Scientific Facts About Meat
At one time science supported the consumption of meat. It no longer does. The facts are so overwhelming that the eating of animal flesh is doomed as the age of enlightenment is being ushered in. One day mankind will look back in horror at the carnivorous and murderous habits of its predecessors. The eating of animals and other living creatures will seem as barbaric and disgusting to future man as the eating of human meat now seems to the average American. Animal-eating is only one step below cannibalism. Consider these facts:
In 1961, the “Journal of the American Medical Association” reported that a vegetarian diet could prevent 90-97% of heart diseases.
Studies reveal 59% less cancer among people who eat small amounts of meat, compared to average meat-eaters. (Imagine how much better those figures would be when compared to vegetarians.)
Scotland has the highest rate of bowel cancer in the world and they eat 20% more meat than the English.
The kidneys of the meat-eater must work three times harder than the kidneys of the vegetarian.
Although meat needs to pass through the digestive tract quickly, it takes four times longer than grains or vegetables.
During World War I, Norway and Denmark could not get meat. The death rate dropped 17% and then returned to normal when they returned to their meat diets. The American National Institute of Health, in a study of 50,000 vegetarians, found that they live longer, have far less heart disease, and a much lower cancer rate compared to meat-eaters.1
In England, vegetarians pay less for life insurance. Studies show that vegetarians are stronger, more agile, have greater endurance, and recover from fatigue faster than meat-eaters.
A Yale University study revealed that vegetarians have nearly twice the stamina of meat-eaters.2 Cornell University announced through major newspapers in May of 1990, “Humans are natural vegetarians.” The report said: “Animal foods, in general, are not really helpful and we need to get away from eating them.” “In addition to reducing the risk of heart disease, low cholesterol also protects against colon cancer, the most common life-threatening cancer among Americans.”
World starvation is well connected to meat-eating habits. If Americans stopped feeding grain to cattle, the excess grain could feed 500 million people (not to mention the land that could be used to grow food instead of being used for grazing cattle). When people see those programs on TV about all the starving children, they should consider that their diets are a contributing factor.
**Pasteurized milk, like meat, drains the body of alkaline and electrolyte minerals. Milk that has been cooked (pasteurized) takes more calcium to digest than it gives back!
Chemistry of Food and Nutrition, by Sherman, H., MacMillan Co., NY 1952, pg. 208.
The Science of Nutrition, Sherman, H., Columbia University Press, NY, 1943, pg. 177-1981
1 Note: Most American vegetarians were once meat eaters and even after many years on a vegetarian diet, they still carry old dead meat or its toxins in their intestinal tracts. It takes thorough cleansing to get rid of it. Lifelong vegetarians have a tremendous advantage, even if they eat poorly, as many do. When this study was made, most of the vegetarians ate large amounts of meat substitutes, the highly processed soy products, which are detrimental to the human body.
2 In this study, they used athletic meat-eaters, and compared them to vegetarians who did not participate in sports. Would you call that a fair study? Yet the vegetarians still won out.


Project Fujisawa Smart City, led by the Japanese brand Panasonic, demonstrates the latest technologies to create, store and save energy.
JAPAN PROMOTES THE CREATION OF SUSTAINABLE AND SELF-SUFFICIENT CITIES
Environmentally-friendly, eco-architecture, urban regeneration, environmental technology, bioclimatic, ecology, are concepts that have recently been integrated in an important way in the vocabulary of the 21st century. These new “global” concepts can be found in specific towns, as well as in large urban developments and in local communities.
In order to have “sustainable” cities it is necessary to recover green areas, fields and forests, but above all to reduce the excessive use of fuels, to devise new systems for saving energy, and to produce buildings that avoid artificial wastage, replacing it instead with elements that channel natural resources and unconventional energies. Finally, sustainability must be part of our daily life.
FUJISAWA; A FORWARD-THINKING CITY JUST 50KM FROM TOKYO
The Fujisawa project, led by the Japanese brand Panasonic, is expected to be completed in 2018 when the brand celebrates its 100th anniversary. The buildings allow for a sustainable development of the city and its community. The city will be able to grow on a large scale as a “green” and “smart” place that prioritizes an ecological and healthy lifestyle for its residents. To achieve a global reduction in CO2 emissions by 70% when compared against 1990 levels, apart from connecting the city to new forms of sustainable energy, biodiversity is being promoted by creating green zones throughout the city.
This smart city uses cutting-edge technologies to create, store and save energy and thus reducing energy expenditure by up to 70% in homes and 20% in public areas. This new model has zones that facilitate recharging electric cars and bicycles, but also favours pedestrian areas. Using state-of-the-art equipment and services, Fujisawa’s council intends to build a sustainable city for 100 years.
The concept is founded on three distinct categories, where energy and people’s lifestyles converge to create infrastructure that moves towards an ecological and sustainable society. Its main pillars will be energy (including the generation, storage, saving and management), mobility, safety, health, single-community portal, finance, natural resource management, and sustainable-livelihood promotion platforms. The goal here is therefore to encourage healthy lifestyles not only among residents, but also among people living in the surrounding areas and visitors from other regions.
SPAIN AND RENEWABLE ENERGIES
In Spain we should take advantage of all our natural resources since we are a country that has been left with sun, wind and water, and with large areas of land so as to produce electricity. What has happened is that the Spanish government is against renewable forms; the “tax on the sun” testifies to this. In other European countries, with fewer natural resources than in Spain, they have better infrastructure. In Japan they have a culture that is accustomed to managing their own resources due to the fact that they have limited territory.
At HJAPÓN, we strive to advise our clients interested in buying luxury homes, and one way is to promote sustainable practices when renovating houses. Improving energy efficiency, protecting the environment using renewable energy, the safety and replacement of electrical installations, water, gas or other supplies that benefit the access to the property are all ways in which to achieve this.


