A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
That portion of optical attenuation in optical fiber resulting from the conversion of optical power to heat.Caused by impurities in the fiber such as hydroxyl ions.
Abbreviation for alternating current.An electric current that reverses its direction at regularly recurring intervals.
The half-angle of the cone within which incident light is totally internally reflected by the fiber core. It is equal to sin-1 (NA).
A device that requires a source of energy for its operation and has an output that is a function of present and past input signals.Examples include controlled power supplies, transistors, LEDs, amplifiers and transmitters.
A/D or ADC
Abbreviation for analog-to-digital converter.A device used to convert analog signals to digital signals.
Abbreviation for add-drop multiplexer.A device which adds or drops signals from a communications network.
Abbreviation for asynchronous digital subscriber line.See DSL.
Cable that is suspended in the air on telephone or electric utility poles.
Abbreviation for automatic gain control.A process or means by which gain is automatically adjusted in a specified manner as a function of input level or another specified parameter.
Abbreviation for amplitude modulation.A transmission technique in which the amplitude of the carrier is varied in accordance with the signal.
Amplitude Spontaneous Emission (ASE)
A background noise mechanism common to all types of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's). It contributes to the noise figure of the EDFA which causes loss of signal-to-noise-ratio.
A device that boosts the strength of an electronic signal.In a cable system, amplifiers are spaced at regular intervals throughout the system to maintain signal fidelity.
A continuously variable signal. A mercury thermometer, which gives a variable range of temperature readings, is an example of an analog instrument.Opposite of digital.
A unit of length in optical measurements where
1Å = 10-10 meters, or 10-4 micrometers, or = 10-1 nanometers.
The angstrom has been used historically in the field of optics, but it is not as SI (Système Internationale or International System) unit. Rarely used in fiber optics; nanometers is preferred.
Loss at a connector due to fiber end face angles being misaligned.
Abbreviation for American National Standards Institute.
Abbreviation for angle polished connector.An 5° - 15° angle on the connector tip for the minimum possible backreflection.
See avalanche photodiode.
Abbreviation for average picture level.A video quality parameter.
Antireflection coating. A thin, dielectric or metallic film applied to an optical surface to reduce its reflection and thereby increase its transmittance.
A protective layer, usually metal, wrapped around a cable.
Abbreviation for American standard code for information interchange. An encoding scheme used to interface between data processing systems, data communication systems, and associated equipment.
Abbreviation for application-specific integrated circuit. A custom-designed integrated circuit.
Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials.
Data that is transmitted without an associated clock signal.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
A transmission standard widely used by the telecom industry. A digital transmission switching format with cells containing 5 bytes of header information followed by 48 bytes. Part of the B-ISDN standard.
Abbreviation for automatic test equipment.Test equipment computer programmed to perform a number of test measurements on a device without the need for changing the test setup.
The decrease in signal strength along a fiber optic waveguide caused by absorption and scattering. Attenuation is usually expressed in dB/km.
For a particular propagation mode in an optical fiber, the real part of the axial propagation constant.
The condition in a fiber optic link when operation is limited by the power of the received signal (rather than by bandwidth or distortion).
1) In electrical systems, a usually passive network for reducing the amplitude of a signal without appreciably distorting the waveform.
2) In optical systems, a passive device for reducing the amplitude of a signal without appreciably distorting the waveform.
Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
A photodiode that exhibits internal amplification of photocurrent through avalanche multiplication of carriers in the junction region.
The average level of power in a signal that varies with time.
AWG (Arrayed Waveguide Grating)
A device, built with silicon planar lightwave circuits (PLC), that allows multiple wavelengths to be combined and separated in a dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) system.
Axial Propagation Constant
For an optical fiber, the propagation constant evaluated along the axis of a fiber in the direction of transmission.
The center of an optical fiber.
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Abbreviation for broadband interactive services.The delivery of all types of interactive video, data and voice services over a broadband communications network.
In cases where light is launched into an optical fiber, backreflection refers to the light that is returned to the launch point.
The return of a portion of scattered light to the input end of a fiber; the scattering of light in the direction opposite to its original propagation.
The range of frequencies within which a fiber optic waveguide or terminal device can transmit data or information.
The condition in a fiber optic link when bandwidth, rather than received optical power, limits performance. This condition is reached when the signal becomes distorted, principally by dispersion, beyond specified limits.
A method of communication in which a signal is transmitted at its original frequency without being impressed on a carrier.
A unit of signaling speed equal to the number of signal symbols per second, which may or may not be equal to the data rate in bits per second.
An optical device, such as a partially reflecting mirror, that splits a beam of light into two or more beams. Used in fiber optics for directional couplers.
The logarithm to the base 10 of a power ratio, expressed as B = log10(P1/P2), where P1 and P2 are distinct powers.The decibel, equal to one-tenth bel, is a more commonly used unit.
Attenuation caused by high-order modes radiating from the outside of a fiber optic waveguide which occur when the fiber is bent around a small radius. See also macrobending, microbending.
The smallest radius an optical fiber or fiber cable can bend before increased attenuation or breakage occurs.
BER (Bit Error Rate)
The fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly.
Abbreviation for bidirectional transceiver, a device that sends information in one direction and receives information from the opposite direction.
Operating in both directions. Bidirectional couplers operate the same way regardless of the direction light passes through them. Bidirectional transmission sends signals in both directions, sometimes through the same fiber.
Base two numbers with only two possible values 0, or 1.Primarily used by communication and computer systems.
Having a refractive index that differs for light of different polarizations.
The smallest unit of information upon which digital communications are based; also an electrical or optical pulse that carries information.
Abbreviation for built-in test equipment.Features designed into a piece of equipment that allow on-line diagnosis of failures and operating status.
Popular coax bayonet style connector, often used for baseband video.
A technique for building optical filtering functions directly into a piece of optical fiber based on interferometric technicques.Usually this is accomplished by making the fiber photosensitive and exposing the fiber to deep UV light though a grating. This forms regions of higher and lower refractive indices in the fiber core.
A method of communication where the signal is transmitted by being impressed on a high-frequency carrier.
1) In optical fiber, a protective coating applied directly to the fiber.
2) A routine or storage used to compensate for a difference in rate of flow of data, or time of occurrence of events, when transferring data from one device to another.
A network topology in which all terminals are attached to a transmission medium serving as a bus.
A joining of two fibers without optical connectors arranged end-to-end by means of a coupling. Fusion splicing is an example.
The ability of a saturation to isolate itself optically from a network while maintaining the continuity of the cable plant.
A unit of eight bits.
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Abbreviation for Celsius. Measure of temperature where pure water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.
One or more optical fibers enclosed, with strength members, in a protective covering.
A cable that is connector terminated and ready for installation.
The cable plant consists of all the optical elements including fiber connectors, splices, etc., between a transmitter and a receiver.
Communications system that distributes broadcast and non-broadcast signals as well as a multiplicity of satellite signals, original programming and other signals by means of a coaxial cable and/or optical fiber.
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (CNR)
The ratio, in decibels, of the level of the carrier to that of the noise in a receiver's IF bandwidth before any nonlinear process such as amplitude limiting and detection takes places.
Originally an abbreviation for community antenna television; the term now typically refers to cable television.
The wavelength range between 1530 nm and 1562 nm used in some CWDM and DWDM applications.
Abbreviation for Consultative Committee on Radio.
Abbreviation for Consultative Committee on Telephony and Telegraphy.
Abbreviation for closed-circuit television.An arrangement in which programs are directly transmitted to specific users and not broadcast to the public.
Abbreviation for compact disk. Often used to describe high-quality audio, CD-quality audio, or short-wavelength lasers; CD laser.
Abbreviation for code-division multiple access.A coding scheme in which multiple channels are independently coded for transmission over a single wideband channel using an individual modulation scheme for each channel.
In a laser, the nominal value center operating wavelength.It is the wavelength defined by a peak mode measurement where the effective optical power resides.In an LED, the average of the two wavelengths measure at the half amplitude points of the power spectrum.
Central Office (CO)
A common carrier switching office in which users' lines terminate. The nerve center of a communications system.
Abbreviation for color graphics adapter. A low-resolution color standard for computer monitors.
A communications path or the signal sent over that path. Through multiplexing several channels, voice channels can be transmitted over an optical channel.
Maximum number of channels that a cable system can carry simultaneously.
In laser diodes, the shift of the laser's center wavelength during single pulse durations due to laser instability.
Reduced optical signal strength caused by different wavelengths of light traveling at different speeds down the optical fiber.Chromatic dispersion occurs because the speed at which an optical pulse travels depends on its wavelength, a property inherent to all optical fiber. May be caused by material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, and profile dispersion.
Passive three-port devices that couple light from Port 1 to 2 and Port 2 to 3 and have high isolation in other directions.
Material that surrounds the core of an optical fiber.Its lower index of refraction, compared to that of the core, causes the transmitted light to travel down the core.
A mode confirmed to the cladding; a light ray that propagates in the cladding.
The process of separating an optical fiber by a controlled fracture of the glass, for the purpose of obtaining a fiber end, which is flat, smooth, and perpendicular to the fiber axis.
Abbreviation for centimeter. Approximately 0.4 inches.
Abbreviation for complementary metal oxide semiconductor. A family of IC's.Particularly useful for low-speed or low-power applications.
Abbreviation for cable modem termination system.
Coarse Wavelength-division Multiplexing (CWDM)
CWDM allows eight or fewer channels to be stacked in the 1550 nm region of optical fiber, the C-Band.
The material surrounding the cladding of a fiber.Generally a soft plastic material that protects the fiber from damage.
In fiber optics, a communication system where the output of a local laser oscillator is mixed optically with a received signal, and the difference frequency is detected and amplified.
The 3.58 MHz signal which carriers color information in a TV signal.
Composite Second Order (CSO)
An important distortion measure of analog CATV systems.It is mainly caused by second order distortion in the transmission system.
A signal consisting of horizontal sync pulses, vertical sync pulses, and equalizing pulses only, with a no-signal reference level.
Composite Triple Beat (CTB)
An important distortion measure of analog CATV systems.It is mainly caused by second order distortion in the transmission system.
A signal which consists of the luminance (black and white), chrominance (color), blanking pulses, sync pulses, and color burst.
A process in which the dynamic range or data rate of a signal is reduced by controlling it as a function of the inverse relationship of its instantaneous value relative to a specified reference level.Compression is usually accomplished by separate devices called compressors and is used for many purposes such as: improving signal-to-noise ratios, preventing overload of succeeding elements of a system, or matching the dynamic ranges of two devices.Compression can introduce distortion, but it is usually not objectionable.
The process of connecting pieces of fiber together.
A multiport repeater.
The measurement of how well-centered the core is within the cladding.
A mechanical or optical device that provides a demountable connection between two fibers or a fiber and a source or detector.
A device used to terminate an optical conductor cable.
The fixed or stationary half of a connection that is mounted on a panel/bulkhead. Receptacles mate with plugs.
The maximum value in dB of the difference in insertion loss between mating optical connectors (e.g., with remating, temperature cycling, etc.). Also called optical connector variation.
Device that is attached between the television set and the cable system that can increase the number of channels available on the TV set, enabling it to accommodate the multiplicity of channels offered by cable TV.
The light-conducting central portion of an optical fiber, composed of material with a higher index of refraction than the cladding.The portion of the fiber that transmits light.
An arrangement whereby two signal paths, one in each direction, exist in a ring topology.
An optical device that combines or splits power from optical fibers.
Coupling Ratio/Loss (CR,CL)
The ratio/loss of optical power from one output port to the total output power, expressed as a percent. For a 1 x 2 WDM or coupler with output powers 01 and 02, and 0i representing both output powers.
In geometric optics, at a refractive boundary, the smallest angle of incidence at which total internal refraction occurs.
Connections between terminal blocks on the two sides of a distribution frame or between terminals on a terminal block (also called straps). Also called cross-connection or jumper.
Cross-gain Modulation (XGM)
A technique used in a wavelength converters where gain saturation effects in an active optical device, such as a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), allow the conversion of the optical wavelength. Better at shorter wavelengths (e.g., 780 nm or 850 nm).
Cross-phase Modulation (XPM)
A fiber nonlinearity caused by the nonlinear index of refraction of glass. The index of refraction varies with optical power level which causes different optical signals to interact.
Undesired coupling from one circuit, part of a circuit, or channel to another.
Any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel.
Abbreviation for cathode ray tube.
Abbreviation for carrier sense multiple access with collision detection. A network control protocol in which (a) a carrier sensing is used and (b) while a transmitting data station that detects another signal while transmitting a frame, stops transmitting that frame, waits for a jam signal, and then waits for a radom time interval before trying to send that frame again.
Abbreviation for clear to send. In a communications network, a signal from a remote receiver to a transmitter that is ready to receive a transmission.
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)
Terminal, associated equipment, and inside wiring located at a subscriber's premises and connected with a carrier's communication channel(s) at the demarcation point (demarc), a point established in a building or complex to separate customer equipment from telephone company equipment.CPE does not include over-voltage protection equipment and pay telephones.
A technique of measuring optical fiber attenuation by measuring the optical power at two points at different distances from the test source.
In single-mode fiber, the wavelength below which the fiber ceases to be single-mode.
Abbreviation for continuous wave. Usually refers to the constant optical output from an optical source when it is biased (i.e., turned on) but not modulated with a signal.
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Abbreviation for digital-to-analog converter. A device used to convert digital signals to analog signals.
The induced current that exists in a reversed biased photodiode in the absence of incident optical power. It is better understood to be caused by the shunt resistance of the photodiode.A bias voltage across the diode (and the shunt resistance) causes current to flow in the absence of light.
The number of bits of information in a transmission system, expressed in bits per second (b/s or bps), and which may or may not be equal to the signal or baud rate.
