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|Nazi Praise Sparks Switzerland's Rethink of Modernist Architect Le Corbusier|
Swiss-born architect Le Corbusier sits in his office in Paris. Le Corbusier's legacy faces a tense re-examination in his home nation after Switzerland's largest bank dropped an ad campaign featuring the modernist pioneer earlier this week. The debate has nothing to do with aesthetics and focuses solely on politics. Letters made public in recent years and a 2008 biography suggest that the architect was a sympathizer of Hitler's Nazi regime whose Fascist tendencies went far beyond what was previously known. His real name was Charles Edouard Jeanneret. AP Photo.
By: Bradley S. Klapper, Associated Press Writer
GENEVA (AP).- He's one of the titans of 20th Century architecture, but Le Corbusier is suddenly feeling the weight of history working against him.
The modernist master's legacy is coming under pressure after Switzerland's largest bank dropped an ad campaign featuring the architect and artist last week. Now, Zurich authorities are debating whether to dump plans to name a square after him.
Letters made public in recent years and a 2008 biography suggest that the visionary known for his cool, spare designs and revolutionary urban planning ideas was a Nazi sympathizer whose Fascist tendencies went far beyond what was previously known.
One letter shows Le Corbusier expressing clear enthusiasm for Hitler, even if at other times he calls the German leader a "monster."
"If he is serious in his declarations, Hitler can crown his life with a magnificent work: the remaking of Europe," Le Corbusier wrote to his mother in October 1940, at a time when he was shopping his radical ideas about urbanism across the continent. That was also shortly after Hitler's armies conquered France and much of Western Europe.
It's been a tough week in Switzerland for the artist born Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who died in 1965 after helping to create an international modern architecture movement along with giants such as American Frank Lloyd Wright and German Bauhaus innovators Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe.
The revelations are not completely surprising, as it has long been known that Le Corbusier aligned himself with the French far-right in the 1930s and accepted a post as a city planner for the Vichy regime that ruled France and collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II.
What is perhaps most noteworthy is the sudden Swiss rejection of a native son born in the sleepy town of La Chaux-de-Fonds whose face appears on the 10-franc bill. His name graces a square in the capital of Bern and a street in Geneva.
"For UBS, the most important thing in our campaign is the message we wish to communicate," said Jean-Raphael Fontannaz, a spokesman for the Zurich-based banking giant. "We don't want the message to be lost in a discussion about Le Corbusier. We also don't wish to hurt the feelings of anyone."
Fontannaz said UBS AG used Le Corbusier in an advertising drive that began in August. It dropped the artist last week.
UBS' decision came after protests from Jewish groups and publishers in Switzerland, who accused Le Corbusier of being an anti-Semite. The accusation hit a raw nerve with a bank that suffered a crisis in the 1990s over revelations that it prevented Jewish claimants from accessing Holocaust-era accounts belonging to their ancestors. The row resulted in a $1.25 billion settlement.
"It's incomprehensible that UBS chose Le Corbusier as an exemplary Swiss personality," Vreni Mueller-Hemmi, head of the Swiss-Israel Society, told the weekly SonntagsZeitung. The group's vice president, Lukas Weber, told The Associated Press that he was pleased with UBS' decision.
Zurich authorities decided three years ago to name a square next to the central train station after Le Corbusier once construction was completed. But authorities now say they are taking another look at the historical record. A decision will be made at a meeting of the city's street-naming commission next month, said spokeswoman Charlotte de Koch.
Le Corbusier left an enormous body of work, including some 30,000 architectural plans, 7,000 watercolor paintings, 500 oil paintings and 52 books. He was perhaps as famous for his philosophy of architecture as for actual works. Among his most famous structures are the Villa Savoye near Paris, the Punjab government complex at Chandigarh, India, the Unite d'Habitation apartment block in Marseille and Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel in Ronchamp, France.
Despite the recent controversies, Le Corbusier still has Swiss defenders.
"It's a different issue if you make a publicity campaign," said Werner Abegg, spokesman for the money-printing national bank. "The bank note highlights essentially the influence of a person. It's uncontested in the case of Le Corbusier."
Abegg told the AP that the bank had no plans to change its currency.
Copyright 2010 The Associated Press.
October 6, 2010
For the First Time Ever, The Museo del Prado Exhibits Treasures from Its Library
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Record Number of Visitors this Summer for the United Kingdom's National Museums
Biennale of Sydney Announces Joint Artistic Directors for 2012: Catherine de Zegher and Gerald McMaster
Robert F. Kennedy-Owned Emancipation Proclamation Up for Auction
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Judd Foundation Announces It will Now Be Represented Exclusively by David Zwirner
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Rainer Fetting's "Manscapes", Painted between 1974 and 2010, on View at Kunsthalle Tubingen
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Russia's at war with Ukraine. Here's how we got here
Ukraine sits surrounded by more than 100,000 Russian troops on its borders, with world leaders flying in and out of Kyiv hoping to reach a solution to the crisis that averts a looming Russian invasion.
The situation is the most high-stakes embodiment of the country's 30-year history of being caught between East and West, wavering between the influences of Moscow and the U.S. with its European allies.
Through scandal, conflict and two major protest movements, Ukraine has emerged with its democracy intact, at times choosing pro-Western leaders and other times choosing those aligned with the Kremlin.
Now, it faces its biggest test as Russia has closed in. Since the illegal annexation of the Crimean peninsula in 2014, Ukrainians have turned away from Moscow and toward the West, with popular support on the rise for joining Western alliances like NATO and the European Union.
Read on to understand how Ukraine came to where it is today.
The 1990s: Independence from the Soviet Union
1989 and 1990
Anti-communist protests sweep central and Eastern Europe, starting in Poland and spreading throughout the Soviet bloc. In Ukraine, January 1990 sees more than 400,000 people joining hands in a human chain stretching some 400 miles from the western city of Ivano-Frankivsk to Kyiv in the northern-central part of the country — many waving the blue and yellow Ukrainian flag that had been banned under Soviet rule.
July 16, 1990
The Rada, the new Ukrainian parliament formed out of the previous Soviet legislature, votes to declare independence from the Soviet Union. Authorities recall Ukrainian soldiers from other parts of the USSR and vote to shut down the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in northern Ukraine.
Following a failed coup in Moscow, the Ukrainian parliament declares independence a second time on Aug. 24. The date is celebrated as Ukraine's official Independence Day. The Soviet Union officially dissolves on Dec. 26.
As NATO allies contemplate adding central and Eastern European members for the first time, Ukraine formally establishes relations with the alliance although it does not join. NATO's secretary general visits Kyiv, and Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk visits NATO headquarters in Brussels.
After the Soviet Union's collapse, Ukraine is left with the world's third-largest nuclear stockpile. In a treaty called the Budapest Memorandum, Ukraine agrees to trade away its intercontinental ballistic missiles, warheads and other nuclear infrastructure in exchange for guarantees that the three treaty signatories — the U.S., the U.K. and Russia — would "respect the independence and sovereignty and the existing borders of Ukraine."
1994 to 2004
In 10 years as president, Leonid Kuchma helps transition Ukraine from a Soviet republic to a capitalist society, privatizing businesses and working to improve international economic opportunities. But in 2000 his presidency is rocked by scandal over audio recordings that reveal he ordered the death of a journalist. He remains in power four more years.
The 2000s: Wavering between the West and Russia
The presidential election pits Kuchma's incumbent party — led by his hand-picked successor Viktor Yanukovych and supported by Russian President Vladimir Putin — against a popular, pro-democracy opposition leader, Viktor Yushchenko.
In the final months of the campaign, Yushchenko falls mysteriously ill, is disfigured and is confirmed by doctors to have been poisoned.
Yanukovych wins the election amid accusations of rigging. Massive protests follow, and public outcry becomes known as the Orange Revolution. After a third vote, Yushchenko prevails.
Yushchenko takes office as president, with Yulia Tymoshenko as prime minister.
Following efforts by Yushchenko and Tymoshenko to bring Ukraine into NATO, the two formally request in January that Ukraine be granted a "membership action plan," the first step in the process of joining the alliance.
President George W. Bush supports Ukraine's membership, but France and Germany oppose it after Russia voices displeasure.
In April, NATO responds with a compromise: It promises that Ukraine will one day be a member of the alliance, but does not put it on a specific path for how to do so.
On Jan. 1, Gazprom, the state-owned Russian gas company, suddenly stops pumping gas to Ukraine, following months of politically fraught negotiations over gas prices. Because Eastern and central European countries rely on pipelines through Ukraine to receive gas imports from Russia, the gas crisis quickly spreads beyond Ukraine's borders.
Under international pressure to resolve the crisis, Tymoshenko negotiates a new deal with Putin, and gas flows resume on Jan. 20. Much of Europe still relies on Russian gas today.
Yanukovych is elected president in February. He says Ukraine should be a "neutral state," cooperating with both Russia and Western alliances like NATO.
Ukrainian prosecutors open criminal investigations into Tymoshenko, alleging corruption and misuse of government resources. In October, a court finds her guilty of "abuse of power" during the 2009 negotiations with Russia over the gas crisis and sentences her to seven years in prison, prompting concerns in the West that Ukrainian leaders are persecuting political opponents.
2014: The Maidan revolution and Crimea's annexation
November 2013 through February 2014
Just days before it is to be signed, Yanukovych announces that he will refuse to sign an association agreement with the European Union to bring Ukraine into a free trade agreement. He cites pressure from Russia as a reason for his decision.
The announcement sparks huge protests across Ukraine – the largest since the Orange Revolution – calling for Yanukovych to resign. Protesters begin camping out in Kyiv's Maidan Square and occupy government buildings, including Kyiv's city hall and the justice ministry.
In late February, violence between police and protesters leaves more than 100 dead in the single bloodiest week in Ukraine's post-Soviet history.
Ahead of a scheduled impeachment vote on Feb. 22, Yanukovych flees, eventually arriving in Russia. Ukraine's parliament votes unanimously to remove Yanukovych and install an interim government, which announces it will sign the EU agreement and votes to free Tymoshenko from prison.
The new government charges Yanukovych with mass murder of the Maidan protesters and issues a warrant for his arrest.
Russia declares that the change in Ukraine's government is an illegal coup. Almost immediately, armed men appear at checkpoints and facilities in the Crimea peninsula. Putin at first denies they are Russian soldiers, but later admits it.
With Russian troops in control of the peninsula, the Crimean parliament votes to secede from Ukraine and join Russia. A public referendum follows, with 97% of residents voting in favor of secession, although the results are disputed.
Putin finalizes the Russian annexation of Crimea in a March 18 announcement to Russia's parliament. In response, the U.S. and allies in Europe impose sanctions on Russia. They have never recognized Russia's annexation. It remains the only time that a European nation's borders have been changed by military force since World War II.
With some 40,000 Russian troops gathered on Ukraine's eastern border, violence breaks out in the eastern Ukraine region of Donbas – violence that continues to this day. Russian-supported separatist forces storm government buildings in cities in the east. Russia denies that its troops are on Ukrainian soil, but Ukrainian officials insist otherwise.
The pro-West politician Petro Poroshenko, a former government minister and head of the Council of Ukraine's National Bank, is elected Ukraine's president. He promotes reform, including measures to address corruption and lessen Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy and financial support.
Representatives from Russia, Ukraine, France and Germany meet in Belarus to attempt to negotiate an end to the violence in Donbas. They sign the first Minsk agreement, a deal between Ukraine and Russia to quiet the violence under a fragile ceasefire. The ceasefire soon breaks, and fighting continues into the new year.
2015 through 2020: Russia looms
The Minsk group meets again in Belarus to find a more successful agreement to end the fighting, resulting in the Minsk II agreement. It too has been unsuccessful at ending the violence. From 2014 through today, more than 14,000 people have been killed, tens of thousands wounded and more than a million displaced.
Together, the annexation of Crimea and the Russian-backed violence in the east have pushed Ukrainian public sentiment toward the West, strengthening interest in joining NATO and the EU.
2016 and 2017
As fighting in the Donbas continues, Russia repeatedly strikes at Ukraine in a series of cyberattacks, including a 2016 attack on Kyiv's power grid that causes a major blackout. In 2017, a large-scale assault affected key Ukrainian infrastructure, including its national bank and electrical grid. (Cyberattacks from Russia have continued through the present; the latest major attack targeted government websites in January 2022.)
In April, comedian and actor Volodymyr Zelenskyy is elected president in a landslide rebuke of the Poroshenko and the status quo, which includes a stagnating economy and the ongoing conflict with Russia.
During his campaign, Zelenskyy vowed to make peace with Russia and end the war in the Donbas.
His early efforts to reach a solution to the violence are slowed by President Trump, who briefly blocks U.S. military aid to Ukraine and suggests to Zelenskyy that he should instead work with Putin to resolve the crisis.
In a phone call with President Trump in July 2019, Zelenskyy requests a visit to the White House to meet with Trump about U.S. backing of Ukraine's efforts to push off Russia. Trump asks Zelenskyy for "a favor": an investigation into energy company Burisma and the Bidens. A White House whistleblower complains, leading to President Trump's first impeachment in Dec. 2019.
Several U.S. officials later testify that Zelenskyy was close to announcing such an investigation, though he ultimately demurs, saying Ukrainians are "tired" of Burisma.
2021: The crisis escalates
Russia sends about 100,000 troops to Ukraine's borders, ostensibly for military exercises. Although few analysts believe an invasion is imminent, Zelenskyy urges NATO leadership to put Ukraine on a timeline for membership. Later that month, Russia says it will withdraw the troops, but tens of thousands remain.
Two years after his entanglement with former President Trump, Zelenskyy visits the White House to meet with President Biden. Biden emphasizes the U.S. is committed "to Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity in the face of Russian aggression" but repeats that Ukraine has not yet met the conditions necessary to join NATO.
Russia renews its troop presence near the Ukrainian border, alarming American intelligence officials, who travel to Brussels to brief NATO allies on the situation. "We're not sure exactly what Mr. Putin is up to, but these movements certainly have our attention," says Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin.
President Biden, speaking with Putin on a phone call, urges Russia not to invade Ukraine, warning of "real costs" of doing so.
Putin issues a contentious set of security demands. Among them, he asks NATO to permanently bar Ukraine from membership and to withdraw forces stationed in countries that joined the alliance after 1997, including the Balkans and Romania. Putin also demands a written response from the U.S. and NATO.
2022: Fears of war
Leaders and diplomats from the U.S., Russia and European countries meet repeatedly to avert a crisis. In early January, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov tells U.S. officials that Russia has no plans to invade Ukraine.
The State Department orders the families of embassy staff to leave Ukraine on Jan. 23. NATO places forces on standby the next day, including the U.S. ordering 8,500 troops in the U.S. to be ready to deploy.
Representatives from the U.S. and NATO deliver their written responses to Putin's demands on Jan. 26. In the responses, officials say they cannot bar Ukraine from joining NATO, but signal a willingness to negotiate over smaller issues like arms control.
Diplomatic efforts pick up the pace across Europe. French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz both travel between Moscow and Kyiv. President Biden orders the movement of 1,000 U.S. troops from Germany to Romania and the deployment of 2,000 additional U.S. troops to Poland and Germany.
Russia and Belarus begin joint military exercises on Feb. 10, with some 30,000 Russian troops stationed in the country along Ukraine's northern border.
The U.S. and the U.K. urge their citizens to leave Ukraine on Feb. 11. President Biden announces the deployment of another 2,000 troops from the U.S. to Poland.
Copyright 2022 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


