FAQ: What Is Fixed Tulip Lens Hood?
- 1 What are tulip lens hoods for?
- 2 What type of lens hood should I use?
- 3 Do lens hoods make a difference?
- 4 Should you use a lens hood at night?
- 5 Should you use a lens hood indoors?
- 6 Are rubber lens hoods any good?
- 7 When would you use a lens hood?
- 8 What lens hood fits Canon 18 55?
- 9 Can I use lens hood and filter?
- 10 Why are some lens hoods petal shaped?
- 11 Do you need a lens hood with ND filter?
- 12 Are lens hoods universal?
- 13 Do you need a lens hood for 50mm?
- 14 Should you leave lens on camera?
What are tulip lens hoods for?
Petal (or tulip ) lens hoods are uniquely designed to be shorter and have curved notches that strategically block out light while maximizing the frame size offered by wide angle lenses and full-frame camera sensors.
What type of lens hood should I use?
A Cylindrical Lens Hood will generally work well and get the job done. These are often used with a prime or telephoto lens and will completely block stray light. Even more popular are Petal Lens Hoods (sometimes called a Tulip Lens Hood ). These are shorter lens hoods that have curved notches.
Do lens hoods make a difference?
Lens hoods don’t only help prevent large spots of lens flare and discoloration. They also improve the overall contrast and colors in a photo. Personally, this is why I almost always use lens hoods (more on the “almost” below). Used properly, they never hurt your image quality.
Should you use a lens hood at night?
The fact is that a lens hood should live on your lens. The purpose of a lens hood is to create a shadow on the lens to prevent lens flare from stray light, mostly caused by the sun. However, the hood should also be used at night due to street lights or other point source lights.
Should you use a lens hood indoors?
A lens hood will stop stray light from entering the lense and washing out the picture. If you are indoors and don’t have strong light source shining stray light into the lens it won’t really make a differnce. However it will still protect the lens and shooting with the lens hood on all the time is a good habit to have.
Are rubber lens hoods any good?
They can provide good shading protection to help combat flare. One advantage is that they “fold back” to give easier access to the lens threads to add a filter. Another is that it is quick and easy to fold them back so that they take up a bit less space in your equipment bag.
When would you use a lens hood?
The primary use for a lens hood is to prevent light from hitting the front lens element from the sides – reducing contrast and creating flare. Pictures taken with a lens hood installed can have richer colors and deeper saturation. A secondary use for a lens hood is to protect the lens.
What lens hood fits Canon 18 55?
You probably have the 18-55 IS II or 18-55 III, and the EW-60C is the correct lens hood for your lens.
Can I use lens hood and filter?
Can you use a lens hood and filter at the same time? Yes, you can. Some lens hoods clip to the outside of the lens and are usually fine. Some screw to the inside thread of the filter mount, you have to watch out with wide angle lenses that a filter and a lens hood don’t lead to vignetting.
Why are some lens hoods petal shaped?
The shape of a petal lens hood allows it to extend as far as possible beyond the lens without showing up in the frame. Lenses are circular, but the pictures we take are rectangular. If these petal lens hoods were perfectly round, the corners of the hood would be in the picture.
Do you need a lens hood with ND filter?
A lens hood will absorb about any impact other than a serious collision. You say you have an ND lens filter. They are very useful if you need to shoot wide open for shallow depth of field in a bright sunlight scene. Do not use it as lens protection.
Are lens hoods universal?
Lens hood mountings are far from universal. There are different methods of attaching them to different lenses, so diameter is not the only factor. As to threaded ones, its kind of difficult to put a lens cap on a lens with a hood threaded on it.
Do you need a lens hood for 50mm?
It’s best to just put it on and leave it on. And as others have pointed out, the hood may prevent very expensive damage to the lens, either at the front element, of to the focusing mechanism, by taking the brunt of an impact. I never shoot without a hood.
Should you leave lens on camera?
A lens attached to the body will keep your camera sensor and mirror (as well as the lens rear element) protected from dust, same thing a plastic cap would do. Every time you remove the lens you are potentially letting dust into the body, so all other things being equal it’s best to leave the lens on if you can.


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Selected parameters MODULE TYPE LED Indicator HOUSING Ceiling-mount POWER SUPPLY none DISPLAY PROPERTIES N/A Others MODULE TYPE LED Indicator HOUSING M118x76 POWER SUPPLY None DISPLAY PROPERTIES Red/green LED Indicator to be used in conjunction with GP62402224724
Dupline Car Park System Type GP6289 000x Passive LED Indicator forSensor • Low current consumption • Passive indicator for sensor • No programming. Just hardware connected • GP6289 0001 is a passive red/green LED indicator • GP6289 0002 is a passive red/blue LED indicator (designed for handicap spaces) • GP6289 0003 is a passive red/amber LED indicator (designed for reserved spaces) • cULus approved Product Description Ordering key GP 6289 000x The passive LED indica- tor for sensoris part of the car park system which contains other variants of sensors, passive dis- plays and monitor modules. The GP6289 000x is a pas- sive LED indicatormade as indicatorforsensor GP6240 2224 724. The passive sensor isnor- mally mounted outside the parking bay so that a passing vehicle can easily identify the status of the parking bay. The GP6289 0002 LED indi- cator is particularly designed for handicap spaces, while GP62890003 is designed for reserved spaces. Type: Dupline® Housing Input type Channels Inputs Input/Output Specifications RJ12 connectorNot in use 2x3-pin connector Not in use 1x2-pin connector Connector must be con- nected correctly from dot to dot etc. If the wire connection is reversed the LED will show the oppocite. E.g. occupied bay will show green (blue) and free bay will show red. Se drawing “Example of connection”. Type Selection GP6289 0001 Passive red/green LED indicator GP6289 0002 Passive red/blue LED indicator GP6289 0003 Passive red/amber LED indicator Supply Specifications Power supply: Powered from sensor module GP6240 2224 724 Max. supply current5 mA Power consumption:< 0.7 Watt Environment • Protection: IP 34 • Operating temperature: -40°C to 70°C • Storage temperature: -40°C to 85°C • Pollution Degree: 3 (IEC 60664) • Dimensions: Ø118 x 76 mm • Material: The case is made of polypropylene. The sensor lid is made of clear Polycarbonate. General Specifications LED indication: Occupied: Red LED continuously lit Space available:GP6289 0001 Green LED continuously lit GP6289 0002 Blue LED continuously lit GP6289 0003 Amber LED continuously lit ApprovalcULus (UL60950) MTBF > 400,000 hours Specifications are subject to change without notice (06.06.2013) 1
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Graphene sensor at Laser Munich to lower cost of SWIR imaging
Graphene Flagship partner, Emberion, is launching a VIS-SWIR graphene photodetector at Laser World of Photonics, from 24 to 27 June in Munich, Germany. The technology has been shortlisted for an innovation award at the Munich trade fair.
The linear array covers a wide spectral range, detecting wavelengths from the visible at 400nm into the shortwave infrared up to 1,800nm. Traditionally, it would require both silicon and InGaAs sensors to image across this wavelength range.
Emberion estimates that replacing a system using silicon and InGaAs sensors with its graphene photodetector would result in a 30 per cent cost reduction.
Emberion receives funding from the EU research initiative, the Graphene Flagship programme. Its photodetectors combine graphene transistors with a light absorbing layer. Food inspection, plastic sorting in recycling, authentication of pharmaceutical products, agricultural field analysis, and non-invasive medical imaging are among the potential uses for this product.
The detector cannot compete with silicon CMOS for visible light detection, Dr Vuokko Lantz, product manager at Emberion, told Imaging and Machine Vision Europe in an article about hyperspectral imaging. But to extend into the shortwave infrared, the graphene photodetector becomes ‘a very interesting alternative’, Lantz said.
Lantz added: ‘Our detector can offer similar performance to InGaAs in the near and shortware infrared region, and we outperform InGaAs in the visible region.’
‘Graphene’s unique properties and its compatibility to combine with other nanomaterials allowed us to create this cost-effective array for spectrometers,’ commented Tapani Ryhänen, CEO of Emberion. ‘Providing broad spectrum capabilities, without the expense of traditional InGaAs sensors, the VIS-SWIR graphene photodetector provides a digital output using Emberion’s in-house designed read out circuits – without the need to translate analogue data with additional components.’
Founded in 2016 as a spin-off from Nokia Technologies, Emberion’s VIS-SWIR graphene photodetector launch at Laser World of Photonics precedes further announcements, which will be revealed at Graphene Week 2019 in Helsinki, Finland from 23 to 27 September.
Emberion first showed a prototype VGA VIS-SWIR sensor at the 2018 SPIE Photonics West show in San Francisco, where Frank Koppens from the Institute of Photonic Sciences in Barcelona, Spain also presented several applications of graphene-CMOS integration.
Another company shortlisted alongside Emberion within the imaging and sensors category of Laser World of Photonics' innovation award is SWIR Vision Systems. Its quantum dot SWIR sensor also lowers the cost of SWIR imaging compared to InGaAs sensors.


