|Publication number||US2584606 A|
|Publication date||Feb 5, 1952|
|Filing date||Jul 2, 1948|
|Priority date||Jul 2, 1948|
|Publication number||US 2584606 A, US 2584606A, US-A-2584606, US2584606 A, US2584606A|
|Inventors||Frederick Squires, Merriam Edmund S|
|Original Assignee||Frederick Squires, Merriam Edmund S|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (83), Classifications (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1952 E. s. MERRIAM ETAL 2,584,606
THERMAL DRIVE METHOD FOR RECOVERY OF OIL Filed July 2, 1948 fie der;
Patented Feb. 5, 1952 .UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE THER A naive Mn'rnon roe RECOVERY OF'OIL Edmund S. Merriam, Marietta, Ohimand Frederick squires, Champaign, Ill.
Application July 2, 1948, Serial No. 36,668
8 Claims. 1 (01. 166 21).
The present invention relates to the production of oil, and moreparticularly to an improved method in which heat is generated in the production horizon and is directly-applied to the oil-containing reservoir to provide a ther-- mal drive forrecovery of the'oil.
Petroleum is generally found insandstones or porous limestone situated between impervious layers of shale or the like. Initially, the oil is usually found to be associated with lighter hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane, which may exist as free gases in contact with the oil or dissolved in the oil. When such oil bearin sands are reached by drilling, the expansive force of the gas, either free or-dissolved under the pressure existing at the depthof the oil reservoir, moves oil and gas toward the region of low pressure around the well bottom. With conditions at the casinghead uncontrolled, the rapid flow of oil and gas from the'well creates a gusher and fiush production results. After'the initial pressureexisting has diminished with the escape of most of the gas associated with theoil from the well, the motive power bringing oil to the surface is largely dissipated. At this stage, the well is put to pumping with resultant increased production of oil from the well together with "additional amounts of gas. produced by pumping diminishes to the point where pumping is no longer economical. The remaining oil has little pressure exerted upon it by the small amount of residual gases or vapors remaining in the reservoir and the heavier hydrocarbons present assume a more viscous, semi-solid state which tends to choke the pores of the sand preventing drainage of the oil to the well bottom.
In time the flow of oil In an attempt to increase productivity of such wells, the method of repressuring has been adopted. This operation involves forcing back into selected central wells either natural gas taken from other wells or air. The gas injected into the selected well under pressure. passes through the porous oil-containing sands and is vented from adjacent wells. By this procedure, the gas mechanically forces some of the heavier oil into the well bottoms, and entrains any hydrocarbons existing in vapor forni in the reservoir.
Upon continued operation, this method alsobecomes unprofitable and it must be abandoned even though the reservoir is only partially depleted with respect to the oil initially present.
Further attempt to increaseproduction from such wells involves final resort to the so-calledt flooding procedure. .Inthis procedure water under'pressure is injected into selected wells and the entire oil reservoir is scoured with water bringing to the surface from adjacent venting Wells a further portion of the residual oil. After practicing this method the oil field can no longer be utilized for further production.
It is well-known, that oil fields which have been subjected to the foregoing successive treatments still contain in the sands about half of the oil known to be initially present.
It has been recognized heretofore, that the application of heat to the oil-containing sands tends to increase production of oil from oil reservoirs. For example, it has been proposed to inject heated gaseous products of combustion into partially depleted oil reservoirs in an attempt to drive out the residual oil by reducing the visccsity and thereby facilitating flow. In some instances, combustion of the oil itself has been proposed as the source of heat.
It has also been proposed to utilize steam under pressure by passing the same through the oil-containing sands. Such procedures have serious and inherent disadvantages which are common to all, and, in addition, further disadvantages are' to be found which are specific to each method.
One of the main disadvantages common to above procedures is the loss of heat amounting to a major portion of the total heat input. Upon injection of heated gaseous products of combustion orsteam into an open well, heat will spread in all directions from the bottom of the well by conduction. Since the heat conductivity of the oil-containing sands and the adjacent impervious shale strata are of approximately the same order of magnitude, regions of equal temperature (isotherms) will approximate concentric spheres with the bottom of the well at the center of the sphere. In other words, heat will travel outwardly, horizontally and vertically, the mass of rock being heated varying with the cube of the radius from the well center. In addition, much of the sensible heat contained in the gaseous products of combustion will be vented through the open well. In an attempt to reduce these serious heat losses, the, input well has been closed and pressure developed to drive the hot products of combustion into the porous oil-containing sands to increase the travel of heat horizontally toward the venting or producing wells communicating with the oil sands. Thus, the enlarging surfaces of equal temperature (isotherms) tend to take the form of an oblate spheroid. However, with increasing passage horizontally oi the heat, a greater portion is dissipated, and loss by conduction vertically away from the oil-containing sands increases. Thus, with a steady heat input a very appreciable portion of the total heat is lost by conduction vertically into and through the layers of shale, although the movement of the heat in a horizontal direction through the oil-containing sands is somewhat more extensive.
it is a primary object and purpose of the present invention to provide an improved process for the recovery of oil from oil reservoirs whereby optimum portions of the hitherto unrecoverable oil may be produced.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved method. of thermal drive for heat losses.
Still another object of the invention is to pro!- vide a thermal drive method for the production of oil in which both sensible heat and latent heat of the heating mediums are fully utilized and perform interdependent functions.
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved method of recovery of oil in which there is a minimum loss of oil due to uncontrolled oxidation and combustion thereof.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a method. for the recovery of oil in which the tarry residues of the oil are utilized.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel type of gas burner adapted to operate at pressures in excess of existing well pressures.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description thereof.
The method of the present invention generally comprises introducing a combustible gas and a combustion supporting gas into a selected portion of an oil reservoir, producing combustion of said combustible gas therein, introducing an up heated fluid into the selected portion of the oil reservoir, and recovering the oil from another selected portion of the reservoir.
The method of the invention is preferably practiced by utilizing an existing oil well communicating with the oil reservoir asthe input well, and "employing one or more existing adjacent wells as the venting wells. however, new venting wells may be drilled closer to the selected input wells. The bottom of the input well constitutes a combustion chamber into which a combustible gas and a combustion sup porting gas such as air are introduced under pressure. The combustion supporting gas may be air, oxygen, or mixtures thereof, or any permanent gas containing sufficient oxygen to effect good combustion. The combustible gas may be any heating gas such as producer gas, water gas or natural gas. The input well is capped or closed in at the casinghead so that any desired pressures may be developed. Upon ignition and continued combusion of the gas,
heatedgaseous produetsof combustion are developed, which under the existing pressure are forced into the oil reservoir.
The heat imparted in this manner to the oil in the sands volatilizes a portion of the oil and reduces the viscosity of the remaining heavier constituents of the oil tend ing to fluidize the same. The vaporized portions portions of the oil are mechanically forced un-.
der pressure of the gaseous products of 00.. bustion toward the venting well. As the vaporized portions of the oil move into cooler regions of the oil-containing sands, they are partially condensed and release the latent heat of condensation at that point, which together with the sensible heat in the gaseous products of combustion serves to increase the temperature in regions of the sands more remote from the input well. Thus, the entire oil reservoir is progressively heated and the oil in vaporous and/or fluid state is forced into the venting well bottom where it is removed by ordinary pumping means. vaporization of a portion of the oil, and, in addition, formation of steam from the connate water adds to the total volume of gases, facilitating removal of the oil from the reservoir.
With increasing temperature in the oil reservoir, the additional air in excess of that supplied to the burner causes partial oxidation of some of the heavier components of the oil. This oxidation forms pitch-like bodies in the oil. These burn at the higher temperatures developed later producing additional heat liberated in situ in the oil-containing sands, which i'urth r aids in driving the oil from the sands toward the venting well.
One of the principal features of the present invention is the reduction of heat losses due to conduction of heat vertically from the well bot tom where combustion occurs. This reduction of heat losses is accomplished through reversal of the flow of heat away from the combustion chamber in a vertical direction by reversing temporarily the temperature gradient existing from the combustion chamber through the adjacent shale strata. The invention further provides for redirecting in a horizontal direction through the oil-containing sands of the oil reservoir, the heat regained by reversal of the flow. This elimination of heat losses according to the method of the present invention may efiected in any one of several ways and either by means of a cyclic process or a continuous process.
