|Publication number||US4959535 A|
|Application number||US 07/418,976|
|Publication date||Sep 25, 1990|
|Filing date||Oct 10, 1989|
|Priority date||Jun 11, 1987|
|Also published as||CA1292776C, EP0295107A1, WO1988010034A1|
|Publication number||07418976, 418976, US 4959535 A, US 4959535A, US-A-4959535, US4959535 A, US4959535A|
|Original Assignee||British Telecommunication|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (48), Classifications (18), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 314,760, filed Feb. 2, 1989, now abandoned.
The invention relates to a receiver circuit for receiving a modulated optical signal and for generating a corresponding electrical signal using an optical detector which behaves as a current source and to a method of constructing such a receiver circuit.
It is well known that optical receivers for direct detection systems can be made more sensitive by using an "integrating" design incorporating a large load resistor for the photodiode. Thus if S is the symbol rate, R the load resistor and CT the total capacitance of the front-end of the receiver, one chooses R>>1/2πSCT and one recovers the pulse wave-form subsequently by differentiating in a pre-equalising stage. The reason for doing this is that the receiver noise is then no longer dominated by the thermal noise of the load resistor. Instead it is dominated by the series noise of the pre-amplifier stage, i.e. by the channel noise in the case of an FET front-end and by the base and collector current shot noise in the case of a bipolar transistor front-end. This series noise source has an essentially white (constant) spectral density, so that after the differentiating pre-equaliser stage a dominant noise spectral density component proportional to frequency squared is produced. This noise spectral density component will be referred to as f2 noise hereafter. Its effect on the receiver output noise power is kept under control by a low-pass filter (equaliser). If Beq is the bandwidth of the equaliser, the output noise power from this component is proportional to Beq 3 and hence proportional to S3 since the bandwidth of the equaliser is typically proportional to the data rate.
In a coherent optical receiver, it is desirable that the power of the local oscillator laser is large enough for the resulting shot noise to be much larger than any other noise components, particularly the thermal noise components of the receiver. This is also well known, and is called the "strong local oscillator" (SLO) condition. The local oscillator power needed to achieve the SLO condition depends, therefore, on the receiver thermal noise, and is larger at higher data rates. Because of technological problems with semiconductor lasers (the preferred laser type for communication systems), it is generally difficult to provide a strong local oscillator laser that has low phase noise and low excess intensity noise, particularly for large optical powers. This problem is aggravated in heterodyne receivers, particularly if they are designed to cope with substantial phase noise on the signal and local oscillator lasers. The reasons for this are explained below.
Receivers for homodyne detection may have a front-end design similar to that for a direct detection receiver, since the signal is at base-band after the mixing on the photodiode. The thermal noise is typically dominated by the f2 -noise component. However, receivers for heterodyne detection, in which the signal modulates an intermediate frequency carrier, require a band-pass design. For a given symbol rate, such a receiver must have at least twice the bandwidth of the corresponding direct detection receiver, and this bandwidth must be around the intermediate frequency fIF which is typically a few times the data rate. As a result, the output noise power due to the f2 -noise component is proportional, not to Beq 3 but 6fIF 2 Beq +2Beq 3. For example, if fIF is three times Beq, the output thermal noise power is 56 times that of the corresponding direct detection receiver.
If the signalling format is frequency-shift keying (FSK) in which ZERO and ONE symbols are represented by two different optical frequencies, the receiver must have sufficient bandwidth to accept both signals. Alternatively, in so-called "single filter FSK" receivers, one frequency is filtered out, leaving what is essentially an amplitude-shift keyed (ASK) system. The bandwidth increase needed to receive full FSK depends on the frequency separation used. In the case where the two frequencies are well separated, the system is essentially two ASK systems, one of which is received with a higher intermediate frequency. The increase in receiver output thermal noise power could be by a factor of 7 to 8 typically. Against that, the signal power is increased by a factor of 4.
If the receiver must cope with substantial phase noise on the signal and local oscillator lasers, the bandwidth must be increased. As a rough guide, a bandwidth of twice the data rate plus ten times the total linewidth of the two lasers has been proposed by Salz as sufficient. Thus if the total linewidth is half the data rate (perhaps a little extreme), the receiver bandwidth must be increased by a factor 3.5. Usually that would mean using a higher intermediate frequency fIF, so that the output thermal noise power is increased by a factor of perhaps 20.
It is likely that low-cost receivers will use non-synchronous demodulation of the signal on the intermediate frequency carrier, i.e. envelope detection or square-law detection. Such demodulation is only really effective if there are several (say at least 3) cycles of the carrier in each bit period, preferably more: a relatively high intermediate frequency is implied.
Thus the output noise power is increased by: (a) using heterodyne detection, (b) using FSK signalling format, (c) using lasers with significant phase noise, and (d) using non-synchronous demodulation at the intermediate frequency. The local oscillator power needed to approach the SLO condition is increased accordingly. However, it seems likely that a widely-used type of communication system will use all four of those factors, to reduce the cost.
