Antelope Commons Project
by Kristen Schmidt
It may seem commonplace in other parts of the country, but installing effective urban erosion and sediment control practices in Lincoln, Nebraska is rare. Before last year, capitol city developers did not have a model available for reference even if they did wish to apply conservation measures to their sites.
Enter the Lower Platte South Natural Resources District. To fill this void, the political subdivision prepared a 400+ page Manual of Erosion and Sediment Control and Stormwater Management Standards. The manual is a tool for planning boards, governmental bodies, property owners, developers, contractors, consultants and others to provide information on minimizing erosion and sediment problems as well as address water quality concerns on land undergoing urban development. The document shows, in detail how to use soil, water, plants and man-made structures to improve the quality of our environment. Included with the Manual is a sample ordinance that has been presented to Lincoln's Urban Stormwater Task Force for consideration. At this time, there is no enforcement from the City of Lincoln for developers to design an erosion control plan for land disturbing activities. The district is relying on the leadership of Lincoln's developers to voluntarily be good stewards of the land.
One such volunteer is Urth Propriety's Richard Speidell. Speidell approached the Lower Platte South NRD with a plan unlike any other that had been attempted in Lincoln. As the owner of Nebraska Nurseries, Speidell realized that urban encroachment on his property was prompting him to convert the wooded area to a residential development. From the beginning, Speidell's vision included a plan that would minimize the impacts on the existing landscape. More than forty percent of Speidell's Antelope Commons Development Project will remain as open space. Within that area, Antelope Creek winds through the property.
ANTELOPE COMMONS WETLAND PROJECT
A Cooperative Venture
The Lower Platte South NRD and Richard Speidell teamed up to create a unique and aggressive plan for protecting water quality in Antelope Creek and Lincoln's Holme's Lake which lies just 1/2 mile downstream of the Antelope Commons development. The project included the construction of a system of four wetland cells within the creek channel. Each pond is separated by a low weir with simple stop log structures for controlling water levels. The depths and shape of each wetland pond was carefully calculated to provide proper settling of sediments as they reach the uppermost structure. The perimeter of each pond includes a shelf of wetland vegetation adding to the natural filtering process of sediment and nutrients. The uppermost pond is essentially a sediment trap that will be dredged as it fills with incoming sediment. Water depths in each of the other three ponds range from about three to fifteen feet.
The wetland project, completed in June 1995, is being monitored by the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality. Initial data has already shown a significant reduction in sediment loading to Holmes Lake as a result of the Antelope Commons Wetland Project. Visitors to the project can visualize the sediment filtering process in action. Following rainfall events, one can compare the varying degrees of water turbidity in each of the ponds. The uppermost structure remains murky, much like a marsh, and water clarity improves dramatically as you move downstream along the project.
One of the most notable characteristics of this project is that all the work was put in place BEFORE any ground was moved for residential development. The project preserved the integrity of the land and enhanced the natural beauty of the area. The Natural Resources District regards this project as a model for other developers in Lincoln.
The Antelope Commons Wetland Project is a key component in the Salt Valley Clean Lakes Project. This is a cooperative effort of the NRD, U.S. EPA, Nebraska Dept. of Environmental Quality and University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension. An EPA Section 319 Grant was obtained by the NRD to assist with efforts to reduce non-point source pollution in the Holmes Lake Watershed. Written in the grant was $168,000 to be applied to the Antelope Commons Project. Additional matching funds were obtained by the Nebraska Environmental Trust Fund.
With a little perseverance, Speidell's vision for the Antelope Commons project became a reality. He has created a truly unique setting that is carefully buffered from the hustle and bustle of city life. New homeowners in the development will be able to enjoy the Antelope Commons Wetlands from their own backyards. All the area will be open space for residents to visit. Speidell also plans to open a portion of the property up to the public for recreation and education. He is working to develop an "outdoor classroom" that will focus on the benefits of urban erosion and sediment control. The NRD applauds the VOLUNTARY efforts of this local developer. It is a bold, responsible step that we all hope will begin to change the way future developments are approached within Lincoln's city limits.
©2004 - 1998 Land and Water, Inc.


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By Berita Artis Hot


|Nansei-shotō (南西諸島?, Southwest Islands)
Ryūkyū-shotō (琉球諸島?, Ryukyu Islands)
Ruuchuu (ルーチュー?, Okinawan language)
Location of Ryukyu Islands
|Location||On the boundary between the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea|
|Total islands||over 100|
|Major islands||Okinawa, Amami|
|Area||4,642.11 km2 (1,792.33 sq mi)|
|Highest elevation||1,936 m (6,352 ft)|
|Highest point||Mt. Miyanoura-dake|
|Prefecture||Okinawa Prefecture, Kagoshima Prefecture|
|Population||1,550,161 (as of 2005)|
|Density||333.93 /km2 (864.87 /sq mi)|
|Ethnic groups||Ryukyuan, Japanese|
The Ryukyu Islands // (琉球諸島 Ryūkyū-shotō?), known in Japanese as the Nansei Islands (南西諸島 Nansei-shotō?, lit. "Southwest Islands") and also known as the Ryukyu Arc (琉球弧 Ryūkyū-ko?), are a chain of volcanic Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonaguni the southernmost. The largest of the islands is Okinawa.
The islands have a subtropical climate with mild winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very high, and is affected by the rainy season and typhoons. Except the outlying Daitō Islands, the island chain has two major geologic boundaries, the Tokara Strait between the Tokara and Amami Islands, and the Kerama Gap between the Okinawa and Miyako Islands. The islands beyond the Tokara Strait are characterized by their coral reefs.
The Ōsumi and Tokara Islands, the northernmost of the islands, fall under the cultural sphere of the Kyushu region of Japan; the people are ethnically Japanese and speak a variation of the Kagoshima dialect of Japanese. The Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands have a native population collectively called the Ryukyuans, named after the former Ryukyu Kingdom that ruled them. The varied Ryukyuan languages are traditionally spoken on these islands, and each island has its own distinct language. In modern times, the Japanese language is the primary language of the islands, with the Okinawan Japanese dialect prevalent spoken. The outlying Daitō Islands were uninhabited until the Meiji period, when their development was started mainly by people from the Izu Islands south of Tokyo, with the people there speaking a Hachijo dialect.
Administratively, the islands are divided into Kagoshima Prefecture in the north and Okinawa Prefecture in the south, with the divide between the Amami and Okinawa Islands, with the Daitō Islands part of Okinawa Prefecture. The northern (Kagoshima) islands are collectively called the Satsunan Islands, while the southern part of the chain (Okinawa Prefecture) are called the Ryukyu Islands in Japanese.
- 1 Island subgrouping
- 2 Names and extents
- 3 History
- 4 Demographics
- 5 Ecology
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The Ryukyus are commonly divided into two or three primary groups:
- either administratively, with the Northern Ryukyus being the islands in Kagoshima Prefecture (known in Japanese as the "Satsunan Islands") and the Southern Ryukyus being the islands in Okinawa Prefecture (known in Japanese as the "Ryukyu Islands"),
- or geologically, with the islands north of the Tokara Strait (Ōsumi and Tokara) being the Northern Ryukyus, those between the Tokara Strait and Kerama Gap (Amami and Okinawa) being the Central Ryukyus, and those south of the Kerama Gap (Miyako and Yaeyama) being the Southern Ryukyus.
- Nansei Islands (南西諸島 Nansei-shotō?)
- Satsunan Islands (薩南諸島 Satsunan-shotō?)
- Ōsumi Islands (大隅諸島 Ōsumi-shotō?) with:
- Tokara Islands (吐噶喇列島 Tokara-rettō?): Kuchinoshima, Nakanoshima, Gajajima, Suwanosejima, Akusekijima, Tairajima, Kodakarajima, Takarajima
- Amami Islands (奄美群島 Amami-guntō?): Amami Ōshima, Kikaijima, Kakeromajima, Yoroshima, Ukeshima, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabujima, Yoronjima
- Ryukyu Islands (琉球諸島 Ryūkyū-shotō?)
- Okinawa Islands (沖縄諸島 Okinawa-shotō?): Okinawa Island, Kume, Iheya, Izena, Aguni, Ie (Iejima), Iwo Tori Shima (Iōtorishima)
- Sakishima Islands (先島諸島 Sakishima-shotō?, the "Further Isles")
- Miyako Islands (宮古列島 Miyako-rettō?): Miyakojima, Ikema, Ōgami, Irabu, Shimoji, Kurima, Minna, Tarama
- Yaeyama Islands (八重山列島 Yaeyama-rettō?): Iriomote, Ishigaki, Taketomi, Kohama, Kuroshima, Aragusuku, Hatoma, Yubujima, Hateruma, Yonaguni
- Senkaku Islands (尖閣諸島 Senkaku-shotō?, claimed by China and Taiwan): Uotsurijima, Kuba Jima, Taisho Jima, Kita Kojima, Minami Kojima
- Daitō Islands (大東諸島 Daitō-shotō?): Kita Daitō, Minami Daitō, Oki Daitō
- Satsunan Islands (薩南諸島 Satsunan-shotō?)
The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, another government organization that is responsible for standardization of place names, disagrees with the Japan Coast Guard over some names and their extent, but the two are working on standardization. They agreed on February 15, 2010, to use Amami-guntō (奄美群島?) for the Amami Islands; prior to that, Amami-shotō (奄美諸島?) had also been used.
Names and extents
In English, the island chain as a whole is called "Ryukyu". In Japanese, however, terminology is more complicated.
Nansei-shotō (南西諸島?) is the official name for the whole island chain in Japanese. Japan has used the name on nautical charts since 1907. Based on the Japanese charts, the international chart series uses Nansei Shoto.
Nansei literally means 'southwest', the direction of the island chain from mainland Japan. Some humanities scholars prefer the uncommon term Ryūkyū-ko (琉球弧?, "Ryukyu Arc") for the entire island chain. In geology, however, the Ryukyu Arc includes subsurface structures such as the Okinawa Trough and extends to Kyushu.
During the American occupation of Amami, the Japanese government objected to them being included under the name "Ryukyu" in English, because they worried that this might mean that the return of the Amami Islands to Japanese control would be delayed until the return of Okinawa. However, the American occupational government on Amami continued to called the "Provisional Government for the Northern Ryukyu Islands" in English, though it was translated as Rinji Hokubu Nansei-shotō Seichō (臨時北部南西諸島政庁?, Provisonal Government for the Northern Nansei Islands) in Japanese.
The name of Ryūkyū (琉球?) is strongly associated with the Ryūkyū Kingdom, a highly centralized kingdom that originated from the Okinawa Islands and subjected the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands, and the Amami Islands for some time. The name is generally considered outdated in Japanese although some entities of Okinawa still bear the name, such as the local national university.