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We present Monte Carlo numerical calculations for the near-field and scattered diffuse intensities of p-polarized light incident upon a random Gaussian correlated surface. We observe that the near field is dominated by two evanescent waves of momentum parallel to the surface Qs and ∼−Qs that in turn produce oscillations in the near field. This is in agreement with a theoretical diagrammatic expansion in the spatial disorder that included the so-called fan diagrams. Our calculations, within a resolution larger than 4° in the scatter angle, do not show a sharp peak or even an extra contribution in the backward diffuse scattered intensity predicted by that theoretical expansion, however. At present, we cannot make any firm conclusions about this because we have to increase resolution and decrease statistical error to elucidate this point.
© 1985 Optical Society of America
Original Manuscript: June 6, 1985
Manuscript Accepted: August 28, 1985
Published: December 1, 1985
N. Garcia and E. Stoll, "Near-field effects and scattered intensities of electromagnetic waves from random rough surfaces," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 2, 2240-2243 (1985)


US 7266259 B1
An optical fiber coil of sub-micron diameter is shown to exhibit self-coupling between adjacent turns so as to form a three-dimensional optical resonator of relatively low loss and high Q. As long as the pitch of the coil and propagating wavelength remain on the same order (or less than) the fiber diameter, resonance may occur. Resonances can be induced by allowing adjacent turns of the coil to touch each other. Optical devices such as resonators and interferometers may then be formed from such “microcoils” that exhibit superior characteristics to conventional planar devices. A method of forming such a microfiber using indirect laser heating is also disclosed.
1. An optical device comprising a three-dimensional optical fiber coil of at least a pair of turns, the fiber coil exhibiting a diameter no greater than the wavelength of the electromagnetic field propagating through the optical device, wherein the pitch of the coil is defined as the spacing between adjacent turns and is maintained to be on the order of the fiber diameter so as to provide self-coupling of a propagating optical signal between adjacent turns.
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13. A method of forming an optical fiber having a diameter no greater than the wavelength of the electromagnetic field propagating therethrough, the method comprising the steps of:
a) obtaining an optical fiber of conventional diameter;
b) inserting the optical fiber through a capillary tube of dimensions sufficient to allow for the fiber to move freely within the tube;
c) fixing at least one end of the fiber to an axial translation stage;
d) applying heat to the capillary tube sufficient to initiate melting of the section of fiber within the tube; and
e) applying a pulling force to the fixed end of the fiber to draw the melting fiber until the predetermined desired sub-micron diameter is obtained.
14. The method as defined in
f) monitoring the optical signal passing through the fiber during the drawing process of step e), and adjusting the pulling force and/or rate as a function of the optical signal.
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This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/555,994, filed Mar. 24, 2004.
The present invention is related to the formation of microfibers (i.e., fibers having a diameter on the order of one micron or less) and, more particularly, to the utilization of such fibers as three-dimensional, coiled optical devices such as resonators and interferometers (fiber microcoils).
A substantial amount of research is currently on-going in the field of optical micro-cavity physics, particularly directed at the ability to develop a high-Q cavity resonator. In general, resonant cavities that can store and re-circulate electromagnetic energy at optical frequencies have many useful applications, including high-precision spectroscopy, signal processing, sensing and filtering. Many difficulties present themselves when conventional planar (two-dimensional) technology, such as etching, is used to fabricate such resonant devices. In particular, the surfaces of such devices need to exhibit deviations on the order of a few nanometers to reduce scattering losses and conventional etching processes cannot routinely form such smoothness. Optical three-dimensional (3D) microcavity resonators, on the other hand, can have quality factors that are several orders of magnitude greater than typical surface etched, 2D resonators, since the microcavity can be shaped by natural surface tension forces during a liquid state fabrication step. The result is a clean, atomically smooth silica surface with low optical loss and negligible scattering.
Optical glass microcavity resonators have quality factors (Q) that are higher by several orders of magnitude than their electromagnetic counterparts. Measured Q's as large as 1010 have been reported for optical glass microcavities, whereas other types of optical resonators typically have Q's ranging from about 105 to about 107. The high-Q resonances encountered in these microcavities are due to optical whispering-gallery-modes (WGMs) that are supported within the microcavities. For these structures, the high-Q light confinement is caused by total internal reflection from the surface of the cavity. Typically, for asymmetric dielectric cavities of this type, both in 2D and 3D, the high-Q modes are confined near a closed geodesic at the surface of the cavity or near a stable closed optical ray. At times, however, these devices suffer from the problem of overpopulation of the resonant modes, limiting the usefulness of such devices. Moreover, and from a more practical view, the ability to couple light into and out of such WGM devices is extremely difficult to achieve and almost impossible to replicate for manufacturability purposes.
The present invention addresses issues remaining in the prior art and relates to the formation of an optical fiber having a diameter no greater than the wavelength of the associated electromagnetic field (i.e., for optical communication wavelengths on the order of 1.5 microns, these fibers comprise a diameter of one micron or less), and the utilization of such fibers as three-dimensional coiled optical devices such as resonators and interferometers (fiber microcoils).
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a microfiber (i.e., a fiber drawn to a diameter on the order of one micron or less) is fabricated by utilizing a microfurnace in combination with laser heating to draw a fiber with transmission characteristics far superior to those formed using lithographic techniques. The fiber is inserted through the microfurnace (capillary tube) such that the section of the fiber to be heated and drawn remains in the microfurnace. The indirect heating of the fiber allows the use of a laser for heating a section of the capillary tube up to the glass melting temperature. Using the inventive technique, fibers with a diameter of less than 100 nm may be drawn.
A microfiber, formed using the inventive technique, may be wound into a coiled structure (“microcoil”) and used, in accordance with the present invention, as an optical resonator or interferometer. In association with the sub-micron diameter of the optical fiber and in contrast to the prior art, light confinement in the inventive coil resonator is achieved by self-coupling between turns, rather than by the presence of a “closed optical path”.
In accordance with the present invention, if the diameter of the microfiber is comparable to the radiation wavelength and the pitch of the coil, then coupling between adjacent turns will occur and give rise to high-Q resonances. Advantageously, the process of forming the microfiber allows for biconical input/output tapers to be easily formed on either side of the coil, providing a conventional method for coupling light into and out of the microcoil.
Various aspects of the present invention include the ability to control the Q of the resonant structure through various means, such as by controlling the number of turns in the coil, the pitch of the turns, temperature of the coil, etc. In one embodiment, oscillation can be induced by allowing adjacent turns of the microcoil to touch each other.
Indeed, these and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent during the course of the following discussion and by reference to the accompanying drawings.
Referring now to the drawings,
The present invention, as will be described in detail below, proposes the use of a coiled single mode optical microfiber (for the purposes of the present invention, the term “microfiber” is defined as a fiber with a diameter on the order of one micron, or less than (or on the order of) the wavelength of the electromagnetic field), as illustrated in
Since a drawn optical fiber will inherently have similar loss characteristics as a whispering gallery mode device (i.e., atomically smooth sidewalls), the significantly larger Q factors can be expected for microfibers with small radius variations. The microcoil resonator of the present invention complements the well-known Fabry-Perot (standing wave) and ring (traveling wave) resonators. In the Fabry-Perot resonator, the resonance is formed by interference of light experiencing multiple reflections from the turning points. In the ring resonator, the resonance is formed by interference of light traveling along the closed path. In the coil resonator of the present invention, the turning points are absent and the light path is open. However, the wave traveling along the open path is circulated on resonant conditions. The resonance is formed by the interference of light going from one turn to another along the microcoil and returning back to the previous turn with the aid of weak coupling. Indeed, it can be shown that a two-turn microcoil formed in accordance with the present invention will exhibit the same free spectrum range as a ring resonator.
In particular, the utilization of sub-micron thickness fiber (microfiber) to form a coil (microcoil) requires that the weak coupling between adjacent turns of the coil to be taken into account. It is assumed that the coupling coefficient K(s) between adjacent turns is adiabatically slow as a function of distance s along the microfiber. This condition can be ensured if the variation of the distance between windings is slow enough. Then, the propagation along the fiber coil is non-reflective and the coil performs as an all-pass filter. In cases where a core is present (such as illustrated in
Self-coupling (i.e., coupling between adjacent turns) will occur in accordance with the present invention when the coil pitch p is comparable to the characteristic transversal dimension of the propagating mode. Usually, this means that the pitch p needs to be comparable to the fiber radius, r, and radiation wavelength, λ. First, consider an idealized coil 30 consisting of two turns, as shown in
Generally, the microcoil of the present invention may have multiple turns, as illustrated in
The interference phenomenon can be observed in a microcoil of the present invention when a coiled microfiber touches itself (“self-touching”) and causes oscillation of the propagating light.
It is well known that drawing of very thin microfibers using direct heating from a laser source is impossible. Indeed, the minimum diameter of a microfiber formed by directly heating the fiber with a laser source is known to be limited by the power of the beam. In particular, for a microfiber heated with a CO2 laser, the power acquired from the laser beam is proportional to the volume of the fiber (i.e., the acquired power drops as a function of the fiber radius squared). At the same time, the power dissipated by the fiber is proportional to the surface area of the fiber (i.e., the dissipated power drops linearly with fiber radius). Therefore, at a certain radius, the dissipated power will equal the acquired power and melting of the fiber is no longer possible; the fiber “freezes” for this radial value.
An inventive arrangement for drawing sub-micron thin optical fibers (microfibers) in accordance with the present invention overcomes this limitation of the prior art by using indirect heating of the optical fiber. That is, the section of the fiber to be drawn is placed within a capillary tube (referred to hereinafter as a “microfurnace”), and the tube itself is heated with the laser source. The radiated heat from the laser then functions to melt the fiber and allow sub-micron drawing to occur.
An exemplary arrangement 100 for fabricating sub-micron diameter optical fibers (“microfibers”) in accordance with the present invention that utilizes laser heating while overcoming this “freezing” problem is illustrated in
In the arrangement of
In accordance with the present invention, the mass of the portion of fiber 160 within microfurnace 120 (the “melting fiber”) is much less than the mass of the corresponding heated section of microfurnace 120. Therefore, the temperature inside the microfurnace is not affected by the variation in fiber radius as the fiber is being drawn, allowing for the drawing process to be continued until the desired sub-micron diameter is achieved. The use of microfurnace 120, therefore, decouples the affects associated with the fiber from the heat source itself.
Coiled microfiber resonators of the present invention exhibit several advantages over the 2D rings and 3D WGMs of the prior art, with a primary advantage being the relatively simple ability to couple signals into and out of the microcoil by using a pair of adiabatic tapers, as illustrated in
Additionally, since the microfiber is fabricated by melting, a microcoil formed from such a fiber will exhibit atomically flat surfaces in the same manner as WGM devices. Being fabricated of a single mode fiber, the microcoil has a one-dimensional resonant structure and does not exhibit the problem of overloading of the resonant modes, as found in 3D WGM microcavities.
While the present invention has been particularly described and shown with reference to particular embodiments and methods of fabrication, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the claims appended hereto.


