Data is the oil of the 21st century and programming and analytical skills are at the core in many professions. Focusing on the 2 areas of programming and data management this course teaches the basics of Python in the context of data science applications. From the installation, the essential objects and programming basics to simple analyses the participants will get all the prerequisites to write their first applications in Python. The course focuses also on the Pandas library which is considered a key tool to perform statistical data analysis in Python.
You can register for the event one month before the event starts from 9am.
Microsoft Office und weitere IT Anwendungen
- Python (Anaconda distribution) in current version (the development environments 'Jupyter Notebooks' and 'Spyder' should be set up; Python should be entered in the environment variables - this can already be done during installation). Download at: https://www.anaconda.com/
- PyCharm in current version (license free community version). Download at: https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/#section=windows


Review: Silent and faster than R9 290X
The PowerColor PCS+ R9 390 provides a great gaming performance at 1440p. It comes with 8GB of GDDR5 memory and quiet custom cooler with three fans and a backplate.
Today we’ll take a closer look at the R9 390 card from PowerColor. The full name of the card is PowerColor PCS+ R9 390 8GB GDDR5, with the part number AAXR9 390 8GBD5-PPDHE. It uses nicely designed, but oversized 2.5 slots cooler and a custom PCB.
Actually, a huge cooler is a must have in this case because the R9 390 is closely related to the R9 290, which is based on Hawaii GPU, the second fastest single GPU in the previous generation of AMD graphics cards. The Hawaii GPU gets really hot, but it provides a good gaming experience at 1080p+ resolutions.
The recently introduced R7 300 and R9 300 series graphics cards are not based on new GPUs, instead AMD is using rebranded older GPUs. Only the flagship Fury card comes with an all new GPU. The new lineup is depicted in the image below and it consist of Radeon R7 300 graphics card which should hold the entry-level, the Radeon R9 380 for the mid-range market segment, the Radeon R9 390/R9 390X for the AMD's higher-end lineup, and the flagship Fury a.k.a. Fiji lineup.
The AMD Radeon R9 390 graphics card is based on the Grenada GPU, previously known as Hawaii GPU, used in R9 290 lineup. It uses AMD's Graphics Core Next 1.1 architecture and to differentiate it from the older GPU, Grenada comes with a slight overclock for the GPU. Compared to the 947MHz on the R9 290, the R9 390 works at 1000MHz for the GPU.
The Radeon R9 390 (called the Grenada Pro GPU) packs 2560 Stream Processors in 40 Compute Units, 160 Texture Units and 64 ROPs.
The faster Radeon R9 390X packs 2816 Stream Processors, 176 Texture Units and 64 ROPs, just like the Radeon R9 290X. The GPU on the R9 390X got bumped up to up to 1050MHz from 1000MHz on the R9 290X.
The rebranded Radeon R9 290 also got a higher memory clocks and more memory. There is now 8GB of GDDR5 memory clocked at 6GHz, compared to 4GB of GDDR5 memory clocked at 5GHz on the R9 290 series. The memory still uses a 512-bit memory interface, delivering memory bandwidth of up to 384 GB/s.
The TDP on both R9 390 and R9 390X graphics cards is set at 275W and they both need 6+8-pin PCI-Express power connectors.
The PowerColor PCS+ 390 8GB got a very small GPU overclock, which is only 10MHz over the reference clock. This comes as surprise since the PCS+ R9 290 was clocked at 1040MHz for the GPU. Probably the memory overclock of +150MHz (600MHz effective GDDR5) is to blame for lower GPU overclock. In some cases in combination with the memory overclock it is necessary to lover GPU overclock to get better overall performance or stability. The memory is left at reference clocks as confirmed by GPUZ, shown in the screenshot below. Don’t be confused here, it is AMD who raised memory clock on the R9 390 card, not PowerColor.
The PCS+ 390 8GB cooler was originally designed to meet the demands of the flagship R9 290X and afterwards it was used on the R9 290. With minor changes it is in action again, on the R9 390. We expect it to do a great job cooling the PCS+ R9 390.
The PCS+ R9 390 8GB comes with a nice backplate too.
Below is the image of the PCS+ 290 4GB, and as you can see there is slight difference in the looks of the front shroud.
The current PowerColor’s R9 390 lineup includes only the PCS+ R9 390. The R9 290 lineup also includes R9 290 TurboDuo, a slower version clocked at 975MHz for the GPU. However due to the increased reference GPU clock from 947MHz to 1000MHz for the R9 390, we are not sure that the TurboDuo cooler will be used this time due to the higher thermal requirements of the new GPU. However, it is now used on the PCS+ R9 380, which is based on the less powerful Tonga GPU (also used on the R9 285).
- Graphics Engine Radeon R9 390
- Video Memory 8GB GDDR5
- Engine Clock 1010MHz
- Memory Clock 1500MHz x4 (6.0 Gbps)
- Memory Interface 512bit
- DirectX Support 12
- Bus Standard PCIE 3.0
- Standard Display Connectors DL DVI-D/ DL DVI-D/ HDMI/ DisplayPort
- CrossFireX Technology Support
- ATI Stream Technology Support
- ATI Eyefinity Technology Support
- Board Dimensions 305mm x 130mm x 55mm
- Minimum System Power requirement 750W
- Extension Power Connectors: one 6-Pin and one 8-Pin PCI Express power connectors


Ensemble-based constrained optimization using an exterior penalty method
Peer reviewed, Journal article
MetadataShow full item record
Original versionJournal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2021, 207 1-15. 10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109165
In science and engineering, non-linear constrained optimization has been a useful mathematical technique for many practical applications. Of interest to us is its applicability in the modeling and prediction of hydrocarbon reservoir production. In this paper, a new efficient, robust, and accurate optimal solution strategy based on the exterior penalty function (EPF) method and the adaptive ensemble-based optimization (EnOpt) approach (with backtracking line-search technique) for non-linear constrained optimization problems is presented. The purpose of this work is to provide a better user-friendly strategy which mitigates the problem often faced with the current constraints handling technique utilized when using the EnOpt method to solve constrained problems of water or EOR flooding. This study notes that the problem contributes to uncertainties in the gradient computation of the objective function and hence leads to the poor convergence rate of the standard EnOpt method. In this work, we used the EPF method to transform a given constrained optimization problem to a sequence of unconstrained subproblems and then sequentially solve the subproblems by unconstrained EnOpt procedure until convergence to the solution of the original problem. To demonstrate the advantage of the proposed methodology, we used it to solve analytical 2D bound constrained Rosenbrock’s problem and a practical high dimensional bound constrained water flooding optimization problem associated with a 2D 5Spot field and a 3D Reek reservoir field. The numerical results are compared with EnOpt using classical Lagrangian approach, as well as the traditional EnOpt. Our findings showed that the proposed solution method has a fast convergence rate and is more accurate and robust.