According to one embodiment of the invention, combustion at the bottom of the input well is maintained for a suitable period of time until the gaseous products of combustion have sufliciently penetrated the oil-containing sands. During this time an appreciable amount of the totalheat input moves away from the combustion chamber and the input well bottom by conduction in a vertical direction through the shale strata adjacent to the oil-containing sands of the reservoir. At the end of this period flow of the combustible gas is shut off and combustion ceases. However, the introduction of air under pressure is maintained. Thus, cold air entering the bottom of the hot well abstracts heat from the walls of the well thereby becoming heated. The heated air under the existing pressure is forced horizontally through the oil sands. A continued supply of 'cool air into the well bottom progressively lowers the temperature of the well to a point where the well becomes cooler than the surrounding rock or shale. At this point the temperature gradient previously existing from the well toward the shale strata is reversed, and a flow of heat is initiated from the shale strata back toward the well. The heat thus regained into the well bottom serves to further heat the air which passes horizontally into the oil-containing sands. Thus, an appreciable portion of the heat lost byv vertical conduction is regained.
Under. continuous heat input, such heat would bepermanently lost. Aiter asuitable interval or recuperating some of this .lost heat, combustion is again initiated, and the cycle is repeated. The time in which a complete cycleoccurs may be widely varied depending on conditions existing in the oil field. For example, onecyclexmay be from a few hours to several days. Thecoolair phase of the cycle should not be prolonged to the extent that undue cooling of the oil. sands occurs. The advantageous result is an increase'of the flow of the total heat input horizontally into the oil-containing sands of the reservoir, and a sub' stantial reduction in the heat losses due to conduction vertically into the adjacent rock or-shale;
A preferred alternative procedure for reducing heat loss and increasing both the thermal, and mechanical eflicieney of the process is set forth in the following embodiment of the invention. Combustion is initiated at the well bottom and maintained for a period suflicient to insure penetration of the heated gaseous products of combustion into the oil-containing sands. .At this time combustion is stopped by shutting off either the air or gas supplied to the burner and a stream of water is introduced into the input well. Upon contacting the very hot well bottom, the water flashes into steam developing a high pressure under which it is forced into the oil-containing sands of the reservoir. The steam created penetrates the oil sands, previously heated by the gaseous products of combustion, until it has tra versed the entire portion of oil sands existing at a temperature above the condensation point of the steam at the existing pressure of the reservoir. Thus, the steam passes on into the sand to a cooler region where it condenses, releasing latent heat of condensation and rapidly warming the adja-, cent oil sands.
When the water flashes to steam in the not well bottom all of the necessary latent heat of vaporization is absorbed by the Water from its surroundings, and thus heat is abstracted from the walls of the well. As water is continuously introduced into the well bottom, it continuously abstracts heat from the surroundings. The temperature gradient existing from the well bottom through the adjacent rock or shale will be reversed when the temperature of the well becomes lower that that of the surrounding shale strata. It is an important advantage of this embodiment of the invention that the well bottom is much more rapas a cooling medium. The flash evaporation of the water at the well bottom with the attendant water at the Well bottom with the attendant absorption thereby of the latent heat of vaporization rapidly cools the Well bottom to a point at which the temperature gradient reverses. The reversal of the temperature gradient in'turn causes heat to flow from the surrounding rock or shale back into the well bottom where the heat is imparted to the steam which penetrates the oi1- containing sands and thus redirects the flow of regained heat in the desired horizontal direction. Combustion is again initiated at the well bottom when the temperature reaches a predetermined point, and the cycle is repeated. The time period of the cycle may be widely varied. Preferably one cycle is completed in about one day.
The foregoing embodiments of the invention are conducted in a cyclic or alternate manner. The method may also advantageously be conducted in a continuous manner according to another alternative embodiment. Combustion of the gas in the input well bottom is continuously maintained and a continuous stream of water is introduced into the well bottom. Thus,
the heat developed by the continuous -combus tion existing primarily as sensible heat in the gaseous products of combustion effects a continuous vaporization of the water into .supers heated steam at the well bottom. A high pressure is developed in the well bottom resulting from generation of the gaseous products of combustion and steam. Under this existing pressure both the gaseous products of combustion and the superheated steam forcibly penetrate the oil-containing sands of the reservoir. Heat loss by vertical conduction of the sensible heat in the gaseous products of combustion from the input well bottom into the adjacent strata of rock or shale is substantially eliminated, since an appreciable portion of this heat .is absorbed by the contin uously supplied water as latent heat of vaporization and the steam created moves horizontally into the oil sands. This heat extracted from the products of combustion by the water in the well bottom efiectively maintains a lower temperature in the well bottom and is carried horizontally into the oil-containing sands where it is released as latent heat of condensation when the steam comes into contact with regions of the sands which are at a lower temperature than the temperature of the condensation of the steam at the existing pressure in the oil reservoir.
The present invention also provides a gas burner of the surface combustion type adapted for operation at the pressures existing in the input well bottom. The burner is also adapted to operate in the presence of Water and water vapor.
The method and apparatus of the present invention are more fully described in detail With reference to the accompanying drawings which are illustrative of preferred embodiments thereof, and are not intended to constitute a limitation oi the invention, in which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view partly in section of an oil field showing the apparatus by which the method. of invention is practiced;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged View, partly in section showingthe novel gas burner positioned in the input well bottom; and
Fig. 3 is an enlarged sectional view take on line 3-3 of Fig. 2 showing further details of construotion of the burner.
Referring now to Fig. 1, A represents an oil reservoir containing residual oil and porous sandstone or limestone. Communication from the surface to the reservoir is established through input well I and venting we1l2. The gas burner 3 of the present invention is lowered into the bottom of the input well and the casinghead is then capped. Air and the gas under pressure in excess of that existing in theoil reservoir are introduced through lines 4 and .5 to the duct 5' connected to the burner 3 at the well bottom. Additional air under pressure is injected from line i into the casing of the Well. The combustible mixture of air and gas issuing from the burner at the well bottom may be ignited by any.
or air lock. The heated gaseous products of combustion resulting from operation of the gas burner are forced through the oil-containing sands of the reservoir under the pressure developed with the input well closed. The isotherms B shown in Fig. 1- represent the flow of heat from the well bottom due to conduction and passage of the gaseous products of combustion into the oil sands. It will be seen that the isotherms are approximately of the form shown and that appreciable amounts of heat developed in the well bottom are dissipated by heating the adjacent strata of rock or shale.
After combustion has ensued for a time sufficient to insure heating of the oil sands by passage of the gaseous products of combustion therethrough, valves 8 and in lines 4 and are closed while valve H in the excess air line 1 remains open. This effectively shuts down operation of the burner in the input well bottom and permits continued flow of cool air under pressure through line i to the input well bottom. The continuous supply of air progressively cools the well bottom until the temperature gradient existing between the well bottom and the adjacent strata and rock or shale is reversed so that heat dissipated by conduction into the rock flows back into the well heating the incoming air. The air thus heated continues in its path of movement under pressure in a horizontal direction into the oil-containing sands of the reservoir.
The products of combustion together with excess air progressively penetrate through the sand and reach the venting well. The oil sands, of course, are hottest at the input end, but are gradually, continually and progressively heated until the heat reaches the venting well with the products of combustion and excess air. The portions of oil thermally driven into the venting well which are in the vapor state are removed to a suitable stripping plant for extraction from the gaseous products of combustion and the excess air. A pump i2 is provided for the venting well 2 to remove liquid hydrocarbons of the oil driven out of the sands into the well bottom.
In the cyclic procedure of the invention embodying the use of steam, after a suitable period of time during which the burner is in operation, valves 8 and it are closed, completely shutting off the flow of air and gas to the input well bottom. Thus, the flame issuing from the gas burner 3 is extinguished. A slow stream of water is then introduced into the well bottom from line 9 through piping l3 by opening valve l4. Upon contact with the highly heated well bottom, the water flashes into steam and is forced into the oil-containing sands of the reservoir. The steam continues its passage through the oil-containing sands until it reaches a region below its condensation temperature at the existing pressure in the reservoir. At this location the steam condenses releasing all of its latent heat of vaporization thereby warming the oil in the formation in that vicinity. By continued condensation of steam, the latent heat of condensation released sufficiently warms the oilcontaining sands at the situs where condensation has taken place so that continued condensation of the steam does not occur at the same location. The warming which occurs allows the steam to move farther into the sands toward the venting well before condensation again occurs. Thus, the sands are progressively heated until the steam reaches the venting well.
The continuous vaporization of the water into steam by flashing during this phase of the method, rapidly cools the walls of the input well and of the method. At this point the temperature gradient reverses and heat flows from the heated shale or rock into the well bottom generating additional steam which continues to pass in a horizontal direction into the oil sands. Thus, the heat dissipated into the strata of shale or rock is regained and redirected into the oil sands in the form of latent heat contained in the steam. The cycle is then repeated until the well is no longer productive of oil.