Volume 14, Number 5—May 2008
Books and Media
Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World
ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2007
Pages: 219; Price: US $29.95
Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World offers engaging observations on a dozen diseases to serve 2 goals. The opening chapters meet the title’s promise by tracing the impact of hereditary blood disorders porphyria and hemophilia on the succession of European monarchs in the 16th through 18th centuries. Also presented is a riveting account of the consequences of a potato blight in 1840s Ireland, which forced migration of millions to England and North America. Thereafter, the book turns to the topic of infectious diseases and the lessons learned from earlier responses to “unanticipated outbreaks of disease” to inform preparedness for future outbreaks. Specifically, the chapters are devoted to the study of cholera, smallpox, bubonic plaque, syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, fever, influenza, and AIDS. These topics are familiar territory for Dr. Sherman, who recently authored The Power of Plagues, in which he also examines 7 of these infections; his command of the subject matter is evident.
Each chapter is packed with information ranging from pathogenesis and clinical manifestations to epidemiologic calculations and antimicrobial drug resistance. A limited number of references are provided in the concluding book notes, grouped by chapter and page number, which offer additional resources for readers seeking more information. Of particular interest is the book’s accounting of 19th-century pioneers in epidemiology and infectious diseases. John Snow’s use of early epidemiologic tools to associate cholera deaths with water from the Broad Street pump, Louis Pasteur’s development of vaccines, and Robert Koch’s discovery of tubercle bacillus and the cholera vibro all get their deserved attention; Florence Nightingale’s use of numerical data to demonstrate improvements in patient hygiene comes as a pleasant surprise. A concise volume written for the general reader, Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World provides an excellent foundation for the study of public health and infection control.
Suggested citation for this article: Ward JW. Twelve diseases that changed our world [book review]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2008 May [date cited]. Available from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/5/08-0072
- Page created: July 08, 2010
- Page last updated: July 08, 2010
- Page last reviewed: July 08, 2010
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)
Office of the Director (OD)