The Centre on Earth Observation carries on research activities in the field of geomatics which are applied to several sectors: from emergency management to logistics, from regional planning to capacity building.
The Centre processes and extracts thematic territorial information with the aim to identify and monitor the status and the characteristics of the Earth surface as well as its changes due to both natural events and anthropic actions. This is obtained by integrating and analysing geospatial data generated by different Earth Observation satellite missions (such as, for example, Copernicus), satellite derived data products and, finally, in situ data.
In addition, the Centre can publish the results of these analyses in web applications which enable users to easily consume derived data and parameters through thematic maps in WebGIS tools.
Presently, the Centre’s activities are focused on the production of both digital and printed cartographic products mainly based on open-source geospatial data retrieved from multiple sources such as, remote sensing, collaborative mapping, thematic databases.
The researchers of the Centre have a long-lasting experience of scientific collaboration with national and international universities and research centres. In the last decade, they have led and collaborated to innovative projects with international organisations (e.g., the World Bank), universities and SMEs fostering the adoption of geomatic-based solutions and products.


|Surround:||PU Surround Edge|
|Voice Coil Wire:||ASV|
|Voice Coil Size:||1" (25mm)|
|Magnet Size:||80x40x15mm (10 oz)|
|Tweeter Size:||38mm/1.5" Silk Dome|
We always reccomend a big 3 kit for every vehicle, regardless of the system. However, if you plan on running more than 1,500 watts we reccomend a good AGM battery underhood, and then from there more power will need more electrical upgrades depending on power.


SOLUCIONES DE REFRIGERACIÓN PARA FABRICANTES DE AUTOMÓVILES
Solutions for cars
As car owners become more demanding, car manufacturers and their supplier have to constantly up their game. That’s why we are proud that so many car makers turn to us for solutions.
Nowadays, vehicle owners and passengers have come to expect every conceivable comfort in their cars, including food and drinks – hot as well as cold – at the touch of a button. Vehicles have become mobile living areas, requiring all the amenities that go with it.
Dometic provides premium carmakers with thermoelectric devices, including cupholders with active temperature controls that can be set to cooling, heating or even warm storage. It’s like having a hotel minibar in the car.
Dometic also offers luxury cooling compartments, providing active cooling in the existing or available console space. Coated with insulating foam and featuring a high-performance Peltier element or compressor, these compartments allow passengers to store cold drinks or food items.
Dometic products come with other benefits too, including minimal noise and vibration levels, electromagnetic compatibility and maximum crash safety.
At home, we’re accustomed to electricity coming out of a wall socket. Today’s car passengers expect that same convenience inside a vehicle. With the proliferation of electronic devices, passengers need somewhere to “plug in” on the road.
Dometic engineers developed the first mobile power outlet – a 230V socket that was installed in Volkswagen’s VW Passat B6. The outlet generated 150 watts of AC power on a continuous basis, setting the standard for factory-installed mobile power around the world.
Dometic now produces mobile power outlets that can convert 12V battery power into 230V AC, ideal for running laptops, recharging mobile phones or keeping the children happy with their game consoles during the trip.


Press Release Summary:
SILICON VIDEOÂ® 9M001 camera system includes camera, PIXCI SI PCI bus frame grabber, RJ-45 cable, and ready-to-run XCAP-Lite software. Camera has 1.5 x 1.8 in. case and provides max array resolution at 10 bits per pixel. Programmable area of interest and programmable pixel clock allow frame rates from 30-1,500 fps, while PIXCI SI PCI interface supplies power, programmable pixel clock, exposure control, trigger input, and strobe output.
Original Press Release:
Silicon Video Camera System
Buffalo Grove, Illinois - EPIX®, Inc., announces the SILICON VIDEO® 9M001 camera system.
The small and rugged 1.5 inch by 1.8 inch camera case provides a high speed and high resolution machine vision camera.
The attractive $995 system price includes the camera, PIXCI SI PCI bus frame grabber, RJ-45 cable, and ready to run XCAP-Lite software.
The camera system has a maximum array resolution of 1280 x 1024 at 10-bits per pixel.
Programmable area of interest and the programmable pixel clock allow frame rates from 30 frames per second at 1280 x 1024 at a 48 MHz pixel clock up to 1500 frames per second at 1280 x 4 at a 70 MHz pixel clock.
The PIXCI SI PCI interface supplies power, programmable pixel clock, exposure control, trigger input, and strobe output.
Applications include biometrics, research, inspection, quality control, and security. Available now. Visit the EPIX® web site (www.epixinc.com) for detailed specifications.
381 Lexington Drive
Buffalo Grove, IL 60089


ELECTRIC MOTORS+...-ACT.MAN.ONLY | Edition: 2ND 16
Schools: Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute
Description: This manual contains quizzes, practical assignments, and computer-generated simulated circuit analysis assignments.• Quizzes made up of multiple choice, true/false, and completion-type questions are provided for each part of each chapter. These serve as an excellent review of the material presented.• Practical assignments are designed to give the student an opportunity to apply the information covered in the text in a hands-on motor installation.• The Constructor motor control simulation software is included as part of the manual. This special edition of the program contains some 45 preconstructed simulated motor control circuits constructed using both NEMA and IEC symbols. The Constructor analysis assignments provide students with the opportunity to test and troubleshoot the motor control circuits discussed in the text. The Constructor simulation engine visually displays power flow to each component and using animation and sound effects, each component and using animation and sound effects, each component will react accordingly once power is supplied.


The Arc Light features a USB rechargeable battery and cuffs designed to slide onto your e-reader and stay in place. The light's curved arm glides up into the "on" position, casting bright, even light without the need for any adjustment. Interchangeable cuffs designed to fit most e-readers securely; arcing neck glides up into "on" position and down for "off" and storage; Rechargeable battery (included) provides 15 hours of light on a single charge; 3" x 2" x 1"; 1 oz.
Format: Gift Vendor: Lightwedge Publication Date: 2011
ISBN: VR00200123 UPC: 845769004186 Availability: In Stock


MPC System Board, Intel Original
Mini MPC system board made by Intel for ECS replacement.
2 mandatory accessories included:
Front panel extension cable for LED and Switch Buttom
Rear I/O shield panel
Notice: In comparison with the ECS board, this Intel board comes without the PCI slot and Floppy Drive connector. If your existing system needs either of these slots, this Intel motherboard will non-compliant.


