From upper left: Panorama of the city, Grenoble’s cable cars, place Saint-André, jardin de ville, banks of the Isère river
|Coordinates: Coordinates: Unknown argument format
|• Mayor (2014–2020)||Éric Piolle (Europe Ecology – The Greens)|
|Area1||18.44 km2 (7.12 sq mi)|
|• Density||8,500/km2 (22,000/sq mi)|
|INSEE/Postal code||38185 / 38000, 38100|
|Elevation||212–500 m (696–1,640 ft)
(avg. 398 m or 1,306 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.
Grenoble (//;French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains, as well as its size, has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps".
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, at a time when it was a small Gallic village. While it gained in stature by becoming the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century, Grenoble remained for most of its history a modest parliamentary and garrison city on the borders of the kingdom of France.
Grenoble grew in importance through its industrial development, the city having experienced several periods of economic expansion in the last centuries. It started with its booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries and ended with its post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble or "agglomération grenobloise") at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois."
- 1 History
- 2 Geography
- 3 Population
- 4 Main sights
- 5 Education and science
- 6 Economy
- 7 Sport
- 8 Transport
- 9 Culture
- 10 People from Grenoble
- 11 International relations
- 12 In popular culture
- 13 Gallery
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 External links
- For the ecclesiastical history, see Bishopric of Grenoble.
||There is a proposal that this section be split into a new article titled History of Grenoble. (Discuss) (November 2015)|
The first references to Grenoble date back to 43 BC. Cularo was at that time a little Gallic village founded by the Allobroges tribe near a bridge across the Isère River. With insecurity rising in the late Roman empire, a strong wall was built around the small town in 286 AD.
The Emperor Gratian visited Cularo and, touched by the people's welcome, made the village a Roman city. In honour of this, Cularo was renamed Gratianopolis ("city of Gratian") in 381 (leading to Graignovol during the Middle Age and then Grenoble).
Christianity spread to the region during the 4th century, and the diocese of Grenoble was founded in 377 AD. From that time on, the bishops exercised significant political power over the city and, until the French Revolution, styled themselves the "bishops and princes of Grenoble".
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the city was part of the first Burgundian kingdom in the 5th century and the second Burgundian Kingdom of Arles until 1032, when it was integrated into the Holy Roman Empire. Arletian rule was interrupted between 942 and 970 due to Arabic rule based in Fraxinet.
Grenoble grew significantly in the 11th century when the Counts of Albon chose the city as the capital of their territories. At the time, their possessions were a patchwork of several territories sprawled across the region. The central position of Grenoble allowed the Counts to strengthen their authority. When they later took the title of "Dauphins", Grenoble became the capital of the State of Dauphiné.
Despite their status, the Counts had to share authority over the city with the Bishop of Grenoble. One of the most famous of those was Saint Hugh. Under his rule, the city's bridge was rebuilt, and both a regular hospital and a leper one was built.
The inhabitants of Grenoble took advantage of the conflicts between the Counts and the bishops and obtained the recognition of a Charter of Customs that guaranteed their rights. That charter was confirmed by Kings Louis XI in 1447 and Francis I in 1541.
In 1336 the last Dauphin Humbert II founded a court of justice, the Conseil delphinal, which settled at Grenoble in 1340. He also established the University of Grenoble in 1339. Aging and heirless, Humbert sold his state to France in 1349, on the condition that the heir to the French crown used the title of Dauphin. The first one, the future Charles V, spent nine months in Grenoble. The city remained the capital of the Dauphiné, henceforth a province of France, and the Estates of Dauphiné were created.
The only Dauphin who really governed his province was Louis XI, whose "reign" lasted from 1447 to 1456. It was only under his rule that Dauphiné properly joined the Kingdom of France. The Old Conseil Delphinal became a Parlement (the third in France after the Parliaments of Paris and Toulouse), strengthening the status of Grenoble as a Provincial capital. He also ordered the construction of the Palais du Parlement (finished under Francis I) and ensured that the Bishop pledged allegiance, thus forging the political union of the city.
Owing to Grenoble's geographical situation, French troops were garrisoned in the city and its region during the Italian Wars. Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I went several times to Grenoble. Its people consequently had to suffer from the exactions of the soldiers.
The nobility of the region took part in various battles (Marignano, Pavia) and in doing so gained significant prestige. The best-known of its members was Bayard, "the knight without fear and beyond reproach".
Grenoble suffered as a result of the French Wars of Religion. The Dauphiné was indeed an important settlement for Protestants and therefore experienced several conflicts. The baron des Adrets, the leader of the Huguenots, pillaged the Cathedral of Grenoble and destroyed the tombs of the former Dauphins.
In August 1575, Lesdiguières became the new leader of the Protestants and, thanks to the accession of Henry IV to the throne of France, allied himself with the governor and the lieutenant general of the Dauphiné. But this alliance did not bring an end to the conflicts. Indeed, a Catholic movement, the Ligue, which took Grenoble in December 1590, refused to make peace. After months of assaults, Lesdiguières defeated the Ligue and took back Grenoble. He became the leader of the entire province.
Lesdiguières became the lieutenant-general of the Dauphiné and administered the Province from 1591 to 1626. He began the construction of the Bastille in order to protect the city and ordered the construction of new walls, increasing the city's size. He also constructed the Hôtel Lesdiguières, built new fountains, and dug sewers.
From Louis XIV to the French Revolution
The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV caused the departure of 2,000 Protestants from Grenoble, weakening the city's economy. However, it also weakened the glove industry of Grasse, leaving the glove factories of Grenoble without any competition. This allowed a stronger economic development for the city during the 18th century. For example, at the beginning of that century, only 12 glovers made 15,000 dozen gloves each year; however, by 1787, 64 glovers made 160,000 dozen gloves each year.
The city gained some notoriety on 7 June 1788 when the townspeople assaulted troops of Louis XVI in the "Day of the Tiles". The people attacked the royal troops to prevent an expulsion of the notables of the city, which would have seriously endangered the economic prosperity of Grenoble. Following these events, the Assembly of Vizille took place. Its members organized the meeting of the old Estates General, thus beginning the French Revolution. During the Revolution, Grenoble was represented in Paris by two illustrious notables, Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave.
In 1790, the Dauphiné was divided into three departments, and Grenoble became the chef-lieu of the Isère department. The city was renamed Grelibre and took back its real name only under Napoleon. Only two abbeys were executed at Grenoble during the Reign of Terror. Pope Pius VI, prisoner of France, spent three days at Grenoble in 1799 before going to Valence where he died.
The establishment of the Empire was overwhelmingly approved (in Isère, the results showed 82,084 yes and only 12 no). Grenoble welcomed for the second time a prisoner Pope in 1809. Pius VII spent 10 days in the city en route to his exile in Fontainebleau.
In 1813 Grenoble was under threat from the Austrian army, which invaded Switzerland and Savoy. The well-defended city contained the Austrian attacks, and the French army defeated the Austrians, forcing them to withdraw at Geneva. However, the later invasion of France in 1814 resulted in the capitulation of the troops and the occupation of the city.
During his return from the island of Elba in 1815, Napoleon took a road that led him near Grenoble at Laffrey. There he met the royalist fifth Infantry Regiment of Louis XVIII. Napoleon stepped towards the soldiers and said these famous words: "If there is among you a soldier who wants to kill his Emperor, here I am." The soldiers all joined his cause. After that, Napoleon was acclaimed at Grenoble and General Jean Gabriel Marchand could not prevent Napoleon from entering the city through the Bonne gate. He said later: "From Cannes to Grenoble, I still was an adventurer; in that last city, I came back a sovereign". But after the defeat of Waterloo, the region suffered from a new invasion of Austrian and Sardinian troops.
The 19th century saw significant industrial development of Grenoble. The glove factories reached their Golden Age, and their products were exported to the United States, the United Kingdom, and Russia.
General Haxo transformed the Bastille fortress, which took on its present aspect between 1824 and 1848. The Second Empire saw the construction of the French railway network, and the first trains arrived at Grenoble in 1858. Shortly thereafter Grenoble experienced widespread destruction by extensive flooding in 1859,.
In 1869 engineer Aristide Bergès played a major role in industrializing hydroelectricity production. With the development of his paper mills, he accelerated the economic development of the Grésivaudan valley and Grenoble.
On 4 August 1897, a stone and bronze fountain was inaugurated in Grenoble to commemorate the pre-revolutionary events of June 1788. Built by the sculptor Henri Ding, the Fountain of the Three Orders, which represents three characters, is located on the Place Notre-Dame. People in Grenoble interpret these characters as follows: "Is it raining?" inquires the third estate; "Please heaven it had rained", lament the clergy; and "It will rain", proclaims the nobility.
World War I accelerated Grenoble's economic development. In order to sustain the war effort, new hydroelectric industries developed along the various rivers of the region, and several existing companies moved into the armaments industry (for example in Livet-et-Gavet). Electro-chemical factories were also established in the area surrounding Grenoble, initially to produce chemical weapons. This development resulted in significant immigration to Grenoble, particularly from Italian workers who settled in the Saint-Laurent neighborhood.