Some historical events from 1968:
January 1968: The worlds first heart transplant was carried out. Alexander Dubceck became the new Prime Minister of Czecholslovakia. The Soviet Union launched the manned Soyuz 4 spacecraft. The Soviet Union launched the manned Soyuz 5 spacecraft. The motor manufacturer British Leyland was formed, from the merger of two companies. The Island of Mauritius became independent of Britain.
February 1968: The world's largest hovercraft was launched at Cowes, Isle of Wight. The discovery of the first pulsar in space was announced. English astronomer Jocelyn Burnell announced the discovery of the first pulsar.
March 1968: Mauritius, in the Indian ocean island, was granted independence after 158 years of British rule. The first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, was killed in a plane crash.
April 1968: Martin Luther King, the US black civil rights leader, was assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee. Apollo 6, an unmanned test spacecraft, was launched on a Saturn V rocket. An oil tycoon bought the old London Bridge, and shipped it stone by stone to the USA. Britain's first decimal coins, the 5p and 10p, were issued in preparation for decimalization. The largest underground nuclear device ever to be tested in the US exploded in Nevada.
May 1968: Legoland, in Denmark, was opened.
June 1968: US Senator Robert Kennedy was shot and killed in Los Angeles. NHS Prescription charges began. A stampede at an Argentinian football match left 73 dead. Tony Hancock, the famous English comedian, died. Gaullists won victory in the French National Assembly elections.
July 1968: Alec Rose reached Portsmouth after sailing around the world, single handed.
August 1968: Russian and Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia.
September 1968: Second class post was introduced in the UK. Theatre censorship in Britain was abolished.
October 1968: The US spacecraft Apollo 7 was launched from Cape Kennedy, with a crew of three. In London, the new Euston railway station was opened.
November 1968: Shirley Chisholm became the first black woman, to be elected to the US House of Representatives . The Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth ended its final transatlantic journey. Enid Blyton, the childrens writer and creator of 'Noddy', died.
December 1968: Doug Engelbart demonstrates first computer mouse at Stanford. Prize winning author, John Steinbeck, died in New York ('Grapes of Wrath' & 'Of Mice And Men').


The Plastic Oceans Foundation, an environmental lobby group, is encouraging UK supermarkets to wake up to the impact of plastic packaging on the environment and give customers the option to buy non-plastic products.
As well as unwrapped food aisles, the interest group also wants to see more retailers embrace biodegradable materials for food packaging.
But some packaging industry experts have questioned the viability of the plan, suggesting that plastic will be an important part of the industry for many years to come.
For their part, they have suggested alternative ways that retailers can cut down on plastic without leaving the material behind completely.
Is plastic free a reality?
Plastic packaging has proved its worth over the years. It is cheap, safe and easy to make. In many ways, plastic is a victim of its own success, and widespread use has led to environmental problems.
In a bid to tackle plastic in the world’s oceans, the Plastic Oceans Foundation is trying to convince major users of plastic packaging like supermarkets to do their part.
Sian Sutherland, a trustee at the foundation, will negotiate with UK supermarkets.
She told Sky News: “We want to buy food that is not wrapped or contaminated with plastic. We are asking supermarkets to be part of the process. The situation with plastics is very very urgent and we have to do something now.”
But the move has drawn criticism from different corners of the packaging industry.
Barry Turner, Director of Plastics and Flexible Packaging at the British Plastics Federation, said: Customers and retailers should continue benefiting from the numerous technical and environmental advantages of plastic packaging before ensuring it is recycled. In addition, everyone needs to continue to take action to prevent littering and to prevent plastic from finding its way into our oceans.
He also pointed out that in many cases, plastic packaging is used because it has a smaller environmental impact than other materials.
He said: “It is important that the public understands that plastic packaging IS the greener option ” it uses less energy to produce, reduces transport costs and CO2 emissions because it is lightweight, and significantly reduces the amount of fresh food wasted by protecting it in a hygienic environment and extending its shelf life,” Turner continued.
“Remember, ten years ago a major retailer trialled selling cucumbers without plastic packaging but the scheme was abandoned due to the huge amount of food that was wasted.”
Alternative ways of reducing plastic consumption
Plastic free aisles have several drawbacks, not least because plastic is important to protect products and keep them fresh in supermarkets.
With this is mind, some companies have tried to reduce their plastic usage in different ways.
Multinational megabrand Unilever has focused on a process called ‘lightweighting’ to try and reduce the amount of plastic it uses to package its products.
They strip back the amount of raw plastic used in their packaging or replace some plastic with different materials.
A foamed layer that it introduced into bottles of Dove body wash, for example, apparently cut the overall plastic content by 15%.
Other companies have adopted different tactics. Marks and Spencer have tried to make their supply chain greener by using one recyclable plastic polymer across all its packaging.
While some supermarket packaging is recyclable (like water and milk bottles) other bits are not (like the plastic trays that hold meat).
M&S are trying to avert this by using one recyclable plastic across the company.
“We know there’s an issue with customers being a little confused about what you do with different types of plastic: from the tray with your meat to the light films around vegetables,” Kevin Vyse, M&S packaging technologist told The Guardian. “With plastic, we are giving them a lot of things to do and certain local authorities don’t even want to handle multiple plastics.”
But Mr Vyse also recognised the importance of plastic and the difficulties associated with phasing it out.
“Plastic is incredibly valuable in delivering food through supply chains and keeping it fresh,” he said. “The challenge is lightweighting to a point where we might be in danger of creating food waste […] If you get too light, the plastic will also deteriorate before it gets to the recycling process and you start getting leakage.”
Smart packaging design can reduce plastic
Smart design can help reduce the amount of plastic that goes into packaging.
A recent change to the design of many supermarket milk bottles, for example, saw the overall plastic content reduced by 15%. This was achieved simply by moving the plastic handle from the centre of the bottle to the corner.
This gave the plastic milk bottles more structural integrity, allowing the packaging makers to make the walls thinner.


