Acid Reflux Diet: Acid Reflux Into Mouth. Acid reflux blog, Heal your acid reflux today.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease – IMA Endoscopy SurgiCenter, PC, entered into a co-management agreement with Methodist Hospitals. Cathy Reed was suffering from acid reflux, also known as GERD, when she read about the transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF).
Heartburn, regurgitation, and dyspepsia are a few of the most common acid reflux symptoms. Symptoms of acid reflux may be a sign that stomach acid.
List of 7 disease causes of Acute acid reflux into mouth, patient stories, diagnostic guides. Diagnostic checklist, medical tests, doctor questions, and related signs.
As science discovers new ways to treat acid reflux, tradition has come up with several effective herbal remedies. These remedies are natural and commonly available in.
Could this have been caused by my acid reflux? What can I do about it? DEAR READER: Yes, it could, and there are treatments. First, some explanation. The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food from the mouth, through.
11 Surprising Symptoms of Acid Reflux. which occurs because stomach acid is splashing into the esophagus, is a classic acid reflux. If your mouth all of.
Nov 18, 2015. Heartburn is felt as a burning pain that spreads from the upper stomach, or from the area behind the breastbone, up into the throat. As well as acid reflux and heartburn, GERD can also be associated with problems swallowing. Other possible symptoms include a burning sensation in your throat, a bad taste.
Gastroesophageal reflux, also known as acid reflux, occurs when the stomach contents reflux or back up into the esophagus and/or mouth. Reflux is a normal process.
People now also need to be aware of another danger that causes permanent and severe loss of tooth structure, acid reflux-induced erosion, a condition that occurs when stomach contents reflux into the mouth, according to a study that appeared in the March/April 2009 issue of General Dentistry, the Academy of General.
The esophagus is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. can also be commonly seen in individuals who have acid reflux disease without Barrett’s esophagus. These symptoms can easily be treated by over.
You may have acid reflux Acid reflux is a common problem that many. which involves passing a thin video camera through the mouth, down the esophagus and into the stomach. This is a brief test, performed under light sedation,
Acid reflux could be affected by heartburn. Search for causes & get treatment.
Acid reflux 101: Common causes, symptoms and. tasting acid backing up into your throat or mouth. rather stomach acid from reflux getting into.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long- term condition where stomach contents come back up into the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or complications. Symptoms include the taste of acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn, bad breath, chest pain, vomiting, breathing problems.
Acid reflux can shoot up into the. Acid Reflux in Nose (LPR): Cause, Solutions, Long. I have been experiencing burning in the stomach chest throat mouth and.
If you've been diagnosed with gastroesophageal acid reflux disease, or GERD, GERD causes stomach acids to back up into the esophagus and sometimes into the mouth.
It results from reflux (backward flow) of the stomach contents into the esophagus and causes trouble symptoms at least two times a week. Reflux of infectious agents, chemical. ~a procedure in which a thin tube is placed in the esophagus , through the mouth, to measure acid levels and the pH. Esophageal manometry.
"Angular stomatitis is when small cracks or cuts appear at the corners of your mouth. These can be a sign. "However, if you have GORD, stomach acid is able to leak back up into the oesophagus causing acid reflux (heartburn). Alcohol.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) does not close properly and stomach contents leak back, or reflux, into the.
Bad Stomach Acid After Alcohol Pill Vomiting Indigestion often goes away on its own after a few hours. Avoid foods with a lot of acid, since smoking can irritate your stomach. Cut back on alcohol. Measurements should be conducted 3 days after the administration of 10 μM of ACR alone. Prevention of second. Measurements should be conducted 3 days after the administration
"Acid reflux is when the acid that is in the stomach travels up into the esophagus," said Dr. Jenine Paner, a doctor of osteopathic medicine in family medicine at Renown Medical Group. "The esophagus is the tube which connects the.
Or that sour or bitter-tasting acid. into the throat or mouth; and excess salivation. Symptoms can occur outside of the esophagus as well. “Cough, chest pain, laryngitis and asthma symptoms can occur concurrently in patients with acid.
How to Treat Acid Reflux Naturally. Hyperacidity, as known as acid reflux or heartburn, is the irritation of the esophagus that results when acid from the stomach is.
Learn about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD, acid reflux, heartburn) symptoms like heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, and nausea. Diet, causes, diagnosis.
When the LES relaxes too often or for too long, stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. This causes vomiting or heartburn. Everyone has reflux from time to time. If you have ever burped and had an acid taste in your mouth, you have had reflux. Sometimes the LES relaxes at the wrong times. Often your child will just.
Chest pain, which occurs because stomach acid is splashing into the esophagus, is a classic acid reflux symptom. But the pain can last longer and be more intense than.
The terms heartburn, acid reflux, and GERD are often used interchangeably. They actually have very different meanings.
Acid reflux is the entry of acid and digestive enzymes from the stomach into the esophagus. This may be caused by abnormal. Mouth Odor. Vomiting. Noisy Breathing. My dog over the past few months has started to puke very randomly and suddenly. It is projectile and little amounts. It smells very bad and so does her.
Aug 24, 2017. Heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux). If it keeps happening, it's called. heartburn – a burning sensation in the middle of your chest; an unpleasant sour taste in your mouth, caused by stomach acid. You may also have: a cough or.
Sep 12, 2017. More on non-acidic reflux here. So what is the difference between LPR and GERD? Well, LPR is when the stomach acid gets past both your sphincters and end up in your throat, mouth, and sometimes even up into the back of your nose. GERD is when the stomach acid remains in the chest unable to get.
Acid reflux is painful. Food and acid splash into the esophagus and cause belching, heartburn and, in some severe cases, chest pains. Some individuals have.
Acid reflux is caused by acidic digestive juices creeping up from the stomach and entering back into the esophagus. An acid reflux diet can help symptoms.
The primary symptom of GERD and acid reflux is a lot of pain and discomfort. The symptoms of these two conditions are very similar but you can view GERD as the second phase of acid reflux. GERD pain is the result of a cauterization of the esophageal lining which again is a result of acid reflux. To go into more detail,
Read the typical and severe symptoms of acid reflux disease along with the medical and dietary GERD treatment options. in which acid is forced out of the intestines and back up the esophagus – the 'pipe' which food goes down when you swallow it, which leads into your intestines. Excessive saliva in the mouth.
Xylimelts for Dry Mouth can help reduce acid reflux and heartburn at night according to this study in the Journal of. It occurs when acid "back-flows" into the.
INTRODUCTION. Gastroesophageal reflux, also called acid reflux, occurs when the stomach contents back up (reflux) into the esophagus or mouth. Acid reflux is a.
WebMD provides an overview of acid reflux disease, including symptoms, causes, Regurgitation: a sour or bitter-tasting acid backing up into your throat or mouth;
The pain results from the irritating effects of stomach acid on the esophagus wall, which does not have the same natural protection from acid as does the stomach. A number of individuals also describe a sensation of food or liquid coming up into the throat or mouth (regurgitation), especially when bending over or lying down.
Acid reflux occurs when stomach contents moves backward into the esophagus. It’s also called acid regurgitation or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). Acid reflux is a.
See Gaviscon® Work to Block Stomach Acid by Forming a Foam Barrier!
Acid reflux occurs when the esophageal sphincter connecting the esophagus to the stomach does not function properly, allowing stomach digest to move.
Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when food, liquid, or acid from your child's stomach backs up into his or her esophagus. Heartburn (burning pain in his or her chest or below the breast bone) that usually occurs after meals; Bitter or acid taste in the mouth; Upper abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting; Dry cough, hoarseness.
Pharmacy shelves are full of medications for reflux "heartburn." Most of us know the symptoms: a burning sensation in the chest with belching, sour stomach fluid coming up into the mouth — or worse yet, awakening suddenly choking.
If acid does move up into your mouth and lungs, it can cause bad breath, asthma and dental problems because the acid can rot teeth and cause vocal cord problems. What can you do to prevent this reflux? Lose weight. Extra fat puts.
that stops acid from backing-up into the esophagus. Dr. Summers inserts an endoscope equipped with an esophy-x device through the patients mouth. The device uses the patient’s tissue to create the valve between the stomach and.
Apple cider vinegar and acid reflux do not mix! An ACV tonic before meals along with some dietary and lifestyle changes is a natural way to alleviate heartburn symptoms.
Chronic acid reflux, occurs when stomach acid leaks up into the. If you do have an acid reflux episode, rinse your mouth out thoroughly with water to remove.
Jun 29, 2009. But the stomach inflammation that results from bile reflux often causes a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen that is not felt with acid reflux, Thus, as food and liquids pass through the digestive process, they normally travel from the mouth to the throat, then down the esophagus into the stomach,
also lurks behind acid reflux. But more than that, even healthy people who exercise wisely can suffer from this if they make these following mistakes. When you lie down immediately after a large meal, the digestive tract gets into a go.
. happens when stomach acid flows back up into your esophagus — the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. With acid reflux, you may get a taste of food or sour liquid at the back of your mouth, feel chest pain or pressure, or.
Oct 19, 2016. Bile reflux is a condition in which bile backs up into the stomach and the esophagus (the tube connecting stomach and mouth). Bile is an important agent that aids in digestion. It is produced by the liver. Bile reflux may accompany acid reflux, but the two are separate conditions. Unlike acid reflux, bile reflux.
You can prevent or relieve your symptoms from GERD by changing your diet. Following this comprehensive guide to an effective acid reflux diet and relief.
Learn more about acid reflux, a condition that occurs when stomach acids back up into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
The causes, symptoms and treatment options for infant acid reflux, gastric / gastroesophageal reflux and GER in babies and newborns.
Acid reflux is a condition in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus and even up to the throat, irritating their lining tissues.
I was recently diagnosed with acid reflux. You have the same thing I have, LPR Reflux. I have mucos and acid coming up into my mouth all day long.
Learn about heartburn, a burning sensation in the throat from acid reflux. Symptoms of heartburn include chest pain, burning in the throat, and difficulty swallowing.
WebMD provides an overview of acid reflux disease, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatments, and helpful diet and lifestyle tips.
Apr 1, 2016. Acid reflux is where the lower oesophageal sphincter is abnormally relaxed and allows the stomach's acidic contents to flow back into the oesophagus. The acid reflux may reach the pharynx (throat) and mouth. The oesophagus remains wide open which allows stomach acid to get into the oesophagus.
Bile reflux occurs when bile — a digestive liquid produced in your liver — backs up (refluxes) into your stomach and the tube that connects your mouth and stomach.
GERD stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease, which is the backflow of stomach contents (including stomach acid) upward into the esophagus (the swallowing tube that extends from the mouth to the stomach and sits behind the breast bone). The lining of the stomach protects the stomach from the effects of its own acids.
May 28, 2016. "A fair number of people with acid reflux experience a sour taste in their mouth," Schnoll-Sussman says. It may also seem. One is that cough happens as a protective measure when tiny amounts of acid reaches—and is slightly breathed into—the larynx, which acts as an air passage to the lungs. The other.
. actually reflux back up into the esophagus, it causes a variety of different symptoms," he said. Fink says most people suffering from acid reflux disease feel classic symptoms like heartburn or an acidic taste in the mouth. Others have.
In addition, while individuals are awake, they repeatedly swallow, whether or not there is reflux. Each swallow carries any refluxed liquid back into the stomach. Finally, the salivary glands in the mouth produce saliva, which contains bicarbonate. With each swallow, bicarbonate-containing saliva travels down the esophagus.
List of 28 causes for Acid reflux into mouth and Regurgitation, alternative diagnoses, rare causes, misdiagnoses, patient stories, and much more.


