Name: Bright LED Plant Grow Light Efficient Full Spectrum Greenhouse Cultivation. (You can choose your favorite). Light Bead Color: Red (630nm) / Blue (460nm). Red and blue ratio: 4: 3.Irradiation area: 5M2 / 4. The output voltage: DC 85-285V. LED life: 50,000 hours. Working environment: -20 40 , 45% 95% RH. Lamp color: red (630nm) / blue (460nm) white / infrared / ultraviolet. Illumination: 1m / 5850,1.5m / 1100,2m / 9630. Irradiation area: 5M2 / 4m. Lamp color: Red + Blue + White + Infrared + UV. LED lamp beads number: 150. Lighting efficiency: 80 (lm / W).
Certification: EU ce certification, hazardous substances (RoHS). Use of high-quality LED light source, the life of up to 50,000 hours. Can replace 3 to 5 times the power of high pressure sodium lamp, than the traditional high pressure sodium and metal halide lamp can save 80% of the energy. High light efficiency, 90% of the emitted light, can be absorbed by aquatic plants.
Built-in cooling system, a good solution to heat problems. Direct simple and safe plug access voltage work.The irradiated area of the lamp will be changed according to the different plants and environment. The materials used in the products meet the requirements of environmental protection, safe and harmless. Horticultural nursery / greenhouse vegetables / indoor plants fill light.
Do not place the lamp in the water, otherwise it will cause leakage. Please cut off the power when thunder. Do not knock the product while working. 21W/ 28W /54W/1500W (You can choose your favorite).
1 x LED Plant Grow Light. 1 x LED Grow Light. International buyers please note: a.These charges are buyers responsibility. The item "21With28With54With1500W LED Plant Flower Growing Light Bloom Full Spectrum Indoor Lamp" is in sale since Wednesday, January 17, 2018.
This item is in the category "Home & Garden\Yard, Garden & Outdoor Living\Gardening Supplies\Hydroponics & Seed Starting\Grow Light Kits". The seller is "d-light-factory" and is located in HK. This item can be shipped worldwide.


GWCCA selected Trane as their upgrade partner through Georgia's Energy Savings Performance Contracting program, which enables a construction project to use energy and operational savings to pay for efficiency improvements. Trane and GWCCA conducted an in-depth audit, reviewing energy bills to determine areas of high energy use, and prioritizing energy conservation measures based on savings potential.
“Trane understood our complex systems and the challenges of our unique 365 day a year facility. Sustainability was also a key component of their proposal,” said Tim Trefzer, sustainability and corporate social responsibility manager, GWCCA. "They were the best fit for the project.”
Assembling the design-build team
Trane assembled a design-build team consisting of GWCCA and best-suited external companies. The thirty-person group poured through hundreds of drawings and thousands of utility data points, and brainstormed ideas to accomplish objectives.
Centralizing mechanical operations
Four mechanical plants, located in three buildings, were centralized into one plant, with aging chillers and boilers replaced with more reliable, efficient equipment. The central plant includes a 1490-ton and four 1650-ton Trane® CenTraVac™ centrifugal chillers with variable frequency drive (VFD) to meet 6000-ton peak load requirements. Condensing boilers provide 30 million Btu to heat the complex and help with humidification issues. With a 20+ year life expectancy, the central plant will serve the facility’s long-term needs.
Reducing energy costs, improving aesthetics
More than 50,000 interior and exterior metal halide, mercury vapor and T-12 fluorescent lighting fixtures were replaced with high efficiency LEDs. The new fixtures offer 500 percent longer life, improve illumination and color rendering, enhance visitors’ experience, provide significant energy savings and reduce maintenance. More than 200 data loggers were deployed to measure run hours before and after the retrofit.
Controlling operations, managing energy use
Using a Trane® Tracer™ SC building automation system (BAS), the GWCCA facilities team accesses building systems remotely from any web-connected mobile device to monitor operations, control set points, establish scheduling, and manage alarms. "With the Tracer, they monitor my secondary pumps, primary pumps, chillers, condensing water and all my flows,” said Wayne Rosser, physical plant manager, GWCCA. "The BAS makes sure I am running a very efficient plant."
Trane Intelligent Services measures the facility’s energy consumption, identifies anomalies, and anticipates problems, allowing GWCCA to modify systems if needed. The energy management systems also provide data in an easy to read format for metrics reporting. “Trane Building Performance allows us to check real-time operational data; provides 24/7/365 days of trending; and helps create dashboards to easily monitor usage, weather and occupancy levels," said Oden. "Based on this data, we can make intelligent decisions to determine budgeting.”
Under a Georgia Energy Savings Performance Contract, Trane and GWCCA worked together to create a more efficient, sustainable and comfortable environment to improve the venue's competitiveness; enhance the visitor experience; and reduce energy costs and risk. Trane continues to work hand-in-hand with the customer, providing maintenance on central plant equipment and ongoing training for GWCCA staff to help ensure proper operation and maintenance of the systems. A Trane measurement and verification (M&V) team will visit the central plant twice a year to compare the cooling and heating performance during different occupancy levels and show types, and ensure that the energy savings is on track.
“We improved our lighting quality and HVAC system efficiency,” said Trefzer. “GWCCA is expected to achieve LEED® Gold certification and a big part of that is from the energy saving performance contract.”
“Trane worked around our events,” said Oden. “They were great partners and treated GWCCA as if it was their own.”


Imagery and case studies of weather phenomena and environmental events observed by EUMETSAT's fleet of weather satellites.
Large SO2 plume from Erta Ale volcano
Large SO2 plume from Erta Ale crossed the Red Sea towards Yemen in Nov 2008.
Asteroid 2008 TC3 impacts over northern Sudan
Asteroid 2008 TC3 impacts over northern Sudan shown in rapid-scan imagery from Meteosat-8.
Large smoke plume over the Mozambique Channel
Large smoke plume from forest fires seen over the Mozambique Channel.
Blue plume above nocturnal temperature inversion
Blue dust plume above nocturnal temperature inversion observed in Meteosat RGB imagery.
Eruption of the Chaitén volcano in Chile
On 2 May 2008 an old volcanic caldera erupted close to the coastal town of Chaitén in southern Chile.


After Hurricane Harvey, Corpus Christi Reevaluates Its Flood Maps
From Texas Standard.
After Hurricane Harvey, many Texans realized just how wrong experts were about flood control measures in the state’s most populous city. But Houston isn’t the only Texas city at risk from bad or outdated flood plans.
An investigation by the Corpus Christi Caller Times found that the city’s flood maps are outdated – they’ve gone without revision for three decades. The maps were first drafted for a vastly different Corpus Christi.
The devastation of Hurricane Harvey has proven how important accurate flood planning can be. Kirsten Crow is an enterprise reporter at the Corpus Christi Caller Times. She investigated the city’s outdated flood maps.
“Corpus Christi’s population has seen a big boost,” Crow says. “We’ve had at least 100,000 new residents to our city. We’ve also seen a lot of development on our city’s south side from about 700 people to 8,000 in three decades, at least.”
If a storm like Harvey were to hit Corpus Christi, the city would be devastated.
“The experts believe we would have similar flooding as Houston,” Crow says. “We’re talking about mass damage right now. The experts estimate that even with a 100-year flood, which is with vastly less flooding than what we saw in Harvey, would cost about $902 million.”
As the concept of the 100-year flood is changing as they occur with more and more regularity public concern over outdated flood maps is growing, but Crow says the public’s reaction is still being determined. She says “we are probably just now starting to get a grasp on how little we have estimated a flood could affect our community and many communities along the coast line.”
Corpus Christi has been aware of the need to update its flood maps since long before Hurricane Harvey hit Houston. The city started the process in 2015.
“We’re expecting that we’re going to have revised maps coming out some time this year,” Crow says. “We’re not sure what to expect. The city is looking at enhanced flood protection measures. Those are still in the works. Nothing has been finalized at this point.”
The damage from Harvey prompted Crow to begin investigating Corpus Christi’s flood maps. She says many feel that compared to the original predictions for the storm, the city got off relatively easy.
“I don’t want to minimize what the damage was here but it was absolutely minimal when you compare it to Port Aransas and Rockport and certainly when you look at Houston,” she says. “It did raise the question of what could have happened if Harvey had dropped that kind of rain in the coastal bend.”
Written by Jeremy Steen.


As already posted on this blog, the NT is currently looking at developing two hydro schemes as part of pilot programme of renewable energy, aimed at delivering exemplar and sustainable hydro – Craflwyn in Wales and Stickle Ghyll in the Lake District.
In the Lake District, we are continuing our work to get the project into planning in the next few weeks after spending the past few months ensuring we have the right location in which deliver our exemplar hydro project – grid connectivity, ecology, archaeology, consenting discussions, geology etc. We have around 160 potential sites in the Lakes alone but many are SSSI’s or have sensitive archaeological sites nearby…not that we couldn’t develop a site within these locations with careful planning but the Stickle Ghyll site is at the lower end of sensitivity, has a legacy of hydropower development still in evidence and has been constantly subjected to human intervention and development.
Today, I was at Stickle Ghyll, doing what I would consider one of the most important aspects of the project thus far – speaking to our neighbours about the project, sharing information about where the NT is up to and seeing what else we can do to improve the environment, aesthetics, visitor experience and access to name but a few ! Improving footpaths, restoring ghyll vegetation, repairing fences, improving the private water supply are all mutually beneficial improvements we can deliver as we develop the hydro scheme. As with most conversations I have had, there is always the belief that we can simply connect a hydro scheme to several buildings and that electricity will be generating all of the time – maybe it would have been last Summer !!. We will be exploring what the possibilities are with the project – the ultimate goal would be to connect the generator to the Sticklebarn Pub and provide at least an annual percentage of the power generated on site to this and our tenants and neighbours at lower rates than they currently pay but we will see – there is certainly a desire for this within the community we share our resources with and not just here! Could it really be as simple as a connection to a distribution panel, several copper wires heading off in the direction of buildings and some additional meters ? I would like to think so but probably not !
Such is the enthusiasm and ambition for energy efficiency and renewables in the NT and the region at present, there is always something else nearby to divert me from a return to the office. Across from the Stickle Ghyll, it was great to see work had started on the Great Langdale Campsite biomass project – this will reduce our consumption of LPG by approximately 35,000 litres a year, allowing our increasingly eco minded campers to have showers and drying facilities heated by woodchip. Funded by the NT, we will benefit from the Renewable Heat Incentive and reduced costs for the fuel – additional funds for us to plough back into our conservation work.
We hope to complete the biomass by the end of May /early June – the weather is being extremely kind for us at present and great we now have the district heating main in the ground – tents have been known to float off here !