Two modifications to the receiver design are known in the literature, each including an inductor in the front-end circuit to produce a resonance at or above the required maximum signal frequency. In each case the pre-equaliser is flat over the relevant frequency range. In the first modification, the inductor connects a photodiode to the gate of a FET, so that with the photodiode and gate-source capacitances a 3rd-order low pass filter is formed. If this filter is essentially flat over the required signal bandwidth, no pre-equaliser is needed. In the second modification, the inductor is in parallel with the photodiode and gate-source capacitances, forming a 1st-order band-pass filter centred around the frequency fr 1/2π√(LCT). Such a design has been used in a heterodyne receiver. The pre-equaliser takes the form of a first-order band-stop filter. Each design blocks a useful fraction of the noise from the series voltage noise source. Both these designs are effective over a rather narrow frequency band.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention a receiver circuit for receiving a modulated optical signal and for generating a corresponding electrical signal comprises a photodetector acting as a current source for generating a first modulated electrical signal; an amplification circuit to which the first electrical signal or a signal related thereto is fed; a first noise filter; and an n stage (where n is an odd integer) filter network connected between the detector and the amplification circuit, the characteristics of the filter network being such that the total thermal noise power output of the first noise filter is substantially minimised.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a method of constructing a receiver circuit for receiving a modulated optical signal and for generating a corresponding electrical signal in which the circuit comprises a photodetector acting as a current source for generating a first modulated electrical signal; an amplification circuit to which the first electrical signal or a signal related thereto is fed; a first noise filter; and an n stage (where n is an odd integer) filter network connected between the detector and the amplification circuit, comprises selecting the components of the filter network such that the total thermal noise power output of the first noise filter is substantially minimised.
We have found that it is possible to design a receiver circuit which suppresses noise over a relatively wide frequency band by selecting the components of the filter network such that the total thermal noise power output of the first noise filter is substantially minimised. This has been achieved by devising an algorithm which defines the network components and then determining those component values which lead to a minimum thermal noise power output. Minimisation could be achieved analytically when n is low, but in most cases is more easily achieved using a one or multi-dimensional search routine on a computer.
For example, the thermal noise power Pn3 is a function of the thermal noise power spectral density (n3) which is defined as
n3 =SE |Im(1/Hfe (ω))|2
where SE is the serial voltage noise source originating from the amplification circuit, Im denotes the imaginary part, and Hfe (ω) is the transfer function of the detector, noise filter, and amplification circuit.
This invention should be contrasted with well-known filter designs such as Butterworth and Chebyshev in which the optimisation of the resonant frequencies is done in such a way as to achieve the objective of "optimally flat" response at the centre frequency of minimum ripple over the passband. In the invention, the criterion is to minimise the total thermal noise power output and so the precise details of the optimisation depend on the characteristics of the bandpass IF filter or low-pass noise filter.
The invention may have its greatest use in coherent heterodyne receivers, but may also be useful in direct detection and coherent homodyne receivers.
Some examples of receiver circuits in accordance with the present invention will now be described and contrasted with known circuits with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a generalised form (for n=5) of receiver circuit;
FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a third-order bandpass ladder filter;
FIG. 3 illustrates a transformer-coupled circuit;
FIG. 4 illustrates a receiver circuit having an nth-order ladder filter.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit for a photodiode;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an example of a circuit according to the present invention incorporating the photodiode of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is the noise equivalent circuit of the circuit of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a graph is the frequency response of the optical receiver of FIG. 5;
FIG. 9 is a graph of the frequency response of the optical receiver and front-end of FIG. 6; and
FIG. 10 is a graph of the theoretical and experimentally measured noise spectral densities or the tuned receiver of FIG. 6 plotted for comparison with the theoretical noise spectral density for a conventional receiver using the same basic components.
The circuit shown in FIG. 1 comprises a photodiode 1 connected to a filter network 2 which is connected to an amplification circuit 3 such as a field effected transistor or a bipolar transistor. The output from the amplification circuit 3 is fed to a pre-equalising circuit 4 which flattens the overall response of the receiver, the output of the pre-equalizer being fed to a first noise filter circuit 5 in the form of an IF bandpass filter circuit in a heterodyne receiver, or a low-pass filter in the case of homodyne or direct detection receivers.
The five stage filter network 2 shown in FIG. 1 is defined in its most generalised form by five impedances labelled Z1 -Z5. The impedance Z1 includes the parasitic or intrinsic capacitance of the photodiode 1 while the impedance Z5 includes the parasitic or intrinsic capacitance of the amplifier input. The load resistance for the amplification circuit is denoted by R0.
At this point we will define ##EQU1##
The transfer function of the receiver front-end is now simply (FIG. 1). ##EQU2## and the equivalent noise power spectral densities at the input of the heterodyne/homodyne optical receiver front-end (FIG. 1) are ##EQU3##
Here k' is Bolzman's constant, θ is the absolute temperature, R is the photo-diode responsivity, SI is the spectral density of the parallel current noise source of the amplifier and SE is spectral density of the serial voltage noise source originating from channel noise in the case of an FET front-end and base and collector current shot noise in the case of a bipolar transistor front-end. Im() denotes the imaginary part. n1 is a white noise spectral density arising from the shot noise on the photocurrent due to the local oscillator power pL, n2, and n3 are noise components from the receiver.
Based on Eqs. (6)-(8) and a given IF noise filter characteristic (FIG. 1) it is now possible to evaluate the noise power transmitted through the IF filter and by adjusting the impedances Z1 -Z5 the noise power can be made as small as possible. This general design algorithm for the tuned front-end configuration will be applied in specific examples in the following.
For future reference we will derive the noise spectral densities n1 to n3 for the conventional receiver front-end where Z2 =Z4 =0,Z3 =∞,Z1 =1/jωC1,Z5 =jωC2 in the general diagram of FIG. 1.
In this case we obtain immediately ##EQU4## where the normalised frequency u is defined as ##EQU5## T is the bit-time. Later we will attempt to minimise the total noise power passed by a bandpass IF filter for different receiver front-end configurations assuming perfect equalisation in each case. At this point we will note that for common high-impedance receiver designs n1,n3 >>n2 for all frequencies of interest. Since n1 is due to a noise source in the photodiode, the influence of it cannot be adjusted by front-end tuning. We can only change the spectral dependence of n2 and n3. In the case with the normal front-end used in a heterodyne system with a large intermediate frequency (IF) and possibly a large IF filter bandwidth the influence of the `u2 ` noise, (11), can be very significant and a large local oscillator power is required to make n1,(9) dominant, i.e. to achieve shot noise limited detection.