Buddhism in Japan
What is Buddhism?
TOP > Japanese religion > Buddhism
Buddhism: One of Japanese major religions
I would like to introduce you Buddhism, one of Japanese major religions in this page.
From ancient time, there has been a thought of syncretization of Shinto and Buddhism in Japan, so you may find Shinto elements in Buddhist Temple and vice versa. Please remind it when you visit Buddhist Temple.
What is Buddhism (Bukkyo)
The origin of Buddhism is in India in 5th century B.C. The biggest difference from other religion is that Buddhism does not believe in God. The principle of Buddhism consists of two axises. They define the world where all the living being live as 'Seken' and one principle is how to live in Seken and the other is how to overcome Seken and reach to enlightenment. You can reach to the enlightenment by the right understanding and insight of the truth.
The basic idea is 'the logic of cause and effect'. They think that all the acts bring the results, and acts are divided into good and bad by the results. Then it encourages the people good act.
All the living beings continue the reincarnation by the bad acts when they lived, but if you reach to the enlightenment, you will get rid of reincarnation.
Buddhism was brought to Japan via China and Korea in 6th century. At first there was a conflict with Japanese traditional Shinto. But in about 8th century, by the cyncretization idea Shinto and Buddhism reconciled. By this thought, all the Gods are impersonated by Buddha.
The initial purpose of introducing Buddhism was the peace of the nation, but after 13th century it was popularized.
In 19th century, after returning the power back to the Emperor, Shinto became more important. By the order of the government 'Separation of Shinto and Buddhism' many Temples were destroyed.
Nowadays, most of Japanese people don't distinguish Shinto and Buddhism and go to worship for both institute. Only the funeral is operated in Buddhism style.
What is Temple (Tera)
When we call 'Jiin', it also indicates the institutes of other religions. If you want to limit the word to Buddhist Temple, you should call 'Otera'.
The constructions of the temple are divided into 'Doto (pagoda)' where worship object is enshrined, and 'Sobo' where monks live. 'Doto' means the tomb of Buddha and original shape was upside-down bowl, but they started to put up a parasol to avoid the sunshine and then the shape became pagoda in China. Chinese style was introduced Japan and tow-storied pagodas which remained the look of upside-down bowl were built. Three-storied and five storied pagodas, and stone pagoda in Japanese garden came from the same origin.
Most of the local small Temples have near-by supporters and own and manage their burial ground. These Temples normally close the doors other than supporters not like Shrine. On the other hand, famous Temples in Nara and Kyoto open the door widely for worshipers and tourists.
Now there are about 75,000 Temples and the number of Buddhist sculptures is about 300,000. But please remind that some Temples are not clearly distinguished from Shrine by the influence of cyncretization. Some Temples have Shrines (Jinguji) and some Shrines enshurine Buddha (Gongen).
Architecture style of Temple
Followings are the representative architectual styles of Temple.
Wayo (Japanese style)
Traditional Japanese construction.
- Use beam called 'nageshi' to support the upper parts of the posts
- Slim posts and low ceiling
- Lay a floor and make Japanese veranda
Examples of this style.
Todaiji Hokkedo( Nara City, Nara)
Toshodaiji Kondo (Nara City, Nara)
Byodoin Houodo (Uji City, Kyoto)
Zenshuyo (Zen sect style)
Architectual style of Chinese Temple which used to be adopted mainly to the Zen sect Temple.
- Use beam called 'nuki' to reinforce the structure by combining with the posts
- Upper part of the post is slimer
- Put round parts under the post
- No use of Tatami and lay tiles on the ground
- No use of ceiling plate and construction materials are naked
Examples of this style
- Nanzenji Namdaimon Gate (Kyoto City, Kyoto)
- Kozanji Butsuden (Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi)
Daibutsuyo (Great Buddha style)
Chinese architectual style which used to be adopted to Great Buddha hall.
- Similar structure as Zenshuyo
- Use unique composition called Sashihijiki
- Insert composition to the post
Example of this style
- Todaiji Nandaimon Gate (Nara City, Nara)
- Jodoji Jododo (Ono City, Hyogo)
Architectual style used for the noble houses in Heian era (9-12th century).
Shiden (main hall) was built facing the south garden accompanied with annex buildings on the east and west sides. These buidings were jointed with Wataridono (passing hall). Two annexes have each Wataridono to the south and put fishing hall at the end.
Shindenzukuri is seen on 'Genjimonogatari picrue scroll'
Example of this style
- Garden of Motsuji Temple (Hiraizumicho, Iwate)
Architectual style used for the warriors houses in Muromachi era (14-16th century).
Post and beam structure. Inside of the house was divided by sliding doors and walls. Put ceiling plate. Decorate the guest room with Tokonoma (alcove), uneven shelves, Tsukeshoin (small shelve by alcove), etc. The space is divided into guest area and living area.
Examples of this style
- Onjoji Kangakuin and Kojoin (Otsu City, Shiga)
Asakusa Sensoji in Tokyo
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Data Binding and Windows Forms
In Windows Forms, you can bind to not just traditional data sources, but also to almost any structure that contains data. How the data gets into the structure is not important; thus, you can bind to an array of values that you calculate at run time, read from a file, or derive from the values of other controls.
Further, you can bind any property of any control to the data source. In traditional data binding, you typically bind the display property (for example, the Text property of a TextBox control) to the data source. With the .NET Framework, you also have the option of setting other properties via binding as well. Some examples of what you might use binding for include:
- Setting the graphic of an image control.
- Setting the background color of one or more controls.
- Setting the size of controls.
In other words, data binding becomes an automatic way of setting any run-time accessible property of any control on the form.
Types of Data Binding
Windows Forms can take advantage of two types of data binding: simple binding and complex binding. Each offers different advantages.
- Simple Data Binding
- Simple data binding is the ability of a control to bind to a single data element, such as a value in a column in a dataset table. This is the type of binding typical for controls such as a TextBox control or Label control — that is, a control that typically only displays a single value. In fact, any property on a control can be bound to a field in a database. For more information on simple data binding, see Creating a Simple-Bound Control on a Windows Form.
- Complex Data Binding
- Complex data binding is the ability of a control to bind to more than one data element, typically more than one record in a database, or to more than one of any other type of bindable data element. Examples of controls that support complex binding are the DataGrid, ListBox, and ErrorProvider controls.
Common Scenarios That Employ Data Binding
In taking a view of the entire body of Windows applications, you will discover that nearly every commercial application uses information read from data sources of one sort or another, often by way of data binding. Below is a rundown of a few of the most common scenarios that utilize data binding as the method of data presentation and manipulation.
- Reports provide a flexible way for you to display and summarize your data in a printed document. It is very common to create a report that prints selected contents of a data source either to the screen or to a printer. Common reports include lists, invoices, and summaries. Items are usually formatted into columns of lists, with sub-items organized under each list item, but it is always wisest to choose the layout that best suits the data.
- Data Entry
- A common way to enter large amounts of related data or to prompt users for information is through a data entry form. Users can enter information or select choices using text boxes, option buttons, drop-down lists, and check boxes. Information is then submitted and stored in a database, whose structure is based on the information entered.
- Master/Detail Relationship
- A master/detail application is one format for looking at related data. Specifically, there are two tables of data with a relation connecting them (in the classic business example, a "Customers" table and an "Orders" table with a relationship between them linking customers and their respective orders). For more information on creating a master/detail application with two Windows Forms DataGrid controls, see Creating Master-Details Lists with the Windows Forms DataGrid Control.
- Lookup Table
- Another common data presentation/manipulation scenario is the table lookup. Often, as part of a larger data display, a ComboBox control is used to display and manipulate data. The key is that the data displayed in the ComboBox control is different than the data written to the database. For example, if you had a ComboBox control displaying the items available from a grocery store, you would probably like to see the names of the products (bread, milk, eggs). However, to ease information retrieval within the database and for database normalization, you would probably store the information for the specific items of a given order as item numbers (#501, #603, and so on). Thus, there is an implicit connection between the "friendly name" of the grocery item in the ComboBox control on your form and the related item number that is present in an order. This is the essence of a table lookup. For more information on creating an application featuring a table lookup, see Creating a Lookup Table for a Windows Forms ComboBox, ListBox, or CheckedListBox Control.


How To Get What You Want – This website collects projects, global workshops and events, references, tutorials, and more for wearable technology and soft circuits. It has a unique section on techniques that aren’t finished projects, but might spark ideas.
Fashioning Tech – Syuzi Pakhchyan is an experience designer whose work investigates the intersection between code, cloth and culture. If you like the blog, you might also like her book.
e-Textiles in a Box – Free resource from the National Council of Women & Information Technology (NCWIT) provides activities that teach about sewing soft circuits and programming.
Stitching the Loop – A project-based electronic textile unit for Exploring Computer Science, a high school intro level CS course, but could be adapted for lower grades. Free downloadable guides offer extensive teacher and student resources.
Soft Robotics Toolkit – Resources to support the design, fabrication, and control of soft robotic devices, originally developed by the Harvard Biodesign Lab with additional contributions such as an open source fluidic control board, soft actuators and sensors, and other downloadable files. Hosts an annual design competition.
Sew Electric – by Leah Buechley, Kanjun Qiu, and Sonja de Boer. This book contains projects ranging from simple to complex that teach different aspects of sewing with electronics, leading up to programming the Lilypad Arduino.
Arduino Wearables – by Tony Olsson. This book is a project-based introduction to wearable computing, prototyping, and smart materials using the Arduino platform. Each of the ten chapters takes you all the way from idea to finished project, gradually increasing in complexity and challenge.
Sewing School: 21 Sewing Projects Kids Will Love to Make – This beautifully photographed spiral-bound book by Andria Lisle will help kids age 5-13 develop sewing skills to support your eTextile projects or inspire projects that may be electrified! There are projects that will appeal to both boys and girls, and the photos are gender-balanced.