Why are models important to the study of ecology?
Ecologists, for example, use models to simulate the systems they study and to investigate general theories of the way those systems operate. Moreover, simulation of systems with models helps identify data needs and knowledge gaps.
Do models help ecologists?
Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms. … Models help ecologists control the many variables in their studies.
What is the main purpose of using these ecological models?
The ecological perspective is a useful framework for understanding the range of factors that influence health and well-being. It is a model that can assist in providing a complete perspective of the factors that affect specific health behaviors, including the social determinants of health.
What is the importance of ecologists?
Ecology enriches our world and is crucial for human wellbeing and prosperity. It provides new knowledge of the interdependence between people and nature that is vital for food production, maintaining clean air and water, and sustaining biodiversity in a changing climate.
How do ecologists use ecological models?
Ecological modelling is the construction and analysis of mathematical models of ecological processes, including both purely biological and combined biophysical models. Models can be analytic or simulation-based and are used to understand complex ecological processes and predict how real ecosystems might change.
How can models be useful in explaining global system processes and phenomena?
Explain the purpose of scientific models. Scientific models are used to gain a better understanding of systems and processes. Graphs derived from research experiments can be used to understand the system being studied and predict results for tests that have not yet been conducted.
What are some limitations of models?
Limitations of Models in Science
- Missing Details. Most models can’t incorporate all the details of complex natural phenomena. …
- Most Are Approximations. Most models include some approximations as a convenient way to describe something that happens in nature. …
- Simplicity. …
This model considers the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors. It allows us to understand the range of factors that put people at risk for violence or protect them from experiencing or perpetrating violence.
What are the strengths of the ecological model?
The model allows for there to be integration between behavioral and environmental change. It allows for attention to be given to the interaction between personal and environmental factors. The model also can assist those in need with education of how different factors can play a role in their overall health.
Why is it important to develop health promotion programs in the context of an ecological model?
Why is it important to develop health promotion programs in the context of an ecological model? It is important to develop an ecological model of health promotions because our lives and behaviors are interdependent (it provides a framework of behaviors that play a role in a certain health outcome).
What can we learn from ecologists?
Ecologists study these relationships among organisms and habitats of many different sizes, ranging from the study of microscopic bacteria growing in a fish tank, to the complex interactions between the thousands of plant, animal, and other communities found in a desert. Ecologists also study many kinds of environments.
How does ecology affect the environment?
Ecological Impact is the effects left on organisms and their environment due to actions made by humans and natural occurrences. These changes can be beneficial or adverse to the ecosystem. An example of ecological impact can be seen in the case of invasive species.


If you are looking for a bushy hedge for increased privacy at home, Lilly Pilly might be your best choice. Not only do they work as barriers, but they are also stunning and lush plants that can add some character to your garden, thanks to the contrast in foliage color that ranges from deep red to pink. Let’s look at Lilly Pilly Growth and Care.
What is Lilly Pilly?
Native to the Australian climate, Lilly Pilly can thrive under various conditions but do best in regions that receive plenty of sunlight. If you can’t provide them with that, don’t worry. You can grow them in pots or plant them in your garden. With the appropriate care, these plants will adapt to a wide variety of conditions. In general, the more sun, water, and nutrients these plants will receive, the faster their growth.
Contrary to most hedge plants, which feature dense foliage uniform in color, one of the most attractive characteristics of Lilly Pillies is the contrasting shades that emerge as the plants mature. Plus, if you have other plants in your garden, Lilly Pilly can help attract beneficial pollinators to ensure the healthy growth of your yard.
While these plants are easy to care for and relatively low-maintenance, you may want to learn all there is to know about the Lilly Pilly growth and care before getting one for your garden. To get the most out of this stunning bush, make sure you keep reading this essential guide.
Lilly Pilly Growth and Care: How to care for the plant
Caring for Lilly Pillies is not hard. If you can’t provide them with full sun, don’t worry: they will grow well even in light shade, as long as you meet all of their other needs. Pay careful attention to the planting process: following a couple of steps can make the difference in making your plant thrive in your garden. In the next section, you’ll find all the information you’ll need for mastering the Lilly Pilly Growth and Care.
Ideally, it would be best to plant or place Lilly Pillies under direct sun or partial shade with protection from strong winds and harsh temperatures. While these plants are though once established, you will need to shelter them during the hardening process.
One of the best parts of planting Lilly Pillies is that they don’t require much maintenance. With watering, what counts is consistency. Ensure the soil is damp and water lightly once per week.
In the warmer months, mulching will be essential to maintain moisture.
This plant requires regular pruning to maintain the attractive shape and density that make it such a popular hedge plant. During its first months of life, prune its tips regularly to encourage dense foliage: do not fall into the trap of letting your hedge grow up to the height you desire, thinking it will fill out later.
Once the plant has hardened up, the frequency of pruning will depend on the climate. The rule of thumb is to prune after the growth phase (at least once per year). However, don’t despair if you notice your plant has become too bushy: Lilly Pillies can sustain hard pruning too.
In cooler regions, you will have to prune less regularly. Indeed, growth tends to be slower.
These plants are not particularly picky when it comes to humidity. If you provide them with enough water and give them the ideal soil conditions they need, they will tolerate droughts and heavy rain.
However, you’ll have to be careful with pests. Too much humidity can attract psyllid and aphids that can ruin your plant’s appearance and cause severe damage to its development.
USDA Outdoor Growth Climate Zones
Lilly Pillies do best in subtropical and Mediterranean climates. While they tolerate light frost, they do best in warm temperatures, especially in USDA hardiness zones between nine to eleven. Plant them in the early spring or late winter to give them enough time to adapt to your garden’s conditions before exposure to all the outdoor elements.
Fertilizing Lilly Pillies is not mandatory but can help you maximize their growth, especially for young plants. Consider applying compost or an organic fertilizer in spring, summer, and autumn. If you live in an area with mild winters, you may apply fertilizer in this season too. Add a mixture low in phosphate to mature plants in spring and autumn to keep them in top conditions.
You must dig a deep hole and fill it with sandy soil to allow Lilly Pilly’s roots to spread and grow effectively. However, these plants do well also in clay loam or saline soil. Just remember to provide them with enough space for growing. Lilly Pillies can be invasive, especially if they like their environment. The good news is that they can grow well in pots too: if you don’t have much space in your garden, this might be a better option.
Don’t forget to add some organic compost or manure to increase the soil’s nutrient content. Mulching will help maintain moisture and keep weeds under control.
Lilly Pilly Growth and Care: Propagation
In general, it is easy to grow seeds from Lilli Pillies. However, they are slow to germinate. The best propagation method is from cuttings. Take a four inches new growth and dip the end in root hormone. Keep the soil moist and warm, preferably in a humid location. For best results, ensure each cutting gets an individual pot.
Alternatively, you can propagate this plant by collecting fresh and ripe fruits and taking seeds out. Plant them in individual pots or somewhere in your garden with humid and moist soil. However, keep in mind that not all varieties of this plant bear fruit. Plus, growing Lilly Pillies from seeds is a low process that may not give the results you expect.
Lilly Pilly Growth and Care: The Bottom Line
As you may notice, growing Lilly Pilly is not a big deal. You’ll want to ensure you are consistent with care and that you provide your plants with enough nutrients to survive. Aside from that, you can expect your Lilly Pillies to adapt to your garden’s environment quickly and to act as a stunning hedge plant or decorative addition to your yard.


Ely Creek Backcountry Campsites Closed
The Ely Creek backcountry campsites located along the Jones Hole Trail have been closed until further notice due to bear activity in the area. More »
Numerous Campsites Closed in the Green River Campground
A recent tree assessment of the Green River Campground identified potential safety issues with numerous cottonwood trees, requiring us to close many of the campsites. Please plan ahead so that you are not disappointed if the campground is full. More »
Backcountry Camping Permits
There are many opportunities for backcountry camping at Dinosaur National Monument. Free backcountry permits are required for overnight stays outside developed campgrounds and may be obtained by contacting either visitor center. Good planning is essential to a safe and enjoyable trip when hiking off-trail in the backcountry.
Did You Know?
Dinosaurs were a remarkably successful group of animals. They lived on the Earth for 160 million years. The fossils at Dinosaur National Monument represent only 10 of the many dinosaur species that existed during that long era.


