In an ideal world, we could send our kids to college for the sheer joy of learning — without worrying about going into debt and paying back massive student loans.
Payscale recently published a college salary report, which includes data from more than 1.4 million college alumni from over 1,000 schools. The report listed the nation's 15 highest-paying majors among those holding a bachelor's degree.
Choosing majors in the math and engineering fields are a good idea, according to Katie Bardaro, lead economist at Payscale. So, what are the college majors with the highest salary potential?
DegreeDirectory.org defines petroleum engineering as "the study of how to locate and extract energy resources, such as oil and natural gas, from the earth." The degree program encompasses a variety of academic disciplines, including geology, geophysics and even economics. The starting median salary is $103,000, and the mid-career (10-year) median salary is $160,000.
This is the career for math lovers. Actuaries are professionals who spend time "evaluating the likelihood of future events using numbers, not crystal balls, designing creative ways to reduce the likelihood of undesirable events and decreasing the impact of undesirable events that do occur," according to BeanActuary.org. An actuary must be strong in math, statistics, finance, economics, probability and other interrelated subjects. The starting median salary for an actuary is $58,700, and the mid-career median salary is $120,000.
Nuclear engineers combine a strong background in math, physics and engineering with a knowledge of environmental issues to "tackle the safe, effective design of a number of processes and systems, including nuclear plants for energy generation, nuclear power sources for military or space vehicles, systems for disposal of radioactive waste and equipment used in nuclear medicine," says AllEngineeringSchools.com. Nuclear engineers start at an average of $67,600, while mid-level professionals earn a median salary of $117,000.
As the name indicates, this degree program is a branch of chemistry and engineering. Every manufacturing industry needs a chemical engineer to "research chemical combinations with the goal of finding new uses and products for chemical raw materials," says DegreeDirectory.org. Chemical engineers enjoy a starting salary of about $68,200 and a mid-career median salary of $115,000.
An aerospace engineer designs aircraft, spacecraft, satellites and missiles and is employed "primarily in analysis and design, manufacturing, industries that perform research and development and the federal government," according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The starting median salary is $62,800, and the mid-career median salary is $109,000.
Electrical engineering is always a popular field. Subfields include digital computers, power engineering, telecommunications and more. A new electrical engineer can expect to earn around $64,300 and a veteran engineer about $106,000.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that computer engineers, or computer hardware engineers, "research, design, develop and test computer equipment, such as chips, circuit boards or routers…to create rapid advances in computer technology." Payscale reports a starting median salary of $65,300 and a mid-career median salary of $106,000.
A computer scientist might focus on any one of a wide array of theoretical or practical subfields, such as programming, language and graphics. The starting median salary is $59,800 and the mid-career salary is $102,000.
Payscale rounded out its top 15 with these impressive fields:
Recent research by Georgetown University was conducted on a much smaller scale and included pharmaceutical sciences and administration in its list of top-paying majors. The Georgetown study also published a list of the lowest-paying majors.
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This month I revisited the topic of classroom difficulties and possible accommodations and modifications for students with hearing loss in the School Matters column of the ASHA Leader. As there is so much to discuss on this topic, I was unable to share some of the inside tips I have learned when working with students with hearing impairment in the academic setting. So I thought I would share this information with you today.
Here are the top five lessons I learned when working with students with hearing impairment in the schools:
- Work with the student’s audiologist. I am not a specialist in the area of hearing. Therefore, every time I have a student with hearing loss referred to me or placed on my caseload, the first thing I do (after reading the audiological evaluation report) is contact the audiologist to ask all of my questions and voice any concerns. I know, as school-based speech-language pathologists, you struggle to have enough time in the day to do everything you need to do but this is the first and foremost important piece of advice I can give you when working with children with hearing loss of any severity (including children with sound field amplification systems, hearing aids, and cochlear implants-CI). Audiologists do not expect us as SLPs to know everything about their field. In fact, they are more than happy to share their wealth of knowledge. I have learned so much regarding simple tests I can perform for quick assessment of my student’s hearing perception at varying distances to determine how they are perceiving that audiological input (i.e. Ling 6 sound test), how and when to recommend a student with CI to return to their audiologist to once again MAP their CI, what classroom behaviors are evidence of improved hearing and understanding and conversely which suggest possible malfunction of hearing equipment. Without an audiologist’s guidance, I would not be able to do these things today.
- Consult with your district’s teacher of the hearing impaired frequently. Although, the teacher of the hearing impaired may not be an audiologist, he/she knows the practical strategies and techniques to use while teaching students with hearing impairments in the academic setting. I have learned how to teach speech and language skills effectively in 1:1 therapy, small group therapy, and in-class therapy for children with hearing loss. I have learned how to troubleshoot if a hearing aid isn’t working correctly, how to hook up the FM system “boots” to a CI, and what to look for in the classroom and therapy setting that may indicate the need for further analysis of hearing equipment. Using the teacher of the hearing impaired as a frequent resource to share ideas and answer your questions can be an invaluable and integral part of your therapy plan.
- Record in-depth observations: This is a technique I use to determine if growth is being made in all observed areas even if not specifically targeted on current IEP goals (e.g. improvement in social skills, changes in responding to environmental noises, changes during large group classroom lessons, etc.) or if current progress is not yet quantifiable. Quality records can help you to share the changes effectively (positive or negative) in your student’s speech, language, or academic skills with the student’s audiologist and hearing impaired teacher to determine the next steps in the therapy process. I have found emailing my in-depth observations to audiologists for my clients with CI is an enormous help when they are working on MAPping my client’s CI. Parents cannot notice nor may they fully understand the big and small improvements or difficulties a child may exhibit in the school environment. Therefore, it can be a challenge for audiologists to determine MAPping changes and needs based solely on parent report and child response. Noting these observations, such as environmental and speech sounds, to which the child no longer responds, assists the audiologist in making the appropriate adjustments to the students CI so as maximal learning can occur. Don’t underestimate the importance of functional observations.
- Get the classroom teacher on board. Many times classroom teachers just feel lost when expected to appropriately modify for students with hearing loss in their classroom. They may be anxious about working with this population, which can manifest itself in what seems to be uninterest or even noncompliance. However, the truth is the classroom teacher may not know what do to and may be looking to you, the SLP, for assistance. Showing how simple modifications made in the classroom, in real-time, result in improved learning opportunities for their student is one of the quickest ways to get your student’s teacher on board. Also frequent classroom visits can help you in identify and address additional situations that may be inhibiting your student’s learning (e.g. environmental noises affecting hearing, lack of sufficient visual support in the classroom, classroom instructional language used is too complex, instructor not appropriately amplified at all times, etc.). Helping to address and make the appropriate changes and adjustments needed in the classroom environment throughout the school year, can be extremely helpful for your student as well as for the classroom teacher.
- Do not be afraid to say “I don’t know, but I’ll find out.” This is the best tool to use when working collaboratively with a number of various professionals. You can bring your current knowledge and clinical experience to the table, however, no one expects you to know everything about treating every disorder or deficit. It really is OK to say “I don’t know,” but just make sure you follow that with “but I’ll try to find out for you,” because ultimately classroom teachers, parents, staff members, and other therapists just want to know you are there to help and support them. Since you already established a great working relationship with your student’s audiologist, I would recommend you start there when you have additional questions you cannot seem to easily answer or research.
Those are my top five tips for working with students with hearing impairment in the school environment. Do you have additional tips you’d like to share? Feel free to comment below.
Maria Del Duca, M.S. CCC-SLP, is a pediatric speech-language pathologist in southern, Arizona. She owns a private practice, Communication Station: Speech Therapy, PLLC, and has a speech and language blog under the same name. Maria received her master’s degree from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. She has been practicing as an ASHA certified member since 2003 and is an affiliate of Special Interest Group 16, School-Based Issues. She has experience in various settings such as private practice, hospital and school environments and has practiced speech pathology in NJ, MD, KS and now AZ. Maria has a passion for early childhood, autism spectrum disorders, rare syndromes, and childhood Apraxia of speech. For more information, visit her blog or find her on Facebook.