Abbreviation for decibel relative to a carrier level.
Abbreviation for decibels relative to microwat.
Abbreviation for decibels relative to milliwat.
Abbreviation for direct current. An electric current flowing in one direction only and substantially constant in value.
Abbreviation for data circuit-terminating equipment
1) In a data station, the equipment that
a) performs functions such as signal conversion and coding, at the network end of the line between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and the line, and
b) may be a separate or an integral part of the DTE or of intermediate equipment.
2) The interfacing equipment that may be required to couple the data terminal equipment (DTE) into a transmission circuit or channel and from a transmission circuit of a channel into the DTE.
A unit of measurement indicating relative optic power on a logarithmic scale. Often expressed in reference to a fixed value, such as dBm (1 milliwatt) or dBµ (1 microwatt).
dB = 10·log10 (P1/P2)
A module that separates two or more signals previously combined by compatible multiplexing equipment.
Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
This refers to the transmission of a multiplicity of closely spaced wavelengths in the 1550 nm region. Wavelength spacings are usually 100 GHz or 200 GHz which corresponds to 0.8 nm or 1.6 mm.DWDM bands include the C-Band, the S-Band, and the L-Band.
An opto-electric transducer used in fiber optics to convert optical power to electrical current. Usually referred to as a photodiode.
See distributed feedback laser.
The loss of power at a joint that occurs when the transmitting fiber has a diameter greater than the diameter of the receiving fiber.The loss occurs when coupling light from a source to fiber, from fiber to fiber, or from fiber to detector.
An optical filter that transmits light according to wavelength.Dichroic filters reflect light that they do not transmit.
Any substance in which an electric field may be maintained with zero or near-zero power dissipation. This term usually refers to non-metallic materials.
Differential Gain (DG)
A type of distortion in a video signal that causes the brightness information to be distorted.
Differential Phase (DP)
A type of distortion in a video signal that causes the color information t be distorted.
An array of fine, parallel, equally spaced reflecting or transmitting lines that mutually enhances the effects of diffraction to concentrate the diffracted light in a few directions determined by the spacing of the lines and by the wavelength of the light.
A signal that consists of discrete states. A binary signal has only two states, 0 and 1.
An engineering technique for converting a cable television signal into a digital format (in which it can easily be stored and manipulated) which may then be processed so as to require a smaller portion of spectrum for its transmission. It could allow many channels to be carried in the capacity currently needed for one signal.
An electronic device that lets current flow in only one direction.Semiconductor diodes used in fiber optics contain a junction between regions of different doping.They include light emitters (LEDs and laser diodes) and detectors (photodiodes).
Synonymous with injection laser diode.
Abbreviation for dual in-line package. An electronic package with a rectangular housing and a row of pins along each of two opposite sides.
A device that combines two or more types of signals into a single output.
A coupling device for separately sampling (through a known coupling loss) either the forward (incident) or the backward (reflected) wave in a transmission line.
See near-end crosstalk.
The temporal spreading of a light signal in an optical waveguide caused by light signals traveling at different speeds through a fiber either due to modal or chromatic effects.
Dispersion-Compensating Fiber (DCF)
A fiber that has the opposite dispersion of the fiber being used in a transmission system. It is used to nullify the dispersion caused by that fiber.
Dispersion-Compensating Module (DCM)
This module has the opposite dispersion of the fiber being used in a transmission system. It is used to nullify the dispersion caused by that fiber. It can be either a spool of a special fiber or a grating based module.
Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF)
A type of single-mode fiber designed to have zero dispersion near 1550 nm. This fiber type works very poorly for DWDM applications because of high fiber non-linearity at the zero dispersion point.
A technique used in the system design of a fiber optic transmission to be able to cope with the dispersion introduced by the optical fiber.
Dispersion in an optical fiber causes pulses and edges to be smeared. As the edges smear, the receiver has more difficulty discriminating between ones and zeros. This results in a loss of sensitivity compared to a short fiber and referred to as the dispersion penalty in DB.
Nonlinearities in a unit that cause harmonics and beat products to be generated.
Generally synonymous with bandwidth-limited operation.
Distributed Feedback Laser (DFB)
An injection laser diode which has a Bragg reflection grating in the active region in order to suppress multiple longitudinal modes and enhance a single longitudinal mode.
Part of a cable system consisting of trunk and feeder cables used to carry signals from headend to customer terminals.
The mode in an optical device spectrum with the most power.
Thick liquid or paste used to prepare a surface or a varnish-like substance used for waterproofing or strengthening a material.
This term is used two ways. For multimode fibers, the term means that the fiber is optimized for 850 nm and 1310 nm operation. For single-mode fibers, the term means that the fiber is optimized for 1310 nm and 1550 nm operation.
Abbreviation for digital subscriber line. In an integrated systems digital network (ISDN), equipment that provides full-duplex service on a single twisted metallic pair at a rate sufficient to support ISDN basic access and additional framing, timing recovery, and operational functions.See also ISDN.
Abbreviation for data signaling rate. The aggregate rate at which data pass a point in the transmission path of a data transmission system expressed in bits per second (bps or b/s).
Abbreviation for dispersion supported transmission.In electrical TDM systems, a transmission system that would allow data rates at 40 Gb/s by incorporating devices such as SOA's.
A transmission rate in the North American digital telephone hierarchy. Also called T-carrier.
Abbreviation for data terminal equipment.
1) And end instrument that converts user information into signals for transmission or reconverts the received signals into user information.
2) The functional unit of a data station that serves as a data source or a data sink and provides for the data communication control function to be performed in accordance with link protocol.
Abbreviation for data terminal ready.In a communications network, a signal from a remote transmitter that is clear to receive data.
Dual Attachment Concentrator
A concentrator that offers two attachments to the FDDI network which are capable of accommodating a dual (counter-rotating) ring.
Dual Attachment Station
A station that offers two attachments to the FDDI network which are capable of accommodating a dual (counter-rotating ring).
Dual Ring (FDDI Dual Ring)
A pair of counter-rotating logical rings.
A two-fiber cable suitable for duplex transmission.
Transmission in both dirctions, either one direction at a time (half-duplex) or both directions simultaneously (full duplex).
In a digital transmission, the fraction of time a signal is at the high level.
See Dense Wavelength<-Division Multiplexing.
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Abbreviation for emitter<-coupled logic. A high-speed logic family capable of GHz rates.
See Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier.
An LED that emits light from its edge, producing more directional output than surface-emitting LED's that emit from their top surface.
The area of a single-mode fiber that carriers the light.
Abbreviation for enhanced graphics adapter. A medium-resolution color standard for computer monitors.
Abbreviation for Electronic Industries Association.An organization that sets video and audio standards.
A signal modulation scheme in which eight bits are encoded in a 10-bit word to ensure that too many consecutive zeroes doe not occur; used in ESCON and fibre channel.
A 10 Mb/s CSMA/CD bus-based network; commonly called Ethernet.
A token-passing ring network operating at 4 Mb/s or 16 Mb/s.
EMI (Electromagnetic Interference)
Any electrical or electromagnetic interference that causes undesirable response, degradation, or failure in electronic equipment. Optical fibers neither emit nor receive EMI.
EMP (Electromagnetic Pulse)
A burst of electromagnetic radiation that creates electric and magnetic fields that may couple with electrical/electronic systems to produce damaging current and voltage surges.
EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation)
Radiation made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagated with the speed of light. Includes gamma radiation, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation, and radar and radio waves.
The range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from zero to infinity.
See Edge-Emitting Diode.
Describes the fact that the core or cladding may be elliptical rather than circular.
Abbreviation for electromagnetic.
A fiber optic bundle used for imaging and viewing inside the human body.
Abbreviation for Electronic News gathering.
Abbreviation for electrical-to-optical converter.
Equilibrium Mode Distribution (EMD)
The steady modal state of a multimode fiber in which the relative power distribution among modes is independent of fiber length.
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Optical fibers doped with the rare earth element, erbium, which can amplify light in the 1550 nm region when pumped by an external light source.
Abbreviation for enterprise systems connection.A duplex optical connector used for computer-to-computer data exchange.
A baseband local area network marketed by Xerox and developed jointly by Xerox, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Intel.
Light guided in the inner part of an optical fiber's cladding rather than in the core.
In a fiber optic coupler, the optical loss from the portion of light that does not emerge from the nominal operation ports of the device.
Modulation of a light source by an external device that acts like an electronic shutter.
The ratio of the low, or OFF optical power level (PL) to the high, or ON optical power level (PH)
Extinction Ration (%) = (PL/PH) x 100
In a fiber interconnection, that portion of loss not intrinsic to the fiber but related to imperfect joining of connector or splice.
Also called eye diagram. The proper function of a digital system can be quantitatively described but its BER, or qualitatively by its eye patter. The "openness" of the eye relates to the BER that can be achieved.
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Abbreviation for Fahrenheit. Measure of temperature where pure water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°.
The number of failures of a device per unit of time.
Also called turn-off time. The time required for the trailing edge of a pulse to fall from 90% to 10% of its amplitude; the time required for a component to produce such a result.Typically measured between the 80% and 20% points or alternately the 90% and 10% points.
Abbreviation for federal acquisition regulation.The guidelines by which the US government purchases goods and services. Also the criteria must be met by the vendor in order to be considered as a source for goods and services purchased by the US government.
A phenomenon that causes some materials to rotate the polarization of light in the presence of a magnetic field parallel to the direction of propagation. Also called magneto-opto effect.
See wavelength isolation.
Abbreviation for fiber Bragg gratings. See Bragg grating.
A threaded optical connector that originated in Japan.Good for single-mode or multimode fiber and applications requiring low backreflection.
Abbreviation for Federal Communications Commission.
See FC. A special curved polish on the connector for very low backreflection.
Abbreviation for frame check sequence. An error-detection scheme that
a) uses parity bits generated by polynomial encoding of digital signals,
b) appends those parity bits to a digitial signal, and
c) uses decoding alogrithms that detect errors in the received digital signal.
Abbreviation for Food and Drug Administration.Organization responsible for, among other things, laser safety.
Abbreviation for fiber distributed data interface.
1) A dual counter-rotating ring local area network.
2) A connector used in a dual counter-rotating ring local area network.
See Frequency-Division Multiplexing.
See Forward Error Correcting.
A rigid tube that confines or holds a fiber as part of a connector assembly.
Abbreviation for Field-Effect Transistor. A semiconductor so named because a weak electrical signal coming in through one electrode creates an electrical field through the rest of the transistor. This field flips from positive to negative when the incoming signal does, and controls a second current traveling through the rest of the transistor. The field modulates the second current to mimic the first one, but it can be substantially larger.
An optical fiber in which the refractive index of the core varies periodically along its length, scattering light in a way similar to a diffraction grating, and transmitting or reflecting certain wavelengths selectively.
Fiber Optic Attenuator
A component installed in a fiber optic transmission system that reduces the power in the optical signal. It is often used to limit the optical power received by the photodetector to within the limits of the optical receiver.
Fiber Optic Cable
A cable containing one or more optical fibers.
Fiber Optic Communication Systems
The transfer of modulated or unmodulated optical energy through optical fiber media which terminates in the same or different media.
Fiber Optic Gyroscope
A coil of optical fiber that can detect rotation about its axis.
Fiber Optic Link
A transmitter, receiver and cable assembly that can transmit information between two points.
Fiber Optic Span
An optical fiber/cable terminated at both ends which may include devices that add, subtract, or attenuate optical signals.
Fiber Optic Subsystem
A functional entity with defined bounds and interfaces which is part of a system. It contains solid state and/or other components and is specified as a subsystem for the purpose of trade and commerce.
Fiber optic service node connected by wires to several nearby homes, typically on a block.
Fiber optic service to a node located inside an individual home.
Fiber optic service to a node that is located in a neighborhood.
An industry-standard specification that originated in Great Britain which details computer channel communications over fiber optics at transmission speeds from 132 Mb/s to 1062.5 Mb/s at distances of up to 10 kilometers.
A device which transmits only part of the incident energy and may thereby change the spectral distribution of energy.
Number of device failures in one billion device hours.
Materials that have the amorphous structure of glass but are made of fluoride compounds (e.g., zirconium fluoride) rather than oxide compounds (e.g., silica). Suitable for very long wavelength transmission.
FM (Frequency Modulation)
A method of transmission in which the carrier frequency varies in accordance with the signal.
Abbreviation for Fiber Optic Guided Missile.
Forward Error Correcting (FEC)
A communication technique used to compensate for a noisy transmission channel. Extra information is sent along with the primary data payload to correct for errors that occur in transmission.
FOTP (Fiber Optic Test Procedure)
Standards developed and published by the Electronic Industries Association.
Fiber Optic Transmission System.
The number of pulses or cycles per second; measured in units of Hertz (Hz) where 1 hertz equals 1 pulse/cycle per second.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Transmission scheme whereby information is sent by varying the frequency of an optical carrier. A method of transmission in which the carrier frequency varies in accordance with the signal.
The reflection of a portion of the light incident on a planar surface between two homogeneous media having different refractive indices. Fresnel reflection occurs at the air/glass interfaces at entrance and exit ends of an optical fiber.
The lowest order mode of a waveguide.
A permanent joint accomplished by the application of localized heat sufficient to fuse or melt the ends of the optical fiber, forming a continuous single fiber.
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Loss resulting from the end separation of two axially aligned fibers.
Fiber design in which the refractive index of the core is lower toward the outside of the fiber core and increases toward the center of the core; thus it bends the rays inward and allows them to travel faster in the lower index of refraction region. This type of fiber provides high bandwidth capabilities.
Noise that results when equipment is grounded at ground points having different potentials and thereby created an unintended current path. The dielectric of optical fibers provide electrical isolation that eliminates ground loops.
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Hard Clad Silica
A fiber with a hard plastic cladding surrounding a silica glass core.
A fiber optic cable containing two or more different types of fiber, such as 62.5 µm multimode and single-mode.
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Index Matching Material
A material, often a liquid or cement whose refractive index is nearly equal to the core index, used to reduce Fresnel reflections from a fiber end face.
Index of Refraction
The ratio of light velocity in a vacuum to its velocity in a given transmitting medium.