The noise power passed by an IF filter with characteristic H'(u)=H(ωT/2π) is given in terms of normalised noise bandwidth integrals ##EQU6## The noise powers (in amp2) associated with eqs. (9)-(11) are now given by
P1 =N1 I1 (14)
P2 N =N2 I1 (15)
P3 N =N3 I3 (16)
superscript `N` means no tuning.
The transformer is specified via the inductance values L1,L2 and the coupling coefficient k (i.e. the mutual inductance is Lm =k√/(L1 L2)). This gives Z1 =1/jωC1,Z2 =jω(L1 -Lm),Z3 =jωLm,Z4 =jω(L2 -Lm),Z5 =1/jωC2.
Using a similar process to that explained above, an expression for n3 can be obtained and this can be used to optimise the components for minimum thermal noise using a two-dimensional computer search routine. The two variables available are the resonant frequency of the LC combinations and the coupling coefficient of the transformer. We have found that inductor values of 10 to 100 nH are appropriate for Gbit/s data rates, with a coupling coefficient of between 0.5 and 0.7.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a third-order bandpass ladder filter in which the tuning components are three inductors L1,Ls,L2 and a capacitance C's. This gives Z1 =jωL1 /(1-ω2 L1 C1),Z2 =1/jωC°s (1-ω2 Ls C's),Z3 =∞,Z4 =0,Z5 =jωL2 /(1-ω2 L2 C2).
Let u be frequency normalised to the data rate, uc be the resonant frequency of the LC combinations, and let H(u) be the transfer characteristic of the IF filter.
Using equation (13) and defining the modified bandwidth integrals:
I'3 =I3 -2uc 2 I1 +uc 4 I-1
I'5 =I5 -4uc 2 I3 +6uc 4 I1 -4uc 6 I-1 +uc 8 I-3
and so on, with the usual binomial coefficients for the numerical factors. Then the total thermal receiver noise at the IF output can be minimised algebraically. If n3 >>n2, it is sufficient to minimise Pn3. Its minimum value is:
Pth =N3 [I'3 -I'5 2 /I'7 ]
The optimum value for uc and hence for the front-end component values thus depend on the IF filter characteristic and are not obvious.
A generalised definition for the transfer function Hfe (ω) of an n-th order ladder filter network can be derived by considering FIG. 4. The impedances Z1 and Zn are the parasitic capacitances of the photodiode and of the FET gate-source, with parallel inductances in the general case. All other impedances are series LC or parallel LC combinations.
Let an impedance with a single prime represent the impedance in combination with everything to the right of it in the circuit. Then we can use an iterative definition: ##EQU7## Then the transfer function for n stages is: ##EQU8##
We have found that the capacitor C2 has a value below 1 pf in a design for data rates above several hundred Mbit/s. Eliminating this component results in what should be a low-pass filter, but it has a useful response around a high frequency, suitable for band pass use. The inductor values can be optimised by a two-dimensional computer search.
The table below gives the noise power of the receiver designs discussed above for two typical sets of photodiode and gate-source capacitance. The comparison is to a base-band (no tuning) design These noise powers are directly proportional to the required local oscillator power. It can be seen that the three designs considered all yield about a factor of 20 reduction in the required local oscillator powered compared to no tuning.
______________________________________ Relative Noise Power Case 1 Case 2______________________________________No tuning 1.0 1.03rd Order 0.049 0.065Mixed Tuning 0.051 0.067Transformer 0.046 0.058______________________________________
It will be appreciated that the invention allows for the constraints of large load resistor and essentially fixed photodiode and gate-source capacitances to be taken into account as well as the characteristics of the IF filter and yields optimised components values.
Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6 there is shown a practical T-equivalent of a transformer coupled front-end. The inductors have been realised directly as the photodiode bond-wires, and a micro-strip pre-amplifier is used. Even through the total parasitic capacitance of the front-end is 1.2 pF, we have obtained an r.m.s. noise current below 9 pA/√Hz over a bandwidth of 2.4 GHz. This compares well with the 12 pa/√Hz over a 3 GHz bandwidth obtained with a single serial inductor and parasitic capacitance of 0.6 pF reported by Gimlett JL. ("Low noise 8 GHz pin-FET optical receiver". Electron Lett vol 23 (1987) pp 281.283.)
The circuit employs a commercial photodiode 4 (RCA 306I6CER) with a bandwidth specification of 1.6 GHz (rise and fall time of 0.3 ns), determined mainly by the inductance of the bond-wires and the junction capacitance as shown by the equivalent circuit at FIG. 5 with the equivalent inductors L3 and L4 and capacitance C4.
By bonding an extra lead to the photodiode as shown in FIG. 6 we obtain the required three inductors with the a.c. diagram shown in FIG. 7. This front-end is connected to a two-stage high-impedance pre-amplifier using NE71083 GaAs FETs with interstage microwave matching networks to expand the bandwidth. FIGS. 8 and 9 shows the frequency responses obtained. FIG. 8 is for the receiver without the added bond-wire, with response limited by the photodiode parasitics. FIG. 9 is for the modified photodiode and front-end, showing improved response over a wider bandwidth.