The economic development of the city was highlighted by the organization of the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism in 1925, which was visited by more than 1 million people. The organization of this exhibition forced the military to remove the old city walls and allowed expansion of the city to the south. This exhibition also highlighted the city's hydropower industry and the region's tourist attractions.
The site of the exhibition became an urban park in 1926, named Parc Paul Mistral after the death of the mayor in 1932. The only building of this exhibition remaining in the park is the Tour Perret, which has been closed to the public since 1960 due to its very poor state of maintenance.
During World War II, at the Battle of the Alps, the Nazi invasion was stopped near Grenoble at Voreppe by the forces of General Cartier in June 1940. The French forces resisted until the armistice. Grenoble was then part of the French State, before an Italian occupation from 1942 to 1943. The relative mercy of the Italian occupiers towards the Jewish populations resulted in a significant number moving to the region from the German-occupied parts of France.
Grenoble was extremely active in the Résistance against the occupation. Its action was symbolized by figures such as Eugène Chavant, Léon Martin, and Marie Reynoard. The University of Grenoble supported the clandestine operations and provided false documentation for young people to prevent them from being assigned to STO.
In September 1943, German troops occupied Grenoble, escalating the conflict with the clandestine movements. On 11 November 1943 (the anniversary of the armistice of 1918) massive strikes and demonstrations took place in front of the local collaboration offices. In response, the occupiers arrested 400 demonstrators in the streets. On 13 November, the resistance blew up the artillery at the Polygon, which was a psychological shock for an enemy who then intensified the repression. On 25 November, the occupiers killed 11 members of the Résistance organizations of Grenoble. This violent crackdown was nicknamed "Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew". From these events, Grenoble was styled by the Free French Forces the title of Capital of the Maquis on the antennas of the BBC.
This event only intensified the activities of Grenoble's resistance movements. The Germans could not prevent the destruction of their new arsenal on 2 December at the Bonne Barracks. After the Normandy landing, resistance operations reached their peak, with numerous attacks considerably hampering the activity of German troops. With the landing in Provence, German troops evacuated the city on 22 August 1944. On 5 November 1944, General Charles de Gaulle came to Grenoble and bestowed on the city the Compagnon de la Libération in order to recognise "a heroic city at the peak of the French resistance and combat for the liberation".
In 1955, future physics Nobel prize laureate Louis Néel created the Grenoble Center for Nuclear Studies (CENG), resulting in the birth of the Grenoble model, a combination of research and industry. The first stone was laid in December 1956.
In 1968 Grenoble welcomed the Xth Olympic Winter Games. This event helped modernize the city with the development of infrastructure such as an airport, motorways, and a town hall. It also helped develop new ski resorts like Chamrousse, Les Deux Alpes, and Villard-de-Lans.
Except for a few dozen houses on the slopes of the Bastille hill, Grenoble is exclusively built on the alluvial plain of the Isère and Drac rivers at an altitude of 214 metres (702 ft). As a result, the city itself is extremely flat. Mountain sports are an important tourist attraction in summer and winter. Twenty large and small ski resorts surround the city, the nearest being Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse, which is about 15 minutes' drive away.
Historically, both Grenoble and the surrounding areas were sites of heavy industry and mining. Abandoned mills and factories can be found in small towns and villages, and a few have been converted to tourist attractions, such as the coal mine at La Mure.
Grenoble itself has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) with no obvious dry season.
|Climate data for Grenoble-St Geoirs (1981–2010 averages)|
|Record high °C (°F)||17.3
|Average high °C (°F)||5.9
|Average low °C (°F)||−1.2
|Record low °C (°F)||−27.1
|Average precipitation mm (inches)||61.3
|Average precipitation days||9.4||8.0||9.4||9.7||11.0||8.5||6.2||7.4||7.7||10.1||9.6||9.5||106.4|
|Average snowy days||7.7||6.0||4.5||2.1||0.1||0.0||0.0||0.0||0.0||0.1||2.6||4.9||28.0|
|Average relative humidity (%)||83||80||76||73||75||74||70||72||79||83||84||84||77.8|
|Mean monthly sunshine hours||95.0||111.7||169.8||183.0||219.2||255.4||289.8||255.5||193.1||137.5||84.5||71.6||2,065.9|
|Source #1: Météo France|
|Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)|
The Bastille, an ancient series of fortifications on the mountainside overlooking Grenoble on the northern side is visible from many points in the city. The Bastille is one of Grenoble's most visited tourist attractions and provides a good vantage point over the town below and the surrounding mountains.
Although the Bastille was begun in the Middle Ages, later years saw extensive additions, including a semi-underground defense network. The Bastille has been credited as the most extensive example of early 18th-century fortifications in all of France and then held an important strategic point on the Alpine frontier with the Kingdom of Savoy.
The first cable transport system, installed on the Bastille in 1875, was built by the Porte de France Cement Company for freight. This cable transport system connected a quarry on Mount Jalla, just over the bastille, and Grenoble. It was abandoned in the early 20th century
Since 1934, the Bastille has been the destination of the "Grenoble-Bastille Cable Car". This system of egg-shaped cable cars known to locals as "Les Bulles" (the bubbles) provides the occupants with an excellent view over the Isère River. At the top are two restaurants and a small military museum on mountain troops (Musée des troupes de montagne).
Palace of the Parliament of Dauphiné
This palace was constructed Place Saint Andre, around 1500 and extended in 1539. It was the location of the Parlement of Dauphiné until the French Revolution. It then became a courthouse until 2002. The left wing of the palace was extended in 1897.
The building now belongs to the Isère Council (Conseil Général de l'Isère). An ongoing renovation project will give this building a new life whilst preserving its patrimonial character and adding a modern touch.
Museum of Grenoble
The city's most prized museum, the Museum of Grenoble ((French) Musée de Grenoble), welcomes 200,000 visitors a year. The Museum of Grenoble is above all renowned for its collection of paintings that covers all the artistic evolutions. It was the first museum in France that opened its collections to modern artists, at the beginning of the 20th century. Since then its collection of modern and contemporary art has grown to become one of the largest in Europe. The painting holdings include artworks by painters such as Veronese, Rubens, Zurbarán, Ingres, Delacroix, Renoir, Gauguin, Signac, Monet, Matisse, Picasso, Kandinsky, Joan Miró, Paul Klee, Giorgio de Chirico and Andy Warhol. The museum also presents Egyptian antiquities as well as Greek and Roman artifacts. The Sculpture collection presents works by Auguste Rodin, Matisse, Alberto Giacometti and Alexander Calder. In April 2010, the prophetess of Antinoe, a 6th-century mummy discovered in 1907 in the Coptic necropolis of Antinoe in Middle Egypt, returned to the Museum of Grenoble, after more than fifty years of absence.
Situated on the right bank of the Isère, on Place Saint-Laurent, the Grenoble Archaeological Museum presents the archaeological excavations done on its location. The vestiges date back all the way to the 3rd century AD and provide a timeline of the history of Christianity in the region. The museum is situated below a 12th-century Benedictine church, under which Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac, brother of famed egyptologist Jean-François Champollion, discovered a Roman church in 1803. It was one of the first classified monuments in France thanks to the intervention of Prosper Mérimée, historic monument inspector. Systematic excavations were conducted from 1978 to 2011, as part of a regional research program on the evolution of churches during the Middle Ages. After eight years of work, the museum reopened 6 May 2011.
The Grenoble townhall hosts a bust of Stendhal by sculptor Pierre Charles Lenoir
Education and science
The large community of both foreign students and foreign researchers prompted the creation of an international school. The Cité Scolaire Internationale Europole (CSI Europole) was formerly housed within the Lycée Stendhal across from the Maison du Tourisme, but later moved to its own building in the Europole district. In the centre of the city, two schools have provided education to the isérois for more than three centuries. The oldest one, the Lycée Stendhal, was founded in 1651 as a Jesuit College. In 1673 an astronomical and astrological sundial was created in the main building of the college, called "horloge solaire", which still can be visited today. The second oldest higher education establishment of Grenoble is the Lycée Champollion, completed in 1887 to offer an excellent education to both high school students and students of classes préparatoires.
In 1968, the university relocated to a main campus outside of the city in Saint Martin d'Hères (with some parts in Gières). However, smaller campuses remain downtown and in the northwestern part of the city known as the Polygone Scientifique ("Scientific Polygon").
The university consists of four separate institutions sharing the campus grounds, some buildings and laboratories, and even part of their administration:
- Grenoble I – Joseph Fourier University (sciences, health, technologies)
- Grenoble II – Pierre Mendès-France University (social sciences)
- which includes the Institute of political studies
- Grenoble III – Stendhal University (humanities)
- Grenoble Institute of Technology (INPG or Grenoble-INP) is a federation of engineering colleges.
Campuses of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university), École d'Architecture de Grenoble ( School of Architecture of Grenoble) and Grenoble École de Management (management and business administration) are also located in Grenoble.
The city is an important university centre with over 54,000 students in 2013, of which 16% arrive from abroad.
Science and engineering
Grenoble is also a major scientific centre, especially in the fields of physics, computer science, and applied mathematics: Universite Joseph Fourier (UJF) is one of the leading French scientific universities while the Grenoble Institute of Technology trains more than 5,000 engineers every year in key technology disciplines. Grenoble's high tech expertise is organized mainly around three domains: information technology, biotechnologies and new technologies of energy.