Curve of the refractive index over the cross section of an optical waveguide.
Index Of Refraction
An optical characteristic (n) of a material, referencing the speed of light in that material to a vacuum.
The attenuation caused by the insertion of an optical component; in other words, a connector or coupler in an optical transmission system.
Also referred to as far-end cross-talk or far-end isolation. Predominantly used in reference to WDM products, it is a measure of light at an undesired wavelength at any given port.
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Fiber optic cable that has connectors installed on both ends. See also cable assembly.
See Aramid Yarn
One thousand meters or 3,281 feet. The kilometer is a unit of measurement for fiber optics.
A unit of tensile strength expressed in thousands of pounds per square inch.
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Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A device which produces coherent light with a narrow range of wavelengths.
Lateral Displacement Loss
The loss of power that results from lateral displacement from optimum alignment between two fibers or between a fiber and an active device.
Angle between the propagation direction of the incident light and the optical axis of an opticat waveguide.
A fiber used in conjunction with a source to excite the modes of another fiber in a particular way. Launching fibers are most often used in test systems to improve the precision of measurements.
In the laser and optical communication fields, the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be handled by the basic optical techniques used for the visible spectrum extending from the near ultraviolet region of approximately 0.3 micron, through the visible region and into the mid-infrared region of about 30 microns.
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
A semiconductor diode which emits light when forward biased to an optical signal. A device used in a transmitter to convert information from electric to optical form. It typically has a large spectral width.
An optical fiber, multiple fiber, or fiber bundle which includes a cable jacket and strength.
Electromagnetic waves in the region of optical frequencies. The term "light" was originally restricted to radiation visible to the human eye, with wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm). However, it has become customary to refer to radiation in the spectral regions adjacent to visible light (in the near infrared from 700 to about 2000 nm) as "light" to emphasize the physical and technical characteristics they have in common with visible light.
A fiber optic cable with connectors attached to a transmitter (source) and receiver (detector).
Linear Low Density Polyethylene jacketing.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A geographically limited communications network intended for the local transport of data, video and voice.
A protective tube loosely surrounding a cabled fiber, often filled with a water blocking gel. Type of cable design, primarily for outdoor use, where one or more fibers are enclosed in hard plastic tubes. Fibers are usually buffered to 250 microns.
Attenuation of optical signal, normally measured in decibels.
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Macroscopic axial deviations of a fiber from a straight line, in contrast to microbending.
The dispersion associated with a non-monochromatic light source due to the wavelength dependence of the refractive index of a material or of the light velocity in this material.
Medium Density Polyetheylene jacketing.
Joining two fibers together by mechanical means to enable a continuous signal. Elastomeric splicing is one example of mechanical splicing.
A unit of frequency that is equal to one million hertz.
Curvatures of the fiber which involve axial displacements of a few micrometers and spatial wavelengths of a few millimeters.Microbends cause loss of light and consequently increase the attenuation of the fiber.
Another term for micrometer. One millionth of a meter. 10exp-6 meter.
The loss of power resulting from angular misalignment, lateral displacement, and end separation.
Pulse spreading due to multiple light rays traveling different distances and speeds through an optical fiber.
Mode Field Diameter (MFD)
The diameter of optical energy in a singlemode fiber.Because the MFD is greater than the core diameter, MFD replaces core diameter as a practical parameter.
A device used to remove high-order modes from a fiber and thereby simulate EMD.
A device composed of one or more optical fibers in which strong mode coupling occurs. Frequently used to provide a mode distribution that is independent of source characteristics.
A term used to describe a light path through a fiber, as in multimode or single-mode.
The numerous modes of a multi-mode fiber differ in their propagation velocities. As long as they propagate independently of each other, the fiber bandwidth varies inversely with the fiber length due to multi-mode distortion. As a result of inhomogenejties of the fjber geometry and of the index profile, a gradual energy exchange occurs between modes with differing velocities. Due to this mode mixing, the bandwidth of long multimode fibers is greater than the value obtained by linear extrapolation from measurements on shod fibers.
Coding of information onto the carrier frequency.This includes amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation techniques.
Consisting of a single wavelength. In practice, radiation is never perfectly monochromatic but, at best, displays a narrow band of wavelengths.
Measurement Quality Jumper. A high quality reference cable designed to provide accurate and consistent test results. Note: The U.S. Navy requires that MQJ’s are used to test all Navy shipboard fiber installations.
An optical waveguide in which light travels in multiple modes. Typical core/cladding sizes (measured in microns) are 50/125, 62.5/125, and 100/140.
A fiber type which supports multiple light paths through its core.
The combination of several signals onto a single communications channel.
The process by which two or more signals are transmitted over a single communications channel. Examples include time-division multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing.
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The loss of power at a joint that occurs when the transmitting half has an NA greater than the NA of the receiving half.The loss occurs when coupling light from a source to fiber, from fiber to fiber, or from fiber to detector.
A unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a meter. 10exp-9 meter.Common unit of measure for wavelength One billionth of a meter.
National Electrical Code. Defines building flammatory requirements for indoor cables.
Numerical Aperture (NA)
A numerical value that expresses the light gathering ability of a fiber. The imaginary cone which defines the acceptance area for the fiber core to accept rays of light.
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Optical Fiber Conductive
Optical Fiber Conductive Plenum
Optical Fiber Conductive Riser
Optical Fiber Non-conductive
Optical Fiber Non-conductive Plenum
Optical Fiber Non-conductive Riser
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
A method for characterizing a fiber wherein an optical pulse is transmitted through the fiber and the resulting backscatter and reflections to the input are measured as a function of time. Useful in estimating attenuation coefficient as a function of distance and identifying defects and other localized losses.
Dielectric waveguide with a core consisting of optically transparent material of low attenuation (usually silica glass) and with cladding consisting of optically transparent material of lower refractive index than that of the core. It is used for the transmission of signals with lightwaves and is frequently referred to as fiber. In addition, there are planar dielectric waveguide structures in some optical components, such as laser diodes, which are also referred to as optical waveguides.
Pertaining to a device that responds to optical power, emits or modifies optical radiation, or utilizes optical radiation for its internal operation. Any device that functions as an electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical transducer.
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer. A test instrument, working on the principal of continuous energy backscatter, which provides a complete characterization of fiber loss along its length.
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A centralized location for cross-connecting, monitoring and testing telecommunications cabling.
Abbreviation used to denote polyethylene.A type of plastic material used to make cable jacketing.
The wavelength at which the optical power of a source is at a maximum.
The current that flows through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.
An optoelectronic transducer, such as a pin photodiode or avalanche photodiode.
A diode designed to produce photocurrent by absorbing light. Photodiodes are used for the detection of optical power and for the conversion of optical power into electrical power.
A quantum of electromagnetic energy.
Physical Contact (PC)
Connectors aligned and mated so that no air gaps exist between them. Positive contact between fibers exist. Also see Connector Back Reflection.
Fiber optic cable that has connectors installed on one end. See also Cable Assembly.
A diode with a large intrinsic region sandwiched between p-doped and n-doped semiconducting regions. Photons in this region create electron hole pairs that are separated by an electric field thus generating an electric current in the load circuit.
An optical fiber having a plastic core and plastic cladding.
Plastic-Clad Silica Fiber
An optical fiber having a glass core and plastic cladding.
An air-handling space such as that found above drop-ceiling tiles or in raised floors. Also, a fire-code rating for indoor cable. Air duct inside buildings through which cable can be pulled or housed.
A cable whose flammability and smoke characteristics allow it to be routed in a plenum area without being enclosed in a conduit.
A connection established between two specific locations, as between two buildings.
The variation in insertion loss as the polarization state of the input light is varied.
A glass structure from which an optical fiber waveguide may be drawn.
Fusing with a low current to clean the fiber end.Precedes fusion splicing.
The plastic coating applied directly to the cladding surface of the fiber during manufacture to preserve the integrity of the surface.
The dispersion of an optical signal with time as it propagates through an optical fiber.
Polyurethane. Material used in manufacture of a type of jacketing material.
Polyvinyl Chloride. Material used in manufacture of a type of jacketing material.
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An electronic package which converts optical signals to electrical signals.
The optical power required by a receiver for low error signal transmission. In the case of digital signal transmission, the mean optical power is usually quoted in Watts or dbm (decibels referred to 1 milliwatt).
Light that is reflected back along the path of transmission, from either the coupling region, the connector or a tertninated fiber.
The abrupt change in direction of a light beam at an interface between two dissimilar media so that the light beam returns into the media from which it originated.
The bending of a beam of light at an interface between two dissimilar media or a medium whose refractive index is a continuous function of position (graded index medium).
See Index of Refraction.
A repeater designed for digital transmission that both amplifies and reshapes the signal.
A device which consists of a transmitter and a receiver or transceiver, used to regenerate a signal to increase the system length.
A network topology in which terminals are connected in a point-to-point serial fashion in an unbroken circular configuration.
The time it takes the signal output to rise from low levels to peak value. Usually measured from 10% to 90% of max. output.
Pathways for indoor cables that pass between floors.It is normally a vertical shaft or space. Also, a fire-code rating for indoor cable.
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A property of glass which causes light to deflect from the fiber and contributes to losses.
For a fiber-optic receiver, the minimum optical power required to achieve a specified level of performance, such as a BER.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
The ratio of signal power to noise power.Measured in dB.
A term sometimes used for a single-fiber cable.
Transmission in one direction only.
An optical waveguide (or fiber) in which the signal travels through its core. The fiber has a smaller core diameter.
A connector type with screw threads.
The means used to convert an electrical information carrying signal to a corresponding optical signal for transmission by fiber.The source is usually a Light Emitting Diode (LED) or Laser.
A measure of the extent of a spectrum.For a source, the width of wavelengths contained in the output at one half of the wavelength of peak power.Typical spectral widths are 20 to 60 nm for an LED and 2 to 5 nm for a laser diode. The width of wavelengths in a light pulse, based on 50% intensity.
A container used to organize and protect splice trays.
A container used to organize and protect spliced fibers.
1) A permanent joint between two optical waveguides.
2) Means for joining two fiber ends.
The permanent joining of fiber ends to identical or similar fibers, without the use of a connector. See also Fusion Splicing and Mechanical Splicing.
See coupling ratio.
A connector type with a bayonet housing which is spring loaded "ST" stands for "straight tip".
An active or passive device where energy presented at an input port is distributed through several output ports.
A network in which all terminals are connected through a single point, such as a star coupler.
Fiber Optical fiber which has an abrupt ("step") change in its refractive index, due to a core and cladding that have different indices or refraction. Typically used for single mode.
That part of a fiber optic cable composed of Kevlar aramid yarn, steel strands, or fiberglass filaments that increase the tensile strength of the cable.
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In a fiber optic coupler, the ratio of power at the tap port to the power at the input port.
In a coupler in which the splitting ratio between output pods is not equal, the output port containing the lesser power.
A Three-Pod Optical Coupler.
A measure of insertion loss variation as the device undergoes various environmental changes.
Type of cable construction whereby each glass fiber is tightly buffered by a protective thermoplastic coating to a diameter of 900 microns. High tensile strength rating achieved, providing durability, ease of handling and ease of connectorization.
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
A transmission technique whereby several low-speed channels are multiplexed into a high-speed channel for transmission.
The physical layout of a network.
Total Internal Reflection
Total reflection of light back into a material when it strikes the interface of a material having a lower index at an angle below the critical angle.
An electronic device which has both transmit and receive capabilities.
A device for converting energy from one form to another, such as optical energy to electrical energy.
Total loss encountered in transmission through a system.
An electronic package which converts an electrical signal to an optical signal.
A passive fiber optical component in which power from one input is distributed to more than two output fibers.
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Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
The maximum insertion loss difference between ports of a coupler.
Structure that guides electromagnetic waves along its length. An optical fiber is an optical waveguide.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Simultaneous transmission of several signals in an optical waveguide at differing wavelengths. The process of using multiple wavelengths to carry multiple signals on a single fiber.
The distance between two crests of an electromagnetic waveform.
The variation in an optical parameter caused by a change in the operating wavelength.
Wavelength Division Multiplexer - a passive fiber optical device used to separate signals of different wavelengths carried on one fiber.
Wavelength Independent Coupler.
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30. July 2019 ▪ Renewal of the Meyer Optik Görlitz portfolio on schedule
Meyer Optik is pushing the revision and optimization of its existing portfolio and has already completed its first projects. The developments are thus on schedule and the first Meyer Optik lenses developed and produced by OPC will be available in late summer 2019.
04. June 2019 ▪ OPC Optics now distributor for RICOM products in Europe
OPC Optics is now the exclusive distributor for RICOM products in Europe. With this partnership, OPC Optics expands its current portfolio, consisting of the production of optical components and the Meyer Optik photo lenses (successfully acquired at the end of 2018) by a wide range of optics in the B2B area.
27. February 2019 ▪ Successful start to the year for Meyer Optik Görlitz
Since the press release on the brand takeover in mid-December 2018, some time has already been taken into the country, but since then the time has been used intensively to analyse the existing situation, work out optimisations and carefully plan and implement the next steps.
12. December 2018 ▪ Meyer Optik Görlitz revived after insolvency by OPC Optics
OPC Optical Precision Components Europe GmbH based in Bad Kreuznach acquires the trademark rights to Meyer Optik Görlitz from the insolvent net SE and SEMI Verwaltung GmbH respectively. With the takeover of Meyer Optik Görlitz, the specialist for aspherical and spherical glass lenses now also opens up the consumer market for itself.