In FIG. 10 there are shown the measured results for the receiver thermal noise spectral density, assuming perfect equalisation, the theoretical curves for a baseband receiver (no front-end tuning) and for transformer tuning. Theoretically we would expect about 12 dB reduction in receiver thermal noise in the passband from 1.6 to 4.0 GHz, some 3.3 dB more than simple serial tuning and 5.7 dB more than parallel tuning. The experimental measurements agree generally with the predicted performance, but with higher noise spectral density in the lower frequency part of the passband. The stripline amplifier had excess noise in the frequency range 1.5 to 2.5 GHz which is not accounted for in the theoretical curves.
With this embodiment there is demonstrated a design for an optical heterodyne receiver front-end for Gbit/s data rates. Improved bandwidth response was obtained by modifying the commercial photodiode mount, with an added bond-wire to realise the T-equivalent of a transformer-coupling using a two-stage amplifier with interstage microwave matching, we have obtained an r.m.s. noise current below 9 pA/√Hz in a bandwidth from 1.6 to 4.0 GHz. This result, which we believe to be the lowest reported result for a Gbit/s receiver, was obtained with a total parasitic capacitance in the front-end of 1.2 pF.
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|U.S. Classification||250/214.00R, 250/214.00A|
|International Classification||H04B10/64, H04B10/60, H04B10/63, H03H7/075|
|Cooperative Classification||H04B10/60, H03H7/1775, H04B10/63, H03H7/075, H03H7/175, H04B10/64|
|European Classification||H04B10/60, H04B10/63, H03H7/17R4, H03H7/17R1, H04B10/64, H03H7/075|
|Nov 24, 1992||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Feb 10, 1994||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 21, 1998||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Sep 27, 1998||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|Dec 8, 1998||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19980925


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How to Wire a Carrier Heat Pump Thermostat | Hunker
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Wiring a Heat Pump Thermostat to the Air Handler and Outdoor Unit! Functions, Terminals, Colors! Duration: 15:52. AC Service Tech LLC 208,326 viewsTotaline Thermostat [Short Review] and it's High Selling ...
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Sample Wiring Diagrams Heat Pump 5 Wire, 1 Stage Cooling, 1 Stage Heat* No auxiliary heat, commercial Heat Pumps , split systems & package units. Y1 G R C W1 O B Y2 W2 5 Conductor 18 gauge unshielded cable from the thermostat to the equipment. 24 vac common 24 vac return R fan relay compressor relay reversing valve W 1 W 2 G C Y 1 Y 2 * Most commerical heat pumps do not have the heat pump ...OWNER'S MANUAL MODEL P474 0140 Non Programmable Digital ...
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Its sales will begin in 2019, but the price will be high – the device is positioned as a premium.
At the electronics exhibition CES 2019, LG introduced a 65-inch TV, the screen of which is rolled up. The device uses an OLED display, when folded, it looks like an oblong box.
The screen extends by pressing a button in a few seconds. The mechanism is designed for 50 thousand cycles. The screen can be expanded to a small strip or half – then the device will show either the weather or the player, or movies in the ratio 21: 9.


Welcome to our big HDMI splitter test. Here we present you all of the HDMI splitters we have tested. We have put together detailed background information for you.
We want to make the purchase decision easier for you and help you find the best HDMI splitter for you.
You can also find answers to frequently asked questions in our guide. You will also find some important information on this page that you should definitely pay attention to if you want to buy an HDMI splitter.
- An HDMI splitter is a useful tool that allows you to multiply the HDMI signal. In many cases it can make sense to have an additional exit. It is e.g. This makes it possible to output video content simultaneously on the television and on a projector.
- Choosing a suitable HDMI splitter can prove to be too complex for a beginner, as many of the information requires specialist knowledge.
- Communication using HDMI poses some obstacles. In particular, the different HDMI versions make buying more difficult for beginners, since the devices should work perfectly with each other and there shouldn’t be any nasty surprises.
Best HDMI Splitters
Techole 4K - HDMI Splitter 1 in 2 Out
No products found.
This HDMI splitter distributes audio and video signals from one source to two different HDMI screens at the same time, creating a high definition resolution.
This means that high-resolution videos can be shared. This is also possible thanks to the excellent remote transmission. Because this HDMI splitter from Techole can transmit the data at a bandwidth of 3.4 Gbit / s.
Techole - HDMI Switch 4K HDMI Splitter
No products found.
This HDMI switch scores with its bi-directionality. Because, depending on your needs, a signal can be transferred to two or two signals to one signal. So this HDMI switch from Techole can be used for a lot.
In addition, customers rave about its good resolution. Not only the screen, but also the audio is HD and leaves nothing to be desired.
KELIIYO Hdmi Splitter 1 in 4 Out
No products found.
Frequently Asked Questions: HDMI Splitter
What is an HDMI splitter?
An HDMI splitter is a useful electronic device that allows an HDMI signal to be split across multiple outputs.
An HDMI splitter is therefore also known as an HDMI distributor.
An HDMI splitter has many uses and will be used in many multimedia setups.
The HDMI splitter often consists of three connections. One HDMI IN connector for the input signal and two HDMI OUT connectors for two output signals.
The two output signals are identical or the output devices that receive the HDMI signal receive the same input.
The HDMI signal transmission should make it easier for the consumer to connect the many different multimedia devices with one another. HDMI not only transmits the picture, but also the audio signals.
The HDMI splitter therefore transmits all the information that a device needs to be able to reproduce the content accordingly.
The actual function of the HDMI splitter is to decode the received signal, to amplify it, to encode it again and finally to forward it.
The amplification of the signal is necessary to ensure a constant quality of the signal.
Why do I need an HDMI splitter?
HDMI splitters have many uses. A simple application would be, for example, to display the computer image on the monitor and the television (or projector) at the same time.
The HDMI splitter supplies both end devices with the required information and elegantly solves this problem.