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Street Legal: Feel free to use this light bar on the street. The SAE-F Compliant beam stops glare from oncoming traffic keeping you legal and safe from getting a ticket.
Features: Choose from desired selection of beams that give you exceptional ground, wide, and driving coverage to enhance your specific lighting needs. 6000K white and 2500K for Yellow output from high power LEDs to give you daylight on those dark nights. Ultimate protection by way of a cast aluminum housing with polycarbonate lenses as well as having a 10G vibration rating & IP67 water tight. Comes with mounting hardware, wiring harness, relay & switch.
Fog Beam: The widespread fog beam pattern illuminates far beyond the side of trails and road shoulders, and fills in the dark areas left by your low beams.
Yellow Fog Beam: 2500k Yellow light that throws large amounts of light in poor weather with multiple high power LEDs.
Hybrid Beam: Focused Beam Pattern in fog or driving.
Driving Beam: Long-Range Driving Beam was designed to give the user extreme distance while still providing decent side and shoulder illumination.
- Single LED Bar
- Wiring Harness (When Selected Above)
- Size: 10 inch to 19 inch
- Light Pattern: Fog or Driving or Driving, Fog
- Features: Aluminum, LED Light Bar or LED Light Bar
- Color: Black
PIAA RF 18" LED Light Bar Options
|Part Number||Catalog #||With or Without Wiring Harness||Light Beam Option:||Price|
|07218||97041.0112||With Wiring Harness||SAE Fog||$509.15|
|07018||97041.0102||Without Wiring Harness||SAE Fog||$475.15|
|07418||97041.0202||Without Wiring Harness||Driving||$475.15|
|07618||97041.0212||With Wiring Harness||Driving||$509.15|
|22-07218||97041.0217||With Wiring Harness||SAE Yellow Fog||$509.15|
|12-07218||97041.0225||Without Wiring Harness||SAE Yellow Fog||$475.15|
|26-07118||97041.0221||With Wiring Harness||SAE Hybrid||$509.15|
|16-07118||97041.0226||Without Wiring Harness||SAE Hybrid||$475.15|


Thermal Imaging Gun
The Thermal Imaging Gun displays hot and cold spots on the screen, allowing users to more effectively observe temperature changes.
● High/Low-temperature alarm
● Rechargeable Li-ion battery (via micro USB interface)
● Auto power off
•Standard package also includes an 8GB Micro SD card for image and temperature data storage.
•UTi80’s image blending feature is able to combine infrared and normal camera images together, allowing in-depth display for areas of interest.


Fitek Photonics Corporation is making a new and active marketing support to FTTX broadband network which we provide the total solution of the optical fiber cabling products. As we face the infinite demand on bandwidth for Audio, Video and data transmission in our life day after day, Fitek provide many solutions for different applications like POF fiber for Audio and consumer products, Outdoor optical fiber cabling solution for community, factory broadband network and Indoor/Outdoor & Indoor optical fiber cabling solution for building broadband network.As we use the sources of earth everyday, Fitek would like to pay the effort to protect our environment and provide the “Green” products which comply with the RoHS criterion to our customers.
This product profile describes the features and characteristics of the zoom lens.
The Thermo Scientific™ ARL™ EQUINOX 3000 X-ray Diffractometer for research enables accurate measurements.
KLA’s Filmetrics F40 allows you to transform your benchtop microscope into an instrument to measure thickness and refractive index.
In this interview, AZoOptics talks to Davis Bowling, who provides guidance into extended reality (XR) optical testing and demonstrates how to optimize the testing process.
AZoOptics speaks to Jan Novotný, one of the founding members of Lightigo, about the significance of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in the elemental analysis field. Discussing Lightigo's rapid technology, Novotný discusses the latest trends in LIBS technology and its many benefits in several applications.
Dr. Stefan Weber
AZoOptics speaks to Phaseform, whose approach to adaptive optics is helping to refine optic technologies across applications like life sciences microscopy and optical inspection.