In the alternative procedure embodying continuous operation, valves 8 and It are initially open whereby the mixture of combustible gas and air flows through lines 4 and 5 to duct 6 and into the gas burner 3 at the input well bottom. Valve '1 is open to supply excess air under pressure through line 1 and the burner is ignited. Valve I4 in waterline 9 is then opened permitting flow of a slow continuous stream of water through piping I3 into'the input well bottom. Thus, the sensible heat contained in products of combustion from the continuously operated burner 3 is in part utilized in supplying the latent heat of vaporization which effects continuous vaporization of the water introduced into the input well bottom. The resulting mixture of heated gaseous products of combustion and steam are forced by the pressure developed in the input well bottom through the oil-containing sands where they heat and vaporize and iiuidize the residual oil. The oil is driven mechanically or by entrainment in the gases into the venting well and. is removed therefrom through line 15 with the aid of pump l2. Line l6 conducts gas and vapor to a processing plant.
The sensible heat of the gaseous products of combustion produced by operation of burner 3 is not dissipated by vertical conduction into the surrounding strata of rock and shale, but is primarily utilized to vaporize the water continuously supplied to the Well, which in the form of steam is then horizontally forced through the oil-containing sands. Thus, most of the total heat input into the system is utilized for the desired purpose of heating the oil-containingsands.
In this method of operation the well bottom and adjacent portions of rock serve as the equivalent of a steam boiler. Although the burner itself may be at a high temperature the continuous supply of water prevents the rock and well bottom from attaining temperatures much in excess of the temperature of water boiling under the prevailing pressure. The relatively low temperatures do not favor loss of heat in a vertical direction. Such losses would be favored if the rock were heated to a much higher temperature, as would be the case if products of combustion alone carried the heat. 7
Use of liquid water in conjunction with a burner favors the horizontal movement of heat and minimizes the undesirable losses in a vertical direction.
Referring now to Figure 2, the construction and operation of the novel gas burner 3 is described in detail. In this figure, the gas burner 3 is inserted into the well 1 inside of casing 20 so that it is positioned centrally within the shot hole 2| at the well bottom. The burner 3 pcsitioned in the shot hole 21 is attached to tubing consisting of a central pipe 22 for supplying gas located within an outer pipe 23 inserted through the casinghead of the well for supplying air. The outer annular duct formed by pipes 22 and 23. .and the. cylindricalduct within pipe 22 are assaeoe stem valve 24 positioned in tapered end 25 of .pipe 22 and an annular duct 26 formed by baffle 27 positioned within the pipe 23. An elongated stem 28' is connected to valve 23 and extends through pipe 22 at the top of the tubing where a wheel or handle 29 is attached. This provides a means of finely adjusting the ratio of air and gas fed to burner 3.
A mixing chamber 3! is connected to battle 2'! and comprises a cylindrical body having mu1- tiple constrictions 3| therein.
A lower extension 32 of pipe 23 carries a metal cage 33 comprising a metalbase portion 32 and spaced vertical rods 35 extending upwardly therefrom. The rods 35'are attached at their upper ends to a threaded metal ring 35. A hollow cylinder of porous ceramic material 3'! is inserted into the lower annular extension 32 of pipe- 23, which is threaded on its external periphery. Thus cylinder 31 is fixed in position on extension 32 by means of the threaded metal ring 3Eand the base 3 3 of cage 33. The ceramic cylinder 3'5 may be made of suitable heat insulatin or refractory material such as brick, or the like, used for furnace linings. The porous cylinder 31 contains a cavity 38 tapering toward the inlet end which communicates with the chamber 30. This cavity 33 which constitutes the combustion chamber of burner 3 is filled with granular refractory material. Cylinder 3'! is provided with a number of horizontal ports 33 which are so located that they lie in different vertical planes than the rods 35 of the cage 33. (This structure is more clearly shown in Fig. 3.)
A combustible gas under regulated pressure is fed into pipe 22 through line in which is inserted appropriate regulators and flow meters. Air under regulated pressure is supplied to the pipe 23 surrounding the pipe 22 through line 4 passing through an appropriate regulator, flow meter and valve 8. Thus, the ratio of air to gas may be maintained constant or may be varied. For example, the ratio of gas to air may be one cubic foot of gas to ten cubic feet of air. The air and gas introduced into pipes 22 and 23 mix in the mixing chamber 30 upon passage through duct 26 and valve 24', respectively. A main air supply is introduced into casing 2i through line 1 controlled by valve ii. The pressure of the main air supply is maintained at a value lower than the pressure of the air and gas fed to the burner. The combustible mixture of gas and air issuing from the ports 39 in the ceramic cylinder 31 of the burner 3 may be ignited by any suitable means such as described above. When thus ignited, the flame pops back into the cavity 38 of the ceramic cylinder 3?. A static zone of burning is established within the cavity 38 when the velocity of the explosive back flash equals the forward flow of the gas and air mixtures through chamber 30 into cavity 38. At this point combustion becomes even and continuous. As long as the pressure existing outside of the porous cylinder 31 of the burner is not permitted to exceed the pressure of the forward flow of combustible gas and air fed to the burner, the burner will operate continuously. The temperature of the products of combustion and the excess air from the main air supply will depend upon the ratio of combustible gas and air fed to burner 3, and also on the ratio of air supplied through the main air supply. The
refractory material inside of the burner'3 may reach a temperature of 3500 EL, where it is in direct contact with'the flame. However, the metal parts of the cage 33 of the burner will not be subject to excessive temperatures.
Figure 3' merely advantageously illustrates the construction of the burner 3 relative to the ports 39 in porous cylinder 3? and metal cage rods 35. From this figure it is clearly seen that the vertical rods 35 are disposed in vertical planes which i are not common to the vertical planes occupied by ports 32 in'cylinder 3?. hi this construction,
direct impingement of the flame or hot gases of combustion upon rods 35 is avoided.
The burner also operates efliciently under the conditions present in the alternative procedures "of theinvention involving supplying a continuous supply of water to the well bottom. As long as the pressure of the wa er outside of the porous ceramic cylinder 3? of the burner 3 does not exceed the pressure of the forward flow of gas and air fed to the burner, the burner will continuously operate.
The method of the present invention is more efiieient than those heretofore practiced, since heat losses are largely reduced.
Furthermore, the preferred embodiments of the invention involving the use of water supplied to the input well, combined with operation of the gas burner, either in a cyclic manner or continuous manner, presents many advantages over the use of either steam alone or products of combustion alone. Not only are heat losses eliminated or reduced to a minimum by the flash vaporization of the water introduced into the input well, but the latent heat of condensation of the steam is realized in heating the oil in the oil-containing sands while avoiding the disadvantages encountered when using steam alone.
The process described produces the more volatile and more valuable parts of the oil, and burns the non-volatile valueless parts, thus furnishing part of the necessary heat.
Having thus described our invention, we claim:
1. A cyclic method for the recovery of oil from an oil-bearing geological formation which comprises alternately practiced steps (a) and (b), said step (a) comprising introducing into said formation through an input well, at a pressure greater than that extant therein, a combustible gaseous mixture, effecting combustion of said mixture in said formation to produce hot products which penetrate said. formation and impart heat to and reduce the viscosity of the oil present therein, said combustion products and said oil being moved through said formation toward a venting well; said step (12) comprising introducing a stream of fluid heat transfer medium through said input well into that portion of said formation where combustion was effected in step (a) to heat said heat transfer medium, causing the so-heated transfer medium to penetrate said formation to impart heat to and reduce the viscosity of the oil present therein, said heat transfer medium and said heated oil being moved through said formation toward aventing well, said steps (a) and (2)) being alternated at ap propriate intervals.
2. The process of claim 1 in which the fluid heat transfer medium is air.
3. The process of claim 1 in which the fluid heat transfer medium is water which is converted to steam upon introduction into the formation through the input well, and in which step (b) is discontinued and step (a) is repeated when the heat requisite to effect such conversion of water into steam has been dissipated.
4. A method for the recovery of oil from an oil bearing geological formation having an input well and a venting well, which comprises introducing through said input well, into said formation, a combustible, gaseous, mixture, at a pres sure in excess of that existing in said formation, and water, effecting combustion of said mixture in said well to produce combustion products and steam, under a pressure sufficient to cause said combustion products and steam to penetrate into said formation toward a venting well to impart heat to and reduce the viscosity of the oil present in the formation, and recovering oil from a venting well.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein the combustible, gaseous, mixture employed is producer gas.