If you want to record your gaming experiences on the PS4 with a capture card (for private use), then an HDMI splitter can help you.
If you want to retrofit an Ambilight to experience dynamic background radiation on your television, then an HDMI splitter is exactly the right choice for you. The HDMI splitter supplies the television and the Ambilight controller with the required signals. Do I need an HDMI Switch or an HDMI splitter? And what alternatives are there?
Beginners in particular often have problems with these two terms and often use them as synonyms, even though they have completely different possible uses.
As mentioned above, the main job of an HDMI splitter is to multiply the signals, but the job of the HDMI switch is to ensure that you can switch between the different input signals.
Assuming we have two different computers sharing a screen, the HDMI switch could switch between the two inputs and, depending on the switch position, display the image from one computer or the other.
A suitable example would be a presentation setup where we want to enable the presenter to either use their own laptop or use the computer on site.
The switch makes it possible either to transmit the signal from the laptop or to use the signal from the stationary computer.
The switch can therefore be interpreted as an “or”: either use signal source 1 or use signal source 2.
A switch can be interpreted as a reverse splitter.
The splitter distributes a signal to many outputs, whereas a switch provides a logic in which many inputs point to one output.
Some switches can even be controlled using a remote control. This makes it possible, for example, to easily switch between the individual sources from the sofa.
In addition to these two variants, there is a third type, the so-called matrix.
An HDMI matrix makes it possible to either duplicate the signals or to switch between the individual signals.
So it is a real all-rounder, but usually more expensive than the simpler versions.
Can I use an HDMI splitter despite HDCP?
A question that arises very often in connection with HDMI splitters is about HDCP.
“High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection” is a special encryption system that is provided for the protected transmission of audio and video data. It is a copy protection built into HDMI.
Sources of video and audio data, such as Blu-Ray or streaming providers, have the option of encrypting the data via HDCP.
This encrypted data is forwarded to the connected devices.
In our case, the HDMI splitter now acts as a middleman between the two devices. The way HDCP works can be expressed as follows:
The two devices, which are connected to one another via an HDMI cable, check whether the other device supports the compliance requirement for the HDCP version.
If the receiver of the signal does not support HDCP, either no picture can be transmitted or only one in a lower resolution.
So: yes, you can definitely use an HDMI splitter despite HDCP. However, you should ensure that it supports the HDCP version of the signal source.
Does an HDMI splitter have a negative impact on picture quality?
No. HDMI splitters shouldn’t have a negative impact on the picture.
HDMI is a digital signal and digital signals can be reproduced without any problems.
Types of HDMI Splitters
The number of different HDMI splitters is enormous. Choosing a suitable HDMI splitter is not that easy.
In principle, the selection is much more about the purpose of the HDMI splitter.
Basically, however, all HDMI splitters work in a similar way: get an input signal, amplify it, and forward it.
However, some HDMI splitters have special features that can be a decisive factor depending on the area of application.
These features are:
- With EDID manipulation and downscaler
- With audio extraction
The different types each have advantages and disadvantages. Depending on what you prefer, a different type is suitable for you. With the following section we would like to make your decision easier.
HDMI Splitter with EDID manipulation & downscaler: Advantages & Disadvantages
First, let’s look at EDID itself and the communication between a playback device and a source.
EDID stands for “Extended Display Identification Data” and it describes the display capabilities of a display.
This includes information about the supported resolutions, the supported aspect ratios, the Hertz number, etc.
This data describes all the important information a source needs to send the correct data to the display screen.
- The displays are given the appropriate resolutions
- Additional control over functionalities
- Increased power consumption due to the conversion within the HDMI splitter
What happens now if we connect display devices with different resolutions to our HDMI splitter?
The two display devices would send different EDID data to our source and it would not know in which resolution it should send the data.
In such a case, our source would choose the lower resolution in order to be able to display the data correctly on both devices.
With the help of EDID manipulation, however, we can tell our signal source exactly which signals we want to receive.
So we can request an image with a higher resolution and process the signal within our HDMI splitter using a controller.
As a result, our device with a higher resolution receives the optimal image and our device with a lower resolution also receives a suitable image that corresponds to its resolution.
The image is scaled down within the HDMI splitter using the downscaler.
EDID manipulation can also be applied to audio data. For example, we can explicitly request a special audio format and forward it to other devices.
HDMI Splitter with audio extraction: Advantages & Disadvantages
Some HDMI splitters offer built-in audio extraction. This audio extraction can e.g. to TOSLINK or Cinch.
Specifically, this means that the HDMI splitter receives a signal via HDMI and only forwards the image information to the HDMI outputs.
For the audio data it provides a separate connection via TOSLINK or Cinch, which only contains the filtered audio data.
- The possibility of different connections
- The integration of devices that do not have an HDMI connection
- Additional cables are required
This form of an HDMI splitter allows different information to be sent to different devices.
For example, the audio signal can be forwarded directly to an external sound system, whereas the projector and television only receive the pure image data.
These models are particularly interesting if the playback device does not support ARC (Audio Return Channel) and the sound should not be output directly on the playback device.
Cinch supports a maximum of 7.1 sound and TOSLINK a 5.1 sound.
HDMI Splitter: Purchase Criteria
In the following we will show you which aspects you can use to decide between the multitude of possible HDMI splitters.
The criteria that you can use to compare the HDMI splitters include:
- Input / Output
- HDMI version
- UHD (4K), Full HD, SD
- Resolutions supported
- Supported sound formats and audio encodings
- Other HDMI functions (ARC, CEC, HEC)
In the following paragraphs we will explain to you what is important for the individual criteria in order to make your purchase decision easier.