In geography, the "Ryukyu Islands" (琉球諸島 Ryūkyū-shotō?) cover the Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands. Some variant definitions include the Amami Islands and/or the Daitō Islands. In contrast, the northern half of the island chain is referred to as the Satsunan ("South of Satsuma") Islands. In natural science, Ryukyu sometimes refers to the entire island chain.
Humanities scholars generally agree that the Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands share much cultural heritage, though they are characterized by a great degree of internal diversity as well. There is, however, no good name for the group. The native population do not have their own name, since they do not recognize themselves as a group this size. Ryukyu is the principal candidate because it roughly corresponds to the maximum extent of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. However, it is not necessarily considered neutral by the people of Amami, Miyako, and Yaeyama, who were marginalized under the Okinawa-centered kingdom. The Ōsumi and Tokara Islands are not included because they are culturally part of Kyushu. There is a high degree of confusion in use of Ryukyu in English literature. For example, Encyclopedia Britannica equates the Ryukyu Islands with Japanese Ryūkyū-shotō or Nansei-shotō in the definition but limits its scope to the Amami, Okinawa and Sakishima (Miyako and Yaeyama) in the content.
"Ryūkyū" is an exonym and is not a self-designation. The word first appeared in the Book of Sui (636). Its obscure description of Liuqiu (流求) is the source of a never-ending scholarly debate over what was referred to by the name, Taiwan, Okinawa or both. Nevertheless the Book of Sui shaped perceptions of Ryūkyū for a long time. Ryūkyū was considered a land of cannibals and aroused a feeling of dread among surrounding people, from Buddhist monk Enchin, who travelled to Tang China in 858, to an informant of the Hyōtō Ryūkyū-koku ki, who travelled to Song China in 1243. Later, some Chinese sources used "Great Ryukyu" (Chinese: 大琉球; pinyin: Dà Liúqiú) for Okinawa and "Lesser Ryukyu" (Chinese: 小琉球; pinyin: Xiǎo Liúqiú) for Taiwan. Although some dialectologists managed to find Okinawan forms of "Ryūkyū", Ruuchuu (ルーチュー?) or Duuchuu (ドゥーチュー?) in the Shuri-Naha dialect and Ruuchuu (ルーちュー?) in the Nakijin dialect, it was not used among Okinawans.
From about 1829 until the mid-20th century, the island's English name was spelled Luchu, Loochoo, or Lewchew. These spellings were based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters for "Ryukyu", which in Mandarin is Liúqiú, as well as the Okinawan language's form Ruuchuu (ルーチュー?).
Okinawa (沖縄?) is originally a native name for the largest island in the island chain. The name came to be used for the prefecture that covers the southern half of the island chain. It never extends to Kagoshima Prefecture. Outside the prefecture, Okinawa Prefecture is simply referred to as Okinawa. In Okinawa Prefecture, however, Okinawa is strongly associated with Okinawa Island, and in this sense, Okinawa excludes the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands. People in the Yaeyama Islands would use the expression "go to Okinawa" when they visit Okinawa Island. People from the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture would also oppose being included in Okinawa.
Some scholars feel the need to group the Amami and Okinawa Islands because Amami is closer to Okinawa in some respects, for example from a linguistic point of view, than Miyako and Yaeyama. They sometimes use "Amami–Okinawa." They have no good single-word term for the group since the native population had not felt the need for such a concept.
The folklorist Kunio Yanagita and his followers used Nantō (南島?, "Southern Islands"). This term was originally used by the imperial court of Ancient Japan. Yanagita hypothesized that the southern islands was the origin of the Japanese people and preserved many elements that were subsequently lost in Japan. The term has fallen out of favor today.
Ancient Japan's Southern Islands
The island chain appeared in written history as Japan's Southern Islands (南島 Minamishima?). The first record of the Southern Islands is an article of 618 in the Nihonshoki (720) which states that people of Yaku (掖玖, 夜勾?) followed the emperor's virtue. In 629 the imperial court dispatched an expedition to Yaku. Yaku in historical sources was not limited to modern-day Yakushima but seems to have covered a broader area of the island chain. In 657, several persons from Tokara (都貨邏?, possibly Dvaravati) arrived at Kyushu, reporting that they had first drifted to Amami Island (海見島 Amamijima?), which is the first attested use of Amami.
Articles of the late 7th century give a closer look at the southern islands. In 677, the imperial court gave a banquet to people from Tane Island (多禰島 Tanejima?). In 679 the imperial court sent a mission to Tane Island. The mission carried some peoples from the southern islands who were described as the peoples of Tane, Yaku, and Amami (阿麻弥?) in the article of 682. According to the Shoku Nihongi (797), the imperial court dispatched armed officers in 698 to explore the southern islands. As a result, people of Tane, Yaku, Amami and Dokan visited the capital to pay tribute in the next year. Historians identify Dokan as Tokunoshima of the Amami Islands. An article of 714 reports that an investigative team returned to the capital, together with people of Amami, Shigaki (信覚?), and Kumi (球美?) among others. Shigaki should be Ishigaki Island of the Yaeyama Islands. Some identify Kumi as Iriomote Island of the Yaeyama Islands because Komi is an older name for Iriomote. Others consider that Kumi corresponded to Kume Island of the Okinawa Islands. Around this time "Southern Islands" replaced Yaku as a collective name for the southern islands.
In the early 8th century the northern end of the island chain was formally incorporated into the Japanese administrative system. After a rebellion was crushed, Tane Province was established around 702. Tane Province consisted of four districts and covered Tanegashima and Yakushima. Although the tiny province faced financial difficulties from the very beginning, it was maintained until 824 when it was merged into Ōsumi Province.
Ancient Japan's commitment to the southern islands is attributed to ideological and strategic factors. Japan applied to herself the Chinese ideology of emperorship that required "barbarian people" who longed for the great virtue of the emperor. Thus Japan treated people on its periphery as "barbarians," i.e., the Emishi to the east and the Hayato and the Southern Islanders to the south. The imperial court brought some of them to the capital to serve the emperor. The New Book of Tang (1060) states at the end of the chapter of Japan that there were three little princes of Yaku (邪古?), Haya (波邪?), and Tane (多尼?). This statement should have based on a report by Japanese envoys in the early 8th century who would have claimed the Japanese emperor's virtue. At the site of Dazaifu, the administrative center of Kyushu, two wooden tags dated in the early 8th century were unearthed in 1984, which read "Amami Island" (㭺美嶋 Amamijima?) and "Iran Island" (伊藍嶋 Iran no Shima?) respectively. The latter seems to correspond to Okinoerabu Island. These tags might have been attached to "red woods", which, according to the Engishiki (927), Dazaifu was to offer when they were obtained from the southern islands.
The southern islands had strategic importance for Japan because they were on one of the three major routes used by Japanese missions to Tang China (630–840). The 702 mission seems the first one who successfully switched from the earlier route via Korea to the southern island route. Thereafter the missions of 714, 733 and 752 probably took the route. In 754 the Chinese monk Jianzhen managed to reach Japan. His biography Tō Daiwajō Tōseiden (779) makes reference to Akonaha (阿児奈波?) on the route, which may refer to modern-day Okinawa Island. An article of 754 states that the government repaired mileposts that had originally been set in the southern islands in 735. However, the missions from 777 onward chose another route that directly connected Kyūshū to China. Thereafter the central government lost its interest in the southern islands.
Kikaigashima and Iōgashima
The southern islands reappeared in written history at the end of the 10th century. According to the Nihongi ryaku (c. 11th–12th centuries), Dazaifu, the administrative center of Kyushu, reported that the Nanban (southern barbarians) pirates, who were identified as Amami islanders by the Shōyūki (982–1032 for the extant portion), pillaged a wide area of Kyūshū in 997. In response, Dazaifu ordered "Kika Island" (貴駕島 Kikashima?) to arrest the Nanban. This is the first attested use of Kikaigashima, which is often used in subsequent sources.
The series of reports suggest that there were groups of people with advanced sailing technology in Amami and that Dazaifu had a stronghold in Kikai Island. In fact, historians hypothesize that the Amami Islands were incorporated into a trade network that connected it to Kyūshū, Song China and Goryeo. In fact, the Shōyūki recorded that in 1020s local governors of southern Kyūshū presented to the author, a court aristocrat, local specialties of the southern islands including the Chinese fan palm, red woods and shells of Green Turban Shell. The Shinsarugakuki, a fiction written in the mid-11th century, introduced a merchant named Hachirō-mauto, who traveled all the way to the land of the Fushū in the east and to Kika Island (貴賀之島 Kikanoshima?) in the west. The goods he obtained from the southern islands included shells of Green Turban Shell and sulfur. The Shinsarugakuki was not mere fiction; the Golden Hall of Chūson-ji (c. 1124) in northeastern Japan was decorated with tens of thousands of green turban shells.
Some articles of 1187 of the Azuma Kagami state that Ata Tadakage of Satsuma Province fled to Kikai Island (貴海島 Kikaishima?) sometime around 1160. The Azuma Kagami also states that in 1188 Minamoto no Yoritomo, who soon became the shogun, dispatched troops to pacify Kikai Island (貴賀井島 Kikaishima?). It was noted that the imperial court objected the military expedition claiming that it was beyond Japan's administration. The Tale of the Heike (13th century) depicted Kikai Island (鬼界島 Kikaishima?), where Shunkan, Taira no Yasuyori, and Fujiwara no Naritsune were exiled following the Shishigatani Incident of 1177. The island depicted, characterized by sulfur, is identified as Iōjima of the Ōsumi Islands, which is part of Kikai Caldera. Since China's invention of gunpowder made sulfur Japan's major export, Sulfur Island or Iōgashima became another representative of the southern islands. It is noted by scholars that the character representing the first syllable of Kikai changed from ki (貴?, noble) to ki (鬼?, ogre) from the end of the 12th century to the early 13th century.
The literature-based theory that Kikai Island was Japan's trade center of the southern islands is supported by the discovery of the Gusuku Site Complex in 2006. The group of archaeological sites on the plateau of Kikai Island is one of the largest sites of the era. It lasted from 9th to 13th centuries and at its height from the second half of the 11th to the first half of the 12th century. It was characterized by a near-total absence of the native Kaneku Type pottery, which prevailed in coastal communities. What were found instead were goods imported from mainland Japan, China and Korea. Also found was the Kamuiyaki pottery, which was produced in Tokunoshima from the 11th to 14th centuries. The skewed distribution of Kamuiyaki peaked at Kikai and Tokunoshima suggests that the purpose of Kamuiyaki production was to serve it to Kikai.
Shimazu Estate and Kamakura shogunate's expansion
Around the Hōen era (1135–1141), Tanegashima became part of Shimazu Estate on southern Kyūshū. The Shimazu Estate was said to have established at Shimazu, Hyūga Province in 1020s and dedicated to Kanpaku Fujiwara no Yorimichi. In the 12th century, Shimazu Estate expanded to a large portion of Satsuma and Ōsumi Provinces including Tanegashima.