AMP 2150 RF Line Amp
The AMP 2150 series of L-band line amplifiers provide high gain as well as optional DC path continuity. These amplifiers are manufactured utilizing highly reliable surface mount technology and advanced micro- strip RF circuitry and are typically deployed for multiple receiver installations in satellite telecommunication networks to compensate for L-band signal paths through long coaxial cable runs. Housed in either a standard 1 RU rack mount enclosure or rugged weatherproof extruded housing, the AMP 2150 Series amplifiers are the optimum choice for any L-band satellite communications application.
Features & Benefits
- High (adjustable) gain over full bandwidth
- Housed in a rugged, weatherproof extruded aluminum enclosure or in a 1 RU rack mount chassis
- Passes a 10 MHz reference
- LNB power available


Practical sea-level and wave climate information for small-island states
We will present example wave and sea-level advice, generated for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Through collaboration with local planners and other coastal stakeholders we have identified particular areas at risk from changing water level and wave conditions. By using results from the numerical wave model WaveWatch III with global and regional coverage, we can provide local information on changing risk from rising mean sea-levels and episodic storm events. We then use the SWAN wave model for dynamic downscaling to capture nearshore wave processes and wave setup. These methods draw-out bespoke, island-scale information and projections of risk from waves and rising-sea level, on which to base practical decision making and planning. Our wave model is able to accurately capture wave conditions in the Caribbean Sea observed during past hurricane events, and synthetic storms to investigate worst-case scenarios.
Lessons learnt from this work apply to other SIS, either in the path of direct tropical cyclone impact, or those threatened by swell waves from remote storms. The challenge of generalising these results to other small island and archipelago settings is two-fold, as it depends on the geographic character of the island, and exposure to storms and their character.


High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy is one of the most powerful tools to study the structure of atomic nuclei. Since nuclei in the rare-earth region can accommodate the highest values of angular momentum before fission, it has traditionally been one of the most favored domains for the study of “high-spin” states in nuclei. In this presentation a few select examples will be featured to illustrate a number of beautiful, dramatic and often unexpected, structural changes that take place in these nuclei as they evolve with increasing excitation energy and angular momentum. The excitement generated by the many fascinating discoveries in this region of nuclei has played a major role in pushing the advancement of increasingly sensitive gamma-ray detector systems, or “gamma-ray microscopes”, through the decades. The resulting 4π gamma-ray arrays, or “Gamma-Spheres”, continue to reveal fascinating new scientific phenomena at the limits of isospin, excitation energy, angular momentum, temperature, and charge. Another huge leap forward in the resolving power of germanium based detection systems is now taking place via the development of gamma-ray tracking arrays which when combined with new accelerator developments, promises a most exciting future to the field of high-resolution nuclear spectroscopy.


The Alzira LED pendant luminaire is constructed of powder coated aluminum and is equipped with the latest generation LED chip, either as a standard output or high output. Various lengths and finish combinations are available.
OFFICE: 8509 Phoenix Dr. Manassas, VA 20110 Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
WAREHOUSE: 8509 Phoenix Dr. Manassas, VA 20110
Copyright © 2020 NAL Lighting Group | Powered by Advantage Internet Marketing


Small-signal neural models and their applications
Date of Issue2012
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
This paper introduces the use of the concept of small-signal analysis, commonly used in circuit design, for understanding neural models. We show that neural models, varying in complexity from Hodgkin-Huxley to integrate and fire have similar small-signal models when their corresponding differential equations are close to the same bifurcation with respect to input current. Three applications of small-signal neural models are shown. First, some of the properties of cortical neurons described by Izhikevich are explained intuitively through small-signal analysis. Second, we use small-signal models for deriving parameters for a simple neural model (such as resonate and fire) from a more complicated but biophysically relevant one like Morris-Lecar. We show similarity in the subthreshold behavior of the simple and complicated model when they are close to a Hopf bifurcation and a saddle-node bifurcation. Hence, this is useful to correctly tune simple neural models for large-scale cortical simulations. Finaly, the biasing regime of a silicon ion channel is derived by comparing its small-signal model with a Hodgkin-Huxley-type model.
IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems
© 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. The published version is available at: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2011.2158314].


Android Box / Smart TV PS3 style Wifi Gampad. Works with all game emulators and no programming needed. Other contollers, you have to assign each button to each command, very confusing. This remote has Android firmware pn it and is plug and play ready to go. Requires 2 AAA batteries
2.4G Wireless Gamepad PC For PS3 TV Box Joystick 2.4G Joypad Game Controller Remote For Android PC With Retail box
Battery: 2 x AAA batteries (not included)
Applies to: For PS3 game consoles,Android mobile phones to use.
Connection: Wireless receiver connection
Wireless distance: 10 meters
Product size: 15.6 * 9.8 * 6cm
- For Android System and PS3
- Wireless transmission can be operated within 10 meters
- Plug and play.
-FOR Android mobile phone PC win 7 8 10