Can you put LED lights in older cars?
Can You Put LED Lights in Older Cars? Yep, thanks to the aftermarket there are quite a few options for getting modern LED lighting into your classic car.
Are LED headlights legal on classic cars?
LED lights cannot be fitted anywhere else on your historic vehicle unless the bulbs meet ECE standard 128 and ECE standard 148.
Are LED headlight bulbs legal?
Whilst they are not road legal, the bulbs are designed with specialist technology that make them a lot safer to use and won’t dazzle other drivers. It’s worth noting that many LED headlight bulbs will require a CANbus control unit to help them work correctly.
Are LED replacement headlights illegal?
Aftermarket LED replacement bulbs are illegal, but there’s little enforcement at the federal level. “There are currently no LED headlamp replaceable bulbs that meet federal safety standards.
Is it legal to replace halogen headlight bulbs with LED?
The general rule is if you have a halogen bulb currently installed and you want to upgrade to LED, it won’t be road legal. It’s classed as a kind of headlight modification, as you’re switching halogen technology to LED technology.
What are the best LED headlights?
Best LED Headlights in 2019 1. Cougar Motor All-in-One LED Headlight Bulbs – Best Single Beam H8/H9/H11 LED Headlights 2. OPT7 FluxBeam H11 LED Headlight Kit 3. Alla Lighting LED Headlight Bulbs – Best 9005/9006/9007 White LED Headlight Replacement Kit
What cars have LED headlights?
These high-tech headlights have become a signature look of aftermarket upgrades, and they distinguish the styling on many new vehicles, in particular cars with LED headlights, which can be grouped in signature looks. Many models from Audi, BMW, Cadillac, Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, and others are equipped with these stylish headlights.
Are LED headlights better then halogens?
LED headlights are generally more energy-efficient and longer-lasting than traditional halogen headlights. Though they are more expensive than halogen bulbs up front, in the long run, LED headlights will save you some money.
Are LED headlights worth it for your car?
Not only do LED headlights last longer than standard halogen headlights, but they also typically work better. The lights are brighter and more efficient, which protects you while you drive. This is great for your safety and saves you money since you won’t have to replace these headlamps anytime soon.


Immersive and Kinetic Installation
SCR is a kinetic installation that puts light in motion.
By considering light as a material in itself, we designed an installation that reveals its weight and thickness. Sacré is a ceiling of moving and synchronized mirrors that modulate streaks of light through its interstices.
The structure is thus to be considered as a technical tool that enhances the light through a possibility of infinite light paintings.
Mars 2019, Sacré Club, Paris, France


Light Emitting Diode, or simply LED, is a semiconductor light source, which effuses light when it is activated. Among the types of LED lights, the UV LED lamps have become quite popular recently not only because of their efficiency but also because of their cost-effectiveness. The output of a solitary UV LED light is generally calculated in mW or milliwatts at a minimal input of current and voltage. The normal wavelength of the UV LED lights stays between the X-ray light and visible light.
The market of the UV LED lamps has grown massively over the years as they are nowadays being used in numerous different fields. Another reason, which has increased their popularity, is their small size. Other than being small, they are also known to be quite durable, which makes them resistant to any kind of impact or vibration. The UV LED lamps are known to be much less toxic, as unlike the CCFL technology, they do not contain harmful mercury materials in them.
Most of the key players of the market of UV LED lamps are considering it as an ever-growing market not only because they are being made with modern technologies but also because of their environment-friendliness. In numerous countries, the UV lights are being used as biomedicine to protect people from various infectious diseases. These lights are known to have the ability to purify water as well as air. Furthermore, the UV lights are also being used in several industrial places, such as manufacturing and printing, for hardening and curing.
Top key Players
Global UV LED Lamps Market Segmentation
Market Segmentation By Product Type
Market Segmentation By Application
* UV Curing
* Medical Phototherapy
In the USA, the UV lights Market are being continuously used in various places, such as the industry, customer products as well as the military. Thus, among the countries as well as the continents, the United States of America is presumed to have the highest UV LED lamps market share in the upcoming years. However, the UV market of the numerous Asian countries such as Japan, China, and India are also expected to grow by a large amount, as the demands of printers in these regions are ever-growing. The UV LED lamps market of some other regions such as South America, Europe, Africa, and Middle East Asia are also expected to grow.
Browse for Detailed research report @ https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/4088445-global-uv-led-lamps-market-report-2019-market-size-share-price-trend-and-forecast
Wise Guy Reports is part of the Wise Guy Consultants Pvt. Ltd. and offers premium progressive statistical surveying, market research reports, analysis & forecast data for industries and governments around the globe. Wise Guy Reports features an exhaustive list of market research reports from hundreds of publishers worldwide. We boast a database spanning virtually every market category and an even more comprehensive collection of market research reports under these categories and sub-categories.
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Phone: +1 646 845 9349, +44 208 133 9349


Among the best 35mm lenses in the world, (for over 6 decades!) now in its latest generation with improved design and mechanics. A trusted favourite of generations and a popular first Leica M lens to buy.
Perfect performance – in silver and black
This outstanding new classic prime lens offers exceptional image performance and unique bokeh. Despite its high speed and impressive imaging quality, its dimensions are astoundingly compact. Together with this lens, every Leica M becomes an extremely compact and elegant photographic tool. The Summicron-M features a rectangular, full-metal lens hood with a screw mount. A screw-in protector ring is provided to protect the filter thread of the lens when the hood is not in use.
The eleven blades of the iris of the new Summicron-M 35 mm f/2 ASPH. create a circular aperture. This lends the out of focus areas of subjects a smooth and harmonious look. The newly designed and constructed lens delivers pin-sharp pictures with rich contrast and almost complete freedom from distortion – at all apertures and distances - and even when wide open.


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Название: Photonic Microsystems Micro and Nanotechnology Applied to Optical Devices and Systems
Автор: Solgaard O.
Photonic Microsystems: Micro and Nanotechnology Applied to Optical Devices and Systems, describes MEMS technology and demonstrates how MEMS allow miniaturization, parallel fabrication, and efficient packaging of optics, as well as integration of optics and electronics. It shows how the characteristics of MEMS enable practical implementations of a variety of applications, including projection displays, fiber switches, interferometers, spectrometers.
The book describes the phenomenon of Photonic crystals (nanophotonics) and demonstrates how Photonic crystals enable synthesis of materials with optimized optical characteristics and allow control over optical fields over sub-wavelength distances, leading to devices with improved scaling and functionality compared to traditional optics.
It concludes with a discussion of the need for the combination of MEMS and Photonic crystals by demonstrating that practical photonic-crystal devices leverage MEMS technology for integration and packaging.


(Laser Engravings ◊ ED)
: High Definition performance for digital device users.
: Extra-large near vision area, fast transition from distance to near (limited intermediate).
: Variable corridor to fit any frame (15-25mm fitting heights).
: Position of wear compensation for more accurate powers.
(Laser Engravings ◊ A15, A18, A21)
: Wider distance area for enhanced sports, outdoor and driving vision.
: Rx-optimized with position of wear compensation.
: 15 to 33mm fitting height for all sports/sun frames.
: Available for high-wrap frames.
(Laser Engravings ◊ E32 to E156)
: First office lens designed for best performance and easy ordering.
: Five intermediate lengths (32, 40, 54, 80 and 156 inches) to match patient’s working style.
: Automatically calculated for 1.00 to 3.50 adds – over 40 combinations.
: Virtually eliminates ordering errors.
: 16-35mm fitting heights, wide material availability.
(Laser Engravings ◊ D5, D7)
: Enhanced single vision lens for pre-presbyopic wearers.
: Power boost area for digital device use (.50 or .75D).
: Wide, clear distance – great for all-day wear.