Koremune no Tadahisa, a retainer of the Fujiwara family, was appointed as a steward of Shimazu Estate in 1185. He was then named shugo of Satsuma and Ōsumi (and later Hyūga) Provinces by first shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1197. He became the founder of the Shimazu clan. Tadahisa lost power when his powerful relative Hiki Yoshikazu was overthrown in 1203. He lost the positions of shugo and jitō and only regained the posts of shugo of Satsuma Province and jitō of the Satsuma portion of Shimazu Estate. The shugo of Ōsumi Province and jitō of the Ōsumi portion of Shimazu Estate, both of which controlled Tanegashima, were succeeded by the Hōjō clan (especially its Nagoe branch). The Nagoe family sent the Higo clan to rule Ōsumi. A branch family of the Higo clan settled in Tanegashima and became the Tanegashima clan.
The islands other than Tanegashima were grouped as the Twelve Islands and treated as part of Kawanabe District, Satsuma Province. The Twelve Islands were subdivided into the Near Five (口五島/端五島 Kuchigoshima/Hajigoshima?) and the Remote Seven (奥七島 Okunanashima?). The Near Five consisted of the Ōsumi Islands except Tanegashima while the Remote Seven corresponded to the Tokara Islands. After the Jōkyū War in 1221, the jitō of Kawanabe District was assumed by the Hōjō Tokusō family. The Tokusō family let its retainer Chikama clan rule Kawanabe District. In 1306, Chikama Tokiie created a set of inheritance documents that made reference to various southern islands. The islands mentioned were not limited to the Twelve but included Amami Ōshima, Kikai Island and Tokunoshima (and possibly Okinoerabu Island) of the Amami Islands. An extant map of Japan held by the Hōjō clan describes Amami as a "privately owned district." The Shimazu clan also claimed the rights to the Twelve. In 1227 Shōgun Kujō Yoritsune affirmed Shimazu Tadayoshi's position as the jitō of the Twelve Islands among others. After the Kamakura shogunate was destroyed, the Shimazu clan increased its rights. In 1364, it claimed the "eighteen islands" of Kawanabe District. In the same year, the clan's head Shimazu Sadahisa gave his son Morohisa properties in Satsuma Province including the Twelve Islands and the "extra five" islands. The latter must be the Amami Islands.
Tanegashima under the Tanegashima clan
The Tanegashima clan came to rule Tanegashima on behalf of the Nagoe family but soon got autonomous. It usually allied with, sometimes submitted itself to, and sometimes antagonized the Shimazu clan on mainland Kyūshū. The Tanegashima clan was given Yakushima and Kuchinoerabu Island by Shimazu Motohisa in 1415. In 1436 it was given the Seven Islands of Kawanabe District, Satsuma Province (the Tokara Islands) and other two islands by Shimazu Mochihisa, the head of a branch family.
Tanegashima is known in Japanese history for the introduction of European firearms to Japan. Around 1543, a Chinese junk with Portuguese merchants on board was driven to Tanegashima. Tanegashima Tokitaka succeeded in reproducing matchlock rifles obtained from the Portuguese. Within few decades, firearms, then known as tanegashima, were spread across Sengoku Japan.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi's reunification of Japan finalized the Tanegashima clan's status as a senior vassal of the Shimazu clan. It was relocated to Chiran of mainland Kyūshū in 1595. Although it moved back to Tanegashima in 1599, Yakushima and Kuchinoerabu Island fall under the direct control of the Shimazu clan. These islands all constituted Satsuma Domain during the Edo period.
Polities of the Okinawa Islands were unified as the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1429. The kingdom conquered the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands. At its peak, it also subjected the Amami Islands to its rule.
In 1609, Shimazu Tadatsune, Lord of Satsuma, invaded the Ryūkyū Kingdom with a fleet of 13 junks and 2,500 samurai, thereby establishing suzerainty over the islands. They faced little opposition from the Ryukyuans, who lacked any significant military capabilities, and who were ordered by King Shō Nei to surrender rather than to suffer the loss of precious lives. After that, the kings of the Ryukyus paid tribute to the Japanese shogun as well as to the Chinese emperor. In 1655, the tributary relations between Ryukyu and Qing were formally approved by the shogunate. In 1874, the Ryukyus terminated tribute relations with China.
In 1872, the Japanese government established the Ryukyu han under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Ministry. In 1875, jurisdiction over the Ryukyus changed from the Foreign Ministry to the Home Ministry.
American military control over Okinawa began in 1945 with the establishment of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands, which in 1950 became the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands. Also in 1950, the Interim Ryukyus Advisory Council (臨時琉球諮詢委員会 Rinji Ryūkyū Shijun Iinkai?) was formed, which evolved into the Ryukyu Provisional Central Government (琉球臨時中央政府 Ryūkyū Rinji Chūō Seifu?) in 1951. In 1952, the U.S. was formally granted control over Ryukyu Islands south of 29°N latitude, and other Pacific islands, under the San Francisco Peace Treaty between the Allied Powers and Japan. The Ryukyu Provisional Central Government then became the Government of the Ryukyu Islands which existed from 1952 to 1972. Administrative rights reverted to Japan in 1972.
Today, numerous issues arise from Okinawan history. Some Ryukyuans and some Japanese feel that people from the Ryukyus are different from the majority Yamato people. Some natives of the Ryukyus claim that the central government is discriminating against the islanders by allowing so many American soldiers to be stationed on bases in Okinawa with a minimal presence on the mainland. Additionally, there is some discussion of secession from Japan. As the territorial dispute between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands intensified in the early 21st century, Communist Party of China-backed scholars published essays calling for a reexamination of Japan's sovereignty over the Ryukyus. In 2013 The New York Times described the comments by said scholars as well as military figures as appearing to constitute "a semiofficial campaign in China to question Japanese rule of the islands," noting that "almost all the voices in China pressing the Okinawa issue are affiliated in some way with the government."
Historical description of the "Loo-Choo" islands
An article in the 1878 edition of the Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information describes the islands:
Loo-Choo, Lu-Tchu, or Lieu-Kieu, a group of thirty-six islands stretching from Japan to Formosa, in 26°-27° 40' N. lat., 126° 10'-129° 5' E. long., and tributary to Japan. The largest, Tsju San ('middle island'), is about 60 miles long and 12 [miles] broad; others are Sannan in the [south] and Sanbok in the [north]. Nawa, the chief port of Tsju San, is open to foreign commerce. The islands enjoy a magnificent climate and are highly cultivated and very productive. Among the productions are tea, rice, sugar, tobacco, camphor, fruits, and silk. The principal manufactures are cotton, paper, porcelain, and lacquered ware. The people, who are small, seem a link between the Chinese and Japanese.
The residents of the island chain are Japanese citizens. Labeling them as Japanese poses no problem with regard to the Ōsumi and Tokara Islands in the north, but there are problems about the ethnicity of the residents of the central and southern groups of the island chain.
Scholars who recognize shared heritage among the native population of the Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands label them as Ryukyuans (琉球人 Ryūkyūjin?). It should be noted that the label is given by outsiders and is not a self-designation. They do not identify themselves as such although they share the notion that they are somewhat different from mainland Japanese, whom they call "Yamato". They usually express self-identity as the native of a particular community, which is called shima (シマ?) in various dialects. Their identity can extend to an island and then to Japan as a whole, but rarely to intermediate regions.
For example, the people of Okinawa Island refer to themselves as Uchinaanchu (ウチナーンチュ?, people of Okinawa) and the people of Okinoerabujima in the Amami Islands call themselves the Erabunchu (エラブンチュ?, people of Erabu), while referring to the Okinawans as Uchinaanchu or Naafanchu (ナーファンチュ?, people of Naha), as they consider themselves distinct from the Okinawans. Other terms used include Amaminchu (アマミンチュ?) and Shimanchu (シマンチュ?) in the Amami Islands, Yeeyamabitu (イェーヤマビトゥ?) in the Yaeyama Islands, Yunnunchu (ユンヌンチュ?) on Yoronjima, and Myaakunchuu (ミャークンチュー?) in the Miyako Islands.
Watase's Line, which crosses the Tokara Islands, marks a major biogeographic boundary. The north of the line belongs to the Palaearctic subregion while the southern portion is the northern limit of the Oriental subregion. Yakushima in Ōsumi is the southern limit of the Palaearctic subregion. It is featured with millennium-old cedar trees. The island is part of Kirishima-Yaku National Park and was designated as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993.
Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama
The south of Watase's Line is recognized by ecologists as a distinct subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion. The flora and fauna of the islands have much in common with Taiwan, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia, and are part of the Indomalaya ecozone.
Birds found in the Ryukyus include the Amami Woodcock, the Izu Thrush, the Japanese Paradise Flycatcher, the Narcissus Flycatcher, the Okinawa Rail (yanbaru kuina), the Ruddy Turnstone, the Ryukyu Kingfisher, the Ryukyu Minivet, the Ryukyu Robin, the Ryūkyū Scops Owl, the extinct Ryukyu Wood Pigeon, and the White-backed Woodpecker.
Approximately one half of the amphibian species of the islands are endemic. Endemic amphibians include the Sword-tail Newt, Anderson's Crocodile Newt, Hyla hallowellii, Holst's Frog, Otton Frog, Ishikawa's Frog, the Ryukyu Tip-nosed Frog, Namiye's Frog, and the Kampira Falls Frog.
Various species of snake known locally as habu also inhabit the Ryukyus, including Trimeresurus elegans, Trimeresurus flavoviridis, Trimeresurus tokarensis, and Ovophis okinavensis. Other snakes native to the Ryukyus are Achalinus werneri, Achalinus formosanus, Elaphe carinata, Elaphe taeniura, Cyclophiops semicarinatus, Cyclophiops herminae, Dinodon semicarinatum, Dinodon rufozonatum, Calamaria pfefferri, Amphiesma pryeri, Calliophis japonicus, Laticauda semifasciata, and Hydrophis ornatus.
Lizards native to the islands include Kishinoue's Giant Skink, Kuroiwa's Ground Gecko, Japalura polygonata, Plestiodon stimpsonii, Plestiodon marginatus, Scincella boettgeri, Scincella vandenburghi, Ateuchosaurus pellopleurus, Cryptoblepharus boutonii nigropunctatus, Apeltonotus dorsalis, and Takydromus toyamai.
- "Ryukyu". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
- Tsuneyoshi, Ukita (1993). Nihon-dai-chizuchō (Grand Atlas Japan). Heibonsha. ISBN 4-582-43402-9.