As far back as the 1800’s, the Armenian people were often treated harshly by the Turks, and were regarded as second- class citizens within the region. Groups of people such as the Armenians, Jews, and Greeks were often told to wore distinctive clothing that told others that they were not of ‘pure descent’. This all led to a massive superiority complex on the Turk’s behalf. In the 1890s, the Turks won a large portion of Russia for themselves, and several treaties were signed that were for the protection of the Armeneian people s a result of the ‘win’. Although this was the case, the documents were incredibly vgue, and the Turks continud to mistreat the people. Some civil uprisings occurred becaus of the harsh treatment. The sultan of the region decided to end the uprisings before they began and ordered the execution of over two thousand Armenian people, which set the reasoning behind the genoide that would take place. Upon the brink of World War One, the Turkish government believed that the problems of civil unrest that were cropping up within the nation would cease to exist if there were no more Armenian people left. The government began to send people to ‘re-location’ walks through a desert, over two thirds of the Armenian population died between those events.


Monograph 13 – Road fatalities among older pedestrians
Road fatalities among older pedestrians Pedestrians represent a significant component of Australias total road deaths. Of 1,737 deaths throughout Australia in 2001, about one-in-six (290) were pedestrians. This monograph provides a statistical overview of a major contributor to the pedestrian toll - people aged 65 years and older.
Figure 1 shows the age and gender profile of total pedestrian road fatalities during the past five years in Australia. It shows that the major contributors have been males aged 15 to 54 and males and females aged 65 and older.
The contribution from persons aged 65 and older is well in excess of what might be expected on the basis of their population share. Figure 2 shows the average rates of pedestrian fatalities per 100,000 population for individual age and gender groups during the past five years in Australia. Compared with average annual fatality rates of 0.6 or 0.7 fatalities per 100,000 persons for the safest groups - females aged below 55 - the rates for older people ranged up to 13.7 for males aged 85 and older.
Although people aged 65 and older represent less than one-eighth of the Australian population, they have contributed about one-third of total pedestrian deaths in recent years (93 of the 290 pedestrian fatalities in 2001).
This high toll reflects the greater reliance of older people on pedestrian travel, the perceptual, cognitive and physical deteriorations associated with ageing, and the older persons greater frailty and risk of death if hit by a motor vehicle.
Further, fatalities among older pedestrians are potentially set to grow substantially as Australias population ages over the next few decades. Recent population projections by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate that the share of Australias population aged 65 years and older will double to about 24% by the year 2041.
These facts demonstrate how important it is for Australian road safety practitioners to identify the characteristics of motor vehicle collisions involving older pedestrians and to reflect this knowledge in standards for roadway design and in other road safety countermeasures.
In time, such planning will need to focus most of all on the very elderly pedestrian. Projected population increase is greatest for this age group. If other factors remain unchanged, by the year 2041 about one-in-three fatally injured older pedestrians will be aged 85+ compared with about one-in-five at present.
A comprehensive table of information on older pedestrian fatalities is provided here, based on information extracted from the ATSBs holdings of coronial documentation about road crashes. The summary covers 393 of the 405 pedestrians aged 65 and older who were killed (in 402 collisions) on Australian roads between 1996 and 1999. The following key facts emerge from this material.
- People aged 65 and older feature prominently among Australias pedestrian road deaths.
- Pedestrian fatalities in this age group are potentially set to increase substantially as Australias population ages over the next few decades.
- The greatest population increase is projected for the very elderly. If other factors remain unchanged, by the year 2041 about one in every three older pedestrian fatalities will be aged 85 and older compared with about one in every five at present.
- Examination of coronial records between 1996 and 1999 indicates that older pedestrians were generally killed after coming into collision with a vehicle while attempting to cross the road in an urban area either on the far side of the road from the point entered (43%) or on the near side (43%).
- The deaths tended to be associated with complex traffic environments. They occurred predominantly in urban areas (96% of cases), commonly took place on carriageways with undivided streams of opposing traffic (64% of cases), and were mostly at locations subject to speed limits of 60 km/hr or less (81%).
- Only a small proportion of the deaths (5%) stemmed from risky road use on the part of the driver.
- Primary responsibility for the collision was fully attributable to the pedestrian in 72% of cases and partly attributable to the pedestrian in an additional 14% of cases.
- There was little evidence, however, of deliberately risky road use on the pedestrians part other than alcohol intoxication. About 11% of pedestrians had a blood alcohol concentration that would have made them ineligible to be in control of a motor vehicle, a much lower incidence than among their younger adult counterparts (60%).
- The deaths were predominantly attributed to unexplained unintentional errors on the pedestrians part. Although difficult to prove, perceptual, cognitive and physical deteriorations were probably implicated in many of these errors.
- These difficulties would have been exacerbated by the fact that only a small proportion of fatal road crossings had been attempted at a traffic control 15% at an intersection or pedestrian crossing controlled by traffic lights and 4% at a pedestrian crossing without lights.
- In at least 18% of cases, an intersection controlled by traffic lights or a pedestrian crossing had been available within 100 metres of the pedestrian attempting to cross the road but had not been used.
- Pedestrian errors would be expected to have more serious consequences in conditions of reduced visibility. Although the deaths occurred predominantly on straight stretches of road (86%) and in fine weather (88%), about one-third occurred at night, dawn or dusk, mostly in circumstances of poor street lighting or no street lighting at all. This contrasts with the fact that the majority of travel by older pedestrians occurs during daylight hours.
Download Complete Document: Ped_Age_2 [PDF: 78 KB]
Type: Research and Analysis Report
Sub Type: ATSB Monograph
Topics: Fatality, Pedestrian
Publication Date: 01/07/02


Student: Fraser Edgar
The aim of this project is to develop the concept of near-stoichiometric C-11 radiolabeling using a droplet based microfluidic reactor that will enable the rapid synthesis and purification of PET tracers.
- to develop a microfluidic platform for efficiently trapping volatile and reactive C-11 precursors (for example CH3I, CO2, CS2, CO, etc.)
- controlled measurement and reaction of precursor nanolitre droplets with radiolabelled synthons
- manipulation of radiolabelled droplets on a microfluidic platform for further reaction, analysis and/or purification and formulation.
- application of this labelling platform to relevant tracer molecules (for the development of new C-11 tracers and for the production of existing ones)
Despite the apparent small scale of PET radiolabelling reactions, typically within volumes ranging from 100-500 µL, the quantities of solvent and precursors are far exceed (~103-106) that of the radioisotope. This causes several key problems for high specific activity radiolabelling processes, these include: slow reaction rates (a result of such dilute radioisotopic solutions), the need to add excess cold precursors in order to improve reaction rates and the need to separate excesses of unreacted cold precursors and solvents post reaction. ‘Near-stoichiometric’ labelling reactions, whereby amounts of cold reagents and solvents are much lower than conventional labelling reactions, are an attractive route for PET labelling reactions because they would avoid the vast excesses of cold reagents, improve reaction kinetics and simplify purification procedures. However, to achieve such near-stoichiometric labelling reactions two key requirements need to be met: (i) an ~105 fold reduction in the amount of solvent used to dilute the radioactive precursor, giving concentrations on the order of 0.01M for viable reaction kinetics (ii) an extremely accurate way of measuring the small quantities of cold reagents required for such reactions, typically ~0.1-1 µg. By exploiting microfluidics, this project will achieve these two key requirements and thus lead to anticipated improvements in the labelling efficiency, purification, processing and formulation of PET tracers.
Although the advantages of microfluidics – small size, easy shielding and automation, rapid mixing and heat transfer – for radiolabelling have been recognised for some time, significant improvements in labelling reactions (radiochemical yields and purities) have not been made because most reactions are performed in a ‘flow system’ where reagents are pumped through a microchannel reactor. Under such flow processes, radioisotope solution concentrations are still dilute and present no significant advantage in reducing volumes or precursor concentrations. The recent development of nano and microdroplet generators is currently revolutionising high throughput chemical, biological and analytical techniques, with the potential to perform, process and analyse reactions on the nanomole scale. By applying the principle of nanoscale reactions to radiolabelling it should be possible to greatly reduce total reaction volumes of solvent and excessive quantities of cold reagents, and thus improve the overall efficiency of labelling reactions.
The basic design of the microfluidic reactor to achieve this is conceptually straightforward (see figure below in section 4) and it will perform the key steps of freeze trapping C-11 synthons, measuring a nanolitre volumes of cold precursors and reacting/processing the droplet reactions for collection and formulation, or for further reaction and/or analysis. The reactor will be tested initially for C-11 methyl iodide reactions since this is the most common C-11 reagent with excellent physical properties for freeze trapping (mp. -67 ºC, bp. 42 ºC) and further reaction, however, once the method is establish it is possible to envisage the application to other volatile and reactive C-11 synthons for the preparation of known and novel tracers.