Nikon Digital Camera Z 5 kit with NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S Lens
Welcome to a new dimension of photographic performance with the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S. With high resolution precision, see a new world of possibility open up before you. This cutting-edge design gives you access to the latest in optical technology, research and development. Crafted with Nikon’s optical heritage in mind, the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S delivers sharper images with minimal aberrations.
Where to Buy
Experience groundbreaking optical technology in every shot. A compact and lightweight lens, the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S reproduces even the most minute details in stunning high resolution. Witness consistently high image quality with minimal lens aberrations and sufficient peripheral illumination. Slim, yet rugged, the NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S can endure harsh weather conditions with dust and moisture resistance – perfect for the great outdoors.
Specification: Nikon Digital Camera Z 5 kit with NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S Lens
Price History for Nikon Digital Camera Z 5 kit with NIKKOR Z 24-70mm f/4 S Lens
Last price changes


LED panel is a cutting-edge, ultra-thin, light source, providing lighting solutions for a variety of applications including: architectural lighting, display lighting, retail lighting, interior lighting and lighting graphics. LED panels, is available directly applied to the opal diffuser connected to the high-impact or no ultra-thin light source with a simple graphical front panel graphics. Because LED film is so thin, you can cut into various shapes and sizes that it opens up a whole new world of new lighting opportunities.
LED panel is an 8-mm thick plate of acrylic acid and high-brightness LED embedded into the edge of a channel band of light in the acrylic. To ensure the best distribution and light output, acrylic face is engraved with an LED light which reflects the outward appearance of fine lines series.
Etched lines of these differences, significant differences between light one of two main panels. Striped LED panel have already graduated engraved on the surface parallel to the direction of a single line, while the matrix LED light panel to create a uniform vertical and horizontal grid, or matrix of a series of lines. Stripe pattern for different etching carved because the model is personal, and matrix-specific panel is reduced from the big board, which means that stripes LED matrix is used to specify the size of the more specific.
The other main difference is that the high brightness LED light bar LED panel is to provide higher light output. In order to optimize the light output of LED lights on the rear panel to ensure that all the available reflected light reflection in front of the white backing paper. In both cases, with the support of the tail, with lines etched reflector provides light from the LED board is the most intelligent and the most uniform light possible.
LED panels also provide energy-efficient lighting equipment, high-brightness light-emitting diode is a low energy consumption by the 12-volt DC power supply, which is simple and smart power inverter and connectors. Light board is to maintain low cost, because they are durable and high quality components to ensure the longest life expectancy estimated at more than 70,000 hours may be made into.
In order to ensure that the LED's life is essential that they are thermal management. The heat generated by the light-emitting diode is a special heat sink is installed in the group, consumption of heat from the LED away from the rear. LED lights in a matrix of metal radiator panel angle bar is in one place, with the other components with a waterproof adhesive tape, sealing light panel. LED panel in the stripes on the heat sink is actually the back of a metal frame and channeling heat away from the LED panel and place also has a LED.
LED in a matrix LED panels can supply all kinds of color temperature, RGB color change even with the light-emitting diodes. The RGB LED light wall color change can be provided with a DMX controller, the management of color change and sequenced. LED light panel also provides an adjustable light controller unit, allowing users the perfect environment for the comprehensive control of the brightness of the light.
led lights,solar lights,led strip lights,Deck Lights,WIFI Deck Lights,WIFI LED Strip


Led floodlights series Premium
Series led spotlights Premium has increased light output, uniform illumination with minimized blinding effect.
Slim case allows you to mount led lamp in places with limited space, such as a different corner of the space, peaks of roofs, ceilings, etc.
A high degree of protection prevents penetration of moisture and dust in the spotlight, which has a positive impact on quality performance and long service life.
The radiator is located at the rear of the searchlight ensures high-quality cooling.
Led floodlights suitable for lighting of warehouse, light manufacturing, street lighting


L01 LED Projector 4W
Concise design, soft lighting effect
facades, bridges, landscape, etc.
Modern and compact design, suitable for different kinds of outdoor applications
High quality extruded aluminium housing
Polyester powder coated finish to withstand arduous environments
Top grade high power LED for 4W/6W versions
Precision optical lens, achieves even light distribution
Unique heat sink design, dissipates heat effectively,
ensuring good performance and longer lifespan.
Built-in constant current led driver
Top grade high power LED; Precision optical lens, achieves even light distribution; Unique heat sink design
Widely used in facades, bridges, landscape, etc.
Scan the QR code to read on your phone


The Long and Lighted Road: Lighting and Driving
The Roadway as a System
What will be the future of roadway lighting? Certainly, it's reasonable to suppose that we will have roadway lighting with us for as long as we will have roads. Roadway lighting consumes 14 billion kWh annually in the United States. Not only does street lighting provide for visibility by illuminating objects and potential hazards in and along the roadway, it can also serve as a tool in economic development. Many historic downtowns are using decorative street lighting with historic character, for example, as part of overall renovations designed to bring both drivers and pedestrians, and their wallets, into these areas to patronize shops, restaurants and theaters.
|At low (mesopic and scotopic) light levels, peripheral vision is more sensitive to shorter-wavelength ("bluer") light.
Shown above are the photopic and scotopic luminous efficacy functions, and a mesopic function for one light level.
But visibility and safety are still among the primary reasons to have street and roadway lighting. Most roadway lighting in the United States uses high intensity discharge (HID) light sources: high pressure sodium (HPS) and metal halide (MH). HPS lamps are known for their high lumen ratings and their yellowish tint; MH lamps produce fewer lumens than HPS and have a whiter appearance. But lumen ratings don't tell the user everything about potential visibility. Recent research has shown that at low (called "mesopic") light levels, like those typically specified on roadways at night, the spectral (color) sensitivity of our peripheral vision shifts toward shorter wavelengths ("bluer" light) and because of this shift, response times to objects in the periphery can be shorter under MH lamps than under HPS lamps, despite the lower lumen rating of MH. For non-peripheral tasks, like reading roadway signs, this advantage is not present.
It is worth noting too that in the future, manufacturers might optimize the color of HID and other light sources, such as fluorescent lamps, to more efficiently match the spectral response of the peripheral visual system at low light levels.
Armed with the results of this research, Mark Rea, who is the director of the Lighting Research Center and author of many of the aforementioned visibility studies, recently proposed a sketch for a new approach to roadway lighting at a conference of lighting engineers in York, England. The typical roadway lighting approach is to uniformly light the roadway surface, helping to make objects on it visible to drivers, as shown in the first rendering below. Rea suggests a systems approach, allowing vehicular headlighting to carry the burden of lighting objects on the road, and essentially turning roadway luminaires around so that they illuminate areas along the edge of the roadway, as shown in the second rendering below. In this way, objects and potential hazards not yet on the road stand a better chance of being detected, and roadway luminaires could use light sources designed to take better advantage of the spectral effects described above. Of course, before actually advocating such a systems approach to roadway lighting, Rea states, these principles would have to be validated in actual field installations.
|Conventional roadway lighting illuminates the surface of the roadway.|
|One proposal for roadway lighting involves acknowledging the work done by automotive headlamps in illuminating the surface of the roadway, allowing luminaires to illuminate potential hazards near the roadway.|
As roadway lighting becomes more sophisticated, so does our understanding of its impacts beyond simply providing visibility. Light pollution and light trespass are being recognized more and more as real effects of excessive or poorly designed exterior lighting. To combat light pollution and light trespass, the following measures have been advocated:
- use of cutoff luminaires so that bare lamps are not visible in roadway lighting fixtures, except from directly beneath them
- designing lighting installations that provide the minimum amount of light needed for safety
- in certain cases, such as in the vicinity of astronomical observatories, use of narrow-spectrum lamps, like low pressure sodium, which can be easily filtered by astronomers
We will see a growing awareness and optimization of these issues as roadway and street lighting continues to evolve as a system. An increasing importance is being placed on roadways and highways as engines of economic growth, and the incorporation of lighting and visibility issues into such programs as intelligent transportation systems (ITS) will require understanding not only about lighting technologies but the transportation-related tasks and processes that lighting supports.