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Get Prices for Air Duct Cleaning In Elyria? Elyria Air Duct Cleaning
I Perform Elyria Ohio Air Duct Cleaning and also Elyria Dryer Vent Cleaning
Find out why we're the best choice for Your Air Duct Cleaning company and Clothes dryer Vent Cleaning provider within the Greater Elyria Ohio Area. Elyria Air Duct Cleaning and Dryer Vent Cleaning is a family-owned business endeavor in the Greater Elyria vicinity.
Our objective is to enhance the air quality in your house at a reasonable cost. We use the most improved air duct cleaning strategy around created by the biggest manufacturers of H.E.P.A. filtered vacuum tool in America. All of our machines are manufactured to suit and exceed OSHA and Epa standards for cleaning the air duct of dusts and contaminates.
Our services and products include things like duct sanitization, clothes dryer vent cleaning, air duct cleaning. Give us a call and see exactly why we are the best choice in Elyria Air-duct Cleaners and Clothes dryer Vent Cleaners in the Ohio Region.
Elyria, An Ideal Home Improvement For Today's Health and Green-Oriented Family.
We're residing in a world where a healthier daily life has become a way of life. All of us exercise and diet to help make ourselves really feel good. The majority of people have also tackled environmental issues to create our world a cleaner and less risky area to live. Yet the most overlooked coOHern is the air which all of us inhale. The Environmental Protection agency states that indoor air has been found to generally be much more contaminated when compared with outdoor air. At the moment contemplate on an average people today allot 90 percent of their time indoors. The air duct information can be extremely alarming.
The E.P.A. ranks poor quality of indoor air among the leading five enviromental dangers to public health.(American Lung Association)
Those that are most vunerable to indoor air pollution are young people, women who are pregnant, and the senior citizens (National Safety CouOHil).
Bad central air managing systems can become breeding places for mold,mildew,and other triggers of biological contaminates.(Environmental Protection Agency)
In Elyria 50% of all health problems is exacerbated or attributed to contaminated interior air. (American College of Allergies)
Levels of air pollution inside the house can be 2 to 5 folds higher than outdoor levels. (Environmental Protection Agency)
Considering that most of us devote so much period indoors, it makes good sense to clean the root of our indoor air quality troubles inside our Elyria home's air ducts systems.
Something as basic as a Air Duct Inspection might save you numerous hours of health issues, so don't delay give us a ring to let us perform your Elyria Air Duct Cleaning or Charlotee Dryer Vent Cleaning company.
Five advantages of consistent cleaning and servicing of your heating and cooling system and your air ducts:
1. Savings. the US Environmental Protection agency asesses that getting rid of even four-tenths of an inch of dust from cooling method coils is going to decrease energy consumption by up to 21 %. This can cut back good money on your utility expenses.
2. System longevity. Estimate are that nine out of ten central heating and air con systems fall short or breakdown simply because an appropriate care plan was not performed. Substitute labor and parts for heating or cooling method may be too expensive and entire replacement expenses thousands.
3. Your Elyria house's air high quality. Many people consider air duct cleaning essential to keeping wholesome indoor air. Dust, allergens (pollen, pet dander) and toxins (mold, mildew, rodent droppings) are typically discovered in air ducts. When air vents are not cleaned routinely these particles could be produced into your place. Even though house members don't have allergies several of these particles have the possibility to activate serious illness.
4. Allergies. If house members have allergies, air duct cleaning is usually required to give a wholesome environment for allergy patients. Air vent cleaning can significantly minimize the amount of allergens in a house.
5. Remove odors. A musty odor in your place means that dust, mold or mildew may possibly be present inside the air ducts that no volume of candles or air fresheners will eradicate. Air duct cleaning will remove the smell virtually entirely.
In addition to normal cleaning, it's suggested that you consider having your air vents expertly cleaned shortly after any of the subsequent events: water entering your ducts (leaking water pipe, leaky roof, faulty condensation control by your air con), a flood (in your property or within your town), a fire close by, mold was discovered during servicing of your heating or air con system, insects or rodents are regarded to have been within the ducts, essential residential upgrading or relocating into a new home.
Elyria Air Duct Cleaning, Want Prices for Air Duct Cleaning In Elyria?
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At Hermanus we stayed at the Grotto Beach parking for the night, before we went to explore the coastline along the cliff path. In the afternoon we stopped at Betty’s Bay to visit the penguin colony.
The whales arrive here starting from June and stay to have their babys in the “warm” water of the bay. We hiked along the cliff path, which gives you a good view, looking out for whales. Some locals assured us that some had already arrived this year. And finally, we spotted one breaching (coming straight out of the water and splashing back in).
What a great hike along the coast, with the cliff path leading us through dense vegetation and past viewpoints from where we had a good view over the sea.
We left lovely Hermanus and drove to Betty’s Bay to watch the penguins living at the Stony Point Nature Reserve. It was a sunny but very, very windy day, so we had to put another layer on (real men don’t need long pants of course).
The African penguin is an endangered species. Roughly 4 million African penguins existed at the beginning of the 19th century. Of the 1.5 million African penguins estimated in 1910, only some 10% remained at the end of the 20th century. African penguin populations, which breed in Namibia and South Africa, have declined by 95% since pre-industrial times.
It was great to be able to watch the penguins, especially when the youngsters were getting fed.
We are now on the way to the Cape of Good Hope, not the most southern point, but the more spectacular one, than the Cape Agulhas we just visited. More on the next post!


International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol.45, No.39, 20176-20183, 2020
A review of hydrogen station location models
Hydrogen is emerging as a zero-carbon energy source for the sustainable future. Hydrogen station plays the role of supplying hydrogen to fuel cell vehicles. However, the small number of hydrogen stations has become the biggest obstacle to the promotion of hydrogen energy. As an important infrastructure for the development of hydrogen energy industry, the hydrogen station will not be able to support the promotion and application of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles if it cannot form a large scale. In addition, the layout of the hydrogen station network should be reasonable to avoid waste of resources. The study of hydrogen station location models has significant economic, social and military implications. Considering these circumstances, this review investigates the existing research efforts and conducted a comprehensive overview of these works on hydrogen station location models. In this review, we divide the hydrogen station location models into several categories according to the spatial dimension of the facility, the structure of the planning area, and the number of objectives. We present detailed explanations, formulations and different constraints for these models. Finally, we conclude the strengths and weaknesses of these models and provide available solutions. To our best knowledge, this review might help researchers get a comprehensive understanding of related researches in the hydrogen station location. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


When you find rats in your attic, there are several things that you can do. First of all, you should make sure that you remove any trash and old furniture that they may use as nests. Rats have many places where they can get into your home. You should also remove any overhanging branches and other vegetation that might provide them with a hiding place. Climbing on ivy and creepers can also be a tempting option for roof rats. The animals can also ruin wood furniture or create holes in your walls. Additionally, a strange stale smell may indicate that rats are present.
Rats thrive in the attic
One of the worst aspects of having rats in the attic is the damage they cause to your house’s insulation. Rats can gain access to your attic through cracks or gaps between the roof and ceiling, compressing and shredding the insulation. Not only are these damage repairs expensive, they may not be covered by your homeowner’s insurance policy. In addition, rats can be particularly destructive when it comes to your personal belongings.
If you notice evidence of a rat infestation in the attic, you should begin by sealing off the attic entrance and removing debris from it. Clean out the attic and place newspapers in plastic containers. Remove piles of leaves and firewood, as these provide shelter and food for rats. Make sure to store firewood in a secure place out of the attic. Rats are also attracted to piles of firewood, as it offers warmth and shelter as well as insects.
If you detect signs of infestation in the attic, take immediate action to eliminate the infestation. Rats are nocturnal, and they will make loud noises while chewing on wires and walls. Moreover, they will re-enter the attic during the night. As they are nocturnal, they are difficult to spot during the day. However, they may appear as a nuisance if you have pets.
They gnaw louder than mice
One thing you may have noticed is that the noises from rats in the attic are much louder than those of mice. They are nocturnal creatures that live both indoors and outdoors. They can jump nearly 18 inches, and they are very good climbers and swimmers. Besides chewing through anything, rats are very vocal animals that make loud noises to communicate and express themselves. They can gnaw up to five times faster than a mouse’s heartbeat.
Most of these sounds are made by a rodent’s scratching, chewing, and vocalizations. These sounds are produced by their teeth, which are sharpened by chewing on different objects. Mice and rats use this sound to communicate with each other. They usually nest in the attic, which is away from the rest of the house. Despite the noise they produce, you may still be able to distinguish them if you hear the sound of mice or bats scratching on the walls.
They chew through wiring
Rodents like to gnaw on wires, especially electrical ones. Their constant chewing exposes the copper cores of the wires, causing them to be susceptible to electrocution. Not only that, but rat infestation can also lead to electricity issues and power cuts, which can lead to fire accidents. A professional electrician can inspect your home for rat infestation to prevent major damage and repair it before it gets worse.
When mice and rats invade your attic, they chew through wiring and insulation, causing serious damage to your house. Although they may look cute and cuddly, these animals are notoriously destructive. Their sharp teeth make them capable of chewing through electrical cords, which can lead to an electrical outage or alarm. In extreme cases, the rodents can cause fires by eating copper inside wires.
Electrical wiring is particularly vulnerable to rodent infestations. Not only do rats chew on these cables, they also gnaw on other objects. Their teeth grow continuously, so they must chew something to keep them from getting any bigger. Wires are especially vulnerable to chewing because they are shaped like a cylinder, making them easy to grasp. Ultimately, this can result in a power outage or even a house fire.
They eat insulation
In addition to the insulation in the attic, rats also gnaw on wires, nails and packing straps. They will chew on the insulation to build their nests. Not only will this increase your heating and cooling costs, but it will also lower your home’s air quality. These are all signs that rodents have made your attic their home. Luckily, there are ways to control rat populations in your attic.
Firstly, if you notice any evidence of rat infestation, it’s important to get rid of the rodents as soon as possible. A rat infestation can be a serious problem, requiring professional help. Fortunately, there are some things you can do to control the rodent population and keep your attic insulated. Listed below are some tips to keep rats out of your attic.
The best way to eliminate the infestation is to remove the nest and the feces of rodents. You can also spot these rodents by looking for crumbs on the floor or wooden chips inside your utility closet or pantry cabinet. You may also notice that the insulation has started to grow holes, and you may notice gnaw marks on your food. These rodents tend to burrow through filthy surfaces and leave behind dark grains, about 1/4 to 3/4 inch long.
They gnaw through ducts
If you think that a rat infestation is just a problem in the attic, you are not alone. In fact, rodents are a common occurrence in the attic. Rats, mice, and other pests may take refuge in the attic to live, where they enjoy a cosy environment and a steady food supply. Air ducts are an attractive living space for rodents, so they tend to colonize at a high rate. Consequently, these rodents will cause damage to the ducts in the home and will affect the real estate value. In addition, these creatures will affect the health of the entire family.
If you’ve been experiencing these symptoms, it is time to get rid of them. Although vacuuming may have helped, dead mice still littered the ducts. Even worse, the mice had died from a poison that the homeowner had set just a few weeks prior to the infestation. Therefore, it was best to hire a professional. Also, professional exterminators are aware of the proper ways to remove rodents and clean the ducts.
They gnaw through electrical wires
If you notice that your attic is dingy and your attic lights are flickering, you may have a problem. Electrical wires are a magnet for rodents. When they chew them, the voltage can be high enough to turn off your entire household’s electricity. This may set off alarms and even set your house on fire. The electricity from chewed wires can cause sparks to fly out and ignite the insulation, which could ignite a fire. Worse, some wires are difficult to replace and require professional service.
A rodent infestation in an attic can also cause a home to burn. This can lead to a house fire if the wires aren’t insulated. Even if the electrical wires don’t catch fire, the heat from rat gnawing can cause them to burn. This can happen without warning. A rat infestation can also result in flickering lights, feces, and gnawing evidence.
They gnaw through insulation
While you may have seen hundreds or thousands of droppings, you might not have noticed rats in the attic. These pests will chew through your insulation and leave trailways and tunnels. You may even notice chew marks. You’ll also notice brown smudges from their fur along the routes that they take most often. If you notice chew marks in your insulation, you can expect to see them in other areas of your home as well, such as wood or electrical wires. They’re prone to nesting in warm areas, which makes them particularly aggressive during the winter.
Another sign of a rat infestation is an increased heating and cooling bill. The heat generated by these pests can cause your air conditioning and heating bills to skyrocket. Fortunately, you can prevent a rat infestation from happening to your home by making a hardware cloth entryway flap. Alternatively, you can use masonry screws to screw a piece of hardware cloth to the wall and then install it in the attic.
They gnaw through walls
When you hear noises in your attic, it might be rats. These creatures are active during the night, and if they’re in a space, they might be living in the attic. They gnaw on wood, plastic, metal, and wires, and their droppings can leave a greasy mess. There’s no doubt that they’re causing problems for you, and you want to know what to do to stop them.
The first thing you need to do to prevent rat infestation is to seal the gaps in your walls. Rats can squeeze through any hole that’s bigger than two fingers. You can close gaps with wire wool, metal kick plates, and cement. You can also hire a professional pest control service to seal the holes and prevent future infestations. Smith’s Pest Management, which services the Central Coast and the San Francisco Bay Area, can identify any entry points and eliminate them for you.
If you’ve discovered rats in your attic, take immediate action. The first thing to do is to inspect the walls. Rats will be most likely to enter through the cavity walls of the attic if they can get into the attic through the wall. Make sure you check the baseboards of all the walls and place concrete so that the rats can’t get through them. Once you’ve determined the extent of the infestation, you should consider setting up traps inside the walls to keep them out of your home.


