tale birds. Surf fishermen drive the roads and beaches along the coast looking for birds. When they find the blitzes they get to enjoy some of the best striped bass fishing of the year.
Often the stripers are accompanied with bluefish. Bluefish are sometimes called choppers, because they chop chunks out of the baitfish, rather than eating them whole. The resulting pieces, including the heads, sink deeper into the water column where larger stripers lay in wait for an easy meal.
Sometimes the blitzes occur close to the beach within casting range of surf fishermen. Often they occur too far out and the surf fishermen can only watch. These blitzes are sometimes short in duration, but they will occur again someplace else. The birds and the fishermen are always searching.


“THIS IS THE BEST EDITION OF THIS FAMOUS WORK”: SCARCE 1817 EDITION OF MALTHUS’ ECONOMIC LANDMARK, FROM THE LIBRARY OF PREEMINENT BIBLIOGRAPHER G.R. REDGRAVE
MALTHUS, Thomas Robert. An Essay on the Principle of Population; Or, A View of Its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness; with An Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils Which It Occasions. London: John Murray, 1817. Three volumes. Octavo, contemporary full diced brown calf rebacked with original elaborately gilt-decorated spines laid down, burgundy morocco spine labels. $2800.
Scarce 1817 edition of a foundational work in modern economics, from the library of renowned bibliographer G.R. Redgrave, co-author of the Short Title Catalogue (STC), featuring his key notation in Volume I: “This is the best edition of this famous work as it contains much addiitonal matter, and many alterations at the hand of the author,” handsomely bound in contemporary calf.
“Malthus was one of the founders of modern economics. His Essay was originally the product of a discussion on the perfectibility of society with his father, [who] urged him to publish. Thus the first edition (published anonymously) was essentially a fighting tract, but later editions were considerably altered and grew bulkier as Malthus defended his views against a host of critics… The Essay was highly influential in the progress of thought in early 19th-century Europe [and] his influence on social policy was considerable… Both Darwin and Wallace clearly acknowledged Malthus as a source of the idea of ‘the struggle for existence” (PMM 251). Following the initial 1798 edition, “in 1803 Malthus published under his own name the stout quarto that embodies his mature views of his subject. The author confesses in his preface that he had taken too gloomy a view of human nature in his first essay… The achievement of Malthus was the exposition of the theory of population; and his name has been associated so closely with this theory that, like Darwin’s, it has added a new adjective to the language of civilized peoples” (Palgrave II:670-1). Fifth edition: “with important additions.” Kress B6974. Garrison & Morton 1693. Goldsmiths 21761. From the library of highly respected bibliophile Gilbert R. Redgrave, with his bookplates. Redgrave co-authored with Pollard The Short Title Catalogue of English Books, 1475-1640 (STC), a foundational bibliography. The son of artist Richard Redgrave, Gilbert was also a major art critic, architect and author. As is evidenced by this seminal work, Redgrave often wrote learned bibliographical notes in important volumes from his library. With his date of “London. 1885,” Redgrave writes in the blank fly leaf of Volume I his informed notation on this key 1817 edition: “This is the best edition of this famous work, as it contains much additional matter, and many alterations at the hand of the author. In order to complete the previous editions, four in number, the added matter was published as an extra volume. The replies to M. Weyland and M. Graham in the Appendix [III:388-428] are important. The work passed through six editions in the author’s lifetime, viz. 1798, 1803, 1806, 1807, 1817 and 1826.” Minor marginalia to front pastedowns.
Interiors generally fresh with light scattered foxing, some expert restoration and age-wear to binding. A most desirable extremely good copy, scarce in contemporary boards.


With much of the U.S. currently experiencing severely cold temperatures, many families, school administrators and childcare providers are limiting kids’ outdoor activity. During extreme weather conditions, it’s a good idea to keep kids indoors. However, over the course of the winter season, it can be difficult at times to determine when children should stay inside or play outside.
Rules about outdoor play are included in statewide childcare center licensing regulations. Some states categorize weather conditions using a color code system to help childcare providers assess the weather before allowing children to go outside:
The green, yellow and red conditions are only general guidelines for outdoor play in cold weather. Each child will have a different reaction to various temperatures.
Before letting children go out to play in cold weather, be sure to take the proper precautions:
How’s the weather where you live? Are you aware of any regulations in your state that restrict children’s outdoor play in extreme weather conditions?
 Child Care Weather Watch, Iowa Department Public Health, Healthy Child Care Iowa, Produced through federal grant (MCJ19T029 & MCJ19KCC7) funds from the US Department of Health & Human Services, Health Resources & Services Administration, Maternal & Child Health Bureau. Wind-Chill and Heat Index information is from the National Weather Service.