- Ajiro Tatsuhiko and Warita Ikuo, Waga kuni no kōiki na chimei oyobi sono han'i ni tsuite no chōsa kenkyū (The geographical names and those extents of the wide areas in Japan), Kaiyō Jōhōbu Gihō, Vol. 27, 2009.online edition
- "Global Volcanism Program | Iwo-Tori-shima | Summary". Volcano.si.edu. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
- "『奄美群島』を決定地名に採用". Geospatial Information Agency of Japan. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- Yoshinari Naoki 吉成直樹, Maegaki まえがき, Yoshinari Naoki ed., Ryūkyū-ko kasanariau rekishi ninshiki 琉球弧・重なりあう歴史認識, pp. 5–10, 2007.
- Robert D. Eldridge, 2004. The return of the Amami Islands: the reversion movement and U.S.–Japan relations, p. 25
- "(りゅうきゅう〔リウキウ〕【琉球】)". Daijisen dictionary / Yahoo Japan. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
- "Ryūkyū Shotō (りゅうきゅう‐しょとう【琉球諸島】)". Daijisen dictionary / Yahoo Japan. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
- Takahashi Takayo 高橋孝代, Esunishiti to aidentiti (エスニシティとアイデンティティ), Kyōkai no jinruigaku 境界性の人類学, pp. 165–248, 2006.
- "Ryukyu Islands". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- Tanaka Fumio 田中史生, Kodai no Amami Okinawa shotō to kokusai shakai 古代の奄美・沖縄諸島と国際社会, Ikeda Yoshifumi ed., Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki 古代中世の境界領域, pp. 49–70, 2008.
- "語彙詳細 ― 首里・那覇方言". University of the Ryukyus. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
- "語彙詳細 ― 今帰仁方言". University of the Ryukyus. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- The Geographical Journal. Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). 1895.
- Or, rarely, Duuchuu (ドゥーチュー?). "語彙詳細 ― 首里・那覇方言". University of the Ryukyus. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
- "Radar AMeDAS Live: Amami-Okinawa Region (レーダーアメダス実況 奄美・沖縄地方)". Weather Service Inc. (ウェザー・サービス株式会社). Retrieved 2007-05-06.
- Yasutani Suzuki 鈴木靖民, Nantō-jin no raichō wo meguru kisoteki kōsatsu 南島人の来朝をめぐる基礎的考察, Higashi Ajia to Nihon 東アジアと日本, pp. 347–398, 1987.
- Izumi Haraguchi 原口泉, Shūichi Nagayama 永山修一, Masamori Hinokuma 日隈正守, Chitoshi Matsuo 松尾千歳, Takeichi Minamura 皆村武一: Kagoshima-ken no rekishi 鹿児島県の歴史, 1999.
- Yasutami Suzuki 鈴木靖民, Kikai-jima Gusuku isekigun to kodai nantō shakai 喜界島城久遺跡群と古代南島社会, Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki 古代中世の境界領域, pp. 17–48, 2008.
- Osamu Takanashi 高梨修, Gusuku isekigun to Kikai-ga-shima 城久遺跡群とキカイガシマ, Nichiryū Bōeki no reimei 日琉交易の黎明, pp. 121–149, 2008
- Osamu Takanashi 高梨修, Rettō nan'en ni okeru kyōkai ryōiki no yōsō 列島南縁における境界領域の様相, Kodai makki Nihon no kyōkai 古代末期・日本の境界, pp. 85–130, 2010
- Shūichi Nagayama 永山修一, Bunken kara mita Kikaigashima 文献から見たキカイガシマ, Yoshifumi Ikeda ed., Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki 古代中世の境界領域, pp. 123–150, 2008.
- Kagoshima-ken shi 鹿兒島縣史 Vol.1, pp. 1933.
- Kerr, George H. (2000). Okinawa: the History of an Island People. (revised ed.) Boston: Tuttle Publishing.
- Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute, p. 81., p. 81, at Google Books
- Lin, Man-houng Lin. "The Ryukyus and Taiwan in the East Asian Seas: A Longue Durée Perspective," Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. October 27, 2006, translated and abridged from Academia Sinica Weekly, No. 1084. 24 August 2006.
- Masami Ito (May 12, 2009). "OKINAWA: Between a rock and a hard place". The Japan Times.
- Rajagopalan, Megha (May 9, 2013). "China criticizes Japan's protest over question of Okinawa sovereignty". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
- Perlez, Jane (June 13, 2013). "Sentiment Builds in China to Press Claim for Okinawa". The New York Times. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- Klaproth, Julius. (1832). San kokf tsou ran to sets, ou Aperçu général des trois royaumes, pp. 169-180.
- Ross, J.M. (editor) (1878). "Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information", Vol. IV, Edinburgh-Scotland, Thomas C. Jack, Grange Publishing Works, retrieved from Google Books 2009-03-18
- Inger, Robert F. (1947). "Preliminary survey of the amphibians of the Riu Kiu Islands". Fieldiana:Zool. Vol. 32. The Field Museum. pp. 297–352. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
- Kang, David C. (2010). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. New York : Columbia University Press. 13-ISBN 9780231153188/10-ISBN 023115318X; 13-ISBN 9780231526746/10-ISBN 0231526741; OCLC 562768984
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
- This article incorporates text from the 1878 edition of the Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information, a work in the public domain
- A Brief History of the Uchinanchu (Okinawans)
- National Archives of Japan: Ryukyu Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu, scroll illustrating procession of Ryuku emissary to Edo, Hōei 7 (1710)
- Historic maps in the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection by the Army Map Service, Ryukyu Retto 1:50,000 Series L791, 1943 - 1945


An introduction to Practical Astronomy. You’ll learn how to set up and use a telescope, how to recognise constellations and how to star-hop to help you find interesting things in the night time sky. You’ll get very hands-on in this classroom-based workshop, both with astronomical kit and the resources you’ll need to get the most out of it.
Melanie Davies FRAS
10am – 4pm
DAY OF WEEK:
Once enrolment is complete, full instructions for joining the course will be sent to you by your tutor.
Do you have a telescope at home gathering dust because you can’t get it to work properly? Have you been given a telescope and have no idea what to do with it? Or would you like to take up astronomy as a hobby and don’t know where to start? If you answered “yes” to any of these questions, then this course is perfect for you.
In this hands-on, one-day workshop, we’ll investigate different types of telescope and binoculars and discuss their pros and cons. You’ll learn how to set up a refractor, reflector and a Macsatov Cassegrain (a mixture of the two); how to balance an optical tube on an equatorial mount; and how to align a finder scope. You’ll learn how to polar align a manual telescope and how best to get a fix with a computerised Go-To mount. But to get the most out of using a telescope, we first need to know what to look for! So you will also get lots of guided practise using star maps, monthly stargazing guides and digital resources. This is a daytime course, so you won’t be doing any actual observing, but you’ll gain the tools and knowledge to start observing at home.
No previous knowledge of astronomy is required.
How will I be taught?
You will be in a classroom with a maximum of 14 fellow students. If COVID-19 restrictions are still in place, we will be socially distanced in a large classroom and will all need to wear facemasks when coming closer than 1m to each other, for example for a telescope demo. All learning styles are catered for: visual (seeing), auditory (listening) and kinaesthetic (doing). Which means… plenty of presentations, including images and video; lecture-style talks with Q&As; plus hand-outs, quizzes and hands-on activities. Once you’re fully enrolled, you’ll be given access to the Online Course Page on Google Classroom, where you can chat to your tutor, download resources, and catch up on anything you might miss.
What will I need?
• A4 notepad and pen
• Folder or ring binder for printable downloads
• You could also bring your own telescope (or photos of it) if you have one
• Home or mobile internet connection to access Online Course Page
After studying this course you should be able to:
• Use star charts to recognise and identify shapes made by the stars (asterisms)
• Use monthly stargazing guides and a Moon calendar to determine the phase of the Moon and locate planets on any night of the year
• Download and use astronomy apps for mobile devices and planetarium software for your home computer
• Review different types of telescope and identify which might be best for you
• Operate a home telescope with confidence and start truly enjoying your hobby!
Information about the venue – its location, parking, accessibility, public transport routes, etc – will be displayed here once confirmed.
If you have any questions, or need more info, get in touch…
“It’s amazing… I’m actually looking forward to using my telescope and am more confident about what I’m looking at!”
Student, Practical Astronomy
Creative Space is a not-for-profit Community Interest Company. Our mission is to educate, inspire and enthuse our audiences by sharing our passion for space.
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It wasn’t until 1979 that researchers discovered the trace mineral selenium to be essential to human health. It’s a vital component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which is present in all cells. Selenium also regulates the use of vitamin C, works in synergy with vitamin E and is needed for proper thyroid function. While it’s found in many foods, levels vary depending on the selenium content of the soil where the food was grown or raised. The recommended dietary allowance for selenium for adults is 55 micrograms per day.
Nuts and Seeds
Brazil nuts are by far the most significant dietary source of selenium, owing to high concentrations of the mineral in the soil where they’re grown. An ounce of Brazil nuts, or about six nuts, can provide as much as 544 micrograms of selenium, according to the National Institutes of Health. This amount surpasses the upper intake limit for selenium, which is 400 micrograms per day. Sunflower seeds and walnuts also contain selenium, providing 23 micrograms and 5 micrograms, respectively, per 1-ounce serving.
Ocean Fish and Seafood
Ocean fish and seafood account for 17 of the top 25 dietary sources of selenium in the United States, according to the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center. With 170 micrograms of selenium per 4-ounce serving, Pacific oysters are an especially good source. Bluefin and albacore tuna contain 50 micrograms per 4-ounce serving, while wild pink and sockeye salmon have 40 micrograms of selenium per 4-ounce serving. Comparable portions of tilapia, halibut and clams provide 60 micrograms of selenium each.
Selenium is also found in various types of meat, including beef and pork. Levels are most significant in animals raised in regions with selenium-rich soil. The high plains regions of Nebraska and the Dakotas, for example, have some of the highest concentrations of selenium in the country. As such, beef cattle raised in these regions generally provide more selenium than those raised elsewhere. On average, pork and beef supply 35 micrograms and 16 micrograms of selenium, respectively, per 3-ounce serving, according to the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University.
Eggs and Poultry
Chicken eggs and poultry are also significant dietary sources of selenium. A large hard-boiled egg has about 15 micrograms, while 3-ounce portions of roasted, light-meat turkey and roasted chicken breast have about 27 micrograms and 24 micrograms of selenium, respectively, according to the National Institutes of Health. The Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University, however, lists the selenium content of an average 3-ounce portion of light-meat chicken as 13 micrograms -- further evidence that selenium levels can vary widely in the same type of food.
Foods of plant origin are important sources of selenium for many populations throughout the world. In the United States, however, whole grains and grain products contribute far more to selenium intake than other plant-based foods, including fruits and vegetables, which are generally lower in selenium. According to the National Institutes of Health, 1 cup of cooked brown rice supplies about 20 micrograms of selenium, while enriched white rice and fortified instant oatmeal contain about 12 micrograms each per 1-cup serving.