6. The process of claim 4 wherein the combustible, gaseous, mixture employed is water gas.
7. 'The process of claim 4 wherein the combustible, gaseous, mixture employed is natural gas.
8. A method for the recovery of oil from an oil bearing geological formation having an input well and a venting well, which comprises continuously introducing through said input well, into said formation, a combusible, gaseous, mixture, at a pressure in excess of that existing in said formation, and water, efiecting combustion .12 of said mixture in said Well to produce combustion products and steam, under a pressure sufficient to cause said combustion products and steam to penetrate into said formation toward a venting well to impart heat to and reduce the viscosity of the oil present in the formation, and recovering oil from a venting well.
EDMUND S. MERRIAM.
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|US2911206 *||Mar 8, 1957||Nov 3, 1959||Phillips Petroleum Co||In situ retorting of oil shale|
|US2913050 *||May 12, 1955||Nov 17, 1959||Phillips Petroleum Co||Preventing explosions in bore holes during underground combustion operations for oil recovery|
|US2917296 *||Mar 8, 1957||Dec 15, 1959||Phillips Petroleum Co||Recovery of hydrocarbon from oil shale adjoining a permeable oilbearing stratum|
|US2958380 *||Jun 17, 1957||Nov 1, 1960||Gulf Research Development Co||In-situ combustion process for the production of oil|
|US2962095 *||Mar 6, 1957||Nov 29, 1960||Pan American Petroleum Corp||Underground combustion process for oil recovery|
|US2973812 *||Apr 21, 1958||Mar 7, 1961||Phillips Petroleum Co||Process and apparatus for in situ combustion|
|US2997105 *||Oct 8, 1956||Aug 22, 1961||Pan American Petroleum Corp||Burner apparatus|
|US3010516 *||Nov 18, 1957||Nov 28, 1961||Phillips Petroleum Co||Burner and process for in situ combustion|
|US3013609 *||Jun 11, 1958||Dec 19, 1961||Texaco Inc||Method for producing hydrocarbons in an in situ combustion operation|
|US3024841 *||Jul 30, 1958||Mar 13, 1962||Jersey Prod Res Co||Method of oil recovery by in situ combustion|
|US3036632 *||Dec 24, 1958||May 29, 1962||Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc||Recovery of hydrocarbon materials from earth formations by application of heat|
|US3042114 *||Sep 29, 1958||Jul 3, 1962||Research Company Jersey Produc||Process for recovering oil from underground reservoirs|
|US3044543 *||Oct 25, 1956||Jul 17, 1962||Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc||Subterranean recovery process by combustion|
|US3047064 *||Mar 12, 1958||Jul 31, 1962||Jersey Prod Res Co||Intermittent in-situ burning|
|US3050123 *||Oct 7, 1958||Aug 21, 1962||Cities Service Res & Dev Co||Gas fired oil-well burner|
|US3062282 *||Jan 24, 1958||Nov 6, 1962||Phillips Petroleum Co||Initiation of in situ combustion in a carbonaceous stratum|
|US3091225 *||Dec 29, 1958||May 28, 1963||Phillips Petroleum Co||Initiating and controlling underground combustion|
|US3111987 *||Nov 15, 1961||Nov 26, 1963||Jersey Prod Res Co||In-situ generation of miscible gas bank|
|US3116915 *||Jan 6, 1961||Jan 7, 1964||Midland Ross Corp||Method and apparatus for heating fluids|
|US3126955 *||Aug 22, 1955||Mar 31, 1964||Oil recovery process|
|US3142336 *||Jul 18, 1960||Jul 28, 1964||Shell Oil Co||Method and apparatus for injecting steam into subsurface formations|
|US3164207 *||Jan 17, 1961||Jan 5, 1965||Spry William J||Method for recovering oil|
|US3181613 *||Apr 23, 1963||May 4, 1965||Union Oil Co||Method and apparatus for subterranean heating|
|US3228471 *||Jun 11, 1958||Jan 11, 1966||Texaco Inc||Method for producing hydrocarbons in an in situ combustion operation|
|US3259185 *||Oct 27, 1958||Jul 5, 1966||Mobil Oil Corp||Method of prolonging the usefulness of production wells in thermal-recovery procedures|
|US3298439 *||Jul 29, 1964||Jan 17, 1967||Texaco Inc||Bottom hole burner|
|US3315745 *||Jul 29, 1964||Apr 25, 1967||Texaco Inc||Bottom hole burner|
|US3339635 *||Oct 22, 1965||Sep 5, 1967||Brandon Clarence W||Method and apparatus for forming and/or augmenting an energy wave|
|US3372754 *||May 31, 1966||Mar 12, 1968||Mobil Oil Corp||Well assembly for heating a subterranean formation|
|US3385360 *||Feb 1, 1966||May 28, 1968||Phillips Petroleum Co||Steam flood process for producing oil|
|US3411578 *||Jun 30, 1967||Nov 19, 1968||Mobil Oil Corp||Method for producing oil by in situ combustion with optimum steam injection|
|US3420300 *||Oct 27, 1966||Jan 7, 1969||Sinclair Research Inc||Method and apparatus for heating a subsurface formation|
|US3425492 *||Jan 10, 1966||Feb 4, 1969||Phillips Petroleum Co||Oil production by steam drive|
|US3439743 *||Jul 13, 1967||Apr 22, 1969||Gulf Research Development Co||Miscible flooding process|
|US3449247 *||Oct 23, 1965||Jun 10, 1969||William J Bauer||Process for wet oxidation of combustible waste materials|
|US3456721 *||Dec 19, 1967||Jul 22, 1969||Phillips Petroleum Co||Downhole-burner apparatus|
|US3482630 *||Dec 26, 1967||Dec 9, 1969||Marathon Oil Co||In situ steam generation and combustion recovery|
|US3483924 *||Jan 26, 1968||Dec 16, 1969||Chevron Res||Method of assisting the recovery of hydrocarbons using a steam drive|
|US3506309 *||May 16, 1968||Apr 14, 1970||Hans Joachim Von Hippel||Method and system for gasifying underground deposits of coal|
|US3512585 *||Aug 8, 1968||May 19, 1970||Texaco Inc||Method of recovering hydrocarbons by in situ vaporization of connate water|
|US4007791 *||Aug 7, 1975||Feb 15, 1977||J. Carroll Baisch||Method for recovery of crude oil from oil wells|
|US4018280 *||Dec 10, 1975||Apr 19, 1977||Mobil Oil Corporation||Process for in situ retorting of oil shale|
|US4050515 *||Sep 27, 1976||Sep 27, 1977||World Energy Systems||Insitu hydrogenation of hydrocarbons in underground formations|
|US4078613 *||Jan 3, 1977||Mar 14, 1978||World Energy Systems||Downhole recovery system|
|US4156462 *||Jan 23, 1978||May 29, 1979||Texaco Inc.||Hydrocarbon recovery process|
|US4159743 *||Mar 13, 1978||Jul 3, 1979||World Energy Systems||Process and system for recovering hydrocarbons from underground formations|
|US4199024 *||Jan 18, 1979||Apr 22, 1980||World Energy Systems||Multistage gas generator|
|US4243098 *||Nov 14, 1979||Jan 6, 1981||Thomas Meeks||Downhole steam apparatus|
|US4440227 *||Nov 8, 1982||Apr 3, 1984||Mobil Oil Corporation||Well completion for injecting high purity oxygen in a fire flooding process|
|US4456068 *||Aug 28, 1981||Jun 26, 1984||Foster-Miller Associates, Inc.||Process and apparatus for thermal enhancement|
|US4459101 *||Aug 28, 1981||Jul 10, 1984||Foster-Miller Associates, Inc.||Burner systems|
|US4574884 *||Sep 20, 1984||Mar 11, 1986||Atlantic Richfield Company||Drainhole and downhole hot fluid generation oil recovery method|
|US5482402 *||Nov 15, 1993||Jan 9, 1996||Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.||Method and apparatus for heating subsurface soil for decontamination|
|US6016867 *||Jun 24, 1998||Jan 25, 2000||World Energy Systems, Incorporated||Upgrading and recovery of heavy crude oils and natural bitumens by in situ hydrovisbreaking|
|US6016868 *||Jun 24, 1998||Jan 25, 2000||World Energy Systems, Incorporated||Production of synthetic crude oil from heavy hydrocarbons recovered by in situ hydrovisbreaking|
|US6328104||Jan 24, 2000||Dec 11, 2001||World Energy Systems Incorporated||Upgrading and recovery of heavy crude oils and natural bitumens by in situ hydrovisbreaking|
|US7640987||Jan 5, 2010||Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.||Communicating fluids with a heated-fluid generation system|
|US7770643||Aug 10, 2010||Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.||Hydrocarbon recovery using fluids|
|US7809538||Jan 13, 2006||Oct 5, 2010||Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.||Real time monitoring and control of thermal recovery operations for heavy oil reservoirs|
|US7832482||Oct 10, 2006||Nov 16, 2010||Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.||Producing resources using steam injection|
|US20070039736 *||Aug 17, 2005||Feb 22, 2007||Mark Kalman||Communicating fluids with a heated-fluid generation system|
|US20080083534 *||Oct 10, 2006||Apr 10, 2008||Rory Dennis Daussin||Hydrocarbon recovery using fluids|
|US20080083536 *||Oct 10, 2006||Apr 10, 2008||Cavender Travis W||Producing resources using steam injection|
|DE1190418B *||Aug 8, 1961||Apr 8, 1965||Deutsche Erdoel Ag||Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Foerdern von Bitumina aus Lagerstaetten|
|EP0597154A1 *||Nov 11, 1992||May 18, 1994||Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.||Method and apparatus for heating subsurface soil for decontamination|
|WO1982001214A1 *||Oct 5, 1981||Apr 15, 1982||Foster Miller Ass||Thermal enhancement|
|WO2007022166A1 *||Aug 16, 2006||Feb 22, 2007||Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.||Communicating fluids with a heated-fluid generation system|
|U.S. Classification||166/256, 166/59|
|International Classification||E21B36/00, E21B36/02|


ALL IN ONE HVAC PRO is a premier company that specializes in air conditioning and heating for
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4 Bedroom Log Homes
Two large 4 bedroom log homes surrounding a beautiful fishing lake in the heart of Shropshire. These were built in 2006 and are weathering well. Turf roofs offer incredible insulation due to the aerated soil. The wrap around deck installed to each cabin is great for outdoor entertaining. These homes were built with Douglas Fir due to the long lengths needed in the design.