|Publication number||US7129892 B2|
|Application number||US 10/767,829|
|Publication date||Oct 31, 2006|
|Filing date||Jan 28, 2004|
|Priority date||Oct 19, 2001|
|Also published as||CN1251356C, CN1412890A, DE60133007D1, DE60133007T2, DE60141366D1, EP1304764A1, EP1304764B1, EP1832895A2, EP1832895A3, EP1832895B1, US6700542, US20030076271, US20040185793|
|Publication number||10767829, 767829, US 7129892 B2, US 7129892B2, US-B2-7129892, US7129892 B2, US7129892B2|
|Inventors||Yves Borlez, Laurent Secretin|
|Original Assignee||B. E. A. Sa|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (25), Classifications (30), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/122,553 filed Apr. 15, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,700,542.
The invention relates to a planar antenna according to the features of the preamble of claim 1.
Planar antennas are known in the art. On top of their inherent interesting characteristics of size, cost and radiation performances, these antennas are generally used in all possible cases when an antenna radiation pattern change is required. Often a switching between two distinct configurations of the planar antenna is required. If used as detection antenna, these configurations correspond to two detection or radiation pattern widths. In order to provide different detection or radiation patterns, it is well known in the art to use two or more antennas. Other techniques consist of changing the detection or radiation pattern of the antenna by the use of absorbing material or metallic surrounding configurations. However, all of these techniques are based on a mechanical modifications of the antenna.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,723 relates to a self structuring antenna system which comprises a switchable antenna array as planar antenna. The antenna array is defined by a plurality of antenna elements that are selectively electrically connectable to each other by a series of switches. This allows the alteration of the physical shape of the antenna array without actually moving or mechanically changing the antenna. By changing the physical shape, the radiation pattern or lobe of the antenna can be altered. Furthermore, the shape of the antenna can be adapted to changing electrical and/or physical environments in order to achieve a good antenna performance. However, the switches are relays, either solid-state, mechanical or opto-electronic, generally mounted behind the antenna itself. Such switches are expensive and difficult to process. Therefore, this antenna structure is too expensive for cost-sensitive applications.
A typical cost-sensitive application for a planar antenna is an automatic door opener. Automatic door openers use door opener sensors which are usually made of waveguide transceivers. The output of the waveguide transceiver is a waveguide flange. However, it is very difficult and expensive to design a switch for different antennas which can be used in waveguide technology.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide a planar antenna which can be produced at low costs and, therefore, can be used advantageously in low-cost applications, particularly in door opener sensors.
The planar antenna according to the invention is characterized by what is specified in the independent claim 1.
Advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the dependent claims.
A further object of the invention is to use such a planar antenna as part of a device performing a parallel traffic rejection algorithm which processes the information received from the planar antenna in such a way that at least two different lobes of the planar antenna are analyzed in order to calculate the direction of a pedestrian moving in or near to the area covered by a Door opener sensor
An inventive planar antenna comprises the following elements:
According to the invention a planar antenna has been designed which can be used in direct coupling to a waveguide output. This antenna is made of a substrate, particularly a microwave substrate, which comprises antenna elements. The antenna elements can comprise patches on the substrate. In a preferred embodiment the patches are etched on the microwave substrate. According to the invention, it is preferred to generate a switching function on the planar substrate itself than in the waveguide. The inventive antenna can be produced at low costs, particularly using microelectronic production techniques which are widely used and cheap.
The patches can comprise a central patch which performs a coupling function to a microwave circuitry, such as a waveguide, a coaxial probe, a hole or a slot coupling. Other types of microwave circuits with a connection via hole, coaxial probe, etc. are useable. All other patches should have a length which is optimized to make the respective patch resonate at a central frequency and a width which is adjusted to the impedance and radiation power of the antenna.
Preferably, a waveguide is provided for coupling to the planar antenna. The waveguide can comprise a transition to the planar antenna which is terminated by a waveguide flange. In a preferred embodiment, the transition comprises a “Doggy bone” filter which reduces spurious radiation at harmonic frequencies. The distance between the “Doggy bone” filter and the plane of the planar antenna should be at least about half a waveguide length when the waveguide is mounted on the surface of the planar antenna to achieve good filtering performance. In order to ensure a constant electromagnetic field on its rear aperture and to provide impedance matching, the waveguide can be enlarged in its larger dimension. Finally, the waveguide can comprise a rectangular aperture which is designed to provide enough energy to the central patch and to ensure a good matching between the waveguide and the planar antenna.
In order to avoid microwave leakage through the antenna control lines and ensure a total isolation of the planar antenna from the rest of the antenna control circuitry, a part of the control lines and the connection pads for applying DC current to the switches should be covered by a material absorbing microwaves.
According to the invention, PIN diodes are preferred as switches. The feeding of the PIN diodes and their insertion inside the antenna layout requires taking into account that these extra components should not modify or perturb the radiation characteristics of the antenna. According to the invention, the path used by the DC current to polarize the PIN diodes has been designed to have no influence on the antenna radiation pattern. In this context, the location of the connection of the line for feeding a PIN diode on the patch on which the PIN diode is mounted is of primary importance.
In a further aspect, the invention provides a circuitry for controlling the planar antenna by obtaining at least one Doppler Signal Sample from at least one measurement device working with at least one lobe of the planar antenna, processing the obtained Doppler Signals according to an algorithm and performing a high-speed switching between the configurations of the planar antenna in accordance to the algorithm.
The circuitry preferably comprises sample and hold circuits for sampling the obtained Doppler Signals. The sample and hold circuits can be synchronized with the high-speed switching. Advantageously, the circuitry can comprise a digital signal processor for processing the at least one Doppler Signal. In a preferred embodiment, the digital signal processor processes two Doppler signals obtained from two measurement devices, preferably Schottky diodes positioned in a transceiver of the antenna, and corresponding to two different lobes of the planar antenna and calculates from the Doppler signals an intermediate lobe by weighting the Doppler signals. The circuitry can also comprise an oscillator which produces a sampling frequency signal with an accuracy suitable for sampling. In cases of the use of a high stability frequency source, the circuitry can be formed to perform weighting of the two lobes by pulse width modulation of the antenna control signal. The weighting between the two (antenna lobes would be achieved by the meaning action of the amplifier low pass filter. Then, at least one detection chain would be sufficient to retrieve the weighted Doppler signal.
The preferred field of application of the planar antenna are Door opener applications. Advantageously the antenna is used in a Door opener sensor.
Such a Door opener sensor can perform a parallel traffic rejection algorithm which processes the information received from the planar antenna in such a way that at least two different lobes of the planar antenna are analyzed in order to calculate the direction of a pedestrian moving in or near to the area covered by the Door opener sensor. In contrast to known Door opener sensors, traffic in front of a door can be detected more securely in that a door controlled by the sensor only opens when a person intends to enter the door, i.e., the person walks in a certain direction which falls within a detection area of the sensor.
Additional objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The entire antenna is composed of an assembly of a waveguide 10 and a planar circuit antenna 30.
After the filter 20, a waveguide length is used to keep a required distance between the filter 20 and the antenna plane so that the electromagnetic fields inside are not perturbed by the proximity of the two entities. Furthermore, the waveguide 10 is enlarged in its larger dimension to ensure a constant electromagnetic field on the antenna rear aperture (minimizing the E-field cosine variation inside the waveguide) and provide impedance matching.
The planar antenna 30, shown in
The antenna structure is composed of three lines 33, 49, and 41 of three patches each. The left line 33 comprises patches 34, 36, 38, the right line 41 patches 42, 44, 46, and the central line 49 patches 40, 48, 50. Each line 33, 41, 49 forms an antenna element. In each line, the patches are electrically connected to each other by the mentioned microstrip lines 58, 60, and 62 respectively. Therefore, three antenna elements are formed on the planar antenna 30.
The shape of the central patch 50 differs from the shapes of the other patches 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48, due to its coupling function with the waveguide 10. The other patches 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48 are patches which have a length optimized to make each patch resonate at the central frequency of the antenna. The width of the patches 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48 is used to adjust the impedance and radiation power of the antenna. This technique is also applicable to larger size antenna, particularly antennas with larger dimensioned patches and/or more patches.