Having traveled globally for years and visited ancient sites myself, the subject of Peru was bound to come up. Peru is a place our Lara has traveled to in the past. Though there is one outstanding place that she has not ventured and that is Machu Picchu. However, Vilcabamba (Espíritu Pampa) is only a few hundred miles away from Machu Picchu, and we all know about Lara’s travels there.
Side Note: I highly recommend the four-day trek to the Machu Picchu ruins from Cuzco. The trail follows the Urubamba River. If you have enough endurance for this dream trek, it holds a rich experience in the history of the area unlike any ride up by Train or Bus will ever impart.
The Inca Empire dominated western South America in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is within this timeframe that Machu Picchu is believed to have been built. It is alleged that Machu Picchu, “old peak” in the native Quechua language, was abandoned around the same time the Spanish conquest of the pre-Colombian civilization began in the 1530s.
Historians believe that because of the lack of evidence concerning the conquistadors ever reaching or attacking the mountain citadel, many suspect a smallpox epidemic was the reason for abandonment. However, this is a suggestion and we may never know the exact reason.
A Variety OF Functions Perhaps …
When your eyes first set sight on this remarkable place it takes your breath away. Machu Picchu is comprised of terraced terrain and over 150 buildings. There are bathhouses, temples, and sanctuaries to name a few. Modern thought suggests Machu Picchu was a royal estate where Inca emperors such as Pachacuti (1438–1472) and other nobles resided.
However, there were other thoughts about the site that suggest it could have been used as a prison, trade hub, a women’s retreat even a city that was devoted to royal coronations. The scholarly perspectives on interpreting what Machu Picchu was is endless.
It wasn’t until 1911 that American archaeologist Hiram Bingham came to Peru in search of the aforementioned Vilcabamba, remember the Tomb Raider version? haha, that’s right, the same place only far different. However, Bingham’s quest took him in a different direction after he arrived in the Urubamba Valley. There, a local farmer directed he and his small team toward some ruins on a mountaintop he called Machu Picchu. After he and his team tackled the steep mountain trail to the ridge a group of local people led by a boy of 11 – years – old took Bingham and company to the threshold of the famed Inca citadel.
Excited about this discovery, Bingham wrote a book titled, “The Lost City of the Incas“
This ignited a flood of tourists eager to see the legendary city for themselves. During Bingham’s time spent at Machu Picchu, he excavated several artifacts, which he took back to Yale University in the interest of further study. The action, in turn, caused a battle over the legal claim of the artifacts and the return of the items to Peru. This legal dispute went on for nearly 100 years. It was not until the Peruvian government petitioned President Obama for the repatriation of the artifacts that Yale allowed their return.
A Defined Layout …
Machu Picchu’s walls, terraces, ramps and other structures appear to be a geometric natural wonder when viewed from above. You will see remarkably defined stonework with stones set so true that nothing can enter between the seams, because; the stones were intricately cut to fit together without mortar.
The terraced fields and amazing irrigation system display the Inca people’s astute knowledge of architectural, agricultural and engineering proficiency.
Another interesting factor about Machu Picchu is the way the city is divided into sectors. Archaeologists determined there is a farming zone, a residential zone or neighborhood, a royal district and a sacred area, which holds the Temple of the Sun and the Intihuatana stone. It is a sculpted granite rock believed to be a calendar or a solar clock.
I do believe that our Lara would have a field day uncovering various artifacts and whatnot in Machu Picchu I know I did. Maybe one day Lara shall travel to the famous site and take us on another fantastic journey through the eyes of a legend or a new connection. Only time will tell, and we all know tempus fugit! So, maybe sooner than you think. Nevertheless, as Lara would say:
Explore the world!


Managed in cooperation with
National Park Service
National Park Service
Big Cypress WMA consists of 565,848 acres within the 720,566 acre Big Cypress National Preserve. The area spans parts of Collier, Dade, and Monroe counties and borders Everglades National Park adding to the diversity and protection of this unique ecosystem. Big Cypress, the first preserve in the National Park Service, was established in 1974 to protect water quality and to ensure the continuing ecological integrity of the area.
The name 'Big Cypress' refers to the extent of the area and not to the size of the trees. In fact many of the trees within the Big Cypress are dwarf pond cypress but areas of pinelands, tropical hardwood hammocks, and freshwater marshes abound. Both temperate and tropical flora and fauna are found throughout Big Cypress. Here you can find many rare and protected species including the Florida panther and black bear as well as the tropical liguus tree snail, royal palm, and cigar orchid.
Recreational opportunities include hunting, fishing, wildlife viewing, paddling, hiking, biking, and camping. Designated campsites are available at several locations in the WMA. In addition, primitive camping is also available throughout much of the WMA except in the Bear Island unit where all camping is limited to designated campsites.
The Oasis Visitor Center is located on Highway 41 (Tamiami Trail) mid-way between Naples and Miami. There are two driving tours, abundant with wildlife, that lead you through open prairies, cypress swamps, hammocks, and pinelands; Turner River Road (Rte 839) and Loop Road (Rte 94). Turner River Road is a dirt road which dead ends approximately 20 miles north of 41 with no access to I-75. Loop Road has access points at Monroe Station and Forty Mile Bend Check Station and runs south of Highway 41 for 23 miles (15 miles, dirt; eight miles, paved).
Hiking trails of varying difficulty are located throughout Big Cypress, including 31 miles of the Florida Trail. Bear Island is a great place to ride a bike and the Turner River Canoe Trail winds through a variety of South Florida habitats. For most, visiting Big Cypress is more pleasant in the winter when bugs are fewer and both temperature and water levels are lower.
Rules Regarding Dogs
- Hunting dogs may be taken onto the WMA after 8 a.m. the day before the opening of a season and shall be removed by 6 p.m. one day after the end of the season. Hunting deer or wild hog with dogs is prohibited. The possession of dogs is prohibited, except bird dogs or retrievers are allowed for hunting purposes only. Dogs are prohibited in the Loop Unit. Dogs are prohibited in areas posted as "closed to public access" by FWC administrative action. No person shall allow any dog to pursue or molest any wildlife during any period in whick the taking of wildlife by the use of dogs is prohibited. Leashed dogs may not be used for trailing wounded game.
Visit the National Park Service web site for information on the following:
Big Cypress National Preserve.
Visit The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission website for information on regulations summary for the area and hunting and fishing license information.