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Spearfish Fishing Wall of Fame
Ruud from Amsterdam
Spearfish Fishing Article
The Nature of Competition LIVETARGET reasserts core philosophy; introduces new logo, tagline and ad campaign Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON (March 13, 2018) – Competition is central to our very nature. It defines who we are, connecting us to our like-minded ancestors who have relentlessly pursued fish for over 40,000 years. These were the original fish hunters, gathering with spears and nets to feed their families and villages. Our predecessors were driven by competition: to catch the most fish, to catch the biggest fish, to survive. Today’s angler is equipped with the best tools modern science can provide, rarely fishing for survival, yet the ...
Spearfish Fish Species Information
|Scientific Fish Name:||Tetrapturus audax|
|Other Fish Species Names:||Striped marlin|
|Regions Fished:||The distribution in the Pacific Ocean is unique among billfishes and tunas in that it forms a horseshoe-shaped pattern from the northwest Pacific through the eastern Pacific to the southwest Pacific|
Epipelagic and oceanic species, usually found above the thermocline. Generally inhabit cooler water than either black (Makaira indica) or blue marlin.
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There are several reasons why indoor air conditioners, such as mini split air conditioners, are all-time favourites. It works by circulating refrigerant between an outdoor and indoor unit, absorbing heat from the air inside a room and dissipating it outside. This article explores how a mini-split system works and the components it contains.
Elements of a Mini Split System
Mini split systems comprise two main parts: outdoor and indoor units. The evaporator and compressor are located inside and outside the unit. The refrigerant, power, and drain lines connect these two components through a conduit. In the indoor unit, the air is blown into the room by a fan mounted on the wall or ceiling.
How a Mini Split System Works?
The mini split system is designed to be energy-efficient, with most models using inverter technology to adjust the compressor’s speed to match the cooling or heating demand in the room. This means that the compressor doesn’t have to run at full speed all the time, which can help reduce energy consumption and save you money on your energy bills.
Let’s learn about the working mechanism of a mini-split system.
Step 1: The outdoor unit
The outdoor unit of a mini split is installed outside the home or building and contains the compressor, the fan, and the condenser. When the mini split system is turned on, the compressor in the outdoor unit pumps refrigerant through the refrigerant line to the indoor unit. The refrigerant absorbs heat from the indoor unit during the evaporator coil cycle. The fan blows air over the condenser to remove the heat absorbed from the indoor unit.
The condenser is a series of coils that the refrigerant flows through, transferring the heat to the outside air. Upon return to the room, the fan blows cooled air back into it.
Step 2: The indoor unit
The indoor unit of a mini split is mounted on the wall inside the home or building and contains the evaporator, the fan, and the air filter.
Warm air from the room is drawn into the evaporator and passed over the coils, where the refrigerant absorbs the heat. The refrigerant is pumped back to the outdoor unit to release the heat, allowing the cool air to be blown back into the room.
Step 3: The refrigerant
The refrigerant is a chemical compound that transfers heat between indoor and outdoor units. Refrigerant absorbs heat from the warm indoor air and evaporates into a gas, which flows to the compressor in the outdoor unit.
The compressed refrigerant then releases the absorbed heat through the condenser, which cools it into a liquid. A liquid refrigerant pump is then used to repeat this cycle.
Step 4: Filtering the air
A filter helps remove dust and other particles from the air before it is blown back into the room, an essential function of the indoor unit. Your indoor air quality will be improved, and allergens will be reduced.
Step 5: The control system
The control system of a mini split allows the user to adjust the temperature and other settings to meet their comfort needs. Some mini splits come with remote control, while others can be controlled through a mobile app or a smart thermostat.
The control system also allows the user to switch between heating and cooling modes and adjust the fan speed and other settings.
Pros and Cons of Mini-Split Systems
The benefits of mini-split systems over central air conditioners are numerous. A few advantages are listed below:
An efficient energy system:
You can save money on your energy bills with mini-split systems because they are highly efficient. Utilizing inverter technology, they adjust the compressor’s speed to match the room’s cooling or heating demand, thereby reducing energy consumption.
Mini split systems don’t require ductwork, so they can be installed in any room or area of your home. Several units can also be installed so that different rooms or areas can be controlled independently.
A mini-split system produces an average sound level of 19 dB, which is relatively quiet.
Consequently, they are ideal for bedrooms and home offices.
Enhanced indoor air quality:
Multi-stage filtration systems in mini-split systems can reduce allergy symptoms and improve indoor air quality by removing dust, pollen, and other allergens.
Mini-split systems are easy to maintain, with most models requiring only a yearly cleaning of the air filter and condenser coil.
Mini-splits can have a higher upfront cost than traditional HVAC systems, requiring separate indoor and outdoor units and professional installation.
While mini splits require less maintenance than traditional HVAC systems, they still require periodic cleaning and inspections by a professional technician.
The indoor unit of a mini split is mounted on the wall, which some people may find unsightly.
Mini-splits can be noisier than traditional HVAC systems, as the indoor unit has a fan that blows air over the evaporator coils.
Mini split air conditioning systems are cost-effective and energy-efficient to cool or heat your home. They work by circulating refrigerant between an outdoor and indoor unit, absorbing heat from the air inside a room and dissipating it outside. In addition to being energy-efficient, mini-split systems are easy to install, quiet in operation, and offer improved indoor air quality. If you’re considering a new air conditioning system for your home, a mini-split system may be the right choice.
How long does a mini-split system last?
The lifespan of a mini-split system is typically between 12-15 years with proper maintenance.
Are mini-split systems able to cool and heat?
The multipurpose nature of mini splits makes them versatile as they can heat and cool.
Can mini-split systems be installed easily?
Mini split systems do not require ductwork, which makes them easier to install than traditional HVAC systems. However, professional installation is still recommended.
Do mini-split systems require maintenance?
Yes, mini-split systems require regular maintenance, including cleaning the air filters and outdoor unit and periodic inspections by a professional technician.
Gulzar Abid is a passionate entrepreneur with a thirst for knowledge and yearns to help empower people to initiate their journey of growth and success.
Chief Executive Officer K2 Groups
Chief Executive Officer
K2 Heating & Air Conditioning
Disclosure: We may get commissions for purchases made through links in this post.