How a crystal structure within the skin of the famous colour-changing lizard holds the key to wearable photonic devices, next generation screens and optical communications
In nature, chameleons can easily change colors by controlling the spacing between periodic nanocrystals on their skin.
This coloring based on surface structures is chemically stable and robust. Inspired by nature, we managed to make a laser able to change color using a similar mechanism to that seen in chameleon skin. Such mechanically tunable lasers could provide advances in responsive optical displays, wearable photonic devices, and ultra-sensitive strain sensors.
Researchers have recently discovered that panther chameleons can change their color by active tuning of spacings in a lattice of guanine nanocrystals on their skin. The periodic lattices function as photonic crystals – dielectric nanostructures with ordered refractive index variation – to control the light flow. Certain wavelengths of light associated with the lattice spacings can be reflected from the nanocrystals, while others are forbidden, which determines the colors we perceive in the eyes.
Chameleons manifest skin color change from green to yellow or orange from the resting to the excited state. At the same time, distance among guanine crystals increases by around 40%, which causes shifting of selective reflectivity from short (blue, green) to long wavelengths (orange, red). Further straining the elastic skin could enable color changes over the entire visible range. This color change occurs within a couple of minutes and is fully reversible, and can inspire diverse applications in photonic displays, optical communications and on-chip circuits.
Compared to tunable colors in chameleons, the laser emission is typically fixed at the time of fabrication, and the manipulation of output color requires complex optical device designs. Advances in nanofabrication have enabled unconventional material architectures at the nanoscale, and the engineering of nanostructures can introduce new physical properties unavailable in conventional devices.
This color change occurs within a couple of minutes and is fully reversible, and can inspire diverse applications in photonic displays, optical communications and on-chip circuits
Nature-inspired stretchable lasers Exploiting a similar mechanism, we achieved mechanical control of the lasing color by exploiting a lasing cavity based on periodic arrays of nanoparticles (cm2) in a stretchable, polymer (PDMS) matrix. Liquid dye molecules dissolved in organic solvents functioned as the gain media to ensure the dyes would surround the nanoparticles upon stretching of the substrate. In previous work, by switching the liquid dye solution, we had demonstrated the first real-time tunable nanolaser. Here, stretching the substrate provides an alternative way without micro-fluid channels.
Large metal nanoparticles (around 260 nm in diameter) arranged in a lattice (spacing 600 nm) produce high-quality cavity modes with extremely narrow resonance linewidth (< 5 nm). In cases of uneven sample surfaces and defects in the lattice – sharp and intense cavity resonance is still maintained. This new lasing mechanism enables stable high cavity mode quality upon stretching of the device, distinct from current laser designs. The cavity resonance originates from the diffractive coupling of metal nanoparticles; hence, the color of lasing is determined by the interparticle distances, and small changes in strain directly induce the emission peak shift.
When pumped with an external ultrafast laser, the nanolaser emits at around 870 nm normal to the sample surface, with a narrow beam in the far field. The lasing wavelength shifts into the near-infrared side when the device is stretched, and exhibits excellent recovery after releasing of strain. Cyclic changes in strain allow real-time modulation of the lasing output. By stretching and releasing the elastomeric substrate, we could select the lasing emission color at will.
Significantly, stretchable nanolasing from metal nanoparticle arrays induces a wavelength shift of 31 nm for a 3% increase of interparticle spacing, demonstrating a sensitivity around ten times higher than those based on photonic crystals in similar geometries. This improvement is attributed to the tuning of lasing colors directly by small changes in lattice spacing, while the microscale photonic cavities are less sensitive to nanoscale structural changes.
The device also harnesses plasmons – collective oscillations of conduction electrons – on the surface of gold nanoparticles. Thanks to these plasmon resonances, light can be confined to tiny regions smaller than half its wavelength (the diffraction limit), which is typically a challenge for conventional photonic devices. The confined electromagnetic fields result in lasing action from sub-wavelength regions close to the metal nanoparticles. The generation of lasing at the nanoscale is beneficial for enhancing light-matter interactions such as fluorescence, photocatalysis and nonlinear optical processes.
Flexible nanolasers for the future The stretchable nanolaser offers new prospects for future wearable and flexible optical displays in such as televisions and mobile phones that require coherent light sources. Current electronic screens can be easily broken, while the integration with an elastic substrate enables a flexible device robust to deformation. With side-by-side patterning of these nanoparticle lattices and integrating with different gain materials, we could mimic the multi-color change in chameleons by stretching and releasing the flexible device.
Additionally, our laser system can work as an efficient and highly directional light source and achieve emissions from the ultraviolet to near-infrared by incorporating various metals, gain materials, and nanoparticle spacings. Different from gold nanoparticles, silver and aluminum nanoparticles can support nanolasing at the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. The broadband tuning capability offers possibilities in full-color photonic displays and multi-channel optical communications.
[caption id="attachment_67579" align="alignnone" width="200"] Stretchable nanolasing based on metal nanoparticles integrated with liquid gain materials. Changing interparticle distances directly modulated the cavity resonance wavelength, and thus tunable lasing emission was achieved by stretching and releasing the substrate.[/caption]
- A. Yang, T.B. Hoang, M. Dridi, C. Deeb, M.H. Mikkelsen, G.C. Schatz, and T.W. Odom, “Real-time tunable lasing from plasmonic nanocavity arrays,” Nature Communications 6, 6939 (2015)
- D. Wang, M.R. Bourgeois, W. Lee, R. Li, D. Trivedi, M.P. Knudson, W. Wang, G.C. Schatz, T.W. Odom, “Stretchable Nanolasing from Hybrid Quadrupole Plasmons,” Nano Letters 18, 7, 4549–4555 (2018)
Danqing Wang is a Ph.D. candidate in the applied physics program at Northwestern University co-advised by Professor Teri W. Odom and Professor George C. Schatz. Her research focuses on structural engineering of plasmonic nanocavities and their light−matter interactions with different gain media.
Teri W. Odom is Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and Associate Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) at Northwestern University.


SERENGETI, THE ULTIMATE GLASSES TECHNOLOGY
Serengeti pays particular attention to the materials we use to protect your eyes and offer you the best visual acuity available on the market.
From the finest and ultimate raw materials to the latest coatings, every step of the production and every component are meticulously checked to guarantee the best quality and protection.
Ultra-light mineral lenses:
Experience the ultimate lens on the market.
Our mineral lenses are made with borosilicate optical glass, from Corning.
A full 20% thinner and lighter, our Borosilicate mineral glass lenses are finer than any other lens.
They provide the best visual acuity you could ever experience.
Every pair of Serengeti mineral lenses is unique:
each Photochromic lens passes through a
Hydrogen-fueled Lehr furnace, which activates the Spectral Control technology – with varying temperatures that determine the proprietary lens hue.
They are also chemically tempered to ensure scratch and impact resistance.
To complete this unrivaled visual experience, an anti-reflective coating is added to the backside of the lens, canceling the scattering light that causes reflective glare.
FRAME MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY METAL
Offering the possibility of creating thin and lightweight frames, handcrafted for ultimate comfort and a wide fit range.
Metal frames also have the great advantage of being strong and impact resistance as well as being highly aesthetic by proposing an infinite variety of colors and combinations with other materials.
Using only the highest-quality injected
Nylon TR90 for superior durability, these fashionable frames have the added benefit of being exceptionally light, strong, chemically resistant, and extremely flexible and comfortable.
Expertly produced and cured from all-natural cotton, our Cellulose Propionate Acetate is not only handcrafted to be lightweight but can be made into beautiful patterns and brilliant hues. Pliable when heated, it is ideal for custom fitting.
A UNIQUE 3-EN-1 LENS TECHNOLOGY
Serengeti® is a pioneer in the development of photochromic technology. Darkening in bright sunlight and lightening in overcast conditions, Photochromic technology allows your eyes to adapt to any light, anywhere. The result is a view of the world so crystal clear, you’ll notice natural beauty you’ve never seen before. This technology is molecularly infused into every Serengeti lens.
Serengeti’s Polarizing technology suppresses glare, allowing you to enjoy all the depth and beauty the world has to offer. When glare reflects off the road, water, snow or flat areas, parallel light rays can pass through unhindered, while distracting perpendicular light is reflected. This allows you to discover more clarity, while living free from glare and eye fatigue.
Some of our products feature non-polarized lens options, ideal for pilots or professionals with digital instrument panels.


Stahl Compact Camera EC-710
The Stahl Compact Camera EC-710 is an explosion proof camera station, designed for use in harsh environment and where there is minimal space. The Stahl Compact Camera EC-710 has a compact design which allow it to be placed in almost any niche. The Stahl Compact Camera EC-710 has a sight glass mount to monitor any process and procedure.
The extremely small, lightweight, unobtrusive, robust and compact design allows it to be placed in the tightest corner.
7 lenses and therefore 7 different viewing angles ensure a constant monitoring and overview of the plant.
The low power consumption allows autonomous operation in conjunction with solar power or battery power.
Quick, easy and cost-saving mounting/installation.
Zone 1,2, 21, 22
IP69K protection allows easy cleaning of extremely soiled cameras by using a high-pressure cleaner.
The temperature range of -40°C up to +75°C allows worldwide operation without additional enclosures.
The light-weight (0.44 kg/0.97 lbs without cable) and the diameter of only 55 mm allow easy mounting/installation.
Please contact us for more information.