It was aimed in the present work to report aspects related to identification, naming and categorization of the mastofauna species of the caatinga biome, according to hunters' knowledge of Northeast Brazil. The methods of free and semi-structured interviews and guided tours were applied here. The data obtained were analyzed under the emic/etic point of view by comparing the local people's knowledge to those reported in the literature. The inland hunters use some classification models of mammals living around them as for example the folk taxonomy, and a categorization based on the animal utility. Some species are preferably hunted for providing food while others are hunted for therapeutic ends. Hunt techniques were made evident by the informers. The retrieval and comprehension of the whole process related to such knowledge is very important to evaluate the human culture and the protection that people exert on local biodiversity, since these aspects have implications for the conservation and management of faunistic resources.


LAI CHÂU Province, Vietnam — Heavy rain over the weekend (23/24 June) has resulted in deadly flash floods and landslides in many northern mountainous provinces. At least three people have died, three are missing and five others have been injured in Lai Châu Province, according to provincial authorities. Director of the province’s Department of Agriculture … More Floods and Landslides Ravage Northern Provinces of Vietnam
While Tropical Storm Bud was lashing parts of western Mexico and causing flooding that extended into the American Southwest, a tropical disturbance was spinning over the Gulf of Mexico and straddling southeastern Texas. This system sat in place for almost a week bringing extremely heavy rainfall and causing a flash flood emergency. More than 15 … More IMERG Examines Flooding In Southern Texas From Space
On Sunday May 27th, 2018, parts of Ellicott City, MD, USA experienced between 5.36 inches and 10.38 inches of rain in about three hours, causing flash flooding in the city. In the storm of 2016 Ellicott City was hit by 6.5 inches of rain, causing flash flooding. According to the Maryland Chapter of the Sierra … More 1000 Year Floods – Ellicott City, MD, US Experiences 2 in 2 years!


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Reliability of tree-height measurements in northern hardwood standsAuthor(s): Dale S. Solomon; Richard J. Nolet
Source: Research Note NE-86. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 3p.
Publication Series: Research Note (RN)
Station: Northeastern Research Station
PDF: Download Publication (124.12 KB)
DescriptionNo significant differences were found between the heights of standing hardwood trees estimated with a Haga altimeter and actual heights measured after the trees had been felled. Differences ranged from +10 feet to -12 feet, and the mean difference for all trees was 0.1 foot.
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CitationSolomon, Dale S.; Nolet, Richard J. 1968. Reliability of tree-height measurements in northern hardwood stands. Research Note NE-86. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 3p.
- Management intensity and genetics affect loblolly pine seedling performance
- Saligna eucalyptus growth in a 15-year old spacing study in Hawaii
- Ten Years' Growth of Pruned and Unpruned Cottonwood Planted at 40- by 40-Foot Spacing
XML: View XML


Parastus Nepolo, the Founder and Managing Director of Millenium Refrigeration and Electrical services cc spends his days brainstorming and implementing strategies to save lives through the exploration of different refrigerants and air treatment machines. He gives us a peek into how he works and managed to identify the air treatment product.
Millenium is the name that comes up when people talk about refrigeration, Air conditioning and electrical services. The company arguably has the largest portfolio of HVAC equipment and controls in Namibia. Their products can be found all over Namibia in their 9 offices countrywide, and they have serviced warehouses, stores, campuses, hospitals, government buildings, apartment buildings and even hotels.
After Covid-19 hit the country, Millenium has been exploring different markets to identify Air Treatment products as they are aligned to their refrigeration and Air-conditioning equipment which provides our offices and homes with fresh air but do not protect us from the air we exhale especially in setups where two or more people gather.
“We have identified AeroMax Air Purifiers, a product that uses a combination of the most effective filtration and cleaning methods as part of a 4-stage filtration process to remove 99.97% of airborne pollutants and particles down to 0.3 microns in size,” Nepolo said.
The machines which come in different sizes have a smart level of performance of which when combined with the intelligent has sensor technology that makes AeraMax® the perfect clean air solution. It is worldly recommendable for hospital rooms, gathering centres, schools, boardrooms and any other types of gathering facilities where two or more people meet.
In July this year, the company donated two air treatment machines to the Ministry of Health and Social Services’ Covid-19 centre. Last week, a similar machine was donated to the Ongwediva MediPark. Both these donations came with no cost.
“With the country still under strict Covid-19 preventive measures, Millenium Refrigeration has been thinking of how it can protect the lives of individuals who are engaged in public gatherings especially our mighty medical practitioners who engage with patients daily and the MOHSS crossed our minds; we thought let us donate these machines to the health practitioners” Nepolo added.
These air purifiers, with their automatic AeraSmart™ Sensors, safely remove 99.97% of these harmful airborne pollutants, so you can enjoy clean, fresh air and a healthier home. The AeraMax® DX Air Purifiers for example, uses a combination of the most effective filtration and cleaning methods as part of a 4-stage filtration process to remove 99.97% of airborne pollutants and particles down to 0.3 microns in size.
This level of performance combined with the intelligent AeraSmart™ sensor technology makes AeraMax® the perfect clean air solution. Nepolo urged the nation to invest in these new technology for to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
“While we may not give much thought to indoor air quality, we certainly should. The air we breathe indoors is up to five times more polluted than outdoor air. Public spaces, like offices, health care facilities and schools are breeding grounds for bacteria, viruses, dust and allergens, and harsh chemicals and odours. While we all recognize the need to wash our hands and clean common surfaces like doors, tabletops, bathrooms, toilets, etc., it’s not enough. We need to clean the air” Nepolo emphasized.
Order your air treatment with them today. Find out more about Millenium on https://milleniumref.com.na/ or call their office 061 262717. They are also gurus in Air conditioning, refrigeration and electrical services. Give them a call today.


Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists.
Search native plant database:
Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd.
Awlfruit sedge, Awl-fruited sedge, Stalk-grain sedge
USDA Symbol: cast5
A slender, bunchgrass-like plant, this perennial sedge grows 2-3 ft. tall, with a cluster of brown seed capsules clinging high on each stem. Leaves are coarse and elongate.
Makes up 25% of the diet of the swamp sparrow (Kershaw)
Bloom InformationBloom Color:
Not Applicable Bloom Time:
Apr Bloom Notes: Perianth
, WY Canada: AB
, YT Native Distribution:
Transcontinental Canada, s. to FL, LA, KS
& CA Native Habitat:
Low, wet grounds
Growing ConditionsWater Use: Medium
Light Requirement: Sun
Soil Moisture: Moist , Wet
CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium
Soil Description: Wet soil to standing water.
Conditions Comments: Not Available
PropagationDescription: Not Available
Seed Collection: Not Available
Seed Treatment: Not Available
Commercially Avail: yes
Mr. Smarty Plants says
Native plants to stop pond bank erosion
June 04, 2008
I recently purchased a home with a small pond in which a nearby stream daylights. The former owner placed large field stone around the pond and the small stream; however, the area around the pond and...
view the full question and answer
National Wetland Indicator Status
This information is derived from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Wetland Plant List, Version 3.1
(Lichvar, R.W. 2013. The National Wetland Plant List: 2013 wetland ratings. Phytoneuron 2013-49: 1-241). Click here
for map of regions.
Record Last Modified: 2013-07-11
Research By: TWC Staff


News Animals A Herd of Wild Elephants Is Wandering Around China They've caused $1.1 million in damage and they're being tracked by drones. By Mary Jo DiLonardo Mary Jo DiLonardo LinkedIn Twitter Senior Writer University of Cincinnati Mary Jo DiLonardo has worked in print, online, and broadcast journalism for 25 years and covers nature, health, science, and animals. Learn about our editorial process Updated June 10, 2021 03:51PM EDT Fact checked by Haley Mast Fact checked by Haley Mast LinkedIn Harvard University Extension School Haley Mast is a freelance writer, fact-checker, and small organic farmer in the Columbia River Gorge. She enjoys gardening, reporting on environmental topics, and spending her time outside snowboarding or foraging. Topics of expertise and interest include agriculture, conservation, ecology, and climate science. Learn about our fact checking process Share Twitter Pinterest Email The wandering Asian elephants in China are similar to these at Kuri Buri National Park in Thailand. Thomas Cristofoletti / WWF-US News Environment Business & Policy Science Animals Home & Design Current Events Treehugger Voices News Archive A herd of 15 Asian elephants has had quite the adventure since escaping from a nature reserve in China about a year ago. Although locally famous for their exploits, the marauding group is just now starting to earn international fame. The elephant herd (also called a parade) has traveled about 310 miles from its home in the forests of the southwest Yunnan province before reaching the provincial capital city of Kunming, according to Chinese media. Along the way, they’ve trampled farms looking for food and water, causing an estimated $1.1 million worth of damage, according to state news agency Xinhua. There have been 412 separate reports of damage, and the elephants have destroyed 56 hectares of farmland in the counties of Yuanjiang and Shiping alone, the agency said. Authorities have used food to distract the elephants from villages in order to keep people and dwellings safe. At times, they’ve evacuated residents to keep them out of the elephants’ path. They’ve sent police to clear roads and to escort the herd. There are a dozen drones keeping track of the animals around the clock and many fans share images on the social media site Weibo. There, thousands of people liked and many commented when the elephants took a group nap, surrounding a baby elephant to keep it safe. What Started the Trek? Experts aren’t totally sure what prompted the elephants to leave and why they are still wandering. "We really don’t know why this herd left their home range, so it’s important to understand the conditions may have led to the elephants making the long journey," Nilanga Jayasinghe, Asian Species Manager at World Wildlife Fund-US, tells Treehugger. "It’s possible that the herd went in search of new habitat and got lost along the way." Jayasinghe points out that in Asia, the most significant threats to elephants are habitat loss and human-wildlife interactions that result because of that loss. "Elephants have significant space and resource needs. In Asia, there has been significant habitat loss over the past decades and because elephants range over long distances, much of their habitat is found outside protected areas," she says. "As they move through areas that have various land-use practices, human-elephant interactions are becoming more and more frequent, leading to significant damage and loss of life for both people and wildlife." So far, no one has been hurt during the elephants’ spree, but so much other damage has been done. "In this case, these elephants have already caused significant damage along their path to Kunming, but the authorities have done a commendable job monitoring the herd and informing people to prevent interactions," Jayasinghe points out. "Authorities are working with local elephant experts to determine the next best steps on how to keep the elephants and people safe. More broadly, addressing issues of human-wildlife interactions must be thought out carefully after gaining a good understanding of the context for the issue. Comprehensive measures that aim for coexistence and address both the immediate conflicts as well as the root causes of those conflicts, habitat loss, for example, are needed." Following the Adventure While elephant experts are working to keep everyone safe, fans are enjoying the elephant adventures. “I hope this long elephant journey will be successful, but... the elephants should have a serious talk with the current team leader,” wrote one commenter on YouTube. Another wrote, “It's so nice to know that the villagers and authorities are willing to adjust with the elephants.” View Article Sources "Wandering elephant herd reaches major SW Chinese city." XINHUANET, 2021. "Xinhua Headlines: Chinese city on alert as wandering elephant herd marches north." XINHUANET, 2021.


Cloud composition cliffhanger at point reyes national seashore
Turns out, polluted air from San Francisco is not the culprit. It's a thermal trough pushing north from Arizona. In a surprise result, scientists found that this weather pattern significantly affects the chemistry of fog and clouds over Point Reyes National Seashore. Scientists from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington State University, the University of Colorado, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration found very high amounts of ammonia and organic material in aerosol particles and cloud droplets during a large-scale weather pattern originating in Arizona. Their results also show the interactions between these small airborne particles and the cloud water chemistry during clear and foggy conditions.
The results were achieved through a team collaboration. The U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Chemistry Program (now the Atmospheric System Research Program) used specialized air quality measurements, and combined these with local climate data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF).
This research provided scientists with a rare opportunity to study how cloud water droplets form around tiny particles in the air in a remote area. Understanding aerosols, small particles suspended in the atmosphere, is a primary focus in understanding how clouds form. This is important because clouds are known to play a central role in the Earth's climate system. Studying cloud and aerosol interactions in remote areas also contributes valuable baseline information so policy makers can develop air quality standards and scientists can improve climate models. Getting and using accurate data in climate models will lead to better climate change predictions. For the Point Reyes studies, investigators were able to examine the cloud and aerosol properties during two distinct weather patterns that were found to have a significant impact on the area's air quality.
Point Reyes National Seashore in California is one of the cloudiest locations in the United States. During July 2005, scientists from DOE's Atmospheric Chemistry Program (now the Atmospheric Systems Research Program) joined investigators from DOE's ARM to collect information about the particle size and composition of cloud droplets for the Marine Stratus Experiment.
Scientists used a special set of instruments to separate atmospheric particles into two categories: those that attract moisture and lead to the formation of clouds; and those that could not. They analyzed the chemical make-up of both sets of particles using an aerosol mass spectrometer. Combined with meteorology observations, a suite of instruments allowed scientists to contrast the size and chemical composition of particles during four categories of weather patterns: a) maritime flow; b) over-land flow; c) clear conditions; and d) foggy conditions. Air moving from the ocean comprised the marine flow; the over-land flow was found to be strongly influenced by a large weather feature called a thermal trough, originating in Arizona (see sidebar).
The team began their analysis by comparing their high-time resolution data with more coarse weekly observations made at a permanent IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) station at Point Reyes, set up to track long-term visual air quality trends. Finding good agreement between their measurements and the IMPROVE data they then compared the chemistry of particles and cloud droplets during both periods of foggy and clear weather. A pronounced change in the chemical composition of particles between the start and the end of the study period was analyzed during these two intervals. The team was able to identify the role of the thermal trough on cloud particles, including very high levels of ammonia gas, a byproduct of fertilizer use and production. The chemical composition of cloud droplets affects the light-reflecting and absorbing properties of the particles, which has a large effect on regional climate.
The team expected to find long periods of clean air broken by a few days of pollution coming from San Francisco, Calif. Instead, the chemical make-up of the particles was strongly influenced the large thermal trough. In addition, the particles from marine air were acidic or near-neutral while particles associated with the thermal trough appeared to be the opposite. High concentrations of ammonia gas and organic matter, linked to the circulation pattern from the warm air pushing up from Arizona, have an impact on otherwise clean air coming in from the Pacific Ocean. This new information is of special interest to the National Park Service monitoring air quality in the park.
Researchers are now investigating the relationship between aerosol particles, the way cloud droplets form, and the effect the pre-existing particles have on the ability of marine-formed clouds to reflect light and produce rain. This study also sets the stage for a major DOE campaign, the Two Column Aerosol Project on Cape Cod, Mass. in the summer of 2012.