The Sunnah of Starting the day early
Rather than sleeping after the morning prayer, as his sunnah, Rasulallah ﷺ engaged in dhikr (remembering and mentioning the names of Allah) and spent time by conversing with His Sahaba. He ﷺ said “Performing the morning prayer and then remembering Allah (engaging in dikr) until the sun rises by remaining seated where I prayed morning prayer is more lovelier to me than attacking the enemy on the path of Allah.”1
Rasulallah ﷺ stated that sleeping after the morning prayer will cause the decrease in livelihood.2 He also declared that getting up early in the morning and starting to work early would make the day more productive and the earning more blessed.
He prayed as
“O my Lord! Grant blessings to those of my ummah who set to work early.”3


Section F - Instruction
The Board of Trustees of Frontier School Division believes that all students, from nursery age to adulthood, must have access to programming that enables students to reach their potential academically, socially and emotionally and to develop a strong understanding of culture, heritage and citizenship. The basis for these programs is the Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth curriculum.
The section on instruction provides the policies regulating the delivery of instructional programs and curricula, the evaluation of students and the reporting of this evaluation. In addition, details are provided on entrance age requirements.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
F.1. PROGRAMS AND CURRICULA
The subsection on Programs and Curricula provides information on the instructional programs that are delivered in Frontier School Division. These policies are guided by the belief that, in order for students to be successful, appropriate programming must be provided for them. A number of topics, including appropriate educational programming, high school programs, locally developed curricula, language instruction and educational trips, excursions and outdoor wilderness/cultural activities are included.
This section provides information on compulsory school age, established by the Province of Manitoba, as well as nursery and kindergarten entrance ages in Frontier School Division.
Policies and procedures on how student learning is assessed, evaluated and reported on are provided in this sub-section. The promotion and placement of students in Frontier School Division is clearly outlined. As well, the requirements for integrating native studies into the curriculum and high school credit requirements in aboriginal studies are included.


A micro-datacentre (MDC) is a smaller, containerised (modular) datacentre system that is designed to solve different sets of problems or to take on different types of workload that cannot be handled by traditional facilities or even large modular datacentres.
Whereas an average container-based datacentre hosts dozens of servers and thousands of virtual machines (VMs) within a 40ft shipping container, a micro-datacentre includes fewer than 10 servers and less than 100 VMs in a single 19in box. Just like containerised datacentres, MDCs come with in-built security systems, cooling systems and flood and fire protection.
Their size, versatility and plug-and-play features make them ideal for use in remote locations, for temporary deployments or even for use by businesses temporarily in locations that are in high-risk zones for floods or earthquakes. They could even serve as a mini-datacentre for storage and compute capacity on an oil tanker.
Rise of containerised datacentres and micro-datacentres
The industry is seeing increasing use of modular or containerised server systems, with organisations such as Microsoft using a combination of approaches for its datacentres.
Moving away from complex bricks-and-mortar datacentres containing multitudinous servers, storage and network devices that required purchasing, implementing and maintaining, enterprises are seeing the advantages of these pre-designed, fully functioning “engineered systems”.
These engineered systems can come in many guises. The older, more traditional view of an engineered system would be of the mainframe or mini-computer, self-contained with its own compute and storage capabilities, with network interface cards (NICs) present to connect the system to the rest of the world. A more modern approach is through the use of converged systems, such as Cisco’s UCS, VCE’s V-Blocks or Dell’s Active Systems. These are pre-integrated, pre-built systems that can be implemented and used rapidly within an existing datacentre – provided that suitable space, power distribution and cooling are available.
The idea of a micro-datacentre is to take a standard rack-mount environment and add capabilities that a standard rack or a converged system would struggle to provide
Another mode of deployment is containerised systems: a standard road/shipping container packed with all the required equipment that just needs plugging into the mains and sometimes water for it to become operational. The container is otherwise self-contained; once it has done its job or its capabilities are no longer enough for the job, it can be removed from the rest of the system and replaced with relative ease.
But these options do not suit all needs. They are all primarily aimed at the larger end of the market, yet many small and medium-sized enterprises would like easier access to acquire, implement and run systems that can be used as stand-alone platforms without needing a specific datacentre facility. Even large organisations may need a more specific system that enables them to run a more physical workload or to airlock an application from the rest of the technology platform for reasons such as data security.
Where micro-datacentres come in
The idea of a micro-datacentre is to take a standard rack-mount environment and add capabilities that a standard rack or a converged system would struggle to provide, creating a self-contained platform where a containerised solution would be too large or expensive for what is needed.
Companies such as Rittal and ASTModular cater for this market. AST’s micro-datacentre offering – Smart Bunker is designed to host 85 VMs within a 42U rack assembly, while other newer MDCs are even smaller – is 23U size deployed in a single rack enclosure.
Each system provides a secure enclosure that is self-contained with heat management and insulation, with low-cost energy management. Many have optional extras, such as defence against external fire and flood threats, as well as biometric entry systems (for both systems administration and physical entry to the systems for equipment replacement) and fully monitored events, such as any attempt to vandalise the system or to move it from its installed position.
Being based around a standardised 19in rack, these micro-datacentres can house any IT equipment that would normally be found in a rack in a normal datacentre. However, the idea behind a micro-datacentre is that it should be preconfigured and delivered to carry out specific tasks.
Each system provides a secure enclosure that is self-contained with heat management and insulation, with low-cost energy management
For example, ASTModular’s Smart Data Safe is a highly secure “NAS in a box” system designed to provide data security against fire, flood, theft, vandalism and electromagnetic pulse. The Smart Data Safe is an on-site backup system that gets around any issues of latency and transactional loss as seen in most off-site backup systems. It comes with extensive in-built systems monitoring capabilities, enabling a remote administrator to be advised of any problems. If a problem is perceived to be of critical nature, the Smart Data Safe will automatically shut down to preserve the validity of the data stored on it.
Bridge the gap
The micro-datacentres of another supplier, Panduit, are not designed to be as rugged and secure as Rittal’s or ASTModular’s, but are specifically designed to bridge the gap between the “standard” IT environment and the industrial platforms of, for example, production line systems.
Aimed at industrial systems integrators (ISI), Panduit's system provides a hardened, secure environment in a half- or full-rack unit. This allows, for example, an ISI to implement a Cisco/Rockwell Automation recommended Converged Plantwide Ethernet/IP architecture for manufacturing, including a demilitarised zone (DMZ) with firewall appliances and redundant compute and switching resources in a single unit, preconfigured off-site for fast deployment.
Most of these systems are also built for expansion – extra units can be bought and plugged in alongside existing units to give a rapid, easy means of dealing with any need for extra resources.
A micro-datacentre can also be a good solution for organisations that deal with applications and data requiring higher levels of security. With the right resources in the rack, data can be air-locked so it remains within the rack except when the right, multi-factor identification factors have been provided. Even users with privilege to access the rest of the IT environment can be excluded from the system. Only those who have to have access are granted it without the need for additional security software being added to the architecture.
Correctly configured micro-datacentres can suit the needs of SMEs that do not have established datacentre infrastructures
An example here is Elliptical Mobile Solutions and its RASER DX and HD systems. Elliptical has also created a complete stand-alone VPLEX system in conjunction with EMC, Microsoft and AVNET.
Correctly configured micro-datacentres can suit the needs of SMEs that do not have established datacentre infrastructures.
A company without a physical datacentre could use a self-contained micro-datacentre to gain the flexibility of having multiple servers, along with required storage and networking, in a single unit that can be positioned pretty much anywhere in its building. Even where an organisation is looking at using a co-location facility, the extra security and disaster-proofing that a micro-datacentre can offer might be worth looking into.
A surprising player here is Huawei, whose MicroDC3000L 24U systems can be used in environments of less than 100 users in an unattended, lights-out operations mode.
In a world where it is getting increasingly difficult to pick the right mix of physical and virtual platforms for your business’ needs, micro-datacentres may be seen as just another confusing tool in the box. However, they make sense for specific types of workload and for specific types of environment.
Micro-datacentres may not come into play too much for large enterprises overhauling their big facilities,; they are more suitable for SMEs without datacentres, or for a big enterprise’s remote branch that is located in a developing, or natural disaster-prone, area.
The age of build-your-own, based on racks with self-assembled compute, storage and network components, is well on the way out. Modularisation, along with the use of external cloud-based systems, is the future. The key is to ensure that datacentre professionals choose the right mix.