An optical signal acquisition method called optical coherence tomography (OCT) is now employed in clinical diagnostics to assess organs. OCT can produce three-dimensional images with a resolution of a few micrometers inside biological tissues. In fact, OCT has emerged as a crucial imaging tool for identifying and monitoring macular diseases.
It has frequently been used in conjunction with fluorescein angiography, particularly for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of retinal illnesses, such as macular edema and age-related macular degeneration.
Additionally, advancements made it possible to use optical coherence tomography to assess the corneal topography, anterior chamber angle, optic nerve cupping, and nerve fiber layer integrity.
When optical coherence tomography was initially introduced in 1991, it built on earlier research on ocular interferometry, which effectively demonstrated that imaging the eye could be done by measuring reflected light. Imaging of the retina through to the choroid is possible by using laser light in the infrared band.
What is feasible has been increased thanks to faster ways of scanning from the time domain to the Fourier domain, swept-source OCT, enhanced depth imaging OCT, and OCT angiography, among other innovations.
The development of treatments that call for meticulous evaluation of ocular structures—in particular, evaluation of macular fluid on OCT—has increased demand. This evaluation informs the use of anti-VEGF injections and treatment regimens.
To commemorate the discovery of OCT 25 years ago, this study will offer a succinct history of the technology while also offering an update on current OCT capabilities and how they might support clinical practice.
Similar to how ultrasound imaging works, optical coherence tomography detects images by employing an interferometer since light waves travel at too high a speed to be recorded directly.
The interferometer for time-domain OCT (TD-OCT) has a reference arm with a mirror and a sample arm that detects the reflected light from the retina. A mirror on the reference arm can be mechanically adjusted to change the time delay and measure interference.
Because the light from both arms has traveled a similar distance, when backscattered light from the sample arm and reference light from the reference arm are measured together, an interference pattern is produced. As a result, a reflectivity profile, or A-scan, is produced. A reviewable B-scan is then produced by combining numerous A-scan photos.
Although this imaging modality had limitations in terms of picture resolution and acquisition speed, it marked a significant advancement in ophthalmological imaging at the time it was established.
Over a decade after the invention of OCT, Fourier domain OCT (FD-OCT) with a subset known as spectral-domain OCT represented a significant technological advance (SD-OCT). An interferometer and a stationary reference arm use Fourier transformation to detect light echo interference patterns, which is how SD-OCT operates.
A broadband source is used, and a spectrometer disperses the spectral interference pattern while simultaneously collecting it on an array detector. Compared to TD-OCT, this technology has enabled imaging that is more faster and has higher resolution.
OCT was initially developed and commercialized by Zeiss in 1997 with the OCT1. With the introduction of the Stratus (OCT3) in 2002 and the Zeiss Visante in 2006, imaging of the anterior segment became widely used and simple to use.
Zeiss's newest imaging technologies include the Cirrus 5000 OCTA (OCT angiography). By monitoring blood flow and extracting that information to display a picture of the retinal circulation, this technique uses OCT to image the retinal circulation. This makes it possible to see the choroidal neovascularization and some choroid features as well as the superficial and deep capillary plexae.
The most recent Zeiss IOL master 700 biometry system uses swept-source OCT to photograph the entire eye, increasing measurement accuracy because it can assess fixation, find anomalies in lens position, and penetrate a wider range of cataract.
The OCT system may also have additional imaging and functional testing modalities such as color or multi-color imaging, autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green (ICG), and microperimetry. Many companies are currently involved, including Topcon, Heidelberg, Nidek, Optovue, Canon, and Optos. Some have eye-tracking, which improves repeatability and resolution, while others employ focusing, which makes acquisition easier.
Since the Stratus OCT was introduced, it has been widely utilized for macular assessments in clinics, screenings, and "virtual clinics" because it is more reliable than clinical biomicroscopy at detecting retinal and subretinal fluid. The retinal architecture might be resolved down to around 10 microns using the Stratus (a TD-OCT).
Finer detail of the retinal architecture as well as the posterior vitreous and choroid may now be seen thanks to the development of SD-OCT devices like the Spectralis (Heidelberg) or Cirrus (Zeiss) OCT and, more recently, swept-source technology, which is found in the Topcon Atlantis.
With the numerical assessment of the central foveal subfield, the four inner and outer subfields, as well as the macular volume, these devices have made it possible to quantify macular edema. For many retinal disorders that result in macular edema or retinal thickness, this has emerged as the gold standard of measurement.
The algorithmic measurement of the central macular thickness varies between the stratus (TD-OCT) and SD-OCTs as well as between various SD-OCTs. Therefore, depending on the machine used, various numerical figures are obtained.
OCT only reveals the lesion's shape, not its activity, but frequently these two concepts are the same. OCT is the cornerstone for assessing the effectiveness of treatment because the majority of current retinal therapies aim to reduce edema. FFA will demonstrate the presence of a leak, complementing OCT results.
When there is no leak on FFA but "fluid" is seen on OCT, as is the situation with central serous retinopathy (CSR), there may be a delay between the leak ceasing and the subretinal fluid clearing up. Current recommendations for macular degeneration include starting FFA before starting anti-VEGF therapy.
However, a choroidal neovascular membrane can often be observed on an OCT, therefore less and less FFAs are performed, especially if this might cause a delay in treatment.
As choroid imaging becomes more reliable, it can be used to diagnose CSR, which is marked by a thicker choroid, and to track the effectiveness of treatment in some inflammatory disorders.
This is now achievable because to the technology known as enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT), which was initially introduced in 2008 by Spaide et al. This was accomplished by moving the OCT device closer to the subject's eye, which produced an inverted image that was then reoriented using the appropriate software.
As opposed to traditional OCT, this caused the peak sensitivity to shift from the posterior vitreous to the inner sclera. For EDI-OCT, this can now be done automatically thanks to software correction. The use of swept-source OCT and longer wavelengths, among other advancements, can offer a greater depth of resolution from the posterior vitreous to the choroid.
It has been demonstrated that choroidal neovascular lesions can be found using the commercially available OCT angiography (OCTA), particularly if type 2 lesions are present in front of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It creates a map of blood flow by comparing the backscatter or echo of light waves from successive B-scans taken in the same location.
There are three typical ways to perform OCTA using swept-source OCT or SD-OCT. They entail measuring the OCT signal's amplitude/intensity, phase, or complex properties (involving both phase and amplitude).
Speckle variance, intensity-based optical microangiography (OMAG), intensity-based doppler variance, cross-correlation mapping, and split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography are a few amplitude/intensity OCTA technique examples (SSADA).
In order to build a map of blood flow, these algorithms measure variance, decorrelation, cross-correlation, or absolute differences of OCT signal amplitude/intensity from sequential B-scans. Motion artifact is a less significant issue with these techniques.
Through software correction, motion artifacts in comparative phase and complex based OCTAs like phase variance, doppler variance, or OMAG must be removed. Although OCTA doesn't reveal leak, it might offer sufficient information in a non-invasive manner to reduce the need for FFA and ICG, which could quicken the treatment process.
With the development of medications that more successfully diminish the extent of neovascularization, such as those shown with anti-PDGF therapies that are currently in phase 3 trials, the measurement of the size of the neovascular network may become increasingly significant.
In addition to clearly aiding in the detection of medical retinal disorders like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), OCT imaging has also made it possible to diagnose a number of vitreoretinal conditions such macular holes and epiretinal membranes.
By imaging the vitreomacular interface, OCT imaging can supplement vitreoretinal surgery and may be more and more helpful in clinical settings. For instance, Steel D et al. found that OCT data taken during therapy can be used to predict the likelihood of macular hole closure using ocriplasmin.
The Topcon sweeping source systems and Heidelberg systems enable higher-resolution wide-field OCT imaging, allowing for the visualization of the posterior vitreous, macular, and optic disc details in a single image. Intraoperative OCT, such as that provided by Zeiss and Optovue systems, may further assist vitreoretinal surgery.
OCT is increasingly employed in the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma because it may be used to evaluate the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) both at the optic disc and at the macular. This is getting better as a result of stronger normative databases and higher resolution technologies working together. Ganglion cell loss coincides with RNFL thinning at the discs, which suggests glaucomatous alterations to the optic disc.
Since different OCT devices, such the Cirrus and Spectralis OCT, employ various RNFL algorithms, it is not possible to compare the results of their measurements. More precise measurements of the RNFL are now possible thanks to the advent of Fourier domain OCTs. There are still some issues in determining the disc edge to assess the degree of cupping and where to measure the nerve fiber layer.
With the advancement of computational measures of the RNFL, this has been partially rectified. In certain methods, two rings around the disc are measured to increase the precision of calculating the thickness of the nerve fiber layer. Glaucoma can also be identified and monitored using macular RNFL measures above and below the fovea.
In neuro-ophthalmology, SD-OCT is helpful for evaluating lesions in the optic nerve and visual pathway. Through measurements of the RNFL, SD-OCT can assess the optic nerve head for optic disc edema, disc asymmetry, and optic nerve head drusen.
Swept-source imaging may be more effective for locating optic disc drusen because of its capacity for deeper penetration. OCT can be used to accurately assess the degree of optic nerve edema and, in some situations, to differentiate between papilloedema and an optical disc that is "packed."
Due to its repeatability, it can be used to track the enlargement of the optic disc in cases of benign intracranial hypertension. Macular issues have been found to be related to several optic nerve diseases, either in the form of true macular edema or a cystic appearance of the macula brought on by retrograde nerve fiber degeneration, which can be validated by OCT.
The anterior region and cornea could be examined using OCT for the first time, as demonstrated by Izatt et al. There are several systems available, with some dedicated systems (1310nm, for example, Zeiss Visante, Heidelberg SL-OCT) supplying longer wavelength light sources and retinal scanner conversions giving lower wavelength light sources (830nm e.g. Zeiss Cirrus, Heidelberg Spectralis).
Deeper penetration made possible by longer wavelength imaging allows for a clearer view of deeper structures, such as the scleral spur at the iridocorneal angle. A better axial resolution is possible with shorter wavelength imaging.
Prior section OCT can offer a precise evaluation of the tear film. Measurements of conjunctival lesions like pingueculas and pterygiums may be useful for tracking post-operative changes. The anterior chamber angle can be evaluated using measurements of the angle, iris, and anterior chamber.
In order to diagnose illnesses such an iris cyst or melanoma that may be the cause of an anterior displacement of the iris, an anterior segment ultrasound may still be required to view behind a pigmented iris. OCT has demonstrated some useful applications in assessing the success of filtration blebs created during trabeculectomy surgery.
OCT has been looked into as a helpful tool for detecting corneal pathology and performing corneal refractive surgery. It enables the accurate measurement of corneal pathology together with associated measurements of corneal thickness.
Planning operations beforehand and analyzing outcomes afterward may be made simpler. OCT has been demonstrated to be helpful in monitoring the maintenance of certain diseases, including as keratoconus and corneal ectasias, with collagen cross-linking when used in conjunction with confocal microscopy. OCT can be used to measure and grade post-LASIK ectasias in refractive surgery. Intraoperative OCT may improve the evaluation of the location of different keratoplasty surgeries.
Future of OCT
Software updates that improve the 3D representation of vascular networks and ocular structures using various laser wavelengths and polarized light are currently being developed.
As part of a current effort, Google is examining a database of one million OCTs to develop automation for understanding OCT results and predicting patient outcomes.
With prototypes being created, newer laser technologies are projected to enable considerably smaller adaptive systems. Binocular OCT, for instance, is being developed and will be able to measure visual acuity, pupil reflexes, and eye movement in addition to imaging the ocular structures.


