Alexander Paterson, youth work and prison reform. Alexander Paterson (1884-1947) had a profound influence on social policy in Britain. Now remembered as a prison reformer, he was also a key figure in the establishment of TOC H and an influential figure in boys’ club work. Paterson’s book Across the Bridges (1911) was also an important exploration of poverty and social conditions of the dockland districts of South London. Here we explore his contribution.
contents: introduction · alexander paterson and the oxford and bermondsey club · across the bridges · toc h · alexander paterson and prison reform · conclusion · further reading and bibliography · links · how to cite this article
‘Sir Alexander (Alec) Henry Paterson (1884-1947) was born on November 20, 1884 in Bowden, Cheshire, attended Bowden College, and went up to the University of Oxford in 1902. From an early age he appeared to be set for a ‘career’ in (Liberal) politics. Clement Atlee recalls him coming up to his college (University College) in his second year. He has commented, ‘Although younger than most of those of his year he very soon became an outstanding influence in the life of the college… [H]is greatness consisted essentially in the power of his personality’ (writing in Ruck 1951: 7). At Oxford Paterson took honours in Greats and became an officer of the Union (the other officers included William Temple and Herbert du Parcq) (Ruck 1951: 12).
In his freshman year at Oxford Paterson encountered Dr John Stansfeld who had pioneered the Oxford Medical Mission (later known as the Oxford and Bermondsey Club) and a range of boys’ work in Bermondsey. He invited Paterson to visit and to give the Mission a fortnight’s trial – and Paterson was moved by what he saw. As Ronald Selby Wright (1951: 28) put it, Alexander Paterson became the leader of ‘a very small but quite remarkable group’ at university.
It was a group of men whose true greatness was partly to be found in their almost deliberate obscurity; only the inner circle know how much they have given to the world at large. Barclay Baron, George Troup, Donald Hankey, Roland Phillips, for example with Alec Paterson himself as the king of them all, are known and loved in the wide yet reserved world of Boys’ Clubs, and Toe H. and Social Reform. Yet even among those who most benefited by them, so often their names are but names: and that I submit surely is part of their greatness. Not one of them sought fame, but all of them earned it; none sought riches, but how great are the riches they have bestowed on the world! They did not talk about fellowship and service : they served their fellows without hope or desire of reward—except the only reward really worth having—that of knowing that they did God’s will. They served their fellows without fear of the consequences. (op. cit.)
Alexander (Alec) Patterson was to live in Bermondsey for 21 years – and was in touch with the work there throughout his life. On leaving Oxford he took up a minor Civil Service post. Initially he lived at the Mission – but he soon moved out into a two-roomed tenement close by ‘in the worst building he could find and in the roughest riverside street’. There he fought ‘an unequal battle with vermin’ and became ‘will-nilly, the adviser of his teaming neighbours and the godfather of many of their children’ (Baron 1952: 163). He also gave up his post in the Civil Service and became a supernumerary, unpaid, teacher in a local elementary school (using his savings and a gift from his mother). He was later to write about the experiences of local people in moving terms in Across the Bridges (1911) and to call upon the better-off to take action.
Not surprisingly given the connections of many of the residents of the Oxford and Bermondsey club, Alexander Paterson’s growing expertise around and knowledge of the lives and children and young men became known to Herbert Samuel who was drafting the Children Bill (which became the Children Act 1908). As a result Paterson wrote more than twenty amendments to the draft – all of which appeared in the final Act.
Alec Paterson’s concern with the prison system also dated from around this time. One of the club members ‘Jimmy’ (who lived in considerable poverty) killed his young wife (in 1906) (later described by Paterson in Ruck 1951: 32). Paterson understood the circumstances, and viewed ‘Jimmy’ as a friend. He fought on his behalf throughout his trial, stood by him during his long imprisonment and looked after his baby. He also paid for Jimmy and his child to emigrate on his release. Baron comments ‘It was this love for men, this capacity for walking beside them, linked with a bold imagination and a stubborn will, which he now dedicated to the reform of the criminal system and of the penal system’ (1952: 165). In 1909 Winston Churchill, then Home Secretary, recruited Paterson and to discuss with discharged convicts their futures. It was the first experiment in after-care for convicts. He also became Assistant Director of the Borstal Association (in 1908).
During this time he remained deeply involved in the work of the Oxford and Bermondsey Club. As war approached along with a number of others involved in the club he joined the local territorials (22nd Battalion of the Queen’s) and was soon in action. He was twice recommended for a VC, was badly wounded when rescuing a comrade and eventually came home a Captain with a Military Cross. As a result of his injuries he was in constant pain which, according to Baron (1952: 166) he suffered in silence. Along with some other members of the Oxford and Bermondsey Club (notably Barclay Baron) Alec Paterson was to become involved in the formation of TOC H as a movement.
After the war he joined the Ministry of Labour for a short while (at first as a Principal Officer) but then, in 1922, was appointed Commissioner of Prisons and Director of Convict Prisons. His appointment didn’t go without comment – there was significant opposition to his progressive ideas. He believed that prisons should focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment. One of his famous statements was that : ‘Men are sent to prison as a punishment, not for punishment’ (quoted by Ruck 1951:13). Alexander Paterson had a major impact on the direction and conduct of Borstals and upon the work of the prison system as a whole.
Alexander Paterson retired as Commissioner in 1946. and was knighted in 1947. However, as Baron comments, he was ‘utterly worked out in body and mind’. He died on died November 7, 1947 a few weeks before the passing of the Criminal Justice Act that bore many of his ideas. Paterson Park, Bermondsey was named after him.
Barclay Baron (1952: 162) has commented that John Stansfeld and Alexander Paterson were drawn together at once:
Both headstrong, both prolific in new ideas that could not easily be reconciled, they argued often enough but never came to into any conflict of consequence. For the Doctor respected the powers of the younger man as much as he loved him, and the lieutenant was always loyal to his chief.
When Paterson saw Bermondsey he was ‘conquered’:
He came as a Unitarian, militant in this as in all the principles he held, but a short spell alongside the Doctor changed this deep-founded family tradition: ‘You simply can’t walk the streets of Bermondsey with him’, he said one night to a friend, ‘and not know that Jesus is Divine.’ (Baron 1952: 162)
Barclay Baron (op. cit.) goes on to comment, ‘There was no trace of theological argument about this but a conviction by which a man could, and did, live’.
At the Oxford Medical Mission, boys’ club work was growing quickly. The Mission had taken over an old corset factory (134 Abbey Street) in 1903. Downstairs was a dispensary, upstairs on the first floor a boys’ club. There were also rooms for resident missionaries on the top floor. John Stansfeld’s visits to Oxford Colleges had attracted a remarkable collection of young men to Bermondsey to visit. There is a picture of the officers at a summer camp (at Horndon in 1907) organized by Stansfeld. The group includes Geoffrey Fisher (later Archbishop of Canterbury), Alec Paterson (later Prison Commissioner); Barclay Baron (a key figure in the organization of Toc H) and Stansfeld himself. Other people associated with the work in the first two decades of the twentieth century included William Temple (Archbishop of Canterbury), Clement Attlee (later of the Labour Party and Prime Minister), ‘Tubby’ Clayton (who founded TocH) and Basil Henriques and Waldo Eagar – both later central figures in the boys’ club movement. The Mission was to move out of medical work (with the departure of Stansfeld) and to focus on boys’ and men’s work. First known as the Oxford and Bermondsey Mission, then as the Oxford and Bermondsey Boys’ Club its work and those associated with it had a profound effect on the boys’ club movement (for more on this see the piece on <href=”#club”> Stansfield).
Paterson was never warden of the Oxford and Bermondsey Club but was a constant presence and dominant influence once Stansfeld had left. This wasn’t always a comfortable experience for the wardens as Eagar has noted. W. McG Eagar was a resident before the First World War and took over as Warden after. Alec Paterson questioned Eagar’s efforts to involve the Oxford and Bermondsey Club with the London Federation of Boys’ Clubs and similar other bodies. He also ‘strongly disapproved and held aloof from the subsequent formation of the NABC [National Association of Boys Clubs]’ (Eagar 1953 236n). However, other wardens such as Baron (1952) have spoken in glowing terms of Paterson’s influence. Basil Henriques was also to later talk about his first encounter with Paterson:
It would be foolish of me to try and describe his extraordinary magnetic personality, none of which he has lost in the past twenty-five years. With great vision, with great humour, and with great originality, the man emphasised what I had got from his book [Across the Bridges – see below]. ‘There is a spot of work to be done in Bermondsey; you might as well come and do it’ – no pressure, no undue urging, but the kind of impression: ‘Well, if you haven’t got the decency in you don’t trouble about it’. (Henriques 1937: 20-1)
After Paterson had died, Henriques was to describe him as ‘the greatest inspiration of my life’ (Loewe 1946: 14).
Alec (Alexander) Paterson became convinced of the need to communicate something of the poverty, bad housing and waste experienced by local people. He was also keen to share something of the warmth and potential of south London life. His object was to stir an ‘unheeding world’ and ‘shame its conscience for heedlessness of these things hitherto’ (Baron 1952: 163). The result was Across the Bridges (published in 1911). It’s committed, insightful and sympathetic account of local life and experiences (especially concerning children and young people), and his call for personal action hit a chord. Alexander Paterson used stories and observations to make his points and there was little of the rhetoric and moralizing that infected many accounts by other philanthropists. Indeed, Across the Bridges is often witty and humorous. It went through 11 printings – that last of which was in 1928 – and remains a classic of its genre.
The opening pages of the book capture it tone:
It is said by the man who goes down the Strand that across the bridges of the Thames there lies a quarter of London where it is not possible to find a good tailor or a big hotel. Yet in this seeming desert, which stretches for eight miles along the banks of the river, live all but two millions mothers and fathers and children. Their life is full of incident, yet not adventurous. Goodness abounds, but there is little greatness. Few memorable buildings exist on the south bank to attract sightseers from the countryside or colonies. Few streets seem suited for a royal procession. Even the best features have the sombreness of the second-rate. The part that lies closest to the river is far poorer tan the rest. On these streets poverty has set a seal, and its many problems have sunk their tangled roots deep into the life of the people. It is of the hopes and troubles that come to those who live here that these pages will speak. They will be content to trace the life of the average man by the river-side, to show his worth and possibilities, and will fall far short of suggesting the remedies which might transform his character and chances. (Paterson 1911: 1-2).
From there Alexander Paterson goes on to explore local street life, family life, and customs and habits. The central part of the book examines the experiences of childhood with chapters on birth and infancy, education at an elementary school, school influences, and child-life outside school. All these are written with considerable sympathy and based in sharing in the lives of those he writes about. From here he turns to the working lives of boys and young men and how they spend their spare time. There are also chapters of character and religion and youthful offenders. The last part of the book explores marriage, the life of working people and failures. However, Paterson keeps returning to ‘the natural goodness’ of the local people:
In spite of every stupidity and mistake , in spite of the failure and wreckage of weak souls, here, born of the struggle of life, unfold those lives of love and perseverance, that are to the traveller that has eyes to see as the golden furze on the bleakest slope of the mountainside. (Paterson 1911: 262)
The book ends with a call to action on the part of those who have wealth and influence:
The first great struggle is for men to realize that across the bridges there is a great need, which is a reproach to their common sense because it is a great waste of strength and goodness, and to their manliness because it is unutterably sad. Some, moreover, need to learn that there is a bridge, after all, which will bear them to these countless homes of poverty. They will find the way across the river if they come, natural and unassuming, with a pure heart and ready hand, anxious only to serve and learn. They cross, perhaps, in fear and wonder, but find on the other side a happiness which makes [t]hem stay. They meet there gentler spirits with more indomitable courage than their own, and others who are more weak and sinful than they can understand; slowly they begin to share and join hands with all, and in the end rejoice that are as other men. (Paterson 1911: 272-3)