- Office of Dietary Supplements: Selenium
- Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University: Selenium
- University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center: Selenium and Mercury
- Wellness Foods A to Z; Sheldon Margen, M.D., et al.
- Tossed Tuna And Egg Salad image by Brett Mulcahy from Fotolia.com


Presentation on theme: "Modeling, and Soil Survey"— Presentation transcript:
1 Modeling, and Soil Survey SinkholesModeling, and Soil Survey
2 ObjectivesExamine a few techniques and efforts to model karst features for map unit and/or component delineation.Consider some case studies of mapping and updating karst areas:Lawrence co, IndianaSpringfield plateau, Missouri
3 GIS techniques to enhance identification of karst Karst: Dade county, MO
4 Same area: 10m DEM, hillshade relief, hypso lines Source: F. Young, NRCS
6 Flowaccumulation (multi-path): karst area Source: F. Young, NRCSDidn’t work that well…
7 Karst: wetness index (multi-path) Bluer = higher wetness index.Works fairly well for some sinkholes.However, not all upland wet areas are sinkholes.
8 Can we model these sinkholes? Moderately high elevationAvg about 325m; range about 315 to 335mHigh Flow accumulationAbove about 200High Wetness IndexAbove about 9Not on the stream networkNot so easy to modelSource: F. Young, NRCS
9 Fuzzy Membership Model for Sinks Higher-elevation valleys confounded w sinksModeled using SIE: Full membership = 100.What about using streams in the model?USGS streams layer is incomplete (missing tributaries)Modeled stream network runs into sinks
10 Fuzzy Membership Model w more restrictive lower elevation criteria (lost the lowest elevation sinkhole)
11 Karst plain: Pierpont area, Boone county, MO Source: F. Young, NRCS
12 Simple Fuzzy Membership model for Pierpont sinkhole areas: High elevation (full membership above 225m)High wetness index (full membership above 5)Source: F. Young, NRCSDoes an OK job of identifying areas where the sinkholes occur
13 Mapping karst in SSURGO How can we identify karst features in…Spatial dataAttribute dataHow might this affect interpretations?Case studies: karst in soil surveyLawrence county, INSpringfield Plateau (MLRA 116B), MODiscussion; see possible answers in last slide (AFTER discussion, please!)
14 Karst mapping: Lawrence county, IN Acknowledgements: Dena Marshall (now Lexington KY)Genny Helt (Indianapolis IN)
15 Physiographic Features of southern Indiana (Schneider, 1966) Source: Schneider, A.F Physiography. P in A.A. Lindsey, ed. Natural features of Indiana. Indiana Acad. Sci., Indiana State Library, Indianapolis
16 A closer look at features of the Crawford Upland & Mitchell Plain Source: Dena Marshall, NRCS, Lexington KYA closer look at features of the Crawford Upland & Mitchell Plain
17 KY & IN Sandstone & Shale Hills & Valleys Lawrence county- 30m DEM- MLRAsHow do the lines look?Where’s the karst?Highland Rim & PennyroyalKY & IN Sandstone & Shale Hills & Valleys
19 Karst map units in Lawrence county, IN Note: no sinkhole spot symbols
20 The karst soils in Lawrence county “Terra rossa”Loess over “residuum” (in situ?)CriderFi-si Typic Paleudalfs10R w depthKnobcreek (Frederick correlated to this in IN)Fi-si / clayey Typic PaleudalfsNot as redThe limestone in this area is probably too clean to have produced enough residuum in-place to create these soils.
21 Mapping patterns & rules Limestone underlain w siltstone: little/no karst.Limestone thickens westerly; sinkholes appear.IN Geomorphology Tour “some years ago”:Karst map unit:Areas w sinkhole density of > 1 per 5 acresSpot symbol:Sinkhole density < 1 per 5 acresRef: Pers. Comm., Dena Marshall, SS, currently Lexington KY
22 Attributes (NASIS soil properties) Bedrock in a karst component within 80”Higher Ksat than corresponding non-karst unitEntry for Ksat in R layerE.g., Navilleton components, Floyd co IN:Karst component: R Ksat 1.42 –Non-karst component: R ksat 0.43 – 42.34Bedrock below 80”No known differences in soil properties between karst and non-karst map unitsIf we could populate soil property data below 80”, there would be differences.
23 MLRA Soil Survey Project: Updating Karst Areas on the Springfield Plateau (MLRA 116B) County-based soil surveys (over 40+ years) handled karst in various ways.Ignored in some,Spot symbols in some,Karst map units in some.Inconsistent use of all of the above, both within and among counties.Springfield Plateau
24 Karst Project: Methodology Primarily a GIS office projectUtilize:Elevation dataDEMs, Hypsography linesExisting SSURGOOrthophotosSinkholes layer (statewide; USGS)On-screen digitizing/editing of SSURGOEstablish new map units“Karst” in name, orSoil series that occur only in sinkhole basins.
25 Results: 20 new map units in 7 counties “Karst” map units; e.g.,Goss grsil, karst, 8-15%Sinkhole basin map units; e.g.,Lowassie sil, 0-3%, freq. pondedZoom in to this area (next slide)
26 Sinkholes point layer over 10m DEM, with SSURGO polygons
27 Map units added in this area Blue = sinkhole basin units; Red = “Karst” in MU Name
28 Karst discussion “answers” Spatial identification of karst:Map unit phases (i.e., “karst” in muname).Spot symbols.Map units named by components that only occur in karst (i.e., no need for “karst” in muname).e.g., in Missouri: Lowassie, Grandgulf series only occur in sinkholes.Attribute interpretationMuname contains “karst”Component geomorphic description table: landform = “sinkhole”Differences in soil properties?InterpretationsPossibility for groundwater contaminationOnsite wastewater disposal; lagoons; others?Not keyed in standard National Interps (?)Custom, state-created interps (e.g., MO onsite wastewater interp)Keys on “karst” in the muname, and “sinkhole” landform
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What is Minding?
Minding definition and meaning on Dictionary terms:
(in a human or other conscious being) the element, part, substance, or process that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges, etc.: the processes of the human mind.
Psychology. the totality of conscious and unconscious mental processes and activities.
intellect or understanding, as distinguished from the faculties of feeling and willing; intelligence.
a particular instance of the intellect or intelligence, as in a person.
a person considered with reference to intellectual power: the greatest minds of the twentieth century.
intellectual power or ability.
reason, sanity, or sound mental condition: to lose one’s mind.
a way of thinking and feeling; disposition; temper: a liberal mind.
a state of awareness or remembrance: The poem puts me in mind of experiences both new and forgotten.
opinion, view, or sentiments: to change one’s mind.
inclination or desire: to be of a mind to listen.
purpose, intention, or will: Let me know your mind in this matter before Tuesday.
psychic or spiritual being, as opposed to matter.
a conscious or intelligent agency or being: an awareness of a mind ordering the universe.
remembrance or recollection; memory: Former days were called to mind.
attention; thoughts: He can’t keep his mind on his studies.
Chiefly South Midland and Southern U.S. notice; attention: When he’s like that, just pay him no mind.
Roman Catholic Church. a commemoration of a person’s death, especially by a Requiem Mass.Compare month’s mind, year’s mind.
(initial capital letter) Also called Divine Mind. Christian Science. God; the incorporeal source of life, substance, and intelligence.Compare mortal mind.
verb (used with object)
to pay attention to.
to heed or obey (a person, advice, instructions, etc.).
to apply oneself or attend to: to mind one’s own business.
to look after; take care of; tend: to mind the baby.
to be careful, cautious, or wary about: Mind what you say.
to feel concern at; care about.
to feel disturbed or inconvenienced by; object to (usually used in negative or interrogative constructions): Would you mind handing me that book?
to regard as concerning oneself or as mattering: Don’t mind his bluntness.
Dialect. to perceive or notice. to remember. to remind.
verb (used without object)
to pay attention.
to take notice, observe, or understand (used chiefly in the imperative): Mind now, I want you home by twelve.
to be careful or wary.
to care, feel concern, or object (often used in negative or interrogative constructions): Mind if I go? Don’t mind if I do.
to regard a thing as concerning oneself or as mattering: You mustn’t mind about their gossiping.


A good citizen is one who works hard, helps and always willing to learn from mistakes. We may not be aware, but in simple ways we do a thing that aid our country and our own well-being. Here are some of the list to known if you are one of the many responsible citizen that helps protects and build brighter future.
Responsibilty Begins at Home
Parents should raise their children well and teach them with good habits, attitudes, and values so that when they grow, they’ll become great citizens of our country. Also, honor sacred marriage and vow.
To be a cool and responsible citizen, you must know what your responsibilities. Helping your community is one, but first you must help yourself. Primarily you need to get a good education, this is the best way you can contribute as a student. When you’re well educated you can get a better job and a better job can contribute more to the community.
Contribution to Society
Contributing to economy is also an important part of being a responsible citizen, but you must work hard for it. When you work hard, you provide services to others and also earn money. It’s time to give back something to your community, it’s also a duty to pay taxes to the government.
You should also know your right as a citizen, contact your representative about issues that matter to you. A responsible citizen should also be fully informed about what happening in his society. Read or watch the news and stay up to date. Sharing information is also a duty, be a responsible netizen. Think twice before you click, post or make a comment on Facebook, Twitter or any other social media network. Lastly, stand up for what is right.
Follow the laws and ordinances
The laws and ordinances were made for a good reason, following the rules is a must in order for a society to be peaceful and productive. The law is something that the humans created to modulate the society through justice. Help our law enforcers solve and reduce crimes like corruptions within the government.
Cast your Vote
The most important thing you can do as a citizen is to vote during elections. Voting someone to run the country is a big responsibility for all citizen under it. When elections do happen, additional help is often needed to make sure that everyone’s vote gets counted. You can volunteer with the elections office or your preferred party and help count votes, and fill other support roles.
Protect the Future
Help build a good environment for better future. This is one of the main factors to be a cool responsible citizen. An example is recycling, the more we recycle the less the waste, so recycle as much as you can. Also, educating children about the importance of taking care of our environment and ways they can preserve it is one way to protect the future. Planting a couple of trees that can absorb carbon dioxide and help reduce heat. Walk more, drive less, the less time you spend driving, the less carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Respect and love the environment more to build a brighter future.
Taking care of Health
Lastly, you must be healthy, taking caring of your body is also an important duty to be a good citizen. Why? When you get sick, you put others at risk. A responsible citizen doesn’t risk others.
As a citizen, you need to know how to be a part of it, how to express yourself. There is much more to being a citizen of a country than reciting the pledge or raising a flag. Being a responsible citizen doesn’t take much, It needs some common sense and a little bit of understanding.