In Canada, people who inject drugs have led long, hard-fought, and ongoing campaigns for human rights-based drug policies and health services. Unfortunately, this community activism has often been met with varying degrees of government and healthcare system inaction.
For example, people who inject drugs have historically had limited access to essential harm reduction services like supervised consumption sites and needle and syringe distribution programs. The substandard availability and accessibility of services such as these persists in many settings today. As such, people who inject drugs have inequitably high rates of hepatitis C and HIV – bloodborne viruses that often are passed on by sharing contaminated injection drug equipment, such as needles, syringes and cookers.
Medications to treat these bloodborne viruses are available. In recent years, direct-acting antivirals have taken over as the first-line treatment for hepatitis C. Direct-acting antivirals represent a “game changer” in hepatitis C care, as these well-tolerated and highly effective medications cure most people of hepatitis C in eight to 12 weeks. As efforts to scale up access to direct-acting antiviral medications across Canada are underway, however, it is critical that hepatitis C care providers do not simply adopt a stance of “if we build it, they will come.”
Barriers to hepatitis C treatment persist
Figuring out where and how to access direct-acting antivirals can be challenging, particularly as the healthcare system adapts and “catches up” to these new treatments. To make matters worse, hepatitis C care in Canada has been criticized for existing in poorly linked siloes. This means that people who inject drugs and people with hepatitis C often are often referred elsewhere for testing and treatment, such as from one’s primary care provider to a specialist physician. Inadequate support throughout these referral processes can cause people to “fall through the cracks” and not make it through to hepatitis C treatment.
At the same time, it is well known that people who inject drugs face stigma and mistreatment when seeking out hepatitis C treatment. Some healthcare providers worry that people who inject drugs will just become re-infected after being cured of hepatitis C. Meanwhile, others withhold treatment from those who “actively” use substances, due to a perceived lack of motivation and stability to follow through with treatment.
When people who inject drugs are met with this sort of “gate keeping” and negative attitudes, it can (understandably) deter them from accessing care in the future. For those living with hepatitis C, this could result in their chronic disease being left untreated.
Despite concerns, new hepatitis C treatments can work
People who inject drugs are eager and fully capable of completing hepatitis C treatment. In one British Columbia study from 2018, 90% of people who inject drugs who were treated with direct-acting antivirals were cured of their hepatitis C.
In light of promising research such as this, all provinces and territories across Canada have expanded access to hepatitis C treatments. From 2017 to 2018, British Columbia and several other provinces across Canada removed restrictions on prescribing direct-acting antivirals to people who use drugs or have advanced liver disease. Direct-acting antivirals are now openly available to all people living with hepatitis C.
While this recent policy development is call for celebration, there is still a long way to go before these medications will be truly accessible to all people who inject drugs.
Bridging service delivery gaps: Decentralized, integrated and peer-led care
Decentralized health care can facilitate opportunities to engage in hepatitis C care, including direct-acting antiviral treatment. Given recent improvements in the tolerability of hepatitis C medications and their expanded eligibility criteria, it is time to expand hepatitis C care beyond specialist providers.
Hepatologists, infectious disease physicians and other specialist care providers have a central role to play in treating people with clinically complex hepatitis C, such as when an individual has significant co-morbidities or is experiencing end-stage liver disease. However, the vast majority of people who inject drugs and others living with hepatitis C ought to be treated in primary care settings.
It has been demonstrated that family physicians and nurse practitioners can feasibly and safely provide comprehensive hepatitis C treatment. Similarly, recent research shows that integrating hepatitis C treatment into other services related to substance use, such as opioid agonist therapy and HIV care, can and does work.
Peers also have significant potential for engaging and supporting people who inject drugs through hepatitis C care. Peers with lived experience are well positioned to connect people to hepatitis C treatments, including through outreach and in-reach services that are tailored to community needs and preferences. And because many people have had negative experiences with hepatitis C treatments, such as medication side effects or being denied treatment, knowledgeable and trusted sources of health information are greatly needed.
Toward an equity-oriented understanding of hepatitis C care
Equity-oriented health care can improve hepatitis C treatment experiences and outcomes for people who inject drugs. This requires that healthcare providers pay careful attention to supporting those at greatest risk of poor health and healthcare access, like people who have been previously and unfairly denied hepatitis C treatment on the basis of their substance use. Given that people who inject drugs report experiences of being mistreated within healthcare settings, equity-oriented health care also means that healthcare providers commit to reducing power imbalances and to offering trauma- and violence-informed care.
To address the root causes of inequities for people who inject drugs and who are living with hepatitis C, there is also a need to address the broader structural issues affecting this group. This includes much needed efforts to end stigma, criminalization and structural violence.
Taken as a whole, promising advances in hepatitis C care and treatments are poised to greatly benefit people who inject drugs. Nevertheless, much work remains to ensure the accessibility of equitable hepatitis C care and other health services for people who inject drugs.
Trevor Goodyear is a registered nurse and graduate student in the master of science in nursing/master of public health program at the University of British Columbia. Building on his graduate research assistant work with the B.C. Centre on Substance Use, Trevor’s thesis research explores the implementation and uptake of hepatitis C treatments among people who inject drugs in British Columbia, Canada.


The Expedition 42 crew worked on numerous science investigations Wednesday after releasing the SpaceX Dragon for its splashdown Tuesday. The six orbital lab assistants studied such things as exercise loads in space, plant growth and changes to vision during long duration space missions.
The Force Shoes study will help researchers design better training programs and exercise devices for astronauts to improve their musculoskeletal health. The Plant Rotation experiment observes the direction of plant growth in microgravity in anticipation of future crews growing their own food. The Ocular Health experiment is looking at the changes to crew member’s visual, vascular and central nervous system and how long before they return to normal after returning to Earth
Meanwhile, another spacecraft is preparing to end its stay at the International Space Station. Europe’s fifth and final Automated Transfer Vehicle-5 is being prepared for its undocking from the Zvezda service module Saturday morning. It will reenter Earth’s atmosphere on Sunday afternoon and burn up over the Pacific Ocean.


Above, from left to right: Detail of the January calendar page from The Hours of Jeanne d’Évreux, ca. 1324–28; detail of the activity for the month of January from The Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry, 1405–1408/1409; Ewer with Wild Man Finial (detail), late 15th century, German, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1953 (53.20.2).
In the Middle Ages, the Christian liturgical year, and not the old Roman calendar, determined the date on which the new year began. The date used differed depending on the period and locale, and coincided with either the Nativity on December 25 or the Annunciation on March 25. However, throughout the Middle Ages, the ancient Roman tradition of January festivities in celebration of the New Year continued unabated. Banquets and gifts were given, and folk rites intended to ensure good fortune and plenty and to stave off disaster and want were performed. The Church discouraged such practices, but found the celebration of the New Year more difficult to suppress than any other calendar tradition inherited from pagan antiquity.
Feasting is the typical activity for the first month in medieval calendar scenes. The two examples above, from books of hours in the Museum’s collection, allude to classical tradition. (See also the New Year’s feast depicted on the January page of the Très Riches Heures, which shows the Duke on the right, richly robed in blue, celebrating the day on which gifts were exchanged with his household. This is the most elaborate New Year’s feast in the medieval calendar tradition. The large golden vessel in the form of a ship on the far right of the food-laden table is a saltcellar.)
The Limbourg brothers, who painted both the Très Riches Heures (now in the collection of the Musée Condé, Chantilly, France), and the Belles Heures, in The Cloisters Collection, for the Duke, participated in these festivities and presented their patron with a work of art on the occasion of the New Year.
Boehm, Barbara Drake, Abigail Quandt and William Wixom. The Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Chambers, E. K. The Medieval Stage. Oxford: 1925.
Henisch, Ann Bridget. The Medieval Calendar Year. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
Husband, Timothy B. The Art of Illumination. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.
Longnon, Jean, and Raymond Cazelles. The Très Riches Heures of Jean, Duke of Berry. Preface by Millard Meiss. New York: George Braziller, 1969.