- Can you get rabies without bleeding?
- Can you get rabies if bite doesn’t break skin?
- What is the first sign of rabies in a human?
- At what temperature does the rabies virus die?
- Is 7 days too late for rabies vaccine?
- Can a small bite cause rabies?
- How long does it take rabies to affect a human?
- What kills the rabies virus?
- Why do dogs die after humans bite?
- How is rabies diagnosed?
- Do rabies patients bark?
- Is rabies curable?
- Can I take rabies injection after 1 day of dog bite?
- Does rabies make humans aggressive?
- Does water kill rabies virus?
- Why are rabies patients afraid of water?
- Can I take rabies vaccine after 3 days?
- What happens if u dont get rabies shot?
- Does Soap kill rabies?
- How long does rabies virus survive in air?
- Can rabies kill a human?
- Can you get rabies from a scratch?
- How soon do you need a rabies shot?
- How do you know if an animal has rabies?
Can you get rabies without bleeding?
In our death review also, deaths caused by “scratches/abrasions without blood” amply demonstrate the ability of the rabies virus to enter nerves through dermis due to broken skin and its capacity to cause rabies..
Can you get rabies if bite doesn’t break skin?
Rabies can’t go through unbroken skin. People can get rabies only via a bite from a rabid animal or possibly through scratches, abrasions, open wounds or mucous membranes in contact with saliva or brain tissue from a rabid animal.
What is the first sign of rabies in a human?
The first symptoms of rabies can appear from a few days to more than a year after the bite happens. At first, there’s a tingling, prickling, or itching feeling around the bite area. A person also might have flu-like symptoms such as a fever, headache, muscle aches, loss of appetite, nausea, and tiredness.
At what temperature does the rabies virus die?
The rabies virus is fragile under most normal conditions. It is destroyed within a few minutes at temperatures greater than 122°F, and survives no more than a few hours at room temperature. The virus is no longer infectious once the material containing the virus is dry.
Is 7 days too late for rabies vaccine?
There is no time limit regarding the administration of PEP after an exposure. In this case it is still appropriate to initiate PEP. Administration of both human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and four doses of rabies vaccine is recommended regardless of the time elapsed since the exposure.
Can a small bite cause rabies?
Rabies is only transmitted by animal bites: FALSE. Bites are the most common mode of Rabies transmission but the virus can be transmitted when saliva enters any open wound or mucus membrane (such as the mouth, nose, or eye). As a result, licks or scratches from rabid animals can also transmit the virus.
How long does it take rabies to affect a human?
How long does it take for rabies to develop? In people, the incubation period (the time between initial contact with the virus and onset of the disease) generally ranges from two to eight weeks. In rare cases, it can vary from 10 days to 2 years.
What kills the rabies virus?
The rabies virus is killed by sunlight, drying, soap, and the other agents mentioned. In animal experiments, early effective wound cleaning has been shown to prevent rabies infection. Immunisation is a medical urgency after wound cleaning, although not a medical emergency.
Why do dogs die after humans bite?
Following a bite, the rabies virus spreads by way of the nerve cells to the brain. Once in the brain, the virus multiplies rapidly. This activity causes severe inflammation of the brain and spinal cord after which the person deteriorates rapidly and dies.
How is rabies diagnosed?
A diagnosis of rabies can be made after detection of rabies virus from any part of the affected brain, but in order to rule out rabies, the test must include tissue from at least two locations in the brain, preferably the brain stem and cerebellum. The test requires that the animal be euthanized.
Do rabies patients bark?
Paralysis of the “voice” muscles in rabid dogs may produce a characteristic change in the sound of the bark. Rabies in humans is similar to that in animals. … The muscles of the throat become paralyzed so that the person cannot swallow or drink, and this leads to a dread of water (hydrophobia).
Is rabies curable?
Once a rabies infection is established, there’s no effective treatment. Though a small number of people have survived rabies, the disease usually causes death. For that reason, if you think you’ve been exposed to rabies, you must get a series of shots to prevent the infection from taking hold.
Can I take rabies injection after 1 day of dog bite?
Rabies is almost always fatal once clinical signs appear. No specific treatment is available for clinical rabies. However, clinical rabies can be prevented through vaccination given before or immediately after an exposure.
Does rabies make humans aggressive?
Rabies vectors frequently show behavioral changes. Aggressive behavior with biting is important for transmission of the virus to new hosts at a time when virus is secreted in the saliva. Aggression is associated with low serotonergic activity in the brain.
Does water kill rabies virus?
The virus will not survive for long in water, but it will last long enough to possibly infect another animal. Rabies has an incubation period. The incubation is the period from exposure to rabies virus until the animal finally becomes sick or acts differently and is capable of infecting other animals or people.
Why are rabies patients afraid of water?
Rabies used to be known as hydrophobia because it appears to cause a fear of water. Intense spasms in the throat are triggered when trying to swallow. Even the thought of swallowing water can cause spasms. This is where the fear comes from.
Can I take rabies vaccine after 3 days?
To prevent rabies, four to five doses of anti-rabies vaccine are administered on the 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days of a bite. “We abandoned the 16-dose vaccine years ago. The present vaccine is safe and it’s the only way to prevent rabies. Rabies is fatal, but 100 per cent preventable.
What happens if u dont get rabies shot?
In fact, because of pet vaccinations, rabies education, and treatment options, 1-2 people die from rabies per year in the United States even though around 40,000 people contract it. But if you don’t receive early treatment after you contract rabies, fatality is almost inevitable.
Does Soap kill rabies?
The rabies virus is a very fragile virus. As soon as the saliva dries, the virus is no longer infectious. The virus is easily killed by soaps, detergents, bleach, alcohol and ultraviolet light.
How long does rabies virus survive in air?
How Long Can the Rabies Virus Survive? The virus cannot live outside of the body for more than a couple of seconds, which is good news. Live virus, however, can be found in deceased animals for as long as 48 hours.
Can rabies kill a human?
In unvaccinated humans, rabies is almost always fatal after neurological symptoms have developed.
Can you get rabies from a scratch?
People usually get rabies from the bite of a rabid animal. It is also possible, but rare, for people to get rabies from non-bite exposures, which can include scratches, abrasions, or open wounds that are exposed to saliva or other potentially infectious material from a rabid animal.
How soon do you need a rabies shot?
They should also be given a series of rabies vaccinations. The first dose should be given as soon as possible after the exposure. Additional doses should be given on days three, seven, and 14 after the first shot. These shots should be given in the deltoid muscle of the arm.
How do you know if an animal has rabies?
You can´t tell if an animal has rabies by just looking at it. A clue though is if the animal is acting strangely. Some animals may act mad when they have rabies. They will be hostile and may try to bite you or other animals.


Bitumen emulsion were first tried as a road construction material in the beginning of the 20th century. Originally, the use of emulsion was limited due to low experience and knowledge in the area of emulsion formation, mixing and the technology of emulsion production and application. With time, the use of emulsion grew steadily from the 1920s to 1950s.
It was in the mid 1950s when the rapid increase of traffic load made the emulsions inadequate for the task. The interest in emulsions fell, however, bitumen emulsion continued to be used for some purposes.
At that period, hot asphalt mix was mostly prepared with bitumen binder. In road construction emulsion were used mostly for ground reinforcement or on secondary roads.
A new hope for the emulsion came in the beginning of the 1970s, when the energy crisis hit Western Europe and the US. Import of oil became a serious problem, especially so for the US.
At this time the manufacturers of road construction materials remembered about bitumen emulsions, which, as before, required no petroleum based solvents or additional heating for the mineral material. The advantages of bitumen emulsion in comparison with thinned bitumen in terms of the ecology were also obvious.
This caused significant extension of the use of the emulsions. Emulsion preparation and application methods saw rapid development, quality requirements became higher, test methods were developed. Emulsion production systems keep improving all the time. One of the latest and most efficient solutions is the UVB-1 type unit made by GlobeCore. Beside other advantages of the emulsion, (economic, environmental and performance), it became possible to use the emulsion almost all year long from spring to autumn in temperature above +5 ºС.
To efficiently used bitumen emulsion and emulsion based materials, it is important to know how the emulsion interacts with materials of a different origin, how it behaves in different conditions and then formulate the composition of the emulsion with the consideration of all factors.
Application of bitumen emulsions increases performance of roads, their durability and offers an efficient and inexpensive road maintenance solution.


Jamal, a handsome, energetic African-American boy, is shown making all the necessary preparations for school that his parents make to begin their day. The upbeat message is that both parents and child can work hard and accomplish much in their respective areas, all have something to contribute. Such is the joy in sharing Jamal’s Busy Day (Feeling Good Series) (Feeling Good Book) by Wade Hudson (Author)
In its own way, Jamal’s day is as demanding as theirs: he “works with numbers” in math class, does “research” in the library, has “meetings to attend” in the school auditorium and occasionally settles schoolyard “disagreements between my co-workers.” The upbeat message is that both parents and children can “work hard” and accomplish much in their respective arenas: all have something to contribute and all work has value. Illustrating this sweetly didactic story are Ford’s (Bright Eyes, Brown Skin ) realistic watercolors, which present a boy full of energy and excited by his truly “busy day.” Ages 3-7.
” Jamal, a handsome, energetic African-American boy, is shown making all the necessary preparations for school that his parents make to begin their day,” reads a review in School Library Journal. ”
After washing, brushing his teeth, and dressing himself, he has breakfast with his father and mother, an architect and an accountant. Using one or two sentences per page, Jamal compares his “work” to that of each of his parents: making drawings, working with numbers, doing reports, taking a crowded bus home, etc. He is beautifully portrayed as an empowered child in the appealing drawings that reinforce the success motif throughout. This early reader is a real winner.
Wade Hudson’s career as a writer spans more than three decades. In 1988, Hudson’s passion for writing and life-long mission to help foster positive self-image within the Black community, prompted he and his wife Cheryl to launch Just Us Books, the nation’s leading independent publisher of Black-interest books for young people. Another imprint, Marimba Books, was launched in 2008, with a focus on multicultural literature for children and young adults.
An accomplished and award-winning author, he has written more than 25 books for young people including, AFRO-BETS Book of Black Heroes, Poetry from the Masters: The Pioneers and Jamal’s Busy Day, Pass It On: African-American Poetry for Children, Powerful Words: More than 200 Years of Extraordinary Writing by African Americans and the Great Black Heroes series. His most recent titles include Its Church Going Time, Places I Love to Go, and Puddin, Jeffrey and Leah: Best Friends.
He is also very active in his community, serving on the board of the Isaiah House in East Orange, NJ and the Langston Hughes Library at the Alex Haley Farm, operated by the Children’s Defense Fund. In 2004, he and his wife co-founded The Knowledge Is Power Project, a non-profit youth literacy organization dedicated to bringing children and books together. He is a Stephen Crane Literary Award recipient, was named a “Man of Valor” in Newark, NJ and was inducted into the International Literary Hall of Fame for Writers of African Descent. His literary affiliations include PEN America and the Authors’ Guild.