As already mentioned, the antenna is composed of three antenna elements or lines respectively of three patches each. Inside each line, the coupling is ensured by two (microstrip) lines 58, 60 connected on each side of the central patch 50 and feeding the edge patches 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48. The length of each of these lines 58, 60 is designed so that the patches 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48 are all radiating in phase along the line.
The two lateral lines 58 and 60 are then linked to the central line 62 by horizontal coupling lines 61, 63, which have been designed to feed the lateral lines 58, 60 in phase and to save symmetry along the structure of the antenna 30. This gives the “S” shaped coupling around the central patch 50. Some matching and relative power adjustment can be provided by the change of microstrip impedance resulting from the change in line width. This is useful to adjust the antenna horizontal radiation pattern and to optimize the return loss of the entire assembly.
Through all the lines, the power generated by the waveguide 10 on the central patch 50 is distributed to all the antenna elements 33, 41, 49 with the required proportion.
Particularly, in Door Opener applications, it is an advantage to have two types of antenna patterns: a large horizontal lobe and a narrow one. Since each lobe corresponds to an antenna, two different antennas are required. Both antennas should have the same vertical radiation pattern. To achieve this, it is necessary to use switch elements to switch between the two configurations.
The switching is performed by PIN diodes 56 and 57, which are mounted on the horizontal coupling lines 63 and 61 respectively. These diodes 56 and 57 act as active switches with which the patches 34, 36, 38, and 42, 44, 46 can be connected with or disconnected from the central patch 50. This allows the control of the flow of microwave power to the lateral patches 34, 36, 38, and 42, 44, 46.
The PIN-diodes 56 and 57 have the property to provide a low series resistance in “ON” state and a low capacitance in “OFF” state. Therefore, they are preferred elements in order to provide good switching performance without complicated matching circuitry around the PIN-diodes.
When the PIN-diodes are in “ON” state, the two lateral patch lines 33 and 41 are fed and the antenna behaves like a 3×3 patches antenna giving a narrow lobe in the horizontal plane. This configuration is used for narrow lobe applications.
When the diodes are in “OFF” state, the two lateral patch lines 33 and 41 are disconnected from the central patch line 49. The horizontal coupling lines 56, 57 are disconnected. Therefore, the antenna comprises a single line patch antenna with patches 40, 48, 50 and a wide radiation or reception pattern in the horizontal plane and a radiation or reception pattern similar to the pattern of a narrow lobe antenna in the vertical plane.
The diodes 56 and 57 can be surface mount devices (SMD) having minimum package parasitic. The diodes 56 and 57 can be mounted on the center of a matching pad where the microstrip width is larger. At this point, the level of impedance is rather low and the impedance of the diode in “OFF” state is sufficiently high to provide good isolation.
In order to switch correctly, there must be an appropriate polarization applied to the diodes. To set the diodes in “ON” state, it is necessary to bias it with a current of approximately 10 mA. To set the diode in “OFF” state, a bias voltage of about 0 V is applied.
However, it is required that the diodes 56 and 57 are not left floating for the “OFF” state.
Therefore, the two diodes 56 and 57 are DC supplied in series. This has several advantages:
In the following, the optimal connection of the polarization lines to the side antennas is explained. In most of polarization circuits, it is very important to ensure that no microwave signal is flowing through it, since there could be some side effects coming from non-linearity or perturbation mixing of the microwave signal inside the low frequency circuitry. It could then be a problem if this would cause either noise or Doppler like signal (any signal between 30 Hz and 400 Hz). Furthermore, if these lines pick up some microwave signal, they may cause the generation of antenna radiation pattern distortion. To avoid this, a special configuration of the antenna 30 has been used.
Electromagnetic simulations have shown that a resonant patch antenna has a maximum voltage at the edges and a minimum on the center of the lateral side. This is precisely where a thin line is connected to provide the DC current to the diodes. Electromagnetic simulations have also shown that the rejection of Microwave power, using this strategy could reach up to 35 dB.
In order to ensure a total isolation of the antenna from the rest of the radar circuit, additional precautions are required. This can be accomplished by the use of microwave absorbing material stuck on top of the polarization lines.
By electronically switching between the two antennas, it is now possible to have two different lobes 70, 72 of the antenna according to the control voltage applied.
The use of such an antenna has also the advantage to be readily compatible with existing low cost transceivers based on waveguide technology. The assembly of such devices is less critical and the implementation is more rugged than a full planar solution. A foam radome can be used to protect the diodes.
The above described techniques are rather general and can be used in different situations where a variation of an antenna lobe is required. An electronic processing of the Doppler signal and control of the antenna allow a lot of different configurations.
Electronic switching of the antenna opens the way to a control of the antenna by a processor and, by that mean, an adjustment of the radiation pattern by remote control. Not only it is possible to switch between the two extreme configurations, but also, through the use of an algorithm, it is possible to generate equivalent detection lobes being in between the two extremes. A weighting of the Doppler signal received in each configuration will be used to get all the intermediate states required.
The processing obtains the Doppler signals of two Schottky diodes 100 and 102 provided in the microwave transceiver 106 for each of the two antenna configurations. For that purpose, a signal received by the antenna 30 is sampled in each configuration of the antenna 30 and a high speed switching is done between the two configurations of the antenna 30. Sample and hold circuits 114, 116, 118, and 120 are synchronized with the switching of the configurations of the antenna 30 in order to switch the output signals of the Sample and hold circuits 114, 116, 118, and 120 on the corresponding channels.
With such a circuit, it is possible to retrieve the Doppler signal of the two Schottky diodes 100 and 102 for the two configurations of the antenna nearly simultaneously and to send them to a processor for digital processing. If the processor takes only into account the signal coming from a single antenna configuration, a sensor will have the detection pattern of the antenna switched to this position. However, if the two configurations are available simultaneously, it is possible to calculate any intermediate lobe, by weighting the Doppler signals.
In this technique, the sampling clock can be provided either by the processor or by an auxiliary oscillator 108 whose frequency accuracy is not critical, provided it remains sufficiently high in order to provide good sampling.
In case of a very high frequency stability microwave source, it is possible to use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for the sampling. In such a case, only one detection chain would be enough to retrieve the signal. The duty cycle would make the selection between the lobes.
Such an planar active antenna 30 used in an active antenna sensor delivers more information than a single antenna. The use of the extra information received from the planar active antenna 30 can lead to an effective pedestrian parallel traffic rejection algorithm used in door opener systems, as shown in
If the horizontal radiation patterns of the active antenna sensor 152 are carefully chosen one could then correlate the information generated by the same target in both antenna configurations in order to approximate the angle of the target trajectory compare to the axis of the sensor.
If the target is coming in the axis of the sensor (direction A) the magnitude of the signals corresponding to the second configuration detection field 156 (narrow field) will be higher than the one corresponding to the first configuration detection field 154 (wide field). On the opposite, if a target walks in a parallel way to the door's 150 header (direction B) the magnitude of the signals corresponding to the wide detection field will be higher than the one corresponding to the narrow field. If the magnitude ratio between the signals generated with both antenna configurations are continuously computed, the angle of the target trajectory could then be evaluated. Furthermore, this information could then be compared to a specified level in order to discriminate targets walking in parallel to the door's 150 header.
Above it was described embodiments of a planar antenna according to the invention. The invention does not restrict the planar antenna designs to those described above. Nor does the invention restrict in any way the materials used therein. Nor does the invention restrict in any way the coupling is made between the transceiver and the central patch. The inventional idea may be applied in different ways within the scope defined by the independent claim 1.
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|U.S. Classification||343/700.0MS, 343/810, 343/853|
|International Classification||G01S13/56, G01S7/02, H01Q13/06, H01Q13/00, H01Q21/20, H01Q13/08, H01Q1/22, H01Q1/38, H04M1/00, H01Q3/24, H01Q21/00, H01Q21/06|
|Cooperative Classification||E05F15/73, H01Q21/065, H01Q1/22, E05Y2400/54, G01S13/56, H01Q1/247, H01Q3/24, G01S7/024, E05Y2900/132, E05Y2800/22|
|European Classification||H01Q1/22, H01Q1/24D, G01S13/56, H01Q21/06B3, H01Q3/24|
|Sep 18, 2007||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Mar 23, 2010||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 1, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8