Digital Maps and Geospatial Data | Princeton University
1730 New York, the English Colonial city
- MacCoun, Townsend, 1845-1932
- New York : Townsend MacCoun, c1909.
Relief shown by hachures. Shows the footprints of some historic buildings and of Fort George and names them; roads and wharves are also named. "The principal points of interest for this period are in red." Includes historical notes. This is one map from the set titled: Early New York.
- New York
- New York (N.Y.)—History—Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775—Maps, Manhattan (New York, N.Y.)—History—Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775—Maps, New York (N.Y.)—Maps, Physical, and Historical maps—New York (State)—New York
- Call number:
- Held by:
- Princeton: Historic Map Division, Special Collections, Firestone Library


Epithelium vs. Endothelium: What's the Difference?
Epithelium is a layer of cells covering external surfaces or lining internal cavities, while endothelium specifically lines the interior of blood vessels and the heart.
Epithelium is a type of tissue that forms a protective layer over the body's external surface and internal cavities. Endothelium, a specific type of epithelium, lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
The epithelium serves various functions such as protection, absorption, and secretion. The endothelium, while also protective, plays a crucial role in vascular biology, including blood clotting, inflammation, and forming new blood vessels.
Epithelial cells can be found in skin, glands, and organs like the intestines and respiratory tract. Endothelial cells, in contrast, are uniquely located in the cardiovascular system.
Epithelium comes in various forms, including squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells, adapting to different functions and locations. Endothelium is typically a single layer of squamous cells, optimized for smooth blood flow and vascular function.
Both epithelium and endothelium are essential for bodily functions, but they differ significantly in structure and specific roles within the body.
External surfaces and internal cavities.
Inside blood and lymphatic vessels.
Protection, absorption, secretion.
Blood clotting, inflammation control, vascular function.
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar.
Primarily squamous cells.
Presence in Body
Skin, glands, organs.
Diverse, based on location.
Specialized in vascular biology.
Epithelium and Endothelium Definitions
Lines internal cavities and organs.
The epithelium in the gut aids in nutrient absorption.
Involved in the formation of new blood vessels.
Endothelium aids in the process of angiogenesis.
Tissue forming the outer layer of the body's surface.
The skin's epithelium protects against pathogens.
Acts as a selectively permeable barrier.
The endothelium controls the passage of materials into and out of the bloodstream.
Involved in functions like secretion and sensation.
Glandular epithelium secretes various substances.
Lines the interior of heart and blood vessels.
The endothelium plays a role in regulating blood pressure.
Can regenerate and repair itself.
Damaged skin epithelium can heal over time.
Participates in blood clotting and inflammation.
Endothelial dysfunction can lead to cardiovascular diseases.
Acts as a barrier against the external environment.
The epithelium of the respiratory tract filters air.
Comprises a single layer of squamous cells.
The endothelium's structure ensures smooth blood flow.
Membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells separated by very little intercellular substance and forming the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs.
A thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels.
(anatomy) A membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells which forms the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs: internally including the lining of vessels and other small cavities, and externally being the skin.
(anatomy) A thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines the heart, serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels.
The superficial layer of cells lining the alimentary canal and all its appendages, all glands and their ducts, blood vessels and lymphatics, serous cavities, etc. It often includes the epidermis (i. e., keratin-producing epithelial cells), and it is sometimes restricted to the alimentary canal, the glands and their appendages, - the term endothelium being applied to the lining membrane of the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities.
The thin epithelium lining the blood vessels, lymphatics, and serous cavities. See Epithelium.
Membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body
An epithelium of mesoblastic origin; a thin layer of flattened cells that lines the inside of some body cavities
Where is epithelium found?
On skin, in organs, and lining cavities.
What functions does epithelium perform?
Protection, absorption, secretion.
What is epithelium?
A tissue covering body surfaces and lining cavities.
Are there different types of epithelium?
Yes, including squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
Can epithelium regenerate?
Yes, particularly skin epithelium.
How is endothelium structured?
As a single layer of squamous cells.
What role does endothelium play in the body?
Regulates vascular functions like blood flow and clotting.
Is endothelium involved in angiogenesis?
Yes, it plays a key role.
Does endothelium affect blood pressure?
Yes, through vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
What is endothelium?
A tissue lining the interior of blood vessels and the heart.
Can endothelium repair itself?
Yes, but its repair is critical for cardiovascular health.
Does endothelium have a role in inflammation?
Yes, it's involved in inflammatory responses.
Is endothelium a type of epithelium?
Yes, it's a specialized form.
Does epithelium interact with the immune system?
Yes, particularly in barrier functions.
How does epithelium protect the body?
By forming a physical barrier.
Can epithelium be damaged?
Yes, and it can lead to various disorders.
Is endothelium affected in cardiovascular diseases?
Yes, endothelial dysfunction is a key factor.
Do epithelial cells secrete substances?
Yes, especially in glands.
Are epithelial cells tightly packed?
Yes, to form an effective barrier.
Does endothelium filter blood?
Indirectly, by controlling permeability.
Written bySawaira Riaz
Sawaira is a dedicated content editor at difference.wiki, where she meticulously refines articles to ensure clarity and accuracy. With a keen eye for detail, she upholds the site's commitment to delivering insightful and precise content.
Edited byHuma Saeed
Huma is a renowned researcher acclaimed for her innovative work in Difference Wiki. Her dedication has led to key breakthroughs, establishing her prominence in academia. Her contributions continually inspire and guide her field.


This fun energizer gets people up, moving, and making funny sounds as they mimic what animals sound like where they are from. Different cultures often have different sounds for the same animal, and the differences can be surprising and quite funny sometimes. This energizer works best with an international group.
- Acts 2:1-12 (Pentecost – …how is it that each of us hears them in our own language?)
- Revelation 7:9 (…great multitude…from every nation, tribe, people and language…)
- Printout of the slips of paper on the next page
- Print the next page, and cut it into slips. (Cut out just enough slips for the number of participants you have, and try to use the same number of slips for each animal if possible. It’s not necessary to use all the slips or all the animals.)
- Fold the slips, and mix them in a bowl.
Use the following procedure:
- Have everyone draw one of the slips of paper from the bowl.
- Instruct them not to share the type of animal written on their slip.
- When you say, “GO!” they should circulate around the room making the sound of that animal from their culture.
- Without using any other sounds, words or gestures (and without showing their slip of paper to anyone), they should try to form groups made up of participants who all have the same animals.
- When everyone has formed up in groups, have them share their animal to see if they are in the right group.
- If they are in the wrong group, let them move to the right group.
- Give the groups time to talk about the different sounds and why they think animals seem to make different noises in different cultures.
- If it fits with your goals for your program, debrief with the following questions and points:
- Would any group like to share how different the sounds were for your animal?
- We often see and experience the same thing in different ways when we are from different cultures. Why do you think this is true?
- What can we learn from this experience?
- Why do you think God created us with such diversity? (You may want to reference the Scriptures at the top of this page.)
- How should we think or act differently when we encounter cultural differences in the future?
Source: Michael Kientz (www.teachingthem.com)


Dunkirk, and the evacuation associated with the troops trapped on Dunkirk, was called a "miracle" by Winston Churchill. As the Wehrmacht swept through western Europe in the spring of 1940, using Blitzkrieg, both the French and British armies could not stop the onslaught. For the people in western Europe, World War Two was about to start for real. The "Phoney War" was now over.
The advancing German Army trapped the British and French armies on the beaches around Dunkirk. 330,000 men were trapped here and they were a sitting target for the Germans. Admiral Ramsey, based in Dover, formulated Operation Dynamo to get off of the beaches as many men as was possible. The British troops, led by Lord John Gort, were professional soldiers from the British Expeditionary Force; trained men that we could not afford to lose. From May 26th 1940, small ships transferred soldiers to larger ones which then brought them back to a port in southern Britain.
The beach at Dunkirk was on a shallow slope so no large boat could get near to the actual beaches where the men were. Therefore, smaller boats were needed to take on board men who would then be transferred to a larger boat based further off shore. 800 of these legendary "little ships" were used. It is thought that the smallest boat to make the journey across the Channel was the Tamzine - an 18 feet open topped fishing boat now on display at the Imperial War Museum, London.
Tamzine - one of the 'little ships'
Despite attacks from German fighter and bomber planes, the Wehrmacht never launched a full-scale attack on the beaches of Dunkirk. Panzer tank crews awaited the order from Hitler but it never came. In his memoirs, Field Marshall Rundstadt, the German commander-in-chief in France during the 1940 campaign, called Hitler's failure to order a full-scale attack on the troops on Dunkirk his first fatal mistake of the war. That 338,000 soldiers were evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk would seem to uphold this view.
Their job done, the 'little boats' are towed up the Thames
One of the reasons put forward for Hitler not ordering an attack was that he believed that Britain had suffered from the might of the Wehrmacht once and that this experience would be sufficient for Britain to come to peace terms with Hitler. The total destruction of the British Expeditionary Force might have created such a climate of revenge in Britain that our involvement would be prolonged. That is one idea put forward for why Hitler did not order a full-scale attack on the beaches of Dunkirk - however, we will never know the true reason.
"Dunkirk". HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. 2014. Web.