Many fundamental and applied scientific research laboratories are conjointly managed by Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Institute of Technology, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Numerous other scientific laboratories are managed independently or in collaboration with the CNRS and the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control (INRIA).
Other research centres in or near Grenoble include the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), the Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique, one of the main research facilities of the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (Nuclear Energy Commission, CEA), the LNCMI and the European branch of Xerox Research (whose most notable center was PARC). Leti and the recent development of Clinatec and Minatec, a centre for innovation in micro- and nano-technology, only increases Grenoble's position as a European scientific centre.
Meanwhile, Grenoble has large laboratories related to space and to the understanding and observation of the universe as the Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique, the Institut de planétologie et d'astrophysique de Grenoble, the Laboratoire de physique subatomique et de cosmologie de Grenoble, the Institut Néel but also to a lesser extent the Institut des sciences de la Terre.
In order to foster this technological cluster university institutions and research organizations united to create the GIANT (Grenoble Innovation for Advanced New Technologies) Campus with the aim at becoming one of the world's top campuses in research, higher education, and high tech.
The city benefits from the highest concentration of strategic jobs in France after Paris, with 14% of the employments, 35,186 jobs, 45% of which specialized in design and research. Grenoble is also the largest research center in France after Paris with 22,800 jobs (11,800 in public research, 7,500 in private research and 3,500 PhD students).
Grenoble is also renowned for the excellence of its academic research in humanities and political sciences. Its universities, alongside public scientific institutions, host some of the largest research centres in France (in fields such as political science, urban planning or the sociology of organizations).
Knowledge and innovation community
Grenoble is one of the leading European cities in term of high-tech industries, especially biotechnology and nanotechnology. World-renowned enterprises have settled in Grenoble and in the surrounding area such as Schneider Electric, Hewlett Packard, Caterpillar, and STMicroelectronics. Since 1993 Grenoble can be considered as an international city thanks to the World Trade Center of Grenoble.
- The town was once famous for glove manufacturing, for which Xavier Jouvin introduced an innovative technique in the 19th century. A few small companies keep producing gloves for a very high end market.
- In 2011, the largest employers in the Grenoble metropolitan area were:
|Enterprise, location||Number of employees
|STMicroelectronics, Grenoble and Crolles||5,979||Semiconductor manufacturing, R&D|
|Schneider Electric, Grenoble agglomeration||4,915||Electrical equipment, R&D|
|Caterpillar France, Grenoble and Echirolles||1,865||Construction of heavy equipment|
|Hewlett Packard France, Eybens||1,814||Computer science|
|Becton Dickinson, Pont-de-Claix||1,736||R&D and production of advanced systems for drugs administration|
|Carrefour, Grenoble agglomeration||1,165||Hypermarkets|
|Capgemini, Grenoble||1,100||Information technology consulting and IT service management|
|Groupe Casino, Grenoble agglomeration||990||Supermarkets|
|Samse, Grenoble agglomeration||965||Supplier of building materials|
|Soitec, Bernin||952||Semiconductor manufacturer specialized in the production of SOI wafers|
The presence of companies such as HP or Caterpillar in the area has drawn many American and British workers to Grenoble, especially in the surrounding mountain villages. The region has the second largest English-speaking community in France, after Paris. That community has an English-speaking Church and supports the International School. A lot of these Americans, British, Australians etc. go to Grenoble with the intention of returning home after some time but the mountains and general life style keep them there. Some choose to put their children in the international school "cité internationale" and the "American School of Grenoble" is the alternative for those who prefer to have the core curiculum in English. With numerous associations like Open House, this large English speaking population organizes family events making life in Grenoble harder to turn away from.
Grenoble hosted the 1968 Winter Olympics. The city is famous for many nearby ski resorts nestled in the surrounding mountains. Stade Lesdiguières is located in Grenoble and has been the venue for international rugby league and rugby union games.
- Six-Days of Grenoble, a six-day track cycling race since 1971.
- The via ferrata Grenoble is a climbing route located on the hill of the Bastille in Grenoble.
The abundance of natural sites around Grenoble as well as the particular influence of mountaineering practices and history make many Grenoble inhabitants very fond of sports and outdoor activities (e.g., mountain trails hiking, mountain bike, backcountry skiing, rock climbing, and paragliding). The Tour de France cycling race regularly passes through the city.
Within Grenoble, a comprehensive bus and tram service operates 26 bus routes and five tram lines and serves much of greater Grenoble. Being essentially flat, Grenoble is a bicycle-friendly city.
The Gare de Grenoble is served by the TGV rail network, with frequent high-speed services to and from Paris-Gare de Lyon, often with a stop at Lyon Saint-Exupéry Airport, but Grenoble is not directly on any high-speed line. TGVs can still run on the classic network and enable such connections. Local rail services connect Grenoble with Lyon, and less frequently to Geneva and to destinations to the West and South. Valence and Lyon to the west provides connections with TGV services along the Rhône Valley. Rail and road connections to the south are less developed.
Highways link Grenoble to the other major cities in the area including the A48 autoroute to the northwest toward Lyon, the A49 to the southwest toward the Rhone valley via Valence, the A41 to the northeast toward Chambéry, the Alps, and Italy and Switzerland.
A partial ring road around the south of the city, the Rocade Sud, connects the motorway arriving from the northwest (A48) with that arriving from the northeast (A41). A project to complete the ring road with a tunnel under the Bastille as part of the likely routes was rejected after its environmental impact studies.
Since 1 October 2014, the city tested 70 electric vehicles to rent (I-Road of Toyota).
Grenoble hosts several festivals: the Grenoble Jazz Festival in March, the Open Air Short Film Festival in early July, and the Cabaret Frappé music festival at the end of July.
The Summum is the biggest concert hall in Grenoble, and the most famous artists produce there. Another big hall, Le grand angle, is located nearby in Voiron. Smaller halls in the city include the Salle Olivier Messiaen.
The main cultural center of the city is called MC2 (for Maison de la culture, version 2), which hosts music, theater, and dance performances.
There are several theaters in Grenoble, the main one being Grenoble Municipal Theatre (Théatre de Grenoble). Others are the Théâtre de Création, the Théâtre Prémol, and the Théâtre 145. Grenoble also hosts Upstage Productions, which performs once a year through an exclusively English speaking troupe.
There are two main art centres in Grenoble: the Centre national d'Art contemporain (also called Le Magasin) and the Centre d'art Bastille.
The town also hosts an important comics publisher, Glénat.
People from Grenoble
After World War I, one street in the centre of Smederevska Palanka (Serbia) was named French street (Francuska ulica) and one street in Grenoble was named Palanka street(Rue de Palanka). There is also a Belgrade Street (Rue de Belgrade) near the Isère River.
Twin towns and sister cities
In popular culture
- In the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, Derek "Del Boy" Trotter refers to Grenoble when he tries to speak French
- The fictional Snowbelle City in the Pokémon franchise is based on Grenoble.
- Arboretum Robert Ruffier-Lanche
- Bishopric of Grenoble
- Couvent des Minimes de Grenoble
- List of mayors of Grenoble
- Route Napoléon
- Saint Roch Cemetery
- INSEE commune file
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- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- "Grenoble". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- Graff, James (22 August 2004). "Secret Capitals". Time. New York. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- Pentland, William (9 July 2013). "World's 15 Most Inventive Cities". Forbes. New York. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
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- Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p78
- Petite Histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p88
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- Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p97
- Petite histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p98
- "Il y a 250 ans naissait Joseph Chanrion (1756-1830)" (PDF). Union de Quartier Mutualité-Préfecture.
- Petite Histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933,p115
- Petite histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p120
- L’histoire de l'Isère en BD, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004
- Grenoble, cœur de pierre, Françoise Goyet, Edi Loire, 1996, (ISBN 2840840464)
- L’histoire de l'Isère en BD, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004, p40
- fr:Exposition internationale de la houille blanche#Les chiffres
- L’histoire…, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004, p45
- "Order of the Liberation". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- "Ordre de la Libération". Web.archive.org. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- "Grenoble en concurrence avec Lyon". Université Lyon 2. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 67.
- "Données climatiques de la station de Grenoble" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
- "Climat Rhône-Alpes" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
- "Normes et records 1961-1990: Grenoble-St Geoirs (38) - altitude 384m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
- "Bienvenue sur www.bastille-grenoble.com". Bastille-grenoble.fr. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
- General Council of the department of Isere (french) Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- "Musée archéologique St Laurent". Musee-archeologique-grenoble.com. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
- "Tourism office - patrimoine religieux". Retrieved 14 March 2013.
- "Pôles de compétitivité". Mairie de Grenoble.
- See official website at the Wayback Machine (archived December 29, 2007)
- "La mission de la sonde Rosetta prolongée jusqu'en septembre 2016". francetvinfo.fr. 2015-06-29. Retrieved 2015-08-30.]