Learning to read and rescuing malcolm x from his calculated myths comparison learning to read and rescuing malcolm x essay with my thesis, 'learning to. Royce jenkins-stone “learning to read” by malcolm x outline “learning to read” was about the significance of learning to read and write he tries to inspire people if he can teach himself. Reading, thinking, analyzing, researching: strategies for the ged he had learning to read while he was (after students have read the essays by malcolm x. More about a closer look at malcolm x's tactics essay essay about malcolm x's learning to read analysis(a score of 7 981 words | 4 pages + popular essays. Malcolm x - learning to read the essay learning to read by malcolm x is a great example of how each person is responsible for their own education.
Character analysis malcolm x (malcolm little three assessments of malcolm x study help essay malcolm acknowledged that another reading of the manuscript. Essays and criticism on malcolm x [in the following essay, benson offers an analysis of malcolm x's for an essay on learning to learning to read is an. Without learning to read marc x would correct on patience to read malcolm xin the malcolm x learning to read essay analysis satisfaction to read, ben x describes his homemade inverse. Text analysis essay example paper malcolm x learning to read essay edition education social networking editorial essay meaning paper health and hygiene in kannada.
Learning to read by malcolm x summary from an articulate street hustler to one of the most well spoken black men in his era, malcolm x explains how he. Rhetorical analysis final although malcolm x’s reputation as a controversial figure in black history learning to read. Free learning to read malcolm x papers, essays, and research papers.
Frederick douglass and malcolm x comparison essay nneoma okeoma sept 28, 2011 2a frederick douglass and malcolm x read and write) and in malcolm x (learning. With a free essay review - free essay reviews essay malcolm x) in their quest to learn to read and your essay doesn't seem to have any analysis of.
Malcolm x's learning to read analysis(a score of 7 essays: over 180,000 malcolm x's learning to read analysis(a score of 7 essays, malcolm x's learning to read analysis(a score of 7. Krishay hayes-motley ap lang & comp msbruer 26 october 2016 rhetorical analysis in the autobiographical essay “learning to read”, malcolm x argues that literacy is the key to intellectual. Commentary of learning to read in malcolm x´s “learning to read,” malcolm x talks about how the autobiography of malcolm x essay - the.
In learning to read, an excerpt found in the autobiography of malcolm x, author malcolm x attacks his illiteracy while imprisoned for battling the white man.
Private essay writing service malcolm x learning to read essay dissertation pre proposal help physics parallel circuits homework. Malcolm x learning to read essay malcolm x learning to read essay malcolm xs learning to read analysis(a score of 7 essay example throughout malcolm xs learning to read his tone and. Read this essay on malcolm x learning to read come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more. 600 words - short analytical review of the 3-page long learning to read extract from malcolm x's autobiography.


Newmont planning to advance Akyem mine project in Ghana Forest Reserve
March 24, 2011
Colorado-based Newmont Mining announced today that they have approved funding to develop the Akyem gold mine project in Eastern Ghana. This destructive mine project would create an open-pit in a Forest Reserve, threaten water sources, and displace around nine thousand people from their homes, lands, or livelihoods.
Communities in Ghana have expressed great concern about the Akyem project, and their concerns have already stalled the mine project several times. WACAM and other community groups have protested over the company's plan to mine in a Forest Reserve, potential impacts on water supply, loss of access to land, and inadequate compensation plans for displaced communities. Newmont has already displaced some community members. In total, over a thousand people would lose their lands and homes, and thousands more would lose their agricultural lands. The mine would destroy approximately 340 acres (140 ha) of tropical forest and a quarter of the forest left in the Ajenjua Bepo Forest Reserve. In 2009, the project gained notoriety when it caused Newmont to receive the Public Eye Award for irresponsible practices.
Newmont has yet to adequately assess the impacts of the project and never accounted for serious technical and biodiversity concerns expressed by civil society groups. In 2008, independent reviews of the draft mine plans by the Center for Science in Public Participation and Earthworks revealed that the project had failed to plan to adequately line the waste storage areas or to reduce the threat of cyanide and other toxic acid mine drainage contamination. The company also neglected to thoroughly survey and accurately assess impacts on biodiversity. The project's impact statements also neglected to consider a smaller surface or underground mine for the project in order to destroy less land. When the company produced its Final Environmental Impact Statement, all of those issues remained a problem.
Newmont now appears to be advancing with the project in spite of possible economical setbacks as well. The company revised estimated gold reserves for the project down by 0.5 million ounces in 2010. Costs may also have gone up. Although some previous estimates were that the project would cost $500 million, the company was estimating as of February that capital expenditure would be between $700 million and $1 billion.
Read more about:
- Newmont's announcement
- No Dirty Gold information on the Akyem project
- Independent reviews of the Akyem project


Toxidromes are constellations of symptoms commonly encountered with certain drug classes. Evaluation of possible medication poisonings should include laboratory studies with complete metabolic profiles, electrolyte estimation, and liver and renal functions.
Supportive Treatment Critical Care Setting Spine Immobilization Paediatr Child Health Syndromic Approach
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.


Paper 1. "'To Capture a Picture': The Novel and Photographic Realism in Late-Nineteenth-Century North India," Jennifer Dubrow, Univ. of Washington, Seattle
This paper explores the connection between realism and photography in late-nineteenth-century north India through the case of Fasana-e Azad, arguably the first Urdu novel. The work of Ratan Nath Sarshar (1847-1904), Fasana-e Azad inspired a storm of activity among Urdu readers and critics. Its publication in daily installments within the Urdu newspaper Avadh Akhbar helped to significantly expand the growing reading public for the novel. Furthermore, Fasana-e Azad's discussion through readers' letters and author's editorials valuably illuminates how the novel was understood in late-nineteenth-century north India.
In this paper I focus on a series of statements made by Fasana-e Azad's author Ratan Nath Sarshar in which he laid out a new definition of realism as "to capture a picture" (tasvir khincna). I examine this phrase's connection to both the growing movement of natural poetry in Urdu and the rise of photography and other mass visual media in the city of Lucknow. Unlike in Victorian England where the connection between realism and photography has now been established, the relationship of literature to visual media has remained unexplored in the scholarship on Urdu and other Indian literary traditions. I trace how Sarshar and his readers focused on photography's affective quality, which they interpreted as its ability to penetrate directly to the viewer's heart and excite emotion. They claimed that the realistic novel would do the same.
Paper 2. "The Interplay of Journalism, Realism, and Artistry in the Photography of Lala Deen Dayal," Deborah Hutton, Coll. of New Jersey
Lala Deen Dayal (1844-1905; active 1874-1905), India’s most celebrated 19th-century photographer, established his reputation taking pictures of architecture, landscapes, and important people and events of the day—subject matter that falls squarely into the category of documentary photography. Originally trained as a surveyor, Dayal tended to favor an elevated, “all-seeing,” modern empirical vantage point in his photography, thereby augmenting the sense that his pictures acted as encompassing and straightforward visual documents. Yet, Dayal, his patrons, and late 19th-early 20th century reviewers of his work widely considered him an “Artist-Photographer.” Indeed, the Bombay Gazette, in its lengthy obituary of Dayal proclaimed him “India’s first great photographer and artist.” Clearly, this suggests that the question of photography’s status as art versus its role as an indexical record of things, so forcefully debated in 19th-century England and France, was not central to the medium’s practice and reception in India. What then was the relationship between the “artistry” of Dayal’s photographs and their “realism”?
Dayal’s images circulated in several mediated formats that further complicate this question. Throughout the 1880s and 90s, many of his photographs served as sources for engravings published in popular London-based illustrated news magazines such as The Graphic. Somewhat ironically, the photojournalistic (re)use of his pictures relied upon another artist (the engraver) to translate the images into an easily reproducible form (newspapers and magazines did not yet have the capacity to easily print photographs), thereby negating, it would seem, the indexical value of the original photographs. During the same period, detailed written descriptions of his photographs frequently appeared in regional as well as India-wide newspapers, without any accompanying images. In these instances, Dayal’s photographs transformed from being realistic record of events to newsworthy events themselves to be documented and evaluated. How did the widespread circulation of Dayal’s photographs in these two mediated formats affect their reception as photojournalistic documents and art-objects? And what can these formats tell us about the criteria on which his photographs, and presumably others, were judged?
By focusing on these printed references to and reuses of Deen Dayal’s images, as well as Dayal’s own framing of his work in writing and advertising, my paper will explore the interplay between journalism, realism, and artistic value in the reception of Dayal’s photography. By probing these relationships, I hope not just to call into question the dichotomy between art photography and documentary photography, inherited from debates in 19th century France and England and still dominating the structure of “world” history of photography textbooks. I also hope to both broaden and sharpen ongoing discourse about how photographic imagery was viewed and valued in late 19th-century India.
Paper 3. "Emergent Photographic Genres and the News: Snapshot Photography, Film, and the Illustrated Photo Book," Sudhir Mahadevan, Univ. of Washington, Seattle
Mahadevan follows photography's engagement with mass culture and its intersection with other media forms in the first few decades of the twentieth century. His paper examines the emergence of vernacular and prosaic photographic genres at the turn of the twentieth century in South Asia, with the advent of the halftone process and the portable hand camera. He juxtaposes three forms of visual representation: a cinematic record of a grandiose imperial ritual, the Delhi Durbar of 1902-3, a photo-illustrated book of the same event, and snapshots produced of political turmoil in later decades of the twentieth century by amateur and anonymous photographers. He argues that these new formats and genres wrested conceptions of topicality, newsworthiness and the "eventful" from the domain and control of the state.