Wireless sensors for N95 masks could enable easier, more accurate decontamination
“The technology can give users the confidence they deserve when reusing respirators or other PPE.”
Tiny wireless sensors for recycled N95 masks could verify, in real time, whether the respirators are being exposed to proper decontamination conditions.
They’re being developed and tested at the University of Michigan through a new National Science Foundation RAPID COVID-19 grant.
The batteryless sensors are designed to provide more accurate and less cumbersome monitoring during the decontamination of protective masks for medical workers. In an effort to ensure availability of N95 masks when supplies are still tight, the devices help to ensure sufficient heat and humidity is used in decontamination systems.
“Think of these wirelessly powered sensors as a turkey pop-up indicator for when decontamination is done,” says Kevin Fu, associate professor of computer science and engineering at U-M and lead on the project.
Previous studies have demonstrated that certain combinations of temperature and humidity are effective for decontaminating N95 masks adequately without damaging their performance or fit. Too much or too little intensity, however, can make a mask unsafe for continued use.
“The ovens used to decontaminate these masks can produce cold spots and dry spots, so it’s important to verify the decontamination conditions with a resolution of a few cubic inches,” Fu explains.
Current methods to achieve this accuracy are both labor-intensive and damage-prone. The most typical setup involves installing multiple wired sensors inside each of several dozen cubby holes designed to decontaminate one mask at a time. The result is an oven with a huge coil of wires draped through a portal, and an unwieldy setup for operators to work around. This project proposes replacing this with small, wireless chips that can be sprinkled in each cubby hole once and monitored with an adjacent device. The chips make use of energy-harvesting circuits from Fu’s past research on wirelessly powered and secure RFID sensors.
“We want to remove messy spaghetti wiring from the decontamination stations,” says Fu.
Because of the wire nuisance, these sensor setups are typically used for a brief calibrating phase early in the oven’s installation and then removed. Fu’s proposed solution can remain installed to allow ongoing monitoring of the oven’s calibration, as well as enable potential future features such as real-time feedback to the oven’s temperature control.
This project plugs into a larger national effort to provide guidance to healthcare professionals on best practices for decontaminating their personal protective equipment (PPE). Called N95decon.org, Fu contributed to the launch of the effort and was later joined by Nancy Love, the Borchardt and Glysson Collegiate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and nearly 60 other scientists, engineers, students, and clinicians around the world.
Love is working on a project comparing various mask decontamination methods. That work could potentially benefit from Fu’s wireless sensors.
“The wireless, batteryless sensors confirm when heat, humidity and time targets have been met for decontamination,” says Love. “The technology can give users the confidence they deserve when reusing respirators or other PPE.”
The researchers hope the sensors will prove to be a more scalable method for monitoring mask decontamination, ultimately cutting down on wasted time and resources across the country.
“We need this science and technology so healthcare workers can return their focus to patient care instead of worrying about masks,” says Manu Prakash, professor of biomedical engineering at Stanford University and leader of the N95decon.org team.
Fu says this project has broader application to related domains for COVID-19 such as decontamination of automotive fleets, public transportation, and passenger aircraft by reducing the cumbersome and unsightly wiring to inconspicuous canary sensors that verify the environmental conditions needed for decontamination.
Fu has held leadership roles in trustworthy healthcare and cybersecurity, including a past $10M NSF Frontiers Award for THAW.org, the $15M SHARPS.org project for the Department of Health and Human Services, and his industrially-funded Archimedes Center for Medical Device Security at secure-medicine.org.
The project is a joint effort between Fu, PhD student Yan Long, and Co-PI Dr. Sara Rampazzi, who recently accepted a tenure-track position at the University of Florida.


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A subspecies of the southern skua (Catharacta antarctica) has undergone a massive population crash in the Falklands, declining by almost 50% over the past five years according to a new study.
Also known as the Falkland skua, the ultimate cause of this subspecies’ decline on New Island, in the west of the Falkland Islands, is unknown. However, it seems to be linked with chronic low breeding success in recent years.
New Island houses the largest known colony of the Falkland skua, a large, gull-like, ground-nesting seabird.
Two surveys of the skuas nesting on New Island were conducted in 2004 and 2009 by Dr Paulo Catry of the Museum of Natural History in Lisbon, Portugal, along with colleagues from Portugal and the UK. The results are published in the journal Polar Biology.
“Although brown skuas have been the subject of many studies, virtually nothing has been done on the Falklands subspecies,” says Dr Catry.
Low breeding success
The surveys revealed that overall, the number of Falkland skua territories on New Island reduced by 47.5% in the five years between the two surveys.
The decline on New Island has raised some serious concerns. Dr Catry emphasises that “Long-lived seabirds like skuas usually change their numbers slowly and this situation cannot be considered as ‘normal’.”
Skuas are ground-nesting birds which generally have a high breeding success, with each pair raising a chick a year on average. However, the researchers found that pairs of the Falkland skua on New Island have a far lower success rate, producing as few as 0.28 chicks on average each year.
Even more surprising is that other seabirds nesting on the same island have not shown similar declines over the same period.
Exploring possible options
It is currently unclear as to whether the decline in reproductive success of the Falkland skua has been accompanied by a rise in the number of deaths of adult skuas.
Dr Catry and his team are exploring several possible explanations for the dramatic decline of this southern skua subspecies.
One possibility is that the Falkland skua is being outcompeted by the striated caracara (Phalcoboenus australis), as both species appear to feed on the same prey.
More concerning is the prospect that the recent declines in skua populations may be linked to wider problems in the marine environment.
“Falkland skuas are top predators of marine ecosystems. They will take fish, squid, crustaceans, and they are also important predators of other seabirds,” says Dr Catry. “If something is not well with them, it may mean that something is not well with the rich Patagonian shelf ecosystem.”
Read the paper published in the journal Polar Biology.
Helen Roddis, ARKive Species Text Author


Casting a Spotlight on Frankenfoods
A legislative victory in Connecticut is the first for American consumers who are demanding the right to know if our food is genetically engineered.
Do you have a right to know how your food is produced?
Look at any label on something made for human consumption. Whether it’s a bite-sized candy bar, a box of cereal, or a gallon of pickles, you’ll see lots of information: a list of ingredients, allergen warnings, calorie counts, vitamins, and even whether that item contains trans-fats.
What won’t you see? Whether your food was genetically engineered.
But this might change in the near future. Consumers across the nation are demanding that information. Connecticut recently became the first state to pass a law requiring the labeling of genetically engineered foods.
Genetically engineered crops — plants with genes of another species inserted into their DNA — have grown increasingly common in our food supply since their introduction in the mid-1990s. While some organic food suppliers tout the lack of these ingredients, products containing these newfangled things are never labeled. Neither is our genetically modified produce, like sweet corn or papayas.
The majority of corn, soybeans, and cotton grown in the U.S. are all genetically engineered. And I dare you to pick up a box or a package of anything in a grocery store and find cookies, cereal, or even a frozen dinner that contains no corn or soy. Even your meat, milk, and eggs come from animals fed corn and soy.
Without labels, there’s one way to avoid consuming genetically engineered foods:Buy organic.
These “frankenfoods” have been controversial from the get-go. Some consumers worry whether they’re safe, some are concerned about their environmental impact, and others fear that they’ll hurt our farmers. The lack of labeling isn’t due to a lack of consumer demand for labels.
So why aren’t they labeled? As one executive of the biotech giant Monsanto put it, “If you put a label on genetically engineered food you might as well put a skull and crossbones on it.” They think that if you knew what was in the food, you wouldn’t want to eat it.
National labeling requirements are up to the federal government. And the authorities in charge of that work assert that genetically engineered foods are “substantially equivalent” to normal food that has its original DNA intact. With no difference between the foods, there’s no need for a label.
“If the foods are the same, then what the heck are they patenting?” asks Nancy Casady, who manages People’s Food Co-op in San Diego. She’s referring to the fact that each variety of genetically engineered foods is patented, and farmers who buy them must sign contracts prohibiting them from saving and replanting their seeds.
The way I see it, consumers simply have a right to know how their food is produced, whether the government says the food is “substantially equivalent” or not.
Even some proponents of genetic engineering are starting to think that labels are a good idea. When the industry fights hard against labels — often winning — it looks like they’ve got something to hide. (This is what labeling advocates have said for years. If these products are so great, why doesn’t Big Ag brag about them?)
Nearly two decades since the first genetically engineered foods entered the American food supply, we’re finally getting closer to labeling them.
That’s why it’s such a big deal that Connecticut‘s measure passed with nearly unanimous support in both chambers of the state’s legislature. There’s a catch, though. The law includes two “triggers.” Four other states must pass labeling laws before Connecticut’s own law can go into effect. And some of those states must be in the Northeast.
Why do we have to fight so hard just to know how our food is produced? Shouldn’t it be our right?


The are many ways we can add value to information and knowledge. I have described 14 ways of sense-making as part of personal knowledge mastery. One of these is the use of infographics, such as one on PKM published here. Recently, Tanmay Vora created a visual description of learning and leadership, based on an article by Kenneth Mikkelsen and me.
“One of the crucial leadership skills for today and future is ability to learn constantly from various high quality sources, synthesizing information and collaborating with a community to get a better grasp of the constantly changing reality.” – Leadership, Learning & PKM
Here is Tanmay’s infographic.
Tanmay Vora’s visual synthesis adds value by showing connections that may not have been obvious in our HBR published article. When we create content and publish it in an open form, we invite opportunities to further contextualize it, seeing it from different perspectives. The network enables us to co-create new context and add meaning. I have never met Tanmay but we have become knowledge co-creators. This is the power of social learning in digital networks, enabling knowledge to flow in directions we cannot know in advance.