- "Official website of the GIANT Innovation Campus". Giant-grenoble.org. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
- "Official website of Grenoble École de Management". http://en.grenoble-em.com. Retrieved 2015-08-30. External link in
- "Insee – Territoire – Répartition géographique des emplois – Les grandes villes concentrent les fonctions intellectuelles, de gestion et de décision". Insee.fr. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- "Chiffres clés Grenoble-Isère édition 2011" (PDF). AEPI.
- "European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- "欧州の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）" (Archive). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Retrieved on May 10, 2014. "Ecole Complementaire de Grenoble École Elementaire Mi-Plaine 12 Rue des Aiguinarcls 38240 Meylan, FRANCE"
- A. Doyon, Xavier Jouvin, inventeur grenoblois et sa famille, Paris, Dayez ed., 1976
- "Les Les entreprises récompensées". Grenoble.cci.fr. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
- "Comptable à Grenoble, Isère (38)". Comptable-grenoble.com. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- "Grenoble, France's Second Largest English Speaking Community". Check date values in:
|access-date=(help); External link in
- "Mentions obligatoires." Glénat. Retrieved on 1 May 2011. "GLENAT Editions SA 37, Rue Servan BP 177 38008 GRENOBLE CEDEX 1"
- The web site of the Rocade Nord lists the two preferred routes, both of which pass under the Bastille: http://www.rocade-nord.fr/index.php?id=163
- Annecybernard – Conception et Design Olivier Bellon, Programmation Frederic Chatel. "Noix De Grenoble AOC CING Comité Interprofessionnel". Aoc-noixdegrenoble.com. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson. "Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles". Grenoble.fr. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
- "List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District" (PDF). © 2009 Twins2010.com. Retrieved 28 October 2009. External link in
- "Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Romanian). Primăria Municipiului Chişinău. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
- "Oxford's International Twin Towns". Oxford City Council. Archived from the original on 2013-08-17. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
- "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
- "Phoenix Sister Cities". Phoenix Sister Cities. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grenoble.|
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Grenoble.|
- Grenoble Chamber of Commerce and Industry
- Grenoble City website (French)
- Official tourism office of Grenoble at the Wayback Machine (archived May 23, 2008)
- Semitag – Transports de l'agglomération grenobloise (French)
- Comptable Grenoble le site spécialisé pour l'agglomération grenobloise (French)
- Remembering Grenoble Photography Exposition (English)


The Ministry of Agriculture in Kenya has developed protocols and guidelines to facilitate operations within the food supply chain. According to the Ministry, there is need to address the emerging food security concerns brought about by the measures set to limit factors that may aggravate the spread of the COVID—19 virus. The Ministry therefore feels there is need to manage the food supply chain by ensuring availability, accessibility and affordability of adequate and nutritious food for all Citizens.
Agriculture CS Peter Munya had recently promised to release the guidelines to avoid confusion in the sector as the country battles the COVID-19 pandemic.
Various measures introduced in order to curb the spread of COVID-19 virus have affected agriculture activities in one way or another. The curfew that was imposed from 7 pm to 5 am means markets have to close early while the need to keep a social distance means the number of traders has to reduce in the markets. The order restricting movement has also caught up with various actors in the food supply chain despite of them being exempted from it. This is because the food supply chain consists of various players and some didn’t know how they are supposed to operate under the new measures. Some of these players include dealers in farm inputs, production, trade, processing, transport, logistics and handling and consumption.
The guidelines are set divided into three. Those for farmers and County government extension staff, those for traders & operationalization of food supply chain markets and the protocols and guidelines for food transporters.
If implemented, market traders will stop paying fees while food transporters will no longer pay cess charged at barriers erected by County governments.
Guidelines for farmers and County government extension staff
- Extension staff to use available channels to sensitize farmers on food production to ensure continuity of agricultural activities during the long rains season.
- Extension staff to sensitize farmers on good agricultural practices, sanitary and phytosanitary measures in food production (e.g. safe use of chemicals, use of certified seeds, use of well decomposed manure, proper and timely use of fertilizers).
- Extension staff to sensitize farmers to carry out continuous surveillance and reporting on the locust invasion and other strategic pests (e.g. fall army worm, maize lethal necrosis disease) to the Government.
- Extension staff to sensitize farmers/food producers against hoarding of produce to ensure no break in supply to the markets, producers and processors.
- Extension staff to create awareness on safe storage of food commodities to reduce post—harvest losses and sensitize community food storage operators to adhere to recommended sanitary and food safety measures.
- Extension staff to sensitize households on nutrition related interventions and to minimize food wastage during preparation.
- Extension staff to sensitize households to observe recommended sanitary measures and as much as possible consider use of online digital technologies for food procurement and home deliveries to minimize interactions and possible spread of COVID 19 virus.
Guidelines for traders & operationalization of food supply chain markets
- County Governments to establish main workforce required to sustain food supplies (municipal market operators, transporters and handcart movers)
- County Governments to sensitize workforce handling food supplies on COVID-19 and provide such workforce with necessary certification to operate.
- Plan for decentralization of markets to reduce travel and over-crowding
- To facilitate operations by roadside vendors, County Governments to designate spaces for market operations with entry & exit points (e.g. Schools, Stadium) and provide adequate sanitation facilities i.e. hand washing points
- To facilitate operations within open air markets, County Governments to consider waiving fees charged in these markets.
- Where markets have been temporarily closed, County Governments to provide alternative space for operations. Closure of food markets to be done in collaboration with the Ministry of Health.
- County Governments to collaborate with market service providers and set up systems to monitor food prices and report prices of key commodities in major markets on daily basis. In addition, they should organize market operations to facilitate movement and selling of agricultural produce in major markets.
- County Governments to sensitize food supply chain service providers to observe recommended sanitary measures and as much as possible consider use of online digital technologies for food procurement and home deliveries to minimize interactions and possible spread of COVID 19 virus.
- County Governments to collaborate with the National Police Service and National Government Administration to facilitate security in designated markets and food marketing premises for smooth operations during the period.
- Set up a local response unit between county staff, vendors’ representatives and security personnel and encourage them to use mobiIe/Whatsapp groupings
- Ensure vendors are mobile-money operational.
- Set up site security and control to control looting and any contaminations.
- Mark out circulation route and enforce on the same.
Protocols and guidelines for food transporters
- County Governments to create awareness for commercial transport operators to fumigate and sanitize trucks and packaging materials used in food distribution in accordance with existing Ministry of Health regulations and East African Community Guidelines on free movement of goods.
- County Governments to create awareness for commercial transport operators to use recommended packaging materials for food handling and distribution in accordance with existing Ministry of Health regulations.
- County Governments to consider waiving Cess charged on road blocks & erected barriers to ease transportation to reduce the cost of food.
- County Governments to sensitize motorcycles, animal drawn power operators & hand carts operators to use recommended equipment to transport food commodities in collaboration with other relevant organizations.
- County Governments to create awareness for motorcycles, animal drawn power & hand carts operators to observe hygiene including sanitizing personnel & equipment used in food handling and transportation.
- County Governments to create awareness that all commercial transportation trucks have a maximum of two (2) cargo crew consisting of the driver and the loader.
- County Governments to create awareness for commercial transporters to ensure screening of the cargo crew from the point of departure or in designated screening points along the transit routes.


(Click images to download intervention strategies!)
Activities to Try at Home
These activities promote positive mental health via experiences that can be shared within families. Click the pictures to open the PDFs and feel free to share with others!
Mental Health Facts
When looking at an individual child's mental health, getting perspective on mental health facts can aid in knowing what steps to take. Click the image below to see some statistics on children and mental health.


4.6. Potential Evolutionary Transitions
Fornax is the second most luminous dSph galaxy in the Local Group. The young age of its youngest measurable population (~ 200 Myr, Grebel & Stetson 1999) is astonishing considering its lack of gas. Just a few hundred Myr ago Fornax would have been classified as a dIrr. What caused Fornax to lose all of its gas after some 13 Gyr of continuous, decreasing star formation is not clear.
The presence of intermediate-age populations in some of the more distant Galactic dSphs, the possible detection of associated gas in the surroundings of several of them, indications of substantial mass loss discussed elsewhere in this paper, morphological segregation, common trends in relations between their integrated properties, and the apparent correlation between star formation histories and Galactocentric distance all seem to support the idea that low-mass dIrrs will eventually evolve into dSphs if their environment fosters this evolution. DSphs may be the natural final phase of low-mass dIrrs, and the type distinction may be artificial. The six dSph companions of M31 span a similar range in distances as the Milky Way dSphs (Grebel & Guhathakurta 1999). A study of whether their detailed star formation histories (not yet available) show a comparable correlation with distance from M31 would provide a valuable test of the suggested impact of environment.
The mass (traced by the luminosity) of a dwarf galaxy plays a major role in its evolution as indicated by the good correlation between luminosity and mean metallicity (e.g., Caldwell 1999). The observed lack of rotation in dSphs requires that its hypothesized low-mass dIrr progenitor must have gotten rid of its angular momentum, which may occur through substantial mass loss. However, this scenario does not account for the existence of isolated dSphs such as Tucana. Alternatively, the progenitor may have had very little rotation to begin with. Either way, the subsequent fading must have been low since otherwise dIrrs and dSphs would not follow such a fairly well-defined common relation. Several authors (e.g., Mateo 1998) suggested that the luminosity-metallicity relation is instead bimodal with separate loci for dIrrs and dSphs in the sense that at a given luminosity a dIrr tends to be more metal-poor than a dSph, excluding evolutionary transitions. Hunter, Hunsberger, & Roye (2000) go a step further and suggest that a number of Local Group dIrrs might have formed as ancient tidal dwarfs that lack dark matter, are essentially non-rotating, and contribute to the increased scatter in the absolute magnitude-mean metallicity relationship for MB < -15 mag.