With production levels at approximately 350,000 bopd from two producing fields, Hibernia and Terra Nova, and a third field White Rose approaching first oil at a 100,000 bopd, the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador is emerging as a major oil player on the international oil and gas stage. The primary exploration focus during the past twenty-five years has been within the proven reservoirs and shallow waters of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, but recent landsales and the locations of seismic surveys demonstrate that the industry is ready to expand its efforts into vast untested areas, including the essentially untouched plays along the continental shelf of the Laurentian Basin, within the slope and deep water basins such as the Orphan Basin, Flemish Pass, Carson-Salar and South Whale, or in long dormant areas such as the on-shelf South Whale and Labrador Sea. All these basins are part of a widespread interconnected network of rift basins that formed during the Mesozoic continual break-up and Atlantic Ocean opening and contain world quality reservoir and source rocks. Recent large seismic 2D and 3D seismic programs, novel geological concepts and easy access to immense exploration blocks are fuelling the quest for new oil and gas reserve along the Newfoundland and Labrador continental margin, extended now from proven basins to less explored or unexplored areas.
Although the first offshore drilling occurred in 1966, only 133 exploration wells have been drilled to date on the entire continental shelf around the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The area of jurisdiction includes about 1.6 million square km of which about half is judged to have petroleum potential (Figure 1). The area of hydrocarbon potential is by all accounts - vast, and the well density is very low. By comparison consider that more than 15,000 exploration wells have been drilled within the Gulf of Mexico and more than 3,000 in the North Sea. The offshore drilling has been almost entirely confined to Mesozoic age basins, although petroleum potential is also recognized in several Paleozoic Basins, which in some areas are known to underlie the Mesozoic sediments. While exploration on the Newfoundland continental shelf has been constrained by the reality of harsh climatic conditions, it has long been proven that seismic, drilling and production operations can be successfully executed. Profitable field development can be executed in today's market, as the two fields currently on production are estimated to be breaking even in the US$9.00 - $10.00 per barrel range. Operating costs were recently reported by the operators to be around US$1.50 per barrel for the Hibernia field and US$1.89 per barrel for the Terra Nova field (Enachescu and Fagan, 2004). According to Canada-Newfoundland Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NOPB), the discovered recoverable reserves, all located in Jeanne d'Arc Basin, are estimated to be: 2.1 billion barrels oil and 5.6 Tcf Gas with 324 million barrels of associated liquids, while potential recoverable reserves for this basin were recently estimated at 4.6 billion barrels oil and 18.8 Tcf gas.


This ideal, open floor plan concept 5 bed, 2.5 bath home features a beautifully maintained interior and comes complete with large entertainment spaces, expansive living areas, flow-through living and dining area and a good-sized living room. A cook's dream, this spacious, eat-in kitchen has been beautifully updated and now boasts stainless-steel appliances, granite countertops, tile backsplash, large center island, and a large walk-in pantry. The master bath features a large jetted soaker tub and separate walk in shower with a rain can shower head. Enjoy a country atmosphere in the beautifully maintained backyard equipped with a covered patio, in-ground swimming pool, lawn with sprinkler system, large grassy area for yard games and mature trees. Lots of space for gatherings and outdoor entertaining. The home is ideally located in a sought-after Rockwall County neighborhood. Located close to top-rated public schools. Don't miss out on owning this fabulous home!
Listing courtesy of Mandalay Real Estate.


- Animals welcome
- Drinking water
- Wireless internet
- Handicapped access
- Parking onsite
- Train or Bus
- Sanitary dump station
A beautiful winery site in Baden-Württemberg.
directly in the winery, vineyards within short reach
Grass pavers and lawn, can be easily reached at any time.
The sanitary facilities
after registration separate toilets and showers available 24 hours.
Electricity, water, W - lan connection available
Tripsdrill Adventure Park
- Amusement Parks
- Bar / Restaurant
- Cultural visits
Exact location information is provided after a booking is confirmed.
We arrived the day they had a big water damage. They couldn't accommodate us and gave us a place to park and wash up. An hour later we got the key to the super clean showers and an extension cord. They did the best they could and we thank them for that. The site is correct and calm, close to the electric plugs, impeccable and close sanitary. Unfortunately we could not do wine tasting but we understand.
Very helpful and friendly staff.
We have spent a super weekend. Sanitary facilities are top. The reception very nice
We spent a good week under a tree that protected us well from the sun. We really liked this small town and the products of the farm store.


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12 oz Stainless Steel Blue Dog Tumbler - Boys Water Bottle - Flip Top – kenziesboutique1
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RTIC Cub Kids Insulated Water Bottle, Double Wall Vacuum Stainless Steel Drink Bottles, For Hot Cold Drinks With Flip Lid And Straw For School Or Travel, Dishwasher Safe, 12 oz, Pink Dragonflies
TOP INSULATION TECHNOLOGY: The Hydraflow Hybrid Kids stainless steel water bottle features top of the line triple wall vacuum insulation with premium
Hydraflow Hybrid Kids Water Bottle with Flip Straw Lid and Boot - Triple Wall Vacuum Insulated Water Bottle (14oz, Rouge Pink) Stainless Steel Metal
12 oz Sublimation flip top Kids Water Bottle - Grey – Fountain of Blanks


Water is a fantastic item, unless this water makes its way into your home in massive volumes and thus does a lot of destruction in a very short time frame. Although you may not feel the volume of water barely filling the tub to actually be substantial, it truly is in terms of the devastation it will do to household items and materials. If you discover your property is inundated as a result of a busted pipe, is damaged thanks to a chipped tub, or possibly is destroyed as the consequence of flooding right after a major storm, you will need to contact a company devoted to water damage atlanta.
Some home owners believe that they are able to handle water damage cleanup atlanta without outside help. Do not take this risk because water that is disregarded can lead to the development of mold and mildew in the residence. This might lead to not merely moldy odors, but medical problems, typically for those who are very young or older. Believe it or not, fungal development in the home may be life threatening, if not treated quickly and also efficiently. Contact a business that routinely does water damage restoration Atlanta to ensure the work is done properly so that you do not have lasting effects from the flood of water.
Before you do what’s necessary, you need to be certain to discontinue any water at its source. It does no good to bring in any team to complete remediation tasks if a lot more water damage may occur down the road. You’ll want to guarantee there’s no electrical power reaching the location where the water has collected and after that turn the water source off, when possible. Remove as many belongings from the affected area in an attempt to save these items and remove as much of this water as possible. Even though you won’t be able to get it all, the more you can get before the professionals appear, the faster they’re able to start working.
The water damages repair company comes in and then finishes taking out the damaged objects and drying the affected items, saving as many as possible. Expert level fans and also dehumidifiers usually are introduced to boost ventilation and to remove any leftover water, plus sensors will likely be utilized to detect humidity in the wall surfaces, floors and more to catch standing water well before mildew and mold cultivate.
Never take chances when it comes to your home. Bring in the pros. Water damage and mold is certainly nothing to mess with and is expensive to fix.


Welcome to Castle Bay Country Club!
New Champion Bermuda greens are open!
Located just off coastal highway, US-17 in Hampstead, NC. is a challenging, Scottish links style 18-hole championship course. Although there are no trees on the course, there are the typical links hazards of tall bunkers, water, and waste areas. True to the tradition, the course demands excellent shot placement on almost every hole. And yes, like all links courses, occasionally one must factor in the wind.


Get A Consultation From Our Bed Bug Specialists Now!
Fill Out The Form Below to get a Consultation by our certified Bed Bug specialist, or give us a call today at (414) 600-1550…
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The dependable, efficient, and inexpensive Bed Bug Exterminator 53153 turns to whenever bed bugs, ants, and other bugs emerge is available to help you!
Our company really stands for ‘Pest Control 53153‘. Any time you check for it on Google, you will find us instantly. We have substantial experience in eradicating pests, providing incredible impacts to our consumers!
- Any time it concerns facing pest attacks, we don’t make assumptions. We know they hide effortlessly, but we also understand that pests and their eggs can be found in mattresses and box springs. Since these bugs bite, we usually seek out pests’ bite scratches. Essentially, we first examine the concern to help us decide on and carry out a bed bug removal treatment.
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Basically; any time you’re searching for a bug exterminator helping 53153 that eliminates pests and uses proven bug remedies that are guaranteed to work, we are your preferred partner!
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fly fishing grrl
NM fishing report
find me on instagram @flyfishinggrrL and
on youtube: flyfishing grrl
find me on instagram @flyfishinggrrL and
on youtube: flyfishing grrl
I did more exploring than catching the last couple weeks, so I hope I can help you out by telling you where not to go.
The rivers are starting to be hit with run-off and the lakes are just thawing...it's a funny in between time, and of course this is right when my spring break was. Not going to complain, because the winter moisture is desperately needed and will bode well for summer fishing.
