International Science Index
Failure Cases Analysis in Petrochemical Industry
In recent years, the failure accidents in petrochemical industry have been frequent, and have posed great security problems in personnel and property. The improvement of petrochemical safety is highly requested in order to prevent re-occurrence of severe accident. This study focuses on surveying the failure cases occurred in petrochemical field, which were extracted from journals of engineering failure, including engineering failure analysis and case studies in engineering failure analysis. The relation of failure mode, failure mechanism, type of components, and type of materials was analyzed in this study. And the analytical results showed that failures occurred more frequently in vessels and piping among the petrochemical equipment. Moreover, equipment made of carbon steel and stainless steel accounts for the majority of failures compared to other materials. This may be related to the application of the equipment and the performance of the material. In addition, corrosion failures were the largest in number of occurrence in the failure of petrochemical equipment, in which stress corrosion cracking accounts for a large proportion. This may have a lot to do with the service environment of the petrochemical equipment. Therefore, it can be concluded that the corrosion prevention of petrochemical equipment is particularly important.
Collapse Load Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Pile Group in Liquefying Soils under Lateral Loading
The ultimate load analysis of RC pile groups has assumed a lot of significance under liquefying soil conditions, especially due to post-earthquake studies of 1964 Niigata, 1995 Kobe and 2001 Bhuj earthquakes. The present study reports the results of numerical simulations on pile groups subjected to monotonically increasing lateral loads under design amounts of pile axial loading. The soil liquefaction has been considered through the non-linear p-y relationship of the soil springs, which can vary along the depth/length of the pile. This variation again is related to the liquefaction potential of the site and the magnitude of the seismic shaking. As the piles in the group can reach their extreme deflections and rotations during increased amounts of lateral loading, a precise modeling of the inelastic behavior of the pile cross-section is done, considering the complete stress-strain behavior of concrete, with and without confinement, and reinforcing steel, including the strain-hardening portion. The possibility of the inelastic buckling of the individual piles is considered in the overall collapse modes. The model is analysed using Riks analysis in finite element software to check the post buckling behavior and plastic collapse of piles. The results confirm the kinds of failure modes predicted by centrifuge test results reported by researchers on pile group, although the pile material used is significantly different from that of the simulation model. The extension of the present work promises an important contribution to the design codes for pile groups in liquefying soils.
Evaluation for Punching Shear Strength of Slab-Column Connections with Ultra High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Overlay
This paper presents the test results on 5 slab-column connection specimens with Ultra High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) overlay including 1 control specimen to investigate retrofitting effect of UHPFRC overlay on the punching shear capacity. The test parameters were the thickness of the UHPFRC overlay and the amount of steel re-bars in it. All specimens failed in punching shear mode with abrupt failure aspect. The test results showed that by adding a thin layer of UHPFRC over the Reinforced Concrete (RC) substrates, considerable increases in global punching shear resistance up to 82% and structural rigidity were achieved. Furthermore, based on the cracking patterns the composite systems appeared to be governed by two failure modes: 1) diagonal shear failure in RC section and 2) debonding failure at the interface.
Evaluation of Wind Fragility for Set Anchor Used in Sign Structure in Korea
Recently, damage to domestic facilities by strong winds and typhoons are growing. Therefore, this study focused on sign structure among various vulnerable facilities. The evaluation of the wind fragility was carried out considering the destruction of the anchor, which is one of the various failure modes of the sign structure. The performance evaluation of the anchor was carried out to derive the wind fragility. Two parameters were set and four anchor types were selected to perform the pull-out and shear tests. The resistance capacity was estimated based on the experimental results. Wind loads were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation method. Based on these results, we derived the wind fragility according to anchor type and wind exposure category. Finally, the evaluation of the wind fragility was performed according to the experimental parameters such as anchor length and anchor diameter. This study shows that the depth of anchor was more significant for the safety of structure compare to diameter of anchor.
Failure Analysis and Fatigue Life Estimation of a Shaft of a Rotary Draw Bending Machine
Human consumption of the Earth's resources increases the need for a sustainable development as an important ecological, social, and economic theme. Re-engineering of machine tools, in terms of design and failure analysis, is defined as steps performed on an obsolete machine to return it to a new machine with the warranty that matches the customer requirement. To understand the future fatigue behavior of the used machine components, it is important to investigate the possible causes of machine parts failure through design, surface, and material inspections. In this study, the failure modes of the shaft of the rotary draw bending machine are inspected. Furthermore, stress and deflection analysis of the shaft subjected to combined torsion and bending loads are carried out by an analytical method and compared with a finite element analysis method. The theoretical fatigue strength, correction factors, and fatigue life sustained by the shaft before damaged are estimated by creating a stress-cycle (S-N) diagram. In conclusion, it is seen that the shaft can work in the second life, but it needs some surface treatments to increase the reliability and fatigue life.
Experimental Investigation on Cold-Formed Steel Foamed Concrete Composite Wall under Compression
A series of tests on cold-formed steel foamed concrete (CSFC) composite walls subjected to axial load were proposed. The primary purpose of the experiments was to study the mechanical behavior and identify the failure modes of CSFC composite walls. Two main factors were considered in this study: 1) specimen with pouring foamed concrete or without and 2) different foamed concrete density ranks (corresponding to different foamed concrete strength). The interior space between two pieces of straw board of the specimen W-2 and W-3 were poured foamed concrete, and the specimen W-1 does not have foamed concrete core. The foamed concrete density rank of the specimen W-2 was A05 grade, and that of the specimen W-3 was A07 grade. Results showed that the failure mode of CSFC composite wall without foamed concrete was distortional buckling of cold-formed steel (CFS) column, and that poured foamed concrete includes the local crushing of foamed concrete and local buckling of CFS column, but the former prior to the later. Compared with CSFC composite wall without foamed concrete, the ultimate bearing capacity of spec imens poured A05 grade and A07 grade foamed concrete increased 1.6 times and 2.2 times respectively, and specimen poured foamed concrete had a low vertical deformation. According to these results, the simplified calculation formula for the CSFC wall subjected to axial load was proposed, and the calculated results from this formula are in very good agreement with the test results.
Quasi-Static Analysis of End Plate Beam-to-Column Connections
This paper presents a method for modelling and analysing end plate beam-to-column connections to obtain the quasi-static behaviour using non-linear dynamic explicit integration. In addition to its importance to study the static behaviour of a structural member, quasi-static behaviour is largely needed to be compared with the dynamic behaviour of such members in order to investigate the dynamic effect by proposing dynamic increase factors (DIFs). The beam-to-column bolted connections contain various contact surfaces at which the implicit procedure may have difficulties converging, resulting in a large number of iterations. Contrary, explicit procedure could deal effectively with complex contacts without converging problems. Hence, finite element modelling using ABAQUS/explicit is used in this study to address the dynamic effect may be produced using explicit procedure. Also, the effect of loading rate and mass scaling are discussed to investigate their effect on the time of analysis. The results show that the explicit procedure is valuable to model the end plate beam-to-column connections in terms of failure mode, load-displacement relationships. Also, it is concluded that loading rate and mass scaling should be carefully selected to avoid the dynamic effect in the solution.
Evaluation of Applicability of High Strength Stirrup for Prestressed Concrete Members
Recently, the use of high-strength materials is increasing as the construction of large structures and high-rise structures increases. This paper presents an analysis of the shear behavior of prestressed concrete members with various types of materials by simulating a finite element (FE) analysis. The analytical results indicated that the shear strength and shear failure mode were strongly influenced by not only the shear reinforcement ratio but also the yield strength of shear reinforcement and the compressive strength of concrete. Though the yield strength of shear reinforcement increased the shear strength of prestressed concrete members, there was a limit to the increase in strength because of the change of shear failure modes. According to the results of FE analysis on various parameters, the maximum yield strength of the steel stirrup that can be applied to prestressed concrete members was about 860 MPa.
Critical Analysis of Heat Exchanger Cycle for its Maintainability Using Failure Modes and Effect Analysis and Pareto Analysis
The Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient evaluation technique to identify potential failures in products, processes, and services. FMEA is designed to identify and prioritize failure modes. It proves to be a useful method for identifying and correcting possible failures at its earliest possible level so that one can avoid consequences of poor performance. In this paper, FMEA tool is used in detection of failures of various components of heat exchanger cycle and to identify critical failures of the components which may hamper the system’s performance. Further, a detailed Pareto analysis is done to find out the most critical components of the cycle, the causes of its failures, and possible recommended actions. This paper can be used as a checklist which will help in maintainability of the system.
Analysis of Flexural Behavior of Wood-Concrete Beams
This study presents an overview of the work carried out by the use of wood waste as coarse aggregate in mortar. The paper describes experimental and numerical investigations carried on pervious concrete made of wood chips and also sheds lights on the mechanical properties of this new product. The properties of pervious wood-concrete such as strength, elastic modulus, and failure modes are compared and evaluated. The characterization procedure of the mechanical properties of wood waste ash are presented and discussed. The numerical and tested load–deflection response results are compared. It was observed that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Thermal Effect on Wave Interaction in Composite Structures
There exist a wide range of failure modes in composite
structures due to the increased usage of the structures especially in
aerospace industry. Moreover, temperature dependent wave response
of composite and layered structures have been continuously studied,
though still limited, in the last decade mainly due to the broad
operating temperature range of aerospace structures. A wave finite
element (WFE) and finite element (FE) based computational method
is presented by which the temperature dependent wave dispersion
characteristics and interaction phenomenon in composite structures
can be predicted. Initially, the temperature dependent mechanical
properties of the panel in the range of -100 ◦C to 150 ◦C are
measured experimentally using the Thermal Mechanical Analysis
(TMA). Temperature dependent wave dispersion characteristics of
each waveguide of the structural system, which is discretized as a
system of a number of waveguides coupled by a coupling element, is
calculated using the WFE approach. The wave scattering properties,
as a function of temperature, is determined by coupling the WFE
wave characteristics models of the waveguides with the full FE
modelling of the coupling element on which defect is included.
Numerical case studies are exhibited for two waveguides coupled
through a coupling element.
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Optimally Designed Steel Angelina™ Beams
Web-expanded steel beams provide an easy and economical solution for the systems having longer structural members. The main goal of manufacturing these beams is to increase the moment of inertia and section modulus, which results in greater strength and rigidity. Until recently, there were two common types of open web-expanded beams: with hexagonal openings, also called castellated beams, and beams with circular openings referred to as cellular beams, until the generation of sinusoidal web-expanded beams. In the present research, the optimum design of a new generation beams, namely sinusoidal web-expanded beams, will be carried out and the design results will be compared with castellated and cellular beam solutions. Thanks to a reduced fabrication process and substantial material savings, the web-expanded beam with sinusoidal holes (Angelina™ Beam) meets the economic requirements of steel design problems while ensuring optimum safety. The objective of this research is to carry out non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) of the web-expanded beam with sinusoidal holes. The FE method has been used to predict their entire response to increasing values of external loading until they lose their load carrying capacity. FE model of each specimen that is utilized in the experimental studies is carried out. These models are used to simulate the experimental work to verify of test results and to investigate the non-linear behavior of failure modes such as web-post buckling, shear buckling and vierendeel bending of beams.
Failure Modes and Bearing Capacity Estimation for Strip Foundations in C-ɸ Soils: A Numerical Study
In this study, typical c-ɸ soils subjected to loadings were assessed with a view to understand the general stress distribution and settlement behaviour of the soils under drained conditions. Numerical estimations of the non-dimensional bearing capacity factors, Nq and Nγ for varied angles of friction in the soil mass were obtained using PLAXIS. Ultimate bearing capacity values over a Ф range of 0-30 degrees were also computed and compared with analytical results obtained from the traditional simplified uncoupled approach of Terzaghi and Meyerhof. Results from the numerical study agree well with theoretical findings.
Diagonal Crack Width of RC Members with High Strength Materials
This paper presents an analysis of the diagonal crack widths of RC members with various types of materials by simulating a compatibility-aided truss model. The analytical results indicated that the diagonal crack width was influenced by not only the shear reinforcement ratio but also the yield strength of shear reinforcement and the compressive strength of concrete. The yield strength of shear reinforcement and the compressive strength of concrete decreased the diagonal shear crack width of RC members for the same shear force because of the change of shear failure modes. However, regarding the maximum shear crack width at shear failure, the shear crack width of the beam with high strength materials was greater than that of the beam with normal strength materials.
On the Evaluation of Critical Lateral-Torsional Buckling Loads of Monosymmetric Beam-Columns
Beam-column elements are defined as structural members subjected to a combination of axial and bending forces. Lateral torsional buckling is one of the major failure modes in which beam-columns that are bent about its strong axis may buckle out of the plane by deflecting laterally and twisting. This study presents a compact closed-form equation that it can be used for calculating critical lateral torsional-buckling load of beam-columns with monosymmetric sections in the presence of a known axial load. Lateral-torsional buckling behavior of beam-columns subjected to constant axial force and various transverse load cases are investigated by using Ritz method in order to establish proposed equation. Lateral-torsional buckling loads calculated by presented formula are compared to finite element model results. ABAQUS software is utilized to generate finite element models of beam-columns. It is found out that lateral-torsional buckling load of beam-columns with monosymmetric sections can be determined by proposed equation and can be safely used in design.
Numerical Simulation of Punching Shear of Flat Plates with Low Reinforcement