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Happy Earth Day Friends!
Earth looks pretty peaceful from Mars.
The view from earth of the Perseid meteor shower is pretty awesome too.
I am sure glad these guys are here on earth! Happy National Dog Week everyone!
Happy Earth Day to the best planet in the Universe.
© 1997- 2021 Nancy Carlson


Groundwater is a valuable resource both in the united state and throughout the world. Where surface water, such as lakes and rivers, are scare or inaccessible. The volume of ground water in storage is decreasing in many areas of the united states in response to pumping. ground water depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping. The water shortage problem is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet water needs within a region. It affects every region and around 2.8 billion people around the world at least one month out of every year. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water.
J.N.Thakare (2019); Importance of Water Resource Management; International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP)
9(7) (ISSN: 2250-3153), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.07.2019.p9104


Floristic riches Crimea, and it about 2400 kinds, is unusual not only to the Eastern Europe (which average area has usually 500-800 kinds). To riches of the green dress of peninsula, especially its Southern coast, natives of the countries of the Mediterranean or those who often there has a rest - our greens are surprised also both is more powerful, and is more various, and fresh; richer than soil; set of extensive reserves.
Approximately 250 kinds of plants meet only in Crimea, them name endemami (endemikami, endemichnymi kinds). It, for example, the Crimean white snowdrop folded - only in the mixed woods of Mountain Crimea, the Crimean edelweiss (jaskolka Bibershtejna) - only on Jajle, zemljanichnik melkoplodnyj - only on Juzhnoberezhe, a hawthorn Pojarkovoj - only on Karadage, sudakskaja a pine, a version pitsundskoj - only at the Pike perch and in a South careful zone of Sevastopol.
Crimean endemiki – a cyclamen of Kuznetsova and a snowdrop folded (galantus) – plants bulbous, gathering of their colours cannot represent any harm . Their people absolutely poor collect and sell. That on them round-ups the spindle-legs dressed in bullet-proof vests with automatic machines – simply shame, and at all neither what nor struggle for red books everyone there arrange that. By the way, and the Crimean snowdrop was never brought in the Red book of the USSR, as a vanishing species is not and perfectly grows in front gardens. Endemik, it is a kind growing on certain district. Here the lily of the valley just endemikom is not, grows and in the Midland of Russia, but with it, really, problems, now it became a rarity.
Besides the primordial kinds Crimea is rich also introdutsentami , not less than 2000 kinds of plants are delivered here from all ends of globe and widespread. And the South American cactus a prickly pear, the Chinese ailanthus, Canadian robinija (a white acacia), Italian gljadichija and many hundreds kinds have so got accustomed that extend independently without any leaving.
Various trees, bushes, grasses, together with mushrooms, lichens form steady communities in the nature: many-tier (especially in the mixed woods), with multilateral communications of self-control, together with with a characteristic artistic image - silhouettes and paints. The birchwood or a pine pine forest, an oak grove or kovylnaja steppe - the inhabitant of the Midland will meet them as old acquaintances. And here mountain meadow steppes Jajly or impassable kustarnikovye thickets of Southeast coast is already something especial. That to speak about ancient parks Juzhnoberezhja where in relic mozhzhevelovye groves have joined for a long time the Italian pines and the Lebanese cedars. And artificial landings of the Crimean pine to mountain terraces and the fulfilled stone-cutting open-cast mines quite often cast thoughts on pyramids majja or architecture of aliens.
The Steppe zone of Crimea is completely opened and populated, only individual sites of virgin steppe burning in May with scarlet and yellow tulips remain.
Remain (quite often in a reserved mode) and beams rich with fruit bushes, and also very original priruslovye thickets along small Crimean small rivers. Powerful trees of an oak, an elm, poplars tower over thickets of a willow, a wood nut, a cornel, all it is densely twisted by lianas lomonosa, an evergreen ivy, a prickly blackberry.
These green corridors connecting flat Crimea with mountain, have huge value for ecological equilibrium.
In Foothills at heights from 350 to 600 m above sea level the basic vegetative community are so-called oaklets and artificial landings of a pine Crimean, including on terraces. Below this level the same communities meet islets, a natural belt of forest-steppe - the best in the economic relation, is occupied by vineyards, gardens and fields.
The forest-steppe zone clearly shows Incomplete humility to the person in May-June when Foothills fields turn to magnificent scarlet carpets. It different kinds of a poppy (basically, samosejka and doubtful) blossom. They blossom and in steppe, but in vicinities of Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai, Simferopol and Belogorska it is necessary to admire them, at all their harm to wheaten and barley fields.
Oaklets are in essence root young growth from the former oak groves which have been repeatedly cut down in the past. Well and the Crimean pine has appeared most "=х§эюыюушёэ№ь" a material for fast lesovosstanovlenija, fastenings of slopes and ecological improvement of the earths broken by mountain workings out.
Oaklets can alternate, especially in vicinities of Bakhchisarai, with thickets of a prickly juniper. Foothills woods are not so high, are not shady, but are very good for walks and campaigns. They also are unusually rich with crabs, pears, a cornel, a wood nut, a hawthorn and other fruit plants. And also mushrooms and medicinal grasses.
When you cross the Main ridge of Crimean mountains from Bakhchisarai to Yalta, from Simferopol to Alushte or from Belogorska to Privetnomu it is clearly visible that approximately from 600 metres above sea level woods become shady, long-boled are woods from a beech and a hornbeam with an impurity still sets of breeds, including a wild sweet cherry and an apple-tree. In reserves such woods simply amaze with the magnificence.
At heights over 1100 metres eternally storming a wind define the whole belt so-called beechen krivolesja, reminding to scenery to terrible, but to romantic fairy tales.
Hilly surfaces of the Main ridge - jajly, cover the richest meadow steppes, both in respect of a forage for hoofed animals of animals, and on a botanical variety, and especially on curative plants.
The Southern edge jajly is covered by powerful and most beautiful pines (though here again there is a small belt pine krivolesja and whole "яі э№х ЁюЁш").
From 900 to 400 m above sea level on southern breaking Jajly dubovo-pine woods with an underbrush various and rich with fruits go down.
The Bottom seaside breakages and rocky haosy cover communities of the Mediterranean type: frigana (low prickly thickets), shibljak (thickets from low listopadnyh trees, oaks, a pistachio, grabinnika) - these prevail in the east, and here beautiful evergreen bosks from zemljanichnika melkoplodnogo and a treelike juniper are close on type to Mediterranean makvisu. Under them the continuous cover forms iglitsa pontijskaja with evergreen prickly leaflets and bright red berries.
Makvisy have practically merged now in a single whole with ancient South careful parks.
Thus, the basic lesoobrazujushchimi breeds of Crimea are: pines (except chernostvolnoj Crimean, in mountains there is also a pine ordinary a reddish trunk, and at coast - endemichnaja sudakskaja, and also set of pines-introdutsentov from Italy, Canada, Mexico); oaks (three kinds local, and on juzhnoberezhe a little evergreen, including pith); a beech and a hornbeam.
Certainly, to Crimea go for the sake of the sea, but comparing it and to resorts of a steppe zone of Ukraine, and with the coast of Mediterranean sea exhausted from heat, once again we will tell thanks our plants.
That a pine - the tree curative, allocating fitontsidy, flying substances pernicious for pathogenic bacteria, is known almost to all. But also in oaklets or shibljakah air is not less pure, after all both an oak chereshchatyj and its undersized colleagues - an oak fluffy which leaves from the bottom party are covered by a down, and an oak rocky, all the winter long not dumping yellow foliage, - all of them are rich fitontsidami. Together with junipers, a poplar, a walnut and many other things, usual plants for Crimea.
To Stir fallen down foliage, walking on autumn wood or park, it is pleasant not without reason - this aroma of withering is extremely rich with curative substances.
But the green dress of peninsula it not only fitontsidy. These are mushrooms and berries, medicinal grasses and nuts, amusing snags and outgrowths.
Well and the main thing is it "эхтхёюь№х яюыхчэюё=ш": it softens a climate, accumulates a moisture when it is a lot of it, and then gradually gives, protects hillsides from washout, - in general, supports natural balance.
Our love to picnics, shish kebabs and other pleasures on the nature not always passes for wood completely. We also suffer from it. Forest fires become the present disaster for all live. But it is not better at all in ecological sense having washed away slopes, formation of gullies and ravines on a place of an automobile track, trampling green podrosta, zahlamlenie plastic and a tin.
Therefore in Crimea are protected not only reserves, but also woods as a whole. During the fire-dangerous period (from May till October) their visiting is forbidden. But to put under each tree of the forester, of course, it is not possible.
The effectual measures of their preservation is the accomplishment of special vacation spots in residential suburbs. Their equipment for rest is conducted by special methods of landscape architecture, basically from a local tree and a stone. It is so-called wood furniture from stubs and snags, shelters from a bad weather, the arbours, the improved springs and sources. Well and it is final kostrishcha, braziers, musorosborniki. Such places in Crimea more than 40.


At first sight you may think that this is a small white but if it is in your garden you need have no worries. The green-veined white (Pieris napi) is certainly a close relative of the small white but it feeds exclusively on wild crucifereae plants such as garlic mustard, cuckooflower, wild radish and so on so your greens are safe!
The green-veined white has two broods and the first flies throughout May. There will be a subsequent brood, here in the south at least, flying in August and September.The second brood isfond of other plants too, they especially go for thistles and members of the daisy family.
It is a problem positively identifying this butterfly in flight but as soon as it lands and closes its wings the green markings, that is the veins, on the underside of the wing can be seen from some way off. It is now quite a common butterfly; indeed I think, at times, it is now more common that the small white which is remarkable as the small white was once undoubtedly a very common butterfly.