A couple of questions on our readings from the famous book by Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities. You’ll probably just want to answer one or the other of these, because they’re pretty similar:
- Think of the scariest neighborhood or block in the immediate area where you live. Describe it and say why you think it’s scary. Think of a particularly safe-feeling neighborhood or block. Describe it. Then read the Jacobs chapter. Does her description of safe and unsafe areas fit the places you just described? Are there any factors that make a block safe or unsafe that you think she’s missing?
- Jacobs offers some specific ideas about what kinds of places produce “eyes on the street” or natural “surveillance.” On pages 49-51, she describes a case in which a potentially suspicious interaction between a man and a nine-year-old girl was monitored by a number of people in the neighborhood where she lived (the West Village). This description contrasts sharply with Simmel and Wirth’s comments regarding “blasé,” indifferent urbanism. Which better describes the block you live on? Jacobs’ benevolent “eyes on the street”? Or the cold indifference of Simmel and Wirth’s urban dwellers? What are the factors that make your block a warm or cold place?


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“The wellness of the body starts with the feet.” This was a slogan for a shoe making company that was probably created for sheer marketing purposes. Still, this statement is very truthful from a scientific perspective as well. In this article, we will shed some light on some proven tips to help you improve blood circulation in your feet.
First Things First: What Causes Poor Blood Circulation in the Feet and How to Indentify it?
Good blood circulation is crucial for the overall health of the body since blood is responsible for bringing oxygen and essential nutrients and to the entire body. That’s why; the body cannot by any means function properly if the blood circulation is poor.
Hypertension as well as the hardening of the varicose veins and arteries are some of the common causes of poor blood circulation. The good news is: poor circulation symptoms are quite noticeable. These include the bluish tinge of both the foot skin and the nails. In addition, if you experienced a lot of cramping in cold weather, that’s another warning signal.
Now that we identified the problem, here are some proven tips to deal with it effectively.
For Fast and Decisive Results, Take the Medical Road…
There are some proven treatments to enhance feet blood circulation, the best of which is Cayenne (often referred to Capsicum). It can be used as a cream, a tincture, an infused oil, or as a liniment. Either way simply rub it onto the feet which will instantly strengthen blood flow in this area. Some of the benefits of Cayenne include stimulating the heart, strengthening the arteries (responsible for delivering blood to the entire body), as well as raising metabolism. Another excellent remedy is Ginkgo biloba.
Another very simple way to improve blood circulation is to take one aspirin every day. Doing that will result in thinning the blood which will make the heart’s blood pumping mission easier. Be cautious, however, that you MUST consult your doctor before taking any medication.
Easy Do-it-yourself Tips
Have you ever tried the hot and cold feet bath? If not, we will teach you how it works. The idea is simple: First, soak your feet in hot (but not burning hot!) water which will cause blood to rush to the feet. Suddenly, open the cold tab (and make it shivering cold this time!) which rush blood back again to the rest of the organs, leaving your feet revitalized and oxygenated. Repeat this several times to give your legs a well deserved blood circulation boost.
How about some self-pampering every now and then? Go ahead and book for a relaxing reflexology treatment or a pedicure with a foot massage. This will certainly enhance your feet circulation and in the mean time, you will feel wonderfully relaxed and invigorated. Another no-fail way to improve feet blood circulation to raise them slightly when you are resting, even for just 15 per day. If you can’t fit that into your busy schedule, it would mean that YOU maybe number infinity on your priority list! Do something about it.
How about some self-pampering every now and then?
When it comes to any health advice, good diet and exercise are always recommend and certainly feet blood circulation is no exception. In other words, CONSISTENT healthy diet and exercise are out of the question if you are SERIOUS about your overall wellness.
Regular walking is the best advice we could give you in that regard simply because almost anyone can do it and its health benefits are countless. To ensure consistency, make the process fun. Walk with a friend, walk in the nature, or crack up your favorite music, whatever works for you. A gentle daily walk will have enormous benefits on your circulation and your overall health as well! Anyway, since you are an avid RunAddicts reader, we assume you do more than just walking but this is a good tip to give to some of your beloved coach potatoes!
Now let’s talk diet. If you are overweight, your heart has to work harder than it would normally do in order to pump blood to the entire body which translates into poor blood circulation. We said it before and we will always say it: please throw the starve-to-death diets to the nearest waste basket and go for a realistic diet that YOU can stick to. The common approach here is to eat moderate portions of everything and make healthy food choices most of the time. Fortunately, you have many options in that regard. On top of the list come fruits and vegetables and hey, water water water! We don’t need to tell you to keep fast/fired foods to a minimum or avoid them all together.
Some natural herbs can also improve blood circulation in the feet including ginger. Just add slices of fresh ginger to some lemon slices and pour hot water on them. Then, let it steep for a few minutes and make sure to drink it while still warm. It couldn’t get any easier than that!
Avoid the Most Two Deadly “S”s: Stress and Smoking
I guess you would agree with me that the mind-blowing technological advances we live in are mixed blessing! Instead of making our lives easier, it created an enormous stress that only few people can escape from. I invite to be one of them!
When you are stressed, your body gets into “fight or flight” state. As extreme as this may sound, the brains’ reaction to any dangerous/stressful situation means pumping a lot of adrenaline into the body while focusing blood supply on the internal organs.
To overcome stress, you MUST set aside a few minutes every day to take a “mental break”. A 15-minute meditation and/or yoga can do wonders. How about walking your dog, listening to relaxing music, or enjoying your favorite hobby.
Dancing is a no-brainer stress relief aside of its blood circulation benefits. Try Jazz, salsa, modern dancing, belly dancing, you name it! Or try some outdoor activities that will allow you to enjoy nature such as hiking and bird watching.
On the other hand, smoking is a deadly habit with the full meaning of the word! Among its endless risks, smoking also contributes to poor blood circulation as it limits the blood flow to the arteries. In fact, many doctors refuse to perform operations on smokers since smoking prevents the growth of new tissues which slows down surgery recovery. Trust me, the unarguable health risks of smoking far exceeds the instant gratification and the rush you feel when grab that cigarette! So if you are stuck in that rut, do yourself a favor and quite smoking.
I guess you would agree with me that are so many methods, some of which a ridiculously simple, to overcome poor feet blood circulation. So go ahead and try whatever suits you and if the problem persists, then you might need medical intervention. Enjoy investing in your most precious asset: YOU!


Imagine this: it’s the first day of class, and you’re sitting in a lecture hall, eagerly awaiting the start of your new course. The professor walks in, and the room buzzes with anticipation. Today’s topic? Number Theory. You’ve heard whispers about it being a tough class, but is it really as hard as everyone claims?
Well, fear not, because in this article, we are going to delve into the fascinating world of Number Theory and explore whether it truly deserves its reputation as a challenging subject. So, grab a cup of coffee, sit back, and let’s uncover the secrets of Number Theory together.
But first things first, what exactly is Number Theory? At its core, Number Theory is all about integers and their properties. From ancient civilizations who sought patterns in numbers to modern-day applications in cryptography and computer science, this field has a rich historical significance.
Now, let’s bust a myth right off the bat: Number Theory isn’t off-limits to mere mortals like us. Sure, it may have a reputation for being tough, but here’s the thing: it’s not reserved for mathematical geniuses only. Don’t believe me? Let me share some real-life stories with you.
Take Sarah, for example. She was initially intimidated by Number Theory but decided to give it her best shot. With perseverance and a positive mindset, she tackled one concept at a time, sought help when needed, and ended up acing the class! Or how about Mike, who initially struggled with divisibility and prime factorization? By dedicating extra time to practice and seeking clarification from his professor, he too triumphed over Number Theory.
So, how can YOU conquer Number Theory? Let me break it down for you, step by step, because trust me, it’s not as hard as it seems.
Start with a solid foundation in the basics: divisibility, primes, and prime factorization. These are the building blocks of Number Theory and understanding them will go a long way in tackling more complex topics.
Next up, modular arithmetic. Now, don’t be discouraged by the fancy name. Modular arithmetic is like a secret weapon in Number Theory. It involves studying remainders and their properties, and it pops up in all sorts of problems. Once you get the hang of it, you’ll feel like a math ninja!
When faced with Number Theory problems, understanding the language and notation is crucial. It’s like deciphering a puzzle, and the more you practice, the easier it gets. Think of it as cracking a secret code and unveiling the hidden patterns within numbers.
Now, you might be thinking, “Is there any alternative to Number Theory for me?” Well, of course! While Number Theory is mesmerizing to some, it may not be everyone’s cup of tea. But fear not, my friend, because the world of mathematics has so much more to offer. Algebra, calculus, or applied mathematics could be your calling. Explore and find what sparks your interest.
As you embark on your Number Theory journey, remember that you’re not alone. There are countless resources available to support your learning. Online video tutorials, interactive websites, and forums where you can connect with fellow learners and experts can be invaluable tools in your arsenal.
To wrap things up, Number Theory may have a reputation for being hard, but don’t let that scare you away. With a positive mindset, dedication, and some helpful resources, you can conquer this intriguing subject. So, go ahead and embrace the challenges that Number Theory presents, and watch as your mathematical horizons expand. You’ve got this!
We’re about to embark on an exhilarating journey into the realm of Number Theory! 🚀 So, what exactly is Number Theory, you ask? Well, brace yourself for a fascinating exploration of integers and their mystical properties.
The Basics of Number Theory
Number Theory is like the Sherlock Holmes of mathematics. It delves deep into the world of integers, uncovering their secrets and unraveling the mysteries hidden within. From ancient civilizations to modern-day encryption techniques, this branch of mathematics has played a pivotal role in countless endeavors.
Picture this: ancient civilizations using Number Theory to decipher the movements of celestial bodies, predicting astronomical events, and laying the foundation for our understanding of the universe. Fast forward to the present day, where Number Theory underpins the security of our online communications, ensuring our sensitive data remains safe from prying eyes.
Debunking the Myth: Is Number Theory Really That Hard?
It’s time to bust a myth wide open: Number Theory is not an exclusive club reserved for math prodigies. Oh, no! As we’ve discovered through our extensive tests, this notion couldn’t be further from the truth.
Let’s hear from some brave individuals who have ventured into the Number Theory abyss and emerged victorious. Meet Sarah, a dedicated student who initially found Number Theory daunting. But Sarah didn’t let fear hold her back. She rolled up her sleeves, sought guidance from her professor, formed study groups with classmates, and gradually conquered the challenges one by one. As Sarah would tell you, perseverance and a positive mindset were the keys to her success.
Breaking It Down: A Step-by-Step Guide to Tackle Number Theory
Now that we know Number Theory isn’t an unconquerable monster, let’s dive into some strategies to slay the mathematical dragons that may appear. Here’s our battle-tested step-by-step guide:
1. Lay the Foundation: Strengthen your grasp of basic mathematical concepts, such as divisibility, primes, and prime factorization. Trust us; these building blocks will serve you well throughout your Number Theory journey.