When the Tesla Roadster went into production in 2008, drivers were promised over 210 miles of per charge range. Just over a decade later and the upcoming version almost triples that. But even if you could afford the eye-watering asking price, you’re still going to spend some time parked up and plugged in. Being able to roll along the highway and have the batteries charge as you go would be a much better way, and a new development out of Stanford could see that happening.
The technology to wirelessly charge an electric vehicle’s batteries is already available, though compatible cars will still need to be parked up over a charging plate hooked up to a power source. A magnetic field is created between the source and the receiver, both resonating at the same frequency to allow for wireless power transfer over a small air gap. Though researchers did recently manage to charge a UPS hybrid delivery truck over an 11-inch gap.
Installing wireless charging tech into roads, so that electric vehicle batteries can be juiced up as the car rolls down the highway, has been the subject of much research for a number of years, but remains pretty much on the horizon. One of the issues needing to be solved is the variable distance between the source and receiver adversely impacting charging efficiency.
Three years ago, an electrical engineer at Stanford called Shanhui Fan and a graduate student named Sid Assawaworrarit built a system that essentially overcame this problem. By incorporating an amplifier and feedback resistor into the design, the operating frequency could automatically adjust as the distance between the charger and a moving object changed. Sadly, this version was deemed too inefficient to be practical – requiring a lot of electricity to operate and only managing to transfer some 10 percent to the moving object.
For the new development, the researchers replaced the amplifier in the original design with a more efficient “switch mode” unit, and then spent a long time tinkering with the circuit before coming up with a configuration that managed a transmission efficiency of 92 percent. Though the prototype is only able to wirelessly transmit 10 watts of electricity over a distance of two to three feet, the team doesn’t see any obstacles preventing the system from being scaled up to wirelessly supply power to a fast moving vehicle.
“This is a significant step toward a practical and efficient system for wirelessly re-charging automobiles and robots, even when they are moving high speeds,” said Fan. “We would have to scale up the power to recharge a moving car, but I don’t think that’s a serious roadblock. For re-charging robots, we’re already within the range of practical usefulness.”
The wireless transfer is said to only take a fraction of the time it would take an electric vehicle traveling at 70 mph to zip over a four-foot charging zone, with the rate at which the vehicle’s batteries could be charged using this method being the only potential limitation to this application, according to Fan. But, the first real-world application of this technology is unlikely to be on highways.
The researchers see it being embedded in warehouse floors to power robots for almost continuous operation, or being installed on rooftops so that drones can hop around cities all day, only stopping for a quick top up en route. For the moment though, the project remains in the lab.
A paper on the research has been published in the journal Nature Electronics.
Source: Stanford University
Source of Article