Why Is My Water Softener Turning My Water Brown?
Brown water emerging out of your water softener is often the consequence of iron and manganese accumulating inside your mineral tank and fouling the softener resin. When dissolved iron oxidizes, it might be ferric iron (insoluble iron). This iron will manifest inside your resin bed as brown slugs which will discolor your water.
Immediate indications of calcium in the water that reveal challenge with your water softener include:
- Soap not lathering.
- Clothes feeling rough or appear dingy after laundry.
- Spots or streaks on dishes or glasses.
- Dull, lifeless hair or dry, itchy skin.
- Soap scum around the shower, tub, along with other surfaces.
Why does my water softener have dirty water?
Dirt within the brine tank: It’s normal? Should you own or manage a water softener, you may watch a layer of dirt or grime that accumulates round the insides from the tank. It may look grey, or foamy which is most likely causing you to cringe, however the good factor is the fact that it’s completely normal.
Why is the water in my brine tank Brown?
Water softeners might have brown water should there be minerals for example iron and manganese within the brine tank. Pipe erosion and calcium in the water can both make the buildup of brown water inside a water softener. Call a plumber when the water inside your water softener is brown following a water primary continues to be flushed.
Why is my water softener making my water yellow?
Exactly why is my water yellow after installing a water softener? Sediment like iron and manganese inside your tube causes your brand-new water filtration to show water yellow. Frequently running water for a short period will get rid of the particles that experienced your line whenever you altered it.
How long do water softeners typically last?
Although a great water softener may last for 10 – fifteen years, without correct maintenance and repair, they’re not going to last forever. They’re really not designed to last forever, but good care measures can make sure the lifespan of the water softener is extended to the full capacity.
How often do water softeners need to be replaced?
When they may last considerably longer if well-maintained, water softeners possess a typical lifespan which is between 10 and fifteen years. In case your water softener was installed greater than a decade ago, replacing it might be the best option.
Is water in a softener supposed to be dirty?
When a water softener has been around use for a while, a layer of grime and dirt can take shape up around within the tank. This buildup is common however, if salt with a lot of impurities was utilized within the brine tank, this could cause dirty water.
Why is there black stuff in my water softener?
If you see dark stains close to the tube within the brine (salt) tank, you need to fix it now! Individuals dark stains are mold. You don’t want mold, fungi, or bacteria to thrive inside your water softener. Once you’ve washed the sludge and sediment, use a combination of dishwashing detergent and water to cleanse the tank.
How do I fix brown water in my water softener?
If sediment is collecting inside your mineral tank and providing your water a brown tint, you will have to deep clean the resin tank and use a sediment filter prior to the softener. Use a phosphoric acidity resin cleaner to assist flush silt, chemical toxins, and organic compounds from the water softener.
Why is my water brown all of a sudden?
Minerals, sediment, or rust that builds up within the water mains with time is the reason for brown or discolored water. Once the water out of your tap is brown, this signifies a disturbance within the water primary that stirs up these deposits. Additionally you may have a rusted pipe, and when left unwatched to could create a leak.
How do I clean my water softener brine tank?
Pour a couple of tablespoons dish soap into 1-2 gallons water to produce a soapy mixture. Pour the soap/water mixture in to the brine tank and scrub the interior having a lengthy-handled brush. Dump and rinse with water. Now pour 2-3 gallons of unpolluted water in to the brine tank having a quarter cup household bleach.
Does a water softener change the color of water?
Once the water softener is working properly your water ought to always be very obvious. However, whether it reduces if you notice a substantial alternation in the colour from the water. The most typical reason for discoloration may be the swimming pool water utilized in city water, which might turn water an orange, peachy or gray color.
Is it safe to shower in yellow water?
Is Yellow Bathwater Safe for Bathing? While bathing or showering in yellow water is usually safe, it’s always smart to seek advice from your reliable local plumbing team.


Oregon March 21, 2016
18 More Enchanting Spots In Oregon You Never Knew Existed
Full of majestic waterfalls, gorgeous canyons, beautiful beaches, and more, Oregon is an absolute treasure. With such amazing natural wonders like Multnomah Falls and Crater Lake, it can be easy to overlook the bountiful beauty that is hidden all over the state. Last year we published an
article featuring nine of Oregon’s most beautiful hidden gems, including places like Lost Lake, Toketee Falls, Natural Bridges, and more. Today, we’ve compiled 18 more of Oregon’s most enchanting hidden gems. They are absolutely astounding.
18. Tamanawas Falls
Located in the Mt Hood National Forest, Tamanawas Falls is absolutely lovely.
17. Paulina Lake
The serene Paulina Lake is located in Newberry Crater in Central Oregon.
16. Owyhee Canyonlands
The Owyhee Canyonlands of southeast Oregon are breathtakingly beautiful.
15. Oneonta Gorge
Located in the Columbia River Gorge, Oneonta Gorge is a majestic passageway between enormous, moss-covered rocks leading to the lovely Oneonta Falls.
14. Broken Top
Broken Top is an extinct volcano in the Cascade Range of central Oregon. The otherworldly landscape here will drop your jaw.
13. Sahalie Falls
Sahalie Falls is a beautiful waterfalls that can be found on the McKenzie River.
12. Hells Canyon
Hells Canyon is not only Oregon's deepest canyon, it's the deepest river gorge in North America.
11. Arch Cape
Located on the coast of Clatsop County, Arch Cape is a pristine oceanside destination.
10. Valley of the Giants
The Valley of the Giants is a lovely 51 acre forest located near the coast of northwest Oregon.
9. Sweet Creek
Sweet Creek is as charming as it's name implies. Located in the Siuslaw National Forest, this creek is followed by a lovely hiking trail that leads you past multiple cascading waterfalls.
8. Leslie Gulch
Leslie Gulch is located in Malheur County, and it's an otherworldly beauty.
7. Cape Foulweather
Cape Foulweather may not have the most attractive name, but it's lovely nonetheless.
6. Terwilliger Hot Springs
This natural hot spring is located in the Willamette National Forest. Hot water cascades down multiple levels of clean, rock-lined pools. It's relaxing and totally gorgeous.
5. Elk Lake
Nestled into the Cascades is the majestic, reflective water of Elk Lake.
4. Alvord Desert
The Alvord Desert is located in a remote area of southeast Oregon. The landscape will make you feel like you're on another planet.
3. Wallowa Lake
Nestled into the Wallowa Mountains of eastern Oregon is the beautiful Wallowa Lake.
2. Steelhead Falls
Steelhead Falls is a unique and thoroughly enchanting waterfall on the Deschutes River. It's not particularly easy to find, but it's totally worth the search.
1. Waldo Lake
Waldo Lake is a beautiful alpine lake in the Cascade Mountains.
How many of these places have you been to?
What are some other enchanting hidden gems in Oregon?


KIGALI (Reuters) - Rwanda is encouraged by the discovery of oil sediments in the west of the country after aerial surveys by Canadian firm Vangold Resources.
The small, hilly central African nation lies on the Albertine Rift and shares similar geological features with neighboring Uganda to the north, where oil has been found.
“The area where prospecting is being done shows indications of the oil potential,” Albert Butare, Rwanda’s state minister for energy and water, said in an interview late on Monday.
“To what extent and what quality is what the studies are going to come out with, but ... there are real indications of the possibility of the existence of oil,” he told Reuters.
In May, Vangold Resources will bring in a specialised boat to conduct seismic surveys of Lake Kivu which borders Rwanda’s volatile neighbour, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Landlocked Rwanda has been plagued by fuel shortages and rationing in recent months due to disruptions to supplies coming from east Africa’s coastal economic powerhouse, Kenya.
At $0.24 per KWH, Rwanda has one of the region’s most expensive energy tariffs, Butare said, making it uncompetitive for exporters.
He said he hoped the price of electricity would be halved to between $0.12-0.15 per KWH through investments in solar, wind, gas, geothermal and hydro-energy production that are planned over the next three years.
“We’ve decided to embark on strategies by leaving no stone unturned in terms of investing in different potential resources,” Butare said.
Rwanda is in final talks with ContourGlobal to set up a 100 MW methane gas project on Lake Kivu, as well as a further 100 MW project by a consortium led by Kenya’s Industrial Promotion Services, together with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and African Development Bank (AfDB).
By 2012 Rwanda wants to triple electricity access to reach some 350,000 households by rolling out a rural electrification programme, Butare said.
Central to this is micro-hydro generation ranging from 5 KW to 3 MW projects at more than 300 potential sites, including remote mountainous areas where it is too expensive to extend the national grid.