Archive for December, 2010
Calcium is a Key Ingredient for Bone Health. If you do not have Calcium in your diet, or take Calcium supplements, you CANNOT have strong bones. Calcium is the mineral part of bone. Calcium is necessary for bones to be strong.
Vitamin D is much more important than we thought even 3 years ago. We now know that our Daily Vitamin D Needs are much higher than official government Minimum Daily Dose. Vitamin D Deficiency causes many serious problems, including poor absorption of Calcium from diet and supplements causing Osteoporosis. Other very serious complications of Vitamin D Deficiency affect nerves, muscles, the heart, the immune system and other parts of the body.
Osteoporosis is a growing problem which will affect over half of all women and a quarter of all men during their lifetimes. The good news is that we are learning better ways to prevent and treat osteoporosis.


In this 2:27 video, John describes this winter’s project: converting a dying forest into pastures. Check out the video and then read on for the rest of the story.
Forty years ago I came home from college to find that my farther had built a new fence on the southern edge of the home place, slicing off ten acres of rough grassland and brush. Next, he planted that area to trees, one half to Douglas fir and the other half Ponderosa pine. I wasn’t too surprised by this, as my dad was fascinated with forestry and this was a pretty difficult patch of pasture anyway. Besides, I had plenty of other things to worry about: girls, etc. I’m sure you understand.
Fast forward thirty-five years and I found myself leading a ranch tour that included a walk through that stand of trees, and I remember the negative reaction of some folks when I mentioned that the forest didn’t look very healthy, and that I could see that we would need to harvest before too long.
“But the trees are so beautiful! Why would you cut them down?”
“Because they are getting ready to die.”
Next, sad faces and a discussion about the characteristics of healthy trees and not-so-healthy ones. Generally speaking, conifer trees (trees with needles, such as firs and pines) grow a new “leader” and a new “whorl” of limbs each year. The length of the leader says a lot about how fast the tree is growing, and rate of growth is a primary indicator of health. In really good soil and growing conditions, a new Doug fir leader might be two or even three feet tall. Over the past few years, the trees in question had been reduced to leaders of only a few inches, and now some of those were turning brown. When the top of a tree is brown instead of green, the entire tree will soon be dead. I don’t know if trees suffer, but when an entire stand of trees begin to decline it’s time to make a decision: harvest the trees or stand by and watch them
Over the past five years or so our weather has gotten hotter and drier. One result of this has been a shorter growing season for the forests: shorter leaders, less growth, and individual trees in thinly-soiled sites dying. This entire stand was dying, due to the nature of the soil: clay that was wet in the winter, dry in the summer, and not very deep. And even though these trees were only forty years old, it was time to make a decision. This past winter we elected to harvest the trees before they started to fall down on their own.
The next question was, what to do with that land after the harvest? Forty years is a relatively short for cycle trees; shorter than I want, anyway, because it means a tremendous physical/biological disruption at the site every harvest. In addition, if our current climate/weather pattern continues, that site (the soil, aspect, slope) will tend toward an even shorter cycle. It was time to consider other alternatives.
Converting a forest into a pasture is not for the faint of heart. The pioneers did it two hundred years ago, but most of them died young after a few decades of brutal effort. Luckily, we have mechanical advantages that our forefathers lacked. First, the trees would need to be removed, the mess cleaned up, the land planted, and finally, managed as a pasture. Experience told me that conversions like this require some serious degree of input, and the proper place to spend the effort is at the beginning.
We began by looking for a logger that had the proper equipment. We found a fellow with a machine that could cut the trees off nearly at ground level. Most of the stumps on this new “pasture” are only a few inches tall, meaning we will be able to drive right over them when we need to.
Next, we brought in a “macerator”, a machine that looks something like a street sweeper on steroids. The rotating drum has large solid steel teeth that grind up limbs and brush, then mix the debris into the top horizon of soil. In the end, the results are not at all like a classic seed bed, but there is enough bare dirt showing to allow some seed to find purchase. I hope so, at least.
A Few Problems
Himalayan Blackberries! Our part of the world is highly infested by this Asian invasive plant with beautiful foliage, wonderfully sweet, juicy berries, and horrible thorns. It is also highly aggressive, typically covering sites like this completely. Without control, Himalayans quickly dominated the logging site in the few months between logging and seeding. I was able to hire a farmer friend to boom spray the entire site with a special cocktail of broadleaf herbicides, and the results were very encouraging. I suspect we will need to do quite a bit of maintenance over the next few years too. These plants are a difficult foe.
Choosing What to Plant
The goal here is to establish a permanent pasture on a low pH, low nutrient, clay soil. In my experience, the species that will survive here will be deep-rooted Fescue, Meadow Foxtail, and a bunch of local natives. We selected a variety of Fescue called Brutus and seeded at an extraordinarily high rate of 50 pounds per acre. My thinking here is that survival will be limited, so a huge seeding rate will be helpful. Also, in relation to the high cost of site prep, grass seed was a minor cost in this project. We did not plant any annuals, as I believe they would out-compete the fescue seedlings for water very early in the growing season. Because I suspect this site will require additional herbicide applications, I elected not to plant any legumes or broadleaf forbs of any kind. Maybe we’ll add some in a later application, or perhaps we can find a way to feed some hay on this site down the road. So, the seeding plan was simple: pour on the fescue and hope for the best.
In addition to all of the other difficulties this site brings, I expect a serious challenge from one of our favorite species: wild turkeys. Last year I hand-seeded a small area that had been disturbed by a construction project. A few days later, I watched in horror as a huge mob of turkeys marched back and forth across the site, pecking away at my grass seed. In the end, enough seed escaped to make a fine stand, so I’m hoping the same thing happens at the forest conversion site. Praying, actually.
I think there will be plenty of fescue seed to form a new pasture sod at this site, but I doubt it will thrive. I also think it will look like a huge weed patch, probably three or four-feet of thistles and broadleaf weeds and a large population of wild grass, too. I expect to drive past this “pasture” all summer without even glancing out the window. Next fall, I’ll spend some time on hands and knees, searching for fescue seedlings. The initial grazing of this pasture will happen in the summer of 2021.
This is, at best, a difficult project. The cost of converting a forest to pasture land is very high. In the end, I feel like we are adapting to the reality of the changing conditions we live in. This site could likely support a short-term forestry cycle, perhaps using a non-commercial species like White Cedar, but that’s not a very attractive option. In five years or so I’ll know if we made the right decision. I feel like we have to keep going forward, even if the trail is difficult. In the meantime, please wish me luck, and…