The Toltecs say that we should never assume anything. This is possibly the most precious advice ever.
When we communicate with people, it’s very tempting to fall into old paradigms and fixed ways of seeing the world. This is what assumption is.
It’s easier for us to reference an event into a frame we’re familiar with rather than allowing for the possibility of something completely unexpected.
Expect the unexpected
With ever-increasing advances in technology (See, “The Zero-Sum Game” by Luba Rascheff), the external means that we use to express ourselves will become more and more adapted to the electro-chemical bundles that represent our bodies. For example, cutting edge research involves understanding how fat is the quickest way to move data. Fat, who would have thought? Don’t assume anything, say the Toltecs.
If, as Michio Kaku says, in the future, we will be able to obtain information at the blink of an eye (or, by blinking our eye since the ubiquitous screen will now be attached to a contact lens) (See, “The Zero-Sum Game”), this necessarily implies that there will be a more intimate connection between our bodies (mind = body + thought) and the artificial elements (machine = chip + circuits) that facilitate the information exchange process.
Tell me what you know
In the future, our ability to instantaneously obtain any information we need will reduce our tendency to make assumptions.
It will break down our old frameworks of thinking and introduce new ones.
The electro-chemical bundles in which we move around–our bodies–will become instruments with which we communicate holistically with our environment. This approach will be radically different from traditional methods of communication. It will be streamlined, instantaneous, coordinated and highly efficient.
To get to this point, though, we must start assuming less and engaging more with our quickly changing environment. We must do as the Toltecs.
DO AS THE TOLTECS Copyright © 2013 Luba Rascheff


Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes) > Acanthuriformes
(Surgeonfishes) > Chaetodontidae
Etymology: Chaetodon: Greek, chaite = hair + Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335); declivis: Named comes from the latin 'declivis' (means 'sloping') and refers to the abrupt diagonal demarcation in the color pattern..
More on author: Randall.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Marine; reef-associated; depth range ? - 23 m (Ref. 89972). Tropical
Central Pacific Ocean: Marquesas Is, Kirimati I. in Line Is. (Ref. 121910).
Two subspecies: Chaetodon declivis declivis in Marquesas Is.; Chaetodon declivis wilderi. in Line Is.
Kirimati I. is also called Christmas I., which is not the one in eastern Indian Ocean.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 12.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9710)
Found over rocky and sandy bottoms. Oviparous (Ref. 205). Form pairs during breeding (Ref. 205). In aquarium trade (Ref. 9210).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Form pairs during breeding (Ref. 205).
Allen, G.R., 1985. Butterfly and angelfishes of the world. Vol. 2. 3rd edit. in English. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany. (Ref. 4858)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02344 (0.01165 - 0.04718), b=3.00 (2.83 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-BS (Ref. 93245
Trophic level (Ref. 69278
): 3.3 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 120179
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low vulnerability (10 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649
): (0 of 100) .


This therapy that has more than 5000 years of evolution. Throughout history it has been used successfully in millions of patients.
The illustration that can be seen is the first page of a modern edition of this book.
Acupuncture was used not only in China but in all realms of influence, such as Japan, Korea, Vietnam and others, since the seventeenth century in the West.
Naturally, every year in all countries dozens of tens of healing techniques are invented and tested to have a real value, endure only those with real value and the rest are forgotten.
Acupuncture serves humanity for over 5000 years, being revalidated and perfected in every age. Even being used successfully in veterinary medicine. The engraving can see a map of points to treat a horse. Argument against the supposed power of suggestion of acupuncture.
Finally, the most reluctant institution to accept new therapies, the FDA of the U.S. government made an experience to test the effectiveness of this therapy. In “El País” 10/11/97 on page 33, as the title reads: “The U.S. health authority blesses acupuncture”. An article describing, as after much hesitation, a group of 12 researchers from the National Institute of Health found that acupuncture is really effective and then decided that insurance companies reimburse patients for costs of the treatments done with this technique.


In creating psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud’s redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the underlying mechanisms of repression. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, ego and super-ego. Freud postulated the existence of libido, an energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of compulsive repetition, hate, aggression and neurotic guilt. In his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. -wikipedia
Colorized historic photographs enhance and refine the original black and white pictures, and make them come to life, giving them a new visual perspective. Each black and white photograph is professionally “painted” with the brilliance of color that’s perfect for the modern home, office, and any other space that’s prime for the art of colorful nostalgia.