UC Davis investigates using helicopter drones for crop dusting
Researchers at University of California, Davis, in cooperation with the Yamaha Motor Corporation, are testing UAV crop dusting on the Oakville Experimental Vineyard at the UC Oakville Station using a Yamaha RMax remote-controlled helicopter. The purpose is to study the adaptation of Japanese UAV crop dusting techniques for US agriculture, but not all the hurdles they face are technological.
The use of aircraft for crop dusting and seeding is over a century old, but it’s not a panacea. Flying aircraft low over farmland is best suited for areas like the Great Plains of North America, which are flat and relatively free of obstacles like trees or power lines. In built-up areas, rugged terrain, or mixed-use regions, it isn't feasible to distribute chemicals from a plane or helicopter and even under ideal conditions, flying close to the ground can be hazardous. There’s also the risk of the pilot and people on the ground being exposed to dangerous chemicals.
If you wanted to find a place not suited to crop dusting, it would be hard to beat Japan. It’s a mountainous, heavily populated country with lots of trees and buildings where farms with small fields are interspersed closely with settlements and all manner of other things like a semi-rural crazy quilt. But it’s also a country with an aging population providing fewer young people to work the land, so there’s a strong imperative to automate as much as possible.
The idea of using drones as crop dusters and seeders may be a novelty in the West, but in Japan it’s old news. Unmanned helicopters have been on the job for over 20 years since Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture started promoting the idea in the 1980s. In 1991, small remote-controlled helicopters were used to spray rice fields and today UAVs spray 40 percent of the nation’s rice crops. In addition, unmanned helicopters are used to spray, wheat, oats, soybeans, lotus roots, daikon radishes, chestnut groves and continues to expand to other kinds of orchards and vegetable fields.
One of the major players in this, and the center of the UC Davis study, is the Yamaha RMax. Controlled by a ground operator, the motorcycle-sized helicopter is powered by a two-stroke, two-cylinder 2.4-liter engine and is capable of lifting a payload of 28 kg (61 lb). It’s fitted with a spray applicator system and can spray at about 15 mph (24 km/h). There are 2,400 RMax helicopters currently flying in Japan and through they’re used mainly for spraying and seeding, they’re also employed in remote sensing, precision agriculture and frost mitigation.
California agriculture has similar problems to Japan with a some areas marked by a quilt of small holdings in a complex geography, so since November 2012 UC Davis has been running a program to adapt Japanese UAV methods to American needs.
“We have more than two decades of data on the performance of the RMAX in Japan, but we don’t yet have that kind of information on its use in the United States,” says Steve Markofski, a Yamaha business planner and trained RMAX operator.
Bringing the Japanese model to the United States has a number of obvious benefits. It brings a degree of precision to agriculture over using tractors while removing the hazards of a low-flying pilot. Pesticides can be applied with greater accuracy, which reduces not only costs, but also exposure of farm workers as well as reducing the environmental impact.
Currently, UC Davis is studying the distribution of spray over a vineyard by using the RMax to spray colored water over grape vines kitted out with water-sensitive test paper. The paper shows up water droplets as blue specks, which can be recorded and analyzed by computer.
Preliminary results show that the helicopter is stable even in gusty conditions and that the turbulence thrown up by the rotors distributes the spray even under the leaves. The hope is that the study will eventually show how safe and efficient helicopter spraying is and how well it compares to tractor spraying. Another benefit may be close-quarters crop monitoring with some Napa farmers expressing an interest in using unmanned helicopters to take images of vineyards to monitor vine health and determine harvest schedules.
You would think that with decades of Japanese experience we’ll be seeing helicopters buzzing around the Napa Valley very soon, but not all the problems revolve around technology. The US government still doesn't recognize the use of UAVs by civilians and until the law is changed in 2015, they must operate under very severe restrictions. UC Davis as a limited FAA permit, which very few other universities have, that took its two pilots five months to obtain.
The Rmax can only fly over very specific agricultural areas, cannot operate within five miles of an airport. the operators must give the FAA 48 hours warning of a flight, and even then it can only fly at below 20 feet (6 m).
UC Davis stresses that the entire vineyard has been declared an emergency landing area and that the helicopter is designed to hover and land automatically if it loses its control signal. “This site not only offers a working-vineyard situation, it also meets all of our federal requirements for flight zones for remote-controlled aircraft,” says Ken Giles, a UC Davis agricultural engineering professor and lead researcher on the project.
Giles also addresses privacy and safety concerns stating, “As a citizen, I share those reservations and agree that we need to be very careful about how we use unmanned aircraft. But with the color, size and noise of a motorcycle, this helicopter that we’re testing is anything but stealthy and would be a great disappointment to anyone hoping to use it for espionage or other covert purposes. And, our work is being conducted with the anticipation that the aircraft would be flown by the landowner or by someone hired by the landowner. In other words, that person would want the aircraft to be flying over his or her land.”
If all goes well with the current round of tests, UC Davis plans to expand the program to almond groves in the California Central valley.
The video below outlines the UC Davis study.
Source: University of California, Davis


OJB Landscape Architecture Unveils 609 Main at Texas Office Tower
Expansive two-tiered green roof enlivens Downtown Houston skyline
Houston – May 18, 2017 – OJB Landscape Architecture, winner of the 2015 ASLA Firm Award, today announced the grand opening of its newest workplace project, 609 Main at Texas, a new 48-story, Class A office tower in Downtown Houston. Hines Interests developed the LEED Platinum-certified project which is the result of a collaboration between OJB, architectural firm Pickard Chilton and architect-of-record Kendall/Heaton Associates.
The 1,050,000-SF office tower is the latest addition to the burgeoning Central Business District in Downtown Houston. A two-tiered, 30,000-SF green roof offers unprecedented views of the urban skyline and a place for office workers to reconnect with nature. A 28-foot tall Greenwall and water feature greet visitors in the building’s main lobby. Hardscape and strategic landscape appointments at the site’s entry plaza and along Main Street enhance connectivity and offer a welcoming environment.
“As Downtown Houston continues to densify, buildings of this caliber offer top-notch workplaces in the Central Business District,” said OJB Managing Principal Jereck Boss. “Amenities such as the two-tiered green roof allow workers areas to decompress, enjoy their lunch outdoors, or host a team meeting in the fresh air. These types of features are increasingly sought in the workplace as being connected with the natural elements is shown to help fuel creativity and decrease stress.”
In keeping with the project’s design goal to be LEED Platinum, the site’s hardscape has been designed to include durable non-glare materials selected for their ability to absorb the bright Houston sun and to clearly define circulation. Native and adaptive species were utilized throughout the site ensuring highly efficient planting that thrives in the urban environment, particularly in the shade and wind that are prevalent on roof gardens. A drip irrigation system results in reduced water consumption while the planting absorbs approximately 70 percent of precipitation hitting the roof. Ipe benches and movable furniture will allow for a multitude of flexible seating options on the roof terrace for the enjoyment of tenants and guests.
To learn more about OJB Landscape Architecture and the firm’s design of 609 Main at Texas visit www.ojb.com.
Founded in 1989, The Office of James Burnett began with a focus on creating landscapes that provide unique and unforgettable sensory experiences. OJB’s recent work has focused on the rejuvenation of American cities through the creation of distinctive public park spaces including ULI Urban Open Space Award-winning Klyde Warren Park in Dallas, Myriad Gardens in Oklahoma City and Levy Park in Houston. Other notable projects include the artfully planted Sunnylands Center and Gardens in Rancho Mirage, CA and forthcoming urban park project East Village Green in San Diego. Follow OJB on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.


Silage producers are being reminded of the continued importance of grass sampling for nitrate levels before silage cutting after a worrying rise in reports of brown gas from clamps.
Yellowish and brown fumes emanating from silage clamps are likely to be nitrogen dioxide – the gas formed when nitric acid reacts with water – farmers have been told.
Contact with this gas can cause skin and eye irritation, bronchitis, stripping the enamel from teeth – even death.
Gases usually dissipate after a day or two, after which point the site becomes safe again.
Forage advisers believe the slow, cold spring may have caused the issue this year.
The problem is more associated with first cut, but can be seen in every cut through the summer, depending on weather conditions and nitrogen uptake, says silage specialist Dr Dave Davies of Silage Solutions.
Any farm staff should report the sight of brown or yellow gases around silage clamps to farm and herd managers.
If exposed to the gas, people should seek guidance from their GP or contact NHS 111.
How to avoid nitric acid risk
- Test grass and forage samples before harvesting
- First cut sometimes presents a problem but the issue could be seen in every cut through the summer, depending on weather conditions and nitrogen uptake
- Delay cutting if nitrate levels are too high and re-test
- Crude protein samples over 18% and nitrates above 0.25% freshweight could lead to fermentation problems and be a health risk to staff and livestock
- Nitrates at about 0.15-0.25% could still be problematic for fermentation
Source: Dr Dave Davies, Silage Solutions
Ruminant technical manager at KW Feeds, Charlotte Ward, said that if these reports of yellow/brown gas were nitrous oxide, the impact could potentially be life-threatening to people and animals.
“It is important to note that nitrous oxide forms naturally when nitrates are broken down immediately after ensiling.
“We suspect the higher nitrate content in silage, due to the slow cold spring, may be exacerbating the situation. These are conditions we are not used to,” she said.
“We advise to exercise extreme caution if there is even a slight indication that this is occurring.
“Do not breathe in near the areas where the gas is visible, or suspected. Tell-tale signs can include silage discolouration, often turning to a bright yellow-orange colour.
“This highlights the importance of taking pre-cut samples and sending for analysis to determine nitrate levels before cutting. Likewise, it is prudent to regularly sample silage, and monitor what is in your clamp.”
Risks from nitrogen dioxide
- Burns and irritates any body part
- Dry throat and nasal passages, shortness of breath, breathing difficulties, chest pain and death are all possible
- Lung damage is possible
- Teeth enamel can be eroded away
- Laryngeal cancer
- Eye burns, pain and redness
Source: Public Health England


Cedro is a large to extra-large fruited indeterminate red saladette that has high fruit quality, well suited for the export markets. The maturity is mid. The fruit are oval in shape, uniform, firm, and have a bright red color at maturity. The plant has short internodes, mid vigor and yield potential of export quality fruit. Cedro performs well when growing under conditions from warm to cool with good heat set ability. Suited for mid and long cycle production.
- Easy to manage plant
- Ideal for hot and cold season
- Export quality fruit with great firmness and uniform color up
- Experimental# STM8037
Days to Maturity from Transplant
Downloads & Links
|Aal||Alternaria stem canker||Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici|
|Pst||Bacterial speck||Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato|
|For||Fusarium crown & root rot||Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici|
|Fol||Fusarium wilt||Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici|
|Ss||Gray leaf spot||Stemphylium solani|
|Ff||Leaf mold||Fulvia fulva|
|Mi||Root knot||Meloidogyne incognita|
|ToMV||Tomato mosaic||Tomato mosaic tobamovirus|
|TSWV||Tomato spotted wilt||Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus|
|TYLCV: Is||Tomato yellow leaf curl||Tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus (Israel strain)|
|Vd||Verticillium wilt||Verticillium dahliae|
HR = High resistance: plant varieties that highly restrict the growth and development of the specified pest or pathogen under normal pest or pathogen pressure when compared to susceptible varieties. These plant varieties may, however, exhibit some symptoms or damage under heavy pathogen or pest pressure.
IR = Intermediate resistance: plant varieties that restrict the growth and development of the specified pest or pathogen, but may exhibit a greater range of symptoms or damage compared to “highly resistant” varieties. Intermediately resistant plant varieties will still show less severe symptoms or damage than susceptible plant varieties when grown under similar environmental conditions and/or pathogen or pest pressure.
T = Tolerance: The ability of a plant variety to endure abiotic stress without serious consequences for growth, appearance and yield.