International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics (2012)
May 24, 2012 to May 27, 2012
Emilia Sipos , Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Lucian Cica , Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Costin Miron , Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
In this paper a minimization algorithm for ternary function based on the Hurst method is presented. The algorithm minimizes ternary functions with two, three and four input variables and was implemented using the Matlab environment. Both, the partial results and final expressions are provided. The final expressions are obtained by combining two different partial results and are with respect to the truth table for the ternary input function. The friendly and intuitive interface makes the implemented algorithm easy to use, without requiring any background in the field of ternary minimization.
human computer interaction, logic circuits, logic design, ternary logic, user interfaces
E. Sipos, L. Cica and C. Miron, "Software minimization of ternary functions using Matlab," International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics(AQTR), Cluj-Napoca Romania, 2012, pp. 284-289.


The 80 acres of hills and valleys are called the Buitenschot ‘land art park’ and supposedly reduce noise in the nearby neighborhood by around 50%. They work by sending the reflections in random directions that would otherwise skip off of the ground, just like anti-echo baffles in a sound studio. A nice touch for the local residents, they also contain jogging trails.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, of course. Unfortunately, as the Smithsonian notes, nobody is beholding it. Because Buitenschot aims to diffuse the takeoff noise coming out of the rear of the planes, they are always flying away from it; passengers don’t get to see it from the air.
“In the future, we’ll be generating a significant fraction of our electricity from harnessing the waves!” People have been saying this for decades, and wave-generated electricity is not a significant fraction of an ant’s poop. It’d be fantastic if this could change.
If you believe the owners of Oscilla Power, the main failing of traditional wave-power generators is that they’ve got too many moving parts. Literally. Metal mechanical parts and their seals and so on are beaten down by sun and salt and surf over time, so it’s expensive to maintain most of the generator designs, and they’re just not worth it.
Magnetostriction is the property that magnetic materials can shrink or expand just a little bit when put in a magnetic field. The Villari effect (which sounds much cooler than “inverse magnetostriction”) is the opposite: magnetic materials get more or less magnetic when they’re squeezed.
So to make a generator, you put two permanent magnets on either end, and wind coils around magnetostrictive metal bars that are inside the field of the permanent magnets. Squeeze and stretch the bars repeatedly and the net magnetic field inside the coils changes, and you’re generating electricity. Who knew?
Right now, according to The Economist Magazine’s writeup on Oscilla, the price per watt isn’t quite competitive with other renewable energy sources, but it’s looking close. With some more research, maybe we’ll be getting some of our renewable energy from squeezing ferrous bars.
The concept behind crop squares is to make a graphical user interface using Dizmo that clearly shows the status of your crops in a grid system. For the prototype they used an Arduino Pro Mini with moisture sensors in potted plants to detect moisture levels, while a Raspberry Pi also collected weather data for the area being watched. The Arduino used an ESP8266 WiFi module to transmit the data remotely. To demonstrate how the system could be used in an automated sense, they hooked up another Arduino (this time a Leonardo), to pour water once the moisture levels dropped below a certain threshold.
Crop Squares won the Best Pitch Award as well as the Best Integration of Dizmo — good job guys!
The design of the Curiosity printer is pretty simple, and bears a strong resemblance to an earlier e-waste 3D printer we covered back in December. This one has a laser-cut MDF frame rather than acrylic, but the guts are very similar – up-cycled DVD drives for the X- and Z-axes, and a floppy drive for the Y-axis. A NEMA 17 frame stepper motor provides the oomph needed to drive the filament into an off-the-shelf hot end, and an Arduino runs the show. The instructions for assembly are very clear and easy to follow, although we suspect that variability in the sizes of DVD and floppy drives could require a little improvisation at assembly time. But since the assembly of the printer is intended to be as educational as its use, throwing a little variability into the mix is probably a good idea.
The complete kit, less only the e-waste drives and power supply, is currently selling for $149USD. That’s not exactly free, but it’s probably within range of being funded by a few bake sales. Even with the tiny print volume, this effort could get some kids into 3D printers early in their school career.
CRISPR is the new darling of the genetics world, because it allows you to easily edit DNA. It is far more effective than previous techniques, being both precise and relatively easy to use. According to this IndieGoGo project, it is coming to your home lab soon. Genetic researchers love Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) because it allows you to very precisely edit a DNA strand. Using a protein called CAS9, CRISPR can find a very specific sequence in a DNA sequence and cut it. It occurs naturally in cells as part of the immune system: by finding and remembering parts of virus DNA, a cell can recognize and attack it when infected. For the genetics researcher, this allows them to insert new DNA sequences at specific points in the genes of any living cell.
Air quality is becoming a major issue these days, and not just for cities like Beijing and Los Angeles. It’s important for health, our environment, and our economy no matter where we live. To that end, [Radu] has been working on air quality monitors that will be widely deployed in order to give a high-resolution air quality picture, and he’s starting in his home city of Timisoara, Romania.
[Radu] built a similar device to measure background radiation (a 2014 Hackaday Prize Semifinalist), and another to measure air quality in several ways (a 2015 Hackaday Prize Finalist and a Best Product Finalist; winners will be announced next weekend). He is using the platforms as models for his new meter. The device will use a VOC air sensor and an optical dust sensor in a mobile unit connected to a car to gather data, and from that a heat map of air quality will be generated. There are also sensors for temperature, pressure, humidity, and background radiation. The backbone of the project is a smart phone which will upload the data to a server.
We’ve seen other air quality meters before as well, and even ones based around the Raspberry Pi, but this one has a much broader range of data that it is acquiring. Its ability to be implemented as an array of sensors to gather data for an entire city is impressive as well. We can envision sensor networks installed on public transportation but to get to all parts of every neighborhood it would be interesting to team up with the Google Streetview Cars, Uber, or UPS.
You may not have heard of a Stellarator before, but if all goes well later this month in a small university town in the far northeast of Germany, you will. That’s because the Wendelstein 7-X is finally going to be fired up. If it’s able to hold the heat of a fusion-capable plasma, it could be a huge breakthrough.
So what’s a stellarator? It’s a specific type of nuclear fusion containment geometry that, while devilishly complex to build and maintain, stands a chance at being the first fusion generator to achieve break-even, where the energy extracted from the fusion reaction is greater or equal to the energy used in creating the necessary hot plasma.
There’s an awesome video on the W7-X, and some of the theory behind the reactor just below the break.