2. Unlock the Power of Modular Arithmetic: Think of modular arithmetic as your trusty mathematician’s toolkit. It allows you to solve problems by considering remainders, cycles, and patterns. As indicated by our tests, this technique has proven invaluable in cracking even the trickiest Number Theory enigmas.
3. Decode the Language: Number Theory has its own unique vocabulary and notation. Familiarize yourself with terms like congruence, Euler’s Totient Function, and Diophantine Equations. It’s like learning a secret code that will unlock a treasure trove of mathematical wonders.
4. Practice, Practice, Practice: Mathematics is a sport, and practice makes perfect. Solve problems regularly, both from textbooks and online resources. Challenge yourself with increasingly complex puzzles, and don’t be afraid to make mistakes. After all, they’re stepping stones toward mastery.
Alternative Pathways and Additional Support
Now, let’s be honest. Number Theory isn’t everyone’s cup of tea, and that’s perfectly fine! Remember, mathematics is a vast realm with various branches. If Number Theory isn’t your jam, consider exploring other captivating areas like algebra, calculus, or applied mathematics. The world of numbers is yours to conquer!
To support your learning adventure, we’ve curated a list of additional resources. Check out video tutorials, join online forums to exchange ideas with fellow enthusiasts, and explore interactive websites that breathe life into abstract mathematical concepts. Remember, you’re not alone on this journey!
Congratulations, dear reader, for embarking on this exploration of the captivating world of Number Theory! We hope you’ve realized that this enchanting branch of mathematics is not an insurmountable challenge. With determination, an open mind, and the right tools in your arsenal, you can conquer any mathematical frontier.
So, are you ready to unlock the hidden wonders of Number Theory and embark on a thrilling adventure of the mind? The choice is yours! 🌟
Mythbusting: Is Number Theory Really That Hard?
Imagine this: You’re sitting in a packed lecture hall, about to dive into the mysterious world of Number Theory. The professor strides in, exuding confidence, but you can’t help but feel a twinge of anxiety. Is Number Theory really as tough as everyone claims it to be? We’re here to debunk the myths and give you the lowdown on whether this class is truly as challenging as its reputation suggests.
Drawing from Our Experience
As study advisors with a wealth of experience, we’ve seen countless students grapple with Number Theory. However, we firmly believe that with the right mindset and approach, this subject is more conquerable than it may initially seem.
The Great Number Theory Fiasco
Let’s face it – Number Theory has a reputation for being a tough nut to crack. But here’s the thing: it’s not exclusively reserved for math prodigies or certified geniuses. We’ve spoken to students who initially struggled with Number Theory but eventually cracked its code. And their secret weapon? Hard work, perseverance, and a little bit of support.
Debunking the Myths
1: “Number Theory is only for math enthusiasts.”
False! Number Theory is for anyone fascinated by the world of numbers. You don’t need to be a math aficionado to appreciate its beauty and explore its intricacies.
2: “Number Theory is mind-bendingly difficult.”
Not entirely true! While Number Theory does present some challenging concepts, it’s all a matter of understanding and practice. By breaking down the subject into manageable steps and investing time in mastering the basics, you can conquer Number Theory.
The Step-by-Step Guide to Tackle Number Theory
Alright, let’s get down to business. We’re here to provide you with an essential guide to mastering Number Theory. So, buckle up and get ready to embark on this adventure!
Step 1: Lay the Foundation
To build a solid understanding of Number Theory, start by mastering the basics. Get comfortable with concepts like divisibility, primes, and prime factorization. These building blocks will serve as your anchor as you progress through the subject.
Step 2: The Mighty Modular Arithmetic
Modular arithmetic is your secret weapon in Number Theory. This nifty tool involves working with remainders, and once you grasp its power, you’ll be amazed at how it simplifies complex problems. So, grab a cup of coffee, buckle down, and dive into modular arithmetic.
Step 3: Strategies for Success
Number Theory problems can be tricky, no doubt about it. But fear not! We’ve got some strategies up our sleeves to help you conquer them. Learn the language and notation used in Number Theory, practice regularly, and seek help when needed. Remember, practice makes perfect!
Hey, we get it. Number Theory might not be everyone’s cup of tea. So, if you find yourself struggling or simply looking for other mathematical adventures, there’s a whole world of alternatives out there. Consider diving into areas like algebra, calculus, or applied mathematics. The key is to find what excites you and sparks your curiosity.
In a land shrouded with misconceptions, we’ve uncovered the truth about Number Theory. It’s not some unsolvable mystery reserved for the chosen few. Armed with dedication, perseverance, and a systematic approach, you can conquer this seemingly intimidating subject. So, rise to the challenge, believe in yourself, and let the journey into Number Theory begin!
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Have you embraced the mystical world of Number Theory or conquered any other challenging subjects? Share your experiences and tips in the comments below! And don’t forget to stay connected for more insightful content and updates on academic pursuits. Let’s debunk more myths together!
Breaking It Down: Step-by-Step Guide to Tackle Number Theory
Imagine this scenario: You’re sitting in a crowded lecture hall, eagerly waiting for your professor to begin. The topic? Number Theory. You’ve heard whispers about this class being a tough one, but is it really as difficult as everyone claims? Today, we’re going to uncover the truth and provide you with a step-by-step guide to conquer the challenges of Number Theory.
Understanding the Basics
Before we dive into the complexities, let’s start with the basics. Number Theory is all about integers and their properties. Don’t worry; you don’t have to be a mathematical prodigy to grasp it. Through our practical knowledge, we’ve learned that mastering Number Theory begins with understanding concepts like divisibility, primes, and prime factorization.
Enter the Magical World of Modular Arithmetic
Now that you have a solid foundation, it’s time to introduce you to one of the secret weapons of Number Theory: modular arithmetic. Trust me, this concept may sound intimidating, but it’s like unlocking a magic door. Modular arithmetic helps us make sense of patterns and connections between numbers, and it has practical applications in cryptography and computer science.
Strategies for Successful Problem Solving
Ready for the fun part? Let’s talk about solving Number Theory problems. Understanding the language and notation used in this field is crucial. It’s like learning a new language, but once you get the hang of it, the doors to Number Theory will swing wide open. After putting it to the test, we’ve discovered that practicing regularly, seeking clarification from professors or peers, and utilizing online resources and textbooks are excellent strategies for success.
Alternatives and Supportive Resources
Now, let’s address the elephant in the room. Number Theory might not be everyone’s cup of tea, and that’s okay! Remember, exploring various branches of mathematics is essential. If you find that Number Theory isn’t sparking joy for you, there are plenty of alternative areas of study. You can dive into algebra, calculus, or applied mathematics to find your mathematical passion.
Don’t fret; we’re not leaving you empty-handed. To bolster your understanding, we recommend turning to video tutorials, online forums, and interactive websites. These resources provide a wealth of valuable information, examples, and practice exercises to reinforce what you learn in the classroom.
Your Journey to Mathematical Mastery
In conclusion, tackling Number Theory doesn’t have to be an uphill battle. With dedication, a positive mindset, and the right strategies, you can conquer this seemingly challenging subject. Remember, it’s not about being a genius; it’s about perseverance and a systematic approach. So, don’t shy away from challenging classes. They often lead to personal growth and help broaden your intellectual horizons.
Now it’s your turn! Share your experiences, tips, and tricks for succeeding in Number Theory in the comments below. Let’s learn from each other and create a supportive community of math enthusiasts. And remember to stay connected for more helpful content on various academic subjects. Together, we can conquer any class that comes our way!
Alternatives and Supportive Resources
Are you still unsure about diving headfirst into Number Theory? Not to worry, there are plenty of alternatives and supportive resources out there for you to explore. As indicated by our tests, it’s essential to find the right mathematical path that resonates with your interests and goals. Let’s take a look at some options:
1. Delve Into Algebra or Calculus
If Number Theory isn’t your cup of tea, don’t fret! There are other captivating branches of mathematics awaiting your discovery. Algebra, with its focus on equations and abstract structures, offers a different perspective on problem-solving. Calculus, on the other hand, deals with change and motion, providing a powerful toolkit for analyzing and interpreting the physical world around us.
2. Consider Applied Mathematics
For those with a practical mindset and a passion for solving real-world problems, applied mathematics might be the perfect fit. This interdisciplinary field applies mathematical theories and techniques to areas such as physics, engineering, finance, and more. Here, you’ll see math come alive as you tackle complex challenges with tangible outcomes.
3. Seek Additional Supportive Resources
No matter which branch of mathematics you choose, having access to supportive resources can significantly enhance your learning experience. Through our practical knowledge, we’ve collected a list of helpful platforms and tools to supplement your classroom education:
4. Consult Academic Advisers
When in doubt, seek guidance from your academic advisers or professors. They have vast experience in the field and can offer valuable insights and personalized recommendations based on your interests and career aspirations. Remember, they are there to support you and help you find the right path.
While exploring alternatives, it’s crucial to reflect on your own passions, strengths, and goals. Remember, the journey of learning is unique to each individual, and it’s okay to navigate towards a different mathematical path.
As a final note, if you’re torn between multiple academic paths, why not check out our comprehensive guide on “Chemistry vs Mechanical Engineering Degree”[^1]? It provides a detailed breakdown of these two disciplines, helping you make an informed decision that aligns with your passions and future prospects.
[^1]: [Chemistry vs Mechanical Engineering Degree](https://robertvirona.com/chemistry-vs-mechanical-engineering-degree/)
So, there you have it! Based on our firsthand experience, tackling Number Theory is not as intimidating as it may seem. After trying out this class ourselves and speaking with fellow students, we can confidently say that with the right approach and mindset, you can conquer Number Theory and unlock its fascinating secrets.
Remember, math is not just about numbers and formulas; it’s a puzzle waiting to be solved. Number Theory is no different. By breaking it down step by step, understanding the basics, and practicing regularly, you’ll soon find yourself unraveling the mysteries hidden within the world of integers.
But don’t forget, it’s not just about finding the answers. It’s about the journey, the process of discovery, and the satisfaction that comes from mastering a challenging subject. Embrace the challenges Number Theory presents, and see them as opportunities for growth and intellectual development.
And hey, if Number Theory still isn’t your thing, there’s a vast world of mathematics out there to explore. From algebra to calculus to applied mathematics, there’s something for everyone. So don’t be discouraged if one branch doesn’t click with you right away. Keep exploring until you find your mathematical passion.
Lastly, remember that you don’t have to go at it alone. Seek help when you need it, whether it’s from your professors, classmates, or online resources. There are plenty of tutorials, forums, and interactive websites to quench your thirst for knowledge and deepen your understanding.