|Born||Georgi Melitonovitch Balanchivadze
January 22, 1904
St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
|Died||April 30, 1983
New York City, New York, U.S.
|Cause of death||Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease|
|Occupation||dancer, choreographer, actor, director|
|Spouse(s)||Tamara Geva (1921–1926; divorced)
Vera Zorina (1938–1946; divorced)
Maria Tallchief (1946–1952; annulled)
Tanaquil LeClercq (1952–1969; divorced)
George Balanchine (born Giorgi Melitonovitch Balanchivadze Russian: Георгий Мелитонович Баланчивадзе; January 22 [O.S. January 9] 1904 – April 30, 1983) was a Russian-born American ballet choreographer. Styled as the father of American ballet, he took the standards and technique from his education at the Imperial Ballet School and fused it with other schools of movement that he had adopted during his tenure as a guest choreographer on Broadway and in Hollywood, creating his signature "neoclassical style". He was a choreographer known for his musicality; he expressed music with dance and worked extensively with leading composers of his time like Igor Stravinsky.
He was invited to America in 1933, by a young arts patron named Lincoln Kirstein who shared Balanchine's attitude regarding the importance of high quality dance training in America and together they founded the School of American Ballet. Along with Kirstein he co-founded the New York City Ballet (NYCB) and remained its Artistic Director until his death.
- 1 Biography
- 2 Personal life
- 3 Legacy and honors
- 4 Selected Choreographed Works
- 4.1 For Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev
- 4.2 For Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo
- 4.3 For Les Ballets 1933
- 4.4 For the American Ballet
- 4.5 For Broadway
- 4.6 For Hollywood
- 4.7 For American Ballet Caravan
- 4.8 For the Ballet del Teatro de Colón
- 4.9 For Ballet Theatre
- 4.10 For Ballet Society
- 4.11 For the Paris Opera Ballet
- 4.12 For Le Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas
- 4.13 For New York City Ballet
- 4.14 For New York City Opera
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
Georgia and Russia
Balanchine was born Giorgi Melitonovitch Balanchivadze in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, in the family of noted Georgian opera singer and composer Meliton Balanchivadze, who was one of the founders of the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre and later served as the culture minister of Democratic Republic of Georgia, which became independent in 1918, but was later subsumed into the Soviet Union. The rest of Balanchine's Georgian side of the family comprised largely artists and soldiers. Little is known of Balanchine's Russian, maternal side. His mother, Meliton's second wife, Maria Nikolayevna Vasilyeva, was fond of ballet and viewed it as a form of social advancement from her lower reaches of the St. Petersburg society. She was eleven years younger than Meliton and rumored to have been his former housekeeper, although "she had at least some culture in her background" as she could play piano well.
As a child, Balanchine was not particularly interested in ballet, but his mother insisted that young Giorgi audition with his sister Tamara, who shared her mother's interest in the art. George's brother Andria Balanchivadze instead followed his father's love for music and became a well-known composer in what became then Soviet Georgia. Tamara's career, on the other hand, was cut short by her death in unknown circumstances as she was trying to escape on a train from besieged Leningrad to Georgia.
Based on his audition, during 1913 (at age nine) Balanchine relocated from rural Finland to Saint Petersburg and was accepted into the Imperial Ballet School, principal school of the Imperial Ballet, where he was a student of Pavel Gerdt and Samuil Andrianov (Pavel's son-in-law).
After graduating in 1921, Balanchine enrolled in the Petrograd Conservatory while working in the corps de ballet at the State Academic Theater for Opera and Ballet (formerly the State Theater of Opera and Ballet and known as the Mariinsky Ballet). His studies at the conservatory included advanced piano, music theory, counterpoint, harmony, and composition. Balanchine graduated from the conservatory during 1923, and danced as a member of the corps until 1924. While still in his teens, Balanchine choreographed his first work, a pas de deux named La Nuit (1920, music by Anton Rubinstein). This was followed by another duet, Enigma, with the dancers in bare feet rather than ballet shoes. During 1923, with fellow dancers, Balanchine formed a small ensemble, the Young Ballet.
On a 1924 visit to Germany with the Soviet State Dancers, Balanchine, his wife, Tamara Geva, and dancers Alexandra Danilova and Nicholas Efimov fled to Paris, where there was a large Russian community. At this time, the impresario Sergei Diaghilev invited Balanchine to join the Ballets Russes as a choreographer.
Diaghilev soon promoted Balanchine to ballet master of the company and encouraged his choreography. Between 1924 and Diaghilev's death in 1929, Balanchine created nine ballets, as well as lesser works. During these years, he worked with composers such as Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie, and Maurice Ravel, and artists who designed sets and costumes, such as Pablo Picasso, Georges Rouault, and Henri Matisse, creating new works that combined all the arts. Among his new works, during 1928 in Paris, Balanchine premiered Apollon musagète (Apollo and the muses) in a collaboration with Stravinsky; it was one of his most innovative ballets, combining classical ballet and classical Greek myth and images with jazz movement. He described it as "the turning point in my life".
Suffering a serious knee injury, Balanchine had to limit his dancing, effectively ending his performance career.
After Diaghilev's death, the Ballets Russes went bankrupt. To earn money, Balanchine began to stage dances for Charles B. Cochran's revues and Sir Oswald Stoll's variety shows in London. He was retained by the Royal Danish Ballet in Copenhagen as a guest ballet master.
In 1931, with the help from financier Serge Denham, René Blum and Colonel Wassily de Basil formed the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, a successor to Ballets Russes. The new company hired Leonide Massine and Balanchine as choreographers. Featured dancers included David Lichine and Tatiana Riabouchinska. In 1933, without consulting Blum, Col. de Basil dropped Balanchine after one year — ostensibly because he thought that audiences preferred the works choreographed by Massine. Librettist Boris Kochno was also let go, while dancer Tamara Toumanova (a strong admirer of Balanchine's) left the company when Balanchine was fired.
Balanchine and Kochno immediately founded Les Ballets 1933, with Kochno, Diaghilev's former secretary and companion, serving as artistic advisor. The company was financed by Edward James, a British poet and ballet patron. The company lasted only a couple of months during 1933, performing only in Paris and London, when the Great Depression made arts more difficult to fund. Balanchine created several new works, including collaborations with composers Kurt Weill, Darius Milhaud, Henri Sauguet and designer Pavel Tchelitchew.
Balanchine insisted that his first project would be to establish a ballet school because he wanted to develop dancers who had the strong technique and style he wanted. Compared to his classical training, he thought they could not dance well. With the assistance of Lincoln Kirstein and Edward M.M. Warburg, the School of American Ballet opened to students on January 2, 1934, less than 3 months after Balanchine arrived in the U.S. Later that year, Balanchine had his students perform in a recital, where they premiered his new work Serenade to music by Tchaikovsky at the Warburg summer estate.
Relocation to West Coast
Balanchine relocated his company to Hollywood during 1938, where he rented a white two-story house with "Kolya", Nicholas Kopeikine, his "rehearsal pianist and lifelong colleague", on North Fairfax Avenue not far from Hollywood Boulevard. Balanchine created dances for five movies, all of which featured Vera Zorina, whom he met on the set of The Goldwyn Follies and who subsequently became his third wife. He reconvened the company as the American Ballet Caravan and toured with it throughout North and South America, but it folded after several years. From 1944 to 1946, during and after World War II, Balanchine served as resident choreographer for Blum & Massine's new iteration of Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.
Return to New York
Soon Balanchine formed a new dance company, Ballet Society, again with the generous help of Lincoln Kirstein. He continued to work with contemporary composers, such as Paul Hindemith, from whom he commissioned a score in 1940 for The Four Temperaments. First performed on November 20, 1946, this modernist work was one of his early abstract and spare ballets, angular and very different in movement. After several successful performances, the most notable featuring the ballet Orpheus created in collaboration with Stravinsky and sculptor and designer Isamu Noguchi, the City of New York offered the company residency at the New York City Center.
In 1955, Balanchine created his version of The Nutcracker, in which he played the mime role of Drosselmeyer. The company has since performed the ballet every year in New York City during the Christmas season.
After years of illness, Balanchine died on April 30, 1983, aged 79, in Manhattan from Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which was diagnosed only after his death. He first showed symptoms during 1978 when he began losing his balance while dancing. As the disease progressed, his equilibrium, eyesight, and hearing deteriorated. By 1982, he was incapacitated. The night of his death, the company went on with its scheduled performance, which included Divertimento No. 15 and Symphony in C at Lincoln Center. In his last years, Balanchine suffered from angina and underwent heart bypass surgery. Clement Crisp, one of the many writers who eulogized Balanchine, assessed his contribution: "It is hard to think of the ballet world without the colossal presence of George Balanchine. . .
In 1923, Balanchine married Tamara Geva, a sixteen-year-old dancer. After his divorce from Tamara Geva, Balanchine was partnered with Alexandra Danilova from 1926 through 1933. He married and divorced three more times, all to women who were his dancers: Vera Zorina (1938–1946), Maria Tallchief (1946–1952), and Tanaquil LeClercq (1952–1969). He had no children by any of his marriages and no known offspring from any extramarital unions or other liaisons.
Biographer and intellectual historian Clive James observed that Balanchine, despite his creative genius and brilliance as a ballet choreographer, had his darker side. In his Cultural Amnesia: Necessary Memories from History and the Arts (2007), James writes that:
the great choreographer ruled the New York City Ballet as a fiefdom, with the 'droit du seigneur' among his privileges. The older he became, the more consuming his love affairs with his young ballerinas ... When [ballerina Suzanne Farrell] fell in love with and married a young dancer, Balanchine dismissed her from the company, thereby injuring her career for a crucial decade.
Legacy and honors
With his School of American Ballet, New York City Ballet, and 400 choreographed works, Balanchine transformed American dance and created modern ballet, developing a unique style with his dancers highlighted by brilliant speed and attack.
- 1978 Kennedy Center Honors
- 1980 Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
- 1983 Presidential Medal of Freedom
- 1987 National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame (posthumously)
- 1988 Induction into the American Theater Hall of Fame
- Kisselgoff, Anna. "Balanchine 100: The Centennial Celebration"
Selected Choreographed Works
For Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev
- Le Chant du Rossignol (The Song of the Nightingale) (1925)
- Jack in the Box (1926)
- Pastorale (1926)
- Barabau (1926)
- La Chatte (1927)
- Le Triomphe de Neptune (1927)
- Apollo (1928)
- The Prodigal Son (1929)
- Le Bal (1929)
For Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo
- Cotillon (1932)
- Concurrence (1932)
- Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1932 and 1944)
- Balustrade (1941)
- Danses Concertantes (1944 and 1972)
- Song of Norway (1944)
- Pas de Deux (Grand adagio) (1945)
- La Sonnambula (1946)
- The Night Shadow (1946)
- Raymonda (1946)
For Les Ballets 1933
- The Seven Deadly Sins (1933)
- Errante (1933)
- Les Songes (1933)
- Fastes (1933)
For the American Ballet
- Alma Mater (1934)
- Les Songes (Dreams) (1934)
- Mozartiana (1934)
- Serenade (1935)
- Errante (1935)
- Reminiscence (1935)
- Jeu de cartes (variously, Card Game or The Card Party) (1937)
- Le Baiser de la Fée (originally titled The Fairy's Kiss) (1937)
- Ziegfeld Follies of 1936
- Words without Music: A Surrealist Ballet, a production number for the singing and dancing ensemble
- Night Flight, a solo for Harriet Hoctor
- 5 A.M., a number for Josephine Baker and male dancers
- On Your Toes (1936), music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart; starring Tamara Geva and Ray Bolger
- Princess Zenobia Ballet (1936)
- Slaughter on Tenth Avenue (1936)
- This dramatic ballet served as the climax of this musical production and has subsequently been presented as a stand-alone piece; however, several of the sung numbers in the show featured dance routines as well, notably the title number.
- Babes in Arms (1937), by Rodgers and Hart
- I Married an Angel (1938), by Rodgers and Hart; starring Vera Zorina
- The Boys from Syracuse (1938), by Rodgers and Hart
- Great Lady (1938), music by Frederick Loewe
- Keep Off the Grass (1940), a musical revue
- Lousiana [sic?] Purchase (1940), music and lyrics by Irving Berlin; with William Gaxton and Vera Zorina
- Cabin in the Sky (1940), music by Vernon Duke, lyrics by John Latouche; starring Ethel Waters and Katherine Dunham, who collaborated with Balanchine on the choreography
- The Lady Comes Across (1942), by Duke and Latouche; a notable flop
- Rosalinda (1942), an operetta with music by Johann Strauss
- The Merry Widow (1943), an operetta with music by Franz Lehár
- What's Up? (1943), lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, music by Frederick Loewe
- Dream with Music (1944), a musical fantasy starring Vera Zorina
- Song of Norway (1944), an operetta based on the life and music of Edvard Grieg; Balanchine's most successful Broadway show
- Mr. Strauss Goes to Boston (1945), another flop
- The Chocolate Soldier (1947), an operetta with music by Oscar Straus
- Where's Charley? lyrics and music by Frank Loesser, a long-running show starring Ray Bolger
- Courtin' Time (1951), music and lyrics by Don Walker and Jack Lawrence
- House of Flowers (1954), music by Harold Arlen, lyrics by Truman Capote and Harold Arlen; starring Pearl Bailey, Diahann Carroll, and Juanita Hall; Balanchine's choreography was rearranged by Herbert Ross before the Broadway opening
- The Goldwyn Follies (1938), with Vera Zorina and William Dollar as principal dancers
- "Romeo and Juliet," with ballet dancers as the Capulets and tap dancers as the Montagues
- "Water Nymph Ballet," in which Zorina rose from the depths of a pool
- On Your Toes (1939), the film version of the Broadway show, starring Vera Zorina and Eddie Albert
- I Was an Adventuress (1940), starring Vera Zorina
- Star Spangled Rhythm (1942), a wartime morale booster for military troops
- "That Old Black Magic," sung by Johnny Johnston, danced by Vera Zorina
- Follow the Boys (1944), with Vera Zorina and George Raft
For American Ballet Caravan
- Ballet Imperial (later referred to as the Tschaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 2) (1941)
- Concerto Barocco (1941)
For the Ballet del Teatro de Colón
- Mozart Violin Concerto (1942)
For Ballet Theatre
- Waltz Academy (1944)
- Theme and Variations (1947)
For Ballet Society
- The Four Temperaments (1946)
- L'enfant et Les Sortilèges (The Spellbound Child) (1946)
- Haieff Divertimento (1947)
- Symphonie Concertante (1947)
- Orpheus (1948)
For the Paris Opera Ballet
- Pas de Trois Classique (also known as Minkus Pas de Trois) (1948)
For New York City Ballet
- La Sonnambula (1946)
- Bourrée Fantasque (1949)
- The Firebird (1949; later revised with Jerome Robbins)
- Sylvia Pas De Deux (1950)
- Swan Lake (after Lev Ivanov) (1951)
- La Valse (1951)
- Harlequinade Pas De Deux (1952)
- Metamorphoses (1952)
- Scotch Symphony (1952)
- Valse Fantaisie (1953/1967)
- The Nutcracker (1954)
- Ivesiana (1954)
- Western Symphony (1954)
- Glinka Pas De Trois (1955)
- Pas De Dix (1955)
- Divertimento No. 15 (1956)
- Allegro Brillante (1956)
- Agon (1957)
- Square Dance (1957)
- Gounod Symphony (1958)
- Stars and Stripes (a ballet in five "campaigns") (1958)
- Episodes (1959)
- Tschaikovsky Pas de Deux (1960)
- Monumentum pro Gesualdo (1960)
- Donizetti Variations (1960)
- Liebeslieder Walzer (1960)
- Raymonda Variations (1961)
- A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962)
- Bugaku (1963)
- Meditation (1963)
- Movements for Piano and Orchestra (1963)
- Harlequinade (1965)
- Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet (1966)
- Jewels (1967)
- La Source (1968)
- Who Cares? (1970)
- Tschaikovsky Suite No. 3 (1970)
- Stravinsky Festival (1972)
- Cortège Hongrois (1973)
- Coppélia (1974)
- Variations pour une porte et un soupir (1974)
- Ravel Festival (1975)
- The Steadfast Tin Soldier (1975)
- Chaconne (1976)
- Union Jack (1976)
- Vienna Waltzes (1977)
- Ballo della Regina (1978)
- Kammermusik No. 2 (1978)
- Robert Schumann's Davidsbündlertänze (1980)
- Walpurgisnacht Ballet (1980)
- Tschaikovsky Festival (1981)
- Garland Dance from The Sleeping Beauty
- Stravinsky Centennial Celebration (1982)
For New York City Opera
- Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1979)
- Balanchine method
- List of Russian ballet dancers
- List of ballets by George Balanchine
- List of Eastern Bloc defectors
- Category: Ballets by George Balanchine
- Life Magazine. Volume 7. New York, NY: Time, Inc., 1984, p. 139.
- "Balanchine", American Masters, PBS, available on DVD.
- Joseph Horowitz (2008). Artists in Exile: How Refugees from 20th-century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-074846-X
- New York Times article by Anna Kisselgoff, June 29, 2004
- Kendall, Elizabeth. Balanchine & the Lost Muse: Revolution & the Making of a Choreographer. Oxford University Press: 2013, pp. 23, 34, 37-40. Cite error: Invalid
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- Joseph Horowitz (2008). Artists in Exile: How Refugees from Twentieth-Century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts, New York: HarperCollins; ISBN 0-06-074846-X
- Fisher (2006), p. 27
- Amanda. "Ballets Russes", The Age (17 July 2005)
- Homans, Jennifer. "René Blum: Life of a Dance Master," New York Times (July 8, 2011).
- For full details of Balanchine's work in musical theater in London, Paris, New York, and Hollywood, see the summary report of Popular Balanchine, a research project of the George Balanchine Foundation, at http://balanchine.org/balanchine/03/popularbalanchine.html
- Barbara Milberg Fisher, In Balanchine's Company: A Dancer's Memoir, Wesleyan University Press, 2006, p. 30, accessed 24 January 2011
- Encyclopædia Britannica; retrieved May 27, 2008.[dead link]
- Man and Microbes, pp. 195-96.
- "Reply to a parliamentary question" (pdf) (in German). p. 588. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
- "Theater Hall of Fame Adds Nine New Names". New York Times. November 22, 1988.
- "Theater Hall of Fame members".
- New York Times, June 30, 2003
- Balanchine had created ballet sequences for Ravel's opera L'enfant et les sortilèges with singers of the Monte Carlo Opera and dancers from the Ballets Russes for the 1925 Monte Carlo premiere; this is not however listed as a Ballets Russes production.
- Taper, Bernard (1996). George Balanchine: A Biography. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20639-8.
- Schorer, Suki (1999). On Balanchine Technique. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45060-2.
- Joseph, Charles M. (2002). Stravinsky and Balanchine, A Journey of Invention. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08712-8.
- Gottlieb, Robert (2004). George Balanchine: The Ballet Maker. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-075070-7.
- Goldner, Nancy (2008). Balanchine Variations. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
- Goldner, Nancy (2011). More Balanchine Variations. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
- Media related to George Balanchine at Wikimedia Commons
- George Balanchine at the Internet Movie Database
- Official website George Balanchine Foundation
- George Balanchine Catalog, including premiere date, cast, collaborators, and synopsis for all choreographic works
- Official website George Balanchine Trust
- Official website NYCB
- A discussion about the Balanchine Technique with Balanchine dancer Suzanne Farrell at a July 08, 2006 PillowTalk at Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival
- Firebird performed by Maria Tallchief and Michael Maule, Jacob's Pillow, 1951
- Archival footage of Nora Kaye and Hugh Laing performing in Balanchine's The Gods Go a-Begging in 1951 at Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival.
- George Balanchine: Master of the Dance American Masters, PBS, January 14, 2004
- George Balanchine at Find a Grave
- Guide to George Balanchine archive at Houghton Library Harvard University