Input / Output
A key feature of HDMI splitters is the number of inputs and outputs.
Some retailers mistakenly refer to their products as splitters when they are actually switches.
An HDMI splitter has one input and several outputs, whereas a switch often has several inputs and only one output.
The optimal number of outlets is strongly dependent on the intended use. In principle: the more connections the better.
If the setup changes, there will still be enough outputs available from the HDMI splitter.
Instead of purchasing a new device, you can continue to use the device you have already purchased.
Another important purchase criterion is that of the HDMI version. The criterion provides information about the data rate of the signal.
For example, HDMI 1.4b, with a data rate of 8.16 Gbit / s, can already transmit the popular 4K resolution, but only at 24 Hz.
For comparison: The HDMI 2.1 version can reproduce an 8K resolution at 60 Hz or a 4K resolution for a 3D television. This corresponds to a data rate of 42 Gbit / s.
Before buying, it is important to ensure that the HDMI version of the HDMI splitter is not a bottleneck so that other expensive purchases are not in vain.
Below is a list of important properties. It is advisable to skim through them briefly to get a feel for the various values.
1920 × 1080 pixels at 60 Hz
2560 x 1440 pixels with 60 Hz
3840 × 2160 pixels at 24 Hz
1920 × 1080 pixels at 24 Hz (3D)
4096 × 2160 pixels at 24 Hz
3840 × 2160 pixels at 30 Hz
2560 × 1600 pixels at 60 Hz
3840 × 2160 pixels at 60 Hz
1920 × 1080 pixels at 48 Hz (3D)
7680 × 4320 pixels at 60 Hz
3840 × 2160 pixels at 120 Hz (3D)
UHD (4K), Full HD, SD
Instead of specifying a resolution in numbers, such as 3840 x 2160, it makes sense to assign this to a name.
The terms UHD, Full HD and SD should give you a quick overview of the performance of the HDMI splitter.
The term UHD (Ultra High Definition) is a small modification of the popular 4K resolution with at least 3840 x 2160 pixels.
UHD delivers razor-sharp images and channels such as Sky or Netflix offer the option of streaming via 4K.
UHD differs from True 4K, however, as the width ratio does not exceed 4000 pixels.
The true 4K resolution is 4096 × 2160 pixels, whereas that of UHD is 3840 x 2160 pixels.
So there is no major difference and both variants are often referred to as 4K.
Full HD and SD are older resolutions that describe milestones in image quality.
Full HD describes a resolution of at least 1920 x 1080 pixels, whereas SD (Standard Definition) describes a resolution of 720 x 576 pixels.
4K video content is growing in popularity!
In addition to the information on the resolution standards and the HDMI version, the dealer often specifies the video formats supported.
The information is given in the following form: 2160p, 1080p, 720p, 480p and 360p.
Similar to the information on UHD and Full HD, these values give you information about the supported resolutions of the HDMI splitter.
The ‘p’ stands for progressive image transmission and this value gives you information about the vertical resolution of the image.
So it is independent of the width and thus of the aspect ratio of your screen.
Usually these values are superfluous as they can be derived from terms such as 4K and 2K.
Rather, the dealers explicitly give you the certainty that this resolution is supported.
The following list gives you a rough overview:
- UHD = 3840 × 2160 = 2160p
- Full HD = 1920x1080pixels = 1080p
- HD = 1080x720pixels = 720p
Supported sound formats and audio encodings
Similar to the supported resolutions, the retailers explicitly give you the certainty that this audio format is also supported.
Since not only image information but also audio information is transmitted via HDMI, this information can give you a quick overview of supported sound formats.
However, this information is usually superfluous, as the supported sound formats depend on the HDMI version.
The actual purchase criterion is again the corresponding HDMI version of the splitter.
Before buying, make sure that the HDMI version supports the audio format you are using.
Most audio formats should be covered from an HDMI version of 1.4a.
The HDMI version 1.4a was introduced at the beginning of 2010. The HDMI version of a new HDMI splitter should therefore almost certainly be above version 1.4.
Below we provide you with a list of the HDMI version and from which audio format has been added.
Of course, higher HDMI versions also support the older formats and are downward compatible.
MPEG, Dolby Digital, DTS (Digital Theater System)
Dolby Digital Plus, TrueHD, dts-HD (Digital Theater System- High Definition)
Other HDMI functions (ARC, CEC, HEC)
With the help of HDMI, not only images and sound are transmitted, but also other information.
In this way, HDMI provides the user with additional functions that are intended to simplify control or also to reduce the amount of cabling.
These functions are ARC, CEC, and HEC.
ARC: The “Audio Return Channel” should make it easier for you to connect external audio devices.
The way it works is relatively simple. The HDMI splitter forwards the picture and sound signals to the playback device.
The playback device, for example a television, uses the image data and sends the audio signals back to the HDMI splitter, if the setting is made accordingly in the menu.
These audio signals can now be picked up by the HDMI splitter, for example with the aid of a coaxial cable, and provide an interface for an external audio device.
CEC: The “Consumer Electronics Control” function provides an interface so that the various end devices can communicate with one another.
The basic idea behind this is not to control each device separately, but to enable universal control.
For example, if the picture is output via a television and the sound via an external system, we could still use the television’s remote control to control the volume.
The television sends a signal to the audio system via the HDMI port and tells it that the sound should be amplified or reduced.
HEC: The “HDMI Ethernet Channel” supplies the end devices with the Internet. So it provides a way to get Internet via HDMI instead of an Ethernet connection.
This should further reduce the cabling effort for the end user. HEC was introduced in HDMI version 1.4.
In order to be able to play back copy-protected content properly, the HDCP version must be supported.