Period pain is something that almost all menstruating individuals have to grapple with. It can often be so severe that it can disrupt our daily lives. Fortunately, there are a number of ways to ease the discomfort associated with period pain. From lifestyle changes to natural remedies, there are a number of options available to help manage period pain. In this article, we will explore nine ways to cope with period pain and make it more bearable. We will discuss various methods that can help reduce the severity of the pain and make it easier to get through those difficult days. So if period pain is something that you struggle with, keep reading for some tips and tricks to make it more manageable.
What Is Period Pain?
Period pain is a general term used to describe the pain and discomfort that some people experience during their menstrual cycle. Symptoms can vary from person to person; some experience very mild pain, whereas for others, it can be severe enough to disrupt daily activities and interfere with sleep. Period pain is often caused by changes in your hormones during your menstrual cycle. Specifically, it is associated with progesterone and oestrogen, which are hormones that drop before your period begins. However, period pain can also be caused by menstrual disorders such as PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), fibroids, ovarian cysts, PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), endometriosis, and adenomyosis.
Signs Of Endometriosis And Other Menstruation Conditions
If you are experiencing discomfort during your menstrual cycle, it is important to rule out the possibility of a more serious condition. If the symptoms are severe and are accompanied by bleeding outside of your normal cycle or unusual pain, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. Endometriosis is a condition where the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. This misplaced tissue typically attaches itself to other reproductive organs, such as your fallopian tubes or ovaries. Symptoms of endometriosis include painful cramps, pain during sex, nausea, constipation, diarrhoea, and even blood in your urine or stool during your period, as well as difficulty getting pregnant. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor to rule out any serious conditions, as the disorders mentioned in the previous section can also have similar symptoms.
Tips For Reducing Period Pains
If you are experiencing period pain, there are a variety of pain relief medications that can help reduce discomfort. One of the most common is ibuprofen. It is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can help ease period pain. If you have an allergy to ibuprofen or prefer not to take it, a combination of paracetamol and aspirin can also help to relieve your symptoms. If you are experiencing severe period pain and over-the-counter medicine is not helping, it’s important to speak to your doctor about prescription alternatives.
Reduce Bloating By Drinking More Water
One of the most common symptoms of your period is bloating. While it is a normal symptom during your period, it can be extremely uncomfortable. One way to reduce bloating during your period is to increase your water intake. You can drink water in a variety of ways, but the easiest way to drink more water during your period is to keep a water bottle with you at all times.
Use Herbal Teas To Relieve Inflammation
Some herbs are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and can be used to help relieve the inflammation associated with period pain. There are a variety of herbal teas that can help ease menstrual cramps. Fennel is a great option as it contains anti-inflammatory properties. This can help ease menstrual cramps and reduce swelling and bloating. Chamomile tea is also a great option, as it has natural anti-inflammatory properties that can help with cramps and bloating. Ginger tea is another herbal tea that can help ease menstrual cramps and reduce bloating.
Relax Menstrual Cramps With Anti-Inflammatory Foods
Certain foods are known to have anti-inflammatory properties. These can be eaten to help relieve menstrual cramps and reduce bloating. Foods that contain anti-inflammatory properties include pineapples, tomatoes, leafy green vegetables, berries, walnuts, almonds, and fatty fish such as salmon. You can also try incorporating spices into your diet that are known to help reduce inflammation, like turmeric, ginger or garlic.
Avoid Foods High In Sugar, Fat, And Salt
When experiencing period pain, it may be tempting to reach for comfort food, but it is best to avoid foods that are high in sugar, fat, and salt. These types of foods have been shown to increase bloating and cramps, making your period more difficult to manage. Instead, it is recommended to consume more balanced meals that consist of protein, carbohydrates, and vegetables. This type of meal plan is recommended not just when suffering from pain but also when trying to maintain overall health. Consuming healthy foods can help you to feel better and avoid future health issues.
It is a good idea to avoid caffeine during your period. This is because caffeine has been shown to increase menstrual pain as it causes the blood vessels to narrow, which constricts the uterus. If you need a caffeine boost during your period, you can choose to eat protein-filled snacks instead for the same energy boost you get from caffeine.
Apply Heat To Reduce Cramps
One of the easiest ways to manage period cramps is to apply heat to the areas that are experiencing pain. This can be done in a variety of ways. You can apply heat using a heating pad, hot water bottle, or warm towel. You can also take a warm bath or shower. Applying heat to the areas experiencing pain will help to relax the muscles and reduce the pain as well as the inflammation. It is important to note that it is best to avoid applying heat directly to your skin as this can cause burns.
Try Exercise To Relax Muscles
Physical activity can help you to relax your muscles and ease menstrual cramps. This includes walking, swimming, yoga, and more. Physical activity can also help you to manage stress. Incorporating exercise into your lifestyle can have many health benefits. Not only can it be great for your mental health, but it can also be a useful tool to help manage menstrual cramps.
Consider Hormonal Birth Control
Hormonal birth control is a form of contraception that also reduces the symptoms people experience during their periods. If your symptoms are extreme, your GP may recommend that you go on hormonal birth control in order to manage the symptoms better. Hormonal birth control can be a helpful solution if you are struggling with heavy bleeding, painful periods, and severe cramping. There are many types of hormonal birth control, and finding the right one for you may take time as well as trial and error.
- Combined pill
- IUD (coil)
- IUS (hormonal coil)
- Progestogen-only pill
- Vaginal ring
Period pain is a normal part of menstruation, but it can be incredibly painful and disruptive to our daily lives. There are a number of ways to cope with period pain, including drinking plenty of water, using herbal teas to reduce inflammation, eating anti-inflammatory foods, considering hormonal birth control, and more. There are also a number of over-the-counter medications that can help relieve menstrual cramps. No matter how severe your pain is, there are ways to make it more manageable and easier to get through. Periods don’t have to be a dreaded experience. With the right planning and a few helpful tips and tricks, it can be an experience that is manageable.


While leaving the office behind cuts down on vehicle emissions, remote work can tangibly increase carbon emissions, as discovered by Purdue University, Yale University and Massachusetts Institution of Technology.
The collaborative study unveiled some not-so-surprising pandemic work trends, including a 20 per cent surge in internet use and a reduction in travel-related CO2 emissions. What is pressing, however, is remote work’s environmental impacts. The study predicts that the work could contribute another 34.3 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions if the trend continues until 2021.
In addition, the study pegs the total energy consumption of data centres at one per cent of the global total. This, the report says, is higher than the energy consumption of many countries, and the figure will continue to rise as more applications and services take to the cloud.
Breaking down the figures more, the report noted internet use has a carbon footprint of 28 to 63 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per gigabyte. Although technology improvement is constantly increasing efficiency, it can’t scale against the demand for better services.
There are peripheral environmental damages to working remote as well. Whereas office buildings order supplies in bulk, they’re now being shipped in smaller quantities to houses which increase delivery transport emissions.
So what can remote workers reduce their carbon footprint? Global News reporter Madison Wong noted the following tips in her article:
- Turning off cameras during remote meetings can reduce the meeting’s carbon footprints by 96 per cent.
- Streaming in standard definition as opposed to high definition can cut down carbon dioxide levels by 86 per cent.
- Moderate the air conditioning or use a smart thermostat.
- Buy supplies in bulk and buy local.
- Delete old emails and cloud storage.
- Switch to LED lightbulbs.
- Make small adjustments to reducing waste, they’ll build up over time.
In the end, the article noted that not everyone needs to do all of these things at once, even making one or two changes can amount to large reductions if we do them together.