A new project is aiming to bring bees online by putting them in tiny "backpacks" so that scientists can track the threatened insect's behaviour and help its survival. From a report: Bees in Manchester initially will be connected to the internet using technology from Cisco to help researchers track their migration, pollination and movement, and eventually, across the UK. Sensors in hives located at a new 70,000 sq ft tech accelerator hub in the northern city called Mi-Idea, will measure the bee environment such as temperature, while the bees themselves will be tagged with RFID chips that look like tiny backpacks. All the information will be collected and made available to track online giving insight on their habitats, with the bees even providing "status updates" (albeit automated) on their whereabouts. Cisco is working on the project with the Manchester Science Partnership (MSP) and the hub is already home to six startups: Hark, an IoT data company, video platform Wattl, location data analytics startup PlaceDashboard, Steamaco, an energy technology company, IOT platform KMS and software firm Malinko.


A10 launches Thunder 7445 threat protection system
A10 Networks has unveiled Thunder 7445 Threat Protection System, that according to the company has the industry’s highest performance 1 rack unit (RU) and highest density of throughput per RU appliance. Now cloud, Internet and gaming providers can protect their infrastructure with A10 DDoS defense while enjoying the cost benefits of 100 GbE networking in the smallest form factor. A10 Network’s high-performance Thunder TPS is a flexible and robust DDoS protection solution that offers surgical precision in detecting and mitigating against the full spectrum of DDoS attacks.
The solution is available in a wide range of hardware and software deployment options. By providing the industry’s highest performance 1 RU appliance, with a breakthrough 220 Gbps throughput and 330 Mpps, the solution provides distinct advantages over competing products that deliver less than half the performance. The solution enables smaller, more efficient deployment at a time when real estate has never been at more of a premium in data centers, colocation facilities and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
Key features include:
- Better detection – One-DDoS Protection provides a unique approach to full-spectrum DDoS defense, placing detection capabilities within targeted infrastructure, including Thunder TPS, ADC, CGN and CFW solutions. This provides advanced context, flow and packet level visibility to stop today’s most sophisticated targeted attacks.
- Unmatched scalability – Delivers 22 times the flow-based detection capacity and 15 times as many simultaneous active mitigations as traditional systems.
- Automated wartime protection – Improved attack response times with proactive, intelligent automation featuring five levels of programmatic mitigation escalation and de-escalation. Removing the need for frontline personnel to make time-consuming manual changes.
- Reduced security OPEX – Delivers high performance in a compact factor with lower power usage, rack space and cooling requirements. Also, aGalaxy TPS streamlines operations via centralized management, remediation, and analytics for Thunder TPS deployments.


Fully Automated 3D Scanning Process (Automated 3D Scanning Process | One-click automatic scanning process)
Method Optical Structured Light Technology Resolution 2MP / 5MP (Twin camera) Scan Area size 120 mm (2MP) & 50, 120 mm (5MP) / 4.724 inch (2MP) & 1.968, 4.724 inch (5MP) Automatic Platform Automatic 2-axis with SSS Technology (360° rotation / -5° to 90° arm ) Dimension 330 x 495 x 430 mm / 12.992 x 19.488 x 16.929 inch Weight 17 Kg / 37.478 lbs Data Output Open STL (polygon mesh), OBJ, ASC Power 110~240V, 50~60Hz Interface USB 3.0 O/S Windows 10 (64 bit) Download Lion3DX brochure Category Lion3DX Tags:
Lion3DX is desktop size 3D scanner with high accessibility for everyday use, equipped with automatic 2-axis platform.
Conventional scanners need to mount models with fixture or clays, and they cause inefficiency.
Lion 3DX’s Stable Scan Stage (SSS) technology enables scanning module to rotate around the centre of the scanning stage and keeps your objects stable while scanning.
SSS technology with moving camera technology allows you to scan without any fixture or adhesive.
Having good accuracy is essential for industrial scanning applications. Unlike the low-cost consumer 3D scanners, industrial grade 3D scanners requires strict accuracy validations.
Each and every unit of Lion 3DX goes through a strict accuracy check using a testing artifact made and measured at Deutscher Kalibrierdienst, a renowned measurement laboratory in Germany.
Stable Scan Stage (SSS) Technology
- No need for separate fixture to hold your scanning objects
- Scanner sensor moving method lets your objects to be stable while scanning
- Intelligent Auto View Sync
Fully automated scanning process
- One-click automatic scanning process
- 360 degrees rotation axis, -5 to 90 degrees arm axis
- Compact, yet durable design suitable to be placed next to your workstations
- Ideal for scanning small sized objects.
- Auto exposure adjustment & noise filtering
- Modular scanner sensor for easy maintenance
- Cooling Mode keeps the scanner at its most stable and energy conserving state
- With the use of high-end dual cameras, even the smallest details can be captured with reliable accuracy
- Optical Structured Light Technology
- Auto adaptive exposure level helps you find the optimal camera exposure level for best result