Hydraulic fracturing method of collecting natural resources. (via WIS)
Countries all over the globe are consuming vast amounts of energy, most of which is provided by fossil fuels. The processes of extracting oil (shale, crude, heavy crude, tar sands, etc.) and other fuels including natural gas, coal and even uranium for nuclear power can have long-lasting damaging effects on humans as well as the environment. The levels of those effects are dependent on what process is used to extract the fuel as well as where it’s being extracted. Technology has certainly played a huge roll in drilling and mining operations by making it easier to locate those fuels sources as well as making the extraction processes more efficient, thereby lessening the overall damaging impact on the surrounding environment. Drilling, mining and hydraulic fracturing are the current methods used to extract those fuels from the earth but is any one method better than the others when it comes to negative environmental impact? Let’s go through a few and see how they stack up against each other in terms of damage prevention and what technology is helping to curb both the short and long-term effects.
Coal: the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet.
Remote Joy HM21 Continuous Miner. (via impacts of coal mining)
One of the most abundant fossil fuels on the planet is coal and it can be found on almost every continent. Its use began in the 18th century at the start of the industrial revolution and coal is still widely used for fuel today, however the methods of mining the material have been dramatically reformed since then. Gone are the days of using a pick and shovel to extract the coal by hand, which were replaced by coal-cutting machines in the 1880’s, which in turn, by 1912 were replaced by steam shovels powered by the coal itself for use in surface and underground mining. As it stands today, coal mining in more developed parts of the world has acquired updated technology, such as continuous mining machines (among a host of others) and conveyors that allow workers to chew through 5 tons of rock per minute (the same amount mined in a day back in the 1920’s). Safety standards have also improved with modern mines now using sophisticated ventilation systems that lessen the risk of coal-dust explosions. Natural gas/methane detection and ventilation systems are now in place as well, which not only lessens the chance of explosions but also can be reclaimed to power gas engines that generate electricity. Workers also have specialized equipment such as coal-mining dust masks that reduces or eliminates altogether the issue of ‘black lung’ (pneumoconiosis) disease acquired while working in the mines over long periods. While coal may be abundant, the excavation and mining process of the fuel has significant impact on the environment. Surface mining destroys the soils genetic profile, eliminates any vegetation, destroys wildlife habitations, drops air quality in the immediate area and permanently changes the topography (erosion) of the area mined. Ground water and aquifers are also affected with directional flow changes, poor water quality due to mine drainage and toxic elements leaching into the water sources. There is also the possibility of underground fires that can rage for years or even decades (Centrailia, Pennsylvania for example) and leave cities uninhabitable. Burning the fuel is another matter altogether, as it causes air pollution, which has recently been linked by the WHO to both global warming as well as cancer.
Uranium: mined for nuclear power plants and reactors.
Steam rising from the Susquehanna nuclear power station. (via Nuclear Power)
In many respects, uranium mining for use in power stations and reactors is similar to that of coal mining. Like coal, uranium is mined using several techniques including open-pit, underground and other methods such as heap and in-situ leaching (chemically extracted uranium). Much of the same technology used in coal mining is employed for uranium as well, including massive excavators and cargo vehicles but depending on the grade of the uranium, technology that is more sophisticated is used. In open-pit operations where high-grade ore is present, the concentration of radon gas and particles are higher than normal and therefore require the use of ‘suppression and dampening systems’ using water to keep dust levels down (not so high tech) along with radiation-proof shacks workers can use to keep radon exposure to a minimum throughout the work day. In more extreme cases where ultra-high grade ore is mined, robotic ROVs are used for mining purposes. Most open-pit and underground mining operations also have an on-site mill where the ore is crushed and chemically treated with sulfuric acid to separate the ore from other rock and minerals. The waste rock is then dumped back into the pit or cavern when mining operations are completed, so there is a reduced impact to the environment over traditional mining of metals. Uranium mining isn’t without its faults however, as some workers contract lung cancer (due to high levels of radon particles) at higher rates than those in coal mining operations. The environmental impact is also high, water (now irradiated to some degree) tasked for dust dampening is usually pumped back into nearby rivers and lakes, which contaminates the surrounding soil as well. Underground uranium operations vent radioactive particles and radon gas into nearby areas, which can have adverse effects to residences living nearby. The refined uranium fuel rods that power nuclear plants and reactors can have devastating effects over large-scale areas when damage occurs, as recently demonstrated by Japan’s Fukushima breached reactors. The long-term effects of which are still unknown but could be devastating not only to land-based environments but to sea life as well rendering local regions uninhabitable.
Oil: the fossil fuel that makes the world go round.
Modern oil drilling rig. (via oil well drilling)
Oil is the one fossil fuel that has been in demand since the beginning of time. The earliest known modern approach to drilling and tapping this resource was done in China around 347 CE. The wells were drilled to an astounding 800 feet using drill bits attached to bamboo poles. Fast-forward to the 21st century and those bamboo rigs have since been replaced with computerized systems that allow for drilling both on land and off shore. Detecting the fuel was typically done by using exploratory drilling (still widely used today) denoted by geologists who look for the ‘right’ conditions where oil may be found. Thanks to technology upgrades, those geologists now have access to sophisticated devices to search for oil, such as gravity meters and magnetometers that can detect oil by measuring micro-changes in the Earth’s magnetic fields. Satellites are often used to look for geological formations that have the telltale signs that the fuel is present, unless, of course, the oil is under water, in which case hydrophones are used. Air guns are also employed when exploring in water, which ‘shoots’ pulses of air into the water that produces a seismic shockwave that can be measured for density. New developments in drilling lessen the overall wells needed to siphon off the oil deposits, which includes horizontal drilling that allows more oil to be extracted from a single well. Drilling isn’t without its problems however, as exploration can divert wildlife from their natural migration paths as well as destroying their habitats resulting in diminished populations. Toxic chemical runoffs due to the ‘mud’ used for drilling can destroy the water quality of nearby rivers and lakes, however the biggest problems come with offshore drilling operations. As an example consider the BP oil spill back in 2010 where 200 million gallons of oil was discharged into the Gulf of Mexico. Efforts were taken to contain the spill using controlled burns (causing air pollution), floating booms and Corexit oil dispersant. The results of the damage caused is still under debate, however it is clear that extensive damage was caused to marine life in the Gulf, which in turn affected commercial fishing. The chemical Corexit (made up of over 50 separate chemicals) is thought to be a cancer-causing agent with five of those chemicals being carcinogenic. The chemical also destroyed all plankton in the area, which is vital to marine life and the Gulf food chain. Tthe full extent of the damage caused by the Depp Water Horizon spill and what effects it caused in nature may never be known.
Hydraulic Fracturing: a revamped process of an old technique for fuel extraction.
Halliburton fracking chemical mixer and well injector. (via hydraulic fracturing)
While some may think hydraulic fracturing to access fossil fuels is a new technique, it was actually demonstrated in 1947 and put in wide-scale use in 1949. The process of harvesting oil and natural gas using the ‘fracking’ method involves pumping fluids at high pressures to fracture rock and shale to access those fuels. The chemicals are usually mixed with sand, which allows the crack formations to remain open allowing for a more efficient extraction of fossil fuels. Three different types of chemical makeup are used depending on the type of fuel being harvested, including a foam, gel and slick-water based proponent. The most popular, slick-water, is comprised of hydrochloric acid (for dissolving rocks), guar gum, biocides, emulsion breakers/emulsifiers as well as radioactive tracer isotopes to determine fracture locations. To determine the fuel’s precise location, geologists use 3D and 4D seismic imaging software that creates a detailed picture of where the fuel is located as well as how much of it there is. Fiber-optic sensors are also employed to measure temperature and pressure information, which helps maximize the extraction process. The potential environmental problems associated with fracking are extensive and include chemical runoff that can destroy ground water and aquifers in the surrounding areas, causing sensory, respiratory and even neurological damage in wildlife as well as humans. Runoff and waste fluid is often left in open-air pits to evaporate, which release volatile organic compounds into the air, creating acid rain and ground-level ozone making it difficult to breath. An estimated 300,000 barrels of oil and natural gas are produced on a daily basis in the US, making the process inefficient compared with other methods especially when factoring in the damage caused. Fracking seems like a desperate attempt to wring out the planet. Desperation leads to pursuing the goal “by all means necessary,” and crushing the environment in the process is the result.
See more news at:


The ten biggest food and beverage companies in the world are slowly waking up to their responsibilities to help tackle some immense challenges facing the global food system.
The problems facing our food system are stark: 840 million people hungry, more than one billion overweight, climate change threatening crop yields and the supply of fresh water, competition for land and water leading to conflict and unrest. Within this system, enormous influence rests in the hands of just a few giant brands that have the power to help change the system for everyone. In a world with 7 billon food consumers and 1.5 billion food producers, no more than 500 companies control 70 percent of food choice.
Just ten of those companies, the ‘Big 10’, Associated British Foods (ABF) Coca-Cola, Danone, General Mills, Kellogg, Mars, Mondelez International Nestle, PepsiCo and Unilever, together earn more than $1.1 billion per day. Their annual revenues of more than $450 billion are equivalent to the GDP of all of the world’s low-income countries combined. Their supply chains are linked to every part of the system, from the farmers to consumers. Shifts in how they do business ripple throughout the world’s food system.


A terrific plant is just coming into bloom that is not often used in the landscape and native gardens, though it is an outstanding choice for many conditions. Walter’s Viburnum or Viburnum obovatum, is a native plant to a large portion of the U.S. and deserves more attention and use.
Walter’s Viburnum is a variably sized shrub or small tree named by Thomas Walter (1740-89), an English-born gardener from South Carolina. It has a wide native growing range, from Pennsylvania/Maryland through South Florida and westward up the California coast. This Viburnum has several forms and varieties, all slow growing.
Neat and tidy, Walter’s Viburnum leaves are opposite, 1 to 2.5 inches long and usually evergreen or semi-deciduous, somewhat spoon-shaped with the narrow end attached to the stem. They occasionally have small teeth towards the tip and are bright, shiny, dark, or olive green. The flowers are attractive, pure white, held in rounded clusters called umbels, 1 -2 inches across. Individually, the flowers are 5-petaled, star-shaped, small, appearing in late winter to early spring and last only for a few short weeks. The small fruit, less than 1/3 of an inch across, follows the flowers and is a berry that changes color from green to pink to red to black in the fall.
A variable plant, the common species usually grows 8 to 30 feet tall and 6 to 10 feet wide. However, several compact cultivars (cultivated varieties) are available. These selections are useful in small landscapes, beds, and as layers in hedging around the building foundation. Some cultivars can be pruned as short as 3 to 4 feet for a tight hedge or bed edging.
Walter’s Viburnum is an easy-to-grow, tolerant plant. It will flourish in full sun or part shade. When mature, Walter’s V grows in a wide range of soils from occasionally wet to well-drained. When newly transplanted, water regularly for six months to a year until well established. Though Walter’s V is often found in moist locations when growing in the wild, it has some drought tolerance once it settles in.
Walter’s Viburnum has a fine texture that makes it suitable for shearing into formal hedges and shapes. However, it has a lovely lacy texture when pruned minimally by hand. If a hedge is the goal, choose one of the compact or dwarf varieties; they are a bit slow-growing, making constant pruning unnecessary. Few pests are known to cause these adaptable native plants problems. Walter’s Viburnum may be challenging to find but is worth the effort.
This column first appeared in the Treasure Coast Newspapers.


About Allen Associates
In our experience there is generally a good understanding amongst lawyers about what psychiatrists and psychologists do and how they can help the legal process. However in some cases it can be difficult to know whether a psychiatrist or a psychologist is the right expert and we thought a little background might help, though we are always happy to discuss individual cases with you.
About Psychiatry and Psychiatrists
Psychiatry is a medical specialty; just like, for example, orthopaedics or paediatrics. Psychiatrists are doctors who, after medical school, will have trained for at least 6 years, to specialise in one or more of the many subspecialties of psychiatry. Psychiatrists can thus be experts in mental illness, substance and alcohol misuse, personality disorders and a range of other miscellaneous conditions such as sexual deviancy. The expertise will differ between psychiatrists, depending on experience and training.
Although psychiatrists have a good understanding of psychological processes and there is considerable overlap with the skills which psychologists have, they approach their work in a different way to psychologists, relying primarily on clinical observation skills. This is absolutely fundamental to an understanding of the way in which they work and often leads to misunderstandings. Although there are some questionnaires which a range of professionals use, the overwhelming majority of psychiatrists are not trained in or qualified to use the specialist psychological tools used by psychologists.
For a psychiatrist, like any other doctor, the process by which they view patients or clients is divided into History and Examination. The History is the account of the person’s symptoms, supplemented by a series of questions under agreed headings such as Family and Social History. The Examination for psychiatrists can include a limited Physical Examination but always consists of a Mental State Examination, again under recognised subheadings, such as mood, perception and cognition.
It is important to understand two things about the Mental State Examination; firstly, much of it is done concurrently with the taking of the History. Psychiatrists are adept at watching out for both the form and the content of what people are saying. Secondly, although perhaps not as scientific as a blood pressure reading, it represents psychiatry’s take on objectivity – it is not representative of the psychiatrist’s opinion per se.
Psychiatrists, being doctors, often prescribe medication. This is because their core expertise lies in the area of treating disorders and those which respond to medication – mostly, those disorders termed ‘illnesses’ are usually left to psychiatrists to treat. But psychiatrists are perhaps better thought of as being the leader of the orchestra. Because psychiatrists are trained in diagnosis, they are usually the first person a patient sees for an assessment. They then decide on a treatment plan which will very often include being seen by other members of the broader team, which includes psychologists, nurses and occupational therapists.
There are numerous subspecialties in psychiatry which are important in considering expertise. The main differentiation is by age, with child and adolescent, adult and elderly psychiatrists being the main three. However, learning disability psychiatrists specialise in people with low IQ, classically under 70, meaning that unless IQ is known in advance (and this is assessed by psychologists), there can be issues with expertise. Forensic psychiatrists specialise in seeing people involved in the criminal justice system – usually those with more severe offending behaviour. Clearly, there is some overlap between these specialties and the boundaries are sufficiently ‘fuzzy’ for this not to be an issue in many cases, but it is always helpful, if there is doubt, for a psychiatrist to review a case in advance to see whether it might better be dealt with by a colleague from a different specialty.
One of the main issues which confuses people is the problem of psychological versus psychiatric injury or distress. Psychiatrists essentially deal with the abnormal and a psychiatric condition, by definition, is one which falls outside the norm. Hence, it is completely possible for someone to be incredibly distressed by something which has happened to them but to have no psychiatric condition at all. This is because, in simple terms, ‘normal people would react in the same way’. The classic example, which people can easily relate to, is bereavement, but there are many other examples which are less intuitively understandable.
About Psychology and Psychologists
Psychology is a very wide discipline and starts from an academic background which covers many different aspects of human and indeed, animal functioning. In terms of careers, many psychologists will have an undergraduate qualification in psychology with the vast majority having undergone further training, experience and gained postgraduate qualifications in the areas they are expert in.
Psychologists work in many areas of life, for example, in education, business and therapeutically. Psychologists who work therapeutically are known as clinical psychologists but, even within clinical psychology, there are subspecialties and some psychologists are expert in one or more of one of these. There are child psychologists, forensic psychologists, neuropsychologists and counselling psychologists amongst many other categories.
Furthermore, other practitioners such as nurses are trained in aspects of psychotherapeutic work so they can do, for example, cognitive behavioural therapy or outcome-focused therapy. To confuse the matter further, there are other people who work in a ‘talking therapy’mode. These include counsellors and psychotherapists. Sometimes, these people are also psychologists, but not always!
Psychologists, psychotherapists and counsellors will sometimes assess people directly and sometimes receive referrals from psychiatrists. It can be difficult, as a patient, to know whom you need to see and getting a clear ‘diagnosis’ and having treatment options properly explained is vital. The term diagnosis is essentially a medical one so not all practitioners relate to it. Other terms such as formulation are sometimes used, but clearly there has to be some shared understanding of what the problem is before something can be done to help.
Some psychologists will use ‘tools’. This is a specific term referring to a series of questions which are then expertly interpreted by the psychologist. ‘Raw data’ from these tools can be misleading for the lay person if not properly interpreted by the psychologist. One of the best known types of tool is that for assessing IQ. This is a good example of a complex area which needs a lot of explanation to understand it properly.
The majority of people who encounter psychologists in a therapeutic setting will be seeing them for help with a problem which they have identified and/or which has been elucidated by a professional. Treatment is usually multiple, consisting of a number of sessions lasting from 50 to 60 minutes and proceeding on a weekly basis until there has been some agreed resolution to the identified problem. People are mostly expected to practise techniques or reflect on the sessions in between appointments and much of the ‘work’ is done by the person outside the session.
About the limits of expertise
Whilst you are clearly the experts on the law, we have to be able to delineate our expertise. This applies particularly in the field of psychiatry, where there are many subspecialties. Nowhere is this more important than in the area of intellectual disability, where knowing the IQ in advance can sometimes determine which expert to see.
We always encourage you to discuss questions you want answered. In most cases there is no issue but, particularly in some criminal cases there can be a tendency to rely heavily on counsel’s perception of what a psychiatrist can determine. Occasionally this is complimentary but inaccurate. One must always have in mind the fact that psychiatrists derive their expertise from seeing and treating patients. It therefore follows that there are limits to their familiarity with other aspects of your case.
A particular area of concern is the criminal defence of automatism. This is a very rare finding indeed in clinical practice, yet a very common request from criminal solicitors. If alcohol or drugs are involved we strongly encourage you to discuss this first with the psychiatrist. If a sleep automatism is being considered it is important to understand that if the psychiatrist feels that there is evidence to support this concept, further studies from a sleep specialist (a non-clinician) will almost always be required.
Neither psychiatrists nor psychologists derive their expertise from looking at artefacts of any kind. It is inherently unlikely that we would be able to consider some written, photographic or video material as primary evidence of mental disorder, though they can always be considered alongside other material.