Punching shear failure is usually the governing failure mode of flat plate structures. Punching failure is brittle in nature which induces more vulnerability to this type of structure. In the present study, a 3D finite element model of a flat plate with low reinforcement ratio and without any transverse reinforcement has been developed. Punching shear stress and the deflection data were obtained on the surface of the flat plate as well as through the thickness of the model from numerical simulations. The obtained data were compared with the experimental results. Variation of punching stress with respect to deflection as obtained from numerical results is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results; the range of variation of punching stress is within 5%. The numerical simulation shows an early and gradual onset of nonlinearity, whereas the same is late and abrupt as observed in the experimental results. The range of variation of punching stress for different slab thicknesses between experimental and numerical results is less than 15%. The developed numerical model is useful to complement available punching test series performed in the past. The results obtained from the numerical model will be helpful for designing retrofitting schemes of flat plates.
Foundation Retrofitting of Storage Tank under Seismic Load
The different seismic behavior of liquid storage tanks rather than conventional structures makes their responses more complicated. Uplifting and excessive settlement due to liquid sloshing are the most frequent damages in cylindrical liquid tanks after shell bucking failure modes. As a matter of fact, uses of liquid storage tanks because of the simple construction on compact layer of soil as a foundation are very conventional, but in some cases need to retrofit are essential. The tank seismic behavior can be improved by modifying dynamic characteristic of tank with verifying seismic loads as well as retrofitting and improving base ground. This paper focuses on a typical steel tank on loose, medium and stiff sandy soil and describes an evaluation of displacement of the tank before and after retrofitting. The Abaqus program was selected for its ability to include shell and structural steel elements, soil-structure interaction, and geometrical nonlinearities and contact type elements. The result shows considerable decreasing in settlement and uplifting in the case of retrofitted tank. Also, by increasing shear strength parameter of soil, the performance of the liquid storage tank under the case of seismic load increased.
Study of Debonding of Composite Material from a Deforming Concrete Beam Using Infrared Thermography
This article focuses on the cycle of experimental studies of the formation of cracks and debondings in the concrete reinforced with carbon fiber. This research was carried out in Perm National Research Polytechnic University. A series of CFRP-strengthened RC beams was tested to investigate the influence of preload and crack repairing factors on CFRP debonding. IRT was applied to detect the early stage of IC debonding during the laboratory bending tests. It was found that for the beams strengthened under load after crack injecting, СFRP debonding strain is 4-65% lower than for the preliminary strengthened beams. The beams strengthened under the load had a relative area of debonding of 2 times higher than preliminary strengthened beams. The СFRP debonding strain is weakly dependent on the strength of the concrete substrate. For beams with a transverse wrapping anchorage in support sections FRP debonding is not a failure mode.
Design for Safety: Safety Consideration in Planning and Design of Airport Airsides
During airport planning and design stages, the major issues of capacity and safety in construction and operation of an airport need to be taken into consideration. The airside of an airport is a major and critical infrastructure that usually consists of runway(s), taxiway system, and apron(s) etc., which have to be designed according to the international standards and recommendations, and local limitations to accommodate the forecasted demands. However, in many cases, airport airsides are suffering from unexpected risks that occurred during airport operations. Therefore, safety risk assessment should be applied in the planning and design of airsides to cope with the probability of risks and their consequences, and to make decisions to reduce the risks to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) based on safety risk assessment. This paper presents a combination approach of Failure Modes, Effect, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), Fuzzy Reasoning Approach (FRA), and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to develop a risk analysis model for safety risk assessment. An illustrated example is used to the demonstrate risk assessment process on how the design of an airside in an airport can be analysed by using the proposed safety design risk assessment model.
Simulating the Interaction between Groundwater and Brittle Failure in Open Pit Slopes
This paper presents the results of a study on the
influence of varying percentages of rock bridges along a basal surface
defining a biplanar failure mode. A pseudo-coupled-hydromechanical
brittle fracture analysis is adopted using the state-of-the-art code
Slope Model. Model results show that rock bridge failure is strongly
influenced by the incorporation of groundwater pressures. The
models show that groundwater pressure can promote total failure of a
5% rock bridge along the basal surface. Once the percentage of the
rock bridges increases to 10 and 15%, although, the rock bridges are
broken, full interconnection of the surface defining the basal surface
of the biplanar mode does not occur. Increased damage is caused
when the rock bridge is located at the daylighting end of the basal
surface in proximity to the blast damage zone. As expected, some
cracking damage is experienced in the blast damage zone, where
properties representing a good quality controlled damage blast
technique were assumed. Model results indicate the potential increase
of permeability towards the blast damage zone.
Buckling Resistance of GFRP Sandwich Infill Panels with Different Cores under Increased Temperatures
This paper presents numerical analysis in terms of
buckling resistance of GFRP sandwich infill panels system under the
influence of increased temperature on the foam core. Failure mode
under in-plane compression is studied by means of numerical analysis
with ABAQUS platform. Parameters considered in this study are
contact length and both the type of foam for core and the variation of
its module elastic under the thermal influence. Increment of
temperature is considered in static cases and only applied to core.
Indeed, it is proven that the effect of temperature alters the mechanical
properties of the entire panel system. Moreover, the rises of
temperature result in a decrease in strength of the panel. This is due to
the polymeric nature of this material. Additionally, the contact length
also displays the effect on performance of infill panel. Their
significance factors are based on type of polymer for core. Therefore,
by comparing difference type of core material, the variation can be
Young’s Modulus Variability: Influence on Masonry Vault Behavior
This paper presents a methodology for probabilistic
assessment of bearing capacity and prediction of failure mechanism
of masonry vaults at the ultimate state with consideration of the
natural variability of Young’s modulus of stones. First, the
computation model is explained. The failure mode corresponds to the
four-hinge mechanism. Based on this consideration, the study of a
vault composed of 16 segments is presented. The Young’s modulus of
the segments is considered as random variable defined by a mean
value and a coefficient of variation. A relationship linking the vault
bearing capacity to the voussoirs modulus variation is proposed. The
most probable failure mechanisms, in addition to that observed in the
deterministic case, are identified for each variability level as well as
their probability of occurrence. The results show that the mechanism
observed in the deterministic case has decreasing probability of
occurrence in terms of variability, while the number of other
mechanisms and their probability of occurrence increases with the
coefficient of variation of Young’s modulus. This means that if a
significant change in the Young’s modulus of the segments is proven,
taking it into account in computations becomes mandatory, both for
determining the vault bearing capacity and for predicting its failure
FEM and Experimental Modal Analysis of Computer Mount
Over the last few decades, oilfield service rolling
equipment has significantly increased in weight, primarily because of
emissions regulations, which require larger/heavier engines, larger
cooling systems, and emissions after-treatment systems, in some
cases, etc. Larger engines cause more vibration and shock loads,
leading to failure of electronics and control systems.
If the vibrating frequency of the engine matches the system
frequency, high resonance is observed on structural parts and mounts.
One such existing automated control equipment system comprising
wire rope mounts used for mounting computers was designed
approximately 12 years ago. This includes the use of an industrialgrade
computer to control the system operation. The original
computer had a smaller, lighter enclosure. After a few years, a newer
computer version was introduced, which was 10 lbm heavier. Some
failures of internal computer parts have been documented for cases in
which the old mounts were used. Because of the added weight, there
is a possibility of having the two brackets impact each other under
off-road conditions, which causes a high shock input to the computer
parts. This added failure mode requires validating the existing mount
design to suit the new heavy-weight computer.
This paper discusses the modal finite element method (FEM)
analysis and experimental modal analysis conducted to study the
effects of vibration on the wire rope mounts and the computer. The
existing mount was modelled in ANSYS software, and resultant
mode shapes and frequencies were obtained. The experimental modal
analysis was conducted, and actual frequency responses were
observed and recorded.
Results clearly revealed that at resonance frequency, the brackets
were colliding and potentially causing damage to computer parts. To
solve this issue, spring mounts of different stiffness were modeled in
ANSYS software, and the resonant frequency was determined.
Increasing the stiffness of the system increased the resonant
frequency zone away from the frequency window at which the engine
showed heavy vibrations or resonance. After multiple iterations in
ANSYS software, the stiffness of the spring mount was finalized,
which was again experimentally validated.
Development of a Numerical Model to Predict Wear in Grouted Connections for Offshore Wind Turbine Generators
In order to better understand the long term
implications of the grout wear failure mode in large-diameter plainsided
grouted connections, a numerical model has been developed
and calibrated that can take advantage of existing operational plant
data to predict the wear accumulation for the actual load conditions
experienced over a given period, thus limiting the requirement for
expensive monitoring systems. This model has been derived and
calibrated based on site structural condition monitoring (SCM) data
and supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA) data
for two operational wind turbine generator substructures afflicted
with this challenge, along with experimentally derived wear rates.
Resistance and Sub-Resistances of RC Beams Subjected to Multiple Failure Modes
Geometric and mechanical properties all influence the
resistance of RC structures and may, in certain combination of
property values, increase the risk of a brittle failure of the whole
This paper presents a statistical and probabilistic investigation on
the resistance of RC beams designed according to Eurocodes 2 and 8,
and subjected to multiple failure modes, under both the natural
variation of material properties and the uncertainty associated with
cross-section and transverse reinforcement geometry. A full
probabilistic model based on JCSS Probabilistic Model Code is
derived. Different beams are studied through material nonlinear
analysis via Monte Carlo simulations. The resistance model is
consistent with Eurocode 2. Both a multivariate statistical evaluation
and the data clustering analysis of outcomes are then performed.
Results show that the ultimate load behaviour of RC beams
subjected to flexural and shear failure modes seems to be mainly
influenced by the combination of the mechanical properties of both
longitudinal reinforcement and stirrups, and the tensile strength of
concrete, of which the latter appears to affect the overall response of
the system in a nonlinear way. The model uncertainty of the
resistance model used in the analysis plays undoubtedly an important
role in interpreting results.
Dynamic Risk Identification Using Fuzzy Failure Mode Effect Analysis in Fabric Process Industries: A Research Article as Management Perspective
In and around Erode District, it is estimated that more
than 1250 chemical and allied textile processing fabric industries are
affected, partially closed and shut off for various reasons such as poor
management, poor supplier performance, lack of planning for
productivity, fluctuation of output, poor investment, waste analysis,
labor problems, capital/labor ratio, accumulation of stocks, poor
maintenance of resources, deficiencies in the quality of fabric, low
capacity utilization, age of plant and equipment, high investment and
input but low throughput, poor research and development, lack of
energy, workers’ fear of loss of jobs, work force mix and work ethic.
The main objective of this work is to analyze the existing conditions
in textile fabric sector, validate the break even of Total Productivity
(TP), analyze, design and implement fuzzy sets and mathematical
programming for improvement of productivity and quality
dimensions in the fabric processing industry. It needs to be
compatible with the reality of textile and fabric processing industries.
The highly risk events from productivity and quality dimension were
found by fuzzy systems and results are wrapped up among the textile
fabric processing industry.
Seismic Analysis of URM Buildings in S. Africa
South Africa has some regions which are susceptible
to moderate seismic activity. A peak ground acceleration of between
0.1g and 0.15g can be expected in the southern parts of the Western
Cape. Unreinforced Masonry (URM) is commonly used as a
construction material for 2 to 5 storey buildings in underprivileged
areas in and around Cape Town. URM is typically regarded as the
material most vulnerable to damage when subjected to earthquake
excitation. In this study, a three-storey URM building was analysed
by applying seven earthquake time-histories, which can be expected
to occur in South Africa using a finite element approach.
Experimental data was used to calibrate the in- and out-of-plane
stiffness of the URM. The results indicated that tensile cracking of
the in-plane piers was the dominant failure mode. It is concluded that
URM buildings of this type are at risk of failure especially if
sufficient ductility is not provided. The results also showed that
connection failure must be investigated further.
Determining Occurrence in FMEA Using Hazard Function
FMEA has been used for several years and proved its efficiency for system’s risk analysis due to failures. Risk priority number found in FMEA is used to rank failure modes that may occur in a system. There are some guidelines in the literature to assign the values of FMEA components known as Severity, Occurrence and Detection. This paper propose a method to assign the value for occurrence in more realistic manner representing the state of the system under study rather than depending totally on the experience of the analyst. This method uses the hazard function of a system to determine the value of occurrence depending on the behavior of the hazard being constant, increasing or decreasing.
An Optimal Bayesian Maintenance Policy for a Partially Observable System Subject to Two Failure Modes
In this paper, we present a new maintenance model
for a partially observable system subject to two failure modes,
namely a catastrophic failure and a failure due to the system
degradation. The system is subject to condition monitoring and the
degradation process is described by a hidden Markov model. A
cost-optimal Bayesian control policy is developed for maintaining
the system. The control problem is formulated in the semi-Markov
decision process framework. An effective computational algorithm is
developed, illustrated by a numerical example.
Parameters Affecting the Elasto-Plastic Behavior of Outrigger Braced Walls to Earthquakes
Outrigger-braced wall systems are commonly used to provide high rise buildings with the required lateral stiffness for wind and earthquake resistance. The existence of outriggers adds to the stiffness and strength of walls as reported by several studies. The effects of different parameters on the elasto-plastic dynamic behavior of outrigger-braced wall systems to earthquakes are investigated in this study. Parameters investigated include outrigger stiffness, concrete strength, and reinforcement arrangement as the main design parameters in wall design. In addition to being significantly affect the wall behavior, such parameters may lead to the change of failure mode and the delay of crack propagation and consequently failure as the wall is excited by earthquakes. Bi-linear stress-strain relation for concrete with limited tensile strength and truss members with bi-linear stress-strain relation for reinforcement were used in the finite element analysis of the problem. The famous earthquake record, El-Centro, 1940 is used in the study. Emphasize was given to the lateral drift, normal stresses and crack pattern as behavior controlling determinants. Results indicated significant effect of the studied parameters such that stiffer outrigger, higher grade concrete and concentrating the reinforcement at wall edges enhance the behavior of the system. Concrete stresses and cracking behavior are too much enhanced while less drift improvements are observed.


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THE Ibiza is already well-established as Seats most popular model in the United Kingdom and worldwide and has just enjoyed its most successful year for sales.
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This is the first car to showcase a fresh Seat design language, masterminded by new supremo Alejandro Mesonero-Romanos, and carries on the process which has seen the Ibiza become progressively more youthful and athletic looking in recent years.
The lines are more cleanly sculpted while the familiar trapezoidal front grille has been narrowed and sharpened up which, along with the distinctive new headlights and expansive lower air intake, give the two-door Ibiza SC in particular a much more aggressive appearance.Its a muscular look that is further accentuated on this top of the range FR model by 16-inch alloy wheels, twin tail pipes, exclusive badging and sports seats and steering wheel inside.
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Although the smallest power plant in the range the 1.2 TSI is by no means the limpest, with state-of-the-art turbocharging meaning that it generates 105PS, is capable of going from standstill to 62mph in less than ten seconds and offers a top speed of 118mph.
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But this perky performance doesnt come at bank-breaking cost as the efficient little engine will also deliver more than 55 miles per gallon on average and carbon emissions of 119g/km mean tax bills are low.
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It is tighter in the rear, however, where the raking coupe-style roofline of the SC body means that headroom is limited and leg room is quite tight.
The boot, though, is perfectly serviceable for a supermini and would have no problem coping with a weekly shop or babys buggy, for instance, while the 60/40 split folding rear seats also mean that the load space can be extended.
Kit on this range-topper includes stability and cruise control, trip computer, heated wing mirrors, electric windows, air conditioning and a stereo with aux-in socket all of which help to make the SC FR, at around s13,500, pretty good value for money.
Families may be better served looking at the ST estate version, but for young singletons and couples after a relatively cheap car that looks good and is fun to drive this is a real contender.
Mechanical: 105PS, 1,197cc petrol engine driving front wheels via a 5-speed manual transmission
Max Speed: 118mph
0-62mph: 9.8 seconds
Combined mpg: 55.4
Insurance Group: 12E
CO2 emissions: 119g/km
Bik rating: 14%
Warranty: 3 years/60,000 miles


Central Park Dwarka Expressway
Luxury Flats on Sector 104
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Central Park Dwarka Expressway Sector 104 Gurgaon: Where Luxury Meets Nature in Urban Elegance
In the dynamic landscape of Gurgaon, a city that’s rapidly evolving and expanding, Central Park Dwarka Expressway residential project in Sector 104 stands as a remarkable testament to opulent living and contemporary design. Spanning a vast expanse, this project seamlessly merges modernity with the tranquility of nature, offering an unparalleled living experience that redefines the concept of luxury.
Nestled against the skyline, the meticulously designed towers of Central Park Dwarka Expressway Sector 104 Gurgaon command attention with their precision and attention to detail. The seamless integration of modern aesthetics and lush green surroundings creates an inviting and visually pleasing ambiance that captures the essence of sophisticated living.
Within this project, residents are treated to a plethora of amenities that cater to diverse needs and desires. From expansive landscaped gardens that invite leisurely strolls to a fully equipped fitness center that encourages a healthy lifestyle, every facet of luxurious living has been meticulously considered. The lavish clubhouse serves as a vibrant social hub, fostering connections, relaxation, and engagement in a variety of recreational activities.
For outdoor enthusiasts, the project boasts open-air sports facilities, jogging tracks, and dedicated children’s play areas. The glistening swimming pool complements the refined lifestyle on offer, providing a refreshing escape from the urban bustle. Amidst Gurgaon’s urban landscape,Central Park Dwarka Expressway 104 Gurugram Residences stands as a symbol of the harmonious coexistence of nature and modernity. Thoughtfully interspersed with green spaces, the project offers a serene environment that promotes well-being and tranquility, underlining its commitment to sustainability through eco-friendly construction practices, rainwater harvesting systems, and energy-efficient technologies.
With a range of residential options to cater to varying preferences, Central Park Dwarka Expressway Sector 104 New Launch Project in Gurgaon prioritizes elegance and comfort. From 2 BHK to 4 BHK apartments, each unit is designed to exude sophistication while maximizing utility. Premium finishes, smart space utilization, and modern amenities elevate the overall living experience, creating homes that resonate with both style and functionality.
Safety and convenience reign supreme within the project. A gated community with round-the-clock security surveillance guarantees a safe living environment. The integration of smart home technologies empowers residents to manage various aspects of their homes through intuitive digital interfaces, amplifying convenience and control.
Strategically positioned, Central Park Dwarka Expressway’s Sector 104 project enjoys a prime location within Gurgaon. Along the Dwarka Expressway, it offers seamless connectivity to the Indira Gandhi International Airport and the Delhi-Jaipur National Highway, catering to both frequent travelers and daily commuters. The forthcoming Delhi Metro extension further augments the project’s connectivity, making it an even more desirable location for urban dwellers.
Central Park Dwarka Expressway Sector 104 enjoys a strategic location that places convenience and connectivity at the forefront. Situated along the bustling Dwarka Expressway, this project stands as a gateway to major commercial and recreational hubs. Its proximity to the Indira Gandhi International Airport ensures hassle-free travel for frequent flyers, while the accessibility to the Delhi-Jaipur National Highway streamlines commuting for residents. Moreover, the upcoming extension of the Delhi Metro in close proximity promises to further enhance connectivity, making daily travel more efficient and convenient.
Beyond its transportation advantages, the project’s location caters to an urban lifestyle enriched by accessibility to essential destinations. The presence of emerging commercial districts and recreational hubs in the vicinity ensures that residents have easy access to shopping, entertainment, and dining options. Furthermore, its position in the heart of Gurgaon grants quick connections to the Diplomatic Enclave 2, South Delhi, and other major urban centers, facilitating seamless access to a myriad of services and experiences. In sum, Central Park Dwarka Expressway Sector 104’s location seamlessly blends the ease of connectivity with the vibrancy of urban living, creating a harmonious balance for residents to thrive in a dynamic environment.
Central Park Dwarka Expressway Sector 104 Gurgaon: A Visionary Masterplan Redefining Urban Living
Central Park Dwarka Expressway Sector 104 Gurgaon emerges as a visionary masterpiece in the realm of modern real estate, captivating the essence of luxurious living and contemporary design. The meticulously crafted masterplan of this project not only resonates with opulence but also harmoniously blends with its natural surroundings, redefining the concept of urban living.
Spanning across an expansive landscape, the masterplan of Central Park Dwarka Expressway Sector 104 is a manifestation of thoughtful design that marries aesthetic beauty with functional practicality. The project features meticulously designed towers that soar majestically against the skyline, a testament to precision and attention to detail. The seamless integration of modern architecture with the verdant greenery of the surroundings creates a captivating visual narrative that invites residents to experience a sense of tranquility and elegance.
At the heart of this masterplan is an unwavering commitment to providing an enriched lifestyle through a myriad of amenities and facilities. Sprawling landscaped gardens beckon residents for leisurely walks and peaceful moments amidst nature’s embrace. A fully equipped fitness center promotes a healthy way of life, while the lavish clubhouse serves as a social nucleus where connections are forged and leisure pursuits are elevated. For those with a penchant for outdoor activities, open-air sports facilities, jogging tracks, and dedicated children’s play areas offer avenues for recreation and enjoyment. The centerpiece, a pristine swimming pool, complements the luxurious lifestyle on offer, providing a soothing escape from the urban hustle.
Beyond aesthetics and leisure, the masterplan underscores sustainability through eco-friendly construction practices and energy-efficient technologies. Rainwater harvesting systems seamlessly blend with the landscape, and the focus on green spaces promotes a balanced ecological coexistence. This integration of environmental consciousness echoes Central Park’s commitment to creating residences that resonate with harmony and respect for the environment.
The residential offerings within this masterplan cater to diverse preferences, encompassing 2 BHK to 4 BHK apartments. The interiors of each unit exude elegance and comfort, characterized by premium finishes and intelligent space utilization. Modern amenities further elevate the living experience, transforming these spaces into stylish sanctuaries that seamlessly blend style with functionality.
Central Park Sector 104’s masterplan also prioritizes security and convenience. As a gated community, the project ensures 24/7 security surveillance, fostering a safe and secure living environment. The infusion of smart home technologies empowers residents with control over various aspects of their homes through user-friendly digital interfaces, promoting convenience and customization.
Strategically positioned along the Dwarka Expressway, the project’s masterplan takes full advantage of its prime location, offering seamless connectivity to key destinations. Whether it’s the Indira Gandhi International Airport or the Delhi-Jaipur National Highway, accessibility is at its zenith, making it an ideal choice for both travelers and daily commuters. The forthcoming Delhi Metro extension in close proximity further elevates the connectivity quotient, enhancing the project’s allure.
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Opulnz Abode takes an existing view of luxury and makes it wholesome and life changing through new details and innovations.


Environmental adhesive and Eco FRIENDLY Canvas is waterproof and has even texture. DIY diamond painting can help to reduce stress, emotional adjustment, enhance self-confidence and perseverance, and cultivate patience. Suitable for adults and children. 5D Diamond painting is perfect to decorate your living room, bedroom, office, restaurant, bar or anywhere you want a different decorative style and a it is a perfect gift.. The Diamond Painting Kit can be preserved for many years and will be wonderful gifts for parents, children, friends and colleagues.


The fonts are contained in the root of the directory.
Where are fonts installed in Linux?
First of all, fonts in Linux are located in various directories. However the standard ones are /usr/share/fonts , /usr/local/share/fonts and ~/. fonts . You can put your new fonts in any of those folders, just keep in mind that fonts in the ~/.
Where do I put my font file?
All fonts are stored in the C:WindowsFonts folder. You can also add fonts by simply dragging font files from the extracted files folder into this folder. Windows will automatically install them. If you want to see what a font looks like, open the Fonts folder, right-click the font file, and then click Preview.
Where do I put fonts in Linux Mint?
To install fonts to your system for use by all users, (as root) you can place the font files somewhere under /usr/share/fonts or /usr/share/fonts/truetype. Alternatively, if the fonts reside elsewhere on your system, as root, you can also link to the directory.
How do I see all fonts in Linux?
Try fc-list command. It is a quick and handy command to lists fonts and styles available on the Linux system for applications using fontconfig. You can use fc-list to find out whether a particular language font is installed or not.
What font is used in Linux?
Terminal is a family of monospaced raster typefaces. It is relatively small compared with Courier. It uses crossed zeros, and is designed to approximate the font normally used in MS-DOS or other text-based consoles such as on Linux.
How do I install custom fonts?
How to Install Fonts on a PC
- Shut down any program you want to use the font in.
- Download the font to your computer and open zip files if necessary. It may have a . zip, . otf, or . …
- Right click on each font you’d like to add, then choose “Open.”
- Once open, click “Install” to add the font to your computer.
How do I add new fonts?
Installing a Font on Windows
- Download the font from Google Fonts, or another font website.
- Unzip the font by double-clicking on the . …
- Open the font folder, which will show the font or fonts you downloaded.
- Open the folder, then right-click on each font file and select Install. …
- Your font should now be installed!
How do I install TTF fonts?
To install the TrueType font in Windows:
Click on Fonts, click on File in the main tool bar and select Install New Font. Select the folder where the font is located. The fonts will appear; select the desired font that is titled TrueType and click on OK. Click Start and choose restart the computer.
What fonts does Ubuntu use?
It was then that it became the new default font of the Ubuntu operating system in Ubuntu 10.10. Its designers include Vincent Connare, creator of the Comic Sans and Trebuchet MS fonts.
|License||Ubuntu Font Licence|


The original Scout was created as a competitor to the Jeep.
The Scout was developed and ultimately produced in less than two years time -- a remarkable achievement in the automotive industry in the 60's.
The Scout line was formally introduced to the public on January 18, 1961.
The first Scout to roll off the production line was available in both 2WD and 4WD versions. The engine was a 93 hp 4 cylinder engine, with 3 speed, floor mounted transmission.
In 1967, the first Scout V-8 was built, powered with a 266 cubic inch engine.
Scout 80 was the model designation for the early model Scouts (1961-mid-1965). They had sliding windows, a 152 4 cyl. engine, a fold-down windshield, vacuum windshield wipers at the top of the windshield and an IH logo in the center of the grill.
Scout 800 was the model designation for Scouts produced from late-1965 to mid-1971. They were manufactured with more creature comforts and had a fixed windshield, fancier bucket seats, windshield wipers located at the bottom of the windshield, an optional 196 4-cyl., 232 Inline-6, 266 V-8 or even a 304 V-8 in the 1969 and newer models, and an International nameplate versus the IH logo on the grill.
Scout sales through the 1960's exceeded total sales of all Universal Jeeps.
The Scout II debuted in April of 1971 and incorporated vehicle improvements that engineers had determined necessary during manufacture of the original Scout.
The last Scout rolled off the assembly line on October 21, 1980.
All 1980 Scout models were 4WD.
In 1973 the 196 4-cylinder engine was dropped from the Scout line. However, the energy crisis caused International to reintroduce the 196 4-cylinder engine to the Scout line in 1974.
In November of 1977, a Scout S.S. II driven by Jerry L. Boone of Parker, Arizona, finished first among 4WD production vehicles in the Baja 1000 -- one of the most challenging of all off-road competitions. Boone crossed the finish line almost two hours ahead of his closest competitor -- a Jeep CJ7. Boone completed the run in 19 hours and 58 minutes.
In October 1978, IH developed a policy entitled Take a Stand to Save the Land to promote ecologically minded 4x4 driving practices.
The SS II (Super Scout) model debuted in 1977 as a soft-top, soft door, open air grille edition that was popular with outdoor enthusiasts. Nearly 4,000 SS II's were produced between 1977 and 1979.


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Complete with a front crossover hood, low-hip length, and long sleeves. Reach for this versatile piece day or night for on-the-go style.
- Made from our ultra-soft and lightweight, Featherweight Spacedye fabric
- 25” length measured from size Small
- Made in the USA
- Every style we produce is wear-tested on people of different shapes and sizes from our in-house team to ensure the best fit!
The lightweight version of our best-selling Spacedye fabric. Comprised of the same great hand and texture but light enough to wear as a layering piece without the compressive fit.
- 94% Polyester, 6% Spandex


We walk through building a simple "Hello World" app with Xcode. Then we run it in the iOS Simulator for Apple Watch.
- Create a new target for a WatchKit App.
- Activate the new build scheme.
- Inspect the files that are produced in the Project Navigator.
- In the WatchKit Extension, you'll notice the Interface Controller.
- In the Watch App, you'll notice the Storyboard.
- Drag a label and a separator object onto the interface.
- Open the Assistant Editor and create an outlet for the label.
- In the awakeWithContext function, call setText on the label.
- Build and run the app to see it in the iOS Simulator for Apple Watch.


Tastes differ. And when it comes to fashion, they differ even more. However, I’ve managed to come up with a list of top 5 fashion designers that can’t leave any woman indifferent. They are adored by fashion artists and their regular customers all over the world, and their incredible, jaw-dropping collections speak for themselves. Check out the list of the most famous fashion designers of all time:
He was born and brought up in Mumbai, and was studying to graduate in commerce whilst decided to alter his field and therefore applied for National-Institute-Of-Fashion-Technology New-Delhi. After graduation won the Best Student Award! Launched his label ”Manish-Arora” & started vending in India. Manish symbolized India at HongKong Fashion Week, in the year 2000 and also participated in the first Indian-Fashion-Week held in New-Delhi. In the next year he launched his other label “Fish Fry” , it was shown in six topmost Indian-cities. His future in our space stimulated line at Wills-India-Fashion-Week fascinated many international viewers, in 2007. Arora is an industrious man who’s always on the go! Because of his intellect and beautiful sense of styling, MAC has enrolled him to team up on a new project, the Raj-inspired-beauty-range. He also introduced his jewelry collection in 2012 that was much loved. He’s recognized for his eccentric amalgamation of western&Indian clothing that assemble perfectly!
A leading name who embarked on the world of fashion in 1980’s. She won the Yuv Rattan Award and is counted among the modern-designers of the country. Best known for her theme collections, and focuses on silhouettes and is always busy in experimentation and introducing new trends! Rina-Dhaka has arranged shows in Paris, London, Singapore, Hong-Kong, New-York, Jakarta & Dubai . Rina’s Singapore shows in 2001 nd 2002 were her major victory! Even “Vogue” and “Elle” (International megazines) have featured ‘er work and fashion-designing is now her family business as her brothers Shantanu and Nikhil also joined her in late 90’s.
A pattern maker (also referred as pattern master or pattern cutter) drafts the shapes and sizes of a garment's pieces. This may be done manually with paper and measuring tools or by using a CAD computer software program. Another method is to drape fabric directly onto a dress form. The resulting pattern pieces can be constructed to produce the intended design of the garment and required size. Formal training is usually required for working as a pattern marker.
Over in London, things were distinctly more aggressive: Punk and themes of dissonance could be felt strongly (Brexit, much?), with plenty of tartan, more safety pins than even Johnny Rotten could handle and Vivienne Westwood staging an entire protest about climate change for her show. The strong mood could clearly be felt over the Channel, too, as British designer Sarah Burton's vision for Alexander McQueen this coming season established the poshest and most brilliantly executed iteration on punk we've seen in a long, long time. And talking of being combative, if you don't pick up on the "army" theme of many of the season's biggest shows (Bottega Veneta, Chloé, Miu Miu) and end up buying a pair of combat boots, I'll eat my bucket hat.
The first true “Chanel suit” was produced in 1925; Coco used chains to weigh down the fabric, so that it hung “just so”. She favored ornamentation such as ribbons, pretty buttons, and ropes of pearls. Her feminine touches added style and impact to her wearable designs; in fact, even vintage Chanel designs remain remarkably timeless and easy to wear.
“Intuition is a strong feminine quality. I have applied that instinct to my career“. This is one our favorite quotes by Carolina Herrera and we think she is a true inspiration to women in fashion, and more, around the world. Carolina started to be known by regularly appearing on the International Best Dressed List in the 80’s. Her trend marks are classy pieces like pencil skirts paired with crisp white cotton shirts. In 2008 she was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America.
“We love the body of a woman. Coco Chanel was wrong when she said that men were unable to design for women. Women know too much about women and they transpose their needs onto women’s clothes” The idea of women power and women shapes is as good to Dolce and Gabbana as it is for us. In 1985, their first collection was shown in Milan and built their themes on screen sirens, Sicilian widows and a rosary of Catholic kitsch. Dolce and Gabbana are arguably the most powerful and influential designers of our time.
In the fashion industry, every fashion designer should follow fashion design development process to design a new dress. Fashion design mainly influenced by cultural and social attitudes, and it has varied over time, place and religion. Fashion designing knowledge is mainly comes from the theoretical background. Students are learned step by step fashion design development process from their institute. All of these information’s are very important for the beginner. When developing your designs for a new collection involves many components like inspiration, drawing, color, design functionality, technical package, garment patterns and so on.
Fashion design collection is a range of garments, accessories or products that are designed and produced for sale to retailers or direct to the customer. It is grouped by theme, colour or fabrication, creating a strong fashion statement. This range of items may be inspired by trends and theme. Cultural and social influences are reflecting on design. Designs are usually done for the special occasion or season. Collection is a grouping of outfits that are present for catwalk, online web pages. For the wholesale market, the collection will be shown at trade shows or in-house events. For the general customer designer give their collections on press or magazine by attractive photographs.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn, and they work within a wide range of materials, colors, patterns and styles. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.
It is all about showing off your best features. Let all the best things about your out there to get the attention of male. Mostly accompanied by heels, shorts or tight skirts, this style leaves the bare minimum for imagination. Exposure is to be at the maximum and as much as skin is shown. Tight fitting tops are chosen to show off the features like breasts and stomach. This is the type of fashion which is not every woman’s cup of tea. You got a lot of guts to pull off this one.
A-line has been administering the design world for quite a while, and it is certainly on the ascent, particularly for the resort season. It looks best when brandished with a touch of the 70s for somewhat of a bend. A fun loving blend of manly coats with modernized flower prints or beautiful crisscrosses, trimmed cuts, and high-waisted flared fits or straight-leg pants worn with mentors, can leave no uncertainty. A-line jumpsuits, and dresses, or skirts with weaving, matched with shirts or sews, are ladylike, thus 2019!
A big hello to my intimates! Here I have another article of great consequence, yeah it is pertaining to the best Indian fashion-designers. As the time is eluding, trends are changing and we’re getting slaves to fashion! It’s an era of style and vogue, where dressing well is considered a form of good manners! Therefore every year , in every season fashion designers launch their prêt-line. Designers endeavor to design dresses that are both functional and aesthetically satisfying. The fashion-industry of India is flourishing by leaps and bounds and has got successful in achieving fame and popularity through the world as a fashion-centric-nation! Previously , not many people knew about India and it’s fashion but it’s emerging and mounting industry has made it’s mark not only in the neighboring countries but in the international fashion-industry as well! And it is because of it’s designers that India is now in the top list of countries. Specially Indian fabric and it’s attire called “Saree” is well liked and admired throughout the world.
"Leather has become a key player in our wardrobes; it’s now much more accessibly priced and the breadth of styles means we can wear it all year long. Designers manipulated this fabrication which draped and felt like wool, cotton or silk," says von der Goltz. "Faux leather continues to be a rising trend, with Nanushka leading the way. Nearly half of our Nanushka buy for A/W 19 is made up of vegan leather looks."
London designer Mary Quant was not only an iconic fashion design but also the imortal creator of the miniskirt. Mary had an art-school background and had been designing and manufacturing her own clothes since second half of the twentieth century. She was convinced that fashion needed to be affordable to be accessible to the young, she opened her own retail boutique, Bazaar, on the Kings Road in 1955, introducing the “mod” era and the “Chelsea look.”
If there's one styling trick that was put on the map at the tail end of 2018 and looks set to continue well into this winter, it's the idea of the double jumper, or scrumper, as we called it (because it's essentially about tying another jumper around your neck as a scarf). The concept has extended even further since then, with many designer using super-cosy knits from head to toe. The chicest and easiest way to do it is with the same colour or pattern.
Valentino Garavani, better known as Valentino, was born in northern Italy in 1932. From childhood, he was interested in fashion, and he pursued apprenticeships and training from family and local designers. By his late teens, he was ready for Paris. His parents helped him to move there, and when he arrived, he began to study art and design in preparation for his chosen career.
Christian Lacroix directs his devotion and talent for fantasy and theatrics to create true design spectacles. Lacroix arrived in the 80s with the opening of his fashion house and immediately set the world on fire with unexpected mixes of colors and patterns. “The idea of seeing everybody clad the same is not really my cup of tea“. This is one of the best quotes of Lacroix, fighting for unique and irreverent pieces in the world of fashion.
Valentino started his brilliant and admirable career in the world of fashion in 1950 when he moved to Paris to study design. His classically elegant and feminine designs made women look utterly glamorous. The Italian maestro worked at houses Dessus and Laroche before going back to Rome to set up his business in 1959. By the mid-1960s, Valentino was a favorite designer of the world’s best-dressed women, including Jacqueline Kennedy. Among his signatures is a particular fabric shade, known as “Valentino red.”
Famous Italian fashion brands include Gucci, Armani, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Valentino, Bottega Veneta, Roberto Cavalli, Costume National, Brunello Cucinelli, Diesel, Etro, Fay, Fendi, Salvatore Ferragamo, Fiorucci, Genny, Iceberg, Kiton, La Perla, Loro Piana, Marni, Missoni, Moncler, Moschino, Richmond, Ermanno Scervino, Tod's, Trussardi, and Versace.
Research is a journey of questioning, exploring, conceptualizing and visualizing information generated by observation and investigation. Record the all research information’s and creates a rich visual archive which can be used to inspire your designs from theme to final detail. Research is the key direction to good design development. It is actual guideline to start fashion design development process.
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make. Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 is considered as fashion design.
Born Gabrielle“Coco” Bonheur Chanel, she is a excellent French fashion designer, founder of the well known Chanel brand, whose modernist thought, practical design, and pursuit of expensive simplicity made her an important and influential figure in 20th-century fashion. She was the only fashion designer to be named on Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century.
It’s not hard to point out a gal that wears the cowgirl fashion style! In this particular style, there’s a few staples that are an absolute must for the wardrobe: undoubtedly an adorable cowgirl hat, typically in either some shade of brown or pink, a pair of flared blue jeans with western themed leather belt, denim jacket to match, a pair of cowgirl boots, and a few white t-shirt and plaid button-ups.


Ancient Rome’s urban design
Romans build majestic cities that accommodated millions of people. The cities’ designs were superior and highly complex with sophisticated streets and pavements. The streets accommodated many people because it was uniquely designed to ease congestions and facilitate efficient movements of people and carts. Most roman cities were created with two major streets running across it. One street run from east to west and cut across from north to south. The streets met at an intersection which acted as a center of commerce of the city. The streets were paved and smoothened to ensure easy movement. Importantly, Roman cities had schools and libraries to facilitate learning (Nicholas, 10). The roman republic had a significant influence on the nature and designs of the cities. During the reign of Nero, city planning and designs resembled patterns of military camps. Walls were built around the towns to ensure security and reduce the threats of invasion from the barbarians.
The roman cities had political and military influence, the roman city planning and design were done with political safety in mind. The planning and design integrated defenses into street systems and styles. The walls and direction of the streets were laid concurrently to help improve security and prevent attacks. In the early times, the public buildings across the cities were financed and constructed by wealthy families. They received honor and respect by funding the construction of magnificent buildings. For the roman emperors, city designs and styles served the purpose of consolidating power as it ensured trusted nobles control the city center and ensure collection of tax. Importantly, roman cities ensured easy access to basic amenities such as food and clean water. In the 4th century BC, roman cities received adequate water from rivers. In places where rivers did not pass close to the cities, Romans build aqueducts to bring water close to the city.
Nicholas, David. The Growth of the Medieval City: : from Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century. London: Longman, 2014. Print.
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The Envistia Mall compact tube cutter is designed to cut copper tubing up to 7/8ths OD in highly compact spaces. This tube cutter is great for cutting tubes in areas with limited space like service ports, evaporator coils, and condensers. It is great for cutting HVAC linesets.
The adjusting knob on the side of the cutter makes it easy to adjust the cutting wheel. The cutting wheel is secured by a Phillips head screw, making it easy to replace when the cutting wheel becomes dull.
- Alloy steel cutting wheel, durable and high quality
- For cutting copper, brass and aluminum tubing from 1/8" to 7/8" OD
- Mini size, can use in extra close quarters
- Ideal For HVAC, Plumbing, Electrical and Automotive Applications
- 2.2" L x 1.4" W x 0.73" Thick


We design a useful instruction manual for ladies sports leggings to facilitate the installation process. There will be both a detailed description and vivid pictures printed on each page of the manual. If there is any demand for an electric version of the instruction manual, we will send them to the customer through email. The content is the same as the paper version, and it is also offered for free. For customers from overseas countries, we will recommend them to use the instruction manual in an electric version.
Xiamen Wonders Sports Co.,Ltd. is one of the top domestic and international producers in China. We will show you the hunter jacket series that is most popular with customers. Wonders Sportswearsoft pullover hoodie has a creative design that gives a real edge over competitors. This material will help decrease the risk of infection or allergic reactions to limit the occurrence of mites and bacteria. The brand logo can be printed on this product.
We work hard to protect the future for our natural resources. So we aim to effectively improve our use of raw materials, energy, and water in the manufacture of our products.


In terms of English eccentrics, jewellery designer, sculptor and artist Andrew Logan is one of our best living examples. This is something which effing genius Rei Kawakubo recognised with her AW07 Comme des Garçons collection and which Glassloves (yet another collective) have captured in a new film.
Logan is recognisable by his Nero collars, three quarter length jackets, brimless hat and lots of sparkle, and his signature style is one of four Kawakubo chose to honour in the current collection. It’s a timeless look which reminds us that the only thing better than following fashion is making your own.
Posts Tagged ‘Andrew Logan’
Heroes and Celebrities
By admin on January 11th, 2008


Another tip to decide which galvanizing cheap beds you could use, record down the activities you most likely do inside the bedding. Do you prefer watching television at the living room, or in your bedding? This way, you can combine and match the mickey bedding, only if that you don’t need a lot of distance to experiment on. You might also style up it according to a private preference. In the event you don’t know where to start out, the best option is to keep it modern yet minimalist. A option of monochrome with a paint of black and white will always do the trick. If not, you always have the option to make it much livelier by the addition of some personal touches, like hanging up your household’s pictures and graphics. Fun, isn’t it?
White is just another possibility of the real mouse bedding to decide on. White can be really a remarkable shade for your bedding wall coloring. You can believe or not. It provides a fresh and living feeling. What’s more, it is providing a relaxing and soft atmosphere. The vulnerability of sunlight helps make it search exactly the bedding look more broad. You may have traditional accents onto your own bedding. It looks amazing with whitened as galvanizing cheap beds. It doesn’t thing which pattern that you simply want in which white will be always suitable for any patterns and accents. It reveals and deflects the light very well.
Even you are also ready to make the analysis space within your boy’s bedding and make sure you could produce the enjoyable class room inside. You can decide on the navy-blue to the walls together with bold background to play by adding conventional wooden attract with the metallic cabinet too. This is will makes this bedding unique with other and also strive something more fun to support your boy. You may add more completing touches within this galvanizing cheap beds such as the task lamp, wood pencils, physical exercise book etc on to produce a mouse cage bedding.


FREE SHIPPING to Metro Sydney, Melbourne & Brisbane for orders over $2000.
230cmL x 110cmD x 90cmH
Seat height: 46cm
Arm height: 64cm
Leg height: 19cm
An icon of the traditional library or study, the Royal Sofa's classic design has been enhanced for modern living with effortless natural upholstery and contoured comfort.
- Sofa is upholstered in natural 68% viscose, 21% polyester, 11% linen
- Tufted seat and back
- Includes 4 large square and 1 rectangular cushion with feather and foam filler
- Black finish to turned legs
- Fully assembled
- Furniture - 2 years Manufacturer Warranty
- French Country & Traditional Styles


This velvety soft wool handkerchief is both decorative and practical. The striking discharge-printed design is inspired by Japanese woodworking techniques and the natural fibers of the cloth have antimicrobial properties. At 18" square, it fits in almost any pocket without bulging.
Available in two colors. Hand wash only.


Flower crowns, tipis and more…
This wedding is the perfect inspiration for any boho bride-to-be! Amy & Tom tied the knot in September at St Catherine's church in Burbage, followed by a stunning reception in a listed barn at Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre in Leicestershire. The couple adored the natural beauty of the setting and were able to transform the venue to suit their personal style. They worked with some fabulous suppliers, making it the day of the dreams with plenty of décor including festoon lighting, beautiful blooms and lots of personal touches. Their big day was relaxed and intimate - the exact vibe that Amy & Tom were aiming for! Go on, get stuck into the gorgeous gallery…
TELL US ABOUT YOUR VENUE…
“The Heritage Centre is nestled in miles of Leicestershire countryside close to where the Battle of Bosworth took place. It’s a beautiful area, steeped in history that we often visit for long country walks, so when we found out the barn (usually a visitor pit stop) is available for wedding hire, we were sold! It’s not a venue often associated with weddings and we loved that it’s slightly off the beaten track – quite literally! With its country setting and intimate feel, it was the perfect choice.”
DESCRIBE THE STYLE OF YOUR WEDDING…
“The style of our wedding was natural and rustic with a hint of luxe. We wanted to keep the day as intimate as possible, so we had a small wedding breakfast and a big party at night.
Guests were entertained throughout by the amazing Richie Phillips, who deserves a major shout out. There’s no tune Richie (and his guitar) can’t pull off and he turned to the decks later on, ramping up the party vibe with amazing tunes into the night.
While it was a rustic, country style wedding we wanted to style it in a modern way, so we chose neutral tones of ivory and green for our colour palette with touches of rose gold. Our wedding stationary, hand drawn by the New York illustrator Toby Triumph, was foil blocked in that colour which really made his amazing illustrations pop. We also hung lots of calligraphy signage around the barn created by Kayleigh Tarrant and the Leicestershire hire company The Lanes leant us – among other gems – a polaroid camera, which went down a storm with the guests. We also dotted tea lights around the venue, in jam jars collected by my colleagues, which complimented festoon lighting inside and outside the barn.”
WHAT DID YOU ALL WEAR?
“I chose a dress by Wtoo by Watters, bought from Tilly Trotters Brides in Leamington Spa. I wanted a gown somewhere between boho, romantic, contemporary and fun (not asking much!) and this ticked all the boxes, especially when the boutique’s team adapted it to be backless. The dress was also really comfortable to wear, perfect for dancing the night away! It was finished off with rose gold shoes and a foliage crown created by my friend and florist Hannah Ricci of Bloom Fleuriste. Hannah also made our beautiful natural bouquets and arrangements around the venue. We didn’t want the wedding to feel too formal, so the bridesmaids wore individual dresses in ivory and the groomsmen chose their own suits in shades of blue, to match Tom’s. He added a grey Reiss waistcoat which really set it off.”
WHAT DID EVERYBODY EAT AND DRINK?
“We had an outdoor fizz reception with classic canapés, but as it was a September wedding, we chose comfort food associated with Autumn for the main meal. Guests tucked into a roast and at night we served up bacon and sausage rolls which proved very popular!”
HOW DID YOU ENTERTAIN YOUR GUESTS?
“From acoustic performances to an amazing DJ set, Richie Phillips was the perfect choice for entertainment. We also hired lawn games from The Lanes, along with a polaroid camera, which got A LOT of use! Guests posted selfies alongside messages in our guest book (and a lot also made their way on to Instagram, too!) which brings back all the fun of the day!”
ANY WORDS OF ADVICE FOR FUTURE BRIDES & GROOMS?
“Enjoy every moment. It’s amazing (and so rare) to have all your favourite people together having the best time ever and it FLIES so try and take a quiet moment together in all the madness to soak it all up. Definitely the best day of our lives!”
You’ll find even more wedding inspiration on the blog! Don’t forget to take a peek at our Cream of the Crop Wedding Directory – whether you’re looking for your wedding venue or creative suppliers, we’ve got everyone you need all under one roof. Time to get wedding planning!


Custom made french doors
Our french doors are usually made to order to ensure you get the exact size and style you want.
Generally a set of doors would be between 1100mm and 1600mm wide and usually just over 2 meters high. However adding sidelights (extra fixed panels on the sides) or fanlights ( windows on top of doors) you can create a unit to fit most spaces.
Our doors are solid timber and come in clear cedar or primed finish and with safety glass fitted. Exterior facings are supplied free of charge and delivery can be arranged (free in the Wellington area).
We believe we offer a superior quality product at an affordable price.
If purchasing french doors for the first time there are a number of points to consider.
Size: With french doors you have two doors alongside each other. To keep the unit looking proportional and not overly wide it is a good idea to look at doors no wider than 750mm each. This will give you a french door frame approx 1500mm wide x 2050mm high. If you need wider then you may want to consider going higher than the traditional 1980mm high door to retain the proportions. If your space is much larger then consider using sidelites to take up extra width and fanlites to fill in the extra height.
Construction: Make sure your doors are manufactured for exterior use. Some 'exterior' doors are specified for sheltered conditions and are not solid timber construction. Stiles (door frames) should be 115mm wide and the bottom of the door should be approx 190mm high. These dimensions ensure strength and stability in the door frame and also ensure all locks can be fitted.
Material: We firmly believe that exterior doors should ideally be made from clear cedar. It is a stable material with minimal movement over the seasons and is light and strong. Beware of doors made of pine, it is notoriously unstable and expands and contracts with the change in the weather. Cedar has stood the test of time and many doors and windows in Wellington homes are over 100 years old.
Glazing: Doors should ideally have safety glass fitted (including both sides of double glazing) as standard. Double glazing is increasingly popular but does add to the overall weight of the door, so staying with the 750mm range (see above) is also important to reduce stress on the hinges.
Prices are relevant to style, glazing, size and configuration but a typical single pane (one piece of glass per door) french door is between $1800 +GST and $2500 +GST


- Available in limited numbers
- Based on Zeta and Alpha trims
Maruti Suzuki launched the Thunder Edition of the Jimny off-roader at a starting price of Rs. 10.74 lakh (ex-showroom) in India. This special edition costs Rs. 2 lakh and Rs. 1 lakh less than the Zeta and Alpha variants, respectively. Now, after its launch, the limited edition of the lifestyle SUV has started reaching dealerships across the country.
As for the changes, the Thunder Edition distinguishes itself from the standard versions with accented garnish on the front bumper, ORVMs, fender, and bonnet. Other elements include a front skid plate, door visor and sill guard, and mountain-themed decals and graphics.
On the inside, similar mountain graphics can be seen on the door pads along with a tan finish on the steering wheel, dashboard, grab handle, and seat upholstery.
Mechanically, the Jimny Thunder Edition is equipped with a 1.5-litre NA petrol engine mated to a five-speed manual and an automatic torque converter unit. This K15B petrol motor is tuned to produce 103bhp and 134Nm of peak torque. Meanwhile, the AllGrip Pro 4x4 tech is standard across the range.