This strander is designed for the stranding of fiber optic ribbons with precise tension control. Line component parameters are set and controlled from main operator HMI touch screen. The path of the material is precisely guided. Each position is equipped with an extremely low friction, pneumatic pre-loaded dancer arm that maintains the preset tension during the process. Speed reference to individual spindle drives ensure the preset tension is maintained throughout the run. This design is available to accommodate a wide range of reels to suit fiber length required.


KARIYA (Japan) ― DENSO Corporation designs and develops the technology helping drivers safely navigate the roads. The company announced two new products to be incorporated in the new 2018 Lexus LS, which will be released in Japan and U.S. after this fall. A new stereo vision sensor and millimeter-wave radar sensor will help improve safety performance of vehicles by more precisely detecting obstacles and lane lines on roads.
The stereo vision sensor uses 3D image processing techniques called “dense stereo matching” to detect obstacles of different shapes, including pedestrians, vehicles, and guardrails, as well as empty road spaces marked by lane lines. This enables autonomous emergency braking and automatic steering control to avoid obstacles. The product’s highly sophisticated cameras can also better detect pedestrians at night.
The new millimeter-wave radar sensor provides higher pedestrian detection performance in a more compact module. More frequent radio waves emission also detects obstacles with higher sensitivity, particularly pedestrians approaching from the sides. Furthermore, the product’s radar beam can be emitted over a wider angular range, without requiring a mechanism to adjust the angle, as with previous versions. This reduces its size by 60 percent compared to conventional radar sensors, thereby allowing for easier installation.
DENSO develops technologies and products that are core to helping create a society free from traffic accidents. Products like these will help deliver a safe and secure automotive society for all people around the world.