High-speed photoacoustic microscopy of mouse cortical microhemodynamics.
- Additional Document Info
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We applied high-speed photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) for both cortical microenvironment studies and dynamic brain studies, with micrometer-level optical resolution and a millisecond-level cross-sectional imaging speed over a millimeter-level field of view. We monitored blood flow redistribution in mini-stroke mouse models and cerebral autoregulation induced by a vasoactive agent. Our results collectively suggest that high-speed PAM is a promising tool for understanding dynamic neurophysiological phenomena, complementing conventional imaging modalities.
author list (cited authors)
Lin, L. i., Yao, J., Zhang, R., Chen, C., Huang, C., Li, Y., ... Wang, L. V.
complete list of authors
Lin, Li||Yao, Junjie||Zhang, Ruiying||Chen, Chun-Cheng||Huang, Chih-Hsien||Li, Yang||Wang, Lidai||Chapman, William||Zou, Jun||Wang, Lihong V


There is no denying that the popularity of thermal imagers in airsoft applications is growing year by year. This phenomenon is favored by the increasing competition on the market and the falling prices of simpler devices following technological progress.
Not everyone likes this state of affairs. Although thermal imaging devices are becoming more affordable, some airsofters do not plan to spend their money on such equipment, wanting to continue playing in the classic way, from a time when such technical innovations were almost unheard of. So the idea of "unplugged" type games developed in the gaming community, played both at day and night. The use of advanced optoelectronics is prohibited during such events. Different people take part in such games: those skeptical about thermal imaging, who have a neutral attitude towards it, as well as owners of such equipment who like to play in different ways and appreciate using only classical optics and white light sources.
In this part of our guide, we will focus on the practical use of thermal imaging during airsoft games that allow it. Everything you read is the result of the writer's own experience and will be expressed in an extremely subjective way.
There are pros and there are cons
The skeptical and sometimes even hostile approach of some players to the use of thermal imagers during airsoft games is due to the fear of gaining an excessive advantage by players that use them. Some are also not fully aware of how thermal imaging works. These devices are often perceived as flawless and that they provide an unfair advantage over participants without such equipment. And what is the reality?
In short, there's a lot of truth in these fears. At least when considering the use of thermal imaging during airsoft night combat encounters. Players forced to use white light sources have incomparably less chance against thermal imagers, especially if they are not aware of what the opponent is using. Nevertheless, a close-knit group of players who are aware of the advantages and disadvantages of using thermal imaging, who try to maintain the initiative in the field, can compete on an equal footing with the owners of advanced equipment, using only good quality sources white light
The advantage of thermal imagers is not so important during the day, especially when it comes to traditional models, without going into the subject of multispectral imaging. In daylight, the first and most important difference is good visibility of targets to the naked eye and the consequent awareness of one's surroundings. Usually, every player is able to pick up a moving target within sight without much difficulty, and if the camouflage of the sought object is not optimally matched, a stationary silhouette can also be quickly spotted. Thermovision, on the other hand, gives a big advantage in detecting well-camouflaged, stationary people. It can also work in other circumstances, for example when there are large differences in sunlight in the field, making it difficult to see the enemy; when it is partially hidden by a layer of vegetation or the transparency of the air is low.
2023. Pulsar Multispectral Sights Thermion Duo DXP50 and DXP55 equipped with two sensors: CMOS 4K and thermal 640x480 @17 um.
When two competing players, one with a thermal imager and the other with a classic scope, engage in an open firefight and both can see each other well, the type of optics used ceases to matter much. Nay! Traditional scopes gain an advantage in this situation, as they allow to observe the BB's flight path longer and more accurately and take any necessary corrections.
In thermal imaging, the visibility of fired BBs is often limited by device parameters and weather conditions. Too small differences in the detected radiation between the "composite" and the environment resemble observing dark BBs through classic optics: one can see the target, one can see the reticle, but one can't always see the BBs being shot. Effective use of the thermal imager requires a perfect alignment of the reticle, a good sense of distance, a replica that shoots repeatedly and accurately, and the BB's flight path as flat as possible. Otherwise, it may be necessary to shoot an excessive amount of BBs, and the effect will still not be guaranteed .
In connection with the scenario described above, in addition to factors somewhat dependent on the user, such as knowledge and preparation of one's own equipment, there are also those independent of the player, i.e. atmospheric conditions. If there is wind, then with increasing distance at which firing is conducted, the optimal trajectory of the BB's flight may be more and more deviated. It can be much harder for a thermal imaging user to notice this, and in unfavorable circumstances it will be even impossible.
2022. Japa3d double-layer airsoft thermal imager lens cover. It is possible to fully expose the lens, protect it with a durable "honeycomb" or cover it completely.
For these reasons, I myself prefer to use thermal imaging on assault rifle and machine gun replicas, where it is possible to compensate for the effects of adverse factors by holding the trigger longer. In DMR or sniper rifle replicas, when firing is conducted at a distance of more than 70 meters, classic optics are my preferred choice.
Additional difficulties are also caused by thermal imaging users, protecting the lens from the effects of hits by BBs. There are opinions that it is more durable than the one used in classic optics. In many years of using thermal imaging equipment, we have seen with our own eyes both broken protectors made of germanium glass and an lens cracked by a BB that pierced a previously poor quality honeycomb protector. Replacing a damaged component was possible, but costly.
2020. Using a germanium protector on a lens can protect your device from damage. Non the less it is also vulnerable to damage.
How to effectively protect the lens? Glass and polycarbonate covers do not transmit thermal radiation in the spectrum used by thermal imaging, so installing such a devices is completely out of the question. An additional germanium lens may have sensible transmission, but they are less readily available, expensive and also prone to damage. A cover in the form of a honeycomb works best, with a durable mesh inside. However, it should be remembered that the thicker the weave, covering a larger area, the more the actual image quality of the Imager will suffer. This is manifested by a decrease in clarity and much less detail of what is seen on the screen of the device (similar to insufficient thermal sensitivity or bad weather conditions). Therefore, the dimensions of the cover and weave should be properly selected to ensure the right balance between protection and imaging quality.
2023. Effect on thermal imaging by obscuring the lens with a honeycomb cover. A similar difference can be seen between devices with higher and lower thermal sensitivity. The detail of the environment has less detail, while the warmest objects (the vehicle visible in the center of the image and the man in the upper left corner) are still visible.
On the Polish market there are contractors specializing in creating this type of covers for thermal imagers. In some cases, it is also possible to use special, three-stage designs that allow the lens to be fully covered, partially or completely exposed, depending on the situation in the field and the user's preferences.
Choosing a comfortable thermal imager
When considering the comfortable and effective use of thermal imaging during airsoft games, one needs to answer a few questions first. Is it to be used mainly for detecting threats or aiming and shooting? Can it perform both roles at the same time?
Facing the choice of the first device, I myself usually recommend buying a thermal imager in the form of a sight. Although thermal imaging monoculars, especially those worn on the head, provide great convenience and the ability to continuously scan the terrain without engaging one's hands for this purpose, threat detection is only half the battle. The located target must also be eliminated, and for this purpose a device with a reticle that can be zeroed with an airsoft replica comes in handy.
As we mentioned in the previous part of the guide, in some cases it is possible to adapt a handheld thermal imaging monocular to the role of a makeshift sight, usually by means of custom mounts. Some of these devices offer software that can imitate a reticle or an aiming point (e.g. pixel correction function). Others may have static elements on the screen (e.g. a stadiametric rangefinder) that can be used as a reference point when aiming. In such cases, a mount with the possibility of adjustment it in two planes will be useful. Why is it even considered to mount a thermal imager on a replica that is not designed for it? Such constructions are usually cheaper than full-fledged sights with analogous parameters.
2018. The simultaneous use of night vision systems (e.g. in the form of a monocular worn on the head - here q PVS-14) and thermovision (e.g. a sight, but not only).
The device mounted on the replica can also scan the area. This can be a bit more tedious, as it requires frequent aiming or moving around in a hi-ready position. Developing the right method and intervals for observing the terrain takes time and familiarity with the equipment, but it quickly becomes a natural reflex. This can be additionally helped by the appropriate selection of the base magnification and the field of view of the Imager.