Scientists model sleep control proteins
U.S. researchers say they have used a plant photolyase protein to aid them in understanding the complexities of human sleep-wake cycles.
The plant photolyase structure provides a much better model to use to study how the cryptochrome proteins in the human clock function than we have ever had before, said the study’s lead investigator Kenichi Hitomi.
It’s like knowing for the first time where the engine is in a car. When you know what the most important parts of the protein are, then you can begin to figure out how it functions.
When scientists understand that, they can begin to fix the clock when needed, added senior author Professor Elizabeth Getzoff.
In addition to decoding how the clock works, a long-term goal is to develop a drug to help people who can’t reset their clock when they need to, like people who work night shifts or travel long distances. Having the three-dimensional protein is a great step forward in both of those pursuits.
The study that included Luciano DiTacchiom and Satchidananda Panda of the Salk Institute, Junpei Yamamoto and Shigenori Iwai of Osaka University, Sang-Tae Kim and Takeshi Todo of Kyoto University and Andrew Arvai and John Tainer of Scripps Research is reported in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.


The Commerce of Louisiana During the French Régime, 1699-1763
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Place: New York
476+[7 ad] pages with maps, tables and bibliography. Royal octavo (9 3/4" x 6 1/2") issued in wrappers. From the library of Edward Alexander Parsons. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law volume LXXI, number 1. First edition.
By the time French colonists sought a portion of the New World's riches, much of those resources had already been claimed by Spain and Portugal. Once settled in North America, however, they quickly turned their attentions to commerce, specifically to trade within the Louisiana region. For almost 65 years French explorers and soldiers, administrators and accountants, focused on establishing a string of forts and small villages at key points in the Mississippi and Illinois River valleys, eastward to the Mobile River drainage and westward toward New Mexico. Despite a long and costly war at home, for a time it looked as though the French would be successful in controlling a vast swath of the middle of North America, with routes stretching from Quebec City to New Orleans. Under the guidance of leaders such as LaSalle, Joliet, Father Marquette, Frontenac, Hennepin, and Bienville, the French made a good start in the lucrative trading business and established working relationships with most of the Indians of the region. But by 1763, with war in Europe and a faltering economy at home, commerce in the New World eroded along with the ability of the French to control the region and to protect their investments from the encroachment of the Spanish and English. This volume reveals the wider scope of the French political and economic situation, as well as the minutiae of common barter and trade in Louisiana during the French Regime.
Chips to wrapper edges with some tears. Some age darkening to head edges else a very good copy.
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#include <unistd.h>#include <sys/iomsg.h>int ionotify( int fd,int action,int flags,const struct sigevent *event );
NULLto disarm a notification.
The ionotify() function arms the resource manager associated with fd to send the event notification event. The event is sent when a condition specified by a combination of action and flags occurs.
The flags argument specifies the types of conditions that can be checked for notification. Each resource manager maintains a different context for each notification condition. Only those notification bits specified are affected. In the following example, the second call to ionotify() doesn't affect the first, since it specifies a different notification:
ionotify( fd, _NOTIFY_ACTION_POLLARM, _NOTIFY_COND_INPUT, &event );ionotify( fd, _NOTIFY_ACTION_POLLARM, _NOTIFY_COND_OUTPUT, &event );
The conditions specified by flags are:
1. For a character device such as a serial port, this would be a character. For a POSIX message queue, it would be a message. Each resource manager selects an appropriate object.
The method for changing the default number for
_NOTIFY_COND_INPUT depends on the device. For example, character special devices can call readcond().
For resource managers that support both an edited and raw mode, the mode should be set to raw to ensure proper operation of ionotify().
The above flags are located in the top bits of flags. They are defined by
In the case of an asynchronous notification using the passed event, such as a Neutrino pulse or queued realtime signal, the 32-bit value in event->sigev_value.sival_int is returned to you unmodified, unless you've selected the
SI_NOTIFY code, in which case the top bits (defined by
_NOTIFY_COND_MASK) are set to the active notifications. In this case, you should limit the sival_int to the mask defined by
For example, the Unix select() function specifies
SI_NOTIFY and uses the allowable data bits of sival_int as a serial number.
| If you're using the |
The action argument specifies the type of arming action to take. When a condition is armed, the resource manager monitors it and, when met, delivers event using MsgDeliverEvent(). When an event is delivered, it's always disarmed except where noted below.
Note that for transition arming (as specified by an action) of
_NOTIFY_ACTION_TRANARM, only one notification of that type can be outstanding per device. When the transition arm fires, it's removed.
Each action is designed to support a specific notification type as follows:
_NOTIFY_ACTION_POLL. However, if none of the conditions specified in flags are present then each condition specified in flags is armed. If any condition is met, none of the conditions are armed. The Unix select() function uses ionotify() with this action. Returns active conditions as requested by flags.
You can use the
_NOTIFY_ACTION_POLL action to generate events that are level- as opposed to transition-oriented.
When an action is armed in a resource manager, it remains armed until:
| There's a limit of one notification per message queue or resource manager. If a notification was already armed for the specified resource, ionotify() indicates an error of |
Active conditions as requested by flags. In the case of a transition action, a zero is returned.
Если возникла ошибка функция возвращает
-1, код ошибки записывается в errno.
mq_notify(), select(), struct sigevent
Предыдущий раздел: Описание API системной библиотеки