The principle of paradigms was made popular by the book, “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People,” by Steven R. Covey.
A paradigm is a person’s frame of reference. A person’s paradigm is how they see the world based on all the information that they have gathered and the beliefs that they possess.
If the universe is analogized to a computer processor, a paradigm is like the operating system. A paradigm can be upgraded with new information on how the principles of the universe work.
Most people believe that their own paradigm is the only paradigm that exists. This is why two people with two paradigms can disagree with each other, and each one can logically explain why they are right. By the nature of duality, it is easy to declare one person “right” and the other person “wrong.” Relativism tells us that each person is right within their own frame of reference.
Paradigm changes tend to come in emotional, “ah-ha” moments, that change the way a person sees things. Their “operating system” has upgraded, allowing them to understand things in a new light.
It is important to realize that people operate in different paradigms. When two people disagree, their paradigms are at odds. If they would take the time and energy to understand the other person’s frame of reference, they might be able to get on the same page.


What does a Mouth Swab look like?
A mouth swab is similar to a cotton bud with a cotton-ended part on a single end of the stick. The swabs are sent to you in sterile packaging and it is crucial to handle them in a clean environment with clean hands.
Tips for Successful Saliva Sampling:
- Follow the instructions provided carefully.
- It is important to make sure that the swab sample is correctly labelled with the name of the donor and any other information requested.
- To avoid contamination of the sample it is of utmost importance not to touch the cotton ended part of the swab and to keep swabs from different test participants separate.
- We provide 4 swabs for each person. Make sure to use all 4.
- Avoid eating, drinking and smoking for one or two hours before sampling as food and drink may compromise the quality of the sample. You may drink water.
In the case of infants requiring their mouths to be swabbed, again it is important that at least an hour has elapsed since the infants’ last feed and to rinse their mouth with lukewarm water prior to rubbing the swab inside their mouth.
Using Mouth Swabs
You will find 2 pairs of swabs enclosed in paper envelopes. Remove the swabs from inside the envelope. Each pair of swabs is in turn sealed in a wrapper. Remove and discard the wrapper ensuring to keep the swabs and the envelopes.
Complete the required information on the swab envelopes. You may fill out all the required details, making sure to write everything legibly and in block capital letters. The larger envelope also contains a consent form.
Take one of the 4 mouth swabs and rub it gently inside the mouth, under the tongue and against the cheek (always inside the mouth). You need to do this for 1 minute per swab. Repeat using remaining swabs, ensuring to swab all test participants and to use all the swabs.
Now it’s time to let the swabs dry. In order to make sure there is no contamination from swabs belonging to different people coming into contact with each other, we suggest placing swabs from each test participant in separate, clean drinking glasses with the cotton ended part of the swab pointing upwards. Leave the swabs in this position for an hour. Once dry, place the swabs back into their respective envelopes.
The final stage is to get everything ready for posting. Place the envelopes containing the swabs into the larger pre-addressed envelope, include the completed consent form. Affix a postage stamp and send everything off for testing. We recommend using a tracked postal service or courier.
Once we Receive Your Samples
Once we receive your samples, we will send you a confirmation email and you will be given the date when your results will be completed. Results are issued by email as standard or by email and hard copy for an added cost.


This Jewish Chronicle article repeats the common myth that Muslims - in this case Libyan Berbers - are waiting 'to welcome Jews home'. Not a single Jew now lives in Libya - 90 percent left for Israel in 1948. In the mid-20th century, however, one in five Libyans was a Jew.
In Yefren, high in Libya's Nafusa mountains, a 2000-year-old shul is guarded by Muslims.
It is one of the seven Ghriba - "wondrous" - synagogues of the Maghreb. The most famous, in Djerba, Tunisia, attracts thousands each year to its magnificent 19th century building. By contrast, the tiny ancient Yefren shul is barely visited.
Its quiet simplicity exudes a timeless mystery, a deep holiness. There are beautiful ceiling inscriptions. Six arches and six windows echo the Star of David. Tradition says it contains a stone from the Second Temple itself. And although Yefren's Jews are long gone, now that Gaddafi has fallen their former Muslim neighbours look forward to welcoming them back.
The history of the Jews of Libya is a long book, stretching back to the third century BCE. An important, often thriving community - in 1941 one in four of Tripoli's population were Jews - the recent chapters are darker, including the Italian colonists' antisemitic laws, the Tripoli pogroms of 1945 and 1948, the 1967 exodus, and the Gaddafi regime.
Mohamed Madi, guardian of the Yefren synagogue
Yet a different and precious tale threads through this narrative: the Berbers - who prefer to be called Amazigh, or "free people" - whose culture and language long pre-date Arab colonisation. The close friendship between the Amazigh and the Jews lies in a shared, ancient history, a chiaroscuro of joy and persecution.
Mohamed Madi is the latest of three generations who have secured the Yefren shul. His grandfather protected Yefren's Jews with a rifle in 1948. Under Gaddafi, his father secretly tended to the synagogue. The Madis also look after the rabbi's house. Such guardianship, he says, is about "honour and respect for our neighbours, and for their religion".
"We have a very good relationship with the Muslims of Yefren," says Jakov Guetta, grandson of Yefren's last rabbi, now living in Israel. "The Amazigh are special people, good people. They protected the Jewish people from the Nazis in the war. We have had a very good relationship for hundreds of years." He recalls Yefren's Jewish history as one featuring "powerful things, miracles, everything".
Jews were 4% of the Libyan population in 1931: (with thanks: Michelle-Malca)
The Jewish Press has an article about Libya:
"In 1931 the Jewish population consisted of some 3,000 souls, versus a general population of 165,000. In great part they lived in humble circumstances.
Read article in full
Rebels claim 'ancient synagogue destroyed'


ONLINE SAFETY RESOURCES
The internet is a great way for people to stay in touch with friends and family, and access information and educational content. While these benefits are valuable, it is important to remember that this global access can expose potential dangers. From cyberbullying and photo sharing to digital footprints and online safety, the following links provide parents with guidelines and resources to be used with children. These online resources allow parents to take advantage of the helpful tips and resources to further your investigation of online safety, so you and your family can experience all the benefits of technology and ensure you have done what you can to be safe in this ever-changing online world.
By clicking the links above, you are leaving the Franklin Special School District web site. The district is not responsible for the content. Further, the FSSD is not responsible for the links contained within the outside site, or any changes or updates to linked sites. The listed site and the links contained therein are offered to you only as a convenience and do not imply endorsement of the site by the FSSD.


Many disruptions of consciousness, such as those seen in the amnesic syndrome, blindsight, anesthesia, and sleep, are associated with clear alterations in the structure and/or function of the nervous system. However, there are other, "functional" alterations in consciousness where nervous-system changes are absent -- or, at least, much more subtle.
Historically, the most prominent of these "functional" disorders of consciousness have been subsumed under the label of "hysteria" -- a term that was very popular in psychiatric diagnosis well into the 20th century. The term itself has been abandoned in the "official" nomenclature, represented by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM; since the 2nd edition), along with other terms that carry the flavor of psychoanalysis, such as neurosis and psychosis. However, once shorn of its sexist implications (i.e., that hysteria is a "women's mental illness"), the concept itself is perfectly legitimate. No opprobrium should surround the continued use of the term, so long as it's used responsible.
Finally, in 1907, Pierre Janet
(Charcot's protege and Sigmund Freud's early rival) argued
that the symptoms of hysteria involved a constriction of
awareness, such that complex behavioral responses (what Janet
called psychological automatisms) were executed
outside of conscious awareness and control. In Janet's
view, these automatisms were "split off", from the normal
stream of consciousness.
Janet (1904, 1907) illustrated his theory with the case of Irene, who is amnesic for her mother's illness and death, but who re-enacts in "somnambulistic" episodes the circumstances of her mother's death.
"Allow me to represent to you this system of psychological facts, which constitutes an idea, by a system of points connected together by some lines, forming a sort of polygon. The point S represents the sight of the face of the dead mother, the point V is the sound of her voice; another point M, is the feeling of the movements made to carry up the body, and so on. This polygon is like the system of thoughts which was developed in the mind and in the brain of our patient Irene. Each point is connected with the others, so one cannot excite the first without giving birth to the second, and the entire system has a tendency to develop itself to the utmost.
"But at the same time in healthy minds these systems pertaining to each idea are connected with an infinitely wider system of which they are only a part, -- the system of our entire consciousness, of our entire individuality. the remembrance of the mother's death, even the affection Irene feels for her mother, with all the memories that are connected with it, forms only a part of the whole consciousness of the young girl with all its memories and other tendencies. Let this large circle, P, near the little polygon represent the whole personality of the girl, the memory of all that happened in her previous life.
"Normally, in good health, the little system must be connected with the large one, and must in great part depend on it. Generally the partial system remains subject to the laws of the total system: it is called up only when the whole consciousness is willing, and within the limits in which this consciousness allows it.
"Now, to picture to ourselves what has taken place during somnambulism, we may adopt a simple provisional resume. Things happen as if an idea, a partial system of thoughts, emancipated itself, became independent and developed itself on its own account. The result is, on one hand, that it develops far too much, and, on the other hand, that consciousness appears no longer to control it" (1907, pp. 41-42).
Sigmund Freud offered an alternative
view. In his Studies on Hysteria (1893-1895),
co-authored with Josef Breuer, Freud had asserted that
"hysterics suffer from reminiscences" -- that the symptoms of
hysteria are symbolic representations of traumatic experiences
which are not consciously remembered; and that hysteria could
be cured by restoring conscious access to the traumatic
his 1896 paper "On the Etiology of Hysteria", Freud (no longer
writing with Breuer) elaborated on this view, based on his
doctrine of repression, and involving a particular
chain of memories (the graphic illustrating the theory is from
Ellenberger, 1970, p. 489).
Freud's claim that all hysterical patients had been seduced as children made him famous -- and it formed the basis for modern theories of the role of childhood sexual abuse in the dissociative disorders. But in less than a year, Freud was forced to admit, in a letter to his friend and colleague Wilhelm Fliess, that he had been misled, and that his patients' accounts of their childhood seductions had been fantasies on their part (it never occurred to Freud that they had actually been fantasies on his part!). This realization set the stage for Freud's revised (1905) theory of infantile sexuality -- the idea that children harbor erotic attachments to their parents of the opposite sex, and that it is these fantasies, rather than actual sexual trauma, that are repressed.
Modern psychiatric practice no
longer employs the term "hysteria", but does include a
category of dissociative disorders including
psychogenic (functional) amnesia (named "dissociative amnesia
in DSM-5, the most recent version of the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders), psychogenic (dissociative) fugue,
multiple personality disorder (also known as dissociative
identity disorder), and depersonalization/derealization
disorder. In these syndromes, the terms "psychogenic",
"functional", and "dissociative" are used pretty much
interchangeably. In what follows, I adopt the usage in DSM-5.
All the dissociative disorders share in
common a disruption in memory and/or identity.
More (Much More!) on the Dissociative Disorders
For more thorough coverage of these syndromes, including a history of the diagnosis, see the papers on Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders collected on my scholarly website.
Some psychiatrists claim that the dissociative disorders occur in response to physical or psychological trauma, marking them as a variety of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the traumatic etiology of the dissociative disorders is controversial, and far from proven. For detailed coverage of this issue, see the papers on Trauma and Memory collected on my scholarly website.
And some commentators suggest that people diagnosed with
dissociative disorder are just faking it -- enacting a
cultural role in order to gain some reward.
Certainly the most famous case of
multiple personality disorder was The Three Faces of Eve,
described by Thigpen and Cleckley -- first in a professional
journal article (1954), and later in a popular-press book
(1957) that was turned into a move which won an Oscar for
Joanne Woodward. Eve White, the "host" personality, was
a somewhat reserved rural Georgia housewife who suffered from
"blackouts". During clinical evaluation, a much more
vivacious personality emerged, "Eve Black", who apparently had
awareness and control of Eve White's actions during those
blackout periods. For example, once Eve Black orderd a
slinky negligee; it's arrival in the mail surprised Eve White
(and disconcerted her husband). A third personality,
"Jane", emerged during therapy. "Eve White" had no
awareness of "Eve Black" or "Jane". "Eve Black" knew all
about "Eve White", but nothing about "Jane". "Jane" knew
famous case, Jonah (Ludwig et al., 1972), there were four
personalities: Jonah, also known as "The Square", was the host
personality, an African-American soldier based in the United
States, very shy, retiring, and sensitive; he, too, complained
of "blackout" periods, where he evidently did things that he
couldn't remember later. "Sammy", "The Lawyer", was
rather intellectual, and rational. "King Young", "The
Lover", was a pleasure-oriented glib talker. "Usoffa
Abdulla, the Son of Omega", "The Warrior", was cold,
belligerent, and angry. Jonah would go out for a night
on the town with his barracks-mates; King Young would try to
pick up women; Sammy would try to talk his way out of the
inevitable confrontation with their dates; if that failed
Usoffa Abdullah would fight his way out of trouble.
Jonah didn't know about any of these other personalities, and
they had limited knowledge of each other, but they all knew
I.C., a case that my
colleagues and I had an opportunity to study, also showed a
complex pattern of amnesia. She was a 24-yer-old woman,
a world-class performer in her field, who was referred for
"disorganized" and self-injurious behavior. As with Eve
White, it turned out that there were several other
personalities involved: There was "I.C." herself (named for
Irene Coriot, another famous case of multiple personality,
from the 19th century), married and a mother; "Heather" was
still an adolescent; "Joan" was a lesbian; and "Gloria" was a
drug abuser. "I.C."'s memories were accessible to
everyone else, but "I.C." knew nothing about the others --
though the others knew about each other.
Formal testing of I.C. focused on the "Crovitz-Galton technique", pioneered by Sir Francis Galton (Darwin's half-cousin) and developed further by Herbert Crovitz, an American psychologist, in which a familiar word (e.g., car or dance) is used as a cue for the retrieval of a specific autobiographical memory (e.g., "I remember when my father brought home a new car, a 1955 Plymouth sedan with salmon-pink trim"; "I remember taking Sharon E. to my first school dance in 8th grade"). Because of difficulties gaining access to I.C.'s alter egos, testing focused on I.C., the host personality, herself. We also tested a group of age-matched normal women.
|When tested at age 24, I.C. had virtually no memories from the first 14 years of her life, compared to controls|
|In another session, we constrained her recall to events occurring before age 12. She was able to produce some memories from ages 10-12, but not from earlier ages.|
|Her earliest recollection of herself was dated to age 12, compared to the more usual dating of about age 4. Her earliest memory of her father was dated age 16.|
Based on these findings, we speculated that, perhaps, what we thought was the "host" personality was actually an alter ego that began to emerge around age 12. Unfortunately, we were unable to do further follow up testing with this patient.
The interpersonality amnesia in MPD/DID is usually assessed in terms of explicit memory. However, there is some evidence that implicit memory can "transfer" between personalities. For example, of Jonah, the case described earlier, had been given some laboratory tests of memory, which confirmed his interpersonality amnesia with tests of recall, but showed some interpersonality transfer of memory on tests of savings in relearning (Ludwig et al. 1972).
A dramatic example of preserved implicit memory occurred in the case of "Jane Doe", a British woman who was discovered by the police disheveled and wandering the streets (Lyon, 1985). She could not identify herself, and she had no identification and no autobiographical memory. During her clinical evaluation the psychologist tested her fund of semantic and procedural knowledge. He pointed to the telephone on his desk, and asked her what it was. When she responded correctly, he asked her to show her how it was used. She dialed a number and -- before she could replace the receiver on the cradle -- the psychologist took the phone to talk to whoever answered on the other end. That turned out to be the victim's mother. Jane Doe lacked conscious awareness of her memory and identity, but her procedural knowledge -- including how to dial her mother's phone number -- remained intact.
Because MPD/DID is so rare, most experimental
studies have been confined to single cases, like Eve, or
Jonah, or I.C. But a study by Eich et al. (1997),
compared explicit and implicit memory in a substantial number
of such patients. The general design of the study was to
present some information to one alter ego (call it P1), and
then test memory for that information in the same and a
different alter ego (call the latter P2). The results
were ambiguous. Eich et al. found no interpersonality
priming on a test of stem-completion. But they did find
some evidence of transfer on a test of picture-fragment
identification. On this test, subjects are presented
with a very fragmentary picture of an object, and over trials
further details are added until they can correctly identify
The conversion disorders
involve "pseudoneurological" symptoms affecting sensation and
voluntary motor behavior.
In all cases, neurological examination reveals
no rain insult, injury, or disease that can account for the
As with the dissociative disorders affecting memory and identity, the conversion disorders are sometimes referred to as "psychogenic" deafness (or whatever), because they presumably have psychological, rather than organic, causes (if they were caused by some form of peripheral or central nerve damage, they would be seen by neurologists, not psychologists). These symptoms are also functional in nature,Under the label of "hysteria", the covnersion disorders are among the oldest known mental illnesses, but psychiatry has never known quite what to do with them (Kihlstrom, 1994). The earliest editions of the DSM simply put them under the category of hysteria (where they belonged). But more recently, they have been ensconced in categories like "medical symptoms without known cause". In DSM-5, they are listed under a catch-all category of "Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders".
However, the conversion disorders
should be distinguished from other that also involve
complaints of bodily dysfunction.