- 1 What day is Inauguration Day 2020?
- 2 How do you explain inauguration?
- 3 What is inauguration day for elementary students?
- 4 Is Inauguration Day 2021 a federal holiday?
- 5 How long is the inauguration ceremony?
- 6 Which president did not use the Bible to take the oath of office?
- 7 What is the purpose of an inauguration speech?
- 8 What is the root of the word inauguration?
- 9 What does inaugural mean?
- 10 How do you teach students about Inauguration Day?
- 11 How can I watch the inauguration with my students?
- 12 What are the 10 paid holidays?
- 13 Are banks closed on Inauguration Day 2021?
- 14 What happens if a holiday falls on my day off?
What day is Inauguration Day 2020?
The 20th amendment to the Constitution specifies that the term of each elected President of the United States begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election.
How do you explain inauguration?
In government and politics, inauguration is the process of swearing a person into office and thus making that person the incumbent. Such an inauguration commonly occurs through a formal ceremony or special event, which may also include an inaugural address by the new official.
What is inauguration day for elementary students?
Every four years on January 20, an important event occurs in the United States: A president takes the Oath of Office during an inauguration ceremony. On this page, Education World offers lessons and activities to help students learn about and commemorate this year’s inauguration.
Is Inauguration Day 2021 a federal holiday?
Inauguration Day is a Federal holiday in Washington D.C. in January every four years. This holiday is designated as ” Inauguration Day ” in section 6103(c) of title 5 of the United States Code, which is the law that specifies holidays for Federal employees.
How long is the inauguration ceremony?
Over the years, various inauguration traditions have arisen that have expanded the event from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long one, including parades, speeches, and balls. In fact, contemporary inaugural celebrations typically span 10 days, from five days before the inauguration to five days after.
Which president did not use the Bible to take the oath of office?
Theodore Roosevelt did not use the Bible when taking the oath in 1901, nor did John Quincy Adams, who swore on a book of law, with the intention that he was swearing on the constitution.
What is the purpose of an inauguration speech?
Most Presidents use their Inaugural address to present their vision of America and to set forth their goals for the nation.
What is the root of the word inauguration?
Inaugurate comes from the Latin word inaugurare, which was formed by combining in- with augēre, meaning “to increase.” Augēre is likely the origin of augur, spelled the same in Latin and English, though the path of the word’s development isn’t certain.
What does inaugural mean?
1: of or relating to an inauguration. 2: marking a beginning: first in a projected series. inaugural.
How do you teach students about Inauguration Day?
Inauguration Classroom Activities and Lessons
- I Do Solemnly Swear (Grades K–12) Share the presidential oath of office (see below) with students.
- Compare the Speeches (Grades 5–12)
- My Fellow Americans (Grades K–12)
- Plan a Parade (Grades K–12)
- Share Your Story (Grades K–12)
How can I watch the inauguration with my students?
For the first time ever, there will be a special live broadcast of the Inauguration made especially for students and families. You can tune in live at 10am ET on #InaugurationDay. To learn more, go to https://t.co/CcOwVmBgd5. I’ll see you there!
What are the 10 paid holidays?
Federal Paid Holiday Schedule in the U.S.
- New Year’s Day,
- Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.,
- Washington’s Birthday,
- Memorial Day,
- Independence Day (July 4),
- Labor Day,
- “Columbus Day” (also observed as Indigenous Peoples Day),
- Veterans Day,
Are banks closed on Inauguration Day 2021?
Note: The Board of Governors is closed in observance of Inauguration Day on Jan. 20, 2021. How We Make Money.
|Federal Reserve System holidays||Thanksgiving|
What happens if a holiday falls on my day off?
While not required by law, many employers give an employee the option of taking off another day if a holiday falls on the employee’s day off. Similarly, many employers observe a holiday on the preceding Friday or the following Monday if a holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday and the employer is closed on weekends.


Millions of people take opioids for chronic back pain, but many of them get limited relief while experiencing side effects and worrying about the stigma associated with taking them.
More than 100 million people in the United States suffer from chronic pain, and those with chronic low back pain are more likely than patients with other types of pain to be prescribed opioids. Unfortunately, these medications are addictive and can cause side effects, ranging from drowsiness to breathing problems.
“Patients are increasingly aware that opioids are problematic, but don’t know there are alternative treatment options,” said Asokumar Buvanendran, M.D., lead author of the study, director of orthopedic anesthesia and vice chair for research at Rush University, Chicago, and vice chair of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Committee on Pain Medicine. “While some patients may benefit from opioids for severe pain for a few days after an injury, physicians need to wean their patients off them and use multi-modal therapies instead.”
In the study, 2,030 people with low back pain completed a survey about treatment. Nearly half (941) were currently taking opioids. When asked how successful the opioids were at relieving their pain, only 13 percent said “very successful.” The most common answer — given by 44 percent — was “somewhat successful” and 31 percent said “moderately successful.” Twelve percent said “not successful.”
Seventy-five percent said they experienced side effects including constipation (65 percent), sleepiness (37 percent), cognitive issues (32 percent) and dependence (29 percent).
Respondents also had concerns about the stigma associated with taking opioids. Forty-one percent said they felt judged by using opioids. While 68 percent of the patients had also been treated with antidepressants, only 19 percent felt a stigma from using those.
A major pharmaceutical company recently agreed to disclose in its promotional material that narcotic painkillers carry serious risk of addiction and not to promote opioids for unapproved, “off-label” uses such as long-term back pain. Researchers also note a lack of solid studies on the effectiveness of opioids in treating back pain beyond 12 weeks.
Patients with chronic low back pain, persistent pain lasting more than three months, should see a pain medicine specialist who uses an approach that combines a variety of treatments that may be more beneficial, said Dr. Buvanendran. These treatments include physical therapy, bracing, interventional procedures such as nerve blocks, nerve ablation techniques or implantable devices, other medications such as anti-inflammatories and alternative therapies such as biofeedback and massage, he said.
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). “Many back pain patients get limited relief from opioids and worry about taking them, survey shows.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 23 October 2016.