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4 CHAPTER 2 Research Approach The work for this study was planned and structured as locate the events considered relevant for this study. For each follows: event, available reports and docket documents were obtained and were analyzed in search for the relevant information in- 1. Conduct a literature review and a functional hazard analy- cluded in the ACRP 4-01 database. sis (FHA) to improve the research team's understanding Data was collected and a database was created to save this of factors causing or contributing to aircraft overrun and information in an organized manner. When possible, gaps undershoot accidents, as well as to identify existing ap- observed for important parameters were obtained from proaches, procedures and sources of data to support the sources other than accident investigation agencies to com- development of risk models. plement the missing information. A statistical summary of 2. Collect historical accident and incident data from the the database was developed and is presented in this report. sources identified and selected, and develop a compre- Statistical tools and software were used to develop risk mod- hensive database of relevant accidents and incidents that els for frequency and location for each type of accident. These included the causal factors, contributing factors, and models incorporate historical flight and weather conditions operation conditions. to evaluate the level of risk exposure for a specific runway. A 3. Collect historical NOD to support the development of risk rational probabilistic approach was developed to integrate these models. models and to assess the probability of severe consequences for 4. Transform the data to enable comparisons, thus increasing these accidents. Finally, these models were integrated in proto- the pool of available information to develop risk models. type software to facilitate the analysis. 5. Develop three sets of risk models for LDOR, LDUS, and TOOR. Each set included: a frequency model for assessing Literature Review the likelihood of the event, a location model to estimate the probability the aircraft wreckage is located beyond a Risk assessments are utilized in many areas of aviation, given distance from the runway, and a consequence model from designing aircraft systems to establishing operational that integrates the previous frequency and location model standards and air traffic control rules. However, there is little to evaluate the probability of severe consequences. information available for assessing the risk of accidents 6. Develop of a probabilistic approach for the analysis of occurring near and at airports. Previous relevant studies for RSAs that incorporates the models developed in this study. airports can be broadly categorized into four areas: airport 7. Incorporate the approach and models in prototype soft- design, third-party risk, facility risk, and operational risk. ware to demonstrate the feasibility of the analysis approach To assess risk from an airport design standpoint, the U.K. developed. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Safety Regulation Group conducted a study on aircraft overrun risk, which guides air- The research plan followed the diagram depicted in Figure 1. ports on overrun risk assessment and provides advice on how The research team conducted a literature review followed by an to reduce it (CAA 1998). FHA to identify important parameters associated with overrun Another study under this category is AEA Technology's risk and undershoot events, and collected the necessary information assessment of airfield design rules (Eddowes et al. 2001). In to potentially use as independent variables in the risk models. this study, the authors reviewed design standards such as run- After those parameters were identified, the research team way length and reference codes, the runway end safety area screened the existing incident and accident databases to (RESA), separation distances between runways and taxiways,


The castle was the residence of the Bishops of Glasgow until the last Catholic Archbishop fled to France in 1560. After the 'Glorious Revolution' it had no purpose and all attempts by the Town Council to preserve it were in vain as it was ruthlessly pillaged for its stonework and finally cleared in 1792 to make way for a hospital.
The principal building was a massive 15th century tower surrounded by a curtain wall. It stood immediately to the west of the cathedral, now occupied by an empty square.
In 1542 Archbishop Dunbar added a twin towered gatehouse placing his heraldic achievements above the door.
These were salvaged and are now preserved within the cathedral. It consists of two panels. The first contains the arms of the King of Scots (Dunbar's superior) flanked by two unicorns and surrounded by the Order of the Thistle below which is the cartouche I5 for James V.
Underneath are Archbishop Dunbar's personal arms with his episcopal cross and the salmon of St Mungo, patron saint of Glasgow.
On the lower shield are the arms of the Sub Deacon of Glasgow, James Houston.
The palace needed its fortifications as it was attacked no fewer than six times in the wars of the 16th century. The adjacent cathedral is pock marked by bullets, and lead shot is embedded in the chapter house door – stormy times!
Article by Scottish Castles Association member Brian McGarrigle.


OBJECTIVEThe purpose of the present research was to explore the sexual behaviors of 2- to 7-year-old children through reports of day-care personnel. An overall aim of this exploratory study was to provide information about the frequencies of child sexual behaviors. Also, the aim was to explore any age and gender differences.METHODA representative sample of 364 Finnish children not screened for developmental delay, sexual abuse history or psychiatric problems (181 girls and 183 boys) in 190 day-care centers were studied using the "Day-Care Sexuality Questionnaire" (DCSQ), with 244 sexual and other behavior items.RESULTSAge influenced more the extent of the 244 sexual behaviors of boys than of girls. In sexual behaviors increasing with age, girls showed behaviors with a more social character, whereas boys showed more explorative and information-seeking behaviors. Girls had a higher frequency of domestic and gender role exploring behaviors, whereas the boys tended to engage in explorative acting and information-seeking behaviors.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that child sexual behavior reported by day-care personnel may provide useful information about the development of children's sexuality. Implications for sexual abuse investigations were discussed.


John Green teaches you about the (English) colonies in what is now the United States. He covers the first permanent English colony at Jamestown, Virginia, the various theocracies in Massachusetts, the feudal kingdom in Maryland, and even a bit about the spooky lost colony at Roanoke Island. What were the English doing in America, anyway? Lots of stuff. In Virginia, the colonists were largely there to make money. In Maryland, the idea was to create a a colony for Catholics who wanted to be serfs of the Lords Baltimore. In Massachusetts, the Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to find a place where they could freely persecute those who didn't share their beliefs. But there was a healthy profit motive in Massachusetts as well. Profits were thin at first, and so were the colonists. Trouble growing food and trouble with the natives kept the early colonies from success.


Web server auditing can go a long way in enforcing tighter security and ensuring business continuity. The power of log data is tremendous. Web server logs record valuable information pertaining to usage, errors, and other important security events. Using a specialized auditing tool can be extremely helpful during the audit of web servers. In your discussion this week, please discuss the methods of identifying weak web server configurations and how to mitigate them for a secure web server. Possible concepts to include are SSL certificates, HTTPS usage, attack surface, SQL injection, vulnerability migration, and least privilege. In at least one of your peer responses, provide an overview of how to audit the web server’s security, and implement best practices.
- Answer a question (in detail) posted by another student or the instructor
- Provide extensive additional information on the topic
- Explain, define, or analyze the topic in detail
- Share an applicable personal experience
- Provide an outside source that applies to the topic, along with additional information about the topic or the source (please cite properly in APA 7)
- Make an argument concerning the topic.
At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial discussion thread.
What is an EDM system? Provide an example of an EDM system. What are some advantages and disadvantages with an EDM system?
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
The post and responses are valued at 40 points. Please review post and response expectations. Please review the rubric to ensure that your response meets criteria.


Cervical cancer is the third-most common cancer among women in the world. It is also the second-most frequent cause of cancer-related death. For women in developing countries, it is often the most common cause of cancer-related death.
Factors that can increase the risk of getting cervical cancer are compiled below, as quoted from Reader's Digest.
The most common and well-known risk factor for cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus, also known as HPV. It infects about 80 per cent of sexually active people. With at least 200 types of HPV, few have high risks for cervical cancer as most of the time the body clears the infection by itself. However, there are some instances that render the body unable to clear the infection.
"It's pretty uncommon to find a cervix cancer that is not HPV-related," says Robert DeBernardo, gynecologic oncologist at Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, the United States.
2. BIRTH CONTROL PILLS
Researchers believe that hormones like estrogen and progesterone found in birth control pills make cervical cells more vulnerable to HPV infection. At least 24 studies have indicated that using oral contraceptives for five or more years is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer.
Smoking already has a wide array of problems, from increasing the risk of lung cancer and problems with pregnancy, it also has the risk of developing cervical cancer. The cigarette carcinogens make the immune system in the body more vulnerable, leaving it unable to fight off the HPV infection, which could eventually cause cervical cancer.
4. WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune system is very important in fighting off HPV infections - it is the reason why the body can clear out most HPV infections by itself. But a weak immune system will not be able to perform its function optimally.
Aside from that, the immune system can slow down and destroy the spread of cancer cells, and people with HIV or AID problems are vulnerable to any form of cancer, including cervical cancer.
5. SEXUAL HISTORY
Women in polygamous relationships and who have multiple sexual partners can increase the risk of HPV.
According to research by the Cleveland clinic, women who had sex before the age of 16 have a greater chance of getting cervical cancer.
6. UNHEALTHY DIET
Studies have indicated that income can be associated with cervical cancer. Women with lower incomes have higher risks of cervical cancer, as they are not exposed to healthier food over the course of their lifetimes. The best diet to reduce the risk of cervical cancer is a balanced diet with fruit and vegetables.