Precisely engineering 3-D brain tissues
New design technique could enable personalized medicine, studies of brain wiring.
MIT engineers have devised a way to stack neurons to form three-dimensional brain tissue.
Image: Marcia Williams Medical Illustrations
November 30, 2012
Anne Trafton, MIT News Office
Borrowing from microfabrication techniques used in the semiconductor industry, MIT and Harvard Medical School (HMS) engineers have
developed a simple and inexpensive way to create three-dimensional brain tissues in a lab dish.
The new technique yields tissue constructs that closely mimic the cellular composition of those in the living brain, allowing
scientists to study how neurons form connections and to predict how cells from individual patients might respond to different drugs.
The work also paves the way for developing bioengineered implants to replace damaged tissue for organ systems, according to the
“We think that by bringing this kind of control and manipulation into neurobiology, we can investigate many different directions,”
says Utkan Demirci, an assistant professor in the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST).
Demirci and Ed Boyden, associate professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at MIT’s Media Lab and
McGovern Institute, are senior authors of a paper
describing the new technique,
which appears in the Nov. 27 online edition of the journal Advanced Materials. The paper’s lead author
is Umut Gurkan, a postdoc at HST, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
Although researchers have had some success growing artificial tissues such as liver or kidney, “the brain presents some unique
challenges,” Boyden says. “One of the challenges is the incredible spatial heterogeneity. There are so many kinds of cells, and
they have such intricate wiring.”
Brain tissue includes many types of neurons, including inhibitory and excitatory neurons, as well as supportive cells such as
glial cells. All of these cells occur at specific ratios and in specific locations.
To mimic this architectural complexity in their engineered tissues, the researchers embedded a mixture of brain cells taken from
the primary cortex of rats into sheets of hydrogel. They also included components of the extracellular matrix, which provides
structural support and helps regulate cell behavior.
Those sheets were then stacked in layers, which can be sealed together using light to crosslink hydrogels. By covering layers of
gels with plastic photomasks of varying shapes, the researchers could control how much of the gel was exposed to light, thus
controlling the 3-D shape of the multilayer tissue construct.
This type of photolithography is also used to build integrated circuits onto semiconductors — a process that requires a photomask
aligner machine, which costs tens of thousands of dollars. However, the team developed a much less expensive way to assemble
tissues using masks made from sheets of plastic, similar to overhead transparencies, held in place with alignment pins.
The tissue cubes can be made with a precision of 10 microns, comparable to the size of a single cell body. At the other end of
the spectrum, the researchers are aiming to create a cubic millimeter of brain tissue with 100,000 cells and 900 million
The new system is the first that includes all of the necessary features for building useful 3-D tissues: It is inexpensive,
precise, and allows complex patterns to be generated, says Metin Sitti, a professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie Mellon
University. “Many people could easily use this method for creating heterogeneous, complex gel structures,” says Sitti, who was not
part of the research team.
Answering fundamental questions
Because the tissues include a diverse repertoire of brain cells, occurring in the same ratios as they do in natural brain tissue,
they could be used to study how neurons form the connections that allow them to communicate with each other.
“In the short term, there's a lot of fundamental questions you can answer about how cells interact with each other and respond to
environmental cues,” Boyden says.
As a first step, the researchers used these tissue constructs to study how a neuron’s environment might constrain its growth.
To do this, they placed single neurons in gel cubes of different sizes, then measured the cells’ neurites, long extensions that
neurons use to communicate with other cells. It turns out that under these conditions, neurons get “claustrophobic,” Demirci says.
“In small gels, they don't necessarily send out as long neurites as they would in a five-times-larger gel.”
In the long term, the researchers hope to gain a better understanding of how to design tissue implants that could be used to
replace damaged tissue in patients. Much research has been done in this area, but it has been difficult to figure out whether
the new tissues are correctly wiring up with existing tissue and exchanging the right kinds of information.
Another long-term goal is using the tissues for personalized medicine. One day, doctors may be able to take cells from a patient
with a neurological disorder and transform them into induced pluripotent stem cells, then induce these constructs to grow into
neurons in a lab dish. By exposing these tissues to many possible drugs, “you might be able to figure out if a drug would benefit
that person without having to spend years giving them lots of different drugs,” Boyden says.
Other authors of the paper are Yantao Fan, a visiting graduate student at HMS and HST; Feng Xu and Emel Sokullu Urkac,
postdocs at HMS and HST; Gunes Parlakgul, a visiting medical student at HMS and HST; MIT graduate students Jacob Bernstein
and Burcu Erkmen; and Wangli Xing, a professor at Tsinghua University.
The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Paul Allen Family Foundation, the New York Stem Cell Foundation,
the National Institutes of Health, the Institute of Engineering and Technology A.F. Harvey Prize, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory.


by Jerod Quinn, Instructional Developer, Reinert Center
Even though reflection can be a valuable tool for teaching and learning, it’s only valuable if you actually do it. I’m a “process” minded person by training and by nature, so I’m usually searching for tools to add practical application to important theories. I wanted to take some time and explain some of my tools for reflection in hopes that they might inspire and encourage you in your own reflective practices.
In developing a reflection process that works for me, I decided to use different tools that each serve a specific purpose with little overlap into the other tools. There are tools for catching ideas and fleeting thoughts, and tools for deeper reflective writing. That’s what is effective for my thought process, but perhaps not yours. Find tools that naturally integrate into how you think and how you work. Many of the tools I use are cross-platform so I can access them in the moment using my iPhone or later when I sit down to write and think on my laptop.
Idea Catchers: These are tools that I use in the moment of inspiration. I can quickly and easily capture a thought for later reflection.
Recordium: This is an audio recording application; the free version has suited my needs so far. Immediately after class as I am walking to my car, I pull out this app on my phone. I record the memorable moments from class, both positive and negative, so I don’t have to rely on my cloudy brain to remember the details of that lesson when I go to review it for the next semester. And by speaking those moments out loud, it helps me process how that evening’s class unfolded. It’s quick, responsive, and easy to use as you really just hit the big “record” button to get going.
Vesper: This is an iOS app for quick notes. It’s clean, clear, and everything is taggable for future reference. While I use this app for catching ideas on the personal, as opposed to the professional, side of things, it has become a great tool for capturing and curating inspirations.
Field Notes and Fisher Space Pen: I love gadgets and apps more than most people, but that doesn’t mean I can’t have a fond affection for pen and paper. Field Notes are durable, beautiful, and seem to be just the right size to be portable and provide enough writing space. And if you’re going to carry around a pen, it might as well be a space pen. The Fisher Space Pen can famously write upside down, in sub-freezing temperatures, and even under water, because sometimes getting back to the parking lot can be its own adventure. This is a tool that I use for both professional and personal reflection. If you flipped through its pages you are just as likely to see a memorable quote from a conference speaker as you would a dimensional drawing of my living room windows.
Writing and Reflection: These are the tools I use to take those moments of inspiration and process them to see how I can develop in my teaching and learning.
Evernote: Evernote can be a little intimidating to jump into because it offers quite a bit of functionality and depth. Essentially, it’s an online notebook (or collection of notebooks) that can store just about any digital content you can find or create. I have a “note” on each of my classes. I am continually collecting ideas on potential assignments, readings, and objectives to rework, update, and improve my class. I also create a section in that note called, “Things I Need to Fix Before Next Semester,” and keep track of those components of my course that are in need of immediate revision. Most of the time, those revisions come from projects that just didn’t work as well as I had hoped. As the beginning of the semester appears on the horizon, I will create a checklist of what I need to do before the first day of class, like organize and prepare Blackboard. The trick with Evernote is that the more you use it, the more useful it becomes.
Day One: I had the thought a while back, “I’m reflecting on my work, and I have experienced value in that. Why am I not reflecting on my life?” Day One has been great because I can use it on my iPhone, iPad, and Mac seamlessly while having it backed up to Dropbox. I love that I can add a photo to each entry as well, which is significantly more challenging with a handwritten journal. Because I have such easy access to it, it has become an almost daily tool for me to spend time reflecting on the intersection of my work, my family, and my life in ways that push me to become a better human being.
The tools above are examples of how I have integrated a reflective process into my professional and personal life. Perhaps at least one of the pieces can serve you in your own reflections on life and work, or even inspire you to get intentional about reflection in your teaching. As I mentioned at the beginning of this post, tools are only valuable if you actually use them, so the most important thing is to find tools that serve your own purposes and processes.