The Latest Intel Processors Lead the Charge to Enhanced Industrial Automation
July 25, 2023
Machine vision has revolutionized industrial automation by facilitating crucial tasks like pick-and-place machine positioning, object sorting, and product defect detection.
With the advent of Alder Lake-S processors, the landscape of industrial automation and machine vision is being redefined. These processors feature a hybrid design, improved graphics, support for DDR5, and AI acceleration, ushering in a new era of possibilities. Moreover, embedded variants of the Alder Lake-S processors are now available, offering a comprehensive suite of features specifically tailored for machine vision system consolidation.
The robust feature set of the 12th generation Intel Core processors presents an extraordinary opportunity for the field of machine vision. With the advanced capabilities and performance offered by these processors, machine vision technology can undergo a paradigm shift, enabling system designers to completely rethink their architectures. This, in turn, leads to a wide range of advantages, including cost reduction, decreased energy consumption, a smaller physical footprint, and ultimately delivering enhanced value to customers.


(a) To construct a ray diagram we use two rays which are so chosen that it is easy to know their directions after reflection from the mirror. List two such rays and state the path of these rays after reflection in case of concave mirrors. Use these two rays and draw ray diagram to locate the image of an object placed between pole and focus of a concave mirror.
(b) A concave mirror produces three times magnified image on a screen. If the object is placed 20 cm in front of the mirror, how far is the screen from the object?


Kessil, a company that focuses primarily on LED lighting in the horticulture industry, just joined the LED aquarium lighting side with their Kessil A150w fixture. The new LED fixture of Kessil, unlike the name suggests, only uses 36 watts and utilizes a single 30W, Kessil brand LED (DEX 2100). Since the fixture uses their own branded LED we are not sure about lumen or PAR output (we suspect equivalent to a 150w metal halide), but we will try report more on that later. The new Kessil LED fixture appears to be very compact at only 4.49 in. x 2.48 in., and relies on
passive active cooling with an internal heat sink and fan. The fixture comes in 10,000K, 15,000K, and 20,000K and should retail around $260. Keep reading for the full press release along with some pictures and a video.
Kessil Lighting Debuts A150W LED Aquarium Light in Three Spectrums
Richmond, CA—Continually finding new ways to apply Dense Matrix LED™ technology, Kessil is proud to present the new A150W LED aquarium light. With its innovative designand high quality, radiant light, it uses an advanced LED platform to offer light for aquariums,expanding Kessil’s market reach to beyond the horticulture industry.
Using the same reliable, high power core technology of other Kessil products, A150W emulatesa point source that is intensely bright and able to reach to the bottom of the tank. It also providesthe highly sought after shimmer effects of a metal halide without the excess power consumptionand heat.
The three specially created spectrums of A150W bring out the beauty of blue water and vividcolors of coral. The SKY BLUE model spectrum emits light similar to a 10000 K light, allowingwater to sparkle while providing coral with optimized wavelengths. The OCEAN BLUE model’sunique mix of wavelengths closely resembles a 15000 K light, producing a natural looking lightfor a brighter tank. Finally, the DEEP OCEAN BLUE model’s special blend of wavelengthssimulates a 20000 K light for a deep blue color.
The OCEAN BLUE is available now in online and retail stores. The SKY BLUE and DEEPOCEAN BLUE models will be available in May. For more information on A150W, please visit: http://www.kessil.com/products/a150_led_aquarium_light.php.
[youtube width=”640″ height=”390″]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-unYD7SaDvg&feature=player_embedded[/youtube]