What is Holy Week?
Holy Week refers to the week which begins with Palm Sunday and concludes on Easter Sunday during which the church remembers the events and words spoken by Jesus twenty centuries ago.
Why participate in Holy Week services?
As I’ve celebrated Easter lately, it has grown increasingly difficult to capture all that Easter means during an hour and a half worship service on Easter Sunday. Emotionally, it feels like too much to take in: the anticipation at the meal on Thursday evening, the shock of the betrayal, denial, and abandonment, the devastation on Golgotha, the finality at the tomb on Friday, and the thunderstruck hope and joy on Sunday. This year we will remember the events of Holy Week by celebrating Palm (or Passion) Sunday, Holy (or Maundy) Thursday, Good Friday (Tenebrae), and Resurrection (or Easter) Sunday. Both Palm Sunday and Resurrection Sunday will be celebrated during our regular worship times. In addition, we will hold special services on Thursday and Friday evening from 7-8pm.
What are the services?
Palm Sunday (10:30 am on March 25). Found in Matthew 21, Palm Sunday remembers Jesus’ triumphal entrance into Jerusalem upon a donkey colt which in effect identified him as the promised Son of David. Recognizing this, some in the crowd spread palm branches in Jesus’ path while others laid their cloaks on road and the crowd ran ahead of Jesus shouting, “Hosanna to the Son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!”
Holy (Maundy) Thursday (7 pm on March 29). Sundown on Holy Thursday begins the Triduum (tree do ‘em) or “three days.” Holy Thursday is oftentimes referred to as Maundy which is taken from the Latin “mandatum” or “commandment.” After washing his disciples’ feet and instituting the Lord’s Supper, Jesus told his disciples, “A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another (John 13:34).” On Holy Thursday, we will gather and recount Jesus’ last words to his disciples and celebrate the Lord’s Supper. Holy Thursday concludes with recalling the betrayal of Judas Iscariot.
Good Friday or Tenebrae (7 pm on March 30). Tenebrae is Latin for “shadows.” During the Good Friday service we will remember Jesus’ last words, his crucifixion, and death.
Resurrection (Easter) Sunday (10:30 am on April 1). Resurrection Sunday remembers the truth that the tomb was empty because the Lord Jesus had conquered death by rising from dead. Jesus’ resurrection confirms for us that he is the Son of God, that he accomplished the work of saving his own, and that we too share in the hope of the resurrection and the promise of new life by our faith in him.
Childcare, as usual, is provided during our Sunday worship services. However, childcare is not provided for Holy Thursday or Good Friday service. Both Thursday’s and Friday’s services are quiet and more somber in their mood. Because of this somber mood, it may feel like too much of a challenge for parents to monitor young children. I want to encourage you to try it out. It has been my experience, that children pick up on the unfamiliar feel of the service and respond surprisingly well. How will they learn unless given opportunity? Not only is this a worship experience, but it is a teaching opportunity.
As you prepare to celebrate the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, you may want to reflect on the following passages and hymns:
Read John 12-21. These chapters recount the last week of Jesus’ earthly ministry.
Read through the following hymn lyrics. Teach the tunes to your children. “All Glory, Laud, and Honor,” “When I Survey the Wondrous Cross,” “What Wondrous Love is This,” “Morning Sun,” “Jesus Christ is Risen Today,” “Christ the Lord is Risen Today,” or “Up from the Grave He Arose.”
On Palm Sunday: Read: Psalm 24, Matthew 21, Mark 11, Luke 11, and John 12.
On Holy Thursday: Read: Jeremiah 31:31f, Matthew 26, Mark14, Luke 22, John 13-17.
On Good Friday: Psalm 22, Isaiah 53, Matthew 27, Mark 15, Luke 23, John 18-19.
On Resurrection Sunday: Matthew 27-28, Mark 16, Luke 24, John 20, 1 Corinthians 15.


Evidence of 3.5-Billion-Year-Old Bacterial Ecosystems Found in Australia | ScienceDaily
Reconstructing the rise of life during the period of Earth’s history when it first evolved is challenging. Earth’s oldest sedimentary rocks are not only rare, but also almost always altered by hydrothermal and tectonic activity. A new study from a team including Carnegie’s Nora Noffke, a visiting investigator, and Robert Hazen revealed the well-preserved remnants of a complex ecosystem in a nearly 3.5 billion-year-old sedimentary rock sequence in Australia.
Clouds Detected on Alien Planet —New Hubble Discovery | TheDailyGalaxy
Weather forecasters on exoplanet GJ 1214b would have an easy job. Today’s forecast: cloudy. Tomorrow: overcast. Extended outlook: more clouds. A team of scientists led by researchers in the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Chicago report they have definitively characterized the atmosphere of a super-Earth class planet orbiting another star for the first time.
Neptune is the outer most planet in our solar system; it orbits the sun with a radius of 2,798,000,000 miles. Neptune is the 4th largest planet by diameter, 3rd largest planet by mass and densest of all the gas giants. Neptune has a great dark spot similar to that of Jupiter. Both spots are Anticyclonic storms, meaning the winds around the storm flow opposite to the direction dictated by the Coriolis effect. However, unlike Jupiter’s spots, Neptune’s dark spots appear to only last a few years (as opposed to a few hundred) and have relatively calm and cloudless centers. Observations have shown that Neptune spends about the same amount of time with and without its largest dark spot. The storms activity seems to cyclical.
Neptune has 14 moons, Triton is the largest and composes more than 99.5% of all the mass that orbits the planet. Triton is roughly the same size as our moon: (Neptune’s Triton vs Earth’s moon)
Triton has a retrograde orbit around Neptune, meaning that it orbits in the opposite of the planet’s rotation.
These images were taken by the Voyager 2 space probe and the Hubble space telescope, with the exception of the last image being an artists impression of Neptune seen from its moon Triton.
"Using NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope, astronomers have discovered the first Earth-size planet orbiting a star in the "habitable zone" — the range of distance from a star where liquid water might pool on the surface of an orbiting planet. The discovery of Kepler-186f confirms that planets the size of Earth exist in the habitable zone of stars other than our sun."
Nice! Getting closer to finding our “Twin Earth..”
The kirrabilli are a sentient hexapodal species about four and a half feet high, living on a small, warm world orbiting a slow burning star.
Although now technologically advanced, the kirrabilli evolved as environmental specialists who hunted for both animal and plant food across the extensive moss-like forest floors of their subtropical home. This soft sponge-like substrate played a key role in the evolution of the kirrabilli and their unusual needle like feet: The thin tips, unable to support themselves on the moss, sink into it several inches and are stopped from slipping deeper by a ring of tough, fibrous hairs. This provides some extra traction, but more importantly allows the thin and highly sensitive tips to detect vibrations passing through the denser ground beneath. By sensing the substrate in this way the kirrabilli can detect large creatures moving a considerable distance away while also communicating with one another via rhythmic vibrations through the ground. As their evolution progressed towards more complex intelligence, entire long range conversations could be carried on this way and thus the groundwork was laid for co-operative hunting and intertribal communication.
Whilst their stable environment made thermoregulation largely unnecessary, the kirrabilli are able to maintain an elevated body temperature when necessary by concentrating warm blood near the central organs and withdrawing it from the long slender limbs. Weather falling outside of their range of tolerance was met by moss matt shelters and communal huddling until the discovery of fire and limited clothing.
Sensory input comes from several highly specialised organs and is dominated by sight. Two stalked and densely packed compound eyes extend from the front of the head, below which hang sensitive olfactory organs to detect scents and changes in humidity. In keeping with their well-developed vibration detection abilities, their hearing is acute and is mediated through mobile ears at the tip of the abdomen.
As omnivores, the kirrabilli possess mouthparts and manipulators of a generalised and adaptable design. The arms, derived from the lips, lack a solid skeleton and collect fruits or carry weapons for subduing small prey. Equipped with their own basic sense of taste, these arms pass food up the mouth that lies between them.
Their most critical adaptation, however, may be their linguistic abilities which encompass visual, aural and infrasonic components. Various configurations of the limbs and body reveal the colourful blue patches on the legs and abdomen, the different combinations conveying meaning and intent. Sound is generated through a combination of stridulation using the rough inner surfaces of the arms, and air expelled and modulated through the twin breathing spiracles on either side of the abdomen. Dramatic punctuation and long range communication can be supplemented by beating on the substrate.
Currently a technologically advanced and relatively peaceful people, the kirrabilli have developed sustainable high density agriculture and their population continues to grow.


First was the flood of new immigrants into California after the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in 1848. The gold rush increased the population in northern California dramatically and it was clear that there needed to be local organization and governance. The Mexican province of California was the most advanced and unified part of the lands acquired by the United States in 1848, and its citizens applied to Congress to be admitted as a state.
However, this could not be done easily because of the issue of slavery. By 1849 there were thirty states, fifteen free and fifteen slave. Neither the proponents nor foes of slavery were prepared to let in new political entities which would wreck this equilibrium. California would come in as a free state and that would upset the balance of power in Congress. At the same time, because of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, where slavery was prohibited north of the 38°30” degree line, it seemed that most of the land in the Mexican Cession would also be non-slave, a situation unacceptable to many Southerners.
Hearing that California was petitioning for statehood, Young sent his representatives to Congress to ask that this region be admitted as the state of Deseret, which he thought should include also a bit of the southern California coastline. The name “Deseret” came from a word in the Book of Mormon meaning “honeybee,” representing industry. Congress, which was strongly anti-Mormon at the time, refused to accept any such state dominated by Young and his followers.
The lands of the Mexican Cession outside of California were divided into two large territories, separated at the 37° parallel, with Utah to the north and New Mexico to the south. It was here that the Southerners were paid back for the admittance of the free state of California, for these two new territories were brought in under principle of “popular sovereignty,” where their own citizens would be able to vote on whether to allow slavery or no. Some of the New Mexico territory and all of the Utah territory was north of the Missouri Compromise line, but it was argued that that compromise did not apply to these territories as these lands lay outside of the original Louisiana Purchase.
By 1853, a number of attempts had been made to form a Nebraska Territory in this region, but Southerners stonewalled any such territory for it would, by the Missouri Compromise, have to be a free territory. The need to develop these lands created a pressure situation in Congress which was finally relieved in 1854 by Stephen Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Act.
That compromise was to bring in these new territories under “popular sovereignty.” That is, the citizens of the Kansas and Nebraska territories could vote on whether to be free or slave. Since both these territories were part of the original Louisiana Purchase and lay north of 36°30”, this compromise was in direct contravention to the Missouri Compromise. This act infuriated many Northerners, and it not only led to the formation of the Republican Party, but it was one of the primary causes of the Civil War six years later.
While two states were created in the 1850s after the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, no new territories appeared, something which would change quickly in the 1860s, as discussed in the next post in this series.


This week is National Eating Disorder Awareness Week. When you hear the term “Eating Disorder”, you may think African-Americans especially women can’t relate. However, current trends and studies beg to differ.
Here are some interesting facts according to the National Institute of Health:
- Women are more likely than men to have eating disorders.
- It usually starts in teenage years.
- Eating disorders often occurs with depression, anxiety disorders and substance abuse.
- Eating disorders can cause heart and kidney problems and even death.
Early detection is key in addition to getting the help and treatment you need.
4 Steps Involved with Treatment:
- Nutritional counseling
- Mental Health Therapy
- Monitoring Progress
- Medicines (sometimes)
If you or someone you love has an eating disorder, please click on the links below for more information:


Australia is a land like no other, with about one million different native species. More than 80 per cent of the country’s flowering plants, mammals, reptiles and frogs are unique to Australia, along with most of its freshwater fish and almost half of its birds.
Australia’s marine environment is home to 4000 fish species, 1700 coral species, 50 types of marine mammal and a wide range of seabirds. Most marine species found in southern Australian waters occur nowhere else.
Australia’s geographic isolation has meant that much of its flora and fauna is very different from species in other parts of the world. Most are found nowhere else. However, some closely related species are found on the continents which once made up the ancient southern supercontinent Gondwana.
Covered in rainforest and ferns 300 million years ago, Gondwana included South America, Africa, India and Antarctica. Most of Australia’s flora and fauna have their origins in Gondwana, which broke up about 140 million years ago.
Australia separated from Antarctica 50 million years ago. As it drifted away from the southern polar region, its climate became warmer and drier and new species of plants and animals evolved and came to dominate the landscape.
Australia’s Flora and Fauna and Charles Darwin
Observations of Australia’s unique fauna and flora, combined with considerations of the continent’s geographical isolation, contributed toward Charles Darwin (1809–1882) developing his theory of evolution by natural selection.
Charles Darwin’s theory was that species change over time, or evolve, in response to their environment. This theory transformed the way people understood the living world, and provided a logical, unifying explanation for the diversity of life. Darwin’s theory of evolution changed the face of science and natural history forever.
While Darwin never saw a kangaroo in Australia, despite riding a horse from Sydney to Bathurst, he did see many other species. Darwin made some very astute observations about Australian animals, especially the platypus. At the time, the platypus was regarded as a curious creature, and it baffled the scientific world. Darwin was the first British scientist to see a platypus in its natural environment, at a creek near Bathurst, in 1836.
For over forty years after his visit, Darwin used and relied upon collections of specimens from Australia that related directly to his ‘theoretical concerns at any given time and his recognition of the peculiar status of the continent’.


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