Can a microphone be built to enhance the ability to record the voices of ghosts?
The recording of ghost voices is known as electronic voice phenomena, or EVP for short. Unexplainable voices being heard during the use of electronic devices was discovered as early as the 1930's, though it's been said that Nikola Tesla might have been the first to notice disembodied voices in 1898 being transmitted by his Colorado radio tower. This might have been the first ghost microphone to have been unwittingly invented. Later, scientists would come along who devoted their time to diligently record and document their findings about ghost voices. The first to make EVP recordings was Friedrich Juergenson.
As legend would have it, in 1959 the Swedish film producer was outdoors recording bird calls when he discovered hearing his deceased mother's voice speaking to him upon playback of the audio tape. This led to Juergenson experimenting with EVP and, over time, recording hundreds of ghost voices. He is now considered to be the “father of EVP.”
Fascinated by the work of Juergenson, Latvian psychologist Dr. Konstantin Raudive began his own EVP experiments. He would eventually record and study thousands of disembodied voices, creating a system of classification for electronic voice phenomenon in order to rate the quality and clarity of the messages.
During his experiments, he solicited help in building a microphone to enhance his EVP experiments. Using a Germanium Diode as an external microphone, he found he received greater results. More ghost voices were recorded. Incredibly, those who have experimented with the Raudive Diode claim that the device will not allow your audio recorder to record human voices, even if people are talking in the same room!
This schematic is the design used by Dr. Raudive to record ghost voices. The Raudive Diode schematic. L1 = .5mh coil, R1 = 100k resistor, D1 = 1N34A germanium diode.
A Germanium Diode picks up AM radio frequencies so, when using one to record EVP, it should be placed inside a Faraday Cage. A Faraday Cage is used to block all outside AM radio transmissions from reaching the ghost microphone.
Another method of using the Germanium Diode that's achieved success is to simply attach one to a microphone jack and plug it directly into your digital audio recorder. (If using an older, cassette tape recorder, you will need to use a connecting wire placed between the recorder and diode to keep it away from the motor noise which may cause interference. This set-up makes it easier to incorporate the Faraday Cage.)
When using a digital recorder, you may need to cover the external microphone if it does not disengage automatically. It will depend on your recorder, as the power level of the diode is quite low and may not signal the audio recorder to switch from the internal microphone to an external one. Also, because you might be unable to incorporate a Faraday Cage using this technique, you will need to be wary of radio broadcasts, limiting positive results to only credible phrased answers to questions. One word, irrelevant responses should not be considered. This will reduce the chance of AM radio snippets being mistaken for EVP in your recording.


ODESSA, Ukraine — In the Ukrainian tourist destination of Odessa, a port on the Black Sea, holidaymakers mingle with internally displaced people from the country’s war-torn east, local Roma, students, and economic migrants from Central Asia and the Caucasus, Africa and Asia.
Yet the air carries something less healthy than sea breezes: tuberculosis.
Odessa has the highest rate of TB in Ukraine, with 110 cases per 100,000 people in 2016, and rising fast. Closely linked with migration, instability and poverty, controlling this airborne disease takes on additional urgency this year as Ukraine seeks to integrate into Europe thanks to a new visa-free regime. Part of a migration corridor from Central Asia and the Caucasus to Russia and Western Europe, Ukraine has at least 5 million citizens working abroad, according to its foreign ministry: in Poland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Russia and Germany. Another 1.5 million people have been internally displaced by the war in the east of the country.
“Ukraine should pay special attention to TB because it’s a very sensitive topic for Europe” — Alexey Bobrik, World Health Organization’s technical officer
“Ukraine should pay special attention to TB because it’s a very sensitive topic for Europe,” said Alexey Bobrik, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) technical officer for HIV, TB and viral hepatitis in Ukraine. “I’m talking about global security and transmission of TB through borders.”
Tuberculosis was largely wiped out in Western Europe in the early 20th century through treatment, improved health monitoring and awareness, and higher living standards. Since the Soviet Union collapsed the disease has returned with a vengeance in former Soviet states. Ukraine declared a TB epidemic in 1995.
Since then, the country has received huge amounts of international aid to tackle TB and its twin epidemic, HIV. But weak political will and chronic distrust of the country’s corrupt health system has held back progress. While overall TB rates are gradually falling, in places like Odessa they continue to rise. More worryingly, Ukraine is one of the leading countries in the world for multi-drug resistant (MDR) forms of TB, which do not respond to traditional treatment.
A quarter of newly diagnosed cases of TB in Ukraine in 2016 were MDR-TB, according to WHO. Cure rates for resistant forms are the lowest among all MDR-TB burden countries: 38 percent. In Odessa, where TB-HIV co-infection is rife, the overall TB cure rate last year was just 43 percent. “That basically shows you how effective the health system is here, which is a shame for a European country,” Bobrik said.
Ukraine’s TB system has changed little since Soviet times. It’s based on in-patient treatment lasting months or even years in TB clinics and sanatoriums, often located in once-beautiful historical buildings that are in disrepair and unsuited to modern infectious disease control and patient needs.
“We can’t provide proper treatment conditions,” said Dr. Oksana Leonenko-Brodetskaya, who heads Odessa city’s TB clinic. It's housed in a peeling pink classical building in the city center. “We’ve no individual isolated wards, and no phasing system of existing wards, and so cross-infection occurs.”
According to modern international standards, isolated in-patient treatment is not the answer to TB anyway — early and accurate diagnosis, early treatment and retention of patients on an ambulatory basis is. Most patients stop being infectious within days or weeks of starting treatment. In a country with no job or social security, and in a city like Odessa with a large migrant population, expecting patients to stay for months in poorly equipped hospitals is unrealistic, unnecessary and hugely expensive.
"Ukraine can’t afford it,” Bobrik said. “You can spend your funding on TB dispensaries and a lot of health workers who sit in these dispensaries and don’t go to patients. Or instead of that, you can create an out-patient model.”
Retaining out-patients requires a change of approach. More than 20 percent of newly diagnosed patients in Odessa in 2016 were migrants and non-residents of the city. Many — although far from all — are among the most disadvantaged members of society: the homeless, drug users, former prisoners. The stigma around TB is another reason patients try not to be associated with TB treatment centers.
“They all try to disappear,” Leonenko-Brodetskaya said of her patients, claiming many register with false addresses and fall off the grid as soon as they start to feel better.
Everyone concerned with TB in Odessa speaks about a taxi driver or a market trader still working with active TB and a fake health certificate, because they can’t afford to stop. The stories may be apocryphal but Maria Kochetova, who spent three months in a TB ward earlier this year, recalled patients there who stopped taking medication, checked out early or simply disappeared. Even among patients, there’s an instinct to blame other patients for spread of the disease.
Kochetova also recalled several patients dying of a disease which, if caught early enough, should be treatable. Kochetova’s doctors didn’t expect her to survive either. The 34-year-old called an ambulance only after weeks of what she told herself was flu. She’d never considered herself at risk from TB: She wasn’t homeless; she didn’t use drugs; she had a regular job as a cleaner.
Doctors told her it started with an earlier bout of pneumonia she’d left untreated because she couldn’t afford it.
“It’d cost money if I ended up in hospital,” she said. “I’m not the only one who does this; everyone keeps going until they fall down because they know hospital is so expensive.”
Ukrainian health care is theoretically free. In practice, patients pay for services and medication through an entrenched system of kickbacks to medical staff trying to supplement painfully low salaries. Kochetova was fortunate that once she did end up in hospital, her active TB was diagnosed within three days instead of three weeks, and TB treatment is genuinely free. But during those three days, she says she had to pay more than 1,000 Ukrainian hryvnia (€33) for various services — that’s two weeks' wages for a junior medical worker.
“They fleece you for everything,” she said.
Non-hospitalized patients have to make daily trips to clinics to get medicines, which are supposed to be taken under observation to ensure patients complete treatment courses of up to two years for MDR-TB. Failure to complete courses leads not just to further illness but to more development of drug-resistant forms. The daily travel is onerous, especially for those with no income or fixed living place, or from rural areas.
Programs run by state clinics and nongovernment organizations in Odessa provide a solution: psycho-social support and incentives for patients to adhere to treatment by bringing medicines to their homes and providing other aid such as food parcels, bus tickets or mobile phone credit. Odessa city has also tried to incentivize medical staff. Under a pioneer bonus system to boost primary care diagnosis rates, family GPs receive 2,000 hryvnia (€66) for every fast, accurate TB diagnosis and referral. Last year, city authorities paid 200 bonuses from the 1,113 newly diagnosed cases.
In future, the city wants to keep TB treatment and monitoring within the ambulatory primary health care system, with bonuses for medical staff based on successful treatment outcomes.
These innovations are in line with overall Ukraine health reforms now in legislative limbo. These would change the old Soviet centralized model of funding institutions based on number of staff and hospital beds irrespective of numbers of patients and their needs, to patient-centered, results-based funding. Regions would have more autonomy to allocate funds to primary medicine, and to NGOs to provide services. The reforms should make most key health services genuinely free for patients.
Although backed by the EU and by international agencies that have largely underwritten Ukraine’s TB and HIV programming, parliament shelved the draft financing laws until the fall, and there is widespread opposition. In Odessa’s medical community, the reforms are surrounded by doubt and rumor, from fears they will cut jobs, to accusations that their real purpose is to sell off valuable real estate now used as clinics.
Examples from other post-Soviet and eastern bloc countries show that the transition to a new model is indeed painful, but can be achieved. With the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria — Ukraine’s main health donor funding the majority of HIV and TB response — due to pull out of the region in 2020, Ukraine has little time left to find a domestic answer to its epidemics and its failing health system.
“For Eastern Europe it’s a particularly acute issue,” said Michel Kazatchkine, former director of the Global Fund. “Increasing epidemics, low coverage with treatment and prevention, no readiness and in some cases no willingness to pay for services for vulnerable people … nothing is ready.”
In his current role as U.N. special envoy for HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Kazatchkine is lobbying for health reform in Ukraine to ease the transition once external funding stops.
“I would be less pessimistic than I was a year-and-a-half ago because I see changes. I’m seeing more political commitment,” he said. “AIDS and TB are on the agenda.”


Date: January 12, 2018
Location: PSB 160/161
Speaker: Clifford Will, Professor of Physics (University of Florida)
Title: Was Einstein Right?
Abstract: Einstein formulated general relativity 100 years ago. Although it is generally considered a great triumph, the theory’s early years were characterized by conceptual confusion, empirical uncertainties and a lack of relevance to ordinary physics. But in recent decades, a remarkably diverse set of precision experiments has established it as the “standard model” for gravitational physics. Yet it might not be the final word. We review a century of measurements that have verified general relativity, and describe some of the opportunities and challenges involved in testing Einstein’s great theory using recently detected gravitational waves.


Inscrit le: 16 Avr 2016
|Posté le: Mar 20 Juin - 12:38 (2017) Sujet du message: A Divinity For All Persuasions: Almanacs And Early American
A Divinity for All Persuasions uncovers the religious signifiance of early America's most ubiquitous popular genre. Other than a Bible and perhaps a few schoolbooks and sermons, almanacs were the only printed items most Americans owned before 1820. Purchased annually, the almanac was a calendar and astrologically-based medical handbook surrounded by poetry, essays, anecdotes, and a variety of practical information.
Employing a wealth of archival material, T.J. Tomlin analyzes the pan-Protestant sensibility distributed through the almanac's pages between 1730 and 1820. By disseminating a collection of Protestant concepts regarding God's existence, divine revelation, the human condition, and the afterlife, almanacs played an unparalleled role in early American religious life. Influenced by readers' opinions and printers' pragmatism, the religious content of everyday print supports an innovative interpretation of early American cultural and religious history. In sharp contrast to a historiography centered on intra-Protestant competition, Tomlin shows that most early Americans relied on a handful of Protestant "essentials" rather than denominational specifics to define and organize their religious lives.
bound: 240 pages
publisher: Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (April 1, 2017)
isbn: 0190669586, 978-0190669584,
weight: 12 ounces (


The Industrial valve is a kind of necessary element inside of pneumatic actuator and its function is to control the current passing through. Therefore, it is necessary to figure out some ways to prolong the industrial valve and pneumatic actuators lifespan.
The double offset butterfly valve is gradually improved by the ordinary butterfly valve to adapt to different working conditions. The earliest butterfly valve structure is mainly the center door panel structure, similar to the adjustment butterfly valve, that is, the axis of the valve stem and the butterfly plate coincides with the center of the valve body pipe.
The triple offset butterfly valve has a slanting circular shape (the third eccentricity of the so-called triple eccentricity) except that the wide rod and the valve plate have two eccentricities.
The closing of the butterfly valve online (disc) in the middle of the medium, when the design should consider the influence of the convective resistance.
Further improved molding on the basis of the single offset butterfly valve is currently the most widely used double offset butterfly valve. The structural feature is that the stem axis is offset from the center of the disc and from the center of the body.
The difference of ball valve and globe valve is following:fluid resistance,structure,sealing face,operate type,maintain and applications field etc,ball have soft seated ball valve and metal seated ball valve,that’s depend on difference working conditions.


Shalom and welcome to the Parsha in 60 seconds
Today’s portion is from Genesis 6:9-11:32 it is called Noah
Noah was a righteous man and walked with God. He had three sons. God saw that the world had gone bad.
God tells Noah to build an ark because God would cause a flood. During the building process, all the people TROLLED him. When the flood came Noah, his family and all the animals were in the ark and God shut them in. The rains fell 40 days and 40 nights, the waters destroyed all life and 150 days later the waters receded.
God made a covenant that never again would a flood destroy the earth and set the rainbow in the clouds as a sign.
Noah planted a vineyard, got wasted and was naked within his tent. Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers. Shem and Japheth placed a cloth on their father, without seeing their father’s nakedness. When Noah woke up he cursed Ham’s son Canaan to become the lowest of slaves to Japheth and Shem. Noah lived to the age of 950 and then died.
Several generations later the earth was populated by many nations.
Everyone on earth spoke the same language and they all decided to make a huge tower. God confounded their speech, so that they could not understand each another, and scattered them over the face of the earth. Thus the city was called Babel.
Nine generations after Shem, Abram married Sarai. Sarai was barren. Abram’s father relocated them to Haran and died.
And that is Noah in 60 seconds.
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Laptop expertise is evolving sooner than ever before and demand for computer professionals with the fitting skills is at an all time high. Learn concerning the Topic: As soon as you find one you want, you possibly can learn more about that problem by looking at a few of the hyperlinked articles. They produced stories showing the damage to the setting virtually as quickly as any news was launched from the realm.
Except some unfortunate people, all of us miss those good previous instances but it has nothing to do with Know-how. Certification and continuing schooling lessons assist data know-how and pc science professionals to maintain up with the most recent developments in applied sciences.
They know that the pc holds an enormous amount of information that is obtainable for anybody who can ask for it. Their very own background using computer systems positions them effectively for the evolutionary adjustments that may occur in the future. Expertise can be utilized for good or bad functions, Satan has no say in either state of affairs! Do not be afraid to take action even in the event you aren’t as comfortable with technology as your child is. These youngsters are in a position to adapt to the adjustments in know-how that can be applied in future years. A bachelor’s degree is usually thought of the minimal requirement for entry-level employment.
I’ve discovered that many pc science majors are additionally excited by different technological developments and science generally so some web sites under will also cowl that. An important on-line comic for a good snigger and insightful viewpoints on matters related to expertise and science.
Our worldwide, internetworked computer dependent society does indeed expertise a long duration collapse as the results of an unrecoverable laptop glitch/hack. Very similar to the 10 12 months olds within the 12 months 1911, today’s 10 yr olds will both be affected by technology change or they would be the devices of that change. Individuals who thrive on struggling or have concern fueled greed will always be an issue, with or without know-how. I believe it’s important that children not only learn how to use computers, but understand the ethical implications of technology as well. The pc may be given the same process thousands and thousands of occasions and it will do it precisely the same every time. If you know what you are doing on this life you’ll be able to have know-how AND nonetheless have family values, frequent sense, and any variety of other fascinating traits/behaviors. However these are a small number of things that a 10 12 months baby sees the computer doing.


Difference between revisions of "Verb reduplication with "yi""
Revision as of 08:58, 6 September 2012
One way to reduplicate verbs is to insert 一 (yī), in the following structure:
Verb + 一 + Verb
As with simple verb reduplication, this creates a sense that the verb is done briefly or "a little bit".
- 给 我 看 一 看。
- 你 听 一 听。
- 去 试 一 试。
Sources and further reading
- New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2) (pp. 18) →buy
- Contemporary Chinese 1 (当代中文1) (pp. 125) →buy
- Practicing HSK Grammar (语法精讲精炼) (pp. 152-160) →buy