Surefire Tactician 6V
This groundbreaking light is designed for maximum versatility, serving as both an everyday carry light and an improvised weapon light. The Tactician's dual-output LED is paired with a proprietary reflector to create our MaxVision(TM) Beam, a useful wall of light that fills in the space around you. Hand-tighten its front bezel to set the light to deliver all 800 lumens for longer-range or tactical tasks; rotate counterclockwise a quarter-turn for 5 lumens of light for those tasks requiring less light and more runtime. Either setting is activated in momentary-on mode with a press of the tail cap; twist for constant-on mode. A lightweight but durable aerospace-aluminum body is knurled for a secure grip, and a Mil-Spec hard anodized finish protects against abrasion and corrosion. Because you're going to want to take this portable powerhouse with you just about everywhere you go, it features a robust pocket clip for secure bezel-up carry in a pocket, pack, or purse.
- Highly versatile light
- Dual-output LED
- Either setting is activated in momentary-on mode with a press of the tail cap
- twist for constant-on mode


Photonics Online just published the fourth in a series of educational articles from Jimani, Laser Marking 401: Pricing a Fiber Laser Marking System!
In this article we tackle the question, “How much does a fiber laser marker cost?” One of our most frequently asked questions, the answer depends on the application and configuration of the system. Determining the cost and configuration requires you to know a number of important pieces of information like the material you intend to mark, marking area, and other questions about the specific application and configuration requirements.
You can read the full article here. Learn more about the entire series below.
Laser Marking 301: Marking Techniques discusses the three main types of marking techniques (ablation, engraving, and staining) in detail including common applications and advantages of each style.
Laser Marking 201: Laser Marking Various Types of Products is a continuation of the first article we published a few months ago. The piece covers fiber laser marking basics of marking marks on various types of surfaces including flat, large flat surfaces round, and stepped parts.
Click here to read Laser Marking 101: The Basics of Steered Beam Laser Marking Systems. The piece covers a wide range of fiber laser marking basics. From a basic overview of how fiber laser marking works to a video demonstration of laser marking in action, this piece is a great starting place for anyone interested in learning more about fiber laser marking.
Contact us for all of your laser marking system and job shop needs.


Ⅰ. What matters should be paid attention to in advertising ultra-thin light boxes?When making a light box or pasting words, it is necessary to distinguish which side is against the wall, and the lowe...Read More >
Ⅰ. What are the precautions in the installation process of advertising led ultra-thin light box?Before installing the ultra-thin light box, we must pay attention to it, that is, to determine its inst...Read More >
Ⅰ. The advantages of LED fabric light boxThe biggest feature of the LED fabric light box is that it is very fashionable, and the function of planning is also very vivid. The vivid experience makes my...Read More >
The lighting effect of the flashing and staying of the LED light box effectively improves people's visual impact, improves the utilization rate of advertising unit area, and the advertising effect is very significant.
Because the LED poster light box is fashionable and beautiful, and the advertising effect is strong, it is favored by the majority of businesses. However, the maintenance of LED light boxes has become a big problem, and many merchants do not know how to maintain and maintain light boxes. The light box has not been maintained for a long time, and its service life has been drastically reduced. Here, Shanghai JinYu New Materials Co., Ltd. will explain the maintenance and maintenance of LED light boxes to extend the service life of the light boxes.
1. Storage. The LED should be stored in a dry and ventilated environment, the storage temperature is -40℃ to 100℃, and the relative humidity is below 85%. This places higher requirements on the outer packaging of the LED light box, and this factor must be considered if the light box is placed in a colder environment. In addition, pay attention to the waterproof performance of the light box, and take measures to prevent waterlogging in order to extend the service life of the LED light box.
2. Clean. When cleaning the LED light box, you must be very careful. If some LED light boxes are not waterproof, they are prone to water seepage. And LED lamps cannot be cleaned with unknown chemical liquids, because that may damage the surface and even cause colloidal cracking.
In fact, the service life of the LED light box itself is very long. As long as it is properly installed and daily cleaning and maintenance are done, the LED light box can be used for a long time.


SHOT 2017: The B Series of Optics From U.S. Optics
Rob Reed 02.01.17
U.S. Optics is known for their high quality rifle scopes. At the 2017 SHOT Show the company introduced their new B series of optics made up of the B10, the B17, and the B25 scopes.
The B10 is a 1.8 – 10x magnification scope:
The B17 is a 3.2 – 17x magnification scope:
The B25 is a 5 – 25x magnification scope:
In the video a U.S. Optics rep goes over the features of the U.S. Optics B series scopes.


The measurement of rough surface topography using coherence scanning interferometry
reportposted on 04.10.2013, 13:16 authored by Jon PetzingJon Petzing, Jeremy CouplandJeremy Coupland, Richard K. Leach
This guide describes good practice for the measurement and characterisation of rough surface topography using coherence scanning interferometry (commonly referred to as vertical scanning white light interferometry). It is aimed at users of coherence scanning interferometry for the optical measurement of surface texture within production and research environments. The general guidelines described herein can be applied to the measurement of rough surfaces exhibiting different types of surface topography. For the purpose of this guide, the definition of a rough surface is one that has features with heights ranging from approximately 10 nm to less than 100 µm
This Measurement Good Practice Guide has been produced and funded as part of the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Grand Challenge “Project 3D-Mintegration”.
- Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering


Theory and simulation, multiple scattering methods for photons, phonons, electrons
Layer multiple scattering method
Multiple scattering is an old method to solve wave propagation. The concept is very efficient for arrays of scatterers and the basic theory can be adapted to solve electron, photon or phonon propagation in complex media. We are developing multiple scattering methods in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Athens http://scholar.uoa.gr/nstefan/home to study light, sound, and electron propagation in complex periodic structures.
For photons and phonons a layer multiple scattering method is used so that the structure is divided in periodic layers and the scattering properties within each layer is described through the corresponding scattering matrix. The layers consist of arrays of individual scatterers and spherical expansions are used to describe the scattering in each layer. For a short description of the method look at, the a recent publication and references therein.
Panagiotidis E, Almpanis E, Stefanou N, Papanikolaou N. Multipolar interactions in Si sphere metagratings. Journal of Applied Physics. 2020;128(9):093103
The same method can be used for electrons. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/304


Huntington Beach, CA, August 01, 2014 --(PR.com
)-- The new Krystal 950 clip-on brings superior low-light performance to daytime riflescopes with no loss of zero.
The sleek new housing design provides improved light transference to the image intensifier tube, while new multi-coated HD optics boost contrast and clarity by more than 25% over the original D-930 clip-on sight.
Available with two rear aperture options (standard – 24mm and large – 34mm), users can expect magnification capability as high as 25x when paired with high quality day optics. A built-in manual gain control allows for on-the-fly image brightness adjustments. The Krystal 950 can be mounted directly to the front objective of the daytime riflescope with a custom Night Optics throw-lever adapter or to the picatinny rail with the included rail mount adapter.
The Krystal 950 is available with large or standard rear aperture sizes, generation 2+ Black and White and Generation 3 Gated with manual gain. Package contents include: Krystal 950 Clip-on sight, picatinny rail mount or optional throw-lever adapter, padded soft pouch or optional hard case, lens cover, lens cloth and operator manual. Suggested retail pricing starts at just $4449.99.
To learn more about this product as well as other great Night Optics products visit the company website: nightoptics.com or call (714) 899-4475.


A novel method for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhanced circular dichroism (CD), circular birefringence (CB), and degree of polarization (Dep) detection is proposed using Stokes-Mueller matrix polarimetry technique. The validity of the analytical model is confirmed by means of numerical simulations, and the simulation results show that the proposed detection method for CB and CD has a sensitivity of 10-5 RIU and 10-4 RIU (refractive index unit) for refractive indices in the range of 1.3~1.4, respectively. The practical feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experimental results for detecting the CB/CD/Dep with the glucose-chlorophyllin compound samples contained polystyrene microsphere particles. It is shown that the extracted CB value decreases linearly with glucose concentration over the considered range while the extracted CD value increases linearly with the chlorophyll concentration over the considered range. In general, the results obtained in this study show that the measured CB and CD response is highly sensitive to the polarization scanning angle. Consequently, the potential of Stokes-Mueller matrix polarimetry for highresolution in CB/CD/Dep detection is confirmed.
Conference Presentations are recordings of oral presentations given at SPIE conferences and published as part of the conference proceedings. They include the speaker's narration along with a video recording of the presentation slides and animations. Many conference presentations also include full-text papers. Search and browse our growing collection of more than 14,000 conference presentations, including many plenary and keynote presentations.
Study of self-shadowing effect as a simple means to realize nanostructured thin films and layers with special attentions to birefringent obliquely deposited thin films and photo-luminescent porous silicon


Grow Light, Medical Disposable Protective Clothing, Disposable Gloves manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Remoted LED Grow Light Tubes Full Spectrum Grow Lamp for Hydroponic Indoor Plants Home Veg and Flower, Commercial Horticulture Fluence Full Spectrum LED Grow Light for Medical Plants Herbs, LED Grow Light 680W/880W/960W Full Spectrum Lights for Greenhouse Indoor Plants and so on.
|Main Products:||Grow Light , Medical Disposable Protective Clothing , Disposable Gloves , LED Flood Light , ...|
|Registered Capital:||50000000 RMB|
|Plant Area:||>2000 square meters|
|Management System Certification:||ISO 9001, ISO 9000, BSCI|
|Average Lead Time:||
Peak season lead time: 1-3 months
Off season lead time: 1-3 months
HESUNY (Shenzhen HSY LED Co., Ltd) was founded in 2003. It had more than 12 years′ experience in LED lighting sales, development, production for worldwide market. With a staff of 1000 people at our facility, the production, warehouse and office areas cover over 333, 35 square meters. There are 120 engineers in HESUNY, and it had got 200 lighting patents.
HESUNY both specialized in indoor lighting and outdoor lighting. We are starting at the panel lighting and down lighting, with developing of the ...


