|Número de publicación||US8593157 B2|
|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|
|Número de solicitud||US 12/614,745|
|Fecha de publicación||26 Nov 2013|
|Fecha de presentación||9 Nov 2009|
|Fecha de prioridad||15 Feb 2005|
|También publicado como||US20100109680, US20140043046|
|Número de publicación||12614745, 614745, US 8593157 B2, US 8593157B2, US-B2-8593157, US8593157 B2, US8593157B2|
|Inventores||Christopher P. Adams, David S. Holbrook|
|Cesionario original||Walleye Technologies, Inc.|
|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citas de patentes (47), Otras citas (8), Citada por (11), Clasificaciones (11), Eventos legales (4)|
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|
The present application claims priority as a continuation-in-part (CIP) application to a co-pending patent application entitled “Electromagnetic Scanning Imager” filed on Feb. 14, 2006 and having an application Ser. No. 11/353,882, which in turn claims priority to a provisional application entitled “Electro-magnetic Scanning Imager,” filed on Feb. 15, 2005 and having a Ser. No. 60/653,228, which is herein incorporated by reference. Both of these applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates generally to imaging systems, and methods of imaging, and more particularly, to such systems and methods that can be utilized to acquire images of objects hidden behind visibly opaque obstructions.
A variety of conventional systems are available for obtaining images through visibly opaque materials. For example, X-ray systems have been utilized to acquire images of objects that are hidden from visual inspection by visibly opaque materials (e.g., anatomical structures or objects within a luggage). X-ray systems, however, have many disadvantages. By way of example, such systems can be expensive and bulky, and can utilize ionizing radiation that may pose health hazards to humans. Moreover, X-ray systems typically detect a beam that has been transmitted through a target sample, thus requiring access to both sides of the target.
Ultrasound imaging systems, in turn, require the presence of a continuous, high quality acoustic transmission path between a transducer and a “hidden” object of interest. In many cases, however, such acoustic transmission paths may be not be available.
Millimeter-wave imaging systems have recently been developed for securing screening applications. Such conventional millimeter-wave systems are, however, complex, costly and bulky.
Accordingly, there is a need for enhanced imaging systems and associated image acquisition methods for obtaining images of objects behind visibly opaque obstructions, e.g., images of interiors of walls/floors/ceiling, boxes, suitcases and the like. There is also a need for such imaging systems that are field portable. Further, there is a need for such systems and methods that can be utilized for screening luggage and other containers for hazardous substances, e.g., explosive materials and devices.
The present invention generally provides imaging systems operating in a frequency range of about 1 GHz to about 2000 GHz that allow acquiring, and displaying, images of objects, and particularly of objects that are hidden from view by visibly opaque materials.
In one aspect, the present invention provides an imaging system that includes a source of electromagnetic radiation that is capable of generating radiation with one or more frequencies in a range of about 1 GHz to about 2000 GHz (one or more wavelengths in a range of about 0.015 mm to about 30 mm). The imaging system further includes an optical system that is optically coupled to the source so as to focus radiation received therefrom onto an object plane. The optical system directs at least a portion of the focused radiation propagating back from the object plane onto an image plane. A scan mechanism is coupled to the optical system for controlling thereof so as to move the focused radiation over the object plane. A detector, which is optically coupled to the optical system at the image plane, detects at least a portion of the radiation propagating back from a plurality of scanned (illuminated) locations in the object plane, thereby generating a detection signal (typically a time-varying signal). And a processor, which is in communication with the detector, generates an image of at least a portion of the object plane based on the detection signal.
The terms “object plane” and “image plane” are known in the art. To the extent that any further explanation may be needed, the term “object plane” can refer to plane—which can contain one or more surfaces (or surface portions) of one or more objects—whose image is desired. And the image plane can refer to a plane on which the image of the object plane (or a portion thereof) is formed, e.g., the surface of a detector. In some cases, the object and image planes can have not only a two-dimensional extent but also a depth, e.g., one associated with depth of focus of the radiation on the object plane.
A variety of radiation sources and detectors can be employed. Some examples of suitable radiation sources include, without limitation, Gunn oscillators, magnetrons, IMPATT diodes, Dielectric Resonator Oscillators (DROs), and MIMICs. Some examples of suitable detectors include, without limitation, various types of circuitry incorporating a non-linear device such as a schottky diode. In some cases, the radiation source and the detector are formed as a single transmit/receive module operating in the frequency range of interest. By way of example, a Gunnplexer can function as such a transmit/receive unit.
In a related aspect, the imager further includes a position sensor coupled to the scan mechanism for determining a position thereof relative to a reference position. The position sensor is in communication with the processor to communicate the position of the scan mechanism, and consequently the location of the focused radiation on the object plane, to the processor. The processor, in turn, maps variations of the detection signal to one or more respective locations in the object plane from which the back-propagating radiation giving rise to the detection signal originates. The processor utilizes this mapping to generate an image of at least a portion of the object plane illuminated by the radiation.
In another aspect, the imager includes a display in communication with the processor for displaying an image of at least a portion of the object plane generated by the processor. By way of example, the processor can apply image drive signals to the display to cause display of a plurality of pixels, each corresponding to a location on the object plane, where the intensity of each pixel is proportional to the strength of the back-propagating radiation originating from that location.
In a related aspect, the scan mechanism can be adapted to cause the optical system to generate a variety of radiation scan patterns on the object plane. Some examples of such patterns include, without limitation, a generally elliptical (e.g., circular) pattern, a spiral pattern, a floret pattern or a raster pattern.
In another aspect, the imaging system is adapted to be moved by a user so as to scan the radiation, in combination with the scan mechanism, in two dimensions in the object plane. In such a case, the detection signal generated by the detector corresponds to back-propagating radiation originating from the scanned locations in the object plane. The processor maps variations of the detection signal to those scanned locations so as to generate an image of a region in the object plane, which includes those locations. Further, for each image point coordinate corresponding to one of the scanned locations, the display presents, in response to image drive signals provided by the processor, a brightness proportional to a strength of the detection signal corresponding to the back-propagating radiation from that scanned location.
In a related aspect, the imaging system includes means for generating data indicative of locations and orientations of the system (e.g., relative to a reference location/orientation), as it is moved by a user (e.g., over a wall surface) and for communicating that data to the processor. Such means can include a variety of sensors, such as tracking balls with orthogonal rotation encoding devices and inertial sensors. The processor utilizes the data for mapping the detection signal to the scanned locations over the object plane.
In some cases, the processor correlates a plurality of partially overlapping image frames to form an image of a portion of the object plane. By way of example, the processor can utilize one or more pixels in an overlap region between two image frames as reference for determining relative positions of the other pixels in the two image frames. This process can be repeated for other overlapping regions so as to build an entire image.
In another aspect, the imaging system can comprise a portable housing, preferably handheld, in which various components of the system (e.g., radiation source, scanner, lens) are disposed. The imaging system can comprise an electronic processing and display module (EPDM) that includes the processor and/or the display. The EPDM can be integrated within the portable housing containing the other optical components, or can be contained within a separate enclosure that is in communication with the portable housing.
In another aspect, the imaging system comprises a focus drive mechanism coupled to the optical system for varying an axial distance between the optical system and the transmit/receive module so as to focus the radiation at a plurality of axially separated object planes. In some embodiments, the source is capable of being frequency tuned (e.g., via a tuning mechanism) so as to allow focusing the radiation via a longitudinal chromatic aberration of the optical system onto axially separated object planes.
In a related aspect, in the above imaging system, a position sensor is in communication with the focus drive mechanism for determining an axial position of the optical system relative to a reference position. The position sensor can communicate the optical system's position to the processor, which can, in turn, utilize this information to temporally correlate a detection signal at a given time to a respective object plane.
In another aspect, the imaging system includes a mechanism coupled to the source for modulating its radiation frequency. By way of example, the radiation frequency can be modulated over a range of about 24.1 GHz to about 24.2 GHz (e.g., about 100 MHz). By way of example, the modulation frequency can have an amplitude (i.e., excursion about a center frequency) that is about 1% of the center frequency.
In other aspects, a portable imager is disclosed that includes a source for generating electromagnetic radiation with one or more frequency components in a range of about 1 GHz to about 2000 GHz. The imager further includes means for directing radiation from the source to an object plane and for directing at least a portion of the radiation propagating back from the object plane to an image plane. Further, the imager includes means coupled to the radiation-directing means for controlling thereof so as to scan the radiation over at least a portion of the object plane, and means for detecting radiation propagating back from a plurality of scanned locations in the object plane and generating a detection signal. The imager also includes means for analyzing the detection signal so as to generate an image of at least a portion of the object plane.
In another aspect, the invention provides an imaging system that includes a handheld housing. The housing contains a source of electromagnetic radiation, a focusing system, a scan mechanism, a detector and a processor. The source is capable of generating radiation with one or more frequency components in a range of about 1 GHz to about 2000 GHz. The focusing system directs radiation generated by the source onto an object plane and directs at least a portion of the radiation propagating back from the object plane onto an image plane. The scan mechanism is coupled to the focusing system for controlling thereof so as to provide a one-dimensional scan of the radiation over the object plane. The detector is optically coupled to the focusing system at the image plane to detect at least a portion of the back-propagating radiation so as to generate a detection signal (e.g., a time-varying detection signal). The processor is coupled to the detector to receive the detection signal, and to analyze that signal. The housing is adapted for movement so as to scan the radiation, in combination with the one-dimensional scan, over a plurality of locations in a two-dimensional region of the object plane.
In a related aspect, in the above portable imager, the processor generates an image of the two-dimensional region based on the detection signals corresponding to the scanned locations. For example, the processor maps the detection signals temporally to respective scanned locations for generating the image. The imager can further include a display, mounted to the housing or remotely located, that is in communication with the processor for displaying the image.
In another aspect, the invention provides an imaging system that comprises a transmit/receive module capable of generating and detecting electromagnetic radiation having one or more frequency components in a range of about 1 GHz to about 2000 GHz. An optical system is coupled to the transmit/receive module for focusing the radiation onto a focal plane and for directing a portion of the radiation propagating back from the focal plane to that module for detection. The imaging system further includes a drive mechanism coupled to the optical system for varying an axial distance of a focusing element thereof relative to the transmit/receive module so as to axially vary a position of the focal plane. The transmit/receive module generates a detection signal corresponding to the radiation propagating from the varying focal plane. A processor is coupled to the transmit/receive module to analyze the detection signal for generating an image of an axial region over which the focal plane is varied.
In a related aspect, in the above imager, the position sensor is coupled to the drive mechanism for determining an axial position of the focusing element relative to a reference position. The position sensor communicates the information regarding the focusing element's axial position to the processor. The processor, in turn, analyzes the detection signal temporally as a function of the focusing element's axial position so as to map the detection signal at a plurality of time intervals to the axial locations of the focal plane. The imager can also include a scan mechanism coupled to the focusing element for scanning the radiation over a surface of the focal plane substantially perpendicular to the axial direction, and a scan position sensor that can determine the position of the scan mechanism relative to a reference. The processor analyzes the detection signal temporally as a function of the focusing element's axial position so as to map the detection signal at a plurality of time intervals to axial locations of the focal plane. Further, the processor can employ information from the scan position sensor to correlate detection signal originating from a focal plane to various coordinate points within that plane.
In another aspect, an imaging system is disclosed that includes a housing adapted for movement over a surface located at a distance from an object plane. A transmit/receive module (e.g., a Gunnplexer) disposed in the housing generates and detects electromagnetic radiation. The imaging system further includes an optical system that is optically coupled to the transmit/receive module to focus radiation received therefrom onto the object plane, and to direct at least a portion of the radiation propagating back from the object plane onto the transmit/receive module. A scanning system coupled to the optical system rotates a focusing element thereof about a rotation axis, thereby moving the focused radiation over a region of the object plane. The imaging system further includes a position sensor in communication with the scanning mechanism to generate signals indicative of the position of the focusing element relative to a reference position. And a subsystem disposed in the housing generates signals indicative of location of the housing on the surface as the housing is moved over that surface. By way of example, the subsystem can comprise optical or inertial sensors. The imaging system further includes a processor in communication with the transmit/receive unit, the position sensor and the location-determining subsystem, which generates an image of at least a portion of the object plane based on the detected back-propagating radiation and signals generated by the position sensor and the subsystem.
In a related aspect, the imaging system can further include a display that is in communication with the processor for displaying the image. In some cases, the optical system and the scanning mechanism, as well as the processor and the display, are disposed in the same housing. In other cases, the processor and/or the display can be disposed in a separate housing.
In a related aspect, the processor generates a set of image point coordinates in a coordinate space of the object plane based on signals received from the position sensor coupled to the focusing element and the location-determining subsystem. Further, the processor applies a plurality of image drive signals to the display to effect the display of an image corresponding to those image point coordinates. The processor generates each image drive signal based on a strength of the detected back-propagating radiation originating from a location on the object plane corresponding to one of the image point coordinates. Each image drive signal, in turn, causes the presentation of an image point on the display, where the image point exhibits a brightness corresponding to the strength of the detected signal associated with a respective image point coordinate. The location of a displayed image point in the display is based on the position of the focusing element and the location of the housing at a time when back-propagating radiation originating from an object plane location corresponding to that image point is detected.
In a related aspect, the focusing element in the above imaging system comprises a diffractive optical element. In some cases, the diffractive optical element can comprise diffractive zones that are disposed about an optical axis that is offset from the element's rotational axis, which can be substantially centered relative to the emitting aperture of the transmit/receive module. A variety of diffractive optical elements can be employed, such as amplitude zone plates and phase zone plates. While in some cases, the optical and rotational axes of the focusing element are substantially parallel, in other cases, they can intersect at the aperture of the transmit/receive module.
In a related aspect, the emitting aperture of the transmit/receive module, the focusing element, and the focused radiation in the object plane generated by the focusing element are disposed in a confocal configuration.
In another aspect, the transmit/receive module comprises a frequency-modulating subsystem for modulating the frequency of the emitted radiation in response to a control signal.
In other aspects, an imaging system is disclosed that includes a transmit/receive module for generating and detecting electromagnetic radiation. The system further includes a telecentric lens system that receives and focuses the radiation onto an object plane. The lens system can comprise an eccentric rotatable lens disposed at a selected distance from a fixed lens. Further, the lens system directs radiation propagating back from the object plane onto the transmit/receive module for detection. A scanning mechanism is coupled to the rotatable lens for rotating the lens about a rotation axis, thereby moving the focused radiation in the object plane. The imaging system further includes a processor coupled to the transmit/receive module for generating an image of at least a portion of the object plane, which is illuminated by the radiation, based on the detected back-propagating radiation.
In a related aspect, the eccentric lens is disposed at a distance substantially equal to its focal length from the emitting aperture of the transmit/receive module. The eccentric lens collimates radiation received from the transmit/receive module and directs the collimated radiation along an off-axis direction to the fixed lens. The fixed lens, in turn, focuses the off-axis radiation onto the object plane.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of imaging that includes providing a source of electromagnetic radiation that is capable of generating radiation with one or more frequency components in a range of about 1 GHz to about 2000 GHz. The radiation is focused from the source onto an object plane, and the focused radiation is scanned over at least a portion of the object plane. At least a portion of the radiation propagating back from the object plane is detected, thereby generating a detection signal, which is typically a time-varying signal. The detection signal is analyzed to form an image of the scanned portion of the object plane. The image can then be displayed.
Further understanding of various aspects of the invention can be obtained by reference to the following detailed description, in conjunction with the associated drawings, which are described briefly below.
In this embodiment and some that follow, without any loss of generality, the functioning of the imagers according to the teachings of the invention are discussed by considering acquiring images within a depth of a wall (or other obstructions) that is opaque to visible radiation. Such imagers can, however, be also utilized to acquire images of other objects. For example, the imaging systems of the invention can be utilized to image objects within containers.
The source 12 and the detector 14 are disposed on opposite sides of a beam splitter 23 such that the propagation axis 20 associated with the source and the detection axis 24 associated with the detector typically intersect at an approximately 90-degree angle. The beam splitter 23 is perpendicular to a plane formed by the propagation and the detection axes and is oriented such that a normal to its surface bisects the angle between those axes, e.g., it typically forms a 45-degree angle with each of those axes. The radiation emitted by the source passes through the beam splitter to be directed by other optical components onto a region of interest, as discussed below.
By way of example, the beam splitter 23 can be preferably implemented as a polarizing beam splitter having a polarization axis that is preferably oriented either parallel or perpendicular to a plane defined by the propagation and detection axes. In some embodiments, a so-called wire grid polarizer (WGP) is employed, which can be made, e.g., of a one-dimensional array or grid of very fine parallel electrically conductive elements disposed upon a suitable transparent base material or, e.g., by a grid of fine parallel wires strung on a frame. By way of example,
Referring again to
In some embodiments of the invention, the BFL includes four steps each providing a ¼-wave phase delay. By way of example,
Referring again to
In some embodiments, the QWP 36 can be implemented as a grooved dielectric plate, such as that schematically depicted in
In this exemplary embodiment, the QWP 36 is disposed perpendicular to the propagation axis of radiation from the source 12 with its fast axis preferably oriented at +/−45 degrees from the plane of polarization of the outgoing radiation. As is well known in the art, linearly polarized radiation passing through a QWP oriented in this manner emerges from the QWP as substantially circularly polarized.
The imager 10 further includes a scan mechanism 38 coupled to the lens 32 for rotating the lens about its rotation axis (herein also referred to as the lens's physical axis). The lens is preferably disposed relative to the source such that its rotation axis is substantially coincident with the propagation axis of the outgoing radiation. As noted above, an optical axis 40 of the lens is displaced from its rotation axis by a predetermined distance, e.g., by about ½ of the radius of the lens. The optical axis of the lens can be parallel to its rotation axis, or alternatively, it can intersect the rotation axis at the emitting aperture of the source. As discussed in more detail below, the rotation of the lens 32 allows scanning the radiation at the focal plane of the lens over a path in an object plane.
A variety of scanning mechanisms can be utilized in the practice of the invention. For example, referring to
In this exemplary embodiment, various components of the imager, such as those discussed above, are disposed in a portable, preferably handheld housing 44. An optional window 46 (e.g., formed of a material transparent at the operating wavelength) is coupled to the housing 44 through which the radiation generated by the source can be transmitted to illuminate interior portions of the wall, as discussed further below. In other embodiments, no window is provided.
In operation, the lens 32 directs radiation generated by the source 12, after its passage through the beam splitter 23, via the QWP 36 and the window 46 into the interior of a wall (or other obstruction, or a region behind such an obstruction) to illuminate portions thereof, such as the object region 48. Preferably, the lens 32 forms an image of the source so as to create an illuminating focused point (e.g., an area of maximal radiation intensity) at a distance from the lens that is less than infinity and more than one focal length of the lens. In many embodiments, the radiation from the imager is focused onto an object plane (e.g., object plane 50) within the wall, and the radiation returning from that object plane is detected and analyzed to form an image thereof, as discussed in more detail below. In general, the object plane 50 has an axial extension (a depth) corresponding to the axial extension of the focal volume, as schematically illustrated by volume 48, which represents a portion of the object plane.
In this exemplary embodiment, the lens 32 is placed at a distance from the source substantially equal to twice its focal length, thereby forming an image of the source at a distance of approximately two focal lengths from the lens. Accordingly, the image is displaced radially from the rotation axis by twice the displacement of the lens's optical axis from the rotation axis. As shown schematically in
In some embodiments, it is preferable to operate the imager with a small tilt angle (e.g., approximately 7 degrees) between a scanning plane (e.g., a plane perpendicular to the lens's rotation axis) and a translation plane (i.e., the plane over which the imager is translated to build up an image of an area). For example, as shown schematically in
Referring again to
As noted above, the combined rotation of the lens and the translation of the imager over the wall surface results in illuminating various locations within the interior of the wall. As the illuminating radiation impinges on an object that is not transparent to the radiation, e.g., a metal pipe and/or electrical wiring within the wall, at least a portion of the radiation is reflected or scattered. In the frequency range of about 1 to about 2000 GHz, most objects specularly reflect, rather than scatter, the radiation. Hence, at least some of the radiation incident on such objects within the wall is reflected back towards the imager, e.g., depending on the “look angle” of the illumination and a normal to the reflecting surface at the point of illumination. The lens collects this back-propagating radiation (or at least a portion thereof), after its passage through the QWP 36, and directs that radiation, as a converging radiation beam, to the beam splitter 23. As is known in the art, the passage of the returning radiation, which is circularly polarized (or at least substantially circularly polarized, as the reflection of the incident radiation may have cause some change in the polarization) through the QWP results in conversion of its polarization to linear polarization with a polarization axis normal to that of the linearly polarized radiation generated by the source. As such, the beam splitter directs this linearly polarized back-propagating radiation to the detector 14. In this embodiment, the detector 14 operates in heterodyne mode, that is, it mixes the returning radiation with radiation from a local oscillator 62 to generate an intermediate frequency (IF) electrical signal whose strength is proportional to the intensity of the returning radiation and whose lower frequency can be more readily processed by electronics circuitry. A variety of detectors and local oscillators can be employed. For example, in some embodiments, a receive diode of a Gunnplexer can be employed as the detector. In some other embodiments, a small portion of the transmit oscillator power can act as an oscillator for the receiver. In such a case, a single oscillator can be used for microwave emission as well as detection.
The detector 14 transmits the electrical signal generated in response to detection of the returning radiation to a digital data processor 64. The digital data processor is also in communication with the scan position sensor 42 and the location sensors 60 to receive information regarding, respectively, the angular rotation of the lens (herein also referred to as A(t)) and the location of the imager on the wall surface (herein also referred to as P1(t) and P2(t), where P1(t) denotes the information from the first location sensor 60 and P2(t) denotes the information from the second location sensor 60). The digital data processor employs the received data to map the time-varying detection signal to a plurality of respective locations on the object plane from which the back-propagating radiation originates. More specifically, the electrical signal, herein also referred to as I(t), is typically a time-varying signal whose strength at any instant is proportional to the intensity of the returning radiation detected by the detector 14 at that time. The intensity is related to the reflecting properties of the object that is at that time at the location where the illuminating radiation is directed. It will be understood by those familiar with the art of scanning image sensing that signal I(t) varies as a function of time because the lens is scanning the radiation in time over the object space. That is,
where x(t), and y(t) define the instantaneous position of the illuminating radiation in the object plane. In the remaining equations, the time dependence is dropped for convenience.
Digital data processor 64 transforms/inverts, and combines, the measurement A, P1(x,y), and P2(x,y) to generate x and y. In the exemplary embodiment of
X r =d cos(A), and
Y r =d sin(A)
where Xr and Yr are the x and y coordinates of the lens relative to the axis of rotation in the frame of reference of the imager housing, and d is the off-axis distance to the imager spot.
Similarly, Xh, Yh, and θz coordinates of the imager housing can be calculated from P1 and P2, where it is understood each of P1 and P2 comprises an x- and a y-measurement (x1, y1; x2, y2). For example, if the location sensor P1 is selected as the housing reference point, then
where θ0 is the initial angle relative to the x-axis passing through P1 of the line connecting P1 with P2.
Finally, the position of the imaging spot can be calculated by adding the following three vectors: (1) a vector representing the rigid body displacement of the housing, (2) the position of the axis of rotation relative to the housing reference point, and (3) the displacement of the image point due to the angular rotation of the lens. More specifically, x and y can be obtained by employing the following relations:
x=x 1 +D[ cos θz cos θ0−sin θz sin θ0 ]+d cos A, and
y=y 1 +D[ cos θz sin θ0+sin θz cos θ0 ]+d sin A,
where D is the distance between P1 and the axis of rotation.
The processor 64 is also adapted to generate image position drive signals suitable for application to an image display 66. The image position drive signals cause the display of a plurality of image points, each having a brightness that corresponds to the detected signal strength from a respective coordinate point in the object plane. In operation, a complete image is built up on the imaging display 66 as the imager's housing in moved over the wall surface (or in proximity thereof) while the imager's lens is rotated to scan the beam over an interior swath of the wall.
In some embodiments, relative locations of the pixels in an image obtained by combined rotation of the lens and translation of the imager are determined by acquiring a plurality of partially overlapping image frames, and tracking one or more pixels in the overlap regions. By way of example,
By way of example and only for illustrative purposes,
Although in the above embodiment, the processor 64 and the display 66 are housed within a single housing with the other components of the imager, in other embodiments, the processor and/or the display can be disposed in a separate housing. In embodiments in which the processor/display are disposed in a separate enclosure, one or more communications channels can be provided to allow the processor and/or display to communicate with one or more imager components disposed in another enclosure. In some cases, the communications channels employ wireless channels that utilize known wireless protocols.
The implementation of an imager according to the teachings of the invention is not limited to the embodiment described above. In fact, such as imager can be implemented in a variety of different ways. For example,
Referring again to
The lens 92 is rotated about a rotation axis (illustrated as RA) by a scan mechanism 108, such as those discussed above in connection with the previous embodiment. Similar to the previous embodiment, an optical axis (OA) of the lens 92 is displaced relative to its rotation axis by a selected distance, e.g., about one-half the lens's radius. The rotation axis is generally centered on the emitting aperture of the transmit/receive unit 78 parallel to general direction of propagation of the radiation (parallel to the central ray of a cone-like bundle of rays). The optical axis can be parallel to the rotation axis, or may form a non-zero angle with the rotation axis so as to intersect that axis at the emitting aperture of the transmit/receive unit. The rotation of the lens causes the image of the source, generated by the lens, to scan a selected path (e.g., a generally circular path) over an object plane, in a manner similar to that discussed above in connection with the previous embodiment.
In some embodiments, the emitting aperture of the transmit/receive unit 78, the lens 92, and the image of the emitting aperture are preferably disposed in a confocal configuration. That is, the illuminating radiation is focused onto a small region in a plane of interest (e.g., the object plane), and the reflected (or scattered) radiation reaching the detector (the transmit/receive module in this case) is limited to those rays that originate from the illuminated region. In some embodiments, such a confocal imaging system is employed to reject stray light by utilizing, for example, two strategies: (1) by illuminating a single point (small area) at any given time with a focused beam such that the focused intensity drops off rapidly at axial locations away from that plane of focus (e.g., in front or behind that plane), and (2) by utilizing a blocking or a pinhole aperture, or a point detector, in a conjugate receiver plane so that light reflected (or scattered) from the illuminated object region is blocked from reaching the detector.
With continued reference to
The output electrical signal is communicated, e.g., via a communication channel 100, to an electronic processor 102 (e.g., a digital data processor), disposed in an electronic processing and display module (EPDM) 104. While in this embodiment the EPDM is contained in a separate housing, in other embodiments, it can be integrated with the head 76 within a single housing. The processor 102 includes a signal processing module that is adapted to convert the output signal generated by the transmit/receive unit 78 into image strength drive signals suitable for application to an image display 106.
In addition to communicating with the detector, the processor 102 is also electrically coupled to a scan position sensor 110, e.g., via a communications channel 112, that can sense the position of the scan mechanism, and thereby that of the lens 92, relative to a predetermined reference position. A variety of scan position sensors, such as those discussed above, can be employed. The position sensor communicates the information regarding the position of the lens to the processor.
Similar to the previous embodiment, the imager 74 further includes a body location-determining subsystem 114 for determining the rigid body location of the head 76 on a surface (e.g., wall surface) over which it is moved to build up an image of a region behind the surface. The subsystem 114 can be in optical and/or mechanical communication with a surface over which the imager is translated. Typically, the subsystem 114 estimates the location and orientation of the head 76 via three parameters “Xh”, “Yh” and “θz”, where X, Y and Z denote orthogonal Cartesian coordinates. The X and Y denote coordinates in a plane (e.g., a planar surface of a wall over which the head is translated) and θz denotes an angle about the Z-axis that is perpendicular to that plane. By way of example, the origin of the coordinates can be established as the location and orientation of the imager upon its initial placement on the plane. This can be done automatically or by a user-issued command (which can also be employed to reset the location of the origin, if desired). The location-determining subsystem can then determine subsequent locations and orientations of the imager relative to the origin. A number of location-determining subsystems can be utilized. For example, in some embodiments, the subsystem can comprise two computer-mouse sensing mechanisms, separated by a known base line. Alternatively, the subsystem can be implemented by employing a plurality of inertial sensors.
The location-determining subsystem 114 transmits signals indicative of the location of the imager's head to the processor 102, e.g., via a communications channel 116. The processor utilizes these signals, together with those transmitted by the lens position sensor, to generate a set of image point coordinates in the coordinate space of the object region. The processor further correlates these image coordinates to the time-variation of the signal received from the detector to generate a reflectance image of the illuminated portion. In addition, the processor derives image position drive signals, based on the image coordinates and intensity of reflected signals originating from those coordinates, for application to the display 106. The image drive signals cause the display to present an image in which the brightness of an image point corresponds to the intensity of the detected reflected radiation originating from a coordinate point (e.g., an area or voxel in vicinity of that point) mapped to that image point.
In some embodiments, the frequency of the radiation generated by the source (e.g., the above transmit/receive unit 78) is modulated by a control signal. For example, in the above Gunnplexer 80 (
In some embodiments, the imager can provide an image of a two-dimensional area while the imager (e.g., imager housing) remains stationary (i.e., without the need to physically move the imager). One such exemplary embodiment 118 shown in
A scan mechanism 126 scans the radiation, which is directed by the lens to the region 124, over a plurality of locations in that region. Preferably, although not required, the radiation is collimated or nearly collimated before entering scan mechanism 126. The lens and the scan mechanism can be configured to produce a plurality of radiation scan patterns to cover (illuminate) at least a portion, e.g., an object plane 124 a, within the region 124. The scan mechanism typically moves the radiation within a plane (e.g., a plane perpendicular to the lens's optical axis) so as to generate a desired radiation scan pattern. By way of example,
By way of example,
As another example,
The two reflective elements 201B and 202B are typically disposed in a periscope arrangement; that is, as shown in
As reflective element 201B rotates about axis C, the normal to the surface sweeps out a cone in space, where the vertex angle of this cone is twice the angular displacement, cc, between the normal and axis C. As the normal to the surface sweeps out this cone, the angle of incidence of the incident radiation and angle of reflection (and therefore the direction of the reflected radiation) varies in accordance with the laws of basic geometry. Circular arrow 210 notionally depicts the angular sweep of the beam reflected from reflective element 201B.
A similar process occurs at reflective element 202B. Convoluted arrow 212 notionally depicts the complex angular sweep of the beam propagating toward lens 122.
As with the previously described two-dimensional scanner, disposing the two reflective elements in series, coupled with appropriate design and mirror drive commands, permits any scan pattern to be achieved. In this exemplary embodiment of a two-dimensional beam scanner the most natural area scan pattern is a floret scan similar to that illustrated in
In some embodiments of the invention operating at the wavelengths of interest, refractive prisms can be replaced by their diffractive counterparts, diffraction gratings.
Finally, it will be understood by one of skill in the art that the embodiment of the Binary Fresnel Lens illustrated in
In each embodiment of two-dimensional scan mechanism discussed herein, the two scanning elements can be individually equipped with sensing devices (illustrated collectively as item 132 in
With reference to
Further, the processor generates a plurality of image drive signals for application to a display 136 for displaying the calculated image. In this embodiment, the processor and the display are disposed in separate enclosures with communication channels coupling the processor to the transmit/receive unit as well as the lens position sensor. In other embodiments, the various components of the imager can be housed in a single, preferably handheld, enclosure.
In some embodiments, an imager according to the teachings of invention is capable of acquiring images of a plurality of object planes located at different axial locations (e.g., at difference depths within an obstruction, such as a wall). For example,
In some embodiments, both transmit/receive unit 142 and lens are axially translated, while preferably maintaining the separation between the transmit/receive unit and the lens, to focus the radiation on planes at different axial locations.
The radiation reflected from each object plane can be detected by the transmit/receive unit, which generates an electrical signal in response to such detection and transmits the signal to a processor 150 for analysis. The imager further includes at least one lens position sensor 152 coupled to the rotational scanner and the focus-drive mechanism for determining the axial position as well as the rotational orientation of the lens (in some embodiments, the functionality of the position sensor 152 can be provided by two separate sensors, one for determining the lens's axial position and the other for determining the lens's rotational orientation). By way of example, the lens position sensor can be implemented as a shaft encoder. The sensor 152 transmits the information regarding the lens's axial position and rotational orientation to the processor 150. The processor employs this information to temporally correlate the detection signal generated by the detector to different object planes, and for each object plane, to a plurality of coordinate positions in that plane. In this manner, the processor can build up a plurality of images, each corresponding to a different depth within the object region. The processor can further generate image drive signals for application to a display 154 for displaying these images, e.g., as a three-dimensional image. In some cases, the processor can cause the display to present selected ones of these images, or present them in a selected sequence, or in any other desired manner.
Although a transmit/unit is employed in the imager 138, in other embodiments, separate source and detector can be employed to generate and detect the radiation, for example, in a manner shown in the above imager 10 (
In another embodiment, the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the lens can be employed to focus radiation from a source at a plurality of at different depths (e.g., onto a plurality of object planes located at different axial distances from the lens). For example, the frequency of the radiation generated by a source can be varied (tuned) such that the chromatic aberration exhibited by the lens would result in focusing different frequencies at different axial locations from the lens.
By way of example,
In the exemplary imager 172, the lens 176 is disposed relative to an emitting aperture of a radiation source 182 at a distance equal to one of its focal lengths. The lens 176 converts an expanding cone of radiation generated by the source into a generally collimated radiation beam, and directs the collimated beam in a predetermined off-axis direction, as shown schematically in
Preferably, the separation between the lenses 176 and 178 is substantially equal to the focal length of the fixed lens 178. In such a case, the fixed lens 178 forms the image 184 with an imaging cone of radiation whose chief ray is parallel to the optical axis. When the lens 178 is axially moved, the separation between the two lenses can deviate from this preferred value, although in some embodiments, both lenses can be moved so as to provide a depth of scan of the radiation while maintaining the separation between the lenses substantially equal to the preferred value.
A prototype imager made based on the above teachings of the invention is discussed in the following example for further illustration of various aspects of the invention. It should, however, be understood that this is intended only for illustrative purposes, and not for indicating optimal performance of imagers according to the teachings of the invention, or to suggest that the specific arrangement of the various optical components and other design parameters utilized in the prototype are in any way meant to limit the scope of the invention.
The prototype imaging system based on the teachings of the invention was fabricated by utilizing a Gunn oscillator operating at a frequency of 24.15 GHz (a wavelength of about 12.4 millimeters) as the emitting source. The Gunn oscillator was coupled to a 10 dB feedhorn, with an exit aperture having dimensions of 15 by 11 mm, so as to output a cone of linearly polarized radiation at a power of 5 mW with an angular spread of +/−57 degrees.
After passage through a 45-degree wire grid polarizer (composed of 30 gauge wires with 0.8 mm center spacing disposed on an Acrylic frame), the radiation from the oscillator was focused to a focal point by an F/0.6 quarter-wave focusing lens, formed of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). The lens was configured to image the radiation at a focal spot approximately 100 mm off the lens's optical axis. The distance of the source from the lens (about 125 mm) was substantially equal to that of the image from the lens, thus resulting in a magnification of about 1.
A 32 mm thick birefringent quarter-wave plate, composed of an array of 2.5 mm wide slots cut into a LPDE sheet, was placed between the lens and the focal point. The slots of the quarter-wave plate were oriented at 45 degrees relative to the polarization axis of the incident beam, thus converting the beam's linear polarization to circular polarization. Upon reflection from an object at the focal point and a second passage through the quarter-wave plate, the beam's circular polarization was converted back to linear polarization, albeit with a 90-degree rotation relative to the polarization axis of the incident beam. The back-propagating radiation was then transmitted by the wire grid polarizer to a second Gunn oscillator having an integrated mixer (receiver). The optical system effectively operated in a confocal mode, where the diffracted radiation spot served to illuminate an object and radiation reflected (or scattered) from the object was focused back through a small aperture (the feedhorn entrance) to the mixer detector.
The emitter and receiver Gunn oscillators were tuned to have a frequency mismatch of approximately 2 MHz. This frequency mismatch causes radiation reflected by an object at the focal point and relayed to the receiver to generate a 2 MHz beat frequency signal. The beat frequency was amplified, low-pass filtered (frequency cutoff was about 500 Hz) and rectified. The rectified signal was, in turn, fed to a computer data acquisition system.
By rotating the lens at 300 revolutions-per-minute (rpm), a circularly scanned “probe spot” was generated. A magnet and a Hall effect sensor were utilized to measure the rotational position of the lens. Object imaging was accomplished by moving objects transversely through the scanning focused spot. A sheet of gypsum wallboard having a thickness of about ⅝ inches (15.9 cm) was placed between the lens and the focal plane of the probe spot. Radiation passing through the wallboard interacted with various test objects (e.g., wires, pipes, human skin, etc). A software program was utilized to use the rotational position of the lens so as to determine the Cartesian Coordinates of locations on the focal plane from which the detected reflected radiation originated. This information was utilized, in a manner discussed in detail above, to construct images of objects that were moved transversely through the scanned field.
As noted above, the above prototype was discussed only for illustrative purposes. The particular selections and arrangements of the optical components (e.g., source, lens and receiver) were made only by way of example. Alternative components and arrangements can also be utilized. For example, sources operating at other wavelengths can be employed.
It should be understood that various modifications can be made to the above illustrative embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, a variety of different lenses can be utilized. The lenses can be fabricated, e.g., as zone plates, parallel metal plates, dielectric materials. Further, the optics can be designed as confocal, near confocal, telecentric, or dark field. The scanning of the radiation can be one or two-dimensional (radial, tangential, raster, or a combination thereof). The camera body location-determining subsystem can be internal or external to the camera body. Further, the location sensing technology can be mechanical, optical, RF or any suitable mode.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.||324/642, 324/244.1, 324/542, 342/22, 324/754.23, 324/750.23|
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|21 Ago 2014||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: WALLEYE TECHNOLOGLIES, INC., MASSACHUSETTS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HOLBROOK, DAVID S.;ADAMS, CHRISTOPHER P.;REEL/FRAME:033584/0947
Effective date: 20060412
|7 Jul 2017||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|19 Oct 2017||FEPP|
Free format text: SURCHARGE FOR LATE PAYMENT, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1554)
|19 Oct 2017||MAFP|
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MINT, Sonstiges, Kulturelle Bildung, Sozialwissenschaftlicher Fokus, Sport
Lake Eğirdir is in the borders of Isparta and has one of the most natural richness amongst Turkish Lakes Region. The lake is called as 7 colored because its colour occasionally changes although it stays cyan most of the time. Additionally, Eğirdir is the first with it’s apple production which is over 350 thousand. Receiving inspiration from Eğirdir’s natural beauty and fame, to show that the nature is still refreshing and colourful despite the fast and unguided urbanization, with the intention of creating a future away from single type of lives, single type of humans, single type of minds, the topic “all colours of nature” has been chosen. Cultural influences come together to provide young people from different countries participate in the project are asked to reveal artistic products . For this purpose; The short film is scheduled for an organization with the aim of producing technical learning and short films.
7 Coloured Eğirdir İnternational Short Film Festival


EAST LIVERPOOL - A river-side industry got the green light from the Board of Zoning Appeals last week to construct a new commercial storage facility to be located on four lots along Second Street.
Seaforth Mineral, First and Market streets, petitioned the board for five variances so it can build a 240-feet-by-130-feet facility, similar to one already located nearby.
Planning Director Bill Cowan presented variances on minimum lot area, minimum front yard setback, minimum rear yard setback, minimum side yard setback and lot coverage that had been submitted by the company at a hearing Thursday.
The minimum lot area required by city ordinance in an M-3 zoned area is two acres, and the area proposed for the garage is .7162-acre; minimum front yard depth is 50 feet, rear yard setback is 40 feet and side yard setback is 30 feet while plans call for constructing the building along the same property lines as its other facility.
Maximum percent of lot coverage in an M-3 zoned area is 40 percent, while the proposed facility will cover 100 percent of the lots.
Seaforth will raze some existing buildings to make room for the new one, which will be bordered by Second and Market streets and Pink and Peach Alley.
One resident addressed the board regarding the alleys involved in the proposal, concerned whether he would still have access to his property and he was assured he will.
Although agreeing the variances might seem "excessive," planning Director Bill Cowan recommended approval due to the location of the proposed building in an area with M-3, or general industrial zoning classification, and due to the fact other commercial storage buildings located along Second Street are built in a similar fashion.


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Birdsboro Living Room Reclining SofaPatio or outdoor furniture has gained new momentum with transferring tastes, preferences and contemporary way of life. The days are gone when all-climate plastic material in the garden was used to amuse visitors on the sun-drenched mid-day. Garden furniture features a wide range like outdoor patio furniture, garden furniture, seats, furniture, living room furnishings that may be easily changed over for evening events at the lake or the garden.
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Several factors Birdsboro Living Room Reclining Sofa you might prefer to think about on whilst selecting garden furniture,
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A Birdsboro Living Room Reclining Sofa customary seasonal upkeep routine can help you Birdsboro Living Room Reclining Sofa maintain the furniture for years
Good quality furniture can make a wise expense for enduring components outdoors are much higher than inside a home
Kids garden furniture should have big tables for play and the sides should be round to prevent injuries whilst actively playing.


整套民居 · Neofit Rilski
The house is in a wonderful village, home to the historical park complex. Easily accessible to varna, the beach and close to many historical landmarks. The house is in a traditional style, full of charm and artistic detail. Its a very safe neibourhood where you can feel at one with nature. The large garden has many fruit trees and a covered balcony allows one to sit and relax. Its a very beautiful and special place, unhindered by the modern world.


Ac traction vs dc traction ac traction the ac (alternating current) drive, also known as variable frequency drive, has been the standard in industry for many years. This feature is not available right now please try again later. A traction motor is an electric motor used for propulsion of a vehicle, such as an electric locomotive or electric roadway vehicle. Swiger coil traction motor repairs swiger coil systems is america's leading supplier of traction motors and generator equipment and services. Hulcher services performs wheel changes, idler motor changes and traction motor changes - from hulcher services, inc, a nationwide total services contractor for the.
Other than ac has better low speed control, and has no copper windings to 'bird cage' dc traction motors do not cost as much and for high speed service, they work. Traction motor the electric motor is known as a proven drive solution for many rail- traction applications but even an electrical machine might get damaged due to. Sherwood electromotion inc (sei) are traction motor experts for rail and mass transit applications our capabilities and extensive expertise makes it possible for us to provide any required overhaul and assembly service for rail and mass transit traction motors with complete assurance of reliability. Find and save ideas about traction motor on pinterest | see more ideas about electric motor, electric motor generator and electric motor for car. Traction motor type tm 4907bzib-571- 1 traction motor type tm 4907bz contents description. The aberdeen carolina & western railway company runs from charlotte, nc to pinehurst and connects to norfolk southern and csx transportation.
The railway traction motor market is segmented upon the technology type and application this research report analyzes this market on the basis of. Traction motor service, a division of irwin car and equipment (tms) is a full-service custom manufacturer and motor repair center we specialize in the electro.
67 t he traction motor is an electric motor used to power the driv-ing wheels of a railway vehicle traditionally each traction mo-tor was custom made to fit a. The global traction motors market to witness robust growth high adoption of ev traction motors to foster market growth.
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With the introduction of insulated-gate bipolar transistors (igbts) and variable-voltage variable-frequency (vvvf) traction inverters, the maintenance problems of the. Independent electric's railroad traction motor repair service incorporates a thorough inspection of the motor and all its individual parts physical damage, such as. Swiger coil systems - ac/dc traction motor remanufacturing to oem specifications click here for more details. A traction motor is an electric motor that's used to drive a piece of machinery the difference between a traction motor and.


event_title: North Dakota 2019 Guide Signage Project
event_start: June 28, 2019 18:00
event_end: June 30, 2019 18:00
event_address: Little Missouri National Grassland, Medora, ND 58645, United States
event_description: In 2018, the NDBHA Board of Directors embarked on their first major boots-on-the-ground project in cooperation with the Dakota Prairie Grasslands office. The ND Board members were the sole participants for this project for logistical reasons and to establish a foundation for our newly formed board. For that project we placed around 50 signs along the Non-Motorized boundaries in the Grasslands. For 2019, in continuation of our partnership with the DPG office and to expand NDBHAs impact on the Little Missouri National Grasslands, we are organizing a new signage project. NDBHA volunteers will be placing over 100 marker signs(and posts) across the Grasslands in 4 counties. This project will begin on the weekend of June 29th and 30th with the potential for a second weekend needed to complete the project. For the signage projects, we will be camping throughout the Grasslands in USFS campgrounds.Reach out to us at northdakotabackcountryhunters.org if you have questions about this project. RSVP with the link on this page if you can participate in this project.


Dala is a two-player abstract strategy board game from Sudan, and played especially by the Baggara tribes. The game is also called Herding the Cows (or Herding the Bulls). It is an alignment game with captures similar to that of the game Dara. Players first drop their pieces onto the board, and then move them (herding the cows) orthogonally in an attempt to form 3 in-a-rows which allows a player to capture any of their opponent's piece on the board.
The player who reduces their opponent's number of pieces to two is the winner. The opponent can no longer form a 3-in-a-row with two pieces or fewer.
A 6x6 square board is used. Each player has a set of 12 pieces of which one set is black, and the other is white.
Traditionally, the board was played on a raised soft mud, and the lines of the board were drawn onto it and marked by holes called "Nugar". Each player had 12 sharpened sticks that would be placed into the holes during play. To differentiate the sticks, the bark was removed on one set of the sticks, while the other set would retain its bark.
Game Play and Rules
1. Players decide who will play the black and white pieces, and who will start first.
2. A 3 in-a-row is defined as exactly three pieces of the same color adjacent to one another in an orthogonal direction. The player who forms the 3 in-a-row is allowed to capture one of their opponent's piece from anywhere on the board. This is known as a "ta'na". 4 in-a-rows or more are allowed to be created, but do not allow the player forming it to capture a piece from their opponent. The 3 in-a-row must be in an orthogonal direction, and therefore, diagonal 3 in-a-rows do not count also.
Two or more 3 in-a-rows can be formed in a single move by a player, however, it may only allow that player to capture a single piece from their opponent. No source clearly clarifies this matter.
3. The Drop Phase is the first stage of the game. Players alternate their turns placing each of their 12 pieces, one piece per turn, onto the board. However, the four central squares of the board must first be filled. Afterwards, players may place their pieces on any vacant square on the board. During the Drop Phase, players can form 3 in-a-rows which allows for that player to capture an enemy piece from anywhere on the board.
4. After each player has dropped their 12 pieces, the Movement Phase begins. Players alternate their turns moving one piece orthogonally onto a vacant adjacent square. The piece can form a 3 in-a-row by either moving onto a row or column of two adjacent pieces of its color, or leaving a row or column of four adjacent pieces of its color and thus leaving behind three adjacent pieces in-a-row.
5. A special situation exist when a player has three of their pieces (that are adjacent to each other) on a row next to another row of two adjacent pieces (of the player's also) whereby one of the pieces of the former row can move back and forth between the two rows to form a 3 in-a-row on every turn, and thus capture a piece from the opponent on every turn. This situation is known as a "bull".


Headphones Zipper Pouch
The Headphone Zipper Pouch is the perfect accessory for anyone who wants to protect their headphones or likes to carry them whilst travelling. Externally the pouch is made from water resistant rip-stop material with a non-scratch nylon interior. Inside the pouch is a 2mm padded area where your headphones can be stored safely. There is also room enough inside the pouch to carry small cables, chargers or a mobile phone. The pouch can be carried by its shoulder strap, making it a perfect portable travel accessory.
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United Colors of BenettonBlue Printed Blouse
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Flaunt your sexy look wearing this blue coloured top from United Colors of Benetton. Made from 100% polyester, this top stays extremely soft against your skin. Featuring an eye-catching print, this top can be worn with denims perfectly.
- Fabric100% POLYESTER
- LengthWaist Length
- Wash CareDark colours to be washed separately
- Model StatsThis model has height 5'8,Bust 34,Waist 26,Hip 35and is Wearing Size S.
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When you're navigating the trails after hours, Rough Country's Ditch Mount Kit for the long-awaited Ford Bronco gives you the strong side illumination you need. Never miss another turn, and safely maneuver through any off-road situation in the dark without obstructing visibility from inside the cab.
This easy-to-install mounting system is low profile and features a 100% bolt-on installation procedure, with no need for cutting or drilling needed. The LED Cubes tuck nicely along the base of the windshield and pack impressive lighting power.
Each Rough Country LED light cube is IP67 Waterproof and includes a premium, braided wiring harness with an in-line fuse and on/off switch. This kit Includes Rough Country's 3-year LED warranty.
100% bolt-on installation.
Does NOT interfere with hood or body panels.
Improve the visibility from the side of the vehicle.
IP67 Waterproof rating.
Durable die cast aluminum housing.
Moisture Breather technology reduces moisture build-up behind the lends.
Includes premium, flat-wound wiring harness with on/off switch.


Finding the best plus-size men’s clothing isn’t as tricky as it used to be—the plus-size market for both men and women has expanded beyond the small, dated and dusty sections in department stores and is readily available at many online retailers.
While more brands are offering inclusive sizing, it doesn’t mean the fit is always the best. We tapped plus-size model and influencer David Fadd for his advice and conducted our own independently research to find the best plus-size men’s clothing, focusing on brands that cater to different fashion styles and shapes. Whether you’re fashion-forward or just starting to expand your wardrobe, we have options for you.
Sizes: 32 to 60 | Average price point: $55 to $100
Quality denim isn’t the


3. Other Artifacts
3.3 Flying Tip
This artifact shows that the AFM is not properly tracking the surface.
In the example below the effect is obvious, but this is not always the case.
Sometimes it is clearer if you look at some of the other signals, like amplitude or phase or deflection images. In the images shown below, note how all the features have a "tail" to their left.
In the example above, the image of nanoparticles shows "tails" on each particle, to the left. The image was recorded scanning from right to left.Typically, the left to right image would show the tails on the right side of each feature. It is typical of this effect that you will get different images in the two directions.
How to avoid it.
If you see this, your feedback parameters are incorrect.
It is usually easy to fix. You generally should increase integral gain, then the proportional gain, you may need to change the setpoint too, or even scan more slowly. See the answer about adjusting AFM feedback parameters here, in in my book.


H7 LED Headlight Bulbs – 180W 21600LM 6500K White
Boslla has been committed to independent research and development of bright, safe and interesting LED headlight bulbs. This H7 LED headlight bulb with Bull Shape tail cap is one of them.
With a super brightness of 180 watts and 21600 lumens per pair, these 180W H7 LED headlight bulbs are considered to be the best and brightest LED headlight replacement bulbs for halogen bulbs. With these LED bulbs on, you will be no longer afraid of driving in the dark.
- 800% BRIGHTER THAN HALOGEN
Equipped with a 6 pcs high-quality 70 MIL flip chip, this H7 LED headlight bulb produces a superior brightness of 180W 21600LM per pair.
- PERFECT BEAM PATTERN
Focused refracting surface design, high brightness spotlight, and will not dazzle oncoming traffic.
- CANBUS READY ERROR-FREE
A new upgraded driver system improves the compatibility with 99% of the vehicle’s computer system without dashboard error, flickering, or radio interference.
- 50,000 HOURS LONGER LIFESPAN
The high-efficiency cooling system composed of an aviation aluminum lamp body, 51MM heat-conducting copper tube, and 10,000RPM powerful turbofan ensures an up to 50,000 hours lifespan of these H7 LED bulbs.
- 10-MINS QUICK INSTALLATION
Almost 1:1 mini size design as halogen, plug and play, just need 10 minutes to install these H7 bulbs.
- Power: 180W/pair, 90W/bulb
- Lumen: 21600LM/pair, 10800LM/bulb
- Color Temperature: 6500K Cool White
- Voltage: DC 9-16V
- CANBUS: Built-In
- Lifespan: Up to 50,000 Hours
- Cooling Fan: 10,000RPM Turbo Fan
- Installation: Plug and Play
- Warranty: 1 Year
- Certification: IP67 Water and Dust Seal, CE, RoHS


PLEASE USE THE DROP-DOWN BOXES ABOVE to view the drawing and price of the display you require, such as those below, by altering the 'number down' and 'poster size'
The following are just a few of the options available:
This suspended poster display is ideal for use in hair salons, nail bars, beauty shops and hairdressers, being a neat, easy and cost effective way to display advertising posters, particularly in windows.
The poster kit includes the wires, fixings and poster holders.
Different variations include posters from A0 to A5 in size, or we can make bespoke sizes to order, so PLEASE ENQUIRE if you have a particular requirement.


Buy police trade in guns and police surplus guns for sale at OfficerStore. We ensure all of our used police pistols are in, at least, fair condition and are fully functional out of the box. The most common wear points are holster wear on the slides and seat belt wear on the frames. The internal components on our LEO trade-in pistols are typically in great condition.
Our grading system:
Grade 1: The gun is in very good to excellent condition.
Grade 2: The gun is in good to very good condition.
Grade 3: The gun is in fair to good condition.


Since 1997, the Srinagar – Barallulla Rail Link Project is one of the most challenging and costly projects. The Chenab railway bridge is a part of this project. This route covers some of the unthinkable terrains that make the project more perplexing. When the then-Prime Minister HD Deva Gowda started the project, he never assumed that it would take until 2021 to complete the highest railway bridge of the world connecting Kashmir with rest of India.
History of Chenab Bridge
Although proposed in 1997, the project was initiated in 1989 by Dogra rulers of the region. However, their idea was connecting Kashmir with Jammu with a rail link. Due to the partition of Indo-Pakistan into two countries, they halted the project for several decades and it was planned again in 1970 to connect the two destinations via Pathankot of Punjab.
In the past, the project was expected to be completed by 2002. However, the deadline missed and an extended time grace was given to be completed in 2007. However, due to several safety concerns, the process was temporarily halted in 2008. Later, a new deadline was given for the project as 2015. Sreedharan IRSC (ret) also called as Metro Man brought out the idea that the project was not safe to hold the bridge during landslide or earthquake. His suggestions were taken in and the project was restarted in 2016. Subsequently, several deadlines were missed in 2016 – 2017 and in 2019.
According to Sanjay Gupta, the Managing Director of the Konkan Railways, the new deadline for this project is December 2021. New resources and enormous efforts are put by the department to complete this project within time. A huge chuck of work related to building this 359m tall bridge is in completion stage, according to Gupta.
Cost of Chenab Bridge
The cost of this project is estimated to come around INR 12,000 crores by the end of the deadline. This whooping cost is due to the tough manual work in a harsh terrain and life-threatening conditions. Best technologies and expert engineering minds are hired for the work, from around the world. According to Chief Engineer of Konkan Railways, R K Hedge, the rail project will be a marvel in the world of railways, once it is completed. More than 4000 technical staffs and low-level laborers are involved in this project, struggling through tunnel collapse, landslides, sand erosion, flooding, mudslide, and others.
This project runs through three different geographical regions namely, the Pir Panjal Thrust, Reasi Thrust, and Murree Thrust. Each thrust zone has a different geographical feature like faulted sand stone, loose conglomerate, silt stones, and others. This change in geology added additional challenges to the project, which is already riddled with problems like extremely cold temperature, very high altitude, harsh terrain, earthquake-prone zone, and others. Many new and extensive engineering inventions were made for building tunnel portals, bridges, approach roads, deep cutting, and others.
Role of Konkan Railway Department
53.6 km long section of the Katra-Dharam project is assigned to Konkan Railways for proper execution. This includes 46 km of tunnels, 4.6 km of bridges, and the remaining distance is filled with embankments, cuttings, and others. In addition to that, the department is also in charge for constructing roads and tunnels for the temporary bridges that currently provide access to the Katra-Dharam project region. This includes 160 km of roads. 70% of the road project is already completed, according to Gupta.
This project is assumed to provide considerable boost to tourism in this area. With better connectivity of Jammu and Kashmir with rest of the country, the economy of the region will increase too.
Role of Indian Defence Force
Due to the geographical location of the bridge in a politically unstable region, the risk of anti-national forces attacking the bridge is very high. Thus, the DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organization) and Indian Railways are working together to create a bridge which can with stand any major attack, including blasts. According to top officials, the bridge is currently being built with a special grade steel of 63mm thickness, which can withstand blasts.
Interesting Facts about Chenab Railway Bridge
Dimensions of the Bridge:
This bridge is the tallest and longest railway bridge in the world. The bridge is 359m tall and has a length of 1,315m. For comparison, the height of Eiffel Tower of France is 324 m. Chenab Railway Bridge is a part of Srinagar – Barallulla Rail Link Project, which connects Kashmir with Udhampur. Chenab Railway Bridge is built over Chenab River.
Strength of the Bridge
This project when completed will have a lifespan of 120 years and more.The bridge is built to resist high seed winds up to a speed of 260 km per hour. This is the first Indian bridge to be built with steel arches.The bridge can withstand a freezing temperature of -20 degree C.The steel is blast-proof providing security for terrorism activities. The bridge can withstand an earthquake with zone 5 intensity(the highest ever recorded in India).
Challenges in Constructing the Bridge:
The bridge's main challenge is to be built without obstructing the Chenab River flow. Thus, the bridge is built in straight and curve designs, with changing radius. More than 1500 works are working around the clock with this project.
Use of the Bridge
Jammu to Srinagar travel take 11 hours via road. After the construction of this bridge, the rail distance between the two destinations will fall to just five hours. This is expected to boost the economy and tourism in the region.


Roofing Underlayment: Ice and Water Shield
Continuing our series on understanding roofing underlayment, we will discuss the importance of ice and water shield for homes in the Wichita, KS area including McPherson, Hutchinson, and Newton.
What is ice and water shield underlayment?
Ice and water shield is a fully adhered underlayment to help resist wind driven rain and water back up due to ice damming. An ice dam is a ridge of ice that forms at the edge of a roof, preventing melting snow (and therefore, water) from draining off the roof. This water backs up behind the ice dam and can leak into your home, causing significant damage to walls, ceilings, insulation, and more
Ice and water shield is usually composed of a rubber membrane and a slip-resistant coating, depending on the manufacturer. It is extremely versatile and can be installed on a variety of steep slope roofing products such as asphalt shingles like 3-tab, composition shingles, architectural shingles, tile, slate, metal panels, and standing seam roofing systems. It is generally 3 ft. wide and is distributed in 1–2 sq. rolls in this region.
What are benefits of ice and water shield?
- Seals around fasteners: Due to the rubberized membrane, it resists leakage.
- Adhesion to the decking: It firmly bonds to the decking of the roof without heat or special adhesive.
- Watertight lapping: All laps in the product make water tight bonds due to the adhesive backing and rubber membrane construction.
- Protects decking under all steep slope roofing products.
- Potentially re-roofable: Due to the rubberized nature of the product, it is potentially re-roofable and can be left in place after tear-off of a roof surface.
Ice and water shields can be required by local building codes
If you have a closed valley configuration on your roof, a product like this is required by local code. All closed valleys require a valley liner per municipal code to protect into the event of wind-driven or ice-driven water penetration. In Kansas, we are far enough south that code requirements of ice and water shield being installed on eaves, rakes, hips, and ridges do not apply. In the northern region of the United States, this is required per municipal codes.
Pay attention to underlayment in roofing estimates
This is one very specific item to review in all your proposals for roof replacement to ensure it is included to meet minimum code requirements or as an upgraded feature to your roof replacement. Even if you have metal valleys, this product can still be installed and will provide superior protection.
Looking for a new roof or need a roof inspection in the Wichita, KS area?
If you are seeking a roof replacement and would like a free inspection of your existing roof system (some exclusions apply), please do not hesitate to reach us at (316) 665-8482 or request a quote online.


Beam Defined. Metal beams are superior load bearing supports that are widely used in the construction industry. Often placed as support beams in commercial or residential buildings, beams can also be used in trolley ways, hoists, bridges, machine bases, and a variety of other applications. Hot rolled steel is created by rolling steel at a
Best 30 Steel Beams in Washington, PA with Reviews - Steel Beams in Washington on YP. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for the best Steel Distributors & Warehouses in Washington, PA.
There are two types of hot-rolled H-beams and welded H-beams (H). Hot-rolled H-beams are divided into wide flange H-beams (HW), middle flange H-beams (HM) and narrow flange H-beams (HN) . Application of H-beams 1. Mainly used in beams and columns in industrial and civil structures. 2. Steel structure load-bearing support for industrial
H-beam vs I-beam Steel (14 Difference Analysis) H-beam steel is economical section steel with better mechanical properties in section than I-beam. It is so named because the shape of its cross-section is the same as the English letter H. The flanges of hot-rolled H-beam steel are wider than that of I-beams, have greater lateral stiffness, and are more resistant to bending.
Hot Rolled Steel Junior Beam Coremark MetalsHot rolled steel junior beams have a textured blue-grey finish, and a tapered flanges against the web for increased strength. Steel junior beams are a standard structural material which its primary function is to carry loads transverse to its longitudinal axis (web). Steel junior beams are lighter in weight than standard I beams.
Of course, buying the I-beams is not the end of a construction project. Aside from the budget for the materials, you have to prepare for other expenses including installation, labor costs, and replacing your steel beams. According to Home Advisor, installing the steel beams typically costs $1,185 to $3,909.
MetalsDepot® - Buy Galvanized Steel Beams Online!Galvanized Steel Beams, is a A36 hot rolled, mild steel beam that has been hot dipped in a zinc rich galvanizing process. Galvanized beams are a lower cost alternative to stainless steel to achieve rust free protection for up to 30 years, while maintaining comparable strength with a durable hard surface coating. Metals Depot stocks many sizes in pre-cut lengths, full mill lengths or we can hot
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Stainless Steel I Beams Supplier. Stainless Shapes Specializes in Stainless Steel Beams with the largest inventory available! Stainless Shapes is a trusted stainless steel I beams supplier. We have a wide selection of beams available to order, and all of our stainless are made to meet ASTM 276, ASTM A484, ASTM A479/A479M standards.
Stainless steel I beams and S beams MontanstahlStainless steel I and S beams are used in commerce and industry but also in machinery and equipment building. The use of stainless steel profiles is characterized by a high flexibility of composition and a fast and cost reduced construction (through the possibility of prefabrication in the steel production).
Steel Beam, Steel Finished Product - Scrap Metal Prices Carbon steel structural beams are manufactured in two configurations. Both are constructed with a vertical web in the center of the beam, with horizontal flanges on top and bottom. The structure of the beam provides superior load-bearing support. ASTM A992 is the most commonly used beam in
As the recognized leader in the structural steel business, Nucor offers customers a diverse range of wide-flange steel beams, pilings and heavy structural steel products. Both of our beam mills use a special continuous casting method that produces a beam blank closer in shape to that of the finished beam than traditional methods.
Steel Mart USA:BEAMSIn Mexico, steel I-beams are called IR and commonly specified using the depth and weight of the beam in metric terms. For example, a "IR250x33" beam is approximately 250 mm (9.8 in) in depth (height of the I-beam from the outer face of one flange to the outer face of the other flange) and weighs approximately 33 kg/m (22 lb/ft).
Steel Products Pacific Steel & RecyclingEach of our steel locations stocks popular shapes and sizes for the local markets, and based on your quantities, we can get any other item you need. Delivery is available for ALL steel products. We can also cut your steel to any length to help you eliminate scrap, saving you money and time. There are no jobs too large or too small.
Each of our steel locations stocks popular shapes and sizes for the local markets, and based on your quantities, we can get any other item you need. Delivery is available for ALL steel products. We can also cut your steel to any length to help you eliminate scrap, saving you money and time. There are no jobs too large or too small.
Structural Steel I-Beams, Posts and Poles SAVE 50-75% I-Beams USED-6" x 10" x 7'-4" x 1/4"-146 lbs $36.50 1 steel beam, scrap metal, i-beam, ibeam, mezzanine, platform, balcony, porch or structure above the ground, balustrade, box, catwalk, gallery, mezzanine, piazza, platform, porch portico, stoop, terrace, veranda, girder, joist piling pillar plank pole scaffolding shaft sill timber axle
Wide Flange Steel Beams ("W" Shape) - A & C Metals Related products. Bar Size & L Shape, Grade 50 Steel Angle Read more; 1018 Hot Rolled Steel Round Bar (Forged & Rough Turned) Read more; M 1044 (.40 to .50) Carbon Hot Rolled Steel Flat Bars
Beams Beams. Gerdaus hot-rolled structural products are manufactured using the highest production standards. Our four beam shapes and wide range of geometries suit applications from construction to manufacturing. Guard Rail Beam Miscellaneous (M) Beams Standard I-Beam