At the beginning of every semester you promise yourself that this time "I'm going to study harder." The reality is that you have to do more than tell yourself you want to do better if you are going to see improved grades on your next report card. The following are some sites that can help you figure out what you can do to change your words into action. There is no better time than now to make a change in your study habits.
Suggestions for Students and Parents
Study Skills for High School Students: The SRVHS Counseling Department created this guide to help students and parents manage the academic requirements of high school.
Study Strategies: This guide is written for college students at the University of Minnesota-Duluth. It contains a lot of helpful information for high school students who want to improve their study habits.
The Importance of Studying: This guide, written by Dr. Bob Kizlik, is designed to help you develop effective study skills.
Study Skills Self-Help Information: This site from Virginia Tech has time scheduling suggestions, how to concentrate, how to take notes, how to read a difficult book, tips on improving reading speed, setting priorities, and strategies to use with difficult test questions.
Helping Children Succeed in School: This information, provided by University of Illinois Extension educators, gives successful strategies to assist parents in helping their children succeed in school.


On the 25th anniversary of tearing down the Berlin Wall, it is worth putting the reunification of a country capital into perspective.
There are over 1 million cities and towns around the world. Fewer than one in ten thousand are divided cities.
Among that very small number of divided cities, almost every one is a minor city with fewer than 50,000 people. Further, almost every city was divided by a natural border such as a river.
There are four notable exceptions to this, where important capital cities were split due to war: Berlin, Germany; Beirut, Lebanon; Jerusalem, Israel; and Nicosia, Cyprus. The first three cities have been reunified. Nicosia is in negotiations to be reunified currently.
The video below provides a review of divided cities around the world, and the efforts to bring these four important cities back to single, stable country capitals.


Plants with super powers
THE TERM ‘super food’ has become a popular catch-phrase in food and health talk and of course the perennial cynics will make the expected sweeping statements that this is merely a marketing ploy to increase prices and sales.
It does however, beg the question whether some plants do confer superior health benefits above that of others. So what are super foods exactly?
We could call them super-nutrient, dense food and herbs that are loaded with phenomenal amounts of anti-oxidants, (free radical scavengers) vitamins, minerals, fibre and other valuable phyto-nutrients that are usually not realistically attainable in the context of a normal diet.
The herbalist would refer to these magnificent plants as alteratives and adaptagens; these terms describe categories of plants that adroitly ‘adapt’, responding according to the unique needs to ‘alter’ the state of the individual human.
A dynamic fix
In fact super foods uphold the old maxim: “Let our food be our medicine.”
Interestingly, when one selects and partakes of such premium foods on a regular basis, the body/mind complex adjusts; balancing out previous disparities and starts to intuitively make more salubrious dietary choices, whereby junk food is just not a viable option.
A well-chosen and concentrated plant food, (especially if the appropriate minimal processing has left it raw and alive) delivers a relatively quick and dynamic ‘fix’, because it is replete with active constituents that have already been naturally chelated within the plant itself.
This means they are more accessible as organic building blocks for the body to assimilate easily and utilise in its ongoing balancing act for homeostasis.
Certain combinations of potent plant foods and herbs are exceptionally energising and rejuvenating and promote healing and transformative processes on all levels.
Beyond vitamins and minerals
Beyond vitamins and minerals, super foods can heal because apart from their essential nutrients, they contain very potent and unique compounds such as sulforaphanes and healthy anti-inflammatory agents that protect our immune system, stop renegade cells from reproducing and even kill harmful bacteria in our guts.
A too common diet overloaded with sugar, low-grade saturated fats, white processed carbs and artificial preservatives and colourings fosters not only weight gain and depression, but also, more ominously, a steady level of inflammation throughout the body.
Chronic disease can be triggered from persistent low level inflammation which is considered, along with stress, to be one of the root causes of every modern disease.
The normal inflammatory response is helpful but when it happens in a steady low-level state, it can attack tissues and cause havoc with organs and blood vessels, and impede brain function.
Super foods have the natural ability to neutralise inflammation and in some cases, reverse existing cell damage with their massive boost of antioxidant, immune protection.
Super foods suit all diet types
Today the dizzying array of diet types such as gluten-free, raw, low GI, macrobiotic, Mediterranean, paleo, vegan, blood type etc, etc, imposes many restrictions on what people can eat and enjoy. Consciously chosen plant super foods will integrate seamlessly within these strict limitations and broaden their nutrient reach.
Another very good reason to integrate super foods into our diet is that they are low in calories, while making us feel full without the unwanted sugar and fats compared to highly processed stuff.
We often resort to supplements in tablet form, which are not always digestible and too often end up down the toilet with the rest of our bodily waste.
Super foods, however, are real unprocessed plants that are already botanically packaged for the perfect delivery of multiple healing compounds into our digestive systems without overtaxing the liver.
Our body easily extracts and assimilates the plant phyto-chemicals nutrients directly, because the human digestive system has had thousands of years adapting to them.
Furthermore, even supposed herb supplements are synthetic or have undergone extreme processing and are reconstituted chemically with isolated actives that only vaguely resemble, in nutrient profile, the original plant from which they are derived.
An ingrained tendency
“Are all plant foods created equal?” we might ask, when we sense that all living organisms are born of the Divine.
We could justifiably argue that every plant in its raw, unadulterated and natural form has something of value to offer human beings as food, medicine or cosmetics.
The concept of the ”super food” is not some newfangled fad; the quest to find something particularly delicious, healthy and of intense nutritional value has helped shape human history.
Something exotically appealing, that has travelled from afar perhaps, and breaks up the monotony of the everyday common staples that grow indigenously in human dwelling places and provides the bulk food of different regional diets.
For millennium, peoples of the world have sought after the ‘difficult to acquire’, the promise of something extra special that will make them feel better.
The early bio-prospecting quests sent travellers across uncharted oceans to acquire plants and their foods stuffs to appease this human desire for the ‘next new thing’.
Many of the plants that we take for granted no doubt have had their moment in the limelight, their super food heyday, peaking in popularity at some time or another.
Don't disparage the staples
Labelling some foods as ‘super’ may give the impression that other natural foods in our diets that are cheap and readily available are not as healthy when, in reality, these foods often provide the bulk of our nutrients.
For example carrots, apples and cabbage, are packed with health-promoting nutrients such as beta-carotene, fibre, and the flavonoid quercetin.20. This means we can easily consume them in large enough quantities and on a regular basis to get the most from their nutrient content.
We are not talking about replacement with super foods here; upping our daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables will always go a long way towards generally improving our well-being.
The beauty of super foods and plants is that they will augment, enhance and improve this already wholesome, foundational plant diet; they simply up the ante on the measure of prudence, responsibility and diligence that we pointedly exert for our health.
The prized morsels
So what about this seemingly elitist group of superstar plants that apparently provides us with that exclusive breed of sustenance known as the ‘super’ food? People have an innate tendency to high-grade food; that is, pick out the best and richest morsels to feed themselves and their young. We are hard-wired for this special selection behaviour to optimise our survival.
The higher efficacy and vibrational nature of certain plants became obvious through empirical experience, some even becoming stuff of botanical legends.
Today these are the ones often earmarked as super foods, as they have the lofty lineage of being sacred to ancient cultures.
They are the cherished few set aside for their potency and extraordinary powers to elevate human experience from that of prosaic drudgery to something better.
It would seem that certain plants are just blessed by the Goddess with more than their fair share of plant actives; the nutrient goodies whose extra values contribute so heartily to human vigour and well-being. Some specialist plants were prized currency and concentrated enough for a small amount to be carried to ensure survival on arduous journeys, while others helped propel the human towards spiritual experience.
The ancient plant experts
We cannot ignore the fact that the ancient plant experts - shamans and healers alike - hand-picked these specialities for the particular welfare of the tribe, be it Mayan, Incan, American Indian or the earliest yogis for their immortal soma elixir.
These stand-out plants such as the cocoa bean, maca, ashwaganda, ginseng . . . the list is inexhaustible . . . were considered ‘foods of the Gods’ for good reason; and were offered in sacrifice to appease them.
Plants were chosen because they were the most treasured and revered by humans for use as offerings.
Maybe this is why we are still willing to pay that little bit extra for the real authentic raw deal, wonder foods and herbs from wonder plants in nature.
If we do add up the real costs in sourcing high-grade, organic, biodynamic and pesticide-free plant foods, they are usually reflective of true costs - especially if we factor in all the labour-intensive extra time involved in not only the growing with sustainable methods, but also the specialised process of keeping the vital force in plants intact after harvest.
Activating the seeds and nuts, for example, means awakening them to their full nutritional potential for human assimilation, by leeching them of enzyme inhibitors, dehydrating them over days, mindfully sustaining a temperature to not exceed that of ‘raw’ status - a lot of conscious thought, choices and effort goes into the whole operation.
Less wholesome food choices will more often than not lead to a breakdown in bodily health which makes those cheaper options actually more costly over time if we factor in all the consequential remedial measures required to restore well being.
A little goes a long way
These plant concentrates from Nature are definitely worthwhile when we realise how only ‘a little’ will serve us so efficaciously; less is certainly more.
They sustain us more effectively by replenishing our dwindling energy sources and can fill the empty spaces that concern us for their paucity and deficiency in our everyday diet.
We can continue the custom of honouring certain precociously helpful plant foods and medicines that beautifully embody so many desirable properties and abundance in nutrients.
We still maintain the hierarchical language that upholds them as the ‘aristocratic’ super foods with good reason; the proof is in the eating them and experiencing their worth for ourselves.
To witness first-hand, positive shifts in physiology and mind-state, reminds us of their original Divine blessing that is their unique sacred signature.
Something to feed our spirit
Maybe we are inherently hungry for something to feed our Spirit.
This is a call to follow our highest intuition, listening to what our animal bodies require for optimal function and our minds, to recalibrate our original spiritual equanimity.
Don’t worry about becoming an addictive ‘health tragic’, next time you reach for that perfect snack to fill the gap created by your desires, just let it be one that aligns you with our Divine nature, ‘super’ or otherwise.
Recognise the place from whence the secret longing for that piece of cacao-maca choccy is coming, does it meet the highest ideals of our inner voice, who knows exactly what is good for us right now?
Whatever we decide to call them, be that super, wonder or ‘uber’ foods and herbs; if we perceive of them as Divine and imbibe them with focussed intention to transform our well being, then the soul’s silent plea for real sustenance will be answered.
Raw, Organic Goodies Out Now
Tinderbox has transformed high-grade super herbs and foods into a Divine experience with a new range of raw, plant-based, organic and cane sugar-free goodies. They are: Awakened Almonds with Herbal Sprinkle;
Wholefood Spheres: Luminous Lucuma, Magic Mesquite, Numinous Natives, Omniscient Orange Choc, Primal Passion;
Chocolate: Celestial, Miraculous Cranberry, Cosmic Coconut Goji, Glorious Goldenberry, Mystical Maca Chai.
Only at tinderbox.com.au or in our Balingup store
Tinderbox is very happy to present yet another calendar year of stirring, mystical images to captivate you every time that you consult the traditional timeline. We hope they momentarily whisk you away to a timeless, magical space that is not bound by the same linear rules that govern our working lives. Hopefully each image will give you a small taste of something grand and primordial, where the holiness of nature is a vital spiritual truth and the earth, plants, waters and animals are embodiments of the Divine. Order your 2017 Tinderbox calendar here until 1 January, 2017 or until sold out.


Before Saskatchewan was established as a province in 1905 under The Saskatchewan Act, it was a part of the North-West Territories, which consisted of modern-day Alberta as well as Saskatchewan. In 1885, an ordinance was passed to set the guidelines for regulation of the legal profession in the Territories. In 1898, a new Ordinance, The Legal Profession Ordinance, established the election of Benchers to govern the Law Society of the North-West Territories. In 1907, two years after the Saskatchewan became a province, the Law Society of Saskatchewan was created under The Legal Profession Act.
The Legal Profession Act from 1907, and its more recent iteration, The Legal Profession Act, 1990, delegated to the Law Society of Saskatchewan the responsibility to govern the legal profession in the province, and it mandates that the profession be governed in the public interest.
Our independence from the government is primary to our mission; it is important to the administration of justice and is fundamental to maintaining a free and democratic society that respects the Rule of Law. That is, the legal profession is uniquely positioned in society to provide a check and balance on government power by ensuring citizens who are in conflict with the government have access to impartial legal representation and ensuring accountability in all areas of society.


Radiology and Radiation Physics Links
Radiology Physics - a tutorial with information about a variety of radiology physics topics.
Radiology Notes on The Production of X-rays and Radiology Physics - Bremsstrahlung; x-ray spectra; characteristic x-rays; beam quality and quantity; dependence of spectrum on anode material, kVp, mA, and wave form; filtration from radiographic physics.
Radiology Notes on X-ray Interactions With Matter - Attenuation; coherent (Thompson) scattering; photoelectric effect; Compton scattering; pair production; photonuclear disintegration.
X-ray Dose Concepts and Reduction Methods - Our friends at GE Medical System provide many educational materials online and this is one of the better ones on radiation dose and ways to reduce it.
Introduction To The Electromagnetic Spectrum - Scientists have found that many types of wave can be arranged together like the notes on a piano keyboard to form a scale. Learn more about this with this great tutorial.
The Atoms Family - Just a wonderful series of pages on all aspects of physics. Geared towards younger students but so fun and cool we had to feature it here.
Virtual Radiology Physics Tutorial - These are introductory tutorials based on visualizing aspects of x-ray physics and x-ray generation used in medical imaging.
Radiation Biology and Radiation Physics Related Terms - An excellent radiation physics glossary.
Inside The Coolidge X-ray Tube - Well done site that looks at the physics of x-ray production as well as other topics related to x-ray tubes.
Lecture On Radiology Physics - Very nice powerpoint lectures on various aspects of radiation and electricity.
Radiation Physics and Safety - A good source of information on radiological physics and radiation safety.
Radiology Notes on Electromagnetic Radiation - Electromagnetic spectrum; frequency, wavelength and energy; photons; period and amplitude; inverse square law.
Nuclear Physics - This site from Hype Physics is an amazing resource of easily navigated material. Check out the many other subject headings as well as the nuclear physics section.
Radiographic Physics Tutorial - An excellent tutorial on radiographic physics. Short and to the point.
Medical Imaging Physics - An excellent guide to radiology physics and technology by Perry Sprawls, PhD
Radiography School Topics
|Cross Sectional Anatomy||Radiographic Positioning||Radiographic Physics|
|Fluoroscopy||Radiographic Anatomy||Radiation Biology|
|Contrast Media||Radiographic Principles||Radiation Safety|
|PACS and Digital Imaging||Radiographic Film Critique|
|Electronics and Electricity||Patient Care||Nursing|
|English Composition||General Anatomy||Mathmatics|
How To Say Radiology School
[French - Radiologie écoles] [German - Radiologie Schulen] [Italian - Radiologia scuole]
[Spanish - Radiología escuelas] [Dutch - Radiologie scholen]
Search for Radiology Schools - get a radiology degree online or on campus
Ultrasound Schools - click for a listing of ultrasound schools
Other PagesBone Densitometry
Good LinksRadiology Schools
X-ray LinksRadiology Association
Radiology CME & CEU
History of Radiology
Patient Exam Info


Service-learning is a form of experiential education in which students engage in activities that address human and community needs together with structured opportunities designed to promote student learning and development. Reflection and reciprocity are key concepts of service-learning. (Jacoby, Service-Learning in Higher Education, 1996).
The Benefits of Service-Learning
Towson University has identified service-learning as a means to help students become engaged and active citizens. Service-learning is effective in both instilling civic responsibility in students and helping them comprehend and synthesize course material. Service-learning at Towson is supported by the Office of Civic Engagement and Leadership. Staff assist faculty, students and community organizations in designing, implementing and evaluating service-learning projects.
Reflections from TU Students Engaged in Service-Learning
- “What I have experienced and learned cannot be replicated in a traditional classroom. I’ve learned more in this class—about the criminal justice system, myself and others—than I’ve learned elsewhere. I’d take this class 10 [times] over.” - Criminal Justice outside the Classroom (CRMJ 431): Spring 2015
- “There is no way possible for interactions of this magnitude to occur in a classroom, which is why I am eternally grateful for this experience.” -Inclusive Experiences for People with Autism: Opportunities for Participation in Natural Environments: Summer 2015
- "I have grown in an understanding that service learning is integral to the community and its progression. I saw how beneficial teaching art to students who go to school where there is no art program. It is essential for those in the community to use their skills to provide a need that is not filled." - Art and the Child ARED 371.002: Fall 2015 Student Teacher
How is Service-Learning Different from Other Forms of Experiential Education?
Experiential education offers students the opportunity to practice what they learn from traditional classroom teaching outside in the real word. Community service, internships and service-learning are all forms of experiential education. Service-learning is unique in that it places equal emphasis on enhancing student learning and meeting community needs. Students engaged in service-learning connect academic course content with real-world experience through ongoing reflection.


The Open Access movement - A comprehensive outlook
In recent times, there has been a lot of debate on the implementation of Open Access for research publications. Keeping this in mind, a comprehensive outlook on Open Access and its impact on scientific community is being provided in this article.
Open Access should be seen as a means of accelerating scientific discovery by providing free and unrestricted access of scientific knowledge via the Internet. An essential role of Open Access is the long-term preservation of peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles and research data. Open Access is not only used for journal articles but is also being implemented to theses, scholarly monographs, and book chapters. Promotion of Open Access is very crucial to encourage innovation, socio-economic development, and flow of knowledge around the world. As such, Open Access can be defined as an instrument ultimately used for public welfare to stimulate the growth of global science, as well as maintain the quality of scientific achievements at the same time.
Restricted access to research findings and scientific discovery through subscription and pay-per-view journals will only impede communication through the scientific community. In addition, restricted access can also hamper the education and dissemination of scientific knowledge to the aspiring younger generations who are keen to pursue a career in science. Increased productivity and development of science can only be achieved by diffusing knowledge and providing the facilities for creating permanent repositories such as Open Access.
Through Open Access publications, scientists can avoid subscription fees and copyright and licensing restrictions to access free scholarly literature. Since Open Access publishing allows the permanent restoration of scientific data through digital copies, other than the constraint of Internet access, scientists around the world can freely share information and collaborate to enhance the progress of science. Open Access journals not only give royalty to free literature, but also reduce costs for paper-copy production, physical storage, and distribution through digitalized copies.
The benefits of implementing Open Access are reaped by many end users, such as, students, researchers, clinicians, patients, policy makers, and journalists. As long as there is Internet access, people from all over the world, be it an underdeveloped country in Africa, a developing country like India or developed countries such as USA or UK, will have immediate access to latest research findings. Thus, Open Access initiative helps in unlocking the traditional methods of subscription articles and releasing information to tertiary level readers, who normally would not have access to first hand research studies.
Realizing the potential of Open Access in terms of greater visibility within and beyond the scientific community, in recent years, there has been a tremendous boost to Open Access movement through various Open Access publishers. Research and Reviews is one such publishing group that believes in this movement and is most ardently working towards the welfare and progress of scientific community. RESEARCH AND REVIEWS is built upon the principles of Open Access and is determined to provide free and unrestricted access of research articles to scientists around the world for the advancement of science and technology


If some sections of a document (e.g. a list item in a XHTML help topic) should only be displayed to the user if certain conditions are met, you can specify an enablement expression declaring the criteria that must be met in order to display the element.
Filters are specified by adding an
<enablement> element as a child
of the element that should conditionally be filtered. The syntax used is
core expressions, which is the same syntax used to filter menu contributions, etc from the UI.
Expressions check criteria by performing tests. One type of test is a system test, which tests a system property against an expected value. Some common system properties to test by are listed below:
Here are a few examples of system tests:

 This paragraph should only be displayed on Windows. <enablement> <systemTest property="osgi.os" value="win32"/> </enablement>

 This paragraph should *not* be displayed on GTK. <enablement> <not> <systemTest property="osgi.ws" value="gtk"/> </not> </enablement>

 This paragraph should only be displayed on PowerPC Macs. <enablement> <systemTest property="osgi.os" value="macosx"/> <systemTest property="osgi.arch" value="ppc"/> </enablement>

Note: When several sub-expressions are listed with no boolean operator, they are by default ANDed together. See the complete expressions syntax specification for more details.
In addition to system tests, you can test any property of an available object as long as there is a property tester available for it.
Tests always perform their test on a property of some object, and each object has different properties you can test. User assistance provides two variables that are used to select the object to test on:
platform- The underlying platform you're running on
workbench- The UI workbench
You can perform a test on one of these by using the
as shown below:
<enablement> <with variable="platform"> <test property="x" value="y"/> </with> </enablement>
Each property has a namespace, which is a prefix such as
that is used to minimize the chances of duplicate properties being defined by two
components. The table below shows some common properties you can test by:
||tests if the expected value matches the currently active product's unique id|
tests if the bundle with the symbolic name (e.g.
||tests if the activity with the id specified as a single argument exists and is currently enabled in the workbench|
||tests if the category of activities with the id specified as a single argument exists and is currently enabled in the workbench. A category is enabled if all its activities are enabled|
Here are a few examples using these properties:

 This paragraph should only be displayed when running the Eclipse SDK. <enablement> <with variable="platform"> <test property="org.eclipse.core.runtime.product" value="org.eclipse.sdk.ide"/> </with> </enablement>

 This paragraph should only be displayed when either the
com.myactivity.bactivity (or both) is enabled in the workbench. <enablement> <with variable="workbench"> <or> <test property="org.eclipse.ui.isActivityEnabled" args="com.myactivity.a"/> <test property="org.eclipse.ui.isActivityEnabled" args="com.myactivity.b"/> <or> </with> </enablement>

 This paragraph should only be displayed when the
com.mycategorycategory is enabled and the
com.mybundlebundle is not installed. <enablement> <with variable="workbench"> <test property="org.eclipse.ui.isCategoryEnabled" args="com.mycategory"/> </with> <with variable="platform"> <not> <test property="org.eclipse.core.runtime.isBundleInstalled" args="com.mybundle"/> </not> </with> </enablement>

Note: Make sure you use the
args attributes for the appropriate
tests. In general, string properties like product will use
value where boolean
isSomethingTrue) will use
args. See the complete
expressions syntax specification for more details on how to write expressions.
Note: The variables
workbench resolve to the
org.eclipse.core.runtime.Platform Class object (we use the class object for
"static" tests) and the singleton
respectively. Your property tester must declare one of these two classes for its type.
Filters can be used in Table of Contents files to filter out content that does not apply to the current installation. The example below is a topic which is only included in the TOC if plugin x.y.z is running.
<topic href="html/subtopic.html" label="This topic is shown only if plugin x,y.z is running"> <enablement> <with variable="platform"> <test property="org.eclipse.core.runtime.isBundleInstalled" args="x.y.z"/> </with> </enablement> </topic>
Prior to the 3.3, filters were specified using
filter attributes or elements.
The use of these filters is now deprecated, and you should use expressions (described
The table below contains a complete list of all the filter properties and their possible values for use with filter elements and attributes.(deprecated)
||eclipse product identifier||
Any product identifier (e.g., for SDK,
Any plug-in identifier (e.g.
||category of activities||
Any activity category identifier (e.g. for Team category,
Any activity identifier (e.g. for CVS Support activity,
If the name does not match any pre-defined property, the help system will
use the JVM's system property of that name. For example, you can pass in any
user-defined property at launch, such as
and filter by that property.
There are two ways to specify filters on an element; using attributes, or elements.
The first form is to add a
to the element. The general form is:
<element filter="[name][operator][value]"> Some text. </element>
name is the name of the property
by which to filter, for example,
os for operating system. The
operator is either
= to denote
a match (exact match, case sensitive), or
!= to denote does
not match. The
value is what the property
should (or shouldn't) match. For example, for
os, one of the possible
win32 (Windows). A complete list of filter properties and their
values is available in a table below.
The example below shows how to display a paragraph of text in an XHTML document when running on Linux only.

 This message will only appear when viewed on Linux.

In this second example, the link will only appear when plugin
com.my.plugin is not installed:
 Click here to download plugin com.my.plugin.
The second form is to use a
filter element as a child of
the element you wish to filter. This form is slightly longer than the attribute
form, but it is more powerful because you can specify any number of filters on an
element. The general form is:
<filter name="[name]" value="[modifier][value]"/></element>
value here are the same as with the attribute. However, since they
are separated, we need another way to specify whether or not it should match. By
default, if you do not provide a
match is assumed. If it should not match, set the modifier to "
Here is the first example shown above in the second form:

 <filter name="os" value="linux"/> This message will only appear when viewed on Linux.

And the second example:
 <filter name="plugin" value="!com.my.plugin"/> Click here to download plugin com.my.plugin.
Filtering support is turned off by default when running help in
information center mode, causing all content,
including filtered content, to be visible. If you intend to host your
documentation in both workbench and information center modes, you should use filters in
a way that makes sense even if filtering is turned off. If you wish to turn on filtering
in an information center set the customization preference
filterInfocenter to true,
see help system customization.
Filtering can be used in any XML-based user assistance document, such as help XHTML topics, help table of contents, welcome pages, cheat sheets, etc. You cannot use filtering in HTML documents.
In any case, you must not place filters on any element where removing that
element would result in invalid XML. For example, you should not place a
filter on the
html element in XHTML, because without that element it
is no longer valid


Philippa Browning is a Professor of Astrophysics in The University of Manchester’s Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics. Philippa studies the interactions between magnetic fields and plasmas. She aims to explain why the outer atmosphere of the Sun – the solar corona – is heated to millions of degrees, and to understand the most powerful explosions in the solar system: solar flares.
Explosions on the Sun
Solar flares are the most energetic ͞explosions͟in the solar system. A rapid release of stored magnetic energy creates very hot plasma and high-energy particle beams. Our understanding of flares has developed considerably since their first detection in the 1859, especially through recent X-ray observations from space, as well as radio observations and computer simulations. But many puzzles remain! Flares affect the Earth and our space environment in many ways, in a process known as ͞space weather͟. Furthermore, the combined effect of many small flares may explain the mystery of the high temperature of the solar corona. Philippa is a leading expert in the physics of the Sun and will discuss some of the most recent work on the active Sun.


Events in Asia have influenced the cultures of the Western world for hundreds of years. In the West, the largest continent on earth has Europe as its neighbour. Asia has many faces. These are characterised by tradition on the one hand and modern day living on the other. The exhibition of the Übersee-Museum reveals a world that is looked at from six exciting perspectives, inviting visitors to explore this contrast for themselves – be it the Silk Road or a megacity, traditional theatre or the bright glittery world of Bollywood, and plenty more.
Starting with the religions, the museum’s excursion through Asia takes the visitors on a journey along the legendary Silk Road route, leading them to Shanghai with its futuristic architecture. The great diversity of Asian theatre is reflected in figures, masks and costumes on the one hand and the modern-day media and entertainment industries on the other. In the night-time rainforests and mangrove forests visitors can marvel at Asia’s great diversity of fauna and flora, which is competing for space with the agriculture industry. The foray ends in the Japanese garden, where the Asian life principle of peace and motion is manifested.
Thanks to our supporters:
Origin of the Religions
Asia is considered the cradle of the world’s major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam originated here. In addition, China was also the birthplace of Confucianism and Daoism teachings, which is widespread throughout East Asia today. Shintoism, which is the largest indigenous religious community of Japan apart from Buddhism or shamanism, also shapes the lifeworld of the people in Asia.
Many Roads – One Silk Road
The Silk Road has always constituted a complete system of overland and sea connections between the Far East (China, Korea and Japan) and the Mediterranean area. The traffic routes served as a bridge between Asia and Europe. Commercial goods were transported via these routes, cultivated plants and natural products were distributed, and technologies, ideas and religions were disseminated. People of different descent and with different purposes, caravans and shipping fleets all made use of this gigantic network of routes.
In 1950 there were 48 cities with more than one million inhabitants, and the largest share of these cities was in industrial countries. Today there are more than 400 of these cities and the largest share is found in the so-called “emerging countries”. According to the United Nations, a megacity is a city with more than ten million inhabitants. An example of such a city would be the Chinese port city of Shanghai, with an agglomeration area of approximately 18 million people.
Theatre Synthesis of the Arts
In Eastern theatre, a myriad of different forms of expression offer a true to life and magical-cultic foundation for theatre stagings. The large "world theatre" of Asia includes puppet theatre and theatre of the spoken word, as well as music and dance theatres in different forms that correspond to the respective culture. Depending on the tradition, dance is combined with movement, battles and the art of warfare, sport and artistry, music, song and narrative art, stagecraft, pantomime and masquerade as well as amazing theatrical costumes, all of which merge to a complete work of art.
Between the Conflicting Priorities of Nature and Agriculture
When people first populated the regions and islands that are today referred to as “Asia”, they frequently encountered opulent natural treasures. Although it can no longer be ascertained how people felt about nature back then, a great number of scientific disciplines, such as archaeology, palaeoanthropology, ecology and ethnology provide an impression on people’s dealings with nature and where they made changes to it.
Quiet and Motion
In Asia, quiet and motion would appear to be a dominating life principle. The idea of “navigating” on a “journey” through life, both literally and figuratively, extends through all societies, cultures and rhythms of life. The most significant journey is that from life to death, and it is closely linked to the life-long quest for truth. At the end of every journey travellers will find peace, and in the exhibition this is expressed by the Japanese garden and the teahouse.


Vitamin D is extremely important for good health.
As a hormone, it plays several roles in keeping your body's cells healthy and functioning the way they should.
Most people don't get enough vitamin D, so supplements are common.
However, it's also possible — although rare — for this vitamin to build up and reach toxic levels in the body.
This article discusses six potential side effects of getting excessive amounts of this important vitamin.
Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption, immune function and protecting bone, muscle and heart health. It occurs naturally in food and can also be produced by your body when your skin is exposed to sunlight.
Yet aside from fatty fish, there are few foods rich in vitamin D. What's more, most people don't get enough sun exposure to produce adequate vitamin D.
Supplements are very common, and both vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 can be taken in supplement form. Vitamin D3 is produced in response to sun exposure and is found in animal products, whereas vitamin D2 occurs in plants.
Vitamin D3 has been found to increase blood levels significantly more than D2. Studies have shown that each additional 100 IU of vitamin D3 you consume per day will raise your blood vitamin D levels by 1 ng/ml (2.5 nmol/l), on average (2, 3).
However, taking extremely high doses of vitamin D3 for long periods of time may lead to excessive buildup in the body.
Vitamin D intoxication occurs when blood levels rise above 150 ng/ml (375 nmol/l). Because the vitamin is stored in body fat and released into the bloodstream slowly, the effects of toxicity may last for several months after you stop taking supplements (4).
Importantly, toxicity isn't common and occurs almost exclusively in people who take long-term, high-dose supplements without monitoring blood levels.
It's also possible to accidentally consume too much vitamin D by taking supplements that contain much higher amounts than are listed on the label.
In contrast, you cannot reach dangerously high blood levels through diet and sun exposure alone.
Below are the 6 main side effects of too much vitamin D.
Achieving adequate levels of vitamin D in your blood may help boost immunity and protect you from diseases like osteoporosis and cancer (5).
However, there isn't universal agreement on the optimal range for these levels.
Although a vitamin D level of 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/l) is typically considered adequate, the Vitamin D Council recommends maintaining levels of 40–80 ng/ml (100–200 nmol/l), and states that anything over 100 ng/ml (250 nmol/l) may be harmful (6, 7).
Despite the fact that more people are now taking vitamin D supplements, it's rare to find someone with very high blood levels of this vitamin.
One recent study looked at data from more than 20,000 people over a 10-year period. It found that only 37 people had levels above 100 ng/ml (250 nmol/l). Only one person had true toxicity, at 364 ng/ml (899 nmol/l) (8).
In one case study, a woman had a level of 476 ng/ml (1,171 nmol/l) after taking a supplement that gave her 186,900 IU of vitamin D3 per day for two months (9).
This was a whopping 47 times the generally recommended safe upper limit of 4,000 IU per day.
The woman was admitted to the hospital after she experienced fatigue, forgetfulness, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech and other symptoms (9).
Although only extremely large doses can cause toxicity so rapidly, even strong supporters of these supplements recommend an upper limit of 10,000 IU per day (3).
Summary: Vitamin D levels greater than 100 ng/ml (250 nmol/l) are considered potentially harmful. Toxicity symptoms have been reported at extremely high blood levels resulting from megadoses.
Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium from the food you eat. In fact, this is one of its most important roles.
However, if vitamin D intake is excessive, blood calcium may reach levels that cause symptoms that are not only unpleasant, but dangerous.
Symptoms of hypercalcemia, or high blood calcium levels, include:
- Digestive distress, such as vomiting, nausea and stomach pain
- Fatigue, dizziness and confusion
- Excessive thirst
- Frequent urination
The normal range of blood calcium is 8.5–10.2 mg/dl (2.1–2.5 mmol/l).
In one case study, an older man with dementia who received 50,000 IU of vitamin D daily for six months was repeatedly hospitalized with symptoms related to high calcium levels (10).
In another, two men took improperly labeled vitamin D supplements, leading to blood calcium levels of 13.2–15 mg/dl (3.3–3.7 mmol/l). What's more, it took a year for their levels to normalize after they stopped taking the supplements (11).
Summary: Taking too much vitamin D may result in excessive absorption of calcium, which can cause several potentially dangerous symptoms.
Many side effects of too much vitamin D are related to excessive calcium in the blood.
These include nausea, vomiting and poor appetite.
However, these symptoms don't occur in everyone with elevated calcium levels.
One study followed 10 people who had developed excessive calcium levels after they had taken high-dose vitamin D to correct deficiency.
Four experienced nausea and vomiting and three had a loss of appetite (12).
Similar responses to vitamin D megadoses have been reported in other studies. One woman had nausea and weight loss after taking a supplement from her naturopath that was found to contain 78 times more vitamin D than stated on the label (13, 14).
Importantly, these symptoms occurred in response to extremely high doses of vitamin D3, which led to calcium levels greater than 12 mg/dl (3.0 mmol/l).
Summary: High-dose vitamin D therapy has been found to cause nausea, vomiting and lack of appetite for some due to high blood calcium levels.
Stomach pain, constipation and diarrhea are common digestive complaints that are often related to food intolerances or irritable bowel syndrome.
However, they can also be a sign of elevated calcium levels caused by vitamin D intoxication (15).
These symptoms may occur in those receiving high doses of vitamin D to correct deficiency. As with other symptoms, response appears to be individualized even when vitamin D blood levels are similarly elevated.
In one case study, a boy developed stomach pain and constipation after taking improperly labeled vitamin D supplements, whereas his brother experienced elevated blood levels without any other symptoms (16).
In another case study, an 18-month-old child who was given 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 for three months experienced diarrhea, stomach pain and other symptoms. These symptoms resolved after the child stopped taking the supplements (17).
Summary: Stomach pain, constipation or diarrhea may result from large vitamin D doses that lead to elevated calcium levels in the blood.
Because vitamin D plays an important role in calcium absorption and bone metabolism, getting enough is crucial for maintaining strong bones.
However, too much vitamin D can also be detrimental to bone health.
To protect yourself against bone loss, avoid taking excessive vitamin D supplements and take a vitamin K2 supplement. You can also consume foods rich in vitamin K2, such as grass-fed dairy and meat.
Summary: Although vitamin D is required for calcium absorption, high levels may cause bone loss by interfering with vitamin K2 activity.
Excessive vitamin D intake frequently results in kidney injury.
In one case study, a man was hospitalized for kidney failure, elevated blood calcium levels and other symptoms that occurred after he received vitamin D injections prescribed by his doctor (20).
In one study of 62 people who received excessively high-dose vitamin D injections, each person experienced kidney failure — whether they had healthy kidneys or existing kidney disease (21).
Kidney failure is treated with oral or intravenous hydration and medication.
Summary: Too much vitamin D may lead to kidney injury in people with healthy kidneys, as well as in those with established kidney disease.
Vitamin D is extremely important for overall health. Even if you follow a healthy diet, you may require supplements in order to achieve optimal blood levels.
However, it is also possible to have too much of a good thing.
Make sure to avoid excessive doses of vitamin D. Generally speaking, 4,000 IU or less per day is considered safe as long as your blood values are being monitored.
In addition, make sure you purchase supplements from reputable manufacturers to reduce the risk of accidental overdose due to improper labeling.
If you've been taking vitamin D supplements and are experiencing any of the symptoms listed in this article, consult a healthcare professional as soon as possible.