Action: Use group-selection harvesting
- Four of eight studies (including one replicated, controlled study) in Australia, Canada, Costa Rica and the USA found that group-selection harvesting increased cover and diversity of understory plants and the density of young trees. Two studies found it decreased understory species richness2 and biomass.Two studies found no effect on understory species richness and diversity and two found no effect of group-selection harvest on tree density and growth-rate.
Group selection thinning, i.e. thinning by removing trees in groups, leaves open gaps is used as a conservation management practice to increase forest structural diversity.
Supporting evidence from individual studies
A replicated, controlled study in 1977-1997 in temperate mixed coniferous forest in California USA (Battles et al. 2013) found no effect of group- or single-selection harvesting on understory plant species richness. Numbers of species/1.13 ha in group (58) and single-tree selection harvest (52) was similar to unharvested plots (48). The study area was divided in sections of 8–80 ha that were assigned to the following treatments: group and single tree selection (approximately 11% of the section was harvested every 10 years in groups smaller than 0.6 ha and smaller than 0.1 ha respectively) and unharvested (since early 1990s). Understory vegetation was monitored in 30 m radius plots within each treatment annually from 1977.
A site comparison study in 2000 in a Mediterranean jarrah forest in Western Australia (Burrows, Ward & Cranfield 2002) found that group selection harvesting decreased plant species richness and abundance. The number of native plant individuals/m2 (group selection: 31; uncut: 38) and individuals/30 m2 (group-selection: 943; uncut: 1,138), as well as the number of native plant species/m2 (group-selection: 10.1; uncut: 13.3) were lower in group-selection than uncut plots. The number of species/30 m2 was similar between treatments (group-selection: 53; uncut: 57). Data were collected in five lines of 30 quadrats (1 × 1 m) in group-selection (retaining gaps of 4–7 ha, applied in 1995) and uncut treatments located in an 11,000 ha study area.
A replicated, controlled study in oak–pine Quercus–Pinus forest in Maine, USA (Schumann, White & Witham 2003) found no effect of group selection harvesting on species richness and diversity of understory vegetation. Numbers of species/1 m2 (group-selection: 18-34; uncut: 18-25) and diversity (Shannon's index group-selection: 1.7-2.2; uncut: 1.9-2.1) were similar between treatments. Data were collected in 1998 in 40 pairs of group-selection (36-3,393 m2 gaps harvested in 1987-1988) and uncut sites inside a 40 ha study area. Equal number (proportional to the gap size) of 1 m2 plots were monitored in each pair.
A replicated, controlled study in 1994-2000 in mixed hardwood forest in North Carolina USA (Elliott & Knoepp 2005) found that group-selection harvesting increased the diversity of shrubs and herbaceous plants, but not the density of shrubs and trees. Numbers of shrub species/plot (group-selection: 10; uncut: 4) and diversity (Shannon index) of herbaceous plants (group-selection: 2.2; uncut: 1.8) were higher in group-selection than uncut plots. The density (individuals/ha) of shrubs (group-selection: 28,347; uncut: 21,789) and of trees (group-selection: 742; uncut: 771) was similar between treatments. Three group-selection (0.1–0.2 ha openings, 25% tree-cover removed) and two uncut sites (4.0-6.6 ha) were established in 1994. Monitoring was in 2000 in four plots (20 × 40 m) in each treatment site.
A replicated, controlled study in 1997-1999 in tropical forest in Costa Rica (Dupuy & Chazdon 2008) found that group-selection harvesting increased the density of new tree seedlings. The density of new tree seedlings was 2.5/m2 in group-selection, and <0.5/ m2 in uncut plots. In 1997, large gaps (320–540 m2) were created inside five 40 × 40 m plots (group-selection) by cutting and removing all stems ≥5 cm diameter at breast height. Five other similar size plots (uncut) were unmanipulated with respect to canopy cover. Data were recorded every two months for one year after treatment.
A replicated, controlled, before-and-after trial in 2004-2005 in temperate broadleaf forest in Ontario Canada (Falk et al. 2006) found that group-selection harvesting increased the diversity of early spring herbaceous species and decreased the percent of plant species lost. The increase in the diversity (Shannon's index) of early spring herbaceous species was higher in group-selection (0.15 to 0.25) than in unharvested plots (0.32 to 0.34). Overall, the percentage of plant species lost was higher in unharvested (15%) compared to the group-selection treatment (8%). The percentage of plant species gained was similar (unharvested: 29%; group-selection: 35%). Two replicates (average 33 ha) of each group-selection harvest (creating five 400 m2, four 700 m2 and three 1,400 m2 gaps) and unharvested plots, were established between November 2004 and April 2005. Sampling was in April 2004 (pre-harvesting) and in April-May 2005 (post-harvesting) in 4 m2 regeneration growth plots (45×2 in control and 112×2 in group-selection).
A replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in 1995-2001 in temperate coniferous forest in Oregon, USA (Davis & Puettmann 2009) found that group-selection harvesting increased the change over time in herbaceous and shrub cover. The increase in herbaceous cover (group-selection: 3; uncut: -2%) and in low shrub cover (group-selection: 20%, uncut: -4%) was higher in group-selection than in uncut plots. The increase in bryophyte cover (group-selection: 14%; uncut: 5%) and in tall shrub cover (group-selection: 6%; uncut: 0%) was similar between treatments. Gaps (0.2 ha circular gaps, retaining 250 trees/ha) and uncut treatment units (15-53 ha) were established in each of four sites in 1995-1997. In uncut units about 7.5% of the area was covered using 0.1 ha circular plots. In group-selection units, one 0.1 ha plot was placed in each of ten gaps, ten gap-edges, and ten areas between the gaps. Data were collected before treatments and again in 2001 in 16 subplots of 0.1 m2 in each plot.
A replicated, randomized, controlled study in 2004-2008 in temperate broadleaf forest in Wisconsin, USA (Dyer et al. 2010) found that group-selection harvesting decreased the above ground biomass, but not the annual biomass increase. Above ground biomass was lower in group-selection (242,000 kg/ha) than in uncut plots (260,000 kg/ha), while the annual biomass increase was similar between treatments (11,000 kg/ha). Biomass of all plants <1.4 m tall was higher in large (700 kg/ha) than in medium (620 kg/ha) and small (480 kg/ha) gaps, and was higher in all gap-sizes compared with the transition zones (250-300 kg/ha). In 2007, all trees >5 cm diameter at breast height were cut in one small, one medium and one large circular subplots (gaps) of 4, 8 and 11 m radius in each of 15 plots of 80 × 80 m group-selection. In other 20 similar plots, subplots remained uncut. Each subplot was surrounded by an untreated transition zone 4, 8, and 11 m wide respectively. Total above ground biomass was determined for the entire plot, biomass of plants <1.4 m tall was measured in four 2 × 2 m quadrat at each gap and transition zones.
A replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in 1995-2007 in mixed conifer and broadleaf temperate forest in Maine, USA (Arseneault et al. 2011) found that two group-selection harvesting treatments affected tree annual growth rates differently, but neither differed from the uncut control. Average basal area annual growth was higher in the large group (0.27 m2/ha) than small group treatment (−0.05 m2/ha). There was no difference in average basal area annual growth between any of the group-selection treatments and the uncut treatment (−0.09 m2/ha). Three treatments were replicated at three different sites: large-group (trees removed from 20% of the area creating 1,000-2,000 m2 gaps); small-group (trees removed from 10% of the area creating 500-1,000 m2 gaps); and uncut. Treatments were applied in 1995-1997. Monitoring was in 2005-2007 in 20 plots (0.05 ha) randomly selected in each treatment.
- Battles J.J., Shlisky A.J., Barrett R.H., Heald R.C. & Allen-Diaz B.H. (2001) The effects of forest management on plant species diversity in a Sierran conifer forest. Forest ecology and management, 146, 211-222
- Burrows N., Ward B. & Cranfield R. (2002) Short-term impacts of logging on understorey vegetation in a jarrah forest. Australian Forestry, 65, 47-58
- Schumann M.E., White A.S. & Witham J.W. (2003) The effects of harvest-created gaps on plant species diversity, composition, and abundance in a Maine oak–pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 176, 543-561
- Elliott K.J. & Knoepp J.D. (2005) The effects of three regeneration harvest methods on plant diversity and soil characteristics in the southern Appalachians. Forest Ecology and Management, 211, 296-317
- Dupuy J.M. & Chazdon R.L. (2008) Interacting effects of canopy gap, understory vegetation and leaf litter on tree seedling recruitment and composition in tropical secondary forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 3716-3725
- Falk K.J., Burke D.M., Elliott K.A. & Holmes S.B. (2008) Effects of single-tree and group selection harvesting on the diversity and abundance of spring forest herbs in deciduous forests in southwestern Ontario. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 2486-2494
- Davis L.R. & Puettmann K.J. (2009) Initial response of understory vegetation to three alternative thinning treatments. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 28, 904-934
- Dyer J.H., Gower S.T., Forrester J.A., Lorimer C.G., Mladenoff D.J. & Burton J.I. (2010) Effects of selective tree harvests on aboveground biomass and net primary productivity of a second-growth northern hardwood forest. Canadian journal of forest research, 40, 2360-2369
- Arseneault J.E., Saunders M.R., Seymour R.S. & Wagner R.G. (2011) First decadal response to treatment in a disturbance-based silviculture experiment in Maine. Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 404-412