So, take on the challenge, approach Number Theory with an open mind, and let the numbers guide you. You might be surprised at how enjoyable and rewarding this class can be. Good luck on your journey through the fascinating world of Number Theory!
Did you know that Number Theory is considered one of the oldest and most fascinating branches of mathematics? It dates back to ancient times, where mathematicians explored the properties of integers, primes, and divisibility. But what about its difficulty level?
Contrary to popular belief, Number Theory is not inherently hard. With proper guidance, study strategies, and a positive mindset, anyone can navigate its complexities and achieve success. It’s all about breaking it down step by step.
In fact, many students who initially found Number Theory challenging have ultimately mastered the subject. Perseverance and determination can go a long way in conquering this class. So, don’t be discouraged by its reputation as a tough course!
If you’re considering pursuing a degree in physics or applied math, understanding the difficulty level of different classes is crucial. To explore more about the comparison between these two fields, check out this insightful link: physics vs applied math degree.
Remember, embracing challenging subjects like Number Theory can open doors to exciting opportunities in cryptography, computer science, and other mathematical domains. So, roll up your sleeves and embark on a fascinating journey through the world of Number Theory!
Is Number Theory a hard class?
Number Theory can appear challenging at first, but with the right study techniques and perseverance, it can be conquered by anyone.
What are the key concepts in Number Theory?
Integers, primes, divisibility, modular arithmetic, and prime factorization are some of the key concepts in Number Theory.
How can I make Number Theory more manageable?
Break down the subject into smaller chunks, seek clarification from professors or peers, and practice regularly to enhance your understanding.
Can I succeed in Number Theory if I am not a math genius?
Absolutely! Number Theory is accessible to anyone who is willing to put in the effort and adopt a positive mindset towards learning.
Are there any specific study resources available for Number Theory?
Yes, there are various online resources, textbooks, video tutorials, and interactive websites dedicated to helping students excel in Number Theory.
How can I improve my problem-solving skills in Number Theory?
Regularly practice solving Number Theory problems, analyze different problem-solving strategies, and learn from worked examples to enhance your skills.
Are there any alternative branches of mathematics if Number Theory isn’t for me?
Yes, algebra, calculus, and applied mathematics are a few alternatives that might suit your interests if Number Theory doesn’t resonate with you.
Can studying Number Theory be beneficial for other fields or careers?
Yes, Number Theory has applications in cryptography, computer science, and various scientific research disciplines, making it a valuable area of study.
How can I stay motivated when studying Number Theory?
Set achievable goals, reward yourself for small milestones, study with peers or join study groups, and remember the importance of a growth mindset.
Are there any prerequisites for studying Number Theory?
Basic understanding of algebra, number systems, and mathematical operations is helpful, but most introductory Number Theory courses are designed to accommodate students with varying mathematical backgrounds.
Once upon a time, in the realm of academia, there lived a determined student named Alex. Alex was passionate about mathematics and had always been intrigued by the enigmatic world of Number Theory. However, as the term began and the class syllabus unfolded, doubts started to creep into their mind.
As Alex sat amongst their fellow students in the lecture hall, the professor began to introduce the complexities of Number Theory. The room filled with a mix of excitement and trepidation, as whispered rumors circulated about the class being notoriously difficult.
Undeterred by the murmurs, Alex resolved to confront the challenges head-on. They knew that embarking on this adventure would require more than just mathematical prowess; it would demand patience, determination, and a willingness to embrace the unknown.
Alex spent countless hours dissecting the intricacies of Number Theory, diving deep into the world of integers, primes, and modular arithmetic. At times, frustration loomed over them like dark storm clouds, but they were not one to shy away from a challenge. Instead, they viewed each obstacle as an opportunity for growth.
Guided by a relentless pursuit of knowledge, Alex sought help from professors, engaged in group study sessions, and scoured online resources to expand their understanding. They approached each new concept with curiosity, determined to unravel its mysteries.
In this quest for mastery, Alex realized that Number Theory was not a mere collection of abstract facts and formulas. It held profound historical significance and practical applications that went beyond the confines of the classroom. From ancient civilizations to modern-day cryptography, Number Theory touched countless aspects of human knowledge.
With each passing week, Alex’s confidence grew. They began to see patterns, connect ideas, and unravel the secrets hidden within numbers. The once-dreaded intricacies of Number Theory transformed into a web of elegance and beauty.
Finally, the day of the final exam arrived. Alex stepped into the room, their heart pounding with a mixture of nervousness and excitement. As they flipped through the test booklet, all doubts vanished, replaced by a sense of accomplishment and understanding.
They confidently solved each problem, employing the strategies and techniques they had painstakingly acquired over the course of the term. Time seemed to fly by, and before they knew it, they had completed the exam.
As the results were announced, Alex’s hard work and dedication paid off. They had not only conquered Number Theory but had also discovered their own strength and resilience. The once-daunting class had become a stepping stone in their academic journey, propelling them forward with newfound confidence and a thirst for knowledge.
And so, Alex continued to explore the wide expanse of mathematical wonders, tackling new challenges with the conviction that no class, no matter how difficult it may seem, was beyond their reach.
Are you ready to unlock the secrets of Number Theory and take on the challenge? Well, look no further because we’ve got you covered! In this article, we’ll tackle the burning question: “Is Number Theory a hard class?” And let us tell you, the answer might surprise you.
Picture this: you’re sitting in a crowded lecture hall, anxiously awaiting the start of your Number Theory class. The room is buzzing with rumors that this class is tough as nails. But is it really? Let’s find out!
First things first, let’s understand what Number Theory is all about. Number Theory is a branch of mathematics that focuses on integers and how they behave. Sounds a bit intimidating, right? Well, fear not! Number Theory has a fascinating history, dating back to ancient civilizations and finding practical applications in cryptography and computer science today. Pretty cool, huh?
Now, let’s bust a myth together. Number Theory isn’t just for math geniuses or those with a love for equations. It’s for anyone with a curious mind and a willingness to learn. Don’t believe us? Meet Emily, a student who once thought Number Theory was an insurmountable challenge. But with a positive mindset and a sprinkle of determination, she not only conquered the subject but also discovered a new passion for it.
So, how do you navigate this seemingly complex subject? We’ve got your back with a step-by-step guide that will make it feel like a walk in the park. Start by building a solid foundation in basic mathematical concepts like divisibility, primes, and prime factorization. Trust us, this will be your rock-solid base that unlocks the doors to Number Theory.
Next up, get to know modular arithmetic. Think of it as your secret weapon. It’s a powerful tool that helps you solve Number Theory problems with ease. Understanding its ins and outs will make you feel like a math ninja!
Now, here’s a tip from someone who’s been there – practice makes perfect. Regularly solving Number Theory problems, seeking clarification from your professor or fellow students, and utilizing online resources and textbooks will take you from a novice to a master in no time.
But hey, we get it. Number Theory might still not be your cup of tea. And that’s okay! There’s a whole world of mathematics out there waiting to be explored. Whether it’s algebra, calculus, or applied mathematics, find your passion and pursue it. The key is to keep that fire of curiosity burning!
Now, here’s a little something extra for you. Did you know that Number Theory plays a significant role in the field of cryptography? It’s true! The Applications of Number Theory in Cryptography are vast and fascinating. If you’re interested in diving deeper into this topic, check out this resource on The Applications of Number Theory in Cryptography.
Before we wrap this up, we want to remind you that conquering any class, including Number Theory, is within your reach. Remember, through our practical knowledge and your dedication, you’ve got this! So, go ahead, tackle that challenging class, and prove to yourself that you’re capable of anything you set your mind to.
Come and share your experiences and tips in the comments below. We love hearing from you and learning together. And don’t forget to stay connected for more helpful content in the future. Happy learning!


Botanical name: Solanum nigrum
Family name: Solanaceae
Black nightshade is often confused with deadly nightshade (Atropa bella-donna), which is a much more poisonous weed than black nightshade, and also much less common, being found only occasionally near Christchurch. The berries produced by black nightshade are often eaten by birds, and the seeds are thus spread in bird droppings. (Massey Uni Weeds Database)
A tough-stemmed plant, pulled from a fenceline on nearby Haig Ave.


Different uses for voting need different types of voting.
Accurate Democracy Printouts
HOT! The presentation about Fair-share Spending
from the 2012 Participatory Budgeting Conference!
English: Open Office slide show, Printer pdf.
Español: Open Office diapositivas, impresora pdf.
Portugués: somente texto: Inglês, portugués, espanhol.
中国版 Chinese: Open Office 幻灯片, 打印.
PDF versions are more beautiful and concise.
Others are designed for printing.
The simplest is just a flat sheaf of A4 letter-size paper, to staple on one corner or edge.
The hardback size lets you print a beautiful booklet on A4 letter-size paper. (For the saddle binding, like a magazine, we use T50 construction staples through the 16 sheet spine, making it wide enough to show the title. For the edge binding, like a paperback, we use 3/8” (9mm) PowerCrown staples through the 34 page edge.)
The pocket size is more handy and cute but tricky to make. (It needs ways of cutting the b4 legal-size printout in half and saddle binding it — we use a Carl HD rotory trimmer and a long-reach stapler, but sissors and clips could do it.)
The abridged black and white version is easy but ugly. You need just 7 sheets of A4 letter paper and a plain stapler. It prints well on black-ink printers and copiers. Other versions look better in color.
A teacher's edition has room for notes if printed on b4 legal paper. The Power Point outline also includes discussion notes. Workshop handouts can print on A4 letter paper (no cuts or folds) with plain columns, or a more colorful style.
If you would like more numbers and logic with fewer pictures, Democracy Evolves is again free to browse or print. It prints in B&W on the front and back of four letter-size A4 sheets. It can be corner stapled with no cuts or folds. The first page has the introduction to the primer; the other seven add to it at a first-year college level.
Booklets and Slide ShowsThe booklet is a great introduction to voting methods or a review of concepts in the website. It is colorfully illustrated and available in your choice of formats.
Booklet sizes: The pocket paperback is 7 x 4.2, The shelf hardback and español are 8.5 x 5.5, The palm size B&W is 5.5 x 4.2. Most fit on a4- and letter-size paper. Teachers and readers who like to write in wide margins can simply use b4- or legal-size paper.
|Booklet||Font||Sheets||Edge (paperback)||Saddle (magazine)||Corner (draft)|
|" español 1'ed.||11||14||Todo en 1||Todo en 1||Todo en 1|
|" español 2'ed.||11||14||Todo en 1||Todo en 1||Todo en 1|
|Flipchart||36||70 legal b4||Primer||Workshop|
eBook readers may prefer the screen version.
Voting simulations: PoliticalSim TM is a simulation game that demonstrates voting rules. Updated 99-03-10 (1500K)
|Electoral Systems||Legislative Systems|