244 pages, illustrations
AIDS is not caused by HIV. Coal and oil are not fossil fuels. Radiation exposure is good for you. Distributing more guns reduces crime. These ideas make headlines, but most educated people scoff at them. Yet some of science's most important concepts – from gravity to evolution – have surfaced from the pool of crazy ideas. In fact, a good part of science is distinguishing between useful crazy ideas and those that are just plain nutty. In Nine Crazy Ideas in Science, a well-known physicist with an affinity for odd ideas applies his open mind to nine controversial propositions on topical subjects. Some, it turns out, are considerably lower on the cuckoo scale than others.
Robert Ehrlich evaluates, for the general reader or student, nine seemingly far-out propositions culled from physics, biology, and social science. In the process, he demonstrates in easy-to-understand terms how to weigh an argument, judge someone's use of statistics, identify underlying assumptions, and ferret out secret agendas. His conclusions are sometimes surprising. For instance, he finds that while HIV does cause AIDS and the universe almost certainly started with a big bang, our solar system could have two suns, faster-than-light particles might exist, and time travel can't be ruled out as mere science fiction.
Anyone interested in unorthodox ideas will get a kick out of Nine Crazy Ideas in Science. And, as a fun way of learning how to think like a scientist, it has enormous educational value. Of course, only time will tell whether any of these nine ideas will be the next continental drift – the now orthodox account of the Earth's geology that was for years just a crazy idea.
"Modern science, especially physics, is replete with outlandish ideas that defy common sense and intuition. It is almost impossible for the non-scientist to discriminate between the legitimately weird and the outright crackpot [...] Robert Ehrlich has assembled a fascinating collection of apparently crazy ideas, and subjected them to careful analysis [...] Ehrlich points out how statistics can be misleadingly presented [...] and how the distinction between effects that are causally related and those that are merely correlated often gets blurred."
– Paul Davies, Nature
"Clear and lively [...] Ehrlich [...] is entertaining, but the genuine value of his book lies in the analyses [...] An important addition to an underpopulated genre of science books: It critically examines both sides of interesting, important, and unsettled arguments."
– William H. Ingham, Physics Today
"Physicist Robert Ehrlich has come up with a lovely idea for a discussion of how science works. His book is a light-hearted treatment of bizarre-but-not-manifestly-impossible ideas that have burdened scientific literature over the past decades. What is valuable is that Ehrlich uses scientific methodology to subject these ideas (not all wrong!) to critical examination. He has a low-key, pleasing style and uses no math."
– Leon Lederman, 1988 Nobel Laureate in Physics
"At any time, there are ideas at the fringe of science, some too crazy to be true, some not crazy enough. Physicist Robert Ehrlich gives a levelheaded tour of today's frontiers-and sticks his neck out by rating each idea he considers. You surely won't agree with him, but you'll have fun trying to figure out why."
– James S. Trefil, author of A Scientist in the City and Other Worlds
"Ehrlich's book puts life into a novel idea: a fresh view of the most controversial scientific notions of our time, which are always intriguing, often interesting, occasionally seemingly impossible, and sometimes downright fool-hardy ideas. It's informative, entertaining, and provocative reading, inviting the reader to wonder how the scientific mind can differ so much."
– Robert C. Gallo, MD, Director, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland
"An excellent, thought-provoking read for those interested in science."
– Geoff Wexler, Times Higher Education Supplement
1. Introduction 3
2. More Guns Means Less Crime 13
3. AIDS Is Not Caused by HIV 33
4. Sun Exposure Is Beneficial 57
5. Low Doses of Nuclear Radiation Are Beneficial 73
6. The Solar System Has Two Suns 102
7. Oil, Coal, and Gas Have Abiogenic Origins 122
8. Time Travel Is Possible 146
9. Faster-than-Light Particles Exist 172
10. There Was No Big Bang 194
11. Epilogue 215
Notes to the Chapters 221
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Robert Ehrlich is Professor of Physics at George Mason University. His books include Why Toast Lands Jelly-Side Down and Turning the World Inside Out and 174 Other Simple Physics Demonstrations.


January is almost done, so this is a long-overdue first blogpost of 2014. As usual, the delay has been due to a lack of time for blogging. Among other distractions, I’m writing a new book – my fifth on early medieval history – of which more will be said in the near future. This post is a kind of spin-off from that project and deals with a topic I’ve blogged about before: the battle of Brunanburh, fought in AD 937, one of the most famous events of the Viking Age.
Our earliest source is an Old English poem, probably composed within ten years of the battle and inserted in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. In stirring words, the poet celebrates the great victory at Brunanburh in which the English king Athelstan defeated an alliance of Vikings, Scots and (not mentioned in the poem) Strathclyde Britons. Some thirty years later, a briefer account of the battle was written by Aethelweard, a high-ranking English nobleman, in his Latin version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Aethelweard refers not to ‘Brunanburh’ but to ‘Brunandun’, one of several alternative names for the battlefield.
The Old English poem describes Scots fighting at Brunanburh under their grey-haired king Constantin, but Aethelweard mentions Picts as well. This requires a bit of explanation, as the Picts are usually thought to have ‘disappeared’ by about 900. Not that they vanished in a physical sense – they simply merged with the Scots or, to put it another way, they adopted a ‘Scottish’ identity.
Constantin’s kingdom, known by the Gaelic name Alba, was created in the late ninth century. Its royal dynasty – founded by Constantin’s grandfather, Cináed mac Ailpín, who died in 858 – was basically a family of Gaelic-speaking Picts. And, although Constantin’s predecessor was the first of the dynasty to be described in the Irish annals not as rex Pictorum (‘king of the Picts’) but as ri Albain (‘king of Alba’), the name Alba might really mean ‘Pictland’ anyway. So, even though Pictishness was being replaced by Scottishness before 900, the change was still fairly recent when Aethelweard wrote his chronicle in c.980, and even more recent in 937. Aethelweard’s reference to Pictish warriors fighting at Brunanburh might not be as anachronistic as it seems.
More could be said, of course, especially if we bring in the modern scholarship on Aethelweard’s writings to discuss his use of the term Picti. But this is meant to be a quick blogpost, so I’ll simply end it with the relevant passage from Aethelweard’s chronicle:
‘Nine hundred years plus twenty-six more had passed from the glorious Incarnation of our Saviour when the all-powerful king Athelstan assumed the crown of empire. Thirteen years later there was a huge battle against barbarians at Brunandun, which is still called the `great battle’ by common folk to the present day. Then the barbarian forces were overcome on all sides and no longer held superiority. Afterwards, he drove them from the shores of the sea, and the Scots and Picts alike bent their necks. The fields of Britain were joined as one, everywhere was at peace and had an abundance of all things. No fleet has since advanced against these shores and stayed without the consent of the English.’
* * * * *
Notes & References
The standard edition of the Latin text is by Alistair Campbell, The Chronicle of Aethelweard (London, 1961).
See also: Leslie Whitbread, ‘Aethelweard and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ English Historical Review vol.74 (1959), 577-89.
Aethelweard is one of the few writers from this period who wasn’t a monk. His career as an ealdorman (royal official) involved him in high-level politics, on which see Scott Ashley ‘The lay intellectual in Anglo-Saxon England’, pp.218-45 in Patrick Wormald & Janet Nelson (eds.) Lay Intellectuals in the Carolingian World (Cambridge, 2007).
* * * * * * *


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These hardcover books are designed with thick paperboard, making it hard-wearing and sturdy for rough usage. Each of the books measure 10 cm in length and 9 cm in breadth, featuring attractive, large and bold fonts along with bright and colourful images to keep your little one engaged in the learning experience. Suitable for ages 1-4, these books form the building blocks of your child’s formative years of learning.
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Jeremy Hildreth: The British Empire's Lessons for Our OwnRoundup: Talking About History
[Mr. Hildreth is co-author of Brand America: The Mother of All Brands, out now from Cyan Books.]
In the 1920s, one quarter of the world's population fell under the rule of the British Empire. And while it's more popular to decry its consequences, the empire brought education, relative prosperity and the concept of liberty to many far-flung places.
Roughly twice the size of Spain's empire, thrice that of France's and five times larger than the Roman Empire, the British Empire remains the greatest such agglomeration the world has ever known. The Brits had their shortcomings and foibles -- slavery, brutality, a tendency to call adult servants "boy," etc -- but in the Anglophone hegemony department, they're a tough act to follow.
The museum, which has many photographs and artifacts (few of which are memorable in themselves), covers its subject in the manner of a well-written textbook with poster-sized pages. You'll do a lot of reading here, but what a story. Displays and panels show how using administrators and settlers backed by small armies and a fearsome navy, the British built whole nations one after the next. Wherever they went, they created governments, judicial systems, schools, hospitals, charities, telegraphs and railways (37,000 miles of track in India alone). Their collective efforts brought the English language, relative prosperity, a Western cultural orientation toward rights and liberty, and at least a modicum of law and order to large swaths of the globe...
...Glaringly, one imperial legacy the museum does not discuss is the "receivership" of the empire by the U.S., which has been almost literal in places like the Middle East and figurative elsewhere. For the museum to weigh in here might have been daring but also instructive, for as Mr. Ferguson, whose book championing an American "liberal empire" was for sale at the museum shop, says: "Whatever they choose to call their position in the world -- hegemony, primacy, predominance or leadership -- Americans should recognize the functional resemblance between Anglophone power present and past and should try to do a better rather than a worse job of policing an unruly world than their British predecessors."
America can also learn from the British Empire about changing with the times. The museum explains that "post-war babies grew up without the old reverence for Britain," which reduced British authority. Similarly today, for a dozen reasons -- many of them utterly beyond our control -- people around the world are growing up without the love of, admiration for, or reliance upon America that their forebears had.
Whether it's South Americans boycotting U.S. merchandise, Asian countries sidling up to China, central banks raising their proportion of euro-denominated reserves, or Welshmen making inebriated banter on trains, we are flush with signs that the world wants a different relationship with America than the one it's had.
Accordingly, even as America continues to take up the white man's burden (to use Kipling's poetic exhortation, explicitly addressed to the U.S. in 1899), sometimes with force, it behooves us to emulate our former masters by coming, in time, to rely more on soft power than on economic or military coercion. Furthermore, this should be seen not as a surrender to multilateralist claptrap but as a rational reaction to an altered state of affairs.
The lesson seems to be that while might may sometimes be right, we, like the British before us, ultimately will need other ways to sustain our eminence and influence. And if we can do that, then any future Museum of American Leadership will reflect as well on us as this museum of empire does on Britain.
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