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Mmm imagine taking a chocolate cake shot, only to chase it with a delicious mint and chocolate flavored shot glass! Eating a shot glass after you take a shot probably isn't the first thing that comes to mind. But this candy treat would be fun at a party!
What a great way to ring in the New Year. These would be perfect for a Christmas or New Year's party.


These beautiful Jobs Seeds Rosaries are made by hand, from the woven thread, punctured seeds and hand-carved Christ. No two will be alike!
Jobs Tear Seed grow in Asiatic grass and are named after Job from The Bible who although afflicted, never lost his faith in God. These seeds are thought to help us remain strong and keep our faith even during adverse times.
Our rosaries come with different themed medallions and are a meaningful gift to give yourself or someone you love!


John Caron wrote:
What about adding support for jar or zip files to the netCDF library (if
it doesn't already exist)? This would not only allow users to include
XML markup with netCDF files, but would also make it easier to
distribute and/or manage multiple netCDF files in one package. And users
wouldn't have to rewrite their netCDF files...
You can add/change metadata using NcML. The Java library can read the
NcML file, which points to the original netcdf file. The C library
will eventually be able to do this also. To distribute the
modifications as a netcdf file, you will have to rewrite the netcdf
file, which can be easily done with the Java library.
To unsubscribe netcdf-java, visit:


Unit Cost Assumptions For The Regulatory Impact Analysis Of Revisions To Subtitle D Criteria For Municipal Solid Waste Landfills.
Examines cost of compliance with performance standard, indirect capital costs and fees, gas monitoring costs, run-on and run-off control costs, and closure and post-closure costs.
|Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response|
|Office of Solid Waste|
|No division specified|
|Temple, Barker and Sloane, Inc.|


Give me a call (Todd Whatley 870-314-9219) for a showing of this 3 bedroom 2 bath 2 story home located in Parkers Chapel School District. This home is located in South Wood Estates subdivision. This home has a wood deck at the rear of home and a fenced back yard. Give me a call for a showing.
Per our terms buyer assumes all closing and deed costs. Property sold in its AS-IS, WHERE-IS'' condition. Seller does not prorate taxes. Buyer pays all closing costs including, but not limited to any and all transfer taxes, title, legal, and recording fee


Involved from Niva (3)
Aina Charlotte Wennberg
Carsten Ulrich Schwermer
Marc Anglès d'Auriac
NIVA partner in two newly funded JPI Aquatic Pollutions projects
Environmental technology lab
In the CORNELIA project, NIVA together with its two industrial partners tests and verifies innovative technical solutions for targeted removal of antimicrobial resistance from wastewater at hospitals (at the source) and at wastewater treatment plants (before discharge to the environment).
The goal of the DUWA project is to treat wastewater discharges from hospitals to minimize the spreading of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to the environment and to reduce the emission of micropollutants. NIVA assists the start-up company Sustaintech AS in the development and verification of ozonation to remove antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in wastewater decentrally at a Norwegian hospital.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest health challenges of our time with serious economic consequences for society globally. The goal of HOTMTAS is to design, implement and assess modular advanced solutions for effective and decentralized wastewater treatment at selected point sources of AMR emergence, such as hospitals and nursing homes.
Research sections (1)
Urban environments and infrastructure
The section conducts research on topics that contribute to sustainable development of cities and towns, and infrastructure. We study the problems, processes and solutions for handling drinking water, wastewater, and storm water in urban areas, in a changing climate.


Tyndall Centre Publications
Filters: Author is Moura Costa, P [Clear All Filters]
Financial mechanisms for sustainable forestry. New York: United Nations Development Program (UNDP) & Inter-governmental Forum on Forestry (IFF), 1999.
Rural livelihoods and carbon management. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 1999.
An equivalence factor between CO2 avoided emissions & sequestration: Descriptions & applications in forestry." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 5 (2000)."


Defying gravity: queering the witches of Oz
|Boylorn, Robin M.
|Warner, Kristen J.
|Black, Jason Edward
|Malone, Caitlin V.
|University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
|Electronic Thesis or Dissertation
|The American theater has long been a venue for social commentary. From shows like South Pacific and Rent to Bye, Bye, Birdie and Hair, stage productions have made significant contributions to the discussions and understandings of American experiences, the ways in which people struggle through their hardships, and the relationships that publics develop throughout their lives. In particular, the American theater opens a discursive space for sexuality. The musical Wicked is and continues to be one of the most popular productions of the past decade as it holds strong in his home at the Gershwin Theatre in New York City and sells out touring locations across America and internationally, earning over one million dollars per week. This study, using the musical Wicked as a fragmented text and ideological cluster criticism as a rhetorical lens, first establishes a queer romantic storyline between Glinda the Good and Elphaba, who later becomes The Wicked Witch of the West. Then, in response to the driving research query, how does passing function within the musical Wicked, this project accesses traditional and ambiguous strategies of passing to understand the construction and maintenance of Glinda's heterosexual passing identity before providing some implications for rhetorical criticism and examinations of culture.
|University of Alabama Libraries
|The University of Alabama Electronic Theses and Dissertations
|The University of Alabama Libraries Digital Collections
|All rights reserved by the author unless otherwise indicated.
|Defying gravity: queering the witches of Oz
|University of Alabama. Department of Communication Studies
|The University of Alabama


For videos of our most recent time living in Central Florida, check out our 18-Month Florida Vacation Playlist on our new YouTube Channel.
I received a copy of my father’s death certificate this week and the reality hit me hard. So Rich took yesterday (Friday) off and we went to the Epcot Food and Wine Festival. We had no intention of returning a week later so we made it six days later – lol!
It must have been the hottest day of the year, but pixie dust sprinkled on our tram experience both arriving and departing, which cut down on our miles walked (only 3 this time), but, still the heat really wore me out, not to mention give me a lovely glisten. Ha! In honor of my dad, I wore my Dodger Blue hat. He and his father used to go see the Dodgers play and Dodger Stadium was where I saw my first professional baseball game (Dodgers vs Giants – Dodgers won). He once told me, “The Dodgers will break your heart.” 🙂
Here’s my selfie wearing my Dodgers hat while snagging a table while Rich was picking up some food at one of the food booths. We had a great system going and I was so thankful he was up to doing all of that because I just wasn’t. You can catch a glimpse of Rich in some of the photos getting our snacks. Like a “Hidden Mickey.” 🙂
People often say I look like my mother but mostly because they don’t know my father and we do have a similar shape of the face. But the rest (coloring, nose, eyes, hair, etc.) is all dad and his side of the family. My ear for music and taste for food and wine adventures, I also get from my father. So, here’s to you, dad!
We started off with Taste Track this time. I’d had my eye on the Cinnamon Sugar Donut and Rich got the Chocolate Hazelnut with Raspberry – both were delicious!!
Then we swung by the food booths that are on the East side of Future World and while we spotted many items we’d like to try when it’s not so hot (that area is so exposed and still, being out in the open without the lagoon to provide a breeze), we did get the Scallops and paired it with Petite Sirah at the Wine & Dine, I think. Really clever dish and quite tasty. I could definitely go back for more of that.
Btw, many booths were open at this time, which was about 10:30. So then we headed back to Ireland but on the way stopped at New Zealand to get one of our favorites from last year: Mussels paired with Pinot Noir. Just as good as last year!
Soon we were back in Ireland and I have to say, we arrived at all of these booths earlier than I’d expected and were getting full eating our lunch calories for breakfast – lol! We skipped the chocolate cake in Ireland this time but did get the Guinness/Bailey’s shake with chocolate shavings this time and the Irish Sausage with Colcannon again. Yum!! But I do think we’ve had our fill, well, at least until Brother Bob comes down.
So what’s next? Several booths we decided to save for Brother Bob’s trip – we were getting quite full at this point – but we wanted to get back to Mexico to try the Short Rib Tostada. Last week we’d been too full by the time we got to Mexico.
We were also quite hot and thirsty and exhausted. We sat down in the shade a couple of times just to keep from collapsing. By the time we got to the Cantina, I found a table, Rich got us a couple of regular Margaritas from the Cantina – we’d tried the specialty F&W Margaritas last week and once was enough. He then ran over to the Mexico booth and brought back a Tostada, which was so delicious, he ran back for a second one. Yum, yum, yum!! Certainly makes a California girl proud!
At the booth last week, they’d balked a bit about serving him two margaritas, but he convinced them one was for me sitting down. At the Cantina, they had no qualms about serving him two.
We had a great time, the crowds were low on a Friday but it was just so darn hot!! At least the tram system was working efficiently and they even used the shady area for the pick-up. I’d complained about having to wait in the sun a few months back and it was the same last week so maybe they use the covered area on week days but not on week-ends due to needing more space for security? That’s our guess.
At this rate, we’ll be back four times to get the cutting board, although it’s rather small. Somebody on Instagram said they thought it wasn’t as small as they’d heard but I think some of us saw the Food & Wine cutting board you can buy, which is a really nice size that it makes the “free” (on the 4th visit) one for AP holders seem small. More of a cheese board size, if you know what I mean.
So we couldn’t resist the Food and Wine Festival now that the Labor Day weekend and early vlogger crush was over. And we did it in such an awesome way.
We arrived a bit after 9 am and headed straight for the Festival Center for our AP Chef Mickey magnets. We also got the ornament/keychain (whichever works for you) and a gift card, which makes snack purchasing a snap.
Then we made our way to France for our usual beignet and champagne except that there were no beignets so Rich got us some yummy chocolate croissants instead.
We finished our bubbly outside in the shade but at around 10:30, we walked back to Ireland to see if they were opening early and they did. We were first in line and the only downside was that the chocolate shavings for the Guinness Baileys Shake hadn’t arrived yet. But the chocolate cake provided the chocolate after all. And, oh yeah, the Irish Sausage with colcannon potatoes and onion gravy made for an awesome savory breakfast after the sweets in France.
This totally lived up to the rave reviews we’d heard about and hope to return for seconds and thirds on future visits.
After all of this deliciousness, we headed back to France for the official rope drop at 11 am and stopped in Spain for some chicken and sausage paella and wine flight.
After that it was China for my very favorite Shrimp and Garlic Noodles! Yum!! Rich can’t eat shrimp so he got some kind of Chinese Pancake. We shared everything else.
By this time we were pretty full so our next and final stop for this tasting was in Mexico for the Mariachinand Aye Carrimba Margaritas. Both were interesting but not my favorites by a long shot.
It was very hot, we walked 4.5 miles and were exhausted the next day, although no other aches and pains. The heat really wears you out. We hope to make it back 2 or 3 more times because we barely got starte, but we’ll see. Along about now, a martini at Territory Lounge at Wilderness Lodge sounds a bit more relaxing/refreshing. 🙂
Like last year, we thought about going to Epcot Food & Wine Festival but because it was Labor Day weekend and the very first weekend (since they started the festival a month early beginning with last year), we decided against it. With so many alternatives, we soon found another choice. In fact, Disney Springs has such a plethora of choices.
Since Terralina Crafted Italian opened on June 28 at Disney Springs, we have had it on our list of places to try. This past weekend, we finally got the chance.
We parked in the Lime Garage but were early so we made our way to DisneyStyle over by the Orange Garage not far from the Chicken Guy – another place to make time for. We looked at the stuff in the store but didn’t find anything we had to have. But we did have fun sitting in the tea cup.
Then we walked back over to World of Disney and found a few items we had to have for our kitchen. 🙂
We arrived a few minutes early for our 11:30 AM reservation at opening. We were soon seated at a cozy table by the window overlooking the water. The dining room is pleasant with a casual Italian feel. There are booths and tables. I’m sure it can be quite noisy when the restaurant is full, but we were there with the early lunch crowd, so it wasn’t too bad.
Cathead vodka, Cappelletti, fresh watermelon, lemon, and cucumber
Malfy gin, Cappelletti, Cocchi vermouth di Torino, and orange
Capellini with Crab
Toasted Garlic, Olive Oil, Serrano Chili Pepper
Bucatini with Clams
White Wine, Garlic, Olive Oil, Parsley, Lemon Butter, ‘Nduja
We had considered having wine with our meal, but it was a hot, sweaty day, so we opted for some refreshing cocktails instead. And the cocktails didn’t disappoint. Kathy’s Cozy Terrace was refreshing and bright, and my Negroni was a fabulous discovery. I think I have a new favorite cocktail.
The entrees were even more exciting. Kathy’s capellini pasta was wonderfully thin and flavorful, with chunks of light crab meat. She took half home for dinner.
I had the amazing bucatini with clams. I love this pasta, and it was made even better with the ‘nduja paste that flavored the pasta along with the clams. I ate every bite and had to resist the desire to order another plateful to go.
James Beard award-winning chef Tony Mantuano and Executive Chef Justin Plank have created a delightful restaurant inspired by Italy’s Lake District. The food, service, and atmosphere were outstanding, and the whole experience was an enjoyable way to be transported to Italy if only for a lunchtime.
We caught an early flight out of Las Vegas yesterday morning and as the plane circled over our former home, heading out into the open desert, I said something like, “What a pile of dirt!” – lol!
It had been an emotional roller coaster revisiting the place we’d called home for 9 years. I was reminded not only of the excitement we’d had flying in from San Francisco and staying in different hotel properties, but also living there. I was also reminded of why we felt compelled to leave.
The flight on Southwest was pretty good going back – the service was quite attentive – and before we knew it, we were landing in Orlando via over Tampa to avoid some storms. What a sight for sore eyes! I mean, literally! All the greenery and water! What a contrast from the Las Vegas desert.
And I began to feel a renewal of my original love for Florida as we drove the hour back home. So pretty. So peaceful. Sunny but not too sunny. Hot but not too too hot – even the humidity is a welcome relief from the oven-like temps of Vegas. Maybe that was the point of the trip for me. For Rich, well, he had a very productive week at work. Everybody so excited to see him. They’d love to have him back at headquarters but I don’t think I could live there again.
We’re definitely looking forward to getting back to Disney, and especially for the Food & Wine Festival. Rich’s brother will be here for that – looking forward to reconnecting like we did on our trip in 2010. What a year that was – doing the F&W Festival with our Disney friends and family. Looking forward to seeing who we can meet and connect with this year.
We stopped at our little downtown deli and Rich got us some sandwiches to take home because neither of us wanted to prepare food. We noticed a musician set up outside the market/deli area and we stopped for a listen and offered a tip. I took some video and captured a pic of that. What a fabulous welcome home!
Remembering my younger days when you sat out by a Vegas pool and when you wanted a drink, you just popped up your little umbrella on the back of your chaise. See my novel, The Tom Jones Club, for more of that retro Vegas experience.
Getting a drink this morning was a little more challenging but eventually I got one. Swimming, summing, sipping, and a bit of songwriting and story writing – what gets better than that?
Like so many mornings before here in the desert, the sun awakens me with a morning kiss. Rich brings back coffee and pastries from Starbucks before heading off to work.
Last night we had dinner at the Noodle Bar – amazing San Francisco/Hong Kong-style food – and a drink in our favorite red chairs back at the Lucky Bar. This time I avoided martinis, although Rich’s Dirty Ketel One Martini was pretty tasty. Rich had Pho and I had Wor Wonton Soup with a glass of Kendall Jackson Chardonnay in the Lucky Bar after. Tonight we’ll have an early night for the early morning flight.
After Rich left for work, I think of things to do to kill time until the pool opens at 9. I log into a Logic Pro X lesson and then take a break, not awake enough to think too much.
I think of the fun I had yesterday taking photos of our neighborhood park in Southern Highlands. And that reminds me of my father and his love of photography and the photos he took of the giant Sequoia trees when we visited him when he was living just outside the National Park.
It’s hard to believe he’s gone. It’s been 4 weeks now, but being here in Las Vegas, I can imagine he’s still in his home in Fresno, just like I can imagine Skipper, now gone for 6 weeks, and Lovey, gone for a year and a half, in our house waiting for us to come just as they always did.
I remember how my father enjoyed Bellagio – he wanted to live there. Like father, like daughter. Yes, Las Vegas tugs on my heartstrings and it will be difficult to fly back to Florida. It’s all a bit surreal and hard to believe we live there and not here.
I suppose there’s a bigger purpose to this trip. Perhaps it’s a step forward in the healing process, to experience the emotions, somehow getting closure.


Land use (Liechtenstein)
Why should we care about this issue
a) Why should we care about this theme?
The land is simultaneously the basis of life for people and the habitat of threatened species. Particularly in such a small country as Liechtenstein, with a high proportion of alpine areas, land is a very limited commodity. Use for cultural and economic purposes and the interest in conserving habitats and species often conflict with each other. By interpreting aerial images and evaluating the data for the Land-use Statistics for the Principality of Liechtenstein, it can be seen that a great deal has happened between 1984 and 2008. In the last 24 years, the population of Liechtenstein has risen by over 30 %, which has greatly increased pressure on the valuable and non-renewable commodity that is land. Settlement areas increased to the same extent (33.8 %) between 1984 and 2008, largely at the expense of agricultural land and natural landscapes. Since the growth in population shows no sign of diminishing in the coming years, finding more cautious and more intelligent ways of dealing with this limited commodity is crucial. Changes in land use often lead to the disappearance of important insular habitats for threatened species and are often irreversible.
The state and impacts
b) What are the state (S) and impacts (I) related to this theme, including impacts on the natural environment and human health/human well-being, both at national level as well as in transboundary terms?
In recent years, major changes in land use have taken place in Liechtenstein compared with the rest of Europe. Between 1984 and 2008, artificial land use in the Principality of Liechtenstein increased continuously (unchecked) by 37 %, or 1.5 % per year. By contrast, the increase in settlement areas in Switzerland over the same period was ’only’ 1 %. Unlike in Liechtenstein, growth in Switzerland can be described as restricted.
Corine Land Cover Leichtenstein (2002)
The increase in artificial land use took place primarily at the expense of arable land, meadows and pastures. The area newly settled every year amounts to 17.75 ha. The development of settlements in the Principality of Liechtenstein has advanced continuously in the last 24 years. In the same period, agricultural areas have diminished by nearly 500 ha, roughly equivalent to the area of 1 000 football pitches. Areas covered by fruit trees (fruit plantations and field fruit) diminished by nearly 45 % during this timeframe. Built-up areas have increased by 56 % in 24 years, and surfaced areas by 37.5 %. Many natural events have also left their mark on the forest and unproductive areas: the storms ’Vivian’ and above all ’Lothar’ caused major damage, whilst flooding and landslides (July 1995, Triesenberg) have left behind lasting damage and altered many stream beds (Stägerbach, Samina). Avalanches (February 1999, Malbun) have torn up trees and even many houses.
Example of settlement development in Liechtenstein
The key drivers and pressures
c) What are the related key drivers (D) and pressures (P) at national level?
A constantly growing population and a dramatically rising GNP were, in relation to an increasing demand for building land, probably the main factors in recent decades in Liechtenstein, with land consumption increasing considerably faster than population growth.
In 2008, 75 % of all new housing was planned as single-unit construction, which leads not only to increasing living space requirements per person, but also to an unnecessarily rapid increase in settlement areas, and drives the price of land up further.
The theoretical capacity calculated for areas currently identified for development is sufficient for more than 100 000 inhabitants (population at end of 2009: approximately 36 000). These excessively large areas for development lead to a pronounced urban sprawl with all of its negative concomitants, such as for example an increased need for road infrastructure and, hand in hand with that, increasing traffic congestion.
In addition, road construction, large projects (e.g. golf courses), intensification of agriculture and abandonment of use of marginal land all pose a threat to the landscape. Above all, the small scale, relief and intricacy of the land, and the rapid alternation between close and distant objects are perceived as aesthstetically appealing.
The 2020 outlook
d) What is the 2020 outlook (date flexible) for the topic in question and how will this affect possible impacts on the natural environment and human health/well-being?
In view of the present economic crisis, it is difficult to see how things will develop in the future. However, official forecasts assume continuing development of the population and, in the longer term, further economic growth. This will keep up the pressure on the land, and there is the risk of a massive increase in the negative impact on Liechtenstein’s biodiversity.
Existing and planned responses
e) Which responses (R) have been put in place or are planned at national level for the theme in question?
In 2009, Liechtenstein compiled and adopted a report on biodiversity, on the basis of which the biodiversity strategy is currently being developed, with appropriate goals and the necessary measures for implementation.
A Development Concept for Nature and Agriculture has been produced, which forms the basis for the Structure Plan for Nature and Agriculture as part of the country’s National Structure Plan.
The country’s National Structure Plan constitutes the policy framework illustrating the country’s essential interests and objectives in the field of land-use planning. It serves as a basis for positive and sustainable development of Liechtenstein as a living space and economic area. The National Structure Plan consists of a Structure Plan Map and Structure Plan Report and is broken down into the four subject areas of settlement, agriculture, nature and landscape, traffic and supply/disposal. It was adopted by the Government in July 2007 after having been developed over several years. The National Structure Plan gives priority to regional and also cross-border plans that require a great deal of coordination. The local authorities remain responsible for local plans. The national offices concerned with land-use problems are obliged to bring planning projects with land-use implications into line with the National Structure Plan. The map and the text of the Structure Plan are to be regarded as a unit. Anything stated therein can be interpreted correctly only by evaluating both elements.
In the past ten years, agriculture in Liechtenstein has been characterised by a phase of intense extensification and ’greening’. Amongst other things, the provisions laid down in agrarian legislation have been crucial for this. The move towards ’greening’ is achieved through incentives (compensation), fiats and prohibitions, and has elevated agriculture to a high level in ecological terms. The maintenance and preservation of the cultivated landscape are important tasks of agriculture. The Law on Compensation for Ecological and Animal-Friendly Performance in Agriculture came into force in 1996. Within a few years almost all of the farms entitled to direct payments have converted to either ’Integrated Production’ (66 % in 2007) or organic production (27.6 % in 2007). The proportion of organic farms represents an international record (12 % in Switzerland).
- Land-use Statistics for the Principality of Liechtenstein 1984 – 1996 – 2002 — http://www.llv.li/schlussbericht_84_96_02.pdf
- Illustration of Corine Landcover Liechtenstein 2002 – http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/corine-land-cover-2000-by-country
- Illustration of settlement development – http://www.llv.li/pdf-llv-slp-gesamtdokument_klein_0307-3.pdf
For references, please go to www.eea.europa.eu/soer or scan the QR code.
This briefing is part of the EEA's report The European Environment - State and Outlook 2015. The EEA is an official agency of the EU, tasked with providing information on Europe’s environment.
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The Mag Review: SGM, ProMag, & AGP
DontTaseMeBro posted a topic in Saiga-12I recently ordered several magazines for the Saiga 12 and thought a review of the latest generations would prove benefitial. The focus will be on craftsmanship and design. In this review I will cover: 10 round SGM Tactical 10 round ProMag 10 round AGP Arms SGM Tactical (10 rounds) The Good: The follower is solid and the spring was in great shape upon initial inspection--not a given as we will see. The Bad: This thing is ugly. Not only is the design bland, but it's marked up from being removed from the mold and lacked any finishing touches (no deburring). The compression spring


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In this work, one kind of type II ZnSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell nanocrystals (NCs) is synthesized, and their linear and nonlinear photophysical properties are investigated. Through measurements of the temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra of NCs, their excitonic properties, including the coefficient of the bandgap change, coupling strength of the exciton acoustic phonons, exciton longitudinal optical (LO) phonons, and LO–phonon energy are revealed. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy was employed to obtain insight into ultrafast processes occurring at the interface of ZnSe and CdS, such as those involving the injection of photo-induced electrons into the CdS shell, interfacial state bleaching, and charge separation time. At the end, their multiphoton absorption spectra were determined by using the z-scan technique, which yielded a maximum two-photon absorption cross section of 3717 GM at 820 nm and three-photon absorption cross section up to at 1220 nm, respectively. The photophysical properties presented here may be important for exploiting their relevant applications in optoelectronic devices and deep-tissue bioimaging.
© 2020 Chinese Laser Press
Due to their unique optical and optoelectronic properties, semiconductor colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) have very broad application prospects, such as in new solar photovoltaic devices, light-emitting diodes, biological imaging instruments, photodetectors, and nanolasers . Unfortunately, the semiconductor NCs with simple structures usually have many surface defects and serious Auger recombination effects, which will hinder their applications in the fields of optoelectronic devices and biological science.
Up to now, various methods have been proposed to optimize the photophysical properties of semiconductor NCs, among which the most important methods include organic ligand surface modification and shell epitaxial growth. The first method involves passivating surface dangling bonds of NCs with organic ligands . The second method involves epitaxially growing one or multiple shells with a large bandgap outside the core NCs to form a core–shell structure heterojunction, which thus eliminates the surface dangling bonds and effectively reduces the nonradiative recombination caused by surface defects . Compared with the first method, the core–shell heterojunction obtained by the second method shows better compatibility and photothermal stability.
According to the energy values of conduction and valence bands, the core–shell heterojunction can be divided into types I and II . In the type I heterojunction, the electrons and holes are trapped inside the core NCs; in the type II heterojunction, the holes and electrons are confined to the core or shell, respectively. Spatial separation of carriers can greatly reduce the efficiency of Auger recombination . In addition, the type II NCs can emit photoluminescence (PL) with a large Stokes shift and long lifetime, which is advantageous to the application of fluorescence imaging [5–8]. While much progress has been made in understanding the electronic transitions and carrier dynamics of ZnSe/CdS dot-in-rod heterostructures , (ZnSe/CdS)/CdS nanorods (NRs) , ZnSe/CdS/ZnSe nanobarbells , and ZnSe/CdS/Pt NRs , the relevant carrier dynamics of ZnSe core epitaxially grown with multiple spherical shells that may be promising for further improvement of their optoelectronic properties has not yet been elucidated. Additionally, the linear and nonlinear photophysical properties of such type II NCs still have not been widely investigated, which is hindering the expansion of their relevant applications.
In this work, we synthesized one kind of type II NCs, i.e., ZnSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell NCs. Their low temperature excitonic properties were revealed through the measurements of temperature-dependent PL spectra. The injection of photo-induced electrons into the CdS shell, interfacial state bleaching, process, as well as charge separation time were studied by femtosecond-transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy. In addition, the z-scan technique was utilized to determine their two- and three-photon absorption (2PA and 3PA) cross sections in the wavelength ranges of 730–870 nm and 1140–1620 nm, respectively.
A. Synthesis of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs and Morphology Characterization
The NCs were synthesized according to the procedures reported in Ref. . The NCs’ size distribution was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Talos F200X).
B. UV–Vis Absorption and PL Spectra Measurements
The measurements of UV–Vis absorption spectra were carried out by using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Lambda 950, PerkinElmer, Inc.), while the PL spectra and absolute PL quantum yield of NCs were recorded on a luminescence spectrophotometer (Zolix, SENS-9000) that was equipped with an intense xenon flash lamp as the excitation source. In all of the above measurements, the concentration of NCs was (1 M = 1 mol/L).
C. PL Lifetime Measurements
The lifetime decay data were collected on an Edinburgh Instruments FLSP920 spectrophotometer by using the time-correlated single-photon counting technique. Picosecond pulses (90 ps, 375 nm) with a repetition rate of 2 MHz were used as the excitation source.
D. Temperature-Dependent PL Spectra
The temperature-dependent PL spectra (10–300 K) measurements were performed within a closed-cycle helium cryostat. During the measurements, 325 nm light from a continuous-wave (CW) He–Cd laser irradiated a close-packed film prepared by drop-casting the NCs solution onto a piece of silicon wafer. The PL signals were dispersed by a monochromator and then detected by a photomultiplier by using a standard lock-in amplifier technique.
E. fs-TA Spectroscopy
Ultrafast carrier dynamics of NCs was investigated by using fs-TA spectroscopy, based on a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier system (Spectra-Physics, Inc.) that produces 800 nm pulses with a 100 fs pulse width and 1000 Hz repetition rate. A portion of the 800 nm pulses irradiated onto a sapphire crystal to generate white probe light (360–800 nm). The pump beam was chopped at 100 Hz, and its delay time (0–3 ns) relative to the probe was controlled by using a variable optical delay line. The vertical angle between the pump and probe polarization was set to exclude artificial signals during the measurements. The probe signals were collected with a monochromator/photomultiplier configuration with a lock-in amplifier. All measurements were performed on NCs toluene solutions.
F. Determination of Multiphoton Absorption Cross Sections
The mulitphoton absorption (MPA) cross sections of NCs were determined by using an open-aperture z-scan technique , in which the NCs toluene solution was filled into a quartz cell with a 1 mm thickness. In the measurements, the laser pulses (1000 Hz, 100 fs) from an optical parametric amplifier combined with a traveling wave optical parameter amplifier with a tunable wavelength range were used as the excitation source.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The TEM image of the ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs is presented in Fig. 1(a). The spherical structure can be clearly observed, which thus confirms the epitaxial growth of the anisotropic shell. From the size distribution histogram in Fig. 1(b), the averaged diameter of NCs was estimated as 18.6 nm. The average diameter of original ZnSe core is , while the thickness of the CdS shell is . Their absorption spectrum in Fig. 1(c) shows a resolvable first excitonic transition at 460 nm arising from the ZnSe core, whereas the CdS shell has no resolvable peak. Moreover, there is a low energy tail, which is suggestive of the existence of spatially indirect transitions, due to the type II band alignment. Under 365 nm excitation, the NCs exhibit bright PL emission peaking at 630 nm. Considering staggered band alignment of ZnSe and CdSe NCs, the PL emission can be attributed to indirect type excitonic transition . This assignment can be further supported by the PL excitation (PLE) spectrum that resembles the absorption spectrum of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs [Fig. 1(c)]. The absolute PL quantum yield of the NCs was determined at the level of 7.93%. The ZnS shell further provides an efficient passivation of the surface trap states, giving rise to an efficient PL emission. The PL lifetime of NCs was measured, and the relevant decay curve is depicted in Fig. 1(d); the results showed a double exponential character, with an averaged lifetime of 41 ns. The lifetime value is several orders of magnitude larger than that of organic molecules [15,16] due to the slow electron-hole recombination of the excitons in type II structures.
The temperature-dependent normalized PL spectra of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs under 325 nm excitation are presented in Fig. 2(a). It was found that with the rise in the temperature the PL peak photon energy decreased, while PL full width at half-maximum (FWHM) gradually increased. In addition, the photon energy of NCs at 300 K was redshifted by 54 meV compared with that at 10 K. The thermal shift of the bandgap and the broadening of the PL FWHM were induced by the thermal dilation of the crystal lattice and electron–phonon interactions . To qualitatively characterize the relevant physical parameters during such a process, the NCs’ peak photon energies at different temperatures are plotted in Fig. 2(c), which can be described by the Varshni formula:17]. According to the fitting results derived by using Eq. (1), the value of was determined to be 0.00021 eV/K. This value is 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of the ZnSe single crystal (0.00321 eV/K)  but comparable to that of cubic NCs () .
Figure 2(d) shows the temperature dependence of the PL FWHM of the free excitons of the NCs. The thermal broadening of the excitonic peak can be generally interpreted as exciton–phonon interactions. The temperature dependence of the PL FWHM can be approximately described by the following formula:2), is the inhomogeneous peak width at 0 K, while and are homogeneous PL spectrum broadening terms, which result from acoustic and longitudinal optical (LO) phonon scattering, respectively . The coefficients and represent the weights of the exciton–acoustic and LO phonon coupling strengths, respectively. is the phonon energy involved in LO phonon scattering. According to the fitting results based on Eq. (2), the values of , , and were determined as , 10.4 meV, and 19.9 meV, respectively. Again, the value of is 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of ZnSe single crystal (126 meV) . The small values of and in CdSe/CdS/ZnS NCs are indicative of the high PL color purity of NCs at elevated temperature, and the data can be interpreted as the strong quantum confinement of holes into the ZnSe core and lower density of surface defects due to the type II structure and shell passivation effect.
A study on the carrier dynamics of type II heterostructured NCs is vital for their potential application in optoelectronic devices and biological science. Thus, by means of fs-TA spectroscopy, the dynamics of the injection of photo-induced electrons into the CdS shell, interfacial state bleaching, and charge separation time were investigated [9–12,19]. Figure 3(a) describes the delay time-dependent fs-TA spectra of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs, which are excited at 400 nm corresponding to the resonant excitation of the core (ZnSe). The fs-TA spectra in the 0–1 ps time window mainly consisted of one strong bleaching band (i.e., 460 nm) that can be attributed primarily to state filling in the ZnSe, as well as small-amplitude photo-induced bleaching band between 550 and 650 nm.
With the increase of delay time, the ZnSe bleaching amplitude decreased accompanied by the appearance of another bleaching band at 500 nm, which was induced by the charge transfer from ZnSe to CdS. Therefore, the bleaching signal at 500 nm should be assigned to the state filling in the CdS. In order to confirm the origin of bleaching band at 550–650 nm, the fs-TA spectra of NCs were recorded under 600 nm, which were dramatically different from those in case of 400 nm excitation. On this condition, the photon energy is smaller than the bandgap values of both ZnSe and CdS. It was found that the bleaching signals of CdS and the band between 550 and 650 nm appeared instantaneously [Fig. 3(b)], indicating that the two transitions share an electron state. Therefore, the bleaching signal at 550–650 nm arose from the 1Sh(ZnSe)–1Se(CdS) interfacial transition, which is thought of as a hole localized in the ZnSe core and an electron in the CdS shell.
Figure 3(c) shows the decay dynamics of the bleaching signals for ZnSe (460 nm), CdS (500 nm), and interfacial state (625 nm). The carriers occupying the ZnSe conduction band at 460 nm decay rapidly, while the bleaching signals for both CdS and interfacial state gradually increase. Considering the bandgap alignment of ZnSe and CdS [inset of Fig. 3(c)], the observed rise in the bleaching signals of CdS can be partly attributed to the relaxation of hot electrons from the higher lying ZnSe conduction band. It can be estimated that the electron injection time into the CdS shell is about 308 fs. In addition, the rise of interfacial state signal () corresponds to the electrons leaving the ZnSe core to become localized in the interfacial state.
Considering the large energy offset in ZnSe and CdS, it should produce an efficient charge separation and thus extensive spectral shift in fs-TA spectra. In order to estimate the spatial separation of charges of NCs, their fs-TA spectra at different delay times were compared [Fig. 3(d)]. It was found that the interfacial state bleaching gradually shifted toward longer wavelength with the increase of delay time, which could be considered as a result for charge separation in the NCs [inset of Fig. 3(d)]. Figure 3(e) shows the temporal evolution of the spectral position for the interfacial state bleaching. By fitting the dynamic curve, the charge separation time in the ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs was determined as about 230 ps, which was much longer compared with the (ZnSe/CdS)/CdS heterostructured NRs , indicating a more complete charge separation in the former.
Based on the procedures described in previous literature [20,21], the linear absorption cross section () of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs was determined through the measurement of the excited intensity-dependent ground-state bleaching (GSB) signal amplitude at a long delay time (1 ns) (Fig. 4). The solid curve is the best-fitting line based on the following equation:20,21]. The value of was determined as at 350 nm, with a corresponding molar extinction coefficient of .
Figure 5(a) shows the PL emission spectra excited with different intensities at the wavelength of 800 nm. It was found that the emission intensity is proportional to the square of the excitation optical intensity, which thus indicates that the 2PA mechanism is involved . The open-aperture z-scan technique was utilized to determine the 2PA cross sections . The z-scan data of pure solvent (toluene) and the NCs solution are presented in Fig. 5(b). The comparison of normalized transmittance of the NCs solution and toluene suggests that the signals of the former contributed by the solvent are much smaller compared with the latter. The wavelength dispersion of the 2PA cross section is presented in Fig. 5(c). It was found that the 2PA peaked at an energy that was higher with respect to the energy for the first one-photon absorption peak, due to the different selection rule between one- and two-photon excitation . The value of the maximum 2PA cross section of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs (3717 GM) was on the same order as that of ZnSe spherical NCs at the wavelength of 806 nm (4900 GM) reported by Lad et al. . It should be noted that Ref.  did not investigate the wavelength dispersion of 2PA cross sections. In addition, the epitaxial growth of CdS and ZnS shells onto the ZnSe core not only enhances the photostability but also enlarges the Stokes shift. The abovementioned features are significant for applications in bioimaging application.
Compared with two-photon microscopy, the three-photon excitation method can provide a greater penetration depth and higher resolution [25,26]. Encouraged by the large 2PA of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs, the wavelength dispersion of the 3PA cross section was subsequently investigated. Based on the incident power-dependent PL spectra excited at 1300 nm, it was found that the PL intensity varies linearly with the cubic of incident power intensity, which thus demonstrates that 3PA indeed occurs [Fig. 6(a)]. The z-scan technique was also used to determine 3PA cross sections at different wavelengths, with one example at 1300 nm given in Fig. 6(b). From the wavelength dispersion of 3PA cross sections [Fig. 6(c)], it could be seen that the maximum 3PA cross section appeared at 1220 nm, with a relevant value of . The wavelength dependence of the 3PA cross section followed well with the trend of the linear absorption spectrum, which thus indicates that a similar selection rule was involved in the cases of one- and three-photon processes. Interestingly, such a wavelength dispersion of a 3PA cross section has never been revealed in previous literature, and this is of importance for applications in optoelectronic devices and deep-tissue bioimaging.
In summary, one kind of type II ZnSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell NCs with red PL emission was synthesized, and their linear and nonlinear photophysical properties were comprehensively investigated. Their excitonic properties were revealed through the measurements of temperature-dependent PL spectra. Based on the experimental results derived by using fs-TA spectroscopy, the photo-induced electron injection from core shell, interfacial state bleaching process, as well as charge separation process were investigated. Interestingly, the wavelength dispersion of MPA cross sections of ZnSe/CdS/ZnS NCs has been reported. The good linear and nonlinear photophysical properties demonstrate these are promising materials for various optoelectronic devices and deep-tissue bioimaging.
Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A030310637, 2019A1515012094); Department of Education of Guangdong Province (2018KTSCX19).
X. Q., F. Z., S. X., Z. L., Y. G., and X. L. conducted all of the measurements. R. C. and T. H. supervised the entire work. X. Q. wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the paper.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Proteaceae are among the oldest flowering plants on Earth, with fossil evidence dating back 80 million years. Originating in the rich Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, this ancient plant family drifted with the Southern continents over the millennia, evolving, diversifying, and populating Australia and Southern Asia as well as Africa. The Macadamia tree from Australia, a favored nut tree, is a member of the Proteaceae family. There is a variety of Protea available for use in the landscape. Protea’s bloom is off-season, providing an exotic effect in the late fall and winter. They grow best in poor, well-drained, sandy/rocky, slightly acidic soil. Clay soils will not support Protea without intense amendment; consult an expert for guidance if you have clay soils and want to grow Proteas. Protea prefers full sun with breezes and good air circulation. Avoid planting densely, and do not fertilize Protea, as concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus can be fatal. Irrigate very sparingly. Proteas can extract moisture from the fog through their leaves, and their root systems are highly adapted for dry soil conditions. Visit local nurseries and garden centers for more information. The UCSC Arboretum has an extensive Protea collection and is an excellent place for in-person browsing opportunities. As always you can visit https://santacruz.watersavingplants.com/ for more plant inspiration.


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As of: May 2018
Objective and activities
To counteract deforestation and forest degradation, the project is establishing a functioning and institutionalised national monitoring system that meets national & international standards for carbon emissions accounting (CEA). Ecuador can use this system to access results-based payments as part of a mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). The project is improving the database for CEA and supporting ECU in its preparations to reduce emissions through national forest protection measures (REDD+ readiness process). In cooperation with its partners, the project is i.a. establishing workflows for deforestation monitoring based on remote sensing data and is calibrating the monitoring instruments and assessing deforestation data from 2008 to establish a reference level. Furthermore, it is advising the national forestry authority on ways to implement an integrated forestry monitoring system that will collect data on land-use changes, carbon stocks and biodiversity.


I got current on bills….someday that will mean more than it does today, but as Karen said, I’m grateful for the ability to PAY bills.
I went and looked at a lease through Uber. My company reimburses me $73 a day for mileage to drive to my current location, so I was toying with the idea of getting a short term lease through Uber. After weighing all the options, I think I’ve decided not to. I might regret it later (the vehicle I’m driving to/from work has 310,000 miles on it) but for now, I think I will put the money toward getting us back on track or at least, putting that money aside for when the bough breaks.


Wish You Were Here! Shine Party Recap
Our inaugural event in our second location went off beautifully. The space was filled with beautiful faces- many dressed in fabulous vintage and all with shining energy, as requested. If you missed it, here is a little visual journey to keep you in the loop. Don't fret, we have more events coming your way- including our February First Friday in Hampden, A Galentine's party in Mt. Vernon and a great variety of workshops at each location. Check out our calendar of events here.


NOAA today announced that Jonathan R. Pennock, Ph.D., the director of New Hampshire Sea Grant and a longtime coastal scientist, will be the new leader of NOAA’s National Sea Grant College Program.
Rising levels of acidity in the ocean and growing areas of low-oxygen waters are a “double whammy” threat for fishing industries, ecosystems and economies along the U.S. West Coast and Canada’s British Columbia, according to new report by a panel of experts that includes NOAA scientists.
For centuries, cod was the backbone of New England’s fisheries and a key species in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem. Today, cod stocks in the gulf are on the verge of collapse, hovering at 3-4 percent of sustainable levels. Even setting tighter limits on fishing has failed to slow this rapid decline. Now a new
(September 1) Today NOAA released a free, downloadable flat screen version of its popular Science On a Sphere® (SOS), SOS ExplorerTM. This new way to display the dynamics of Earth’s weather and climate, plate tectonics and more will help teachers bring these stunning science visualizations, usually found at museums and science centers, into the classroom, where students can learn by exploring.
New collaborative research between NOAA, University of Alaska and an Alaskan shellfish hatchery shows that ocean acidification may make it difficult for Alaskan coastal waters to support shellfish hatcheries by 2040 unless costly mitigation efforts are installed to modify seawater used in the hatcheries.
Beginning April 10, scientists aboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer will begin a series of 20 dives to investigate previously unseen depths of the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean – and the public can follow along online.
During dives that are expected to go as deep as 3.7 miles, a sophisticated unmanned submarine, called a remotely operated vehicle, or ROV, will broadcast live video from the seafloor, allowing anyone with Internet access to watch the expedition as it unfolds.
Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) - or "NOAA Research" - provides the research foundation for understanding the complex systems that support our planet. Working in partnership with other organizational units of the NOAA, a bureau of the Department of Commerce, NOAA Research enables better forecasts, earlier warnings for natural disasters, and a greater understanding of the Earth. Our role is to provide unbiased science to better manage the environment, nationally, and globally.


Excessive nutrients can be detrimental to aquatic life
Aquatic biota—algae, invertebrates, and fish— require nutrients to sustain healthy populations in streams. Aquatic life in natural streams consists of a diverse array of microbes, fungi, aquatic vegetation, invertebrates and fish. With the exception of direct spills of ammonia into streams, nutrients are not typically toxic to aquatic life. However, increased nutrient enrichment can result in detrimental ecological effects, including increased aquatic vegetation which can lead to reduced dissolved oxygen.
Some aquatic species provide important information on nutrient conditions
Increased growth of aquatic vegetation (algae and plants) leads to increases in the types of fish and invertebrate species that can better tolerate nutrient pollution — those that eat algae or thrive in streams that have wide daily changes in dissolved oxygen associated with algal growth. Streams dominated by species able to live in low dissolved oxygen — common carp, green sunfish, and white suckers or algivores — indicate nutrient enrichment in the stream. However, it is often the in-stream habitat that determines community composition more than nutrient concentrations. Given the complex nature of nutrient impacts on algal biomass and biological communities, the use of multiple lines of evidence — chemistry, algal biomass, and biological community data — is necessary to determine the true nutrient condition within the stream.
Other nutrient related information (click on link and it would go to the next page): Measuring water quality using biological communities –> Do you have content for this yet? If so, send it my way and I’ll work it in.
Miltner, R,J., and Rankin, E.T., 1998. Primary nutrients and the biotic integrity of rivers and streams. Freshwater Biology, v. 40, p. 145-158.
Notes: This research found that the relations between nutrients, algal biomass and biological communities are confounded in lotic ecosystems because of varing degrees of nutrient limitation and physical factors. There was a significant negative relation in fish communities for dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus at concentrations of 0.61 and 0.06 milligrams per liter, respectively. Results suggest that the control of toxins and oxygen demanding wastes to rivers is insufficient to protect aquatic life, and confirms the importance of non-point sources of pollution when environmental managers address the issue.
Morgan, A.M., Royer, T.V., David, M.B., and Gentry, L.E., 2006. Transport and fate of nitrate in headwater agricultural streams in Illinois. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, p. 1296-1304
Notes: In this study, mean nitrate concentrations in five wadable agricultural streams ranged from 5.5-8.8 milligrams per liter as nitrogen and did not significantly relate to periphytic or sestonic Chlorophyll a (CHLa). The greatest periphytic CHLa concentrations occurred from August through October. The abundance of filamentous algae explained 64 percent of the variation in diel oxygen saturation, but was not related to nutrients. Results suggest that hydrology and light control algal abundance in streams.
Frey, J.W. and Caskey, B.J., 2007. Nutrient, habitat, and basin-characteristics data and relations with fish- and invertebrate communities in Indiana streams, 1998-2000. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5076, 40 p.
Notes: In this study, several significant but weak relations were found between nutrients and fish and invertebrate attributes and metrics. The strength of the relations increased in the fish data when the data was analyzed by basin size.
Frey, J.W., Caskey, B.J., and Lowe, B.S., 2007. Relations of principal components analysis site scores to algal-biomass, habitat, basin-characteristics, nutrients, and biological-community data in the West Fork White River Basin, Indiana, 2001. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5222, 26 p.
Notes: This study found that there were no significant relations between the periphyton principal component sites scores with nutrients. But, there were significant relations with fish and invertebrate attributes and metrics. Seston principal component sites scores were significantly related to nutrients and fish and invertebrate attributes.
Caskey, B.J., Frey, J.W., and Lowe, B.J., 2007. Relations of principal components analysis site scores to algal-biomass, habitat, basin-characteristics, nutrient, and biological-community data in the Whitewater River and East Fork White River Basins, Indiana, 2002. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5229, 31 p.
Notes: Similar to the 2001 study in the White River Basin, this study found no significant relations between the periphyton principal component sites scores with nutrients but significant relations with fish attributes and metrics. Seston principal component sites scores were significantly related to nutrients and fish and invertebrate attributes.
Leer, D.R., Caskey, B.J., Frey, J.W., and Lowe, B.J., 2007. Relations of principal components analysis site scores to algal-biomass, habitat, basin-characteristics, nutrient, and biological-community data in the Upper Wabash River Basin, Indiana, 2003. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5231, 25 p.
Notes: This study found no significant relations between the periphyton principal component sites scores with nutrients but did find significant relations with fish and invertebrate attributes and metrics. Unlike the 2001 and 2001 studies, seston principal component sites scores were not significantly related to nutrients nor fish and invertebrate attributes and metrics.
Royer, T.V., David, M.B., Gentry, L.E., Mitchell, C.A., Starks, K.M., Heatherly II, Thomas, and Whiles, M.R., 2008. Assessment of Chlorophyll-a as a criterion for establishing nutrient standards in the streams and rivers of Illinois. Journal of Environmental Quality, 37, p. 437-447.
Notes: Among all sites in this study (more than 100 statewide), the median total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen concentrations (TN) were 0.185 and 5.6 milligrams per liter, respectively, during high discharge conditions. During low discharge conditions, median TP concentrations was 0.168 milligrams per liter, with 25 percent of sites having a TP of greater than 0.326 milligrams per liter. Results suggest sestonic Chlorophyll a (CHLa) may be an appropriate criterion for the larger rivers in Illinois but inappropriate for smaller rivers and streams. A study [what study?] using artificial substrates did not find a significant relation between periphyton CHLa and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations.
Leland, H.V., and Frey, J.W., 2008. Phytoplankton growth and assembly in relation to nutrient supply and other environmental factors in the White River Basin, Indiana (U.S.). Journal of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, vol. 30 (1), p. 147-163.
Notes: Two evenly sized basins with similar flow and annual loadings of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were studied to provide an example of differences between basins driven by point source and non-point sources of nutrients. The West Fork White River, which has a constant source of nutrients from point sources, had 2-4 times greater algal biomass compared to the non-point driven East Fork White River.
Brightbill, R.A., and Munn, M.D., 2008. Environmental and biological data of the nutrient enrichment effects on stream ecosystems project of the National Water Quality Assessment Program, 2003-04. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 345, 12 p.
Notes: [Do we have notes for this reference?]
Lowe, B.S., Leer, D.R., Frey, J.W., and Caskey, B.J., 2008. Occurrence and distribution of algal biomass and its relations to nutrients and selected basin characteristics in Indiana streams. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5203, 146 p.
Notes: This study found that the frequency and magnitude of stream discharge varied seasonally and annually and greatly influenced algal biomass concentrations through algal scour and drift. Median concentrations of algal biomass in Indiana streams were 41.2 millgram per meter squared for periphyton chlorophyll a (CHLa), 52.1 grams per meter squared for ash-free-dry mass, 2.44 milligrams per liter for seston CHLa, and 0.75 milligrams per liter for particulate organic carbon. Approximately 32 percent of the periphyton CHLa and 6 percent of the seston CHLa samples would be considered eutrophic according to Dodds and others (1998) nutrient boundary levels. There were no significant relations among nutrients and periphyton or seston CHLa parameters. The only significant positive relations were observed between summer Particulate organic carbon (POC) and summer total phosphorus as well as summer POC and summer total Kjeldahl nitrogen.
Caskey, B.J. and Frey, J.W., 2009. Biological-community composition in small streams and its relations to habitat, nutrients, and land use in agriculturally dominated landscapes in Indiana and Ohio, 2004, and implications for assessing nutrient conditions in Midwest streams. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5055, 21 p.
Notes: In this national study, sites were selected to maximize the effects of nutrients on biological communities and minimize the effects from non-nutrient related variables such as basin size, substrate, and ecoregion. Despite having a gradient of nutrient concentrations of low to high in August, the algae, fish, and invertebrate communities all reflected eutrophic conditions. Habitat variables had a stronger effect on biological communities than nutrients.
Caskey, B.J., Frey, J.W., and Selvaratnam Shivi, 2010. Breakpoint Analysis and Assessment of Selected Stressor Variables on Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Fish Communities in Indiana Streams: Implications for Developing Nutrient Criteria. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5026, 35 p., plus CD-Rom containing eight appendixes.
Notes: This study found that biological communities from 321 sites in Indiana were dominated by eutrophic species and the initial relations between the causal (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, periphyton and seston chlorophyll a, and turbidity) and response (biological communities and attributes) variables were weak. Consequently, analytical and ecological censoring methods were used, which strengthened the relations between the causal and response variables. Breakpoints were calculated for the ecological and statistical significant relations. Total nitrogen breakpoints ranged from 2.4 to 3.3 milligrams per liter, suggesting hypereutrophic conditions and the total phosphorus breakpoints ranged from 0.042 to 0.129 milligrams per liter, suggesting mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions when compared to Dodds trophic classifications.
Frey, J.W., Bell, A.H., Hambrook Berkman, J.A., and Lorenz, D.L., 2011. Assessment of nutrient enrichment by use of algal-, invertebrate-, and fish-community attributes in wadeable streams in ecoregions surrounding the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5009, 49 p.
Notes: The objective of this study was to determine the algal, invertebrate, and fish taxa and community attributes that best reflect the effects of nutrients along a gradient of low to high nutrient concentrations in wadeable, primarily Midwestern streams in Nutrient Ecoregions VI, VII, and VIII. The results indicated breakpoints from all biological communities that were generally 3–5 times higher in the south than the north. In the north, breakpoints with similar lower concentrations were found for total nitrogen from all biological communities (around 0.60 milligram per liter) and for total phosphorus (between 0.02 and 0.03 milligram per liter) for the algae and invertebrate communities.
Caskey, B.J., Bunch, A.R., Shoda, M.E., Frey, J.W., Selvaratnam Shivi, and Miltner, R.J., 2012. Identifying Nutrient Reference Sites in Nutrient-Enriched Regions: Using Algal, Invertebrate, and Fish-Community Stressor-Breakpoint Thresholds in Indiana Rivers and Streams, 2005-9. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5243, 28 p.
Notes: The total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in this study showed a nutrient gradient that spanned three orders of magnitude. Sites were divided into Low, Medium, and High nutrient groups based on the 10th and 75th percentiles. The invertebrate and fish communities were similar along the nutrient gradient, using an analysis of similarity, demonstrating there was not a species trophic gradient. Within all nutrient groups, invertebrate and fish communities were dominated by nutrient tolerant taxa (algivores, herbivores, and omnivores) that included invertebrates. To determine if low nutrient concentrations at some sites were caused by algal uptake and not oligotrophic conditions, sites with low nutrient concentrations (less than 10th percentile for TN or TP) were examined based on the Low (less than or equal to the 10th percentile) and High (greater than the 75th percentile) periphyton CHLa concentrations. Within low nutrient sites, the invertebrate and fish communities were statistically different between Low and High periphyton CHLa categories.


University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus
Adm Svcs Ctr Rm 109
Fairbanks, AK 99709
This data set contains detailed community information for regions of Canada and Alaska. These data are utilized in the ArcticRIMS project to improve the development of the water stress model. This water stress model shows the effects of water resources, humans and climate change in the Arctic.
Recent studies suggest that climate change will have a significant impact on Arctic hydrology. However, it is currently unknown which regions of the pan-Arctic are most vulnerable to future changes. In order to begin to address the future change to freshwater availability on a pan-Arctic scale, a system of Arctic typologies were used to enable the integration of biophysical data with socio-cultural data produced regionally, such as demographics and water values. Those mature data sets were used to study the strategic transformations of the high latitude water cycle. The overall objective of this research is to use a wide array of existing data sets in a synthesis effort to describe the vital role of freshwater in the lives of people in the pan-Arctic, how it has changed in the recent past, and how it is likely to change in the future.
This data set is comprised of the data that were evaluated. Not all were used in detail, but all were considered, as noted.
|ADCA_composite.xls||Composite file of the detailed community data for the State of Alaska, Excel|
|ADCA_composite_ASCII.zip||Comma-separated value (.csv) files taken from the sheets within the spreadsheet “ADCA_composite.xls”|
|CBC_community_reports_summarized.xls||Composite file of the detailed community data for Canada, by province, Excel|
|CBC_community_reports_summarized_ASCII.zip||Comma-separated value (.csv) files taken from the sheets within the spreadsheet “CBC_community_reports_summarized.xls”|


These two intellectuals find common ground in more than the fact of loving the same woman. Despite this rivalry, they jointly haul up treasure chests of buried culture from the depths and vastnesses of their minds.
For a metaphor based on ocean beds, see also: ‘Varied like an ocean floor’.
‘It seemed to Yevgenia as though these two men had raised from the ocean-bed a whole sunken world of books, pictures, philosophical systems, theatrical productions.’
Source: Life and Fate, Vasily Grossman; trans. Robert Chandler (New York: New York Review Books, 2006 (1985)), p. 134
Photo credit: Toddbublitz at pixabay.com


You Are Going To Certainly Never Think These Peculiar Honest Truth Responsible For Bug Management
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Please click on the title of the website to access the resource.
Bow Seat provides an innovative space for teens to connect, create, and communicate for our ocean. Working at the intersection of ocean science and arts education, our award-winning programming emphasizes creative thinking and making in exploring the natural world. The incredible visual designs are created by middle and high school students.
Based on international social research, Climate Visuals provides seven principles for a more diverse, relatable and compelling visual language for climate change.This website contains a growing library of photographs to provide inspiration and guidance for campaigners, picture editors and communications practitioners selecting imagery for communicating climate change. Along with ech image is a story and how the image relates to the principles of climate change communication. Images are suitable for middle school through adult education.
Extreme Ice Survey (EIS) is an innovative, long-term photography program that integrates art and science to give a “visual voice” to the planet’s changing ecosystems. We believe that the creative integration of art and science can shape public perception and inspire action more effectively than either art or science can do alone.
Teacher's climate guide is an education package for subject teachers. It explains climate change in the context of each school subject and it provides exercises and visual materials.