The belly button (or navel) is the first scar a body ever embeds. At the time of your birth, the umbilical cord, which provided nutrients to you while you were in your mommy’s tummy, is a very strong connection between your mother and you during those nine months. It is clamped off shortly after the placenta has been removed. The remaining vestiges of the cord usually wither off eventually and the belly button is the scar that remains from this "falling off" process of the cord.
There has been a long, never-ending debate upon the causes of an outie belly button and the following few are the most common reasons suggested by medical experts.
Most of the times the scar leaves an inside impact on the tummy whereas, an outie belly button is considered to be a theory of natural selection that happens only to a few of us amongst many. Doctors suggest that the cause of an outie belly button is genetic aberration. However, lack of scientific evidence fails to prove that this is a genetically occurring phenomenon or even that the innie belly button occurs due to genetic factors.
After you are born, the umbilical cord shrivels up and you have an innie belly button. But, if the cord had unusually extra blood supply, it stays alive and heals itself over the stomach which causes an outie belly button.
Some say that the way doctors handle the clamping off of the cord may play a significant role in determining the cause of your outie belly button. However, the cord is clamped off several inches from the body and the development of an innie or outie belly button cannot be then, surgically manipulated.
Doctors also claim that the cause of an outie belly button may be due to abdominal hernia which is basically a weakening of your body’s abdominal muscles. The collapsing of the abdominal walls may cause hernia which in turn results in the belly button protruding. This is by far the most popular reason as to why outie belly buttons may occur. However, scientific studies suggest that the scar tissue is the main determinant of whether your belly button will be an innie or an outie and not the weak muscle tissue.
Also, some studies suggest that confusing umbelical hernia with an outie belly button is a very common factor. Hernia expands when the baby cries or strains but the outie belly button does not. The hernia also causes a more protrude form of the belly button as compared to the outie. The surgery to covert the outie belly button to an innie is known as umbilicoplasty.
But, if you are convinced that the cause of your outie belly button is weak muscles of the abdomen then there are numerous exercises available so as to strengthen the muscles and somewhat lessen the protruding outie belly button. You can always join yoga classes or take up lessons at the gym or even online.
Whatever the cause may be, having an outie or an innie belly button does not change the fact that we’re all human. We were all infants when this scar forming process took place and there is very little we can do to change that.
Ever been tired of wondering why you out of all the other people have an outie belly button? Well, worry not because science has proven it to be perfectly normal and not something to be worried about all. Here are a few causes to your uniqueness.


All Saints Day
Jesus Comforts People in Hard Times
Luke 6: 20 - 31
This passage is called the Sermon on the Plain, to distinguish it from the Sermon on the Mount.
Jesus knows that the early Christians will face hard times after they choose to follow him, but he also knows the goodness of God will make them jump for joy.
1. When will God bless us?
God will bless us when other people hate us.
2. What will happen to people whose lives have been too easy?
They people who lead easy lives should know that God will even things out, and hard times will come for them.
3. When do we know trouble is coming?
We know trouble is coming when everyone says good things about us.
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To the editor:
BRiDGES has kept you up to date on meth, bath salts and underage drinking through town hall meetings and more than a dozen educational opportunities in Madison County.
We applaud you for staying informed.
Yet, knowing the facts is just a piece of keeping our youth safe.
Parents have a major role in their children’s safety and health. Mikaela J. Dufur, Ph.D., of Brigham Young University, and colleagues explored how “family social capital” may influence risks of underage drinking and drug use. Bonding, open communication lines and parental engagements are important elements.
Dr. Dufur found that “parental availability and involvement transmitted pro-social norms and reduce risks for adolescent alcohol and drug use.”
The Center of Disease Control and Prevention echoes the importance of parents being “actively involved.” The study, which was published online Nov. 8, 2012 by the Journal of Drug Issues, also discussed positive school social capital.
With good intentions, some parents believe that by permitting their teens to drink at home they can teach them to drink “responsibly” and keep them safe. Most parents know that this is a dangerous myth.
Parents, please consider using these six research supported parenting practices from The Partnership at Drugfree.org:
—Build a warm and supportive relationship with your child
—Be a good role model when it comes to drinking, taking medicine and handling stress
—Know your child’s risk level
—Know your child’s friends
—Monitor, supervise and set boundaries
—Have ongoing conversations and provide information about drugs and alcohol.
Best wishes this holiday season.
Community Organization Specialist, BRiDGES


Adolescent girls who frequently eat meals with their families appear less likely to use diet pills, laxatives or other extreme measures to control their weight five years later, according to a new report.
As youth progress from adolescence into adulthood, disordered eating behaviors--including binge eating and self-induced vomiting--become more common, according to background information in the article. "Disordered eating behaviors are associated with a number of harmful behavioral, physical and psychological consequences, including poorer dietary quality, weight gain and obesity onset, depressive symptoms and the onset of eating disorders," the authors write. "Thus, it is important to identify strategies for the prevention of disordered eating behaviors."
Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.D., and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, studied 2,516 adolescents at 31 Minnesota schools. Participants completed two surveys--an in-class survey in 1999 and a mailed survey in 2004--regarding how often they ate with their families as well as their body mass index, feelings of family connectedness and eating behaviors.
Among teen girls, those who ate five or more meals with their families each week in 1999 were significantly less likely to report using extreme measures (such as self-induced vomiting and diuretics) to control their weight in 2004, regardless of their sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index or family connectedness. However, among adolescent boys, regular family meals did not predict lower levels of disordered eating behaviors five years later.
The reasons for the sex difference are unclear, the authors note. "Perhaps boys who engage in regular family meals are different in some way that increases their risk for disordered eating behaviors," they write. "There is also the possibility that adolescent boys and girls have different experiences at family meals. For example, girls may have more involvement in food preparation and other food-related tasks, which may play a protective role in the development of disordered eating behaviors. Finally, family meals may offer more benefits to adolescent girls, who may be more sensitive to and likely to be influenced by interpersonal and familial relationships than are adolescent boys."
Given the findings of this and other studies and the prevalence of disordered eating among teen girls, it is important to find ways to help families eat meals together, the authors note. "Health care professionals have an important role to play in reinforcing the benefits of family meals, helping families set realistic goals for increasing family meal frequency given schedules of adolescents and their parents, exploring ways to enhance the atmosphere at family meals with adolescents and discussing strategies for creating healthful and easy-to-prepare family meals," they conclude. "Schools and community organizations should also be encouraged to make it easier for families to have shared mealtimes on a regular basis."
Journal reference: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(1):17-22.
This study was supported by a grant from the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Service Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and from the General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition.
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