I tried out the Ohkay Owingeh lakes, which are managed by the pueblo of the same name. I got there a couple days after opening day, which usually is a good strategy for these well-stocked and heavily fished lakes. But I saw zero, zip, zilch fish activity. No rises. I tried small nymphs, medium nymphs, streamers, everything. No strikes. So, I'd give these lakes a solid no for the future. Let me know in the comments if you've ever had luck there.
As of last week, Fawn Lakes were still frozen. But, once thawed, you should be able to catch some eager winter hold-over rainbows! Eagle Rock looks clear now. Red River was running high in town, and I imagine that condition will continue.
The Cimarron is ripe and ready to be fished. Since it is a tailwater, it won't get quite as out of control as the other streams, but there will likely still be some discoloration from the recent snow storms. Should still be great with a dry-dropper combo.
I camped up toward Ghost Ranch this past week, so I went to a couple spots on the Chama with a beginner fly fishing friend. I tried out the Chama below Heron for a little bit one evening. I think if I had been able to cover a lot of water, I would have eventually caught a fish. But, it was a bit high. This is the location where I caught some carp over the summer. If you're up for the challenge, try out sight fishing for carp late in the summer when the water is low!
I also tried out my old staple water below Abiquiu dam. No luck. I've caught fish at the higher level the river was flowing at, but maybe they were out of wack from recent changes to the flow. The river was a lovely green color...and I really thought I'd be able to get one. I've never fished in March there, so the evidence does seem to suggest to focus on this area of the river only in winter.
Anyway, I hope that helps out! This weekend I am heading out to Maloya and possibly Storrie or Charette Lakes (trying something new!).
Great fishing is right around the corner!
I've finally released a new video that is covering current conditions rather than being out of date. Please check it out at: https://youtu.be/aU_nEE__KFw.
The Cimarron is going to be great when a bit more water is released from Eagle Nest Dam and it warms up. It is still quite frozen in shady sections, but I managed to catch a few fish on there.
Run-off should be high this year! Once run-off hits many of the rivers will be too high to fish for a good few weeks, but they will be much healthier over the summer. I'm really looking forward to trying to hit some still waters as soon as they're ice free. There should be some fish that grew over the winter and wooly buggers should be appetizing for hungry trout.
I also made it out to Tingley Beach again, and the fish were not feeding as heavily as they were before. It's starting to get a bit too warm for the catch and release pond. It didn't help that the fish were fed their fish kibble while I was there. At least I got to see some impressive sized fish rise for kibble! It's time to get some brown foam to tie some fish food flies for next year.
I have been tying some flies to stave off the winter blues. See some pictures below. Still such a beginner, because as soon as summer hits I ignore the vice!
I didn't get to do this in a timely fashion, but I got to attend the New Mexico Trout Conclave in Albuquerque and I want to extend a thanks for such a great event. The sessions were superb! I'm used to attending professional teaching conferences, and I think I feel much more at home in sessions about fly fishing.Thanks for hosting, NM Trout, and keep up the hard work. I'm now a proud member.
I feel a little bit bad about not updating recently, but then I remember...it's winter!
I got out to the Rio Grande about two weeks ago. It kicked my butt... no fish this time. I only had a couple hours on the water in the evening. I'd like to get out there at midday when the fish might be a bit more active in the "heat" of the day. But, really, I probably wasn't getting the nymph down far enough, and in the winter especially you really need to place it right in front of the fish.
If you tight line nymph, I'd say the Rio in the winter is your water! Show us indicator anglers who's boss. 😂
I've still been getting good reports from Tingley. The fish don't seem to be as picky as they were in past years. They weren't hitting very hard when I went there, so I ended up using a dry fly as my indicator. I'd suggest using a dry-dropper set-up or a yarn indicator. You'll end of seeing some of the more gentle takes and probably will catch more fish. Make sure you have at least 3 feet of depth down to the nymph, though.
I've still been catching some fish in Cimarron State Park, but I'm concerned about stressing the fish out in the low water levels. The river is frozen over in most of the Park. Where do all the fish winter over??
Time to go tie some flies!
I don't know if any fly anglers out there switch over to ice fishing in the winter, but I'm up for giving it a try on Eagle Nest Lake if the ice gets thick enough this winter. I'm getting a bit desperate up North. One advantage of living in Santa Fe last year was that the Chama below Abiquiu was short trip away--not anymore. I also had winter success on the Jemez proper last January. I need to get to the Rio Grande, but I want to hike in and truthfully I need to pump myself up for it. I have to be up for the river royally kicking my butt and humbling me. But, that's what winter is all about. After a summer where fishing felt too easy, I need nature to remind me who's the boss.
I visited family in Albuquerque, and got to do some urban fishing. I tried the Bernalillo drainage, which I had amazing luck at once upon a time. No fish this time...
I also got to Tingley Beach, which was fishing pretty well! They were hitting a size 12 prince nymph 3-4 ft. below an indicator. I was fishing a beadhead, but I seemed to have more success if I crimped a weight on the line about a 8-12 inches above the nymph. Back in the day I was in the practice of using tiny nymphs at Tingley, but it seems like the fish are less picky. All of the ones I caught were between 12-14 inches--saw one big one swimming around.
Anyway, I hope to have some more interesting fishing tales and advice here soon. I have a big work commitment that's been holding me back from doing a bigger trip, but soon I'll be free from that! I promise some better fishing tales/tails in 2019. I'm excited about the snow we've had so far. Good snowpack means a better fishing season and fewer forest fires.
Feel free to drop a comment below if you have had some success this winter!
Well, I promised to update more regularly, but then it got cold! After the Halloween snow day there was another storm that buried my house in about a foot of snow. I've still been fishing open water at the Gravel Pit Lakes, but things are icing over and the days are getting short. It's definitely getting into the slow season. I'd say get out to the tailwaters for your best chances at success. Otherwise, it's fly tying season! I'm working on a couple videos from fishing in Cimarron State Park so watch out for those.
Hi There Folks,
I apologize for the long break in an update on here! I also finally uploaded a Youtube video about a week ago. I've had many life changes in the last month. New job, new home, rural living! My internet has been very spotty...
Here are some updates:
In early August I had some good fishing for carp on the Chama just above the stream
entering from Heron Dam. I'm sure conditions are cooler by now and more conducive to trout, but back in then the water was low and warm, and the sight fishing for carp was a hoot! I can't wait to do this again next year!
Conditions on the Pecos are ideal now--maybe a touch high from monsoons but at least that makes for less spooky trout! In these conditions, a dry-dropper is key. It's also less crowded, so give it a try. For the beginner fly angler, I'd recommend getting a few casts into Monastery--it's great practice for hook sets because you will get strikes.
I got a report from a friend recently that the fishing on the Caldera is still good. Right now backcountry permits are free. I don't want to spread the word too much, but get out there and enjoy some amazing fishing and scenery!
I finally got out to Lake Maloya for the first time. There was great fishing for the stocked rainbows and small perch. The fish weren't too picky, but seemed to like a darker pheasant tail nymph a couple feet down. I also caught a few on my top fly. I can't wait to get out there on a float tube.
Fawn Lakes was another place I made it out to in the last month (I hadn't been there in a few years). The fishing was great with a dry-dropper combo. Even though the fish were rising, most went for the nymph.
The Cimarron is superb right now. Again, use a dry-dropper, but if you start to get most of your strikes on the top, switch to just a dry. It is a brushy river, so having just one fly on there helps to keep you from getting snagged as much.
I finally hiked up to Middle Fork Lake and it seems completely fished out. I didn't see a single rise or fish. That's a shame because I have books that describe amazing fishing there, and the reality is that the lake has been abused.
What else...? Hopewell Lake should be good. All of the Jemez should be good with the cooler weather moving in.
I hope to get out to the San Juan in November and December. Also, wish me luck because I'm going to go explore Lost Lake tomorrow.
Check out my Instagram for some new photos @flyfishinggrrl. Tight lines!
I'm a teacher and at about this time every year I start to feel a sense of urgency. I must get in more fishing before the school year starts. I need to get to that new location that I've never been to... I should get in another backpacking trip or two. There just isn't enough time left.
I guess I should be thankful that (1) I get a summer break, (2) that this sense of urgency makes me feel very alive, and (3) fall fishing is great and the rivers will be less crowded.
Anyway, the fishing report. Fishing on the Pecos is "combat fishing" right now, even during the week. If the fish aren't biting, it's because someone already fished your location recently. I'm not sure how long the fish stay down after being fished, but it's safe to say just move on to other water.