For example, to be able to enjoy Netflix in 4K, the display must support at least an HDCP version of 2.2.
This also applies to the splitter used within the HDMI connection chain.
We therefore recommend that you buy an HDMI splitter with a version of at least HDCP 2.2 in order to be able to use it sustainably.
Facts about HDMI Splitter
How does the HDCP authentication process work?
In order to determine whether a playback device is authorized to play HDCP-protected content, HDCP authentication is necessary.
The data is only transferred from a signal source if the authentication was successful.
A distinction is made between the following device types:
- Source, which sends the data.
- Data sink, which processes the data
- Repeater, which forwards the data.
The signal source sends a request and asks a data sink for its identification number.
The data sink responds to this request by sending its identification number back to the source.
The source then checks whether the number is valid and whether the data sink is authorized to receive the data.
If this is the case, the two devices exchange their keys, with the authentication process also having to be carried out by the data sink.
The protected data can then be transferred between the devices as required.
If there are sound or picture problems, a failed HDCP authentication process could be responsible.
My devices support HDMI version X, but only a lower HDMI version is used. What is the problem?
To take advantage of a higher HDMI version, not only must the devices support the HDMI version, but also the HDMI cable.
The cable is responsible for the actual data transmission and it is imperative that the HDMI version of the cable does not constitute a bottleneck.
It is therefore advisable to pay attention to the HDMI cable when connecting and to retrofit it if necessary.
Which HDMI splitter is now suitable for my setup?
As already described above, this question cannot be answered universally.
The choice of the right HDMI splitter depends very much on the application scenario used.
At this point we would like to give you an overview of what can be important when buying an HDMI splitter.
An essential feature to look for when buying is the compatibility between the different devices.
A chain is only as strong as the weakest link, and the same applies to HDMI signals.
It should be ensured that the HDMI splitter does not represent a bottleneck.
This means that the versions of HDMI and HDCP should be at least the same as the signal source and the playback device, otherwise we would have to lose quality.
In the worst case, the signal transmission fails completely and only a black image can be seen.
This happens, for example, if we have a data source with HDCP 2.2 encryption and connect it to a device with an HDCP version of 1.X.
Cheap HDMI splitters usually have such a shortcoming, so that the use of these devices is considerably limited.
In general, it can be said that the higher the individual values, the better the HDMI splitter.
The problem, however, is that the higher the values, the more expensive the device is usually.
In our opinion, an HDMI splitter should represent a long-term investment and it makes perfect sense to retrofit it at relatively long intervals.
However, if the components used do not change, it can make sense to use a cheaper, low-sized splitter.
What else do I need for my setup?
In order to implement a perfect home theater system, a great gaming setup or other projects, more components are of course required than an HDMI splitter.
At this point we would like to go into further products that may be of interest to you:
This useful tool is able to amplify the HDMI signal. The signal that the HDMI cable transports gets worse and worse at longer distances.
This effect occurs because the cable has a conductor resistance. If the signal is to be transported over longer distances, it is necessary that the signal is renewed.
The HDMI extender is connected between two HDMI cables and renews the signal.
In the case of more complex setups that are not characterized by e.g. Connect a 10 m HDMI cable, an HDMI extender is recommended to ensure transmission between the two devices.
Not all HDMI cables are created equal. There are also many differences with HDMI cables that should be considered before buying, be it the length, the supported HDMI version, the material of the connector or the connector type.
An important criterion, albeit often neglected by beginners, is the HDMI version. It provides information about the data rate at which the data can be transported.
It can happen that older devices do not have a connection for HDMI or that we want to use the HDMI signal for another connection.
In this case we can use an HDMI adapter. This accepts the HDMI signal and provides another connection.
For example, we can connect a DVI input to an HDMI cable by using an HDMI-DVI adapter.
Of course there are also other types of adapters that can be used as required. This makes it possible to use devices without an HDMI connection.
Last product update on 2022-09-29 | Source: Amazon Affiliate


Thin film optics, based on light interference characteristics, are attracting increasing interest because of their ability to enable a functional color coating for various applications in optical, electronic, and solar industries. Here, we report on the dependence of coloring characteristics on single-layer TiO2 thicknesses and alternating TiO2/Al2O3 multilayer structures prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a low growth temperature. The ALD TiO2 and Al2O3 thin films were studied at a low growth temperature of 80°C. Then, the coloring features in the single-layer TiO2 and alternating TiO2/Al2O3 multilayers using both the ALD processes were experimentally examined on a TiN/cut stainless steel sheet. The Essential Macleod software was used to estimate and compare the color coating results. The simulation results revealed that five different colors of the single TiO2 layers were shown experimentally, depending on the film thickness. For the purpose of highly uniform pink color coating, the film structures of TiO2/Al2O3 multilayers were designed in advance. It was experimentally demonstrated that the evaluated colors corresponded well with the simulated color spectrum results, exhibiting a uniform pink color with wide incident angles ranging from 0° to 75°. This article advances practical applications requiring highly uniform color coatings of surfaces in a variety of optical coating areas with complex topographical structures.
Bibliographical notePublisher Copyright:
© 2016, American Coatings Association.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Surfaces and Interfaces
- Surfaces, Coatings and Films
- Colloid and Surface Chemistry


Special Papers 2 AQUOS LCD TV
Energy-Saving Technologies for LC-30BV5 LCD TV
The flat panel TV market is growing rapidly at the turn of the century,
coinciding with the launch of BS digital broadcasting in Japan. LCD and plasma
TVs are replacing the conventional CRT TVs and becoming the mainstream. These
market and technological trends have led to a shift in consumer demands toward
thin-profile and environment-friendliness as well as high picture
Sharp started development of LCD TVs early as it was aware of their desirable qualities such as thin-profile, light-weight, low energy- and natural-resource- consumption, long life and eye-friendly luminescence characteristics Today, Sharp has launched 25 models of AQUOS LCD TV series into the market, ranging from 13 inch 4:3 format to 37 inch wide-screen.