The higher the magnification, the more comfortable it is to aim and shoot precisely, but due to the small field of view, scanning the surroundings takes longer and requires more looking around. Imagers with a matrix with a resolution of 384x288 pixels or more offer image detail that allows for relatively accurate shooting at airsoft distances, even with a small magnification. According to my subjective feelings, a reasonable value here is the base magnification between 1.5-2.0x. At the same time, sights with a matrix of 240x180 or 256x192 pixels may require a higher magnification to make up for the lack of sufficient resolution of the sensor when firing at objects of the size of a partial human figure (e.g. crouching or hidden behind a tree) or at a longer distance. In the case of such devices, even those that offer a basic optical magnification of 2.5-3.0x can work well. Due to the smaller field of view, their deficiencies will be shifted towards the convenience of scanning the environment.
The situation may change if a person interested in purchasing such a device has other equipment for night activities. Especially when it is a night vision device based on an efficient new generation transducer, well protected against the adverse effects of light, which works great in the passive mode. In addition to the devices mentioned in the previous paragraphs, the field of interest may also include the thermal clip-on attachment mounted on the head-worn NV system, which allows to extend all the advantages of night vision with the detection capabilities provided by thermal imagers. Despite the lack of a dedicated sight, firing can be facilitated in such a situation by the presence of an IR laser target indicator cooperating with the night vision device.
When deciding to buy a budget thermal imaging device with poor image quality, it is worth knowing that in everyday use it may not give the expected benefits and advantages in relation to traditional sights. This situation applies in particular to stand-alone thermal imaging sights, the installation of which makes it difficult or impossible to use classic daytime optics mounted above the axis of the barrel of a replica.
If you want to use cheap thermal imaging during the day, I recommend making sure that it will be possible to use an alternative sight at the same time (e.g. a reflex sight mounted on a thermal imager). Alternatively, you can choose a device with an external screen and attach it to the side mounting rail to support your threat detection capability without sacrificing your main optics for daytime operations.
2023. During SHOT Show 2023, Holosun presented their fusion sight prototype: combining traditional reflex sight with thermal imaging.
If you have a larger budget, sights adapted to multispectral imaging may come in handy. However, this is still a new solution and I do not have enough experience with it myself to give any advise in this matter.
Player and team performance
An important issue is whether the player belongs to an airsoft group or not. A properly chosen thermal imager can provide a huge advantage for the whole team - especially when it is to be their first one.
Teams that move at night without the support of advanced technology must rely heavily on their senses, be discreet, and use white light sources wisely. If they come across opponents using thermal vision (or in some cases also night vision), they are highly vulnerable to being ambushed. The rival can detect the presence of a given team long before it enters his range, and prepare accordingly.
For this reason, the first thermal imager that appears on any team member will make the biggest difference. This also applies to lower-class equipment, the prices of which are often close to the value of a single, brand name airsoft replica. The ability to detect a threat from a long distance significantly improves the comfort of moving at night. Detection of an enemy by a spearhead using thermal imaging during marches becomes much easier, thanks to which the rest of the group is able to quickly learn the approximate number and distance from an opponent. With better awareness of the situation, the commander's further decisions about engaging or breaking contact can completely change the course of the game.
2020. ATN Mars 4 384 thermal imaging sight. Version with the smallest base magnification - 1.25x - enabling comfortable scanning of the terrain at close range, thanks to the large field of view.
Even with good quality equipment, one should not forget about all the basic skills acquired during operations using only white light. During my own adventure with night airsoft games, I have found out many times that even the presence of many thermal imagers in the team does not provide full group security. Lack of proper discipline can create a false impression of safety, so it is necessary to maintain concentration at all times.
Counteracting thermal vision
What if someone is on the other side of the barrel and doesn't use advanced equipment themselves? How to counteract enemies equipped with thermal vision? This issue appeared as quickly as the first thermal imagers encountered in airsoft games. Is there any hope for such people?
There is. However, I'd be lying if I said it's easy. Counteracting thermal vision requires sensible tactical lighting, and in addition: skills, teamwork, courage and... luck.
A tactical flashlight suitable for such an application must provide a beam of light that effectively illuminates the distance exceeding the maximum shooting range of airsoft replicas, i.e. at least around 100 meters. The value in the ANSI FL1 standard given in the parameters of the flashlight cannot be suggested here, because in far from ideal field conditions, it does not provide sufficient light intensity at the described distance.
The whole idea of countering thermal imaging with white light is based on simple assumptions: the owner of a thermal imager will still see the target before someone without such technology does. Without knowledge of the position and direction of the users' observation equipment, it is almost impossible to hide and avoid detection.
2021. Delta Optical Neon S1 thermal sight. 17um sensor with a resolution of 384x288 pixels and a 2x base magnification. The photo shows the Olight Warrior X tactical flashlight and the Garmin Instinct Solar Tactical watch.
Under such conditions, the advantage of thermal imaging devices should be offset by ensuring the best possible awareness of the surroundings. This can be improved by definite and aggressive use of white light sources. With the right discipline and a bit of luck, there is a chance of spotting an enemy equipped with a thermal imager (by noticing a silhouette, or e.g. reflex from eye protection or optics) before you enter the firing range of his replica. If there is a situation in which both parties see each other, thermal imaging loses some of its advantages.
One could discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such a solution. In this way, the risk of revealing your position to other people operating only with flashlights and night vision goggles increases significantly. However, when participating in games that allow the use of advanced optoelectronics, it can be assumed that teams that are not equipped with thermal vision will be in the minority.
I have a small budget, should I buy night vision or a thermal imager?
If you have a small amount of money and wonder what will bring you more benefits in airsoft - night vision or thermal vision - then there is only one answer.
Go with a thermal imager. The cheapest night vision devices on the market require an additional IR illuminator to work properly, as the transducer installed in them is not efficient enough to effectively use the naturally available residual light. When using such night vision goggles in active mode, you run the risk of betraying your position. This is due not only to other night vision goggle owners. The red glow visible on the emitter of the IR illuminator will also be noticeable to those who do not have any equipment.
2023. Refreshed version of the thermal clip-on overlay: Krypton 2 by Pulsar.
Many enthusiasts of movies and computer games decide to buy a cheap night vision monocular with the intention of using it with a head mount. I myself am not against budget solutions. I believe that every thing, used in the right way and in favorable conditions, can work effectively. The problem is that these cheap night vision goggles are not suitable for wearing on the head. Apart from the illuminator mentioned above, they are usually heavy and offer a small viewing angle. They quickly become more of a nuisance than help.
At the same time, in the offer of various manufacturers, one can find the cheapest models of thermal imaging cameras at a similar price. Despite their parameters being very weak, at a short distance they have satisfactory detection capabilities, impossible to achieve even with slightly more expensive night vision equipment. In night conditions, the mere awareness of the enemy's presence is a huge advantage and gives the opportunity to effectively plan further actions: no matter if using the said thermal imager, white light or any other way.
We respect the decisions and opinions of others. Every airsoft player has the right to play the way they like, whether using thermal and night vision devices or using only white light sources at unplugged games.
At the same time, each person who took the time to familiarize themselves with the presented point of view is wellcommed to take part in any discussion and polemics. What do you agree with and with what you do not? Share your experiences so that people interested in the subject of the airsoft use of thermal imaging can learn as much as possible.
2023. Pulsar Telos LRF XP50 - an innovative, modular thermal imaging monocular by Pulsar with a sensitivity of NETD <18 mK.
The same applies to the previous parts of this guide, in which we tried, among other things, to decide if popular theories about thermal imaging are true and describe as faithfully as possible how its use looks like in practice. If you came here via a direct link and feel that this topic interests you, please read the first article, which you can find here.
If you are convinced that you want to explore the world of thermal imaging on your own, we encourage you to read the second part of the guide. We have included tips and simplified descriptions of important technical parameters of thermal imaging devices, which may be useful in choosing the right thermal imager for yourself. Due to the length of the material, this part has been divided into two chapters: first and second.
All the opinions and conclusions presented in the whole series of articles are a subjective reflection of the knowledge gathered on the basis of my own experience. Thank you for your attention and time.


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