The book has some interesting omissions. First, the area where Paterson lived and upon which he based much of his writing had a large Irish, Catholic population – and it was these who were among the poorest. Indeed, the tenement where he lived was just a few yards from a large Catholic church and convent. Yet no attention is given to this in the book. We can speculate about the reasons for this. Perhaps Alexander Paterson, knowing that many of his readers would harbour significant anti-Catholic prejudices, left this out so as not to colour their reaction to his central message. Perhaps he thought the religious and cultural background of local people was of little significance. This leads on to a second key omission – the failure to discuss in any sustained way the structural and political reasons for the existence of poverty and hardship on the scale he experienced in Bermondsey. It might be that as his was, in significant part, a call for personal action on the part of those with money and influence that attention to the underlying forces helping to structure people’s lives was deemed unnecessary.
Reaction to the book was strong. Eagar comments that was ‘outstandingly popular, and ‘stung the minds and wrung the hearts of dwellers in Mayfair and the comfortable suburbs’ (1952: 382). It became required reading for those at Eton seeking confirmation. Eagar continues:
It conveyed a vast reproach by depicting not only the essential decency but the greater goodness of the river-side poor, whose generosity, unselfishness and uncomplaining cheerfulness made all the more tragic the weary round of casual employment, ill-health and destitution, and the merciless crushing of youthful capacity and hopefulness. (ibid.: 383)
The book certainly drew people into Bermondsey and similar areas ready to contribute and learn. Basil Henriques was a prime example. He describes the book as holding him ‘spellbound’ and as calling him to ‘cross that bridge’ (1937: 20). The Oxford and Bermondsey Mission, then Club, was able to augment its already strong and influential group of residents and supporters. Clement Atlee, also, has talked of staying with Paterson at the Oxford and Bermondsey Mission (while attending an Officer’s school in Bermondsey) and discussing the book (Atlee 1954: 24). Across the Bridges became a key reference point in debates – and stood alongside the best of the outpouring of books about the position of the young in urban areas e.g. Bray’s The Town Child (1907) and Urwick’s Studies of Boy Life in our Cities. It even invited a sequel – London Below Bridges written by Hubert Secretan, then the warden of Oxford and Bermondsey, and published in 1931. Paterson, in his introduction to the book, comments, ‘Transformation has been effected in so short a time. The homes are better, parents are more concerned in the education of their children. The restriction in hours of public houses has given two hours more sleep to every man, woman and child. The schools are based on leadership rather than regulation’. Yet, he continues, ‘There is still waste in South London because human personality is starved in spirit and cramped in growth by the crudeness of its environment and the scarcity of leaders’ (xii-xiii).
The TOC H movement grew out of the efforts of Philip Clayton, an army chaplain who had previously been associated with Stansfeld and the Oxford Medical Mission. He had set up a soldier’s rest-house behind Allied lines in Belgium at Gasthuisstraat in autumn 1915. This house – Talbot House (or ‘Toc H’ in signaller’s jargon) – with its chapel in the hop loft at the top of the building, was experienced as a unique place of fellowship and sanctuary. Friendships were formed across ranks – and many discovered a reality in religion for the first time (Rice and Prideaux-Brune 1990). The House remained open until spring 1918 when German advances brought it directly into the battle zone.
Such was the effect of the house, that a number of those who had passed through it wanted to re-create its atmosphere and ethos in peacetime. As Rice and Prideaux-Brune have commented it was two particular aspects that people want to preserve:
Firstly, there was the fellowship of Toc H, something deeper than the much-talked-of ‘comradeship of the trenches’. People found they could create real friendships with those who, in other circumstances, they would never have met. And they realized that such friendships could transform society. One of them wrote afterwars: ‘To conquer hate would be to end the strife of all the ages, but for men to know one another is not difficult, and it is half the battle’.
And then there was the impact of that Upper Room. The chapel was Anglican, but it was not narrowly denominational. The house was Christian, but it offered a welcome to all who entered it. And so those who entered it wanted to preserve a spirit which would overcome the hostility between the different Christian traditions, and would offer a place, within a Christian community, to those who had no clear Christian beliefs. (1990: 10)
It is easy to see why those involved with Oxford and Bermondsey such as Barclay Baron and Alexander Paterson would be part of such efforts. They ran in parallel with their own concerns in Bermondsey. It was not an ex-servicemen organization but an attempt to cultivate and sustain fellowship and an inclusive Christianity for future generations. Indeed Philip ‘Tubby’ Clayton had been a frequent visitor to Oxford and Bermondsey and involved in the work and was later to say that Bermondsey was ‘the true candle of Toc H’ (Baron 1952: 208).
Alec Paterson became the first chairman of Toc H. The earliest statement of the aims of Toc H was drawn up by Tubby Clayton, the Rev ‘Dick’ Sheppard of St Martin-in-the-Fields, and Alexander Patterson early in 1920. The four points of the compass (as they became known) stressed:
1. FRIENDSHIP: To love widely.
2. SERVICE: To build bravely.
3. FAIRMINDEDNESS: To think fairly.
4. THE KINGDOM OF GOD: To witness humbly. (The full statement can be found in Philip ‘Tubby’ Clayton and Toc H).
Toc H was to grow into major movement developing a range of local groups and establishing a number of national houses and holiday homes. It also spread to a number of other countries.
After the First World War there was considerable pressure for change in the prison system. Of particular note was was a report by the Prison System Enquiry Committee edited by Stephen Hobhouse and Fenner Brockway (both of whom had been conscientious objectors and imprisoned during the War). As Edwards and Hurley have noted, the publication of the report coincided with the appointment as chairman of the Commission of Maurice Waller; the foundation of the Howard League for Penal Reform by Margery Fry; and the appointment as a Commissioner of Alexander Paterson. They continue:
Paterson was unique amongst Prison Commissioners in having no official connection with the prison service before his appointment…. He is chiefly remembered for his impact on the borstal system but he was also the driving force behind many of the more general reforms of the twenties and thirties.
The impact of new Commissioners was swiftly felt. The convict crop and the broad arrow were abolished, reasonable facilities were made for shaving (until then not even a safety razor had been allowed), the silence rule was greatly relaxed, educational facilities were extended, and provision was made for male prisoners to receive visits from prison visitors. Efforts were made to improve the work available to prisoners, which had fallen off after the end of the war, and a seven-hour working day was introduced in 1923. In 1929, with the help of the Howard League, a pilot scheme for the payment of a small wage to prisoners working in the mat-making shop at Wakefield was established. Public funds were made available for this purpose in 1930 and the scheme was gradually extended. The period of separate confinement was phased out from 1922 and abolished in the Prison Rules 1930. In 1936 all prisoners were allowed to have tobacco, a privilege previously reserved for those serving sentences of four years or more.
The basic idea underpinning Paterson’s approach was that the primary aim of detention was to educate the offender. ‘Deterrence and retribution were achieved by the deprivation of liberty’ (Ruck 1951: 13).
Not surprisingly given his previous experience, Alec Paterson had a special interest in the reform of the borstal system. Established as part of the criminal code in 1908 the Borstal sentence had been built upon a military model of discipline and authority. In contrast Alexander Paterson looked to the public school system as a template with its ‘conception of building discipline from within, by encouraging the boys’ social instincts of loyalty and esprit de corps, and stimulating their latent capacity for leadership’ (Ruck 1951: 13). He knew the approach worked from his time with the Oxford and Bermondsey Mission.
One of his chief weapons was his influence in making appointments, particularly of the new grade of ‘housemasters’ (also known as assistant governors). He believed that success in any organization was ‘dependent absolutely on the quality of the staff’ (Ruck 1951: 13). The result, over time was a significant shift in the character of borstal regimes. His aim was to reform, ‘reclaim’ and train those who found themselves in Borstals. Edwards and Hurley summarize the achievements as follows:
In 1924 uniform for borstal officers was abolished, and officers generally were encouraged to involve themselves with the boys in a wide variety of activities, many of them of a leisure time character. Summer camps became a feature of borstal life. The Commissioners’ annual report for 1929 foreshadowed a new borstal establishment to cope with the demands for places. This new establishment was inaugurated by the famous march undertaken in May 1930 by a group of staff and boys from Feltham borstal under the leadership of the governor W.W. Llewellin to found the first open prison establishment in England, at Lowdham Grange in Nottinghamshire. In 1935 Llewellin led a similar march from Stafford to Freiston near Boston, Lincolnshire, where a second open borstal, North Sea Camp, was established. A third was started in 1938 at Hollesley Bay, Suffolk. In 1936 adult prisoners from Wakefield slept in open conditions for the first time at New Hall Camp which was in continuous occupation from January 1937. These developments attracted no serious criticism from the public.
Having effected change within the borstal system, Paterson then sought to apply his principles to elements of the prison system. In particular he looked at the experience of the ‘Star class’ of prisoner – adults imprisoned for their first offence. Part of Paterson’s success lay in the sheer length of time he was Commissioner. A further aspect lay in the connections he had made both at Oxford and through the networks associated with ‘Oxford in Bermondsey’. When this was added to his expertise with regard to the experiences of young men and his ability to choose and motivate those charged with the running of borstals. One of Paterson’s oft-quoted sayings was that the secret of discipline was motivation. ‘When a man is sufficiently motivated, discipline will take care of itself (see Ruck 1951)’. It was this plus a concern with education and training rather than a focus on punishment that characterized his contribution. However, Alexander Paterson did recognize that some were ‘incorrigible’ and that society needed protection from such people (clauses in the Criminal Justice Act 1948 around preventive detention owed their existence largely to him).
Alexander Paterson was a man of considerable courage and charisma. He had a profound ability to inspire others and to call them to work on behalf of those less fortunate than themselves. Ruck (1951: 14) comments:
[H]e was not the empirical sentimentalist he was sometimes represented to be. At first a leader and man of action who happily brought to realization some preconceived ideas of reform, he was also a student and thinker.
He had faith in the value and potential of all, a faith that had been strengthened by his experience of living among poor people, and of serving in the trenches during the First World War. This capacity to join with people, to share in their lives, allowed him to develop a far more rounded appreciation of social questions than most within his class. His Christian faith provided the motor for action. The result was a contribution that spanned a number of fields – youth work, the needs and experiences of people in deprived areas, prison reform and establishment of Toc H.
Atlee, C. (1954). As it Happened, London: Henineman.
Baron, B. (1952). The Doctor. The story of John Stansfeld of Oxford and Bermondsey, London: Edward Arnold.
Bray, (1907). The Town Child, London: Fisher Unwin.
Eagar, W. McG. (1953). Making Men. The history of boys’ clubs and related institutions in Great Britain, London: University of London Press.
Edwards, A. and Hurley, R. (undated). ‘Prisons over two centuries’, The Home Office, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/prishist.html, accessed 24 September 2004.
Henriques, B. L. Q. (1937). The Indiscretions of a Warden, London: Methuen.
Hobhouse, S. and Brockway, A. F. (eds.) (1922). English Prisons Today: being the report of the Prison System Enquiry Committee, London: Longmans, Green.
Loewe, L. L. (1976). Basil Henriques. A portrait based on his diaries, letters and speeches as collated by his widow Rose Henriques, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Paterson, A. (1911). Across the Bridges or Life by the South London River-side, London: Edward Arnold.
Rice, J. and Prideaux-Brune, K. (1990). Out of A Hop Loft. Seventy-five years of Toc H, London: Darton, Longman and Todd.
Ruck, S. K. (ed.) (1951). Paterson on Prisons. The collected papers of Sir Alexander Paterson, London: Frederick Muller.
Secretan, H. (1931). London Below the Bridges. Its boys and its future, London: Geoffrey Bles.
Smith, C. (2004). ‘Sir Alexander Henry Paterson (1884-1947), Penal Reformer’ in H.Matthew (ed.) New Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wright, R. Selby (1951). Great Men. Being short impressions of ‘X,’ H. H. Almond, W. A. Smith, A. H. Stanton, Kingsley Fairbridge, Alexander Paterson. London: Epworth Press.
Urwick, E. J. (ed.) (1904). Studies of Boy Life in our Cities, London: Dent.
How to cite this article: Smith, M. K. (2004, 2011) ‘Alexander (Alec) Paterson, youth work and prison reform, the encyclopedia of informal education. [Available at http://infed.org/mobi/alexander-paterson-youth-work-and-prison-reform/. Retrieved: insert date].
Acknowledgement: The image of Alexander Paterson is reproduced here in the belief that it is in the public domain.
© Mark K. Smith 2004, 2011


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What are those colorful rings around the Moon? A corona. Rings like this will sometimes appear when the Moon is seen through thin clouds. The effect is created by the quantum mechanical diffraction of light around individual, similarly-sized water droplets in an intervening but mostly-transparent cloud. Since light of different colors has different wavelengths, each colordiffracts differently. Lunar Coronae are one of the few quantum mechanical color effects that can be easily seen with the unaided eye. The featured lunar corona was captured around full Moon above Turin, Italy in 2014.Similar coronae that form around the Sun are usually harder to see because of the Sun’sgreat brightness.
Image Credit & Copyright: Giorgia Hofer(Cortina Astronomical Association)


War and Peace (Ack-Ack Fire near a Russian Aleut Grave), Wm F Draper, 1942
Memorial Day is one of the bookends of summer. It's easy to forget what Memorial Day honors - which is all of the men and women who have died in military service to our country.
From the US Memorial Day webpage:
"Memorial Day was officially proclaimed on 5 May 1868 by General John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, in his General Order No. 11, and was first observed on 30 May 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery. The first state to officially recognize the holiday was New York in 1873. By 1890 it was recognized by all of the northern states. The South refused to acknowledge the day, honoring their dead on separate days until after World War I (when the holiday changed from honoring just those who died fighting in the Civil War to honoring Americans who died fighting in any war). It is now celebrated in almost every State on the last Monday in May (passed by Congress with the National Holiday Act of 1971 (P.L. 90 - 363) to ensure a three day weekend for Federal holidays), though several southern states have an additional separate day for honoring the Confederate war dead: January 19 in Texas, April 26 in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi; May 10 in South Carolina; and June 3 (Jefferson Davis' birthday) in Louisiana and Tennessee.
Traditional observance of Memorial day has diminished over the years. Many Americans nowadays have forgotten the meaning and traditions of Memorial Day. At many cemeteries, the graves of the fallen are increasingly ignored, neglected. Most people no longer remember the proper flag etiquette for the day. While there are towns and cities that still hold Memorial Day parades, many have not held a parade in decades. Some people think the day is for honoring any and all dead, and not just those fallen in service to our country."
Aleutians Campaign, Wm F. Draper
Boxing Match, Wm F. Draper, 1944
The paintings here are by my great uncle, painter William F. Draper (1912-2003).
William F. Draper
Lieutenant Commander, USNR
"Born in Hopedale, Massachusetts, Draper attended the National Academy of Design and the Cope Art School in Massachusetts and also studied in France and Spain. Commissioned early in 1942, he created a series of paintings during his coverage of the Aleutians, Bougainville and the Marianas campaigns, many of which later appeared in color reproductions in the National Geographic Magazine. He was awarded the Bronze Star for his meritorious work as a combat artist in the Aleutians and under enemy attack in the South Pacific.
After returning to civilian life, William F. Draper earned an international reputation as a portraitist. His subjects have included John F. Kennedy (1962), the Shah of Iran (1967), James Michener (1979) and Richard M. Nixon (1981), as well as numerous other political, social, and corporate leaders. His work is included in the collections of a number of major museums, including the Metropolitan Museum and the National Portrait Gallery."
from the Naval Historical Center Website
Inferno, Wm F. Draper, 1944
Bill Draper was commissioned by the US Navy as one of five official WWII combat artists. He painted 69 descriptive wartime scenes between 1942-1945, many of them were featured in National Geographic magazine. It wasn't easy being a combat artist - conditions were difficult and often dangerous. Bill landed with the second wave of marines at Bougainville and while assigned to the USS Yorktown he "painted a series of paintings on the first air attack on Palau. He covered the landings at Hollandia and the air strike on Truk.
Draper covered the invasion of Saipan and Guam aboard the USS Tennessee depicting the powerful destruction that hit this island. While he was aboard, the Tennessee was hit three times. He landed and remained on the island for eighteen days recording the bitter struggle and eventual success of this action. At Guam he landed with the assault troops under heavy enemy fire."
- Naval Historical Center website
Hangar Deck of Carrier, Wm F Draper, 1944
Uncle Bill in his NYC Studio, image via Portrait Society of America website
A Warrior Homeward Bound, Wm F Draper, 1944
all images via the Naval Historical Center website


One in six inhabitants of the Caribbean Netherlands are smokers, one in eight are heavy drinkers and over six in ten are overweight. Half of the population are getting sufficient exercise. Women smoke and drink much less than men, but are more likely to be obese and exercise less. These are some conclusions from the Health Study which was conducted in the Caribbean Netherlands in 2017.
In collaboration with the Public Health departments of the public entities Bonaire, St Eustatius and Saba, Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) conducted a health monitoring survey in the Caribbean Netherlands in 2017. This Health Study Caribbean Netherlands was held to gain insight into the overall health status of the island population and into common infectious diseases, as well as to examine whether the population is well-protected against the infectious diseases against which they are vaccinated as part of the National Vaccination Programme. A total of 1,900 people participated in the study.
Few heavy smokers
Of the Caribbean Dutch population, 17 percent say they smoke. Only 2 percent are heavy smokers, i.e. with an average of 20 or more cigarettes per day. Women are much less likely to smoke than men. Smoking behaviour varies per island. On Saba, 24 percent of the population are smokers, versus 17 percent on Bonaire and 13 percent on St Eustatius. On all three islands, the number of heavy smokers is relatively small.
In the Caribbean Netherlands, 11 percent of the non-smoking residents are exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke indoors for at least one hour per day. On Bonaire, this is 12 percent; on St Eustatius 3 percent and on Saba 11 percent. This includes children. On Bonaire, for example, 9 percent of 0 to 11-year-olds smoke passively for at least one hour per day; of the non-smoking 12 to 15-year-olds, this share is 14 percent. On St Eustatius and Saba, fewer children seem to be exposed to other people’s smoke.
Share of heavy drinkers much smaller among women
One in eight residents of the Caribbean Netherlands are heavy drinkers: 8 percent of women versus 17 percent of men. Women on all three islands drink less alcohol than men.
St Eustatius has the lowest share of heavy drinkers at 8 percent. On Saba and Bonaire, the shares amount to 16 and 12 percent respectively.
Men exercise more
Half of the population (49 percent) of the Caribbean Netherlands meet the Dutch Physical Activity Guidelines (NNGB). The share meeting this standard is higher among men (59 percent) than among women (38 percent). Women on Saba turn out to be physically much more active than those on Bonaire and St Eustatius: 58 percent of the female population on Saba meet the activity standard, as against 38 percent of women on Bonaire and 32 percent of women on Statia.
Nearly half of all women on Statia are obese
More than six in ten residents of the Caribbean Netherlands are overweight, of whom half are obese. Women and men are equally likely to be overweight, but obesity is relatively more common among women: 36 percent, as against 26 percent of men. St Eustatius has the highest share of obese women, namely 46 percent.
Higher obesity rates in the Caribbean Netherlands
Due to methodological differences, the above results cannot be compared one-on-one with the figures for the European Netherlands. However, it can be concluded that there are relatively fewer active smokers in the Caribbean Netherlands. Conversely, non-smokers are significantly more likely to inhale other people’s smoke compared to the European Netherlands (this share is even 4 times higher in children). Furthermore, there are many more obese people in the Caribbean Netherlands, with the obesity rate at least twice as high.
StatLine – Lifestyle and (preventive) health examination, European Netherlands


Athens vs. Sparta, Pro Sparta
Hey all you ladies out there! I know you would much rather have a say in politics, but over in Athens, men all the decisions. You were considered “invisible”, but that exactly the opposite of what girls want. Here in Sparta, girls can own LAND! That means we could turn it into a spa or salon. Speaking of a spa, you can also take part in business. We took part in physical fitness training so we could bear strong sons for the military. We were born into equal rights, unlike Athens women, who had to work their way up to equal rights, just like slaves. As you can see, if you were a woman in Greece in ancient times, Sparta is the better choice.
But that’s not the only reason Sparta was a better living environment. We also had outstanding health. We were very strong, physically and mentally, because of a bootcamp for young soldiers. The bootcamp was harsh, but it taught us at a young age to survive on our own, and live in times of hardship. Besides bootcamp, Spartans took part in gymnastics, music and physical training. In Sparta, plague and disease rarely came to us because we were all very healthy, whereas Athens was often sick. Infact, 1/3 of Athens’ population died because of a plague. Including much of Athens’ population, the plague killed their leader, Pericles. Pericles had a very strong impact on Athens, and trade and businesses relied on him for support. After his death, Athens struggled with despair and loss of leadership, making it hectic. Wouldn’t you rather live in a place
where health abounds and we are self-disciplined enough to stay clam and composed in situations.
Since we had such good health, our military was strong. We dominated Athens, and most other polis, at war. This allowed us to conquer lots of land for military camps. The Spartan warriors were brave and stood strong in war, playing a key role in many Persian Wars. A part of Athens’ defeat was because of our strategies. We formed a blockade at the Athenian port for trade. It was one of their only resources for food, causing most of Athens to die of starvation. Those who didn’t were killed and beaten by us Spartans. The Athenians relied mostly on their navy in times of war, which could be a major con if we were fighting on land. In most cases we won wars with only a few Spartans killed. In war, Sparta is the better choice.
In Sparta, your attitude was tough, silent and grim. The city’s needs came before your own, and members of the community were treated as equals. All Spartans were selfless and composed individuals who fought for our city. If anyone got sick, which rarely happened, we would care for them and cure the illness. Athens focuded on thig less important than surviving, like arts and poetry. We were actually not bloodthirsty, we were selfless. Sparta is a safer, better place to live in general, and we are happy to have you. Just remember, you’re fighting for the city, yourself, and freedom. Come enjoy living in Sparta, you’ll love it!


The Motion Picture Association (MPA) is an American trade association representing the five major film studios of the United States — Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Walt Disney Studios, Sony Pictures, Warner Bros., as well as the video streaming service Netflix. Founded in 1922 as the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) and known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) from 1945 until September 2019, its original goal was to ensure the viability of the American film industry. In addition, the MPAA established guidelines for film content which resulted in the creation of the Production Code in 1930. This code, also known as the Hays Code, was replaced by a voluntary film rating system in 1968, which is managed by the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA).
More recently, the MPA has advocated for the motion picture and television industry, with the goals of promoting effective copyright protection, reducing piracy, and expanding market access. It has long worked to curb copyright infringement, including recent attempts to limit the sharing of copyrighted works via peer-to-peer file-sharing networks and by streaming from pirate sites. Former United States Ambassador to France Charles Rivkin is the chairman and CEO.
|Current version year||1967|


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Slogging through info on hyphenation, I came across this on Wikipedia:
"The first use of the hyphen—and its origination—is often credited to Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany circa 1455 with the publication of his 42-line Bible. Examination of an original copy on vellum (Hubay index #35) in the U. S. Library of Congress shows that Gutenberg's movable type was set justified in a uniform style, 42 equal lines per page."
Since "often credited" is a bit of a dodge, I turn to the scholars here at Typophile for something more.
Anybody got a beef with the statement "Gutenberg invented the hyphen"? True, false, we're just not sure... I'm interested in anything.
Also, were there any precursors - prior to the invention of movable type - that might have made Gutenberg's hyphen more familiar to readers of the time, or did it spring full-blown with Gutenberg?
Any info greatly appreciated.


September 11, 2001
The Plutonium Immobilization Plant at the Savannah River Site
In September 2000, the United States and the Russian Federation entered into an agreement stipulating that each country would irreversibly transform 34 metric tons of weapons-grade plutonium into forms that cannot be used for weapons purposes. As part of the United States' commitment, the Department of Energy has developed plans to dispose of 8.4 metric tons of the plutonium and convert 25.6 metric tons into mixed oxide reactor fuel. Both operations are to take place at the Savannah River Site (Site).


As we begin Week 3 of Expedition 340 many guests have come aboard to join us from classrooms around the globe. Yesterday and today students from the United Kingdom, California and the French island of Guadeloupe have toured the JR while she is at sea. We are currently off the western coast of Martinique. Core retrieval has been a bit slow compared to yesterday (24 cores retrieved) because we have encountered a harder volcanic material in the bore hole. Our goal is to reach over 300 meters into the seafloor. We have changed drill bits to the XCB but recovery rates (that is the amount of sample we are bringing up from the ocean floor) is quite low… and we have replaced several drill bits. Can anyone suggest why the recovery rates are lower in the harder volcanic material?
Photo credits to Takeshi Saito, Etienne Claassen, Teresa Greely
Yesterday was an exciting day for students at Don Callejon Middle School in Santa Clara California. Students from several classes joined us aboard the JOIDES Resolution to see first-hand what 340 Ocean Detectives are discovering. Two scientists participated in the question and answer sessions following a tour the JOIDES Resolution. Andrew Fraass, a micropaleontologist shared about his research using pelagic forams to help determine the ages of expedition 340 sediment cores. So far, sediment ages range from 400 thousand to over 4 million years. California students also met Martin Jutzeler, a physical properties specialist who determines the density, strength and elasticity of the rock and sediments were retrieving from cores. Thank you, students for your wonderful questions, teacher Dana Brown, and Ocean Detectives Andy and Martin. Go CUBS!
Yesterday and today we had two LIVE Aboard the JR videoconferences with students in the United Kingdom. Over 120 students from Brockenhurst College and Abbotswood Jr School in Hampshire UK participated. After a tour of the JR students visited one on one with Inorganic Geochemist, Martin Palmer from the Oceanography Centre in Southampton for a Questions & Answers session. Thank you students for such thorough questions and to Dr. Palmer for engaging us in your research experience aboard the JR. Thanks to teachers and technicians in the UK for helping to make this happen, Sharon Goldsworthy, Mike Farrington, Fiona Brocklesby and Ian Jacobs.
It was a wonderful day of learning during our LIVE Aboard the JR with students from the French island of Guadeloupe (West Indies). Students and their teacher, Francoise PERMAYE, from College Eugene Yssap, in Sainte Anne Guadeloupe joined us aboard the JR this afternoon. The broadcast began with Expedition 340 co-chief scientist, Anne Le Friant, giving students a tour of the JR followed by research overviews from physical properties specialist Sara Lafuerza Colas, structural geologist Georges Boudon, and inorganic geochemist Benoit Villemant. Following the tour students had a Question & Answer session with all four French scientists on the expedition. Thank you, students and teachers for your visit and questions, and special thanks to our four French 340 Ocean Detectives for generously sharing your time and research. Merci!


ISBN : 9780198716488
From man's first exploration of natural materials and their transformations to today's materials science, chemistry has always been the central discipline that underpins both the physical and biological sciences, as well as technology.
In this Very Short Introduction, William H Brock traces the unique appeal of this fundamental science throughout history. Covering alchemy, early-modern chemistry, pneumatic chemistry and Lavoisier's re-interpretation of chemical change, the rise of organic and physical chemistry, and the transforming power of synthesis, Brock explores the extraordinary and often puzzling transformations of natural and artificial materials, as well as the men and women who experimented, speculated, and explained matter and change.
1: On the nature of stuff
2: The analysis of stuff
3: Gases and atoms
4: Types and hexagons
"Writing a short book about a long history is not easy; but it would be hard to think of anybody more qualified to do it than Bill Brock." - David Knight, Annals of Science
"Writing a concise introduction to this subject which, at the same time, should be accessible to the general reader, is therefore a task which is not to be underestimated. William Brock, one of the most accomplished scholars of the subject, demonstrates with this book that he is more than capable of the task." - British Journal of the History of Science
"I can thoroughly recommend this brief tour of our all-embracing science." - Chemistry World
"Brock manages to make a very dull and dense subject both attractive and interesting - something I could never accuse my old Chemistry teacher of doing." - Stephen Craggs, Northern Echo


What Are Synthetic Diamonds
Synthetic diamonds are gemstones grown in labs, or other controlled environments that share the same chemical make-up and crystalline structure as naturally mined diamonds. Despite the chemical structure of synthetics being identical to that of natural stones, a diamond is regarded as being created by nature, and therefore synthetics must be prefaced with a term denoting as such.
What's the Big Deal?
The issue that arises with synthetic diamonds is when they make their way into parcels of naturally mined diamonds. This comromises the authenticity, reputation, and value of stones in the natural diamond market causing uneasiness for consumers as it creates a shadow of doubt about their purchases. Detecting lab-grown diamonds has become much more accessible, however machines aren't as widespread as they could be.
In this walk-through, we identify everything you need to know about synthetic diamonds. This includes:
- How lab grown diamonds are made
- Detection methods
- A process to eliminate them from the mix
- and More!
Simply fill out the form for your copy and learn everythign you need to know about synthetics.


What is Altitude Sickness or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)?
It is Caused By A Decrease In Oxygen Levels at High Altitudes in Colorado
Chart below shows the amount of oxygen at altitude – note how it decreases as you go up in altitude:
Your body responds in several ways to an increase in altitude – typically within 6 hours of arrival to the Colorado Rocky Mountains:
Everyone who comes from a low elevation to high altitude will experience these physiological changes. However, if you ascend in elevation too quickly, the body can get overloaded, and you can feel very sick. Altitude sickness feels like a bad hangover or a case of the flu without the sore throat or cough. If you are not sure what is making you feel bad it’s most likely altitude sickness.
Extreme cases of altitude sickness can cause fluid buildup in either the brain as High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) —or in the lungs as: High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE). HACE and HAPE are very dangerous conditions, and can be fatal. If anyone in your party has difficulty keeping their balance, is staggering, has a cough and has decreased exercise ability – Seek emergency medical attention immediately.


le carnaval de la mi-carême, Nantes (France) – photograph: MaxPPP/France-Soir
The noun Shrovetide denotes the period comprising Quinquagesima Sunday, or Shrove Sunday, and the two following days, Shrove Monday and Shrove Tuesday, which immediately precedes Ash Wednesday, the beginning of Lent.
(The word Quinquagesima is short for ecclesiastical Latin quinquagesima dies, fiftieth day, because, counting inclusively, Quinquagesima Sunday is the fiftieth day before Easter Sunday.)
It was formerly customary, in preparation for Lent, to attend confession during Shrovetide. The element shrove is from the verb shrive, which meant, of a priest, to hear the confession of, assign penance to, and absolve, from Old English scrífan, to prescribe penance. (In Shrovetide, the use of the past shrove is anomalous but can perhaps be compared to that of spoke, past of speak, in spokesman.)
The verb shrive is related to Dutch schrijven and German schreiben, which both mean to write. These three verbs are based on Latin scribere, meaning literally to scratch, engrave with a sharp point, hence to write (cf. script and scribe). To mean to form by carving, to write, Germanic languages such as Dutch and German replaced their native verbs by those based on the Latin scribere, whereas English has retained the native write and uses shrive in a specialised sense.
In Shrovetide, tide has the sense of a festival of the Church, as in Yuletide for example. The primary meaning of tide, which is related to time, is portion of time. The use of the word to mean the alternate rising and falling of the sea arose from a particular application of the sense fixed time.
Though named for their religious significance, Shrovetide, and Shrove Tuesday in particular, were marked by feasting and celebration traditionally preceding the observance of the Lenten fast. This is why, from the element Shrove-, the verb shrove was coined to mean to make merry, especially in to go a-shroving. For example, in a letter dated 12th February 1620, John Chamberlain (1553-1628) wrote to Sir Dudley Carleton (1573-1632), English ambassador to the United Provinces (the Netherlands):
We hear the king will be here within this fortnight, and spend all the Lent hereabout. They pass the time merrily at Newmarket, and the running masque reigns all over the country, where there be fit subjects to entertain it; as lately they have been at Sir John Crofton’s, near Bury; and, in requital, those ladies have invited them to a masque of their own invention, all those fair sisters being summoned for the purpose; so that on Thursday next, the king, prince, and all the court, go thither a shroving.
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction (London) of 28th February 1829 described humbler festivities:
Collop Monday is the day before Shrove Tuesday, and in many parts is made a day of great feasting on account of the approaching Lent. It is so called, because it was the last day allowed for eating animal food before Lent; and our ancestors cut up their fresh meat into collops, or steaks, for salting or hanging up until Lent was over; and even now in many places it is still a custom to have eggs and collops, or slices of bacon, for dinner on this day.
In Westmoreland, and particularly at Brough, where I have witnessed it many times, the good people kill a great many pigs about a week or two previous to Lent, which have been carefully fattened up for the occasion. The good housewife is busily occupied in salting the flitches and ham to hang up in the “pantry”, and in cutting the fattest parts of the pig for collops on this day. The most luscious cuts are baked in a pot in an oven, and the fat poured out into a bladder, as it runs out of the meat, for hog’s-lard. When all the lard has been drained off, the remains (which are called ‘cracklings’, being then baked quite crisp) resemble the crackling on a leg of pork, are eaten with potatoes, and from the quantity of salt previously added to them, to preserve the lard, are unpalatable to many mouths. The rough farmers’ men, however, devour them as a savoury dish, and every time “lard” is being made, ‘cracklings’ are served up for the servants’ dinner. Indeed, even the more respectable classes partake of this dish.
Pig-fry. This is a Collop Monday dish, and is a necessary appendage to ‘cracklings’. It consists of the fattest parts of the entrails of the pig, broiled in an oven. Numerous herbs, spices, &c. are added to it; and upon the whole, it is a more sightly “course” at table than fat cracklings. Sometimes the good wife indulges her house with a pancake, as an assurance that she has not forgotten to provide for Shrove Tuesday. The servants are also treated with “a drop of something good” on this occasion; and are allowed (if they have nothing of importance to require their immediate attention) to spend the afternoon in conviviality.
In French, Shrove Tuesday is le Mardi gras, in which the adjective gras is not used in its usual sense of fat. Traditionally, un jour gras denoted a day on which consumption of flesh, of meat, was allowed by the Roman Catholic Church, and faire (or manger) gras meant to eat meat. This is why Shrovetide is les jours gras in French. Conversely, un jour maigre (cf. English meagre) denoted a day on which abstinence from meat was ordered and faire maigre meant to abstain from meat.
Similarly, a dish known as choux gras was made of cabbage prepared in meat gravy. The familiar French phrase faire ses choux gras (de quelque chose), literally to make one’s ‘choux gras’ (out of something), means to use (something) to one’s advantage.
The word carnival denotes an annual festival before Lent in Roman Catholic countries, involving processions, music, dancing and the use of masquerade. The word is from Italian carnevalo, carnevale, (whence French carnaval), an alteration of Medieval Latin carnelevare, meaning the putting away of flesh (as food), from Latin caro/carn-, flesh, and levare, to put away. The name was originally proper to the eve of Ash Wednesday, but was commonly extended to the last three days or the whole week before Lent. In France it comprised le Jeudi gras, le Dimanche gras, le Lundi gras and le Mardi gras, i.e. Thursday before Quinquagesima, Quinquagesima Sunday, Shrove Monday and Shrove Tuesday; in a still wider sense it included the time of entertainments intervening between Twelfth-day, or Boxing Day, and Ash Wednesday. In France, le carnaval de la mi-carême, Mid-Lent carnival, is still a festivity held on the middle Thursday of Lent, from the tradition of celebrating, on this day-long respite from Lenten fasting, the fact that the first half of that season was at an end.
The French noun carême, meaning Lent, is from an unattested Late Latin quaresima, alteration of ecclesiastical Latin quadragesima (dies), fortieth (day) (before Easter Sunday). In English, Quadragesima (Sunday) denotes the first Sunday in Lent.
—Lent runs from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday, and so includes forty weekdays: Ash Wednesday, the Thursday, Friday and Saturday that follow it, and six days in each of the following six full weeks. It was forbidden to fast or do other forms of penance on the Sundays—and not simply on Easter Sunday—because they are days to celebrate Christ’s Resurrection.


Dorothea Lange is one of the most famous photographers of the 20th Century. Unfortunately, as it happens with the vast of majority of artists, at her death in 1965, her genius was only recognized by a handful of people. The Great Depression meant not only major shifts in the economic and social spheres, but it had also a great impact on the artists of that era.
Lange reached her career zenith during the 1930s (she was in her 30s as well), after she took some amazing shots that can give us an idea about the hardships of the Great Depression. Indisputably her most well known work, “Migrant Mother” became the icon of the American 1930s. The photo, showing a 32 year old mother was both shocking and beautiful. Shocking, because poverty made that woman look like a 50 year old. Beautiful, because although she suffered a lot, you could still see that she was a fine-looking lady. All the photos that you’ll see below are from those terrible years, where most of the people waited as much as 30 days in order to get a full day of work. Now, enjoy, be inspired, and if you will like this article, then please share it with your friends or community! Many thanks! Cheers!
P.S. You would probably like to see Robert Doisneau – A Tribute To A Master Of Photography.
Respect our work! Don’t copy our articles!
Drought refugees from Abilene, Texas (1936)
August 1936. Drought refugees from Abilene, Texas, following the crops of California as migratory workers.
Tavern on main street of potato town during harvest season in Oregon (Oct. 1939)
Toward Los Angeles (California, March 1937)
Unemployed lumber worker ( Oregon, August 1939)
“Unemployed lumber worker goes with his wife to the bean harvest. Note Social Security number tattooed on arm.” Is determined through a public records search that 535-07-5248 belonged to one Thomas Cave, born July 1912, died in 1980 in Portland, OR. Which would make him 27 years old when this picture was taken.
Migrant Mother (1936)
Six Tenant Farmers, Hardenman Country,Texas (1938)
Oldwater District, north of Dalhart, Texas (1938)
American River Camp, Sacramento, California (1936)
Imperial Valley, California (1937)
Crossroads Store,Person County, North Carolina (1939)
Grapes of Wrath (1940)
T he grocery store in the photo was owned by a Japanese-American. The banner “I am an American” was unfurled shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Lange took the photograph in 1942 shortly before the owner was “relocated” to an internment camp.
San Francisco Unemployment Benefits Line
young Texan mother
Riverbank Gas Station (c. 1940)
Jobless on Edge of Pea Field Imperial Valley, California (1937)
Plantation Overseer and His Field Hands,near Clarksdale. Mississippi (1936)
Street Demonstration, San Francisco (1933)
White Angel Bread Line (1932)
Premier of “The Jazz Singer,” starring Al Jolson, New York City (1927)
Japanese refugees (1942)
Various sources: masters-of-photography.com; alafoto.com; npr.org.


Lucrece Amandine September 1, 2021 Math Worksheets
Your students will find learning easy since they will be able to fill in the word from the available list. Especially when they are still at the formation stages, your students learning will be enhanced a great deal. You can create your own worksheet by following some simple steps. You can be having a template to assist you while creating fonts, shapes of the grid, and many more. You can also choose how your letters will be replaced after your students have completely have filled them to ensure that it’s used for learning purposes again.
Another key in writing worksheets is the amount of time a student will spend on them. If you prepare worksheets with several pages, they may end up bringing them to home and losing the interest to finish answering them. So be keen on preparing one at all times. When your child is first introduced to the letters of the alphabet, those letters are usually related to pictures of items that start with that letter. You will find ’Annie Apple’, ’David Dolphin’, and similar terms used throughout the world to introduce children to sounds and letters. Unless you’re artistic and can draw, printable worksheets may be an easier solution – and generally more affordable than a book.
Schools use worksheets from printing to cursive writing of letters to the writing of words. There is also online help to show the children how to exactly form a letter or word. After showing the students or children the way of writing, you can print the worksheets and give them practice on how to write exactly the right way. Children will be interested to do the activity because they had fun watching the software that you showed them.
Learning to Read – Many early reading books use pictures to replace new or difficult words. If your child can recognize a red apple, they will be able to read a sentence with a picture of a red apple in it. Recognizing certain objects by their color as well as their shape helps your child learn how to read.
Creative Expression – Color is a vital part of creative expression, and while it is important that your child learn that the sky is blue and the grass is green, it is also important that they be allowed to experiment with color. Mixing paints and having free rein to color a picture any way they want to, allows children to express themselves creatively, so don’t always insist that they use color accurately.
There are many types of writing worksheets. There are the cursive writing worksheets and the kindergarten worksheets. The latter is more on letter writing and number writing. This is typically given to kids of aged four to seven to first teach them how to write. Through these worksheets, they learn muscle control in their fingers and wrist by repeatedly following the strokes of writing each letter.
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By Ludwig Prandtl, O. G. Tietjens, Engineering
Read Online or Download Fundamentals of Hydro- and Aeromechanics PDF
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Extra resources for Fundamentals of Hydro- and Aeromechanics
As the whole mass of air sinks downward the up currents produced by the surface heat are kept down so that the condensation has no important effect (fair weather region). We will not here enter into a consideration of the fundamental effect of the earth's rotation upon these meteorological processes. 46 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDRO- AND AEROMECHANICS In conclusion we shall discuss quite briefly a second kind of storm formation, which may be described as a storm caused by an upset of the weather. Here cold air breaks in under the warm air and pushes it up with consequent condensation (Fig.
Ya)Z. (1) The resulting force on an element dA of the surface is by Fig. , dxdy. 20. -The vertical component of the force on an element of surface dA has been found to be p'dxdy. , the lift, is obtained by integration over the whole surface of the balloon: L = or from (1) f f (PI' - p2')dxdy, STATIC LIFT ON GAS-FILLED AIRCRAFT 49 Therefore L = ('Y A - 'YO) . V = QA - Qa, (2) (Law of Archimedes) if we designate with Qa = 'YOV the weight of the gas and with QA = 'YA V the weight of air displaced.
A region of high pressure provides exactly opposite conditions. The air moves out radially, the height of the air layer decreases, and the temperature gradient becomes smaller, so that the distribution becomes stable. As the whole mass of air sinks downward the up currents produced by the surface heat are kept down so that the condensation has no important effect (fair weather region). We will not here enter into a consideration of the fundamental effect of the earth's rotation upon these meteorological processes.


Meteorologists are trying come up with ways to calm down hurricanes. One method would be to blast them with a nuclear weapon. “The answer to that is a hurricane is bad enough without making it radioactive,” says Hugh Willoughby, of the International Hurricane Center. “The only benefit would be is it would glow in the dark and it would be a lot easier to see at night.” But Peter Cordani of Dyn-O-Mat, who invented an absorbent powder that can make a thundercloud release rain, thinks he can solve the hurricane problem too.
A TV station’s weather radar confirmed that a cloud lost moisture after an airplane dropped $40,000 worth of Dyn-O-Gel granules into it. Now Cordani wants to develop a powder that’s thousands of times more absorbent, so that when dropped into the eye of a hurricane, it can suck out the moisture. He says, “We’re trying to break the momentum of that spin, of that rotation.”
But Willoughby says huge amounts of the powder would be needed to make even a minor change in a hurricane. “It would really take all of the military heavy-lift aircraft that the United States has to carry the material, and there would be a major air traffic control problem around the eye,” he says. “The big danger would be a major collision, and it would be hugely expensive for not much benefit.”
The U.S. government thinks Cordani’s proposal is one of the better ones it’s received, but has decided not to try it. Meteorologists are concentrating on predicting hurricanes, rather than stopping them. They’ve learned enough about them to be able to predict them 5 days ahead, rather than relying on the 3-day forecasts of the past.
Why do we have so many more storms than we used to?
NOTE: This news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.


You have not mentioned the allergy type in your family. Is it milk allergy
/ milk protein allergy?
If so, consult pediatrician
immediately. It could be dangerous for your child to have formulas with milk protein.
The best food for your baby is always BREAST MILK. If there is any contraindication or you don't like to breastfeed - formula can be given.
/ gas discomfort in babies are very common. Passing gas for 10 to 15 times is very normal for your baby. If excessive flatulence occur, you should concern. Most of the air comes from aerophagia (infant intakes air during drinking). Though, it is more common in breastfed babies, bottle fed babies also have the problem. However, gas generated in intestine during digestion is little tricky to deal with. You can do the following maneuvers to relieve.
1. Burping the baby after feeding (gentle patting on back in sitting position on putting the baby upright holding against chest with baby's chin supported on your shoulder) brings out the gas in stomach.
2. Put your baby on her tummy for some time. Little pressure will help to evacuate the gas.
3. Hold her in football holding manner with face down and tummy resting on your forearm, chin resting on your hand.
4. Put her on back, hold her legs and move as bicycle paddling.
5. Do a gentle tummy massage in clockwise manner when she is lying on her back.
6. Choose the right feeding bottle with a soft nipple that contours along baby's mouth and lips thus preventing air from flowing along with the milk/formula. The milk/formula should flow gradually and slowly so the baby has time to drink and swallow and does not gulp excessively.
7. Change the formula to one that produce less gas problem
. NAN HA contains partially hydrolysed nutrients that are supposed to be digested easily. But if the previous one was more tolerated by your baby, change back to it. Get help of your pediatrician to choose the right formula. Probiotic added formulas sometimes help.
8. If the methods fail, medicines (like -Simethicone
) may be necessary. Get help of your pediatrician before starting any medicine.
Infant may sometime pass stool once in 2-3 days normally. Please notice if stool is hard, pebble like, dry and the baby has to strain for passing it. She may drag her legs to abdomen during passing hard stool. Hard, painful, difficult to pass stool needs attention. Remember, dehydration
is the major cause behind many cases of constipation
. Check if her formula is prepared according to recommendations and it is not thick.
Always feel free to get help of your pediatrician if the problems persist or you feel something not normal with your baby.
Hope I could make it clear. Post if you have further queries.


Collection No 1
When language influences economics
Keith Chen, Associate Professor of Economics at the Yale School of Management, is working on ground-breaking research on how languages influence savings patterns. Chen’s approach to research is to use adventurous, genre-blurring tools to see how economics, linguistics, and psychology might affect each other. His most current studies look at the relationship between how the concept of the future, as reflected in national languages, might cause people to behave in certain ways. We discussed his findings, with a focus on Mandarin.
In your recent TED Global presentation and in your research at Yale, you use Mandarin as an example of a language that does not have a future tense. What are the key differences between such a “non-futured” language and “futured” ones?
The feature of language that I study is how much a given language forces or does not force its speakers to mark time as they talk. One way to understand this feature of languages is to note that Mandarin doesn’t have tenses in the same way English does, and this allows Mandarin speakers a lot more flexibility in the way they speak about time. For example, if I wanted to explain to an English-speaking colleague why I can’t attend a meeting later today, I could NOT say “I go to a seminar.” English grammar would force me to note that this is in the future, and say “I (will go, am going, have to go) to a seminar.” If on the other hand I were speaking Mandarin, it would be quite natural for me to say Wo˘ qù tı¯ng jia˘ngzuò (I go listen seminar). I could easily have said the same thing if I was talking about a seminar I was at yesterday, as long as the context was clear. English forces its speakers to habitually divide time between the present and future in a way that Mandarin (which has no tenses) does not. Of course, this does not mean that Mandarin speakers are unable (or even less able) to understand the difference between the present and future, only that they are not required to attend to it every time they speak.
Can you summarize how speaking a non-futured language such as Mandarin generally correlates with spending habits?
What I wondered when I became aware of these differences is: Could how you speak about time affect how you make choices across time? In my work, I study whether being required to speak in a distinct way about future events (as English requires) leads speakers to take fewer future-oriented actions like savings or minding their health, because it subtly encourages them to think of the future as something distant from the present. Put another way, I ask whether a habit of speech that disassociates the future from the present can cause people to devalue future rewards. What I find is really strong patterns all around the world consistent with this hypothesis. All around the globe, there are pockets of futureless language speakers like the Chinese. And all around the world these people turn out to be, by and large, the world’s best savers. This not only appears across countries, but also appears within countries that have multiple languages, like Belgium, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Malaysia and Singapore. This tendency also does not abate no matter how many characteristics of people accounted for: wealth, level of development, age, weather, family structure, or even religion.
Does speaking a non-futured language correlate with other habits, too? For example, does it correlate to health-related behaviors?
Yes, it turns out it does. One way to think about this is that we have to do many things in our lives, like exercise, that are a lot like saving. Saving is giving up money today in exchange for money tomorrow; exercising is giving up time today in exchange for health tomorrow. And when you look at these health behaviors, all around the world you see the exact same patterns.
frog is a global design and strategy firm. We transform businesses at scale by creating systems of brand, product and service that deliver a distinctly better experience. We strive to touch hearts and move markets. Our passion is to transform ideas into realities. We partner with clients to anticipate the future, evolve organizations and advance the human experience.


Nearly five hundred years have passed since Martin Luther penned the words to "A Mighty Fortress is Our God." But time has neither diminished the hymn's popularity nor dulled its message. Today, in fact, the hymn ranks among the world's best-known, having been translated into almost every known language. It has appeared in hymnals the world over. Its message has been embraced by Protestant and Roman Catholic communities alike.
But such was not always the case. Early in its history, "A Mighty Fortress is Our God" served as a rallying cry for the Reformation movement. So powerful was the song's message that the reformers drew strength from it in even the darkest times. More than a few martyrs went to their deaths singing out, "The body they may kill: God's truth abideth still. ..." In time, the hymn earned the title "The Battle Hymn of the Reformation."
Luther based the hymn on the forty-sixth Psalm and wrote it in his native German tongue. Some sources claim that he and his supporters sang it as they prepared to face the Diet of Worms in 1521. Others say that he penned a few months later while hidden away for his safety in Wartburg Castle. Still others contend that Luther wrote the hymn as a tribute to his friend Leonhard Kaiser, who was burned at the stake in 1527 for his religious beliefs.
Whatever the hymn's origins, the oldest printed copies of it date back to 1531, with the first English translation making its appearance in 1539. The common English version below was translated by Frederic H. Hedge in 1853:
A mighty fortress is our God, a bulwark never failing;
Our helper He, amid the flood of mortal ills prevailing:
For still our ancient foe doth seek to work us woe;
His craft and power are great, and, armed with cruel hate,
On earth is not his equal.
Did we in our own strength confide, our striving would be losing;
Were not the right Man on our side, the Man of God’s own choosing:
Dost ask who that may be? Christ Jesus, it is He;
Lord Sabaoth, His Name, from age to age the same,
And He must win the battle.
And though this world, with devils filled, should threaten to undo us,
We will not fear, for God hath willed His truth to triumph through us:
The Prince of Darkness grim, we tremble not for him;
His rage we can endure, for lo, his doom is sure,
One little word shall fell him.
That word above all earthly powers, no thanks to them, abideth;
The Spirit and the gifts are ours through Him Who with us sideth:
Let goods and kindred go, this mortal life also;
The body they may kill: God’s truth abideth still,
His kingdom is forever.


Many people flee hurricanes; some birdwatchers flock to them
By Karin Brulliard
The Washington Post
Sunday, September 23, 2018
As thousands of North Carolina residents were hunkering down or fleeing from Hurricane Florence on Thursday, 21-year-old Alec Hopping got into his car in Ithaca, New York, and headed toward it.
His Toyota Prius was loaded with three cans of gasoline, first-aid supplies, snacks, cameras, binoculars. His phone was loaded with radar apps to track the storm. His destination was the eye of the hurricane, where he and a friend, Logan Kahle, hoped to witness something known as "fallout."
Fallout, in this case, meant birds, lots of birds, and strange ones at that — seabirds on shore, shorebirds far inland, tropical birds way out of their range.
Hurricanes, with their high winds and ocean tracks, can be roller coasters for birds. Those caught in them are whipped around, and experts say many probably die of exhaustion. But some make it — either by getting stuck in the calm eye or by sheer luck — and then land far from their home habitats. Some passionate birders — the kind who keep detailed lists of species they spot — are there to greet them.
"It's very exciting for birders when that happens," said Walker Golder, the National Audubon Society's program director of Atlantic Coast flyway strategy.
Storm-birding, or hurricane-birding, is not for the casual birdwatcher. It can involve getting very wet, and it sometimes involves risk. Hopping and Kahle, for example, retreated from an area 20 miles from the North Carolina coast when power lines started falling, then headed inland to Buckhorn Reservoir, east of Raleigh.
The eye seemed stuck offshore, but they had studied reports on websites including eBird of remarkable bird sightings during past hurricanes. They figured they would head to a reservoir where unusual birds had shown up during past storms. They slept in the car. On Saturday morning, after waves of various species of seabirds called terns showed up in front of them, Kahle shouted out, "Trindade petrel!"
The Trindade petrel is a dark-bodied, white-bellied seabird that breeds on islands hundreds of miles off Brazil and otherwise rarely touches land. But it roams the Atlantic and often hangs out over Gulf Stream waters off North Carolina. Only twice before, as far as Hopping knew, had it been recorded inland in North America, in 1996 and 1933.
On this morning, it "basically just materialized out of the sky" at Buckhorn Reservoir, Hopping recalled. His camera had broken, so he quickly used his phone to take photos through his spotting scope that "look like they were painted by Monet really far away."
"Oh, it was really worth it," said Hopping, a Cornell University junior studying environmental science and sustainability. "We were really lucky .... It was shocking and so cool."
Hurricanes affect birds in other ways. In the Carolinas, it's possible that Florence damaged pine forests that species such as the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker depend on for nesting and foraging, Golder said. Hurricanes can submerge river islands where some seabirds nest, and erosion can prompt worried humans to harden shorelines, removing more habitat that migrating birds use as stopovers during long journeys south.
But there are upsides, Golder said. Some seabirds nest in sandy spots with sparse vegetation — the kind of habitat that washover from storms like Florence can make on barrier islands. In general, birds shelter as best they can, said Golder, who noted that migrant warblers were busily foraging in his Wilmington, North Carolina, backyard when the rains stopped, then retreated again — to where, he does not know — when they resumed their trip.
"Birds have been dealing with hurricanes for as long as there have been birds and hurricanes," he said.
As for those sought-after birds displaced by storms? Unless they're banded and tracked, their fate is unclear, Golder said. They probably try to follow rivers back to the ocean. But without their usual seafood diet, they might not have the energy to make it, he said.
"It's tough being a bird," said Nathan Gatto, the owner of Wright's Backyard Birding Center in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. "It's always something you think about when you see a really lost bird."
Gatto, 30, didn't go straight into Florence to look for rarities, although he is the type of birder who has driven 19 hours each way to try — and fail — to spot a Ross's gull that had been reported in New York. But when it came to a hurricane in his state, he said, he didn't want to be that birder who got in trouble and required rescue.
Nevertheless, he spent six very rainy hours Saturday and eight sopping hours Sunday looking for birds at a lake near his city, outside the storm's path. He was rewarded with several terns, including the second recorded royal tern in Wake County and "cool little shore birds" called red-necked phalaropes.
His birding gear, he noted, is waterproof. "We still got pretty wet," Gatto said.
Of course, many people in the storm's path got a lot more than wet. Florence dropped 8 trillion gallons of water onto North Carolina, leading to mass flooding and the storm-related deaths of at least 37 people in three states. Knowing that sort of devastation can happen means sightings come with mixed emotions, birders said.
"I know every birder in North Carolina had this sort of hope that it was going to come right over and mess some stuff up and bring some birds through, but you feel a little bad about it," said Sam Jolly, 21, a North Carolina State University student who spotted a very rare arctic tern and other oceangoing birds at a lake southwest of Raleigh during the weekend.
"When birders are hoping for a storm, they want it to pass as a weak Category 1, or maybe a tropical storm," said Jolly, adding that he was "not that hardcore" to want to head into the storm itself.
Hopping, a Colorado native who said he has loved birds since third grade and went to Cornell because of its renowned ornithology lab, previously traveled alone to South America to look for birds. But he and Kahle had never birded a hurricane before, and it didn't take long to realize that it wasn't wise to stay in the thick of it.
"Shingles were ripping off houses. Parts of rooms were ripping off. You could lean over at a 45 degree angle and just kind of hang into it," he said of the winds closer to the coast on Friday. "Once power lines started going down ... we got out of there."
But the reservoir proved fruitful. There, according to his eBird checklist, he and Kahle saw 36 species, nearly one-third of which Hopping logged as "hurricane birds."
"I don't know if I would do the same thing again," Hopping said of his storm-chasing. "But for a one-time thing, it was really awesome."