This paper outlines Sharp's energy-saving technologies, a part of its resource-saving technologies that support AQUOS LCD TV series.


PoE Injector Adapter, IEEE 802.3af compliant, Data and power carried over the same cable up to 100 meters, plastic case, pocket size, plug and play
IEEE 802.3af compliant
Auto-determine the necessary power requirements
Gigabit speed support
Plug-and-Play, requires no configuration
What This Product Does
The PoE Injector TL-POE150S fully complies with IEEE 802.3af standard, and can work with all IEEE 802.3af PoE compliant PDs (Powered Devices) or PoE Receiver Adapters, such as TP-LINK’s TL-POE10R, or other equivalent product, to expand your network to where there are no power line or outlet, where you wish to fix device such as AP, IP Camera or IP Phone, etc.


Boletos Giorgos is a software developer based in Thessaloniki, Greece. He holds a Bsc in
Applied Informatics from the University of Macedonia. He is a researcher and
software developer at SpectraLab, AUTh exploring innovative
techniques (e.g. hyperspectral imaging, machine learning, AI, LC-QToF-MS) to detect food
adulteration and ensure nutrient bioavailability. Over the past few years, he has taken part in
the development of various web applications as a freelancer, as well as in their design. His
research interests lie in image optimization via artificial intelligence and in the development
of novel tools to monitor agricultural resources (MARS).


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The NSSEFF program awards grants to top-tier researchers from U.S. universities to conduct long-term, unclassified, basic research of strategic importance to DoD. These grants engage the next generation of outstanding scientists and engineers in the most challenging technical issues facing the department. Approximately 10 fellows are selected each year, and each receives up to $3,000,000 over 5 years. This year's topics included quantum information science, engineering biology, neuroscience, nanoscience, novel engineered materials, and applied mathematics and statistics.
Professor Ivan Schuller selected to receive the Department of Defense "National Security Science and Engineering Fellows" (NSSEFF) award.
Professor Ivan Schuller is one of 7 researchers selected to receive the Department of Defense "National Security Science and Engineering Fellows" (NSSEFF) award. He is being recognized for his work in functional materials on a project titled "Bio-Inspired Functional Hybrids: A new paradigm for solid-state devices."


Using Kinematic Variables to Extract Information from Semi-invisible Decays of Heavy Particles at Hadron Colliders
Agashe, Kaustubh S
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We examine the ways of extracting information from semi-invisible decays of (new) heavy particles at hadron colliders, i.e., such heavy particles are assumed to decay into visible/Standard Model (SM) particles and invisible particles. As a concrete realization, we employ the models with the <italic>stable</italic> weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP), a well-motivated dark matter (DM) candidate. By definition, dark matter is <italic>not</italic> seen by the detectors, i.e., invisible. Typically, stability of dark matter is ensured by introducing a new (unbroken) symmetry under which the DM is <italic>non</italic>-trivially charged while the SM particles are <italic> un</italic>charged. Also, many new physics models contain other heavier particles which are charged under the same symmetry so that such heavier particles must decay into (invisible) DM particles along with the relevant visible/SM particles. In particular, we study how to determine the masses of DM and heavy particles and the nature of the above-mentioned DM stabilization symmetries. For this purpose we take three kinematic variables as the main toolkits. We first discuss the distribution of the invariant mass formed by the visible part in the associated decays. As the second variable, we include the invisible part in forming the invariant mass. Because we are not aware of the longitudinal momentum of invisible particles, such a quantity is constructed in the plane transverse to the beam pipe, which is therefore called “transverse” mass. This is typically suitable for a singly produced heavy particle. Since the DM stabilization symmetries lead to pair-production of heavier particles, we here consider the “stransverse/<italic>M</italic><italic>T2</italic>” type variable, a simple generalization of the transverse mass. Finally, we consider the energy spectrum of visible particle(s), which is <italic>not</italic> Lorentz-invariant at all even under longitudinal boosts. The relevant strategy is predicated upon the new observations that we shall make about physical implications of the peak position in such an energy spectrum. We emphasize that the relevant methods using the three observables are <italic>complementary</italic> to one another.


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ARP Hi-Speed Adapter: A Tiny Device With A Lot Of Effect
The Hi-Speed adapter is plugged into the IDE hard drive instead of an IDE cable thus making the drive USB 2.0 compatible. An external mains unit powers the drive and the adapter. The device can be run on any PC without a reboot - provided the connections exist. The current Windows and Mac systems do not require an extra driver for this. After connecting the adapter to a USB port, the drive declares itself automatically and is ready for use after a few seconds. Our tests showed that even CD and DVD burners can be run through the adapter without a hitch. With an IDE hard drive, the data transfer rate is an average 20 MB/s, a perfectly adequate speed.
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N04–Silicon-Integrated Red-Light Optical Gain Medium Based on BGaAs/GaP Quantum Wells
In this study we present BGaAs/GaP quantum well (QW) structures integrated with GaP/Si virtual substrate as a promising structure for applications requiring red-light optical gain media. Gain spectra are computed based on an 8-band k · p model with an envelope function approximation and Fermi’s Golden Rule. An emission of red light of wavelengths from the range of 730-690 nm is predicted for the QWs with 10-35% BAs mole fraction and widths below the critical thickness.
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