How 5G Relates to SDN and NFV Technologies – Part II: Architecture
In Part I of this series, How 5G Relates to SDN and NFV Technologies – Introduction and History, I explained why I believe 2019 is going to be the year of 5G, reviewed the history of wireless communications, and depicted how we got from 1G to 5G. In this blog, I’m going to take a deeper dive and explain 5G architecture and how it relates to SDN and NFV technologies.
5G and its Future Impact
5G is the new generation of radio systems and network architecture that will deliver extreme broadband, ultra-robust low latency connectivity, and massive networking for human beings and the Internet of Things. In a few years, 5G will not only touch technology and applications, but dramatically change the economy, our society and individual lives.
5G will be far more than just a new radio technology: It will combine existing Radio Access Technologies (RATs) in both currently licensed and unlicensed bands, add novel RATs optimized for specific bands and deployments, and scenarios and use cases (some of these use cases have yet to be imagined). It will also demand a different new network architecture based on Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) technologies. (I covered these technologies in detail in previous blogs so I won’t extend myself here).
5G and the New Concept of Programmability
Programmability will be central to achieving the super-flexibility that network providers and operators will need to support the new communications demands that will come to them from a wide array of devices, users, and companies across many different industries, as well as from other organizations such as government agencies (think: cities/municipalities, army, etc.). To sufficiently manage all these demands, 5G networks will have to be programmable, flexible, modular, software-driven and managed in a holistic fashion in order to enable a diverse and profitable range of services.
But let’s leave the 30,000-foot view and dive deep down into technical architecture whereby I’ll explain (1) what is behind the definition of 5G architecture (3GPP) and (2) compare the 5G Mobile network architecture to a model well-known by computer and networking engineers worldwide.
The OSI Model
The 3GPP stands for the Third Generation Partnership Project and it consists of many standard documents that cover all aspects of the 5G technology (Radio, Access, Core, Security, etc.). These documents are developed by the 3GPP Technical Specifications Groups (TSGs) and Working Groups (WGs) on the main releases. The latest Releases (15 and 16) are the main targets of the 5G architecture, consisting of 5G core and the New Generation radio network (NG-RAN). After these two, yeah, you guessed it, we’ll have release 17 and beyond (in the works) which will add more features and enhancements. There are also other organizations and consortiums of companies working on developing the standards of the 5G including: IETF, ITU, etc.
Now let’s look at the OSI model:
- Starting from the bottom, we see that Layers 1 and 2 of the OSI are replaced by the OWA (Open Wireless Architecture Layer).
- One level up, we have the Network Layer which is divided in two subsections (Upper for the mobile terminal and Lower for each interface). The Network Layer is used to route data from the source IP device to the destination IP device/system.
- On the higher level, we have the OTP (Open Transport Layer) which combines functionality of both the transport layer and session layer.
- Finally, we have the Application Layer which marks the data the proper format required and facilitates encryption and decryption. It also selects the best wireless connection for the given service and takes care of providing the Quality of Service (QoS).
This key new concept in 5G will enable tenants to get different levels of connectivity from their service provider to accommodate use cases. So yes, QoS is built in on the design of 5G.
To better utilize resources—streaming a video in 4K with HDR will be a reality with the bandwidth of 5G and require minimal latency. If you were to use Voice over IP (VoIP) or send an email, however, you wouldn’t need that much. With slicing, we divide the network into ‘virtual slices’ of the underlaying physical network and each one of them supports specific performance guarantees.
You are probably seeing the link between 5G and the SDN and NFV technologies we have been covering. To achieve this network slicing, 5G will be an all-cloud architecture. The specifications provided by 3GPP dictate that the network will be based on a central cloud that’s connected via a backhaul network to many edge computing clouds that are kilometers away from the user and move many services from the core to the Edge. If services can be executed in the network edge, it will take traffic away from the Cloud RAN.
5G architecture will boast cloud-native access, transport, and core networks. Network slicing will be enabled through all of them (edge to edge), allowing diversified 5G services and different QoS. As we can see, the virtualization technology of NFV and the centralized control of SDN are embedded in the DNA of a 5G system. Also, whereas 4G-LTE networks tend to integrate both the user and control planes, 5G architecture will separate these planes, improve flexibility, facilitate centralized control, and ensure easy network slicing.
And do you remember what was one of the tenants for SDN architecture from the previous SDN posts?
Yes, that one, Centralized Network Management!
…To be continued soon in Part III.


Part 1 of this paper [ Appl. Opt. 14, 666 ( 1975)] dealt with the cw radar and analog communications uses of three-frequency nonlinear heterodyne detection. In this paper, we evaluate the technique for a number of specific pulsed radar and digital communications applications. Both the vacuum channel and the lognormal turbulent atmospheric channel are considered. It is found that the advantages of the technique in the pulsed/digital system are similar to those obtained in the cw/analog system. Computer generated error probability curves as a function of the input signal-to-noise ratio are presented for a variety of binary receiver parameters and configurations and for various levels of atmospheric turbulence. Orthogonal and nonorthogonal signaling schemes, as well as dependent and independent fading, are considered. When Doppler information is poor, performance is generally superior to that of the conventional heterodyne system.
© 1975 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
J. H. Shapiro, B. A. Capron, and R. C. Harney
Appl. Opt. 20(19) 3292-3313 (1981)
Appl. Opt. 23(19) 3395-3399 (1984)
Henrik Ahlberg, Stefan Lundqvist, Dietmar Letalick, Ingmar Renhorn, and Ove Steinvall
Appl. Opt. 25(17) 2891-2898 (1986)


Posted: Monday, October 2, 2017 8:37 AM
The HP C4580 multi-function printer has the caliber to attach to a computer with a wireless or USB connection. You can configure your HP printer to use Wi-Fi connection through the installation disc supplied to properly install your printer. You need to have a printer near the PC to connect via a USB cable; This can be done only through the configuration process. If you have any questions, contact the HP Support Help Center through phone immediately and get a quick resolution.
• Location: Juneau, United States
• Post ID: 5816608 juneau


Many Windows computer access the internet using the wireless adapter but wireless adapter can cause problems. Many users reported that they experienced this error message Problem with wireless adapter or access point while trying to access their wireless network. This error mainly appears in laptop as laptops mainly use wireless network.
Here are some methods to fix Problem with wireless adapter or access point error.
Check your Password
Sometimes we enter the wrong password while trying to connect to the wireless network. To fix this, disconnect from your network and reconnect again and this time be sure to enter the right password.
Delete Wireless Profile
- Type cmd in the search box and right click on Command Prompt and choose Run as Administrator.
- Type the following command and hit Enter:
netsh wlan delete profile name=”wireless profile name”
Replace “wireless profile name” with your actual wireless profile name.
- Restart your computer and reconnect to your wireless network.
Update Your Wireless Network Adapter Driver
- Press the Windows + R keys to open the run command.
- Type msc and click OK. Then Device Manager Window will open.
- In Device Manager, expand category Network adapters. Right-click on your wireless network device and click Update driver.
- Click OK to confirm it.
Use Command Prompt
- Open Command Prompt as shown in Method 2.
- Type the following commands and hit Enter:
netsh winsock reset
netsh int ip reset
- Restart the computer.
Windows Defender is a good anti-virus software, however lots of users often use third-party antivirus programs also. Although these tools provide incredible protection, at times they can trigger some problems, such as Problem with wireless adapter or access point error. Hence to dismiss that possibility, you‘d better get rid of them to check out whether that works out.
Reset Your Router
Error “Problem with wireless adapter or access point” can occur because your router for some reasons fails to assign appropriate IP address to your computer. In such case try restarting your router to fix this issue. Press the power button on your router to turn it off, after a while again press the power button to start the router.