The Valles Caldera is amazing, as usual. I think I forgot just how spooky these fish are and my first half hour on the stream was slow because I kept trying to get as close as I would to Pecos trout. Nope, these trout won't put up with a clumsy angler. Use the curves of the stream to your advantage. I like to cast around the curves and listen for a tell-tale splash that indicates a strike. If it's a straight away stretch (as straight away as this winding stream gets), stay way back and make some longer casts. DON'T FALSE CAST. I can't say that enough to folks who are unused to the small streams of New Mexico. You'll scare the fish before you even put a fly on the water if you're more focused on casting than fishing. ; )
I'm getting up to the Chama above El Vado this week, and I'll let you know how it goes.
So far it seems like a good monsoon season is in the works! The forests are open and the fish are feeding!
I got out to the Pecos above Cowles this past week, and it was superb fishing. I am a creature of habit, and the good ol' stimulator with a prince nymph dropper did the trick. They fish were hitting both flies at about the same rate. Most of the fish were smaller browns, as is usual in the Pecos, but the action was nonstop. The water is low (at least where I was at--it was running off brown lower down in the canyon). So, it's stealth fishing at its finest. Be aware of your location. I saw plenty of fish run from me, and I had some cloud cover helping me out.
I made a quick stop at Monastery Lake on the way home to maybe harvest a fish, and I took in a good 16 inch rainbow. I brought him home and got enough meat off to cook up a couple breaded filets. I've been keeping trout about twice a year nowadays, and I don't have much of a taste for them anymore. (Other than when I'm camping and they taste like heaven.) My step-father told me that would happen after I fished enough!
Otherwise, the fishing was rather slow at the lake (could have been that the fish had just been stocked or because of the rains that day?). A coworker of mine I saw seemed to be doing very well with worms...
A few days later I headed up to the Santa Barbara River. The water level is perfect for fishing right now, and as usual the scenery is some of my favorite in NM. Again, the fishing was on fire! The browns are hungry and feeding right now. They were hitting the dropper a bit more than the dry, so I'd suggest having a nymph on if you go fishing there. Often I go with just a dry there, but maybe the cooler monsoonal weather is making them feed more underwater.
There were new regulations posted--"red chile water"--stating that cutthroats were catch and release only and all other trout had no keep limits! It would be great to get the native fish back in charge of this stream...but there are so so so so so many brown trout I don't see it being quite possible without severe intervention from Game and Fish. It would be really hard for me to stomach keeping a bunch of brown trout unless I had a fish fry with a group of friends back down at the campground or something.


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One of my absolute favourite family of plants to use in my designs and one I absolutely look forward to in my own garden! Such a great plant for Australian climates too!
It’s often assumed that proteas are Australian natives, but they in originate from South Africa. However, they are closely related to some of our showiest plants, such as banksias, grevilleas and waratahs. (Which is why i probably love them!)
Probably the best-known member of this genus, the spectacular blooms of king protea (Protea cynaroides) symbolise beauty, strength and the ability to thrive under tough conditions.
The main image of this blog, above, shows the beautiful king protea and you can spy the cute Protea ‘Little Prince’, which is a compact form, in the paragraph below!
Why do I love proteas?
I find proteas hardy and generally non – fussy.
They are drought tolerant and low maintenance.
They flower for many months from winter through to spring. In fact, both of mine (the king protea and the little prince) are in flower at the moment and I’m purposefully making my way through my garden just to see the flowers – which are so unbelievably ornate and intricate!
Their leaf texture – soft and wavy! A little tropical looking too which is visually attractive to me and reminds me of plants in my childhood garden.
How versatile they are – some proteas are placed in the garden as architectural plants, some as informal “hedges” and some as “hero” or feature plants.
Proteas are a great bunch of plants for long lasting cut flowers in your house too!
Where to plant them
The best spot to plant them is always in full sun to maximise their flowering tenacity.
Plant them in free draining soil. They dislike their feet getting wet! Sandy, gravelly or open loam is ideal. I have mine in cultivated clay soil which has been modified over time with heaps of compost to help break down some of the clay. They have been planted in a raised mound to increase their chances of survival.
Some tips in how to care for proteas
Use only native or low phosphorus fertilisers around them. An abundance of phosphorus will kill them.
Plant them in a permanent spot as members of the Proteaceae family do not liked to be moved at all.
Prune only the flowered stems of proteas – un-flowered stems are next season’s blooms.
Mulch around the drip line (away from the trunk) and pull out any weeds by hand. Do not dig around them as they dislike root disturbance.
Irrigation – proteas appear to respond better to drip irrigation rather than overhead irrigation as that may make them more susceptible to fungal borne diseases.
You’re able to source these from your local Bunning or retain nurseries from late Spring to mid summer but if you get stuck and definitely want these in your garden, feel free to get in touch as that’s something I also help my clients with!
Glen Waverley 2019
Glen Waverley 2019
Check out our next blog which discusses some great winter care tips!
Our passion your garden! xx


Directory of animal rescue web sites mainly in the UK. Grouped by location and animal.
Let Google search this site for you.
- Animals in Distress Field of Dreams: Littleborough: http://www.animals-in-distress.co.uk: Horses, Donkets, Chickens, Reptiles, Rochdale, Wildlife
- Buttercups Sanctuary for Goats: Kent: http://www.buttercups.org.uk: Buttercups Sanctuary for Goats is a registered charity that takes in to care goats that have suffered cruelty, neglect and abandonment.
- Compassion in
World Farming www.ciwf.co.uk
Campaigning to end the factory farming of animals. Details of campaigns
with links. Use this site to look up info about battery hens etc.
- Caithness Rare Breeds: http://www.caithnessrarebreeds.com: Caithness Rare Breeds has been established to preserve the livestock and wildlife native to the Highlands & Islands of Scotland. Working closely with the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST) and other conservation groups we are aiming to increase the numbers of those animals currently listed on the RBST watchlist of animals in danger.
- Farm Animal Rescue
Sanctuary: Wolverton, Warwickshire: http://www.farmanimalrescue.org.uk:
cruelty, sanctuary, animals, sheep, goats, pigs, bulls, cows, horses,
- Farm Animal Sanctuary: Evesham, Worcestershire: http://www.thefarmanimalsanctuary.co.uk: We offer a safe home for life to all farm animals who have been abandoned, abused, neglected or unwanted,from hens and ducks to sheep, pigs, cattle and equines.
- Fleecehaven: North Devon: http://www.fleecehaven.org.uk: On the edge of Exmoor Fleecehaven (Registered Charity No 1111004) is currently the home to in excess of 110 retired and rescued sheep. The aim of Fleecehaven is to promote humane behaviour towards sheep by providing appropriate care, protection, treatment and security to those sheep which are in need of care and attention by reason of sickness, maltreatment or poor circumstances. Fleecehaven also educates the public in matters pertaining to the welfare of sheep and the prevention of cruelty and suffering among sheep. Within North Devon permanent sanctuary is provided to any sheep in need of refuge, where it is guaranteed a life of loving care and attention.
- Friend Farmed Animal rescue: Kent: http://www.friendsanimalrescue.org.uk Campaign
for farmed animals. Main campaign is against live exports. Also run
a farmed animal sanctuary where some 80+ animals live out there lives
in peace and dignity. Promote a vegan lifestyle.
- Goats Galore Animal Sanctuary: Bromyard: http://www.goatsgalore.org.uk: A charity devoted to creating a better quality of life for sick, unwanted and mistreated animals, especially goats.
- Hopefield Animal Sanctuary: Essex: http://www.hopefield.org.uk : A Brentwood based non-profit organisation caring for sick, unwanted and mistreated animals since 1983
- Mossburn Animal
Centre: Dumfries and Galloway: http://www.mossburn.org Rescue misused, abused,
unwanted and neglected animals and provide therapeutic work placements
for young people with physical and mental problems
- REMUS SANCTUARY: Essex & Home Counties: http://www.remussanctuary.org: predonminantly horse rescue but we also care for farm animals including goats, sheep, cows and pigs.
- Smallholder Directory: National Organisation: http://www.smallholder-directory.co.uk The Portal for Breeders of Alpaca, Poultry, Sheep, Cows, Ducks and Pigs plus Supplies and Equipment
- Swan Pit animal sanctuary: shropshire: http://www.freewebs.com/wildlifetrainer: farm animals,open to public ,small animals and wildlife
- Towerhill Stables
Animal Sanctuary (Asheldham, Essex)
private animal sanctuary providing care and a home to over 160 rescued