The black 14.2-megapixel Sony Alpha DSLR-A550 digital SLR camera takes crystal clear images, especially in low-light conditions. The A550 has a sensor-processor combination that enables it to capture seven frames per second, which lets you take clear pictures of fast-moving objects. You can immediately see the images you capture on the camera's 921,000-pixel Xtra Fine LCD display. Transferring the pictures you take to your computer is simple, too. By attaching the USB cord to your camera and computer, you can transfer up to 1,500 14-megapixel images in just 26 minutes. The Sony Alpha DSLR-A550 features a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, so you do not have to keep buying new batteries.


Fiber optic lighting usually lasts longer than incandescent lighting. This is because fiber optic lighting systems often use LED bulbs, which have lifespans of around 50,000 hours, as opposed to incandescent bulbs, which have lifespans of 750 to 1,000 hours.
Fiber optic lighting systems use optical fibers to transmit light from a light source to an illumination point. Optical fibers are mainly composed of a core, which transmits the light, and optical cladding, which keeps the light contained within the fiber. The light can shine from the end of the fiber like a spotlight or shine from the outside of the fiber along its length to mimic the look of neon lighting. Fiber optic lighting systems are ideal for display lighting because they produce very little heat, which can damage precious objects.


Steiner 25x80 Observer Binoculars
August 01, 2005
The 25x80 Observer binoculars feature 25-power magnification and 80mm objective lenses to take in a maximum amount of light for clear images. The binoculars come with a tripod mount, lens caps for the objective lenses, a dust/rain cover for the eyepiece, and a neck strap for convenience.
For more information, click here
Request information about this product
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View your world in Full HD: You can get 1080p/960H smooth HD video with 1/2.9” SONY 2.4 MP CMOS Sensor.
Full compatible: With CVBS/TVI/AHD/CVI video output, this camera will definitely compatible with your current security system.
A larger viewing area: 2.8 -12mm Vari-focal lens with wide view angle. You won’t miss any details.
Great night vision: Night vision range up to 130ft (40m) in ambient lighting & 100ft (30m) in total darkness.
Outdoor monitoring: Weatherproof for outdoor & indoor installation (IP66 Rated) Low Profile Metal Design: Residential and business friendly compact design.


Through-Focus Scanning Optical Microscopy (TSOM) is an imaging method that produces nanometer-scale three-dimensional measurement sensitivity using a conventional bright-field optical microscope. TSOM has been introduced and maintained by Ravikiran Attota at NIST. It was given an R&D 100 Award in 2010. In the TSOM method a target is scanned through the focus of an optical microscope, acquiring conventional optical images at different focal positions. The TSOM images are constructed using the through-focus optical images. A TSOM image is unique under given experimental conditions and is sensitive to changes in the dimensions of a target in a distinct way, which is very well applicable in nanoscale dimensional metrology. The TSOM method is alleged to have several nanometrology applications ranging form nanoparticles to through-silicon-vias (TSV).
The National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, produced a short on the TSOM method.


The varmint rifle night scope is a piece of gear that any hunter or outdoor enthusiast should consider adding to their gear. It is a piece that can make your hunt more efficient, make you more accurate, and help you to kill more games.
For anyone who does not know how to use a varmint rifle night scope, this article is for you.
By providing you with a few helpful tips, you should be able to get started on using your varmint rifle night scope in no time. Read on!
What is a Varmint Rifle Night Scope?
A varmint rifle night scope is also referred to as a varmint scope, a night vision scope, or a sniper scope. It is a type of spotting scope that is designed for shooting varmints such as tree rats and coyotes. With a higher quality scope, it has been designed to shoot these small targets at long range.
These night vision scopes are usually found on the rifles of varmint hunters and are designed to allow them to see the target in low-light conditions, while still having the benefit of the rifle’s scope. It uses a prism that allows the hunter to have a clear image.
Sometimes, the scope is mounted to the air gun like nightforce shv, atn x, and sightmark wraith hd and can be used to fire the rifle without having to remove it from the rifle. Also, the scope is often mounted to a 12x lens, but can be mounted to a 16x, 20x, and even 42x lens.
Moreover, a varmint rifle night scope is a lot like a rifle scope, but it’s used for shooting small animals like rabbits and deer, and not for hunting large animals. They often come in a variety of sizes and prices, so you are sure to be able to find one that suits your needs.
Features of an Ideal Varmint Rifle Night Scope
The varmint rifle night scope is a fantastic tool that is designed for hunters to offer a better view of their target. However, before learning how to go varmint hunting, you must ensure your best night vision scopes have all the following features.
- A Good Night Scope
One of the most important features of a varmint rifle is a good night scope. If you’re going to take your varmint rifle to the field, you’ll need a good night scope. Good night vision scopes will help you see things at night beyond the range of your eyes. You’ll be able to spot varmints, games, and predators at a distance, and this will help you conserve your ammunition.
In addition, a good varmint rifle night scope should also be able to make out shapes, colors, and movement. With a good night vision weapon sight, you’ll be able to see things in the distance and distinguish between a deer and a man. You’ll also be able to make out tree branches, rocks, and other objects.
- Infrared Light
A varmint rifle night scope is designed to use infrared light for light transmission that allows you to see clearly in the dark. The thermal scope has a built-in laser that helps the hunter identify the target.
- Large Objective Lens
The large objective lens of this riflescope can produce a wider field of view which makes it great for hog hunting, deer hunting, and even coyote hunting
The rifle scopes also have a built-in ballistic calculator that makes it easier to determine the distance to a target. The rifle scopes are a great option because they are affordable, durable, and multi-coated. It is a great choice for a varmint hunter.
- Rubberized Coating
The riflescope is designed with a rubberized coating to help reduce the vibration and increase your accuracy.
How to Use Varmint Rifle Night Scope
To use a varmint rifle night scope, you first need to know how to use it.
- Mount the Night Scope On Your Rifle
First, you will need to find a spot on your rifle where you can mount the night scope
You should find a good spot on your rifle where you want the scope mount to be, such as on the front of the barrel. You should then make sure that the scope is level by adjusting the mounts on the scope. Finally, you should make sure that the scope is not going to interfere with your rifle sights.
- Zero Your Scope
The first step is to zero your scope. This is done by holding your weapon up to the sky and aligning a red dot on the target. You want to make sure that the rifle action is clear and will not be blocked by the scope.
- Make Zooming Adjustments
The second step is to adjust your magnification settings. According to AccurateoOrdnance, for distance 300 yards you should choose a magnification power 4-12x for varmint hunting. To do this, you need to look through the scope and adjust the elevation and windage settings until the target is in focus. In other words, zoom in on the target and make any necessary external correction.
- Zero In To Your Target
Then, make sure your reticle is level, your crosshairs are centered on the target, and that your target is actually in the center of the crosshair ii. Next, turn on their night scope and use the illuminated reticle to spot the target.
5. Balance Your Stance
Next, you need to understand how to shoot with a varmint rifle. To shoot, you need to hold the rifle steady. This means you need to keep it down and away from your face. It is also important to make sure that your rifle is not pointing towards your head.
6. Prepare To Shoot
Finally, you need to understand how to hold your rifle. You need to hold your rifle properly with both hands. You need to have your thumbs on the pistol grip and your fingers around the trigger. With the rifle’s recoil-absorbing stock, gently squeeze the trigger, and fire a single shot
Things to Consider Before Buying a Varmint rifle Night Scope
If you’re considering buying a varmint rifle night scope, there are pros and cons you need to weigh before making your decision. Here are a few of them:
- Target Acquisition
The varmint rifle night scope is a compact rangefinder that is designed to give you a good view of the target you are aiming for. With this rifle, you can see a person up to a mile away.
The scope is small, lightweight, and stable to use; making it the best scope for a hunter.
A varmint rifle night scope is a rifle scope that is designed to be extremely durable, and long-lasting. While a regular scope will break or suffer from damage if not used properly, a varmint rifle night scope is built to withstand whatever is thrown at it.
- Perfect For Low-light Shooting
They also offer a wide field of view for quick and accurate shooting in low light conditions.
The scope is easy to use and the magnification size is perfect for the hunter alongside the Night Vision which provides a clear view of the target.
- Ideal For Training
A varmint night scope is the best way to train yourself and others on rifle shooting. It is not just another firearm accessory, it is a training tool that can help you improve your skills and teach you the basics since it is a tube-style muzzleloader that offers a great way to practice your skills as a hunter.
The goal of training with a night scope is to be able to see targets in the dark, something that can be difficult when you are wearing night vision goggles. A night scope also has a few other advantages.
Also, not only does it let you see how your air rifle will react to different shooting positions but also lets you see how your rifle performs in terms of accuracy.
- A varmint rifle night scope allows you to target a varmint at night, but it has some cons.
- The biggest con of using a varmint rifle night vision scope is that it is not as good as a traditional riflescope.
- One disadvantage that may be of concern to some shooters is that the scope makes a lot of noise
- It is not a safe rifle to use for hunting if you have no experience with it. So an expert should put you through it before you start using it.
- Another disadvantage is that it is pricey and may not be affordable by all.
There is not much to say about this rifle, but it is a great tool for any hunter. Remember,
A varmint rifle night scope is designed to have a long eye relief. This means that you’ll be able to see your target without having to get too close. It is important to keep your rifle at a distance, but it is also important to be able to see what you’re shooting at.
However, if you are looking for a scope that is easy to use and provides a great view of the target, you should consider using varmint night vision scopes.


Thermal imaging cameras can visualize and pinpoint gas leaks without the need to shut down the operation. With an optical gas imaging camera it is easy to continuously scan installations that are in remote areas or in zones that are difficult to access. Continuous monitoring means that you will immediately be informed when a dangerous or costly gas leak appears so that immediate action can be taken.
Gain a greater understanding of optical gas imaging (OGI) technology and how it can help you find and repair gas leaks quickly, saving time, money, and the environment. This new iBook offers: