International Workshop on Satellite Analysis of Tropical Cyclones II (IWSATC-II), Report and Recommendations: final report
Andrew Burton ; Christopher Velden
Event: International Workshop on Satellite Analysis of Tropical Cyclones II (IWSATC-II) (17 - 19 February 2016; Honolulu, Hawaii, United States)Published by: WMO ; 2016
In this report, we summarize the reported changes in TC satellite analysis techniques since IWSATC-I (2011) and highlight the continued development of existing objective analysis methods as well as the emergence of new algorithms.
Format: Digital (Free)
Tags: Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP) ; Tropical cyclone ; Satellite Add tag


(1:00PM - 4/29/19) Multiple disturbances pushing through the region this upcoming week will bring several rounds of rain and t'storms to the state, leading to high rainfall totals and flood potential.
A large area of heavy rain and t'storms pushed across much of Northern and Central Illinois from last night into this morning. Widespread rainfall totals of 1-3" occurred across much of Northern and portions of Central Illinois with this first main round. Some flooding has also been seen in some areas.
With a frontal boundary lingering in the region, multiple disturbances moving through, and high moisture content...Additional periods of heavy rain and t'storms are likely. A second organized and widespread period of heavy rain and t'storms is likely across the state Tuesday morning through Wednesday morning. Upwards of 1-4" of additional rainfall is likely with this second round activity, with highest totals across portions of Northern and Central Illinois. A third period of more organized heavy rain and t'storms is possible Wednesday night into Thursday afternoon. Upwards of 1-3" of rain is likely with this third round of activity, with highest totals across portions of Central and Southern Illinois.
Final rainfall totals during this whole multi-day period will likely range upwards of 2-6" in the main axis across portions of Northern and Central Illinois, with totals in excess of at least 1" across just about the whole state. Given it has been overall wet the past few months across portions of the state, combined with the expected heavy rainfall totals, widespread moderate to major flood potential is likely.
Below is our updated TAM flood forecast.
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Deluge inundates Oklahoma City with third-wettest day in its history
Even though the severe weather season started off slow for much of the Midwest, May has been quite active for severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, and torrential rains. On May 6, severe thunderstorms formed across the heart of Tornado Alley from southern Nebraska, south through Kansas, Oklahoma, and into northern Texas. According to the AP, twelve people were injured in the resulting tornadoes across the Plains (preliminary reports were of 65 tornadoes), with officers twice having to evacuate the airport in Oklahoma City.
On May 6, 2015, heavy rain swept across Oklahoma City. These radar images show light rain in pale blue, moderate rain in medium blue, and very heavy rain in purple. Climate.gov animation by Hunter Alen, based on National Weather Service data.
But tornadoes were not the only worry. In just 24 hours on May 6, slow-moving thunderstorms dropped an astounding 7.10 inches of rain at Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City. On average, the city gets 4.65 inches in the whole month of May. Between 7 and 8 p.m.—just one hour—3.04 inches of rain came down. Rainfall totals estimated from radar data even exceeded eight inches to the west of the city. In total, the rains made May 6 the wettest day on record for May and the third wettest day overall in Oklahoma City, according to records that go to 1891.
The resulting flash flooding was so bad that, for the first time in the city’s history, the National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency. According to the AP, a spokeswoman for Emergency Medical Services Authority in Oklahoma City said that water rescues occurred “all over” Oklahoma City during the event. Fire department divers were even called upon to rescue drivers trapped in their cars by high waters.
In the Great Plains during tornado season, deluges of rain are not “uncommon.” Most people have been deafened by the overwhelming din of torrential rain from a thunderstorm pounding against a windowpane. In other words, occasional heavy, heavy rains are a normal part of the region’s climate. Even with that said, this event was rare.
How do climate scientists describe and rank these extreme events?
Using the historical rainfall record for Oklahoma City, which dates back to 1891, we can see that receiving 7.10 inches of rain in just 24 hours is likely to occur just once every 25 years or so. In fact, only four days previously in history have reported over seven inches of rain in one day at Will Rogers World Airport.
The 3.04 inches of rain that fell between 7-8 p.m. were also a once-in-25- year event. (For comparison, events where over 3 inches of rain fall in 24 hours usually occur once every year or two.) And when that much water falls from the sky that fast, there is no place for all of that water to go. The end result was the substantial flooding across Oklahoma City.
In addition to simply ranking the total rainfall that has ever fallen over certain spans of time—the wettest hour, day, week on record—climate scientists also use a location’s historical record to describe the frequency with which events of a given magnitude are likely to occur. The bigger the event, the larger the average recurrence interval (e.g. the longer it takes for a rainfall total to repeat itself).
For instance, one inch of rain is more likely to fall on any given day than ten inches. The ten inch event would have a higher recurrence interval (1 in 200 years for Oklahoma City) while the one inch event could occur ten days each year. In Oklahoma City’s case, an event of the magnitude recently seen (7.10 inches in one day) recurs on average every 25 years. Or said in another way, every year there is a 4% (1 in 25) chance of an event with that magnitude occurring.
But scientists can also use the historical record to declare an event a 1-in-100- or 1-in-500-year event. How can anyone say that when we only have a centuries worth of observations (124 years, in the case of Oklahoma City, for example)? What kind of hocus pocus is this? Well stay tuned. I’ll get into that in my next post.


Abstract The relationships have been examined between the presence or absence of cumulus clouds and 3rd quarter fine particle sulfur concentrations in St Louis. An association between the presence of cumulus clouds with SO 2 conversions in droplets and incrementally higher fine particle sulfur concentrations can be demonstrated. However, diurnal patterns of fine particle sulfur concentrations in the presence of cumulus clouds are not consistent with local contributions from sulfate formation in cumulus clouds. Morning fog often occurs on the same days on which cumulus clouds form later. Reactions of SO 2 in fog droplets appear to make a contribution, but do not account for the major part of the increments in fine particle sulfur concentrations associated with cumulus clouds. The variations in fine particle sulfur concentrations observed can be explained if a substantial part of the sulfate formed in cumulus is transported upwards from the planetary boundary layer into the lower free troposphere. Subsequent multiday regional scale horizontal transport with concurrent gradual vertical transport of sulfate down to the surface would be consistent with the observed results.


AUSTIN, Texas - Big weather changes are coming! Today will be the last Spring-like day for at least two weeks.
We have a series of cold fronts taking aim at Texas in the coming days. The first one will arrive on Friday and it means business.
Today the front does not come into play and it will remain partly to mostly cloudy, warm and humid with highs in the low 80s. Tonight after a clear evening the clouds will make a comeback late keeping lows in the 60s.
Turning rainy, stormy, colder, and breezy tomorrow with the strongest cold front of the season arriving.
The future rain totals and severe weather threat have gone up a little.
Track your local forecast for the Austin area quickly with the free FOX 7 WAPP. The design gives you radar, hourly, and 7-day weather information just by scrolling. Our weather alerts will warn you early and help you stay safe during storms.


A frontal system will usher in much colder air late Saturday evening so temperatures will take a tumble overnight and with winds expected to diminish after Midnight, we are looking at potentially our coldest morning of the season on Sunday. Most locations should reach the low and mid-30s for early morning lows, so a Freeze Warning is out for all of Kentuckiana until 10 AM Eastern Sunday morning. How much the winds stay up overnight will be the key to the frost development and it appears the best chances for frost or freezing conditions will be in the sheltered valley areas. Cover those tender plants up or bring them inside if possible just to be on the safe side.
Sunday looks beautiful but cool with sunshine and highs struggling to get into the low 50s for afternoon highs. Expect milder air into the new week with highs back into the low and mid-60s. A dry cold front will move through and knock temperatures down into the upper 50s for the mid-week but we'll recover into the 60s by the end of the week. The 7 day forecast essentially looks high and dry so enjoy the pleasantly cool fall weather to come!
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TONIGHT: Clear and cold. Patchy frost/freeze early Sunday morning. Low: 34. Wind: NW 15-20 mph.
SUNDAY: Mostly sunny and cool. High 52. Wind: NW 5-10 mph.
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Current climate: December 2017
December 2017 was characterised by higher than normal sea level pressure over New Zealand and the surrounding seas. This pressure setup, consistent with La Niña conditions, resulted in long periods of dry, settled, and very warm weather across the country throughout the month.
Below normal (50-79% of normal) or well below normal (<50% of normal) rainfall was commonplace for large swaths of New Zealand in December, a product of the higher than normal sea level pressure entrenched across the country. In fact, a large number of locations observed either their lowest or near-lowest December rainfall on record.
Temperatures were well above average (>1.20°C of average) nearly everywhere in New Zealand. Isolated above average (0.51-1.20°C of average) temperatures were observed in Gisborne, inland Hawke’s Bay, and a small area of the Far North.
As of 1 January, soils were significantly drier than normal for the time of year across a large portion of the North Island, Tasman and northern West Coast, interior Canterbury, and much of Southland and interior Otago. Soil moisture was slightly below normal to near normal for much of coastal Canterbury and Otago. Meanwhile, near normal to above normal soil moisture was observed along the east coast of the North Island, coastal Marlborough, and Westland to Fiordland.


It's no good blaming the weather for pollution
It's that air pollution blame game again. Less rain and stronger sunshine are the reasons given by the Environmental Protection Department for Hong Kong's increased pollution levels during the first three months of the year. In recent years, we have also been told that dust clouds, climatic systems or factories in Guangdong are responsible. But let us be clear - it is us and no one else behind the bad air.
A department spokesman said earlier this week as yet another batch of poor figures were released that dry weather meant pollutants would stay in the air longer. Less cloud cover caused solar radiation, which formed photochemical smog. These reasons may go a way to explaining why the air pollution index was at a 'very high' level for about a third of the period. They do not answer the question of how the pollution got there in the first place, though.
Meteorology is not required to answer it. It is caused by emissions from our vehicles, vessels and fossil fuel-burning power stations. Weather patterns can blow bad air our way, as last year, when dust from northern deserts choked our skies. In past decades, when Guangdong truly deserved the tag 'factory of the world', the polluted air from furnace smokestacks certainly did waft our way with the right conditions. At street level and for most of the time above our heads, though, the unhealthy air we breathe is our own making.
There has been progress. Government rules, guidelines and incentives have meant a marked decrease in some pollutants. But others are rising. The quarterly figures show that levels of roadside nitrogen dioxide from vehicle emissions, which can cause respiratory problems like asthma and bronchitis, went up 21 per cent. No wonder air quality in areas where traffic is heaviest and most congested, Central, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok, was worst.
We have got the ways and means to improve our air and make it safer. Laws and better standards will make all the difference. The existing voluntary schemes clearly do not work. Ignoring the causes and putting the blame on the weather is not a solution.


Thunderstorms in the area tomorrow evening through Monday afternoon Details >
May 24, 2013; 11:57 AM ET United States travel weather forecast
Severe weather and drenching downpours will affect parts of the Plains and Midwest over the Memorial Day Weekend.
"This pup was literally singing when he saw his family," Michelle Karolicki, relocation program manager of the Central Oklahoma Humane Society, said about a reunion that took place on Thursday.
Short-Range Weather forecast overview for the South Central United States
The High Plains and portions of Texas will become the targets of spotty, but violent storms Friday evening.
"We can and must do more relative to severe weather," AccuWeather CEO Barry Myers testified on Thursday, May 23, 2013, during a hearing called Restoring U.S. Leadership in Weather Forecasting.


Good Sunday to one and all. We’re putting the wraps on a gorgeous late February weekend here in the bluegrass state. Be sure to get out there and soak up the nice stuff we have out there today, a prolonged blast of winter is just around the corner.
Temps today will make a run at 50 degrees under mostly sunny skies. This will make for one heck of a nice day to get outside and enjoy.
Low pressure will wrap up across the plains states later Monday and this will send an increase in clouds our way. Some late day showers and thunderstorms will be possible on a gusty southwesterly wind. Those winds will REALLY crank Monday night into Tuesday as the low works our way.
This storm is being pushed by some serious cold air:
Tuesday is the day of change as the cold air surges in. Rain will mix with snow later in the day and that snow will become pretty widespread for the middle and end of the week:
That is one strong northwesterly flow and I suspect much of the state may be covered in snow before the week is over. Temps will fall each day from Wednesday into the weekend, when highs may not make it out of the 20s. Gusty winds will make it feel even colder than that.
That pattern is likely to persist into the first full week of March.
Have a great Sunday and take care.


Good Morning, Guelph! It’s Friday, the 12th of June today. Beautiful and sunny today for the Royal City. Gas Prices, Weather, UV index, the Pollen Report and Traffic below.
Cloudy for the earning morning hours, then sunny for the rest of the day. A cooler high of 16C. The humidity will sit at 72%. A 0% chance of precipitation through the day. Sunset today at 9:01pm.
The UV index today will be 8, or Very High
- Extra precautions required – unprotected skin will be damaged and can burn quickly
- Avoid the sun between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. and take full precautions – seek shade, cover up, wear a hat, sunglasses and sunscreen
Clear skies tonight. A low of 4C. Sunrise tomorrow at 5:38am.
Seasonal allergies are in the ‘very high’ count, meaning any allergens are sitting at more than 200 particles per meter cubed of air tested.
Local Gas Prices
Gas prices are up this morning. Prices are sitting at an average of 99.4¢ per litre. Use the map below to find the cheapest gas near you:


Get the monthly weather forecast for Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead Hamburg Weather August Averages, Germany. Temperature 16.75 °C 62 °F. High Temperature 21.6 °C 71 °F. Low Temperature 11.9 °C 53 °F. Sunshine Hours 6 hours. Rainfall 70 mm. Rainfall Days 11 days. Sea Temperature 19.40653667 °C 67 °F
Get the monthly weather forecast for Hamburg, NY, including daily high/low, historical averages, to help you plan ahead Daytime temperatures usually reach 22°C in Hamburg in August, falling to 12°C at night. How sunny is it in Hamburg in August? There are normally 7 hours of bright sunshine each day in Hamburg in August - that's 46% of daylight hours. Does it rain in Hamburg in August Weather ☀ ⛅ Hamburg ☀ ⛅ August ☀ ⛅ Information on temperature, sunshine hours, water temperature & rainfall in August for Hamburg The average sea surface temperature in August 2020 for Hamburg was 71.1°F.The maximum and minimum values were 69.4°F and 73.2°F respectively In august in Hamburg, the climate is wet (with 1.7in of rainfall over 10 days). The weather is better from the previous month since in july it receives an average of 2in of precipitation over 13 days. The climate enjoyable here august. The high seasonal norm is 74°F
Hamburg Weather Forecasts. Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weatherreports, maps & tropical weather conditions for the Hamburg area Get the forecast for today, tonight & tomorrow's weather for Hamburg, NY. Hi/Low, RealFeel®, precip, radar, & everything you need to be ready for the day, commute, and weekend Hamburg 14 Day Extended Forecast. Weather Today Weather Hourly 14 Day Forecast Yesterday/Past Weather Climate (Averages) Currently: 72 °F. Passing clouds. (Weather station: Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel, Germany). See more current weather
Know what's coming with AccuWeather's extended daily forecasts for Hamburg, NY. Up to 90 days of daily highs, lows, and precipitation chances Weather Forecast Hamburg: Weather forecast in August. Want to organise your holiday inHamburg Take a look at the weather forecast without delay! To help you prepare for your trip, Easyvoyage brings you the tourist weather comfort index. This innovative weather prediction service combines a range of indicators extrapolating the weather. The Old Farmer's Almanac Long Range Weather Forecasts show deviations from normal temperatures and precipitation amounts, based on 30-year rolling averages gathered by government meteorological agencies, specifically NOAA and Environment Canada. The averages from 1981 to 2010 are the latest available data; these numbers are updated every 10 years.. Weather.com brings you the most accurate monthly weather forecast for Hamburg, NY with average/record and high/low temperatures, precipitation and more
By the time July and August arrive in Hamburg, daytime temperatures average 21°C / 70°F and do climb to more than 25°C / 77°F. However, whilst temperatures rise at this time of the year, so do the levels of rainfall, although even the heaviest showers and wettest weather rarely spoils the day for long , turning warm: Aug 6-12: T-storms, then sunny, cool: Aug 13-1
In summer Hamburg has a few days with tropical temperatures. Here are some average weather facts we collected from our historical climate data: During the month of June, July and August you are most likely to experience good weather with pleasant average temperatures that fall between 20 degrees Celsius (68°F) and 25 degrees Celsius (77°F) Germany Weather in August: While the average high dips a degree this month it's likely to feel just as hot as July if not hotter due to the humidity, and it's one of the rainier months of the year as well, with an average of 62mm of precipitation over 13 days. Bring that lightweight summer clothing along with a light waterproof jacket now. Current weather in Hamburg and forecast for today, tomorrow, and next 14 day Calculations of sunrise and sunset in Hamburg - Hamburg - Germany for July 2021. Generic astronomy calculator to calculate times for sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset for many cities, with daylight saving time and time zones taken in account Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Hamburg, AR with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.co
The month of August in Hamburg experiences essentially constant cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy remaining about 29% throughout Hamburg, Germany: Annual Weather Averages. July is the hottest month in Hamburg with an average temperature of 16.8°C (62°F) and the coldest is January at 0.25°C (32°F) with the most daily sunshine hours at 8 in June. The wettest month is July with an average of 82mm of rain The climate here is mild, and generally warm and temperate. The rainfall in Hamburg is significant, with precipitation even during the driest month. This location is classified as Cfb by Köppen and Geiger. In Hamburg, the average annual temperature is 8.5 °C. The rainfall here averages 738 mm Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Hamburg, Germany with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.co What's better than dining or drinking al fresco in beautiful weather? Hamburg has plenty of spots for outdoor beers and bites. COVID-19 Face Masks Obligatory in Certain Areas. In certain areas, wearing a face mask is obligatory for all persons in public streets, squares and parks at certain times
The Latest News and Updates in Hamburg brought to you by the team at News 4 Buffalo: Erie County Fair to reopen at full capacity this August Hamburg / 4 Get the iOS Weather app. Get the. Culture, street festivals & concerts Events in Hamburg Whether it's art, music or theatre - experience the Hamburg you want to see. You'll find events with your favourite artist on the date you want! Experience the cultural diversity of Hamburg's cultural scene and the many events here and in the metropolitan region. Discover no Hamburg does not get a lot of sun, especially from November to February, when the sun rarely shines. It goes a bit better from May to August, when the weather is variable, and between one disturbance and another, the sun can come out
About Hamburg. Second only to Berlin in size and population, the city of Hamburg is home to one of the biggest harbors in Europe. A stroll along its many waterways and canals illustrates why it has been called the Venice of the North. Don't miss a trip to the local fish market (Fischmarkt), the Merchants District (marked by its imposing red. The Hamburg Passenger lists are a unique source for genealogical research as well as the study of the history of emigration and immigration. The lists include approximately 5 million records of individuals, approximately 80% of whom were destined for the United States. Ca. 475,000 traveled to South America, ca. 214,000 to Canada, ca. 100,000 to. Hamburg Weather July Averages, Germany. Temperature 16.8 °C 62 °F. High Temperature 21.4 °C 71 °F. Low Temperature 12.2 °C 54 °F. Sunshine Hours 7 hours. Rainfall 82 mm. Rainfall Days 12 days. Sea Temperature 18.63816 °C 66 °F. July Weather in Berlin in august 2021. The weather in Berlin in august comes from statistical datas on the past years. You can view the weather statistics the entire month, but also by using the tabs for the beginning, the middle and the end of the month
The OFFICIAL English-language website for the city of Hamburg, Germany! Discover things to do, world-famous sights, upcoming events and fun activities for all kinds of weather. Get to know the local culture, history and government Today's and tonight's Buffalo, NY weather forecast, weather conditions and Doppler radar from The Weather Channel and Weather.co August is the warmest month and sees an average high of just 22°C (72°F), while winter is cold (although it is also getting milder with less snowfall due to global warming). The daily mean in January is 1°C (34°F). For more information, see the weather in Hamburg and the best time to go guide
Hamburg is also a venomous reptile show. All the venomous animals are clearly identified and properly sealed inside their enclosure. These animals are for the advanced hobbyist and require extensive protocol, safety measures, along with checks and balances Tropical Storm Elsa is forecast to pass near the Florida Keys early Tuesday. There is an increasing risk of tropical storm conditions, storm surge and heavy rainfall on Monday. The risk may then expand northward over the Florida Peninsula Tuesday night into Wednesday. Meanwhile, excessive heat and critical fire weather conditions will persist. June 28th Microburst / Straight Line Wind Damage Confirmed Near New Providence in Union County New Jersey. July 18th Severe Event. July 29th Rain Event. July 31st-August 1st Rain Event. Aug 10th EF-0 Tornado Confirmed near North Haven in New Haven County, Connecticut and Mattituck in Suffolk County, New York Weather. June 2021 numbers are in and it was a hot one for Buffalo! Autumn Lewandowski 5:56 PM, Jun 30, 2021 . National. Portland records hottest day ever amid Northwest scorcher Buffalo, NY Weather. Buffalo, NY. Weather. Here is your temperature trend for the next 14 Days. To see the daily forecast, scroll to the table below
Weather Atlas: Weather forecast and Climate information for cities all over the Globe. Global Weather and Climate data - from current weather and hourly forecast, detailed daily and 10-day forecast to long range monthly outlook of temperature, humidity, rainfall, snowfall, daylight, sunshine, UV index, and sea temperature for locations worldwide July and August are the warmest months of the year, with frequent thunderstorms and temperatures reaching well into the mid-70s Fahrenheit (24 degrees C). Early fall is cool and sunny before cold, foggy weather rolls in as the precursor to winter The National Weather Service Forecast Office in New York, NY provides official forecasts and warnings for New York City, Long Island, the Lower Hudson Valley of New York, Northeastern New Jersey, Southern Connecticut and the surrounding Coastal Waters
Sat Jul 24 Hamburg Museum Rummage Sale Annual Hamburg Museum Rummage Sale, Saturday July 24, 9-3 pm. Rain date is July 31. All proceeds benefit the Museum located at 7225 Stone St. in the village. PassageWeather specialises in Sailing Weather Forecasts. PassageWeather was developed out of the need for accurate, reliable and easy to use weather information and forecasts. We provide 7-day Wind, Wave and Weather Forecasts to help sailors with their passage planning and weather routing. Both before and during deliveries, ocean races. ('Weather' August 2004) R MetS 1881 (Summer/ Autumn) Snow & frost in June in Scotland, with young grouse dying in large numbers. June, July & August were very cold, and snow fell on August 12th. Harvest began in the second week of October in wet, cold weather, and much of the harvest (corn) had to be brought in green.
Hamburg. The Port of Hamburg is a large port in Germany. See below for a live map of ship positions in Hamburg, schedules for vessels arriving (port calls), the list of ships currently in port, a company register and a local weather forecast. Hamburg's LOCODE is DEHAM 2.3 mph on day 04 at time 16:38. Maximum gust speed. 6.9 mph from 328 ° (NNW) on day 04 at time 21:18. Maximum heat index. 73.4°F on day 04 at time 13:56. Click here to toggle the 24 Hour Graph of this day. Average and Extremes for Month of July 2021 up to day 4. Average temperature. 61.6°F Weather forecasts, current radar, hour by hour forecasts and meteorologist discussions for Allentown, Bethlehem, Reading, and Philadelphi All Ship Passenger Lists for 1923 Available at the Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives. Listing Includes Date Voyage Began, Steamship Line, Vessel, Passenger Class and Route Find vacation rentals, cabins, beach houses, unique homes and experiences around the world - all made possible by hosts on Airbnb
City Hall In Hamburg Arkansas Closed Tull August 3rd. Effective August 3rd our lobby will be closed to the public to help prevent the spread of COVID-19. Water bill payments should be paid by mail, online, over the phone or left in either one of our drop off locations. To reach the Water Department, call 870.853.5279, ext. 2 August 15: Carnival of Cultures, Berlin (smaller celebration for 2021) August 18-22: Weindorf wine festival, Rothenburg ob der Tauber. August 19-23: Sandkerwa Bavarian folk festival, Bamberg. August 26-30: Wine festival, Cochem. August 27-29 (iffy for 2021): Museumsuferfest, Frankfurt (music, food, culture This is the Cunard Queen Mary 2 Transatlantic cruise 2021-2022 schedule of all one-way and round-trip Atlantic Ocean crossings. It shows all departures from New York, Southampton-London, and Hamburg as dates and prices per person. RMS Queen Mary 2 Transatlantic crossings are part of the Cunard Line's regular Atlantic Ocean crossing service between the UK and the USA (London/Southampton and. Current drive time alerts and incidents. Cameras provided by PennDOT Dist. 5 and the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission these constantly updated cameras give viewers images of Lehigh Valley, Berks.
2021 Hamburg JH Track Schedule. Printable Schedule Date Meet Location Start Time Tuesday, April 13, 2021 Stanton 4pm Thursday, April 15, 2021 Griswold 4pm Monday, April 19, 2021 . . . read more Autumn in Germany. Season of withering begins only in October. During September all numerous parks and less numerous greenwoods save their verdure. Average day temperature drops to 17-18 °C (62-64 °F). Same time average night temperature drops to 10 °C (50 °F). Autumn is the rainiest season in Germany Local Forecast Office More Local Wx 3 Day History Mobile Weather Hourly Weather Forecast. Extended Forecast for Harrisburg PA Flash Flood Watch until July 13, 02:00am. Severe T-storm Watch until July 12, 11:00pm. Severe T-storm Warning until July 12, 04:45pm. Click here for hazard details and duration 5. Reeperbahn, Hamburg. Europe's largest club festival and the German equivalent of SXSW, Reeperbahn is a music festival spread out the beautiful northern port city of Hamburg. Instead of being held in one dedicated location, the majority of bars, clubs, and music venues throughout the city host upwards of 800 concerts over the course of four.
Hamburg Historical Society P <1953:4:30-5:7> Hamburg Town Historian F <1952:9:18-1959:1:15> Erie County herald. Published 19uu-1952 : Weekly. OCLC 29811633 Continued by: Blasdell-frontier herald. Buffalo & Erie County Public Librar Father shot and killed by 18-year-old son in Brighton. Brett Kast. 4:51 PM, Jun 21, 2021. Livingston County Tide tables and solunar charts for Hamburg (St. Pauli): high tides and low tides, surf reports, sun and moon rising and setting times, lunar phase, fish activity and weather conditions in Hamburg (St. Pauli)
Connecticut River - Hamburg Cove weather forecast issued today at 9:07 am. Next forecast at approx. 10:07 am. 1-Day 3-Day 5-Day Graph Plots Open in Graph Browse the most recent Hamburg, New York obituaries and condolences. Celebrate and remember the lives we have lost in Hamburg, New York June 19, 2021. Califon's All MOPAR Show - To Benefit the Califon Veterans Memorial, Saturday, June 19, 2021 - 9:00 AM to 2:00 PM, Rain date Sunday, June 20, 2021. Califon Island Park, 130 Bank Street, Califon, NJ 07830. Winners will be announced at 1:30 PM. Express Check-in with pre-registration


Some long term weather forecasts are predicting freezing conditions in the run up to Christmas - but others disagree and say they can't predict with a reliable rate of accuracy.
Following Storm Barra and Arwen, some forecasters are predicting UK is set to be hit with more rain, strong winds from December 14.
And weather maps from WXCharts suggest show could fall across Northern Scotland from tonight and possibly into Friday morning, the Mirror reports.
However, the Met Office is predicting more settled conditions and that the chances of snow across Leicestershire from now until January 7 are limited.
The Met Office's short term forecast, which is said to be more reliable, is predicting temperatures at an average 6°C in Leicestershire through Friday and into Saturday - before the mercury rises to around 12°C on Sunday and 11°C on Monday.
And its longer range forecast, which the Met Office warns is not as reliable as "the chaotic nature of the atmosphere starts to come into play" is predicting cloud and rain for the UK from Tuesday, although it is likely to be drier in central and eastern locations.
And in the run up to Christmas, temperatures are predicted by the Met Office to remain mild and settled - even potentially above average for the time of year, so for those dreaming of a white Christmas, there might not be a lot of hope.
The forecast from now until December 23, which covers the whole of the country, currently states: "Generally unsettled throughout the period, with cloud and outbreaks of rain clearing eastwards at first.
"Perhaps some frost in the north, but then rain and strong winds likely following from the west.
"Looking to be drier for many central and eastern locations, with some potentially heavy rain arriving to northern and western areas at times, accompanied by a risk of gales.
"The best chance of drier and brighter conditions in the east.
"Temperatures are looking to be rather mild throughout.
"Towards the end of the period, settled conditions may develop, however the north and west perhaps experiencing some longer spells of rain. Temperatures likely remaining rather mild, though a risk of frost is possible during some colder interludes."
WXCharts' forecast however makes a stronger prediction for chilly temperatures than the Met Office, showing a freezing weather system hitting the UK from December 19, due to air moving south from the Arctic and Scandinavia.
It predicts the whole of Scotland, Wales, northern and central parts of England turn a shade of light blue on weather maps, meaning sub-zero temperatures for the evening of December 19 with the north of the country worst affected, in a contrast to the Met Office's prediction.
The Met Office explained that it is extremely difficult to predict the weather reliably for more than five days into the future.
It says: "When looking at forecasts beyond five days into the future the chaotic nature of the atmosphere starts to come into play - small events currently over the Atlantic can have potentially significant impacts on our weather in the UK in several days' time.
"Therefore whilst we can still forecast the general feel of the weather to a relatively high level of accuracy using our ensemble models, it becomes harder to offer local detail to as high a level of accuracy as our shorter range forecasts. For this reason our text forecasts for 5 days and beyond are written on the scale of the UK as a whole.
"Our long range forecast (which is updated on a daily basis) provides an indication of how the weather might change, or be different from normal, (i.e. warmer, colder, wetter, drier) across the whole UK.
"Met Office meteorologists consider output from a range of weather models when writing these forecasts. These models include those from the Met Office as well as models from other global forecasting centres such as the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF).
Therefore, the long term forecast should always be taken with a pinch of salt.
However, for the period over Christmas and New Year and on until January 6, the Met Office is predicting settled conditions.
It states: "Heading into the Christmas period, widespread settled conditions are likely.
"Temperatures perhaps close to or slightly above average for this time of year, however some colder interludes may bring a risk of frost at times.
"The last week of December and into early January is looking to remain settled, with an increasing chance of frost and fog during clearer spells for Christmas and towards New Year."
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Tuesday’s early-morning storms that swept through northeast Indiana and left two people dead included five confirmed tornadoes, the National Weather Service said Thursday.
The weather service’s regional office in Syracuse issued a report Thursday on the storms that said tornadoes touched down in Kosciusko, LaGrange, Noble, Wabash and Whitley counties.
The weather service said an EF-1 tornado touched down in the far-northern Kosciusko County town of Gravelton at the Elkhart County line. The tornado, which had a maximum wind speed of 95 mph, was on the ground for two minutes and traveled a little more than a half mile, damaging a barn and knocking down or snapping about 20 trees, one into a home.
An EF-0 tornado, with top winds of 80 mph, hit near Milford in Kosciusko County and destroyed a large metal barn, the weather service said.
Another EF-1 tornado touched down first in northwest Wabash County, then was on the ground about seven minutes as it entered southern Kosciusko.
That 150-yard-wide tornado had winds of 100 mph, the weather service said, and destroyed structures and uprooted numerous trees.
In Whitley County, an EF-1 tornado with top winds of 100 mph briefly touched down near South Whitley.
The tornado in LaGrange County, the weather service said, was an EF-1 (top speed 95 mph) that touched down just on U.S. 20 and briefly entered the western side of the city of LaGrange.
The tornadoes and straight-line winds associated with the line of storms also knocked out power to about 150,000 northern Indiana residents, many of whom might not have their lights turned back on until Saturday.
More than 20,000 homes and businesses remained without power late Thursday, mostly in the South Bend area. Northern Indiana is mainly served by Northern Indiana Public Service Co. and Indiana-Michigan Power.


Mundane monsoon season: Near normal rainfall; wet winter predicted
PRESCOTT - Northern Arizona is back to normal, according to a National Weather Service about the 2015 monsoon, June 15-Sept. 30.
"It was a typical monsoon in that it was variable across the area," Weather Service forecaster Justin Johndrow said.
He said in 2013 and 2014, monsoons were a lot wetter, though a typical monsoon this year meant enough moisture in Arizona's high country.
"The fact that most areas were close to normal, it kept it from drying out over the region," Johndrow said.
The monitoring station at Prescott Municipal Airport observed precipitation of 7.54 inches for the season. That's more than 1 inch above normal, and compared to annual totals dating back to 1948, this year ranks as the 22nd wettest.
But it was a different story at Weather Service satellite monitoring station at the Sundog Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Total precipitation at the Sundog plant totaled 4.78 inches for the season, more than 3 inches below normal. Among records starting in 1898, this was the 16th driest, as recorded at the wastewater plant.
Johndrow said that type of variability is what's expected for a typical monsoon.
"It probably came down to a couple of days when a storm hit that northern area," he said.
Looking across the region, many areas in Yavapai County reported near-normal rainfall.
Bagdad recorded 5.40 inches, Chino Valley 6.23 inches and Cottonwood 5.37 inches - all three within 1 percent of normal.
Jerome was down 11 percent at 6.52 inches and Seligman was 3 percent below normal at 5.40 inches.
The near-normal rainfall is further reflected in the weekly drought summaries produced at the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
While most of Arizona remains in moderate drought conditions, no areas of the state saw worsening of drought conditions, and some areas saw improvement since mid-June.
Climatologists downgraded drought severity from severe to moderate for the Grand Canyon and parts of northern Coconino and Mohave counties. Similar improvements occurred in southeast Arizona and the White Mountains, including Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, eastern Pima, and southern Apache and Navajo counties.
Johndrow said the overall drought situation has yet to be seen, as weather and climate experts are still expecting a strong El Niño year.
"For Arizona and New Mexico, an El Niño event means increased probability of receiving above-average winter precipitation, generally between October and March," Ben McMahan and Michael Crimmins at the Climate Assessment for the Southwest at University of Arizona wrote in an explanation about the weather phenomenon posted to CLIMAS website in late September.
McMahan and Crimmins said there is variability in El Niño events, though "there is no guarantee that any given El Niño event will lead to wetter than average conditions."
They said based on predictions at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Center, "The best chances for observing above-average winter precipitation cover all of Arizona and New Mexico, but are slightly better for the southern half of each state."
Follow reporter Les Bowen on Twitter @NewsyLesBowen. Reach him at 928-445-3333, ext. 1110, or 928-830-9305.


Everywhere you look, extreme weather. Weather the likes of which even meteorologists and other experts say they have never seen before.
What’s perhaps more remarkable is that we know why all of this is happening: Our changing climate. As the Earth warms, more extreme weather becomes more of the rule rather than its exception.
“Glaciers started melting and Congress waited.
“Fires started burning and Congress waited.
“People started dying and Congress waited.
“Now our cities are underwater, wildfires are raging, and temperatures are at record highs.
“Congress can no longer wait to pass a Green New Deal.”
That politicians like Hochul and Bush were even talking about climate change in the midst of its effects suggests some progress — that at least some politicians have made the connection between the extreme weather we are experiencing and the warming climate.
Bush’s tweet raises a simple but deeply important question: Is this the moment when we, as a country, start to take climate change seriously? Or is this, like so many other scenes of extreme weather in recent years, simply written off or ignored because the solutions are too politically painful?
For a long time, the political reality of climate went something like this: The effects of our warming planet were too far away for any politician — or the average person — to worry about them. Sure, at some point in the long-distant future we, as a society, would need to make some changes in regard to our energy consumption and our broader lifestyle, but it wans’t urgent. It was something that, maybe, our kids’ kids’ kids would need to worry about.
The events of the last few days put the lie to those assumptions. Yes, climate change will continue to worsen unless actions are taken — and quickly. But, we don’t have to wait to see the impact of a warming climate. The record flooding in New York is climate change. The massive Caldor Fire is climate change. The rapid intensification of Hurricane Ida leading to yet another major hurricane wrecking Louisiana is climate change.
This is all factually true. There is no debate within the scientific community that we are currently living through the first major impacts of the warming planet — and that, unless critical changes are made, and soon, things will get significantly worse.
Polling is mixed on just how much of that message has gotten through to Americans.
When it comes to making changes to bring about the changes required to curb our climate crisis, the public is significantly more divided. A slim majority (51%) said that in the next 50 years “major” lifestyle changes will be necessary to “address problems from climate change.” Meanwhile, 46% believe that “new technology” will be developed over the next 50 years that will handle the growing problem of climate change.
That disconnect between acknowledging climate change is a problem and grasping the need to make at-times drastic changes in how we live in the world has long been a source of frustration for those focused on the threat posed by the Earth’s warming.
The sad reality is this: It may take extreme events impacting millions and millions of American personally — and costing peoples’ lives — before the proper urgency about climate change is reached.
Is this that moment? For the sake of the people who died amid the flooding and storms, we can hope so.


Monsoon may revive from next week: IMD forecast
Monsoon could not advance for the last one week because of weak flow, but circulation is likely to improve during the weekend, IMD says in latest weather forecast
New Delhi: After remaining subdued for more than a week, the southwest monsoon is expected to revive, before moving towards north India after 24 June. In its latest weather forecast, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said the southwest monsoon could not advance for the last one week because of weak flow. However, the monsoon circulation is likely to improve during the weekend.
According to the IMD, it will then advance over the remaining parts of Assam, some more parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal and some parts of Jharkhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, between 23 and 25 June.
The early onset of the monsoon over Kerala had raised hopes for early rains over the north-western states, but the monsoon weakened around 13 June. Part of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and some parts of Gujarat, where the monsoon would have normally arrived around 15 June, remained rain-deficit. Now, the onset of the monsoon over central and north states could be delayed.
The IMD said monsoon circulation is expected to improve with the movement of the active phase of Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) to west Equatorial Indian Ocean and adjoining Arabian Sea over the next two or three days. “Some positive changes have begun to occur, but we would get a clear picture in the next two days,” said A.K. Srivastav, head, climate monitoring and analysis group, IMD Pune.
Cyclonic circulations are also likely to develop over east India, which will strengthen the easterlies over the Gangetic plains.
“To help the propagation of monsoon, there has to be sustained activity in north-eastern part of Bay of Bengal. The active phase of MJO over the Indian Ocean is critical as it positively impacts monsoon and winds have to be strong,” said associate professor Sridhar Balasubramanian, a meteorology expert from IIT Bombay.
Monsoon rainfall, which was 19% surplus until 13 June, reduced to a deficit of 4% as on 19 June. However, the subdued phase was not entirely dry, as heavy rainfall activity continued along the western coast and parts of north-eastern states.
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Climate change discovery: Changing global temperatures may have been the cause of human extinction in the past
Climate change shock: US CDC warns of brain-eating amoeba disease moving into US as result of rising temperatures
Climate change: Rising temperatures may have caused the collapse of civilizations along central Asia
Climate change: NASA study warns sea level rise by 15 inches if rate of carbon emissions continue
Climate change continues to become a concern as animals in the polar regions are slowly losing their homes, with carbon emissions playing a part in the warming temperatures. A NASA study has revealed the dire result of the current rate in carbon emissions to the climate.
A study spanning six years of analyzing climate models found that should the current rate of carbon emissions continue, the sea levels will experience a rise by a drastic 15 inches. The findings were published in the journal Cryosphere and the predictions are in line with the estimates given by the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change back in 2019.
The most recent results were from the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison project led by the Goddard Space Flight Center at NASA.
According to project leader Sophie Nowicki of the University of Buffalo, “One of the biggest uncertainties when it comes to how much sea levels will rise in the future is how much the ice sheets will contribute. And how much the ice sheets will contribute is really dependent on what the climate will do.”
Their study found that under the current amount of carbon emissions, the region of West Antarctica will be hit the worst, suffering a significant loss of ice. The ice that would melt would cause sea levels to rise up by 7.1 inches or 18 centimeters by 2100. The 2019 report predicted that Greenland’s ice loss would lead to a sea level rise by 3.1 to 10.6 inche or eight to 27 centimeters.
The United States’ West Coast is experiencing wildfires over the recent weeks, but satellite images from NASA reveal that another force of nature is set on ravaging another part of the country. From wild fires to hurricanes in the form of Hurricane Sally have made a landfall with wind speeds of up to 85 miles per hour.
A few other hurricanes are seen over the Atlantic ocean as well as the images have shown. Hurricanes Paulette, Teddy, and Karina are seen converging in the body of water. Luckily, NASA revealed that Hurricane Paulette will not pose a threat on land and noted that it is unusual for these natural threats to be present in one photo.


Lead Forecaster Daniel Crawley
Good Sunday evening to everyone, hope your weekend has been a good one. An upper low that we have been tracking for over a week now is finally falling apart and will lift out of the region tonight and on Monday. It has brought humid and unsettled weather to the region, we have seen a decent coverage of daily storms since Friday.
We will have one more day of stormy weather as heat and humidity will persist. Looking below at the 500mb height anomalies, a trough over the Great Lakes Region will go negative tilt. This will result in a severe weather episode for the Mid-Atlantic and New England States. This will slide east as we go into Tuesday bringing drier and cooler air temporarily into the Carolinas.
Monday’s storms again could be a bit more feisty as there are more dynamics in play. The Storm Prediction Center has issued a Marginal Risk (Level 1 of 5) of Severe Weather for Monday across Western North Carolina.
Here’s a look at the FutureCast Radar through Tuesday morning. As you can see, a line of thunderstorms may form near the Southern Appalachians early in the afternoon hours and moving southeast through the rest of the day. Any severe weather threat for Western North Carolina will end by sunset.
A slight cooldown is possible for Tuesday as northwest winds push in cooler, less humid air. However that will be quickly replaced by what looks to be the first heat wave of the season for mid to late week. Full 7-Day Forecast details can be found by clicking on the button…


High winds and heavy rains brought more misery to the Eastern Seaboard Thursday, a day after a squall line thundered across the South and produced widespread flooding, tornadoes and violent storms that leveled homes and killed at least two people.
The National Weather Service issued watches and warnings predicting damaging winds, flooding and perhaps even more tornadoes as the storm system pushed toward the Atlantic.
Major cities including Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York were lashed by gusts of up to 60 mph Thursday, strong enough to topple trees and bring down power lines. The accompanying storms could bring up to an inch of rain per hour and lead to flash flooding, the weather service said.
Even stronger winds, gusting to 65 mph, were predicted for Boston and parts of New England.
Nearly 430,000 homes and businesses were without electricity following the storm Thursday, about half of them in Massachusetts, according to National Grid and Western Mass. The rest of the outages were spread throughout the Northeast and included nearly 74,000 customers in Connecticut, 74,000 in Rhode Island and 37,000 in New Jersey, according to local utility providers.
Traffic delays were also in effect due to the windy conditions. Some flights to Newark International Airport were delayed more than two and a half hours and flights going to LaGuardia Airport in New York were delayed a little more than an hour, according to the FAA.
On Wednesday, eight different states confirmed tornadoes: Georgia, Arkansas, Tennessee, Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, Mississippi and Indiana.
The hardest-hit area was Adairsville, Ga., where a tornado ripped through Interstate 75, overturning cars and destroying homes and businesses.
“The sky was swirling,” Theresa Chitwood, who owns the Adairsville Travel Plaza, told the Associated Press.
Anthony Raines, 51, was killed when a tree crashed down on his mobile home, crushing him in his bed, Bartow County Coroner Joel Guyton told the Associated Press. Nine other people were hospitalized for minor injuries, authorities said.
Another death reported from the storms was in Tennessee, where a tree fell Tuesday onto a storage shed a man had taken shelter in.
The Adairsville Supermarket, a 55,000-square-foot staple in the town since 1958, was reduced to a massive pile of rubble, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported. Only a few people were inside at the time of destruction, but all of them managed to escape unscathed, the store’s owner Dilip Patel told the newspaper.
Across the street, a hotel was also a nearly-flattened pile of rubble and most of the roof was gone.
“It was like you just opened it up with a can opener,” Trish Cooper, a hotel guest, told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. “You could just see everything.”
The storms were largely caused by a mass of cold air and high winds colliding with warm, wet air from the Gulf of Mexico that brought balmy temperatures to much of the East and Midwest.
As the cold air takes hold, a return to winter proper follows suit.
Winter storm warnings were in effect Thursday in Colorado, Wyoming and Montana, while parts of the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest hunkered down under wind chills predicted to dip as low as 55 degrees below zero in North Dakota.
"Dangerous wind chills of 20-50 degrees below zero are possible for the Dakotas and Minnesota," Weather Channel meteorologist Kevin Roth said.
In more populous areas, including the Twin Cities, wind chills had potential to reach minus 40 degrees, the weather service said.
Those in the Upper Midwest who escape the worst of the wind chills still won’t have it easy. Forecasters warned of heavy lake-effect snows from Wisconsin to Western New York.


Florida started stacking sandbags as Tropical Storm Hermine intensified Thursday afternoon.
In a 1 p.m. update, National Hurricane Center forecasters said Hermine’s sustained winds increased to 70 mph, just shy of a Category 1 hurricane, with tropical storm force winds now expected to spread further south. The storm was located 135 miles southwest of Apalachicola and moving north, northeast at 14 mph. Tropical storm force winds extended 185 miles to the northeast and southeast from the storm’s east side.
North Florida could begin feeling hurricane conditions Thursday night, forecasters said, with a storm surge possibly pushing water as high as eight feet in parts of the Panhandle. Thursday afternoon, the Florida Highway Patrol closed the Skyway bridge as winds picked up, the Bradenton Herald reported. Mandatory evacuations in coastal neighborhoods were also ordered as water started to creep across roads.
On its current track, Hermine is expected to come ashore in the state’s Big Bend with hurricane strength winds possibly reaching 75 mph. A large swath of the coast is already seeing a foot of surge from the storm.
A hurricane warning was expanded earlier Thursday to include Tallahassee, and now stretches from the Suwanee River to Mexico Beach, south of Panama City. A tropical storm warning covered the Panhandle and was extended Thursday afternoon to include the Tampa and St. Petersburg area and south along the east coast to the Volusia and Flagler county lines.
Already Hermine was generating big waves, with some buoys recording heights recording over 16 feet.
Up and down the coast, residents in low-lying neighborhoods began boarding up and stockpiling supplies.
“We expect a lot of trees down and as wet as it’s been lately, it’s going to be ugly,” Wakulla County Sheriff’s Office Maj. Trey Morrison told the Weather Channel. Between 5,000 and 7,000 people have been ordered to leave their homes in the county.
In tiny, flood-prone Cedar Key, swamped last year by Tropical Storm Colin, city workers had trouble keeping up with requests for sandbags.
“This building right here is pretty safe and pretty strong so I think it will be all right,” said Jordon Keeton, who piled up sandbags to protect new equipment in his waterfront restaurant.
About a dozen shops boarded up windows. Outside his business, Joe Allen painted “Bring it on, Hermine,” in big black letters, but admitted he’s nervous.
“You can never fully protect yourself from nature,” he said.
Hermine could push ashore a dangerous surge that, if it arrives at high tide, has the potential to trigger widespread flooding. Weather Underground meteorologist Jeff Masters reported up to a foot of surge had already spread across the coast from Naples to New Orleans. On Thursday, water levels at Cedar Key reached two feet, he said.
Storm surge warnings were issued for much of the region, with water levels predicted to reach up to eight feet in some areas of the Panhandle and up to four feet in Tampa Bay.
The storm, which pounded Cuba with 20 inches of rain over the weekend, is expected to dump five to ten inches on northwest Florida and southern Georgia Friday. Some areas could get as much as 20 inches, forecasters said. Tornadoes are also possible as the storm plows across North Florida Friday.
Once Hermine crosses inland, forecasters expect it to weaken but computer models show strong winds continuing east of the storm’s center.
In a morning press conference, Gov. Rick Scott warned people living in evacuation areas to heed orders and not delay leaving. Scott closed state offices in 51 counties, including Tallahassee where thousands of state employees work and which has not taken a direct hit from a hurricane in three decades. Schools in six coastal counties also closed. Florida A&M and Florida State University also canceled classes. The state also closed parks and campgrounds in North and Central Florida.
“We’re going to see big storm surge. A lot of rain. A lot of flooding,” Scott said. “You have got to take this seriously.”
Despite calls for rain in Central Florida, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has no plans to increase water flushed from Lake Okeechobee. Over the winter, record rain triggered releases that coated the St. Lucie River and Indian River Lagoon with toxic, slimy algae. State water managers began moving water from the Kissimmee basin to make more room earlier this week. But Thursday,the Corps’ acting Operations Division Chief Candida Bronson said the lake was rising at a manageable level.
If Hermine arrives as a hurricane, it will be the state’s first since Wilma in 2005, ending a decade-long streak. While better formed and much stronger than Hermine, Wilma likewise pushed across the Gulf of Mexico, landing just south of Marco Island before plowing across the state for more than four hours and emerging near Jupiter.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


An incredible photo captured the moment a snow storm swept across London bringing an icy blizzard in its path.
Londoners were amazed as the city was hit by epic snow fall that blanketed buildings and roads on Tuesday.
But the wintry weather was short-lived as brilliant sunshine returned within minutes to melt the flakes away.
People shared images of the bizarre weather on social media as the same views appeared transformed from winter scenes to sunny cityscapes in just five minutes.
The storm hit London at around 2.15pm, bringing heavy snow flurries and grey skies.
Martin Tooth posted a picture of the storm rolling in on Twitter.
He wrote: “Just witnessed snow storm sweep into central London from the east with impressive speed.”
And as the capital was caught in the downpour, Londoners excitedly shared pictures of the “snowmageddon”.
Shrangi-La London at the Shard shared a video of the storm rushing along the River Thames, obscuring Tower Bridge from view.
But the storm quickly passed, and people posted compare and contrast images as a remarkable clear, sunny sky returned by 2.45pm.
Journalist Oliver Varney said: “Bizarre weather today! View from The Shard at 2.30pm and 2.45pm.”
And Jordon-Lee wrote: “The change in weather in literally five minutes… #londonsnow #beastfromtheeast #uksnow.”
The UK’s big freeze has claimed three lives in a road crash and caused major travel disruption across the south east.
Scores of schools around the UK have also been forced to close due to the adverse weather conditions.
Earlier on Tuesday Trafalgar Square’s famous fountain froze over in the wintry conditions.
Amber warnings of snow have been issued by the Met Office for north east, central and south eastern England on Tuesday, and eastern Scotland on Wednesday.


London enveloped in light rain with temperatures of 15°C - Saturday October 28
and live on Freeview channel 276
In the morning, London will experience a mild temperature of 12°C with no expected rainfall. The afternoon will bring a slight increase in temperature to 14°C, accompanied by scattered showers.
Tomorrow morning, the temperature will remain steady at 12°C with some rainfall. The afternoon will maintain the same temperature, but the scattered showers will continue.
Over the next few days, London will experience a consistent temperature range, with a minimum of 12°C and a maximum of 13°C. The trend of scattered showers will persist throughout this period.


Presentation #505.01 in the session “Extrasolar Planets: Terrestrial Planets”.
In the near future, ground based spectrometers on the Extremely Large class of telescopes will be able to detect exoplanet atmosphere with unprecedented resolution. These tools are favorable for biosignature detection since high resolution spectra allow for characterization of atmospheric constituents. One of the most well known potential biosignature gases is oxygen since it is produced in high levels by photosynthesis. However, planetary processes such as ocean loss can also generate large amounts of atmospheric oxygen leading to potential false positive characterization. Here we show that O2-O2 collisionally induced absorption at O2 bands can be used to differentiated between a photosynthetic biosphere and a high oxygen atmosphere produced by ocean loss.


Friday, August 2, 2013
Weekly Hydro-meteorological Report, 1 August, 2013
Monitoring and Prediction
Rainfall was quite heavy in June in the Southern half of Sri Lanka, and July is predicted to be lower although with wetter Southwestern regions in the next week. Compared to the rest of the island, the coastal belts of Galle to Gampaha is likely to receive heavier rainfall on coming three days (2nd, 3rd and 4th of August). Ongoing rainfall shall decrease further. Rainfall is not predicted till 5th August. Rainfall shall increase gradually during 5th-12th August. Significant rainfall events are not expected during next week period (2nd-12th August).
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Weekly Monitoring:Rainfall ranged between 5-165 mm during 23rd-29th July 2013. Maximum rainfall observed for small regions in Ampara district on 26th July. However, entire country was wet during 23rd-26th compared to 27th-29th.
Monthly Monitoring:Southern half of the Sri Lanka received an above average rainfall during the month of June. The entire country received less than 15 mm of daily rainfall, with Ratnapura district receiving the highest rainfall during the month (14 mm/day).
7-day prediction:Southwestern regions of the island shall receive 55-65 mm of rainfall and shall spread northeastward in a reducing manner during 31st July-6th August 2013.
IMD WRF Model Forecast & IRI forecast:For 2nd, 3rd & 4th of August, IMD WRF model predicts less than 36 mm of rainfall for Galle to Gampaha, Kegalle and Ratnapura districts it shall spread towards nearby regions in a reducing manner. NOAA model predicts dry condition for the entire country during 29th July-3rd August.
1 Month Prediction:Overall- Ongoing rainfall shall decrease further. Rainfall is not predicted till 5th August. Rainfall shall increase gradually during 5th-12th August. Significant rainfall events are not expected during next week period (2nd-12th August). However, the amount of rainfall shall be lower than the observed rainfall on month of June 2013. Western Slopes – The rainfall pattern persisting in the entire country shall be observed in this region. Western Coast – Rainfall is not predicted till 10th August. Eastern Slopes– Decreasing trend of the rainfall shall persist till 4th August. Thereafter rainfall shall vary with different rates (below 4 mm/day) till 10th. Eastern Coast – The rainfall shall decrease till 9th and it shall increase during 9th-12th. Northern region- Existing rainfall shall decrease till 3rd and thereafter it shall increase gradually till 11th. Southern Region- The rainfall is not predicted during 1st-2nd, 3rd-6th and 8th-9th. In-between rainfall shall not considerable. After 9th rainfall is likely to be increase.
Seasonal Prediction:As per IRI Multi Model Probability Forecast issued on July 2013; for August 2013 to October 2013, there is a 50-70% probability for temperature to be above normal in the country while the rainfall is to be climatological.
PACIFIC SEAS STATE July 18, 2013 :During June through early July the observed ENSO conditions remained neutral. Most of the ENSO prediction models indicate a continuation of neutral ENSO through the remainder of 2013. However a few (mainly statistical) models call for cooling towards borderline or weak La-Nina conditions for northern autumn into winter. While a few others (mainly dynamical) forecast developing El-Nino conditions during this same time frame.
INDIAN OCEAN STATE :The sea surface temperature of Bengal Bay Sri Lanka was cold during 21st-27th July 2013.
MJO STATE :MJO is neutral and not influences Sri Lanka rainfall.


what is a gdu in farming
Growing Degree Days
People also ask
What is the difference between GDD and GDU?
Growing Degree Days and GDUs refer to the same calculation based on air temperature. In the case of corn, the equation is: GDD or GDU = (Daily Maximum Air Temperature + Daily Minimum Temperature)/2 鈥?50.
How do you calculate GDU for corn?
GDD or GDU = (Daily Maximum Air Temperature + Daily Minimum Temperature)/2 鈥?50. When the maximum air temperature is greater than 86F, we set the value at 86 in the equation as the growth rate of corn does not increase beyond 86F.
What is the difference between the custom GDU layer and individual GDU?
Custom GDU Layer Total GDUs Since To Date Normal Versus Normal Forecast (+14 Days) Accumulated GDUs Degree Units Individual GDUs Degree Units
What are growing degree days (GDD)?
Growing Degree Days (GDD), also known as Growing Degree Units (GDU), are a way researchers and growers can estimate the development of plants and insects during a growing season. By using data calculated from air temperatures, the 鈥渉eat units鈥?can more accurately reflect growth stages than the calendar method.


The ratio of record highs to lows is likely to increase dramatically in coming decades if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to climb.
"Climate change is making itself felt in terms of day-to-day weather in the United States," says Gerald Meehl, a researcher at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the lead author of the study. "The ways these records are being broken show how our climate is already shifting."
The study, by authors at NCAR, Climate Central, The Weather Channel, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).
If temperatures were not warming, the number of record daily highs and lows being set each year would be approximately even.
Instead, for the period from January 1, 2000, to September 30, 2009, the continental United States set 291,237 record highs and 142,420 record lows, as the country experienced unusually mild winter weather and intense summer heat waves.
A record daily high means that temperatures were warmer on a given day than on that same date throughout a weather station's history.
The authors used a quality control process to ensure the reliability of data from thousands of weather stations across the country, while looking at data over the past six decades to capture longer-term trends.
This decade's warming was more pronounced in the western United States, where the ratio was more than two to one, than in the eastern United States, where the ratio was about one-and-a-half to one.
The study also found that the two-to-one ratio across the country as a whole could be attributed more to a comparatively small number of record lows than to a large number of record highs.
This indicates that much of the nation's warming is occurring at night, when temperatures are dipping less often to record lows.
This finding is consistent with years of climate model research showing that higher overnight lows should be expected with climate change.
In addition to surveying actual temperatures in recent decades, Meehl and his co-authors turned to a sophisticated computer model of global climate to determine how record high and low temperatures are likely to change during the course of this century.The modeling results indicate that, if nations continue to increase their emissions of greenhouse gases in a "business as usual" scenario, the U.S. ratio of daily record high to record low temperatures would increase to about 20-to-1 by mid-century and 50-to-1 by 2100.
The model used for the study, the NCAR-based Community Climate System Model, correctly captured the trend toward warmer average temperatures and the greater warming in the West, but overstated the ratio of record highs to record lows in recent years.
However, the model results are important because they show that, in all likely scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions, record daily highs should increasingly outpace record lows over time.
"If the climate weren't changing, you would expect the number of temperature records to diminish significantly over time," says Claudia Tebaldi, a statistician with Climate Central who is one of the paper's co-authors.
"As you measure the high and low daily temperatures each year, it normally becomes more difficult to break a record after a number of years. But as the average temperatures continue to rise this century, we will keep setting more record highs."
The study team focused on weather stations that have been operating since 1950. They found that the ratio of record daily high to record daily low temperatures slightly exceeded one to one in the 1950s, dipped below that level in the 1960s and 1970s, and has risen since the 1980s.
The results reflect changes in U.S. average temperatures, which rose in the 1950s, stabilized in the 1960s, and then began a warming trend in the late 1970s.
Even in the first nine months of this year, when the United States cooled somewhat after a string of unusually warm years, the ratio of record daily high to record daily low temperatures was more than three to two.Despite the increasing number of record highs, there will still be occasional periods of record cold, Meehl notes.
The study team analyzed several million daily high and low temperature readings taken over the span of six decades at about 1,800 weather stations across the country, thereby ensuring ample data for statistically significant results.
The readings, collected at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climatic Data Center, undergo a quality control process at the data center that looks for such potential problems as missing data as well as inconsistent readings caused by changes in thermometers, station locations, or other factors.
Meehl and his colleagues then used temperature simulations from the Community Climate System Model to compute daily record highs and lows under current and future atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
The study was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), NCAR's sponsor, and by the Department of Energy and Climate Central.Title:
Claudia Tebaldi: Climate Central, Princeton, N.J., USA;
Guy Walton: The Weather Channel, Atlanta, GA, USA;
David Easterling: National Climate Data Center, Asheville, NC, USA.Contact information for the authors:
Peter Weiss | American Geophysical Union
Modeling magma to find copper
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13.01.2017 | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Among the general public, solar thermal energy is currently associated with dark blue, rectangular collectors on building roofs. Technologies are needed for aesthetically high quality architecture which offer the architect more room for manoeuvre when it comes to low- and plus-energy buildings. With the “ArKol” project, researchers at Fraunhofer ISE together with partners are currently developing two façade collectors for solar thermal energy generation, which permit a high degree of design flexibility: a strip collector for opaque façade sections and a solar thermal blind for transparent sections. The current state of the two developments will be presented at the BAU 2017 trade fair.
As part of the “ArKol – development of architecturally highly integrated façade collectors with heat pipes” project, Fraunhofer ISE together with its partners...
At TU Wien, an alternative for resource intensive formwork for the construction of concrete domes was developed. It is now used in a test dome for the Austrian Federal Railways Infrastructure (ÖBB Infrastruktur).
Concrete shells are efficient structures, but not very resource efficient. The formwork for the construction of concrete domes alone requires a high amount of...
Many pathogens use certain sugar compounds from their host to help conceal themselves against the immune system. Scientists at the University of Bonn have now, in cooperation with researchers at the University of York in the United Kingdom, analyzed the dynamics of a bacterial molecule that is involved in this process. They demonstrate that the protein grabs onto the sugar molecule with a Pac Man-like chewing motion and holds it until it can be used. Their results could help design therapeutics that could make the protein poorer at grabbing and holding and hence compromise the pathogen in the host. The study has now been published in “Biophysical Journal”.
The cells of the mouth, nose and intestinal mucosa produce large quantities of a chemical called sialic acid. Many bacteria possess a special transport system...
UMD, NOAA collaboration demonstrates suitability of in-orbit datasets for weather satellite calibration
"Traffic and weather, together on the hour!" blasts your local radio station, while your smartphone knows the weather halfway across the world. A network of...
Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) are frequently used in the aeronautic and automobile industry. However, the repair of workpieces made of these composite materials is often less profitable than exchanging the part. In order to increase the lifetime of FRP parts and to make them more eco-efficient, the Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH) and the Apodius GmbH want to combine a new measuring device for fiber layer orientation with an innovative laser-based repair process.
Defects in FRP pieces may be production or operation-related. Whether or not repair is cost-effective depends on the geometry of the defective area, the tools...
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16.01.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering


32 days without real rain in France, a new historic record
Metropolitan France has not experienced any real rain for 32 days, the longest meteorological drought ever recorded, which should however end on Wednesday with the return of some precipitation, we learned from Météo -France.
From January 21 to February 21, the total aggregate rainfall on mainland France was less than 1 mm every day, i.e. “the longest series since the start of measurements in 1959”, said the public body.
The episode is all the more worrying as it occurs in winter, a period of crucial groundwater recharge, in a context of chronic rainfall deficit since August 2021 and after an exceptional drought and heat waves in 2022, illustrating the consequences of the global warming.
This consecutive series now exceeds that of the year 2020, which occurred for 31 days between March 17 and April 16, in the midst of the first Covid-19 confinement .
The passage on Wednesday of a low rainfall area, arriving from the west of the country, should however put an end to it, without however fueling optimism: “the month of February 2023 should end with a rainfall deficit of more than 50% , thus becoming one of the driest February months ever recorded”, has already forecast Météo-France.
This record is part of a long-term meteorological drought, since “since August 2021, all months have had a rain deficit with the exception of December 2021, June 2022 and September 2022”, according to Météo-France.
“In addition to the lack of rain, it has been warmer than normal in France for twelve months in a row”, and “February could be the thirteenth of this unprecedented series” since the first reliable data from 1947, adds the national forecasting service.
“France is on alert”, acknowledged Wednesday the Minister of Ecological Transition Christophe Béchu on Franceinfo, on the front line to face the tensions already observable on the use water.
“We are about 2 months late in terms of filling” groundwater tables, added the minister, who will bring together prefects on Monday to “take restrictive measures that are soft from March to avoid ending up in catastrophic arbitration situations” as summer approaches.
Departments are already suffering: the Pyrénées-Orientales have been on drought alert continuously since June and the majority of the Var, in turn placed on drought alert on Friday.< /p>


DELTA (SOYBEANS/COTTON): Spotty showers carry from the holiday weekend into the middle of this week, but amounts are generally low. The showers are helpful where they occur, but the reduction in temperatures was more significant as recent heat has been very stressful for developing cotton and soybeans. Heat will return this week, which will be concerning for crops in areas that are getting missed by the showers. A front over the upcoming weekend provides some hope for meaningful showers.
PACIFIC NORTHWEST (WHEAT): With good soil moisture in the region, near to slightly above normal temperatures are welcome. However, no significant showers are forecast for the next couple of weeks. No showers combined with temperatures well above normal next week mean good conditions will be decreasing.
BRAZIL (CORN/WHEAT): Favorable weather continues for both corn harvest and wheat development overall. Periods of showers will move through Rio Grande do Sul this week, while dryness continues further north. Some wheat in other states could see some stress developing.
ARGENTINA (WHEAT): Dry conditions continue in the country’s wheat regions in the south, unfavorable for establishment. A few showers may move through at times, but amounts are likely to be very low and soil moisture continues to slowly decline.
CANADIAN PRAIRIES (LIVESTOCK/WHEAT/CANOLA): Western areas have seen increases in soil moisture that have been very favorable while eastern areas remain too wet. More systems this week will keep the region’s shower chances active.
Conditions will continue to be mixed for a while, favoring the west over the east, including with temperatures.
EUROPE (WHEAT/CORN): Concerns remain for eastern Europe spring crops due to the current heat wave, but showers and more normal temperatures later this week offer a break from the stress. These showers in eastern Europe this week may interrupt the harvest of winter wheat and other winter grains. Long-term dryness is still a concern across the west as precipitation looks to be sparse or nonexistent this week and next week. Farther south, Spain and Italy remain too hot and dry for summer crops nearing reproduction.
BLACK SEA (WINTER WHEAT/CORN/SUNFLOWERS): Showers are becoming very isolated and the hotter and drier conditions are causing more concerns for corn and sunflowers. The weather will be more favorable for maturing winter wheat and harvest, however, as that starts up soon. A system for the upcoming weekend looks to provide showers and a temporary break in the heat, but the benefits may be limited.
AUSTRALIA (WINTER WHEAT/CANOLA): Despite some recent dryness, the country’s growing regions are still on track for an excellent wheat and canola crop this season. After the rain last week, the northeast will see mainly dry conditions for the next several days. Later this week and parts of next week frontal systems will bring a chance of showers to the southwest and southeast.
Midwest (corn, soybeans and winter wheat)
West: Isolated to scattered showers. Temperatures above normal.
East: Mostly dry south and isolated to scattered showers north. Temperatures above normal.
West: Periods of isolated to scattered showers through Saturday. Temperatures above to near normal through Saturday.
East: Periods of isolated to scattered showers through Saturday. Temperatures above normal through Friday, near to above normal Saturday.
6- to 10-day outlook: 6 to 10 day outlook: Mostly dry east and isolated to scattered showers west Sunday. Mostly dry to isolated showers Monday-Thursday.
Temperatures near normal Sunday-Thursday.
Central and Southern Plains (winter wheat/corn/livestock)
Summary: Mostly dry to isolated showers. Temperatures above normal.
Forecast: Periods of isolated to scattered showers through Friday, mostly north. Partly dry to isolated showers Saturday. Temperatures above normal through Saturday.
6- to 10-day outlook: Mostly dry to isolated showers Sunday-Monday. Isolated to scattered showers Tuesday-Thursday, mostly north. Temperatures above normal Sunday-Tuesday, near to above normal Wednesday-Thursday.
Mississippi Delta (winter wheat/soybeans/cotton)
Summary: Isolated showers. Temperatures near normal.
Forecast: Isolated showers Tuesday-Wednesday. Mostly dry to isolated showers Thursday-Saturday. Temperatures close to above normal through Wednesday, above normal Thursday-Saturday.
6- to 10-day outlook: Isolated showers Sunday-Monday. Partly dry Tuesday.
Isolated showers Wednesday-Thursday. Temperatures close to above normal Sunday-Thursday.
Brazil Soybeans and Corn…
Rio Grande do Sul and Parana…
Summary: Isolated showers far south otherwise mostly dry. Temperatures above normal.
Forecast: Isolated showers far south Tuesday-Wednesday. Isolated showers south Thursday-Saturday. Temperatures above normal Tuesday-Saturday.
Mato Grosso, MGDS and southern Goias…
Summary: Mostly dry. Temperatures close to above normal.
Forecast: Mostly dry through Saturday. Temperatures close to above normal through Saturday.
Darren Miller can be reached at email@example.com
(c) Copyright 2022 DTN, LLC. All rights reserved.


GoAmazon field campaign straddled natural, urban environments in Brazil
A study recently published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) untangled the long-standing mystery of aerosol particle formation at high altitudes in the tropics. The study used data from the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/15) field campaign, managed by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility.
“One of the world’s largest reservoirs of aerosol particles is the high-altitude tropics.”
Aerosols serve as “seeds” from which clouds and, ultimately, rain form. “One of the world’s largest reservoirs of aerosol particles,” according to co-author Jerome Fast, “is the high-altitude tropics.” It was unclear how exactly such high concentrations of aerosols form above the Amazon Basin until lead author Bin Zhao and his team addressed the question in their study. The multi-institutional team found that naturally occurring emissions from the rainforest are driving the production of the particles.
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric System Research (ASR) funded this work via the Integrated Cloud, Land-Surface, and Aerosol System Study (ICLASS) Scientific Focus Area. Zhao and Fast, the principal investigator for ICLASS, are at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Washington state.
GoAmazon took place near the city of Manaus, Brazil, in the heart of the Amazon, from January 2014 through November 2015. The campaign sought to understand the effects of cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions on aerosol and cloud life cycles in this tropical region. The Amazon is home to half of Earth’s tropical forests, thousands of miles of rivers, and 1 in 10 known species on the planet, making it a focal point of concerns about earth system changes.
The Finer Details
Zhao’s team investigated mechanisms of new particle formation to deduce the sources of ultrafine particles found in high concentrations in the Amazon free troposphere. Zhao explains that “ultrafine particles are considered to be no larger than about 100 nanometers,” or 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair.
The team’s study integrated laboratory measurements, chemical transport modeling, and field measurements, especially ARM ground-based and aerial data from GoAmazon.
New particle formation from organic compounds (i.e., oxidation products of biogenic material released by trees) is, as Fast says, “the most complicated and least understood component of particle formation.” The team developed a comprehensive model representation of both temperature-dependent formation chemistry and thermodynamics of extremely low volatility organic compounds (compounds that more easily remain in the particle phase) to account for their roles in new particle formation.
The study revealed new particle formation by means of organic compounds as the main pathway for the large number of aerosols observed at high altitudes above the Amazon, where organic compounds facilitate the formation of new particles.
During GoAmazon, the ARM Mobile Facility’s proximity to the heavily populated city of Manaus allowed for measurements of both the pristine Amazon environment and the city-polluted environment to be recorded. Zhao’s team leveraged this to establish a baseline for aerosol profiles observed during pristine, or preindustrial-like, conditions that are unique to the Amazon. This finding could help scientists begin to answer one of the biggest questions in earth system science: How much impact does human activity have on the Earth’s natural systems?
ARM is a DOE Office of Science user facility operated by nine DOE national laboratories.


This weekend will bring the hottest day of the year so far, with temperatures set to reach a sizzling 31C (87.8F) on Saturday.
On Friday, the mercury will begin to creep up to the high 20s. And the continued hot spell shows no sign of ending as temperatures will settle around the mid-20s well into next week.
The Met Office issued a heat health alert, saying: "Heatwaves can be dangerous, especially for the very young, very old or those with chronic diseases."
The NHS Choices website says temperatures of around 30C (86F) lasting for at least two days and the night in between can have a significant effect on people's health.
Tom Tobler, a forecaster with MeteoGroup, said Saturday's weather was very likely to beat the year's high of 29.7C reached in Bournemouth last Sunday.
"It's certainly going to be a very hot weekend with lots of sunshine," he said. "Temperatures are predicted to reach at least 31C on Saturday, which will make it the hottest day of the year so far.
"Temperatures will drop a few degrees on Sunday into next week but we can't see any sign of the hot weather changing over the next week. It's been a very hot start to July, and it's likely to last a while longer, for the next one or two weeks."
The north of the UK has seen the highest temperatures over the past few days, with the hottest place Castlederg in Northern Ireland, which reached 28.8C on Thursday.
But the heat will start to spread south, where it has been cooler, leaving behind relatively low temperatures of 20C (68F) to 22C (71.6F) in Northern Ireland and Scotland.
Yorkshire is likely to be the hottest area on Friday, before the south welcomes the top highs on Saturday. The heat could lead to a few local thunderstorms in the east.


8.2.5 Aerosol Modelling and Atmospheric Chemistry
Climate simulations including atmospheric aerosols with chemical transport have greatly improved since the TAR. Simulated global aerosol distributions are better compared with observations, especially satellite data (e.g., Advanced Very High Resolution Radar (AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectance (POLDER), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)), the ground-based network (Aerosol Robotic Network; AERONET) and many measurement campaigns (e.g., Chin et al., 2002; Takemura et al., 2002). The global Aerosol Model Intercomparison project, AeroCom, has also been initiated in order to improve understanding of uncertainties of model estimates, and to reduce them (Kinne et al., 2003). These comparisons, combined with cloud observations, should result in improved confidence in the estimation of the aerosol direct and indirect radiative forcing (e.g., Ghan et al., 2001a,b; Lohmann and Lesins, 2002; Takemura et al., 2005). Interactive aerosol sub-component models have been incorporated in some of the climate models used in Chapter 10 (HadGEM1 and MIROC). Some models also include indirect aerosol effects (e.g., Takemura et al., 2005); however, the formulation of these processes is still the subject of much research.
Interactive atmospheric chemistry components are not generally included in the models used in this report. However, CCSM3 includes the modification of greenhouse gas concentrations by chemical processes and conversion of sulphur dioxide and dimethyl sulphide to sulphur aerosols.


There is a wealth of data available on the World Wide Web about our planet,
our solar system, and the universe. The following links allow the users
to access some of the data sites available to the public.
Scientists can now study climate change in far more detail with powerful new computer software released by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colo. The Community Earth System...Read more


Revellers heading to Reading, Creamfields in Cheshire and London’s Notting Hill Carnival all face a drenching
Weather forecasters have predicted heavy downpours as torrential rain sweeps the country.
Revellers heading to Reading, Creamfields in Cheshire and London’s Notting Hill Carnival all face a drenching.
The Met Office issued a 24-hour severe weather warning, forecasting a month’s worth of rain would fall in some areas.
Thunderstorms will dump up to an inch of rain an hour in the Midlands and there will be persistent rain in the north.
Weathermen said there will be showers in the east tomorrow and a washout on Monday. The Environment Agency warned there could be flooding.
And it could be a slow getaway on the roads, according to the High-ways Agency.
It said almost 200 miles of roadworks are due to be completed over the weekend.
About 1.8million Brits are fleeing the wet weather, with Spain, Turkey and Greece the most popular bank holiday destinations.
Eurostar trains will carry 60,000 passengers departing for the Continent this weekend and ferry services are also predicted to be busy.


A quick snow shower is moving through the area this morning, causing some slick spots on the roads and a slow commute.
Because the roads are so cold, the snow is having no problem sticking. The good news is any snow will end quickly this morning and skies will clear this afternoon. Accumulations will run from a coating to an inch.
As milder air moves north, a band of strong winds will affect Cape Cod and the Islands. The National Weather Service has issued a wind advisory for the north and south shore, but a high wind warning for Cape Cod and the Islands.
In the warning areas, winds could gust to 50 or even 60 miles per hour and this may cause some scattered power outages and tree damage.
The winds will diminish later this afternoon and evening.
After the system passes out to sea, sunshine will return and be the dominant weather feature this weekend. It’s going to be chilly, but not the extreme cold we saw Thursday.
Highs on Saturday will be chillier than Sunday, and by Monday, most areas should reach above freezing for the first time in a week.
Going into the start of next week, weather patterns continue to show no signs of impending storms. But, there are some signs of changes late next week or next weekend. Of course, this is quite far away, but it’s what I am watching.
If you are hoping for a big snowstorm, you’ll have to wait until the second half of the month at the earliest.
Friday: Snow showers likely this morning then clearing and not as cold. Windy with highs near 30 degrees.
Friday night: Clear, with a low between 10-16.
Saturday: Sunny and blustery. Cold with highs in the lower 20s.
Sunday: Partly sunny, with a high near 30 degrees.
Monday: A chance of snow showers and highs in the mid 30s.
Tuesday: Mostly sunny, with a high around 32 degrees.
You can follow David’s weather updates on Twitter at @growingwisdom.
This article was originally published on January 09, 2015.


The Huygens probe landed in a damp lake bed fed by fluvial channels, indicative of past rainfall. Such washes, interspersed with vast dunes, are typical of Titan's tropical landscape. Yet, Cassini-Huygens measurements reveal a highly stable tropical atmosphere devoid of deep convective storms, and the formation of washes in dune fields is not understood. Here we examine the effects of seasonal variations in humidity, surface heating, and dynamical forcing on the stability of Titan's troposphere. We find that during the probe landing, the middle troposphere was weakly unstable to convection, consistent with the tenuous cloud detected at 21 km. Yet the tropical atmosphere, at any season, is too stable to produce deep convective storms. Convection in the tropics remains weak and confined to altitudes below ∼30 km, unless the humidity is increased below 9 km altitude. Solar heating is insufficient to significantly humidify the tropical atmosphere. The large polar lakes are seasonably stable, and the methane column abundance measured by Huygens typical of the tropical atmosphere. Our study indicates the presence of distinct polar and equatorial climates. It also suggests that fluvial features in the tropics do not result from recent seasonal rainstorms, and thereby supports other origins such as geological seepage, cryovolcanism, or a wetter climate in the past.
- Individual (Titan)-radiative transfer
- Planets and satellites
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science


Since the beginning of March, only 21 mm of rain has been recorded at Toronto's Pearson International Airport, far below the 99.1 mm that normally falls during that time frame.
As a result, waterways that are typically full of spring runoff are drying up.
In fact, water levels at Black Creek in Toronto are so low that you can actually walk across its sand and gravel bed.
"This is the same location that was hit hard in the August 19, 2005 storm when the river rose and took out the bridge," says camera operator Mark Rozitis.
The lack of moisture is impacting farmers across the country as many depend on Mother Nature to provide.
A system moving into the region is set to bring a bit of rain on Thursday afternoon, but it may not be the moisture some have been waiting for.
"Less than 15 mm of rain is likely for much of southern Ontario through Friday," says Dayna Vettese, a meteorologist at The Weather Network. "So it's definitely not a complete washout for the region."
Meanwhile, heavy snow continues to pile up in northern Ontario with another 5-10 cm expected on Friday.