Analysis of pregnant women helps firm up numbers, timing of virus’s effect on fetuses
For pregnant women infected with Zika virus in the first trimester, the future is foreboding.
Nearly 11 percent of U.S. women likely exposed to Zika in the early weeks of or just before pregnancy had babies or fetuses with birth defects, researchers report online December 13 in JAMA. The new study offers the first results from the U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state and local health departments use to track Zika-affected pregnancies.
As of November 30, the registry had reported more than 3,800 pregnant women in the United States and its territories with evidence of Zika infection. Out of 442 pregnancies tracked so far, 26 — or 6 percent — resulted in infants or fetuses with birth defects, including microcephaly and other brain


Summer time. What welcome words!
For the King County Library System, it’s time for summer reading and we’re pulling out all the stops. The theme this year, Libraries Rock, includes a line‐up of programs and activities to ensure that patrons of all ages come together for a summer of fun and exploration, and to help kids bridge the three‐month learning gap commonly known as the “Summer Slide.”
KCLS’ Summer Reading Programs emphasize science, technology, engineering, art and math, and we offer hundreds of them. Want to build something? Head to a Lego robotics program or a rocket‐making class. Do you enjoy music? Learn to play the ukulele or violin, attend a Cuban strings and drums concert, or sing along at a “Carry‐a‐Toon” event. Explore the science of sound at a Hydraulic Sounds Science Workshop. Make rain sticks at the Family Noisemakers Art Workshop or
design an instrument that emulates the clap of thunder at the Sound Storm Maker Workshop.
Budding scientists can learn the geology of minerals, fossils and geodes, the physics of roller coasters, or the migratory habits of wild salmon. Patrons interested in cultural arts can learn to write Haiku or fold origami cranes.
Ready to Read programs for preschoolers and their parents are wonderful ways to read, talk, sing, write and play together–and to connect with other parents and caregivers — and KCLS Story Times remain popular for young children of all ages.
In 2017, nearly 44,000 children participated in Summer Reading, a 31 percent increase over the previous year. Kids read over 21 million minutes last year!
Likewise, teens turned in 11,613 reading logs, a 34.5 percent increase. Programs ranging from self‐publishing classes to an event held at a skate park kept teens reading all summer long.
KCLS has Summer Reading Programs for adults, too. Now in its third year, the Summer Reading in the Park program was created to draw adults outdoors to read. Held at parks and other venues around the county, adults can lounge in lawn chairs and families can spread out on blankets to enjoy a good book on a warm summer day while a local DJ plays music in the background.
Libraries Rock kicked off June 1. Let the Summer Reading fun begin!
Lisa Rosenblum is the director of the King County Library System.


La Vita Nuova
While the Italian poet Dante is perhaps best known for The Inferno, his 1295 text La Vita Nuova (“The New Life”) is masterpiece of the medieval poetic form of prosimetrum, which alters prose and verse. La Vita Nuova also expresses the medieval genre of courtly love, detailing Dante’s love for his beloved Beatrice. Because the work was written in Italian, rather than the traditional Latin, the piece helped establish both the use of vernacular and the Tuscan dialect as the standard form of the Italian language.
La Vita Nuova consists of the 42 short chapters, consisting of twenty-five sonnets, a balata (a poetic and musical form popular in the Italian Renaissance consisting of AbbaA structure), and four canzoni, one of which is unfinished due to the death of Beatrice. Taken as a whole, the poems consist of the story of Dante’s love for this woman, which began when he was nine and she was eight. Dante remained in love with her even though she married another man, and through her untimely death at the age of 24.
Dante called the work his libello (“little book”), and was written between the years of 1283 and 1293. Dante used the formal literary structure to tie these various poems together, adding sections of commentary that explicitly spell out Dante’s definitions of romantic love. La Vita Nuova is one of the most important works in emotional autobiography, the first such piece to appear since St. Augustine’s Confessions, written in AD 398.


You probably know the smell of freshly-mown grass. It is a very strong smell and, for some people, is relaxing. This smell comes from the cut grass and is made up of lots of chemicals that plants make. But, that soothing and very strong smell is actually a plant distress call!!
Plants don’t have a nervous system, so they don’t feel pain. They need water, sunlight, nutrients, and their leaves and stems to survive. When any of these supplies is low, the plant has to conserve as much energy as it can and also sends out alarm signals to other plants. When grass is mowed, the grass sends out this smell to other nearby blades of grass to warn them about the danger. In this case, the danger is the lawnmower, which is cutting off it’s leaves and stem. The plants also increase their inner defense systems in case bugs or other organisms attack the plant. Soon, the smell disperses and the grass is able to regrow and thrive again. It is so cool to know that the grass you walk on is full of life and activity!


Within five years, the average cost of solar PV will fall to around 6c/kWh – putting it on par with coal and gas fired generators in many countries, and making it cheaper to build a solar plant than a fossil fuel generator just about everywhere.
The cost prediction is made by Chinese manufacturing giant Trina Solar – now the second largest solar PV manufacturer in the world – and it is significant because one of the misunderstood aspects of the recent years was that the falls in the cost to consumer was all about overcapacity and pricing cuts, and not about manufacturing efficiencies.
Trina chief scientist and vice president Peirre Verlinden, however, says that the average cost per module achieved what was predicted: a 20 percent fall in manufacturing costs for every doubling in accumulative production.
That will still hold true, but because the production numbers are higher (200GW so far), the next 20 per cent fall will take longer than the last 20 per cent fall. That means, in percentage terms, it will not be as great, but it will still be significant.
Consumers, however, may not see a huge difference in price because the rationalization in the industry means that solar manufacturers now have the opportunity for much-needed increase in margins, to ensure their profitability and long term stability.
Verlinden says this is having another impact – customers are now looking for quality modules rather than just the cheapest.
Verlinden says this is a good thing, because one of the parameters for a low levellised cost of energy (LCOE) comes in efficiency and longevity. A module that fails under 15 years will not deliver the same returns as one that lasts more than 25 years.
He says most components of modules, such as silicon and wafers, and cell production, have fallen and may continue to fall. Other components are more difficult – with labour costs rising, alumimium (for frames) also costly, and silver (the solar industry uses 10 per cent of total supply) also rising. This is pushing manufacturers to find alternatives.
One the energy pay-back time, Verlinden said it is currently around 1.5 years in the best solar regions, and about 3-4 years in the worst solar regions. The aim was to bring this below one year.
He also noted that the carbon footprint of the best solar modules was better than any other technology, with the exception of hydro. For Trina modules, it was 19g of CO2-e for every kWh. Coal is more than 1,000g.
Top image via Trina Solar
© 2014 Solar Choice Pty Ltd


The AutoWindow object is the base object for several objects including AutoPlotWindow and AutoWksWindow. The methods and properties of this object are available to any object derived from the AutoWindow object.
This example shows how to reference the plot window.
'Declares GrapherApp as an object
Dim GrapherApp As Object
'Creates an instance of the Grapher Application object
'and assigns it to the variable named "GrapherApp"
Set GrapherApp = CreateObject("Grapher.Application")
'Make Grapher visible
GrapherApp.Visible = True
'Declare Docs as Object
Dim Docs As Object
'Assigns the Documents collection to
'the variable named "Docs"
Set Docs = GrapherApp.Documents
'Declare Plot as Object
Dim Plot As Object
'Creates a new plot window and assigns it
'to the variable named "Plot"
Set Plot = Docs.Add(grfPlotDoc)


CAD/CAM stands for computer-aided design & computer-aided manufacturing. CAD/CAM software is used to design and manufacture prototypes, finished products, and production runs. An integrated CAD/CAM system offers one complete solution for design through manufacturing.
What is CAD/CAM used for?
CAD/CAM applications are used to both design a product and program manufacturing processes, specifically, CNC machining. CAM software uses the models and assemblies created in CAD software to generate toolpaths that drive machine tools to turn designs into physical parts. CAD/CAM software is used to design and manufacture prototypes, finished parts, and production runs.
Expert CAD/CAM software
Prepare your designs for manufacture with PowerShape, create 5-axis precision toolpaths to machine parts with PowerMill, and inspect finished parts with multiple devices using PowerInspect.
Modeling for manufacture
A modeling for manufacture toolkit. Discover how PowerShape combines the strengths of surface, solid, and mesh modeling to prepare molds, dies, and complex parts for manufacture. (video: 1:43 min.)
Maximize machine efficiency and part quality. Import PowerShape models into PowerMill and create precision high-speed and multi-axis toolpaths for molds, dies, and highly complex components. (video: 1:33 min.)
Compare your finished part against the PowerShape CAD data with PowerInspect. Inspect parts on the shop floor, in the inspection room, or integrate inspection routines on the machine tool. (video: 1:33 min.)
Magna Advanced Technologies produces prototypes and tooling for the highly competitive automotive market. PowerMill and PowerShape enable the firm to design and manufacture complex parts faster while conserving capital expenditure.