Although no one wants to receive news of a necessary tooth extraction, at times it can be the best thing for your smile. Extracting a severely infected tooth can save the surrounding teeth from infection. However, sometimes root canal therapy is helpful in saving a tooth from being extracted. A root canal is recommended when the tooth’s infection has spread to the pulp of the tooth.
Request More Information
What To Expect During A Root Canal Treatment
Before the root canal begins, the area that will be treated is fully numbed. You shouldn’t experience any pain during a root canal, only pressure. Once the area is numbed, your dentist will remove any infection in the tooth. After the infection is removed, your tooth will be sealed by a filling or dental crown. Once treatment is complete, your smile will be restored and all pain from the infection should be gone.
The cost of a root canal can vary depending on which tooth is in need of treatment. A tooth has anywhere from one to three roots, so this changes the extent of treatment depending on how much work needs to be done. A consultation with your dentist will allow your tooth to be examined and then costs to be presented.
Don’t put off a needed root canal! The spread of infection can lead to tooth loss or affect the surrounding teeth. Scheduling a root canal as soon as it is recommended is the best thing you can do to preserve your smile. If you are in need of a root canal in Cook or Kane County, call us today to set up a consultation!


| scalar, denoted by , attributed to any pair of vectors U and V in a vector space by a given bilinear form, with the following properties: |
- symmetry: ,
Note 1 to entry: In an n-dimensional space with orthonormal base vectors the scalar product of two vectors U and V is the sum of the products of each coordinate of the vector U and the corresponding coordinate of the vector V:
Note 2 to entry: For two complex vectors U and V either the scalar product or a Hermitian product may be used depending on the application.
Note 3 to entry: A scalar product can be similarly defined for a pair consisting of a polar vector and an axial vector and is then a pseudo-scalar, or for a pair of two axial vectors and is then a scalar.
Note 4 to entry: The scalar product of two vector quantities is the scalar product of the associated unit vectors multiplied by the product of the scalar quantities.
Note 5 to entry: The scalar product is denoted by a half-high dot (·) between the two symbols representing the vectors.


Pruning is an essential part of garden maintenance; it is necessary to regulate and control growth and to encourage flowering and fruiting on trees and shrubs. It is also one of the most difficult parts of garden maintenance. To prune well, gardeners must have a thorough knowledge and understanding of the attributes, growth, and flowering habits of the plants under their care and of the effects likely to be produced by making the cut.
Landscapers, arborists, and home gardeners will find all this and more in Essential Pruning Techniques. Tony Kirkham shares decades of knowledge and expertise in this fully illustrated, comprehensive guide. Essential Pruning Techniques offers up- to-date pruning advice for 379 woody plants, step-by-step instruction on the latest techniques and practices, and specific advice for addressing climate challenges.
Full colour photographs by Andrea Jones illustrate techniques and show examples of correctly pruned trees and shrubs.
Publisher: - Timber Press - more
Code: - 9781604692884
Year: - 2017 03 (Mar)
Authors: - Kirkham, Tony


Ancient Italian breed medium-large size Molossus Dog. Sturdy, with a strong skeleton. Muscular and athletic, it moves with considerable ease and elegance. It has always been a property watchdog and hunter of difficult game such as the wild boar.
Molossus, large, its total length reaches approximately one third of the height at the withers. Planes of the skull and muzzle are slightly convergent; they are not parallel. The circumference of the head measured at the cheekbones is more than twice the total length of the head; skin is firm and smooth.Skull - Viewed from the front, skull is wide and slightly curved; width is equal to the length. From the side, a prominent arch begins above the eyes and then flattens backward toward the occiput. Viewed from the top, it has a square appearance due to the zygomatic arches and powerful muscles swathing it. Stop - Well-defined due to developed and bulging frontal sinuses and prominent arch above the eyes.
Neck, Topline, Body
Neck-Slightly arched, flowing smoothly into the shoulders with a small amount of dewlap. The length of the neck is approximately one third the height at the withers. Body - Depth of the ribcage is equal to half the total height of the dog, descending slightly below the elbow. Ribs are long and well sprung. Moderate tuck up. Chest - Broad, well-muscled, strong forefront. Back - Wide, strong, muscular. Highest part of shoulder blade slightly rising above the strong, level back. Loin - Well-muscled, and harmoniously joined to the back. Croup - Long, wide, slightly sloping. Rump should be quite round due to muscling.
Strong and muscular, well-proportioned to the size of the dog. Straight when viewed from the front or side; height of the limb at the elbow is equal to 50 percent of the height at the withers. Shoulders- Muscular, laid back. Upper arms - Strongly muscled, with good bone, powerful. Elbows - Held parallel to the ribcage, turning neither in nor out. Forelegs - Straight and with good bone, well muscled. Pasterns - Almost straight, strong but flexible. Feet - Round with well-arched toes (catlike). Lean, hard, dark pads and nails, except in the case of white toes. Front dewclaws - Can remain or be removed, if left intact should only be a single dewclaw on each leg.
As a whole, they are powerful and strong, in harmony with the forequarters. Straight when viewed from the rear or front. Thighs - Long, wide, angulated and well-muscled. Stifle - Should be moderately angulated, strong. Legs - Strong bone and muscle structure. Hocks - Wide set, thick and clean, let down and parallel when viewed from behind. Rear pastern - straight and parallel. Rear dewclaws - Any rear dewclaws are removed. Hind feet - Slightly more oval-shaped and less-arched toes.
The coat is short, stiff, shiny, adherent and dense with a light undercoat that becomes thicker in cold weather.


This series is the perfect project for when you’re stuck indoors. I will be showing you how I make a study in pencil of my own studio. You can either use the reference provided (see below). Or better yet, make a study of the inside of your own home or studio. You can work from a photo or life – whichever you prefer 🙂
In this session I will be showing you how to smooth out and darken tones without flattening the paper…
- You will be using a fine mechanical pencil (or a very sharp wooden pencil) to lightly work your way into the grain of the paper.
- This is one way to make tone darker in graphite without crushing and damaging the paper.
- Keep rolling the pencil as you work so that the tip statys sharp.
- I also recommend working from different angles (below, left, right and above).
- After multiple passes in this fashion the tone will be a lot darker and smoother without having crushed the paper.
- Don’t worry of the edges are a bit soft as we will be sharpening things up later.
- Keep doing this with the rest of the image.
- Work with the darkest tones first before gradually adding lighter tones – this way you will know what the limit of the darkest tone is before trying to fit lighter tones in.
The materials you will need for this course are:
- Paper (or a sketchbook)
- Range of pencils (H, HB, B, 2B) – ideally a few mechanical pencils as well as regular ones.
- Kneadable eraser
- Sharpener or sanding block
- Drawing board (if you aren’t using a sketchbook)
You can download the source image for the series here: