Source Dr. Mercola:
The Scary Trend Of Boomer Addiction
The picture of a drug addict in your head is probably not one of a grey-haired grandmother or grandfather, a middle-aged professional or a soon-to-be retiree.
But the face of drug addiction in the United States is changing, and a significant number of older adults, particularly those in the baby boomer generation, are struggling with both illicit and prescription drug abuse …
Conventional Medicine Turning Seniors Into Drug Addicts
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has reported that the number of people in their 50s who are abusing illicit drugs more than doubled from 2002 to 2010, going from 2.7 to 5.8 percent in this population. Among those 65 and older, 414,000 used illicit drugs in 2010.1
One reason for this, NIH suggested, is that baby boomers were more likely to use illicit drugs in their youth, which may make the drugs seem more acceptable now. This certainly appears to be the case … but it doesn’t help that in many cases their physicians are the ones doing the “dealing.”
You see, the illicit drugs mentioned by the NIH are not only the “street” drugs that the name implies. This category also includes prescription medications, abuse of which has become so severe among seniors that the NIH has devoted a new section of its Web site to address its effects.2
Among seniors, the risks of all medications are increased, because the body takes longer to break down and get rid of the drug than it does in a younger person. As a result, the drug stays in an older person’s system longer, where it can cause even greater damage.
Morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone and fentanyl all fall into this category. These drugs are not only addictive, they can lead to slowed breathing and death if too much is taken.
Used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, medications such as Valium, Xanax, Ambien, and Sonata are also addictive, and cause side effects like confusion, drowsiness and impaired coordination. This can be especially risky among seniors, as it increases the risk of accidents and falls. Further, if these drugs are combined with alcohol or pain medications, the results can be deadly.
These include drugs such as Ritalin, Concerta and Adderall (the latter of which actually contains amphetamine, known and sold on the street as “speed” or “crank”), which are often used to teat ADHD, narcolepsy and even sometimes depression. Along with being highly addictive, stimulants sometimes lead to feelings of hostility and paranoia, along with risks like irregular heartbeat, heart failure and seizures.
When a stimulant is combined with another medication, such as an over-the-counter cold medicine that contains a decongestant, it can cause dangerously high blood pressure or irregular heart rhythms.
Medications to Treat Normal “Aging” Cost More Than Costs of Most Chronic Disease
In a study presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association (APHA), it was revealed that spending for medications to treat conditions associated with normal aging, such as mental alertness, sexual dysfunction, menopause, aging skin and hair loss, tallies up to more than the costs of treating most chronic diseases!4
Use of such drugs jumped 18.5 percent, while costs increased close to 46 percent, from 2006 to 2011. Among those on Medicare (ages 65 and up), usage increased 32 percent.
In 2011, the study found, costs for these drugs ranked third in annual prescription-drug costs among commercially insured individuals, which was surpassed only by costs of treating diabetes and high cholesterol! If only more people realized that they could improve their mental abilities, sexual dysfunction, symptoms of menopause and more using healthy foods instead of drugs, the outcome of the study would be much different, as would, likely, their health …
More Prescription Drugs Typically Mean More Health Risks
According to statistics from the Kaiser Health Foundation, seniors aged 65 and older fill, on average, 28 prescriptions per year.5 There’s no doubt that the United States has been manipulated into becoming a “polypharmacy nation.” The word ‘polypharmacy’ simply means “many drugs,” but refers to instances where an individual is taking too many drugs — either because more drugs are prescribed than are clinically indicated, or when the sheer number of pills simply becomes a burden for the patient.
Many Americans are being impacted by polypharmacy, with unforeseen effects on their health – and this is now, before a new era of government-sponsored healthcare is likely to be ushered in, making drugs even more accessible and promoted as the only legally sanctioned treatment option; or worse, mandatory, as is already the case for certain types of pediatric cancers “requiring” chemotherapy be used, or compulsory flu vaccines during a state or federally declared health emergency.
More medication is often viewed as a strategy to improve health, but those taking the most prescription drugs are at the greatest risks from adverse drug reactions, some of which can be worse than the disease they’re intended to treat, and which cause a downward spiral of additional prescriptions being given in order to “treat” the original drug-induced symptoms.
On average, if you take one prescription drug you’ll be exposed to 70 potential side effects. Some of the more commonly prescribed drugs average around 100 side effects each — and some drugs even carry over 500! If you multiply this by multiple drugs, and then factor in the unforeseen effects of taking multiple drugs at one time, the health risks are astronomical. Dr. Michael Stern, a specialist in geriatric emergency medicine at New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, told the New York Times:6
“Polypharmacy is responsible for up to 28 percent of hospital admissions and, if it were classified as such, it would be the fifth leading cause of death in the United States.”
In a study released last year by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA), officials emphasized that people should assume there IS risk in prescribed medicines.7 And, for the first time, deaths from properly prescribed drugs even outnumber traffic fatalities in the United States …
Teens Getting High From Drugs in Mom and Dad’s Medicine Cabinet
In another study presented at the annual meeting of The American Public Health Association, 10 percent of 7th to 12th graders surveyed said they had abused over-the-counter medications, such as cough syrups containing Dextromethorphan (DXM) and decongestants, to get high.8
This is yet another concerning trend, as teens will even go so far as to mix a variety of prescription pills together in a bowl at a party and take a mouthful of them like candy! The kids think this is a safe way to get high, since they see their parents taking the same medications all the time, but it often turns out to be a literal prescription for disaster, the side effects of which include permanent disability and death.
What many fail to realize, whether a senior or a teen, is that prescription drugs can be just as addictive and deadly as illegal drugs. The painkiller Fentanyl, for instance, is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine.
Also, in many cases there’s no difference between a street drug and a prescription drug. For example, hydrocodone, a prescription opiate, is synthetic heroin. It’s indistinguishable from any other heroine as far as your brain and body is concerned. So, if you’re hooked on hydrocodone, you are in fact a good-old-fashioned heroin addict.
With teens, the problem is that prescription and over-the-counter drugs do not have the same stigma as illegal drugs, plus they’re easier to access because their parents take them … and even if you take the recreational aspect out of it, the average child aged 18 and under in the United States still takes more than four prescription drugs a year!9
You Can Feel Great Without Drugs
…In fact, many report feeling better than they have in years once they’re able to wean off of their medications (which is something you should do only under the guidance of your health care practitioner). Staying well naturally, without the use of drugs or even frequent conventional medical care, is not only possible, it may be the most successful strategy you can employ to increase your longevity. If you adhere to a healthy lifestyle, you most likely will never need medications in the first place.
- Proper Food Choices: For a comprehensive guide on which foods to eat and which to avoid, see my nutrition plan. Generally speaking, you should focus your diet on whole, unprocessed foods (organic vegetables, grass-fed meats, raw dairy, nuts, and so forth) that come from healthy, sustainable, local sources, such as a small organic farm not far from your home.For the best nutrition and health benefits, you will want to eat a good portion of your food raw. Personally, I aim to eat about 75 percent of my food raw, including raw eggs and humanely raised pastured organic animal products that have not been raised on a CAFO (concentrated animal feeding operation).Nearly as important as knowing which foods to eat more of is knowing which foods to avoid, and topping the list is fructose. When consumed in excess, sugar acts as a toxin and drives multiple disease processes in your body, not the least of which is insulin resistance, a major cause of accelerated aging.
- Comprehensive Exercise Program, including High-Intensity Exercise like Peak Fitness: Even if you’re eating the healthiest diet in the world, you still need to exercise to reach the highest levels of health, and you need to be exercising effectively, which means including not only core-strengthening exercises, strength training, and stretching but also high-intensity activities into your rotation. High-intensity interval-type training boosts human growth hormone (HGH) production, which is essential for optimal health, strength and vigor.I’ve discussed the importance of Peak Fitness for your health on numerous occasions, so for more information, please review this previous article.
- Stress Reduction and a Positive Attitude: You cannot be optimally healthy if you avoid addressing the emotional component of your health and longevity, as your emotional state plays a role in nearly every physical disease — from heart disease and depression, to arthritis and cancer.Effective coping mechanisms are a major longevity-promoting factor in part because stress has a direct impact on inflammation, which in turn underlies many of the chronic diseases that kill people prematurely every day. The Emotional Freedom Technique, meditation, prayer, social support and exercise are all viable options that can help you maintain emotional and mental equilibrium.
- Proper Sun Exposure to Optimize Vitamin D: We have long known that it is best to get your vitamin D from sun exposure, and if at all possible, I strongly urge you to make sure you’re getting out in the sun on a daily basis. There is preliminary evidence suggesting that oral vitamin D may not provide the identical benefits, although it’s still better than none at all.
- Take High Quality Animal-Based Omega-3 Fats: Animal-based omega-3 fat is a strong factor in helping people live longer, and many experts believe that it is likely the predominant reason why the Japanese are the longest lived race on the planet.
- Avoid as Many Chemicals, Toxins, and Pollutants as Possible: This includes tossing out your toxic household cleaners, soaps, personal hygiene products, air fresheners, bug sprays, lawn pesticides, and insecticides, just to name a few, and replacing them with non-toxic alternatives.
- Avoid Prescription Drugs. Do your homework. You can start on this site by using the search engine at the top of every page, which links to previous articles we have written over the past 15 years. Just type in the name of the drug or condition you are taking it for, and you will likely come up with dozens if not hundreds of pages of information that will help you develop a strategy to stop using the drugs by changing your lifestyle to take control of your health
The real truth about the money paid to Cathal Grant by the drug Companies
Notice Dr. Cathal P Grant MD, Bedford, Texas is paid by Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca, Cephalon, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer to push their drug in our opinion it is clear what Dr. Cathal P Grant MD, Bedford, Texas is doing, prescribing drug if you need them or not.
- Texas Tribune: Drug Company Payments to Texas Doctors Raise Questions
Doctors Paid Big By Drug Companies?
One patient statement about Dr. Cathal P Grant MD, Bedford, Texas:
“We found out that he gets paid to speak for almost every drug company out there, even if the drugs are competitors. He is out to make the money and it is apparent the way patients are herded through the practice with no regard for the patient’s needs. Beware if he tries to prescribe you a “new” drug on the market, it probably means they are paying him now. “
In our experience Dr. Cathal P Grant MD, Bedford, Texas, does not tell you one big fact that you the patient has and that is Informed Consent, Dr. Cathal P Grant MD, Bedford, Texas, does not discuss this or wants you to know about this, in our experience so he can get you hooked on psychotropic medications so you can do nothing but feed you greed for money, and you do not care at all what you do to the patient’s life.
This video proves what we are saying in our opinion about Cathal Grant’s medical practice, it also shows how Cathal Grant does not want you to have informed consent in your visit with him, and he does not tell you the truth, as the video below shows:


Raz’s theory is that interests justify rights and rights justify duties.
But whether there are duties or not depends on factors that are independent of a person’s interests. My interest in receiving an education is the same whether the people in my society can afford it or not. If they have to chose between education and eating, they might well have no duty to build schools, even though I have a strong interest in receiving an education.
Raz tries to get around this difficulty by distinguishing between general rights, which do not logically entail the existence of corresponding duties, and particular rights, which do entail corresponding duties. But since he also holds that rights are sufficient to justify holding others under duties, it is hard to see how he can call general rights rights. (see Raz, pp. 211-212)
Note: Raz and Hart do not mean the same thing by “general rights.” Sorry.
This raises a broader problem: what do rights do in Raz’s theory? For example, why couldn’t we just replace them with very important interests that can be protected by holding others under duties? If we can make that replacement without losing anything important, then it seems that Raz’s theory does not actually explain what is distinctive about rights, that is, what rights do that other moral concepts do not.
I passed out a short article critical of Raz's theory in class. I think that the criticism is, basically, the point we made about general rights.
If you're interested but weren't there, you can find it on JSTOR. The citation is: Margaret Holmgren, “Raz on Rights” Mind 94 (Oct., 1985): 591-5.
In the end, I think that Hart and Raz are really trying to answer two different questions.
Hart’s question is “what is distinctive about rights?” His answer is: they give those who have them control over others’ freedom.
Raz’s question is “what feature do all rights share?” His answer is: they protect interests by imposing duties on others.


Area = long side multiplied by short side
A = LS
(note: length of circumference = 2πr)
Is four squared metres the same as four metres squared?
No, and the difference is vast, so care must be taken.
The best way is to remember that m² is always said aloud as “square metres” and never, ever as “metres square”. Some people prefer to write sq.m to help them remember.
Four metres square is sixteen square metres:
A square with sides equal to 4m — gives an area of 4m by 4m or 16m². (16 sqm). Think of this as saying four metres all squared — square the 4 and square the m — which is 4 x 4 x m x m = 16m².
Four square metres is two metres square:
A square with sides equal to 2m — gives an area of 2m by 2m or 4m² (4 sqm). Think of this as saying two metres all squared — square the 2 and square the m — which is 2 x 2 x m x m = 4m².
Two square metres:
A rectangle of sides 1m by 2m, produces an area of 2m²(2 sqm), and NOT two metres square.


It doesn’t have to be Black History month to learn about Langston Hughes for kids! James Mercer Langston Hughes was born in 1902 in Joplin, Missouri and lived with his story-telling, loving grandma until he was 12. He was often alone, and his grandma instilled a love of books in Hughes. He moved around with his mom and her new husband until after high school, when he began working. His jobs, including those on freighters, allowed him to travel to Mexico, and various countries in Europe and Africa. He finally settled in Harlem, New York in the 1920s. The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion of culture; Harlem was the black mecca in the US at that time. Langston Hughes was an important figure during the Harlem Renaissance and he enjoyed sitting in clubs and listening to the blues and jazz as he wrote poetry. He was a leader, and devoted his life to writing about the Black experience in the United States. Kids can get familiar with his work by reading these wonderful poems written by Langston Hughes.
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Read about Langston Hughes for Kids
Langston Hughes Anthologies:
This anthology of 26 poems poems is perfect for older elementary students through high schoolers (ages 8+). The readers is introduced to each poem with Hughe’s thoughts, and explanations of certain terms that might be unfamiliar to kids. Kids will love the colorful folk-art illustrations! Poems include “The Negro Speaks of Rivers,” “My People,” “Words Like Freedom,” “Harlem,” and “I, Too.”
The Sweet and Sour Animal Book, is a wonderful collection of poems about animals that was originally written in 1936, but not re-discovered until 1997! There are 27 catchy, rhyming (but short) poems that go through the alphabet to whimsically describe animals.
Sail Away is a collection of poems that all have to do with the ocean, sea creatures- both mystical and real. The illustrations are papers cut out into colorful, fanciful images.
Langston Hughes Poems Made Into Illustrated Children’s Books
Lullaby by Langston Hughes is a tender board book, with the poem “Lullaby” illustrated in muted and gentle tones.
Carol of the Brown King is a celebration of Christmas with 6 different poems. I love this wonderful collection of poems to use during the holidays as it depicts Mary, Joseph, and Jesus as a black family! How lovely to for kids to see themselves represented in such an important holiday for so many people around the world.
“That is My Dream!” has its illustrations set in a segregated town in the 1950s. Langston Hughes’ dream is a world free of discrimination and racism, where everyone lives in harmony and has equality. What a beautiful, beautiful story to be introduced to Langston Hughes for kids.
The Negro Speaks of Rivers was written when Langston Hughes was only 17 years old. Featuring important rivers around the world, Hughes portrays the experiences of black people throughout history, around the world. The watercolor illustrations are beautifully detailed.
I, Too, Am America, celebrates the Pullman porters on the railroads across the United States (here’s a fascinating story by NPR on the Pullman porters on their role in building the Black middle class in the US). Hughes wrote the poem from the perspective of an black – but it could have been either a slave, a free man in the Jim Crow South, or even a domestic servant. Reading this poem is as relevant now as it was when it was written. Many people think that “I, Too” was a response to Walt Whitman’s Poem “I Hear America Singing,” since Hughes admired Whitman’s work, but more importantly, because Hughes believed that even though the circumstances are different for blacks, of course they also deserve to experience patriotism.
Other Books by Langston Hughes for Kids
The Book of Rhythms, by Langston Hughes teaches kids to find rhythms and write poems about everything that surrounds them, whether it’s in nature or their dining room. Perfect to accompany a lesson on poetry!!!
The First Book of Jazz, by Langston Hughes is a children’s guide to jazz. I cannot find a copy of this book, because there are few left in good condition. However, I wanted to include it here, since Langston Hughes was also a jazz fan. Here is a snippet from a review on amazon:
In this slim book, he traces the development of jazz, hitting all the basic elements: African polyrhythmic drumming transported to Congo Square in New Orleans, work songs and slave songs, homemade instruments, spirituals, the blues, ragtime, minstrel shows, improvisation, the spread of jazz to New York and Chicago and the regional bands, the influence of Louis Armstrong.
Langston Hughes Featured In These Books:
Invited by @astrostarbright I want to share a book cover I love. @DianaMWrites @SenKamalaHarris @RWitherspoon @ava @cylev @fly_like_a_girl @LittleMissFlint @MisterMinor @MissHeardMedia @WomenYSK pic.twitter.com/ISESG4CjPs
— Havana (@TheTinyDiplomat) February 7, 2018
Young, Gifted, and Black: Meet 52 Black Heroes from Past and Present, by Jamia Wilson is so informative for adults AND kids. What I love is that it balances leaders such as Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, and Nelson Mandela, to contemporary heroes like Serena Williams and Maya Angelou. If you are looking to inspire kids with strong and talented men and women (52!!!): this book is fabulous. Added bonus: you will absolutely love the illustrations by Andrea Pippins, creator of the coloring book I Love My Hair.
Biographies of Langston Hughes for Kids
Love to Langston is a collection of 14 free-verse, biographical poems about Langston Hughes’ life, by the Harlem author, Tony Medina. The facts at notes at the end of the book are a treasure, and teach kids and adults even more about Hughes’ struggles in racism and poverty, and journey to Africa.
Written by Hughes’ good friend Milton Meltzer in 1968, this re-published biography Langston Hughes has new illustrations that appeal to kids.
From his childhood, to pursuing his dreams, Coming Home: from the Life of Langston Hughes is a simple biography for kids of all ages. I appreciated the message that our home is inside of us, and perseverance helps us achieve our goals.
For More Excellent Black Biographies:


Vietnam is one developing nation believed to be using cyberattacks to generate money
As banks and financial institutions are increasingly targeted by financially motivated malicious actors the world over, protecting these organizations from cyberthreats is increasingly important, yet expensive. While developed and more affluent nations are able to invest in external-facing security systems, those financial organizations in developing countries are more vulnerable to attack, according to a new report published by IntSights.
The “Banking and Financial Services Threat Landscape Report“ found that banks and financial services organizations were targeted in 25.7% of all malware attacks last year, more than any of the other 27 industries tracked.
In the last year, threat actors have most frequently targeted banks and financial institutions in developing regions of the world. Those organizations in Latin America, Africa and parts of Asia that are lacking external facing security capabilities, are far more susceptible to attack. According to Charity Wright, former NSA and a threat intelligence research analyst at IntSights, cybercriminals are able to exploit financial institutions in developing nations rather easily, which could prove problematic for the global threat landscape.
The Consequence of Limited Resources
While the web is bereft of boundaries, the digital world mirrors the geopolitical and economic landscape of the physical world. Financial institutions in developing nations may be leveraging mobile banking, but the lack of comprehensive security systems has left organizations in developing nations “bleeding out money,” Wright said.
The issue is limited resources. In 2018, Kenya suffered an estimated loss of $297.9 million to fraud and cyberattacks. Not surprisingly, banks were among the top victims, the report said. Last year also saw a cyberattack on a bank in Pakistan, in which criminals were able to steal 2.6 million Rupees from customer accounts. Then the second largest bank in India lost $13.5 million because of unauthorized interbank transactions.
Organizations that are running legacy systems without the means to keep those systems up to date are prime targets for malicious actors. Cybercriminals are known to go after the lowest hanging fruit, and “with fewer barriers, cybercriminals are able to exploit organizations in developing nations with far greater ease,” the report said.
Even those countries that are able to adopt new technologies are vulnerable because, “in many cases, cybersecurity efforts have lagged behind advances in business operations, leaving organizations in this region to guard expansive attack surfaces without the necessary defense resources.”
When Cyber Levels the Wrong Playing Field
Of great concern is the potential for malicious actors in these developing nations to see cyber as a way to level the playing field. “They look to larger countries like China and see that the economy is fueling the cyber world, but they are also starting to see that cyber can fuel the economy,” Wright said, adding that Vietnam’s growing threat landscape is a prime example.
Wright authored research that looked specifically at the rising cyberthreats from Vietnam and found that “[r]ecent investments in the domestic development of technology have attracted skilled tech workers from foreign countries to Vietnam. This rapid economic growth and expansion naturally attracts undesirable attention in the form of cybercrime and cyber espionage.”
As the cybercriminal landscape of Vietnam has evolved, Wright said she has seen an uptick in threat actors targeting foreign multinational organizations operating inside Vietnam. “One group [APT 32, also known as Ocean Lotus] appears to be acting in support of Vietnam’s interests by creating economic advantages through cyberattacks on competitors.”
Cambodia is notably one of those competitors targeted by the group. Last year, OceanLotus was believed to have carried out cyberattacks on foreign nations who have the potential to threaten Vietnam’s economy. The report cited evidence of additional attacks on global organizations, including Toyota, suggesting that OceanLotus could be associated with the Vietnamese government and that its goal is to disrupt the business operations of their competitors.
“Cyber warfare is an opportunity to level the playing field. Vietnam has the potential to develop into a cybercriminal outpost,” Wright wrote. “Increasing numbers of Vietnamese internet users are choosing anonymity through the deep and dark web, and are seeking information on cryptocurrencies, dark web usage, and access to cybercrime jobs.”


Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors of sperm and eggs1. In most animals, segregation of the germ line from the somatic lineages is one of the earliest events in development2; in avian embryos, PGCs are first identified in an extra-embryonic region, the germinal crescent, after approximately 18 h of incu- bation. After 50–55 h of development, PGCs migrate to the gonad and subsequently produce functional sperm and oocytes3,4. So far, cultures of PGCs that remain restricted to the germ line have not been reported in any species5,6. Here we show that chicken PGCs can be isolated, cultured and genetically modified while main- taining their commitment to the germ line. Furthermore, we show that chicken PGCs can be induced in vitro to differentiate into embryonic germ cells that contribute to somatic tissues.


Researchers from LSTM have shown that the mechanism by which the main vector of malaria in Africa, the Anopheles gambiae mosquito, becomes resistant to one class of insecticide, makes them more susceptible to others.
In a paper published last week in the journal BMC Genomics, the team, led by Dr Victoria Ingham, have shown that the transcription factor Maf-S, is the driving force that leads to an increase in the production of proteins that detoxify insecticides from the pyrethroid class, meaning that they stop being as effective at killing the mosquito. However, the team have discovered negative cross resistance due to the same transcription pathway, meaning that as the mosquito becomes more resistant to one insecticide class, pyrethroids, it becomes more susceptible to another, organophosphates.
Malaria intervention programmes are responsible for a huge reduction in malaria cases and deaths across Sub-Saharan Africa, with long lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying accounting for 81% of that reduction since 2000. Despite the reliance on these interventions, only four classes of public health insecticides are licensed for use in indoor residual spraying and only one, the pyrethroids, for insecticide treated nets. Senior author on the paper, LSTM’s Professor Hilary Ranson said: “Insecticide treated nets are in about 79% of houses across sub-Saharan Africa, and this level of exposure is obviously impacting on resistance among mosquito populations with over 75% of countries monitoring the problem reporting pyrethroid resistance. Understanding the mechanisms by which resistance occurs has never been more important and yet, prior to this study, almost nothing was known about the processes controlling metabolic resistance to insecticides”
The results of the lab trials also highlighted an important phenomenon seen previously in the field, which is that high levels of resistance to pyrethroids seems to lead to increased susceptibility to organophosphates, a particularly important find given the current pressure on public health insecticides. “Using organophosphate insecticides in indoor residual spraying may have a high impact on vector populations and therefore malaria control.” Continued Professor Ranson. “The paper demonstrates that transcriptional control is not only important in insecticides resistance, but that exploring the genetic reasons for that resistance can lead to important answers with operational impact.”


Binge eating or out-of-control eating is a way of eating and using food that has no relationship to hunger or to nutrition and is a form of self-abuse. The size of the binge eating population group is under-estimated at 3.5% of women and 2% of men. Keep in mind that most binge eaters do not report their problem in a way that gets included in an “official” statistical headcount. A more accurate estimate is that binge eaters represent anywhere from 20% to 40% of the dieting population. Buy vyvanse
If you’re a binge eater, you know it. For those of you who need a definition, it’s this. Food is rapidly eaten over a short period of a time, usually within an hour. Eaters are agitated during a binge, meaning they may be pacing, frequently getting up and down, or they may go out to buy food. Eaters experience a sense of being out-of-control with food and eat way beyond fullness, often to extreme discomfort. They often feel like they’re in an altered state or mind or trance. Binges are usually done in secret or at least out of sight of others. The difference between pigging out and binge eating is that binge eating occurs more frequently and regularly, at least once a week. And lastly, binge eaters often feel shame and guilt after an eating episode.
Binge eating disorder (or BED) was just recently designated as an official mental illness in 2013. Since then it’s been aggressively promoted on TV as a real, treatable disease by Shire Pharmaceuticals. Shire, of course, is the maker of Vyvanse, the first drug specifically developed to curb binge eating. Because it’s an amphetamine, Vyvanse is a controlled substance and has a high potential for abuse and dependence. Vyvanse works by elevating levels of endorphins and other neurotransmitters, which can make you happier. The drug, however, can also work against you by causing anxiety, increasing blood pressure, heart rate and other undesirable side effects.
In addition to the side effects, reliance on a drug treatment is highly controversial because it doesn’t cure the problem, it just masks it. In fact, all treatments for Binge Eating Disorder are highly controversial. There are two basic but radically different theories to consider.
Theory #1 is that binge eating is a food addiction, and like all other addictions, the cure is to abstain from the substances that make you crazy with food and that you can’t control. This includes all foods made with caloric sweeteners and wheat products. It may also include abstaining from alcohol because alcohol enhances appetite and allows eaters to forget the intention to abstain from trigger foods. People who believe they’re food addicts have great success with this approach and quickly normalize their eating practices and weight.
Theory #2 is that binge eating is an emotional disorder, and underlying emotional problems have to be solved. The specific foods you eat have little role in treatment. Even more, avoiding so-called trigger foods is thought to exacerbate binge eating, and the “all or nothing ” approach of abstinence is perceived as extreme and unreasonable. The most popular treatments are cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), other psychological treatments, or some combination of talk therapy and drugs.
CBT is a particular form of talk therapy that relies on educational and behavioral interventions to teach eaters how to regain control over eating. It has a strong clinical success record and is often featured in many psychologically-oriented books about binge eating. The biggest complaint with all talk therapies is that they don’t always result in weight or shape change, and they can also take a long time.
Which cure is best? You have to choose for yourself. A practical and useful way to get started on this is to consider conducting an experiment of one. The easiest approach is to focus on diet. Simply abstain from foods made with caloric sweeteners and wheat for one week, and see if it’s too hard or if it makes a difference. After your short one-week experiment, you’ll have a baseline reference point for making a longer-term decision.


Preventing Mosquito Problems
Severe illness is arising from mosquito bites is on the increase in Australia and it is not just a northern Australian problem. Keep updated on the recent spread of mosquito-borne birth deformities being reported around the globe.
1. Remove Mosquito Habitats Around Your Home and Workplace
Mosquitoes need water for 2 stages of their life cycle so it is important that you monitor any standing water sources around your place. Here are some tips:
• Get rid of any unintended standing water in gutters that may be clogged by leaf litter, old tyres, buckets, toys etc – any other container that this small creature can breed.
• Empty completely and change the water in bird baths, fountains, wading pools and pot plant base trays often i.e. at least once a week to eliminate any mosquito habitats.
• Keep swimming pool water and spa water treated and circulating.
• Think like a mosquito – look for potential breeding grounds.
2. Prevent Your Exposure to Mosquitoes
• Use mosquito repellents when necessary and follow directions and precautions closely.
• If in an area where mosquitoes are known to be e.g. damp areas, mangroves etc. wear appropriate clothing. Cover any gaps in your clothing when mosquitoes can access your skin.
• In areas with high mosquito populations (e.g. the tropics – rain forest or coastal strips) it is advisable to wear long pants and long sleeves and use head nets if venturing out to bushwalk or go fishing.
• In areas where there is a mosquito-borne disease warning in effect, it is advisable to stay indoors at sunrise and sunset. It is at these times that mosquitoes are most active.
3. Use Structural Barriers to Protect Your Family from Mosquito-Borne Diseases
• Fill the gaps in window frames, doors and walls to prevent them from entering.
• Check that your fly screens are truly insect-proof – no holes, no gaps.
• Completely cover baby cots, carriers and prams with netting.
• Install mosquito nets above the children’s beds – they can be made to look great and an exciting hide-away for the child.
• Sling a mosquito net from a tree branch in your garden over summer. Ensure it can be taken down easily at the end of the day. Create an inviting space under the net this would entice anyone outdoors.
Jan Couper M.Ed.,M.Env.


Xylan is a polysaccharide belonging to the family of hemicelluloses, which make up the cell wall of plants. Xylan is present in dietary fibres and corresponds to a carbohydrate polymer of xylose.
It is broken down by enzymes called xylanases. These enzymes belong to the family of glycoside hydrolases. They need water molecules to function.
The xylanase degrades xylan and causes the release of xylose : a five-carbon ose (monosaccharide).
Like all mammals, man is not capable of synthesising xylanases, unlike bacteria, fungi, snails or insects, which possess the genes coding for xylanases.
As the human organism is not capable of producing this enzyme, the digestion of plant fibres is made more difficult. An intake of xylanase will therefore facilitate the digestion of the carbohydrates present in plant fibres.
For more information, click on enzymes.
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As far back as the 5th century BC the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about the use of a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that reduced fevers and eased aches and pains. Native Americans also used an infusion of willow bark for similar purposes. What was this remarkable "healing" principle within the bark that relieved dis-ease?
There is a little known natural extract of plant waxes known as policosanol, extractable from sugar cane, yams, and beeswax, which has been giving some of the more profitable drugs on the market a biomedical beating since it was first investigated in clinical trials by the Cubans in the 1990's.
In a 2008 study published in the journal Food Chemistry & Toxicology titled, "Comparative evaluation of the hypolipidemic effects of coconut water and lovastatin in rats fed fat-cholesterol enriched diet," the beverage coconut water was as effective as Merck's original cholesterol-lowering drug in positively modulating blood lipid levels in rats.


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The ocean is a vast body of saltwater that covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface. It is home to a diverse range of marine life, from tiny plankton to enormous whales. The ocean plays a critical role in regulating the Earth’s climate and weather patterns, as well as in providing food, transportation, and recreation for humans.
The ocean is divided into five major basins: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic. It is also made up of different zones, including the sunlit zone, twilight zone, midnight zone, and abyssal zone, each with its unique environmental conditions and species.
The ocean faces many challenges, including overfishing, pollution, climate change, and habitat destruction. These issues threaten the health of the ocean and the many species that call it home, making it crucial for humans to take action to protect and preserve this valuable resource.
The ocean ecosystem is a complex web of interconnected organisms and environments that exists within the ocean. It encompasses everything from the smallest plankton to the largest whales, and from the sunlit surface waters to the dark, cold depths of the abyss.
The ocean ecosystem is divided into different zones based on depth and light availability. The uppermost layer is the euphotic zone, where sunlight penetrates and supports photosynthesis by plants and algae. This zone is home to many different types of marine life, including fish, sea turtles, dolphins, and sharks.
Below the euphotic zone is the twilight zone, where light is limited but some organisms are still able to survive. Here, you can find bioluminescent animals, like lanternfish, that produce their own light to attract prey or mates.
The midnight zone is the deepest part of the ocean, where sunlight cannot penetrate. This zone is home to some of the most unusual and fascinating creatures on Earth, such as the anglerfish, which lures prey with a bioluminescent “fishing lure” attached to its head.
At the very bottom of the ocean lies the abyssal zone, which is characterized by extreme cold and high pressure. Despite these harsh conditions, a variety of organisms, such as giant tube worms and deep-sea crabs, have adapted to thrive in this environment.
The ocean ecosystem is a delicate balance, and human activities, such as overfishing and pollution, can disrupt this balance and have a negative impact on marine life.
Wonders of the Ocean
- Coral reefs – These underwater structures are home to an incredible diversity of marine life, and are often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea.”
- Bioluminescence – Some species of marine organisms are able to produce light, creating beautiful displays of bioluminescence in the ocean.
- Deep-sea trenches – The ocean is home to some of the deepest parts of the Earth, including the Mariana Trench, which reaches depths of over 35,000 feet.
- Whales – These magnificent creatures are the largest animals on Earth, and can be found in oceans all around the world.
- Underwater volcanoes – The ocean floor is dotted with volcanic vents and geysers, which support unique ecosystems that are not found anywhere else on Earth.
- Sea turtles – These ancient creatures have been around for over 100 million years, and are known for their incredible journeys across the ocean.
- Giant squid – These elusive creatures are the largest invertebrates on Earth, and are rarely seen by humans.
- Shipwrecks – The ocean is home to countless shipwrecks, many of which have become artificial reefs that support a wide variety of marine life.
Treasures of the Ocean
- Shipwrecks – The ocean is littered with thousands of shipwrecks, many of which still contain valuable artifacts, such as gold, silver, and precious gems.
- Lost cities – There are several underwater cities that have been lost to the ocean over time, including the ancient city of Alexandria in Egypt and the legendary city of Atlantis.
- Pearls – Pearls are formed by oysters and other mollusks in the ocean, and have been highly valued for their beauty for centuries.
- Sunken treasure – Pirates and other adventurers have hidden treasure in the ocean for centuries, and many of these treasures are still waiting to be discovered.
- Fossils – The ocean floor is rich with fossils, including those of extinct marine creatures, such as ammonites and mosasaurs.
- Precious metals – In addition to shipwrecks, the ocean also contains vast deposits of precious metals, such as gold and silver, which can be extracted using specialized equipment.
Lost cities of the ocean
- Atlantis – Perhaps the most famous of all the lost cities, Atlantis was first mentioned by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato over 2,300 years ago. According to Plato’s account, Atlantis was a powerful and advanced civilization that sank beneath the waves in a single day and night.
- Thonis-Heracleion – This ancient Egyptian city was submerged for over 1,000 years before being rediscovered by archaeologists in 2000. Located in the Bay of Aboukir, Thonis-Heracleion was a thriving port city that was once a center of trade and commerce in the region.
- Dwarka – According to Hindu mythology, the city of Dwarka was built by the god Krishna over 5,000 years ago. The city was said to be home to over a million people and was considered one of the seven most sacred sites in India. Today, the remains of Dwarka are believed to lie off the coast of Gujarat in western India.
- Yonaguni Monument – This underwater structure off the coast of Japan has been the subject of much debate and speculation. Some researchers believe that it is a natural rock formation, while others believe that it was built by an ancient civilization.
- Pavlopetri – Located off the coast of Greece, Pavlopetri is believed to be the oldest known underwater city in the world. The city was occupied for over 2,000 years and was a center of trade and commerce in the region.
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Cannabinoids are active compounds that are found in the cannabis plant and are responsible for its medicinal and recreational properties. You may have heard about the main cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but there are many other cannabinoids that are equally important.
What are cannabinoids?
There could be as many as 113 different cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. The most researched of these cannabinoids are by far CBD and THC. The cannabinoids in the marijuana plant are stored in the trichomes, or the crystals of the plant. It’s the trichomes in the cannabis buds that give the plant a specific shine. Most growers focus on producing strains of cannabis with high levels of THC. It’s THC that is responsible for the euphoric “high” feeling you get when you consume marijuana. The other main cannabinoid is CBD. It doesn’t have any psychoactive properties and is 100% legal in many countries around the world. Some other exciting cannabinoids are cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichromene (CBC).
The endocannabinoid system and how it works
Endocannabinoids are cannabinoids which are naturally produced by the body. The word “endo” stands for endogenous, which means originating within the body. However, these cannabinoids are different from the cannabinoids found in cannabis, even though they share similar effects and properties. They interact with the same pathways in the body, brain and the central nervous system. These pathways are known as receptors. The most studied endocannabinoids are the anandamide and 2-AG. Some of the other endocannabinoids are Noladin Ether, Virodhamine, and N-Arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA). All those endocannabinoids are responsible for maintaining balance within the body.
The endocannabinoid system is made up of cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors. The cannabinoids are like keys. They bind with the cannabinoid receptor, unlocking them and causing changes to cell functioning. These changes lead to a variety of different effects throughout the body. When you consume cannabis, THC and CBD enter the endocannabinoid system and bind with the cannabinoid receptors. The two types of cannabinoid receptors are CB1 and CB2. Most of the CB1 receptors, which THC binds with, are found in the brain. CB2 receptors, on the other hand, are spread out throughout the rest of the body, and it’s those receptors that CBD binds with.
What are the major cannabinoids?
There are two main types of cannabinoids. Endogenous cannabinoids, which are produced naturally in our bodies and Exogenous cannabinoids, also known as phytocannabinoids because of their origin from plants.
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
This cannabinoid is most commonly associated with marijuana. It can be found in marijuana concentrations of up to 30-40%.
- Cannabidiol (CBD)
The next major marijuana cannabinoid is CBD. It has no psychoactive properties and in fact works to lower the effects of THC.
- Cannabinol (CBN)
CBN isn’t produced by the cannabis plant but is a result of incorrect storage of THC. When THC is exposed to excessive light or heat, the chemical structure changes and it becomes CBN.
- Cannabichromene (CBC)
CBC often appears as the second most prevalent cannabinoid after THC. Just like CBD, CBC does not bind with the CB1 receptors in the brain, which means that it has no psychoactive properties.
- Cannabigerol (CBG)
Through the enzymatic process, CBG acts as a foundation for the other cannabinoids found in marijuana.
- 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the CB1 receptors that are located in the brain. 2-AG is also produced by the body and metabolized after.
Anandamide is another endocannabinoid, found in the human body. Many scientists believe that it is responsible for the “high” levels of adrenalin many people experience after they workout. It plays a major role in our moods and how we feel.
Cannabinoids are a diverse group of molecules. They share common character traits. Endocannabinoids are produced naturally by our bodies and interact with the endocannabinoid system, binding with our CB1 and CB2 receptors. These interactions produce different reactions, all of which can have positive effects on our health and well being.
What are phytocannabinoids?
Phytocannabinoids are cannabinoids, which are found in both cannabis and hemp. There is a big movement in the scientific community in favor of the medicinal properties of phytocannabinoids. Many countries around the world have started to question the way they view cannabis and its many applications.
Although marijuana was praised for its medicinal properties for centuries, early in the 1900s it was classified by many governments as a narcotic. Only recently have countries turned back to marijuana and its benefits.
Some of the more popular phytocannabinoids are (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD). All cannabinoids which are produced by plants are known as phytocannabinoids.
Some researchers believe that it was a hemp-based diet which allowed our ancestors tens of thousands of years ago to develop an intricate endocannabinoid system we enjoy today.
some of the more common phytocannabinoids and how they react and interact with our endocannabinoid system:
CBG is considered to be the precursor to most of the other phytocannabinoids. It is believed that it has a wide variety of different therapeutic applications, proving it to be more effective than CBD in managing neuropathic pain. Enzymes located in the trichomes convert CBG into one of the 112 other cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant. After this process, there is very little CBG remaining in the mature plant, normally less than 1%. Read more about CBG here.
CBDV is another non-psychoactive cannabinoid. It is an analogue of CBD and is made out of 3-carbon molecules (propyl), instead of 5-carbon ones (pentyl). CBDV shares many characteristics with CBD, and currently research into its use as an anticonvulsant is being undertaken.
One of the more well-known phytocannabinoids, CBD has the widest therapeutic application and is currently one of the most studied phytocannabinoids. It’s non-psychoactive, which means that it won’t get you high, like THC would. This makes it legal to buy and possess CBD in many countries around the world. It is currently used to help a variety of different conditions. CBD is utilized as an anticonvulsant, immunostimulant, anti-depressant, antioxidant and as antitumor, anti-psychotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-insomnia, anxiolytic.
THC is probably the most well-known phytocannabinoid of them all! When you consume marijuana and get high, the THC in the marijuana is what is affecting you. When the THC binds with the CB1 receptors in the brain, it stimulates the release of endocannabinoids which regulate both our mood and our appetite. THC is also a powerful anti-inflammation remedy, as its efficacy is twenty times bigger than that of an aspirin. THC`s psychoactive properties led to lobbying to have cannabis classified as a narcotic. Read more about THC here.
CBC is another therapeutic phytocannabinoid found in cannabis. It is considered by many to be the most powerful anti-cancer cannabinoid. CBC interacts with CB2 receptors in tumor cells, and from that interaction surface antigens are produced. Another interesting fact about CBC is that it is the only phytocannabinoid which is believed to stimulate the growth of brain cells. This wasn’t even considered possible until the late 90s! So this belief has fueled research into the use of CBC as an anti-Alzheimer therapy.
Phytocannabinoids play an important role in our endocannabinoid system, but research into them is still in an early stage, because of its impediment in the last century. As the legalization of cannabis and its reclassification for medicinal purposes continues to grow, more and more research and studies into it are being undertaken.
What is THC?
THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is the compound found in cannabis or marijuana that’s responsible for high levels of stimulation on the human brain. An Israeli chemist, Raphael Mechoulam, first isolated and synthesized THC in 1964 by using Lebanese Hashish. His work lead to the discovery of other cannabinoids and also enhanced the research into the endocannabinoid system and its receptors. You may be surprised to learn that our bodies all produce endocannabinoids naturally. One does not even need to smoke cannabis!
THC binds to the receptors in our brain and central nervous system, creating a chemical reaction which many people experience as a psychoactive high. There are also many other reactions which scientists are only just beginning to understand.
When you first experiment with THC, it’s important to take it slowly. Some people may find that using THC can have a relaxing and calming effect; other people experience higher levels of anxiety and paranoia. One interesting fact is that CBD, another cannabinoid found in cannabis, can help lessen the effects of THC. Different cannabis strains will give you different reactions, so it is important to take small steps until you understand how your body reacts.
Effects of THC
Some of the short-term effects of THC usage may include:
- Pain relief
- Memory impairment
- Increased heart rate
- Dry mouth
- Red eyes
- Slowed perception of time
- “Couch-lock,” or feeling heavy
THC has many medicinal benefits that are only now being researched. Hundreds of studies into cannabis and its health benefits are being undertaken. Cannabis` rise in popularity and its legalization for medicinal use have been fueling innovation across the medical and pharmaceutical industries.
Health benefits of THC
There are several medical conditions, the key to which may be THC:
- Neuropathic and chronic pain
- Crohn’s disease
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Sleep apnea
- Appetite loss
What is CBD?
CBD or cannabidiol is extracted from the hemp or marijuana plants. It is one of the most important cannabinoids that is found in the cannabis plant. It is not like THC that will cause psychoactive effects.
You will not get high with CBD
The only thing common between CBD and THC is that they are both cannabinoids and they affect the receptors of the brain. They are naturally produced by the human body as well which makes them the part of the endocannabinoid system. It helps to maintain different types of physiological processes. These receptors are naturally found in the nervous and immune system of our body. Once CBD interacts with these receptors you get the effects.
Not only CBD is different from THC, but also research has claimed that CBD can help control the more negative effects of THC like anxiety and paranoia. That is why individuals who are looking for weed with THC will prefer to have the strain that has a reliable ratio of CBD and THC. It helps to maintain the effects THC has on our body and mind.
What does CBD do?
It is important to turn our attention towards what this little yet powerful compound can do before we can get into further details. Recently, CBD is dominating the conversations related to applications od cannabis and CBD in the medical field. However, it does not mean that recreational users do not value the product. There are some unique qualities in CBD that can make it an important part of our daily routine. Using CBD is a natural way of reducing stress and pain. It can help the body feel more relaxed and comfortable by affecting the release of receptors in the Central Nervous System.
What is CBN?
Like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) is one of those 113 cannabinoids. CBN`s properties are similar to those of CBD, because CBN has no psychoactive effect on the brain. So, if your goal is to get high, you may want to pass on CBN. Nevertheless, CBN has other seriously interesting and potentially life-changing medicinal benefits.
CBN is often found in higher amounts in older cannabis plants. As THC ages, or is exposed to oxygen over time, it switches to CBN. So, if you leave cannabis plants unattended for months or years, it is very likely for the THC in them to turn into CBN.
Some of the benefits which scientists and researchers, who are studying CBN, have discovered, include:
- Pain relief
- Promoting the growth of bone cells
- As an appetite stimulant
One of the most promising aspects of CBN is its sedative effect. Research into CBN`s properties has gone so far as to suggest that 5mg of CBN could be the equivalent to a 10mg dose of diazepam. CBN`s benefit over diazepam is that the former is a plant-based pain relief and sleeping aid, and the chances of addiction are minimal. Many opioid-based pain relief products also come with severe side-effects and a higher chance of addiction, especially among younger people.
If you like to get a good night’s sleep by using cannabis, a little bit of CBN could be one of the most effective sleeping aids available! Unlike THC, CBN does not affect your brain and will leave you with a clear head. Still, there is a downside to CBN - it isn’t present in nature the same amounts as THC or CBD. While cannabis flower or bud can contain up to 30% THC or CBD, it usually contains less than 1% CBN.
What is CBC?
Like CBD, CBC isn’t going to get you high or leave you “couch locked” as THC does. It’s a non-psychoactive compound, but nevertheless has a variety of potential health benefits. CBC binds poorly with the CB1 receptors located in the brain. It is more likely to bind with the vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) and the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which have been linked to pain perception. When you consume CBC and it binds with these receptors, the body`s natural number of endocannabinoids increases.
Like other cannabinoids and endocannabinoids, scientists believe that CBC works better when it’s combined with variant cannabinoids. CBC`s reaction to CBD and THC has not yet been researched properly. The growth in the legal medical marijuana markets and the progressive legalization of marijuana around the world is fueling a rise in research and studies.
CBC’s medicinal potential
While research is still ongoing, there are already some potential medicinal benefits linked to CBC. While marijuana has been used medicinally for centuries, it’s classification as a narcotic in the early 1900s has stunted the research on how it works with our bodies and how cannabinoids affect our endocannabinoid systems.
CBC and cancer
CBC could potentially be a very powerful ally in the fight against cancer. This is because CBC interacts with our endocannabinoid system and with anandamide. Anandamide has proved as vital in the fight against breast cancer and CBC could lower its rate of absorption into the bloodstream, which means that anandamide could circulate throughout our bodies for longer periods of time. One study conducted recently showed that CBC could also slow and inhibit inflammation and tumor growth.
CBC pain and inflammation
CBC blocks both inflammation and pain, both of which are associated with osteoarthritis. Using cannabinoids can be a healthier way to handle pain and inflammation, avoiding the nasty side effects associated with prescription medicine and opioid pain relief.
CBC and brain cells
A study from 2013 showed that CBC had a positive effect on mice`s neural stem progenitor cells (NSP cells). Those cells are essential for the healthy functioning of the brain. This could be an important breakthrough in the fight against Alzheimer’s Disease.
CBC and acne
Many cannabinoids, including CBC, have shown to be powerful inhibitors for acne and other skin conditions.
CBC and depression
CBC works well when partnered with THC and CBD as a weapon to help fight mental health conditions such as anxiety, stress, ADD, PTSD, and depression.
What is CBG?
CBG is similar to CBD in that it contains no psychoactive properties and won’t give you that feeling that you experience when you consume strains of cannabis with high levels of THC. CBG is usually only found at very low levels, approximately 1%.
The interesting thing about CBG is that both CBD and THC start out as CBG. The cannabis plant produces cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), which is the precursor to three of the most important cannabinoid acids - THCA, CBDA, and CBCA. The enzymes within the cannabis plant turn the CBGA into either CBDA or THCA. The respective acid is then activated by light or heat and turns into CBD or THC. With most strains of marijuana, the CBGA is converted quickly into CBDA or THCA.
In an attempt to get strains of cannabis with higher amounts of CBG, growers and breeders have been experimenting with cross-breeding of plants and genetic manipulation. In order to recover more CBG from cannabis plants, the latter need to be harvested in a certain time during the growing cycle. Growers need to pinpoint when the maximum amount of CBG is present, which is normally six weeks into the eight-week growing cycle.
The potential medical benefits of CBG
CBG influences specific areas of the body, and there has been a lot of promising research focused on this area.
CBG and Glaucoma
CBG is a very powerful vasodilator and has many neuroprotective benefits. As there are endocannabinoid receptors located within the eye structure, it is believed that CBG is one of the best cannabinoids for supporting glaucoma by decreasing the intraocular pressure in the eyes.
CBG and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
During a recent study on mice, scientists discovered that CBG was effective in decreasing the inflammation characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease.
CBG and Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s disease is characterized by nerve cell degeneration and damage in the brain. During a 2015 study on mice, researchers discovered that CBG protected the neurons and hindered the nerve cell degeneration.
CBG and Cancer
CBG has, too, proved valuable in the fight against cancer – it blocks the receptors which are responsible for cancer cell growth and inhibits that growth.
What is 2-AG?
Being one of the most abundant endocannabinoids in our bodies, 2-AG plays an important role in the regulation of appetite, pain management, and immune system functions. There are several different ways to boost the levels of 2-AG in your body. Cannabis is one of those options, but there are also ways to help your endocannabinoid system without cannabis:
Because 2-AG is essentially made from fats, or metabolized linoleic acid, you can eat foods high in linoleic acids like eggs, poultry, grains, and hemp seeds. To boost your levels of 2-AG, diets high in omega-6 essential fatty acids is a great way to start. Remember to consume equal amounts of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids to get the most benefits for your endocannabinoid system.
Some research suggests that probiotics help to increase the function of CB2 receptors located in the gut. You can eat pre-biotic foods like leeks, artichoke, onions, and garlic. It also helps to eat a lot of high-fiber green vegetables.
Sleep is an essential ingredient in maintaining the balance in your endocannabinoid system. Make sure that you are getting regular amounts of good sleep every day.
What is Anandamide?
N-arachidonoylethanolamine (Anandamide), is an endogenous analog of THC. Interestingly enough, anandamide is also known as the “bliss molecule”, or the body`s own version of THC. Anandamide is produced by our bodies and is very similar to THC in its chemical content. It binds itself to the same receptors in the endocannabinoid system and could act as neurotransmitter and mood-enhancer.
Unlike THC, CBD, CBN, anandamide is an endocannabinoid. Cannabinoids are found in the cannabis plant, while endocannabinoids are produced naturally by our bodies. Anandamide is produced inside the cell membranes and tissues of the body. It’s synthesized from N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine and broken down by fatty acid amide hydrolase, an enzyme.
Anandamide interacts and binds with both types of cannabinoid receptors in the brain (CB1 and CB2). Anandamide is considered a fragile compound as, once absorbed by the body, it quickly breaks down to its components. Anandamide is produced in the part of the brain which is responsible for memory, movement control, and advanced thought processes. Moreover, anandamide plays an important part in many physiological processes such as managing the appetite, managing pain, as well as fertility.
How anandamide works in the human body
Anandamide works by interacting with the receptors which are part of the endocannabinoid system. These receptors are located in the brain and throughout the torso. They act like locks, and the cannabinoids and endocannabinoids act like keys to these locks – the cannabinoids and endocannabinoids bind with the receptors and create chemical reactions. In the central nervous system, the anandamide mostly binds with CB1 receptors, while in the peripheral it binds with CB2 receptors.
According to an article published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation in 2005, anandamide was believed to help promote neurogenesis. The article stated that anandamide, among other cannabinoids, promoted neurogenesis in the part of the brain which is responsible for managing our memory, our ability to learn, and our emotions. They were also shown to have some antidepressant-like effects.
A 2007 paper which was published by the research department at the University of Michigan stated that anandamide plays an important role in establishing our eating habits and in generating feelings of pleasure and motivation. The study showed that a certain amount of anandamide, injected into the forebrain of a mouse, later doubles the span of its reaction when it received a reward for completing a set task. Nevertheless, the anandamide did not affect the mice`s reaction when they didn’t receive a reward.
Other studies, carried out at the University of California and the University of Connecticut, discovered that increased amounts of anandamide in the human brain could help with the relief of the symptoms associated with anxiety and depression.
Ways to increase anandamide levels in your body
- Eating dark chocolate
- Eating truffles


The First batch of Russia coronavirus vaccine has been produced, the health ministry disclosed via a statement just on Saturday.
As stated in the statement, “the first batch of the novel coronavirus vaccine developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute has been produced,” the health ministry said in a statement just as India said it was ready to mass-produce COVID-19 vaccines once scientists give the go-ahead
The Russian vaccine is called “Sputnik V” after the Soviet-era satellite that was the first launched into space in 1957.
It was developed by the Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology in Moscow in coordination with the Russian Defence Ministry.
According to the head of the institute, Alexander Gintsburg, volunteers taking part in the final stage testing of the vaccine’s safety and efficacy would have two inoculations.
Russia has said industrial production is expected from next month and that it plans to manufacture five million doses per month by December or January.
Health Minister, Mikhail Murashko, said earlier in the week that the vaccine would first be made available to medics and would later be available to all Russians on a voluntary basis.
Photo Source: DNA India


Today, I saw seven patients - middle schoolers, high school students, and college students. Although they were all there for different anxiety problems, one theme ran through my day: anxiety about Election Day. Even my youngest patients have been voicing concerns for months about who is going to win the election and what the consequences of that outcome will be. These worries seemed particularly palpable today, with only two weeks to go until Election Day.
The New York Times published an interesting article about last week called, Talking to Your Therapist about Election Anxiety. It is a great read, but I felt it was important to write about some tips for kids and teens who might feel even more anxious than adults because they can't even vote!
-Acknowledge what our kids are feeling. Anxiety is all about the unknown and at this late date, the probable outcome of this election seems to depend on the source that one consults! Not knowing makes people feel uncomfortable. It is okay to say to kids, "Yup, it is hard to not know. It makes me feel uncomfortable and worried too."
-And, to the extent that we can, boss back that anxiety! Although we do not know who will win the election until Election Day, we can remind ourselves that our government is set up to prevent really bad things from happening. Kids have been expressing their worries in my office for months and I find that we can boss back many of these worries by saying, "Not gonna to happen!". The media has stirred up so many worries and kids need a reminder that there are checks and balances in place to prevent many bad outcomes.
-For some kids, DOING something in service of the electoral process makes them feel more empowered. One of the kids I met with today decided she would like to volunteer for her preferred candidate with her mom over the next few weeks. Many kids value going into the voting booth with their parents. Although they aren't casting a vote per se, they feel they have contributed by participating in the family vote.
-For other kids, tuning out is a better strategy. If reading the newspaper or watching the news is causing your child undue anxiety, it is okay to encourage him or her to stop for the next two weeks. If Election Day is going to be excruciating (especially for kids who have the day off of school), make a plan to keep your kids' brains busy with something else. Go to a museum. See a movie. Set up some playdates. Logging on to the computer every few minutes to check the polls is likely not a good strategy for making it through the day (for adults or kids!).
-Coach kids through the complex social aspects of this election season. Many of the kids who I work with have told me about conflicts among friends due to the candidate that their families are supporting. Some kids have told me that they have noticed an increase in disrespectful behavior toward girls and female teachers during this election season. Kids need our help with these situations. The best way to do this is to model appropriate discourse with our own friends, relatives, and work colleagues. We need to model to our kids how to respect people who hold different opinions than us.
Yesterday, I attended the Scholastic book fair at our school with my almost 9-year old son. Although he is drawn to those huge, pricey Star Wars books that come with mini-figures, we had already agreed that these were off limits! I find it interesting that he is drawn to totally different books than my 11-year old daughter. Whereas she loves fiction, he wants to learn about history, wars, how things work, and so on. This brings up a controversy in my house -- does reading fiction build better reading skills than reading non-fiction?
This morning, I decided to turn to the literature to find out. Here is what I learned:
Smith was diagnosed at that age with OCD—obsessive compulsive disorder. But he didn’t receive proper treatment for his mental disorder until he was 31 years old, when he came to McLean Hospital’s Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Institute.
“I lost 31 years of my life to some extent, so I really feel like I was reborn after [getting treatment] because living in the moment was completely foreign to me,” he said. “When I got better, I felt like an alien. It’s really strange, and it’s still amazing.”
Now 38, Smith returned Boston on Friday as a spokesperson for the International OCD Foundation, which has its headquarters here. The IOCDF is celebrating its 30 years as an organization and just commemorated the end of OCD awareness week.
The IOCDF has made great strides for people with OCD in the last 30 years, but it still has a long way to go, said Executive Director Jeff Szymanski.
The IOCD started in Connecticut where a group of people with OCD participated in one of the first studies about the disorder, Szymanski said. The foundation moved to Boston in 2008 to be closer to its vibrant medical community because the organization focuses on financing OCD research. (Although there is no cure for OCD, the compulsions can be managed).
Though the foundation has made great strides in terms of growing OCD awareness—more than 1,600 people attended IOCDF’s annual conference this year, four times as many as the first conference in 1993—Szymanski said the mental health community still struggles with the diagnosis and how to treat it.
Smith was lucky that he was correctly diagnosed so early. More than 3 million adults live with OCD in the United States, but physicians misdiagnose patients 50 percent of the time and mental health professionals a third of the time, Szymanski said. It took Smith 17 years to receive proper treatment, and that’s a common reality.
Szymanski said the average time between a diagnosis and proper care is between 14 to 17 years.
“If you had cancer, who is waiting 14 to 17 years? It’s not acceptable anywhere,” he said. “Yet, it’s the state of things with OCD.”
Both Smith and Szymanski highlighted how OCD has been warped in the public’s eye: It’s not about being “neat” or liking things a certain way. It’s a debilitating medical disability stemming from obsessive, anxious thoughts.
“When we’re in our rituals, we don’t want to be doing them,” Smith said. “No one wants to wash their hands 100 times. We know it’s irrational, but we believe we have to do it anyway.”
After his diagnoses, Smith met with multiple different therapists, but none of them had ever specialized in OCD treatment or were able to refer him to a specialist. “What I mean by proper treatment is that a general psychologist is not equipped to treat OCD but roughly most of them think that they are,” Smith said. “And attempting to treat OCD by doing psychotherapy, called talk therapy—well, what happened was it ultimately made my OCD worse and harder to treat in the future.”
Szymanski worked as a clinical psychologist at McLean’s OCD Institute before joining the foundation. He explained that while most therapists are trained in psychotherapy—where you talk through your issues and try to uncover how they may have started in your childhood—that’s actually damaging for OCD patients.
Instead, professionals need to be trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and specifically a subset of that called “exposure and response prevention.” In that practice, those with OCD are forced to confront the very things giving them anxiety and prompt their obsessive thoughts. Instead of giving in to their compulsions to ease their anxiety, the patient is forced to sit with it.
If someone’s OCD centers around germs, for example, the therapy would involve them touching the floor or something else they consider germ-infested without allowing them to wash their hands repeatedly. “The best way to get over a phobia is to repeatedly expose yourself, and over time your brain stops putting out those anxiety signals,” Szymanski said.
Smith, who underwent the therapy while living in Boston, described it as “torture.” But it’s the reason he’s alive today, he said. He had told his mom that if he ever got better—and for a while, he never thought he would—he wanted to help others like him.
“Coming back to Boston and being able to speak in Boston, where I struggled so much, on a national stage, it’s full circle and emotional, but it’s also extremely gratifying,” said Smith, who now lives in Los Angeles where he works as an actor. “This is where I discovered the strength and power of the human condition. This is where I learned what I was made of as a person.”
I am a licensed psychologist working with kids, teens, and adults with anxiety disorders.


Written by Davina Duffield - RVN
You may have heard in the news recently about a disease in dogs called Babesiosis caused by the microscopic parasite Babesia transmitted by ticks. The disease is only spread by the Dermacentor tick which, although the species is usually only found in Europe, has recently spread into the UK.
Babesiosis can lead to red blood cell destruction and can produce clinical signs such as lethargy, pale gums, red urine and fever. If you notice any of these signs in your pet or that your pet is unwell, please see a vet immediately.
The best way to avoid the disease is to protect your dog against ticks. It can be transmitted very quickly (within 24 hours), so we recommend using a fast-acting prescription-strength tick product such as Bravecto, Seresto or Advantix. Although Babesiosis is very rare in cats, we still advise prompt tick removal to avoid any potential infections in our feline friends.
Although serious, it can be treated however severe cases may require blood transfusions and further complicated treatments. We can, however, perform a blood test to confirm or rule out infection in any dogs showing potential symptoms.
Please be aware that the latest confirmed case is in our local area, in Bramcote, Nottingham so further precautions should be taken to protect your furry friends.
If you would like some advice about tick treatments or need help removing a tick from your pet, please call us ASAP at either our Ilkeston branch on 0115 9329322 or our West Hallam branch on 0115 9326056. We can also do this for non-registered clients but will need to see your pet for a free flea check before dispensing medication.


After a great many years of neglect, photographic historians are gradually uncovering and sharing the individual histories of early women photographers whose lives and work have been languishing in the shadows. As yesterday marked the 125th anniversary of the death of Henrietta Ross (1815-94), this seemed a good occasion to write a little about her life and photographic activities. Some of this has appeared in my 2004 article on Horatio Ross, and Henrietta will be treated in more detail if I ever manage to finish writing Horatio’s biography, but in the meantime I have put together this brief sketch in the hope that it interest some readers.
Henrietta Macrae was born on 17 April 1815 in Demerara, an island off the north east coast of Brazil which was ceded to Great Britain under the terms of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. Her father, Colin Macrae (1779–1854), had helped broker the treaty, which was signed in London on 13 August 1814. Colin hailed from the West Highlands: his parents were Farquhar Macrae of Inverinate, and Mary, daughter of Alexander Mackenzie of Davochmaluack. As head of the Inverinate branch of the family he had a rightful claim to be recognized as Chief of the Clan Macrae. Like many young Scotsmen he sailed abroad to seek his fortune, finding work as a merchant and planter in Demerara. He became a colonel in the colonial militia and was also appointed to the colonial legislation. His status is indicated by his marriage in 1805 to Charlotte Gertrude, daughter of John Cornelius Vandenheuvel, Dutch Governor of Demerara from 1765 to 1770.
They resided at Cumingsburg, in the capital Stabroek (later renamed Georgetown) where they raised a large family of eleven sons and daughters, many of whom went on to take prominent positions in the colonies. Some of their time was spent in New Haven, Connecticut. Colin Macrae published a short tract, Suggestion of a Plan for the Effectual Abolition of Slavery in all of the British West India Colonies in 1830 and soon after returned with his family to Scotland, where he divided his time between Edinburgh, Perth and Nairn. Henrietta was in her late teens when she met her future husband, Horatio Ross (1801-86), who was then MP for Aberdeen Burghs and one of the more remarkable men of his age.
Ross’s accomplishments were extraordinary. His father Hercules – like Colin MacRae – had left Scotland as a young man to seek his fortune overseas. Through a blend of enterprising trade and marine activities bordering on piracy, Hercules Ross made a fortune in Jamaica, where he succeeded in winning the friendship of the young Captain Horatio Nelson, then a naval lieutenant. Hercules Ross returned to Scotland on his own 32-gun frigate, a wealthy man, and married Henrietta Parish, a beautiful heiress whose portrait was painted by Raeburn. They settled near Montrose on the east coast of Scotland and set about building Rossie Castle.
They had four daughters before a son was born in December 1801. Nelson agreed to be godfather to Ross’s son – hence the name Horatio. Hercules Ross was an enthusiast for the volunteer movement, and after an embarrassing scene when five year old Horatio ran away at the sound of guns on the lawn at Rossie, he had his valet fire guns daily over the head of his son. Horatio developed an interest in shooting and turned out to be a brilliant marksman. His feats with a gun became the thing of legend and he was reckoned the best pistol shot in the British Empire. In 1821 he joined the army but grew bored with barrack life and resigned in 1826. He was then able to devote himself fully to the sporting and shooting activities which were his joy, among the most notable of which include the first ever recorded steeplechase, a 97 mile non-stop walking competition and some astounding feats of marksmanship with both pistols and rifles. Some of these were documented in my article, ‘The Delight of their Existence’: the photography of Horatio Ross of Rossie (1801–86) Studies in Photography (2006) and will be treated at greater length in my biography of Horatio Ross, which I hope to complete one day.
Perhaps in need of a greater focus for his talents he stood as a Reform candidate for Aberdeen burghs and was returned in 1831. His contributions to parliamentary debate reflect his interests in rural affairs – he spoke forcefully on matters such as game laws and hemp tax, but was also appointed to a commission of inquiry into child labour in factories. Other members included Robert Peel, who became Prime Minister a few years later and remained a friend. Ross was well-connected and moved among high social circles. He dined with Thomas Carlyle in London, corresponded with leading peers of the realm, and took part in adventurous sporting activities with aristocratic gentry from both Scotland and England.
Although now in his early thirties, he had still not found a wife. Although it was later said that he sought a wealthy heiress, the woman with whom he fell in love was far from that. Henrietta Macrae was in her late teens when they met. She married Ross in Nairn on 26 December 1833. They had five sons: Horatio, Edward, Hercules, Colin and Robert Peel.
Having left politics in 1835, Ross was in possession of a little more leisure time when photography was invented four years later and unsurprisingly was one of the first in Scotland to take it up. Beginning with daguerreotypes, he switched to the calotype process, but continued to concentrate on landscape photography. Naturally, he was fond of hunting scenes, and took numerous photographs of deer both living and dead. Some of these photos were used by his friend Sir Edwin Landseer as an aid for painting. Henrietta appears in one of his earliest known images, an 1848 daguerreotype entitled ‘Craigdarroch’ which show her with a rifle in the (clearly posed) act of shooting a stag.
Many of Horatio’s photographs are labelled Glen Dibidale, which was the site of a lodge in the Ross-shire highlands at which they spent much of their time. Some years ago I acquired Henrietta’s own Bible, which was signed and inscribed while she was staying. The Bible is of interest because it contains many marginal notes and pasted in scraps, giving some idea of Henrietta’s own spiritual inclinations.
Queen Victoria’s residence on Deeside had made this part of the country increasingly popular, but Ross had already been shooting deer here for over two decades. Horatio and Henrietta Ross joined the royal household for a shooting party at Mar in October 1850; Her Majesty noted in her diary that ‘Mrs Ross is a very pretty ladylike person, & an excellent shot herself, but without any ‘prétention’. Her husband, no longer a young man, is considered the best deer stalker & best shot in Scotland.’ (Journal entry for 5 October 1850.)
As well as being an excellent shot, Henrietta soon began to try her hand at photography. Her husband did a great deal to promote Scottish photography and in 1856 Ross helped found the Photographic Society of Scotland (PSS). This gave a great boost to photographic activity in the country, bringing photographers together for meetings and talks, allowing them to discuss methods and arrange for annual exhibitions. Although she was not a member of the Society, Henrietta displayed her work at some of the PSS exhibitions, as the comments below indicate:
‘Mrs Ross of Rossie’s works are not alone in showing that photography has been most succesfully pursued by the fair sex.’ Scotsman 21st December 1857
‘Mr and Mrs Horatio Ross also exhibit a considerable number of well chosen river and burn scenes. To portray running water properly by the camera – more particularly falls – is a difficult matter; indeed, the latter cannot be accomplished with any degree of success – the rapid motion of the descending and broken water giving a blurred appearance to the picture. In No.348, ‘Highland Burn and Waterfall’ by Mrs H. Ross, may be observed what we regard as a great improvement when a better cannot be offered. The falling water is touched by the pencil, which gives it much better effect, and throws a spiritedness into the photograph which it would otherwise lack.’ – Caledonian Mercury, 25th December 1857
Regarding another photograph on waxed paper, Cat. No. 350 ‘Highland Burn’ – probably the same image of that title that Henrietta exhibited at The British Association for the Advancement of Science’s meeting at Aberdeen in 1859 (cat 161, waxed paper) – critics noted its ‘pleasing landscape… sugar-white stones on the heathery brae… gleam on the water
At the third exhibition in December 1858 Henrietta Ross had on show a fine portrait of her husband entitled A Photographer in His Studio, depicting Ross in the act of preparing a collodion plate. Apart from its clever composition, making use of the overlapping ‘V’-shape of tripod legs, deer antlers and a funnel, the picture is also of interest for demonstrating the sheer size of a contemporary camera. This image was later designated a self-portrait by Horatio Ross, although there are grounds for disputing this.
Henrietta’s sons inherited their parents’ shooting skills. Edward was the best, winning the Queens Prize at Wimbledon in 1860 and taking a prominent role in the development of the National Rifle Association. Colin and Hercules also joined their father at shooting competitions during the 1860s. The youngest son Peel took less interest in shooting and entered the Church, being ordained a priest of the Church of England in . He was Rector of Drayton Bassett from until when he retired to Inverness and took up residence at Druim, a short distance from where his parents lived at Rossie Lodge on the banks of the River Ness.
Horatio and Henrietta celebrated their Golden Wedding anniversary in December 1883. Ross was now 82 but still succeeded in shooting a stag on his 83rdbirthday the following year. He was out for the Glorious Twelfth in 1884 but that was the last time. His health gradually declined, and he spent his last few months arranging his photographic negatives at Rossie Lodge before dying here in September 1886.
Henrietta left Inverness for the other end of the country, moving down to Portsmouth to be near her eldest son Horatio Jr, who worked in the Bank of England in Portsmouth. She took a house at in Southsea where she died on 17 October 1894.
There is much more to be written about Henrietta, some of which I may do another day – this has been cobbled together somewhat in haste, as most of my boxes of research notes on Ross are inaccessible following the house move. Commemorative dates are always a good spur for writing something, however, and if I can raise a little more awareness of Henrietta Ross then this raggedy little blogpost will have done some good.


Research on Landscape and Conservation- Yiyi Wei, BFA Glass, 2019
“When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect.”
A Sand County Almanac
On July 1st, the first day of my internship, I met with my WCS supervisor Liang in Dali, Yunnan, (an adjacent province to Tibet) where my first part of internship took place. Liang established a plan in the first month, aiming for an immersive understanding of conservation and its systems. In these first 10 days, I was assigned to dive in to books/articles and a presentation, in order to get an overview of wildlife conservation’s broad spectrum. For me, this part of research is constructed on an awareness of ‘Landscape’— its broadness, diversity, inclusiveness and the problems that it’s encountering.
Geographically, Chang Tang is an area covers not only northern part of Tibet, but also western Qinghai Province, and the southern part of Xinjiang. At North, it goes as far as Kunlun mountain range and Kekexili; at East it includes Sanjiangyuan (literally means the source of three rivers, which are Yangtze, Yellow and Mekong.) Water flowing out from this region of Tibetan Plateau goes through China and countries of Southeast Asia, from Myanmar to Vietnam.
Larger than 270,000 square miles, Chang Tang’s land is like a vessel, encompassing mountains that expand to neighbor countries, glaciers supporting human and wildlife as well as regulating temperature of the area, animals that are migrating or dispersing, and human being, who has been living in some locations for generation after generation.
Tibetan’s lives are deeply interlocked with the wildlife and the environment up at the high lands.
Permafrost [rocks and soil that contains ice] determines distribution and quality of pasture, which determines the well being of herbivores like domestic yak and sheep, wild yak, chiru [Tibetan antelope], pika, Marco Polo sheep and more. These animals then affect carnivores such as wolf, Tibetan brown bear, fox, snow leopards and tigers. Glaciers, lakes, mountains and valleys create important habitats for migration and breeding.
Speaking broadly, pressing problems come from two major perspectives— climate change and human activity. Warmer temperature from climate change, a phenomenon that is responsible globally, creates negative feedback loops on the environment that supports life, affecting both domestic herds as well as wild animals. Melting glacier increases glacier avalanche that destroys animal habitats, meanwhile causing water level to rise up in lakes, flooding pastures and roads. Retreating glacier also leads to water shortages in villages that are dependent on it as water source. Increasingly warmer winter decreases vegetation’s growing season as well, contributing to pasture/meadow’s degradation.
Human activity on the other hand, such as hunting, mining, increasing population, as well as constructions like roads, fences and settlements are obstructions among wildlife habitats and migration routes. Developments that help improving the local living standards are crucial, nonetheless sometimes these developments can negatively affect human just as much as wildlife. Decrease in wild herbivores due to human activities mentioned above, results in carnivores preying on domestic herds, which leads to revenge-driven huntings toward carnivores. And this phenomenon is only one of the many.
Therefore, I think maybe to conserve a species, is to preserve the soil that it’s stepping onto—the same soil that we are also standing on; to vitalize the food that it’s seeking for, and to understand the people whom it’s living with—the people who plays a crucial role in conservation with their behavior and awareness.
Human is an element of an interlocked, interconnected, interactive system that consists of many other elements. While we are affecting non-human entities, the consequences also reflect back to us. The first step to understanding conservation is to discern interconnected elements of the land— from ground to sky, from the disappearing animal to local government politics, from ecology to anthropology.


“Courageous Leadership” by Bill Hybels reflects what he has learned and continues to learn about Christian leadership in his many years as pastor at Willow Creek Church. His message takes on eternal significance as he recounts his belief that “the local church is the hope of the world, and its future rests primarily in the hands of its leaders”. One of the great tragedies in our church today, according to Hybels, “is its failure to recognize the importance of the spiritual gift of leadership”.
“Courageous Leadership’ helps readers unpack the tools, tasks and challenges of their calling. Chapter 9, which focuses on self-leadership, reminds readers that leading well means leading well in all directions. The compass provides a powerful image of the magnetic need for the 360- degree leader to develop effective relationships with their supervisors (north), with the people they supervise (south) and with their peer groups (those on the east and west). In addition to learning how to lead up, lead across and lead down, this chapter guides readers in the rigorous work of self-reflection and inner growth. Issues such as clear vision, passion, the development of gifts, character, pride, fear and the interior issues that undermine leadership, are explored insightfully by the author as he shares some of the victories and setbacks he has experienced in his own courageous leadership journey.
Reviewed by Pamela Bosworth


What is EdTech?
EdTech or Education Tech is the concept of fusing educational principles with technology to enhance both learning and teaching, deepen engagement, and offer an interactive educational experience beyond classroom-based learning. Education Tech extends its popularity and reach by providing adaptable, affordable educational solutions that cross global divides.
The practice of inclusive learning is quickly gaining popularity and is being implemented by many institutions of higher learning. Technology bridges the communication gap between teachers and students, enabling inclusive learning. EdTech makes routine tasks entertaining and simplifies challenging schoolwork. Teachers no longer need to hand mark dozens of worksheets and exam papers, register students in schools, or tediously arrange assignments using various systems.
Virtual learning has become much easier because of mobile devices, computers, and tablets. The use of educational technology can improve the learning environment in addition to the learning process itself. EdTech is transforming classroom-based learning by integrating technology into routine educational tasks. It aids in redesigning the classroom and improving the educational process for educators, students, and administration.
How is EdTech Transforming Teaching Methods?
EdTech has evolved and dominated the educational environment. It establishes inclusive learning between teachers and students.
- Digital Resources: Textbooks are converted to digital files and shared online so students can easily read them on their smart devices. It gives students more time and flexibility to study whenever they want. No papers are used in the process, which helps protect the environment.
- Smart Classrooms: The infrastructure of the smart classroom makes it simple for teachers to switch the classroom from traditional to digital with only minor alterations. It allows teachers the freedom to select and combine several teaching philosophies according to the subject, topic, and students’ learning capacities.
- Webinars and Online Sessions: Students have the opportunity to ask questions, express their ideas, and complete assessments, allowing for a two-way conversation.
- Online Assessments: It gives flexibility to teachers for grading exam papers.
Benefits of EdTech
- Instant Results
- Remote and virtual learning
- Easy access to digital resources
- Simple procedures for institutions and learners
- Personalized and adaptable learning
- Reduced Infrastructure costs
Disadvantages of EdTech
- Limits real-life social interactions
- Affects students handwriting
- Excess screen time
- Unawareness of teachers with new technologies
Тhе Glоbаl EdTech Mаrkеt is estimated to be UЅD 126.0 Bn іn 2022 and is projected tо rеасh UЅD 280.4 Bn bу 2032 аt а САGR оf 15.12%.
Key Market Insights of EdTech:
- Based on Type: The market is segmented into Hardware, Software, and Content, based on type. The hardware segment is estimated to dominate the market. This growth can be attributed to the expanding use of virtual classrooms in the educational field.
- Based on Deployment: The cloud segment is anticipated to witness significant growth in the coming years. The growth can be attributed to increased use of mobile learning, declining cost of ownership, and expanding use of learning analytics.
- Based on Region: Asia Pacific is expected to register the highest CAGR from 2023 to 2032. Growing access to affordable internet connectivity has led to many new enterprises reaching out to the populace in emerging nations like India in recent years.
Factors driving the growth of this market:
- Increasing use of e-learning platforms in educational institutions.
- Rising trend of gamified learning.
- The growing use of AI and ML in smart learning.