What sorts of changes? In the classical instance, the conversion disorders seem to involve a dissociation between explicit and implicit perception. For example, "hysterically" blind patients are commonly found to be responsive to visual stimuli, even though they are not aware of them. This was noted by Charcot and Janet, as long ago as the19th century -- for example, in Janet's treatise on the Major Symptoms of Hysteria.Early evidence of visual processing came from a classic study of "hysterical" blindness by Brady & Lind (1961). The patient claimed total blindness, even though medical examination could find no organic pathology that would explain the complaint. As part of their assessment and treatment of the problem, Brady and Lind employed an instrumental conditioning procedure known as the differential reinforcement of low rates (Brady was a psychiatrist who was an early advocate of behavior therapy). The patient was instructed to push a button once within a certain interval, every 18-21 seconds; if he succeeded, a buzzer went off, and he received immediate social approval and accumulated points toward hospital privileges. This is not easy -- not least, because the patient wasn't told precisely what the target interval was; but also because that's a fairly long period of time.
Just as there is some degree of implicit memory in MPD/DID, so there appears to be some degree of implicit perception in visual conversion disorder.
In the final analysis, the dissociative disorders all seem to
share the following features:
This page last revised 02/26/2017.


Kiva Lending Team: Abraham Lincoln
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We are friends and fans of Ab Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis—the American Civil War--by preserving the Union by force while ending slavery and promoting economic modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated.
He became a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives, but failed in two attempts at a seat in the United States Senate. He was an affectionate, though often absent, husband, and father of four children.
Lincoln was an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States, which he deftly articulated in his campaign debates and speeches. As a result, he secured the Republican nomination and was elected president in 1860.
After war began, following declarations of secession by Southern slave states, he concentrated on both the military and political dimensions of the war effort, seeking to reunify the nation. He vigorously exercised unprecedented war powers, including the arrest and detention, without trial, of thousands of suspected secessionists. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, abolishing slavery.
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Have you heard about erupting volcanoes in Costa Rica?
Although several of our country’s 112 volcanoes still occasionally belch a bit of vapor and gas, only five volcanoes have actually erupted in the last 500 years since the Spaniards first colonized Costa Rica. The most active volcanoes today are: Poás, Turrialba, Rincón de la Vieja, Arenal, and Irazú.
Arenal and Irazú have erupted periodically in recent years, but as of this writing, just three are actively erupting—Poás, Turrialba, and Rincón de la Vieja.
Costa Rica’s volcanoes tend to emit mostly ash; lava flows are rare. However, the risks of toxic gases, lahars (mudflows), and ejected incandescent rocks can be high in the immediate areas surrounding the volcanoes. Therefore, parks and access roads around all three are currently closed to the public until further notice.
Although the volcanoes do not represent a danger to anyone outside the restricted areas, sporadic ash fall can be a concern for sensitive individuals with breathing issues such as asthma .
Experts at the Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica (OVSICORI) and other international agencies closely monitor conditions around all our active volcanoes to keep us informed of any significant changes.
Predicting future activity of our volcanoes is impossible, of course, so don’t hesitate to contact us if you have additional questions. As always, if you feel compelled to cancel your reservations with us for any reason, there is never a fee to cancel or change your reservation if you have booked directly with us.
Please keep reading for specific information about the three erupting volcanoes.
Poás volcano is situated near the western end of the Central Mountain Range, approximately 34 miles north of San José. Poás is visible from most of the central valley, and has been a major tourist attraction for decades.
Prevailing winds prevent virtually all ash and gases from reaching San José, so the areas affected by this volcano are almost exclusively those directly below and to the west of the Poás.
With the exception of a handful of minor events, this volcano had not erupted since 1956. Poás began to rumble a bit in 2014, and this past April 2017, it announced its awakening with an impressive morning eruption consisting primarily of steam and gases. June and July 2017 eruptions have included sizeable chunks of incandescent rocks and reddish colored ash.
Turrialba volcano is located approximately 35 miles east of San José at the eastern end of the Central Mountain Range. This is the volcano responsible for the current ash falls in the greater metropolitan area.
After decades of scarce activity, it began coming to life around 1996. Eruptions began in earnest in 2009, although they were neither major nor continual. By 2010, however, Turrialba had entered a phase of active eruptions.
It continues to erupt almost daily, but ash fall is sporadic and rarely interferes with daily activities. Everything depends on the volume and power of a specific eruption, and the wind conditions at the moment of eruption.
In March of 2015, local airports were forced to shut down for over 36 hours due to heavy ash fall across the entire central valley. Airport closings of several hours have happened a few times in the last two years, but thankfully this does not occur on a regular basis.
Rincón de la Viejais located over 100 miles from San José at the northwestern end of the Guanacaste Mountain Range near the border with Nicaragua. This area is known for its hot springs, steam vents, and boiling mud pots. In fact, one of the largest geothermal energy projects in the world is found here.
Rincón de la Vieja has been fairly active since 2014, and the most recent eruptions occurred in June and July of 2017. Severe landslides and lahars have occurred with these eruptions, causing dangerous conditions in the valleys and rivers below.


Vaccinations For Kilimanjaro is one of the most effective ways to prevent diseases while Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro. A vaccine helps the body’s immune system to recognize and fight pathogens like viruses or bacteria, which then keeps us safe from the diseases they cause. Vaccines protect against more than 25 debilitating or life-threatening diseases, including measles, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid and more.
Are you sure of getting the good Knowledge about Vaccinations For Kilimanjaro, go through the below section or visit through our Kilimanjaro Faq’s Page.
Prevent yourself from the unforeseen diseases with the must take vaccinations for Kilimanjaro
What Injections Do You Need For Kilimanjaro
The injections or vaccinations you require are for Yellow Fever, Hepatitis A & B, measles, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid, etc. to avoid the failure.
Currently, the majority of children receive their vaccines on time. However, nearly 20 million worldwide still miss out – putting them at risk of serious diseases, death, disability and ill health. So, it is advisable to take Recommended Vaccinations for Kilimanjaro.
The list of recommended vaccinationsfor East African travel is updated regularly by the (WHO). Your local healthcare practice will usually have an up to date list of Health & Vaccinations for Kilimanjaro.You can consult them.
|Cholera||No longer recommended. Only necessary if travelling from infected countries.|
|Diptheria & Tetanus||10 year booster||Recommended. Tetanus vaccinations last for ten years and are absolutely vital for visitors to Tanzania. The vaccination is usually given in combination with one for diphtheria. Once you’ve had five injections, you’re covered for life.|
|Hepatitis A||Up to 10 years||Recommended. This debilitating disease of the liver is spread by contaminated water, or even by using cutlery that has been washed in this water. The latest inoculation involves two injections; the first will protect you for three years, the second, taken six to twelve months later, will cover you for ten years.|
|Hepatitis B||For extended travel or high risk|
|Polio||10 year booster||Recommended. The polio vaccine used to be administered by sugar-lump, making it one of the more pleasant inoculations, though these days it’s more commonly injected.|
|Typhoid||Up to 10 years||Recommended. This disease is caught from contaminated food and water.|
|Meningitis A & C||3 years||Long stay visitors, rural. This disease of the brain is often fatal, though the vaccination is safe, effective and lasts for three to five years.|
|Rabies||Long stay visitors, rural travel. If you’re spending some time with animals or in the wilderness, it’s also worth considering having a course of rabies injections, though it isn’t pleasant.|
|Yellow Fever||Up to 10 years||Recommended. Yellow fever is a viral illness that has caused large epidemics in Africa and the Americas and which is spread by the bite of a mosquito.|
Do I Need Yellow Fever Vaccine for Kilimanjaro? Then, the respond should be ‘definitely yes’
Yellow fever is a viral infection spread by a particular species of mosquito common to areas of Africa. Vaccination is recommended before travelling to certain areas.
Mild cases cause fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. Serious cases may cause fatal heart, liver and kidney conditions. No specific treatment for the disease exists. Efforts focus on managing symptoms and limiting complications.
It is recommended to get a yellow fever vaccination certificate while you are traveling to Tanzania from Yellow fever effected country. Here we discussed some compulsory and recommended Vaccination for Kilimanjaro.
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis A is preventable by vaccine. It spreads from contaminated food or water or contact with someone who is infected.
Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and low-grade fever. The condition clears up on its own in one or two months. Rest and adequate hydration can help.
Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus that's easily preventable by a vaccine. This disease is most commonly spread by exposure to infected bodily fluids.
Symptoms are variable and include yellowing of the eyes, abdominal pain and dark urine. Some people, particularly children, don't experience any symptoms. In chronic cases, liver failure, cancer or scarring can occur. The condition often clears up on its own. Chronic cases require medication and possibly a liver transplant.
Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms and can lead to death. Tetanus is a potentially fatal bacterial infection that affects the nerves. A vaccine can easily prevent the infection, which has no cure.
Tetanus causes painful muscle contractions, particularly in the jaw and neck. It can interfere with the ability to breathe, eventually causing death. Treatment focuses on managing complications. It is not compulsory but recommended Vaccination for Kilimanjaro.
Typhoid fever is an infection that spreads through contaminated food and water. Vaccines are recommended in areas where typhoid fever is common.
Symptoms include high fever, headache, stomach pain, weakness, vomiting and loose stools. Treatment includes antibiotics and fluids. It is not compulsory but recommended vaccination for Kilimanjaro.
Diphtheria is a serious infection of the nose and throat that's easily preventable by a vaccine. A sheet of thick, grey matter covers the back of the throat, making breathing hard.
Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes and weakness. Treatments include antibiotics and an antitoxin that neutralizes the diphtheria toxin. A vaccine is available. It is not compulsory but recommended Vaccination for Kilimanjaro.
Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. Rabies is usually transmitted through an animal bite, for example, from stray dogs.
Symptoms include fever, headache, excess salivation, muscle spasms, paralysis and mental confusion. Seek immediate medical attention after a bite or suspected bite. There is no specific treatment for rabies. Once symptoms appear, it's nearly always fatal. A vaccine can prevent infection. It is not compulsory but recommended vaccination for Kilimanjaro.
Do you need malaria tablets for Kilimanjaro? Off course, Yes. Before and after trekking, you should take tablets and proper mosquito repellent to be safe from Malaria.
Malaria is a disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of anophelesmosquitoes. The severity of malaria varies based on the species of plasmodium.
Symptoms are chills, fever and sweating, usually occurring a few weeks after being bitten. People travelling to areas where malaria is common typically take protective drugs before, during and after their trip. Treatment includes antimalarial drugs. It is compulsory and recommended Vaccination for Kilimanjaro.
The polio is a virus that may cause paralysis and is easily preventable by the polio vaccine. Polio is transmitted through contaminated water or food, or contact with an infected person.
Many people who are infected with the poliovirus don't become sick and have no symptoms. However, those who do become ill develop paralysis, which can sometimes be fatal. Treatment includes bed rest, pain relievers and portable ventilators. It is not compulsory but recommended vaccination for Kilimanjaro.
The Other Health Issues In Kilimanjaro Are:
This is the most common health issue that most climbers face while Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro. AMS occurs when you reach very high altitudes, for example, Gilman’s Point, Stella Point or near to the Summit of Kilimanjaro. However, it can be treated quickly, by taking the person suffering down to a lower altitude.
To fight the mountain sickness it is highly advisable to hike slowly. Take longer itinerary to acclimatize well. If you acclimatize well you can fight in a better way with the altitude sickness.
Symptoms of AMS are:
- Rapid pulse
- Swelling of hands and feet
- A decrease in urine output
Hypothermia is another health threats that you might face while Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro. Hypothermia occurs when the body’s temperature drops drastically. There is a lot of chance to happen so as towards the summit the mountain drops its temperature really low. To prevent hypothermia, Kilimanjaro Clothing Gearson your Kilimanjaro Gear List helps a lot.
Symptoms of Hypothermia are
- Slurring Of speech
- Clumsy actions
Fitting boots or new boots that have not been worn in will damage feet, resulting in pain and blistering. So it is very important to wear a suitable pair of footwear. The toenails should be kept short so they don’t rub or catch on your socks. If you develop a blister, then quickly remove the boot and treat it with zinc oxide tape or a proper plaster.
Persons suffering from any cardiac or pulmonary problems are advised to consult your doctor before attempting to trek Mount Kilimanjaro.
While you trek Mt. Kilimanjaro you come in direct contact of UV rays of the Sun. It causes severe sunburn if proper care is not taken. So while Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro it is recommended to use +30 SPF sunscreen cream. Wear a wide hat that covers your face too and UV protective sunglasses during the day hiking.
Symptoms of Sunburn
- Redness of skin
- Swelling of skin
- Extreme thirst
“Is Climbing Kilimanjaro Safe or not”, is wholly depends upon you in case of Acute Mountain Sickness and Kilimanjaro Altitude Sicknesses. Yes, it is safe to climb Kilimanjaro, if you take proper vaccinations and precautions to avoid all kind of health risks.
For more information about Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro, visit our Climb Kilimanjaro Guide Page.


Spies michael frayn symbolism
A revision map for michael frayn's 'spies' this resource focuses on chapter two this is a great way for students to remind themselves of the key moments in the second. Spies book analysis spies (michael frayn) revision world, a level english revision for micheal frayn's spies covering introduction, key characters, key themes. Spies michael frayn symbolism appropriate is the title of the novel there are many different themes through out michael frayn’s novel ‘spies’ but the theme of spying is the most important. Spies is a novel written by michael frayn, in which two main characters (stephen and keith) investigate about the mother of one of them from the possibility of being a german spy the. 2 quotes from spies: ‘and now everything has changed once again the air of the close each evening is full of bird song - i've never really noticed it be.
Start studying spies - michael frayn learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Michael frayn was born in london in 1933 and began his career as a journalist (1999) was shortlisted for the booker prize, while his most recent novel, spies. Need help on symbols in michael frayn's spies check out our detailed analysis from the creators of sparknotes check out our detailed analysis from the creators of sparknotes from the. Essays for spies spies essays are academic essays for citation these papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of spies by michael frayn.
Extracts from this document introduction with detailed reference to at least 3 symbols explore how frayn employs symbolism in spies in the novel 'spies' michael frayn's use of symbolism. Spies michael frayn 213pp, faber, £1499 michael frayn's attractive and deeply civilised comic intelligence has hit on a classic english theme: the bittersweet adventure from childhood. Start studying spies by michael frayn - chapter summaries learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
How does frayn present ideas about growing up in the concept of growing up in spies are largely in the use of symbolism and spies by michael frayn. Spies (2002) is a psychological novel by english author and dramatist michael frayn it is currently studied by a-level, and some gcse, literature students in various.
Spies michael frayn symbolism
'spies' - michael frayn - linde melhuish do not believe that any weak symbolism or ambiguity which can be picked out of the book were actually intended.
Find all available study guides and summaries for copenhagen by michael frayn if there is a sparknotes copenhagen summary and analysis and symbols. Find all available study guides and summaries for spies by michael frayn if there is a sparknotes, shmoop, or cliff notes guide, we will have it listed here. With detailed reference to at least 3 symbols explore how frayn employs symbolism in spies how does michael frayn present the relationship between stephen. Michael frayn, frsl his novels, such as towards the end of the morning, headlong and spies, have also been critical and commercial successes.


Every year, thousands of people in the U.S. are critically injured and electrocuted in their own homes as a result of electrical fires and electrical hazards. The Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI) provides a few sobering statistics:
- Home electrical fires cause an estimated 51,000 fires every year, nearly 500 deaths, more than 1,400 injuries, and $1.3 billion in property damage.
- Every year, arcing faults are responsible for more than 28,000 home fires, killing and injuring hundreds of people and causing over $700 million in property damage.
- The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) reports that electrical receptacles are involved in 5,300 fires every year, causing 40 deaths and more than 100 injuries.
To help raise awareness about electrical hazards, May is officially National Electrical Safety Month. It’s a good time review the most common hazards and the steps you can take to reduce the risk of electrically-related fires, fatalities, injuries, and property loss.
The DIY problem
Budgets are tight for families across the country and homeowners are seeing declining home values and aging properties, so more people are tackling do-it-yourself projects – and that includes electrical work – instead of hiring licensed professionals. Since most don’t have the training or experience to safely perform electrical work, they’re only increasing the risks.
This old house
Do you live in an older home? According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the average home in the U.S. is more than 37 years old. Today’s higher demand for energy from the use of modern appliances and electrical devices can put a strain on older electrical systems, increasing the risk of fires and electrocutions.
Here are five crucial areas for homeowners and renters to check for electrical hazards:
- Light bulbs. Don’t exceed the light fixture’s recommended maximum wattage, always unplug or turn off lights before changing bulbs, and make sure bulbs are tight because loose bulbs can cause sparks.
- Appliances. Plug only one major appliance into an outlet, and unplug them when not in use. Keep cords away from sinks and bathtubs, and keep pets and children away from cords.
- Cords. Never use frayed, cracked, kinked, or otherwise damaged cords. Never staple or nail cords in place. Extension cords should be used for temporary use only, and never cover up cords with a rug.
- Outlets. Don’t overload outlets, and install tamper-resistant covers. Use ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) near water such as kitchens, baths, and basements.
- Outdoors. Assume all power lines are dangerous, especially downed lines. Prune trees to keep them clear of power lines, and keep ladders away from power lines.
Be proactive about electrical safety
Unlike natural disasters, electrical hazards are something you can prevent. If you’ve never done it, you should consider having your home electrical system thoroughly inspected by qualified electricians to make sure all electrical work is safe and working properly. And be aware of the telltale signs of electrical problems such as dim and flickering lights, unusual sizzling or buzzing sounds, or circuit breakers that trip repeatedly. If any of these symptoms are present, contact a qualified electrician.
Visit the National Electrical Safety Month website for more information on this year’s campaign, and find out how you can get involved. For more advice on protecting your home and property, talk to your independent agent.


99 years ago today, South Korean strongman and father of today’s president Park Chung-hee was born.
Born the seventh, and youngest, child of a fallen scholar-official (Yangban) family in the years of Japanese colonialism, Park had dreams of leadership and military exploits from a young age. While attending a progressive “new-style” school, he became class captain and figured out how to get his classmates to “submit unconditionally to whatever I said.”
Interested in war heroes and military history, including that of Japan, he quickly developed the dream of becoming a soldier. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, with the Japanese pushing south of Beijing and taking Tianjin and Shanghai, Park enrolled in Japanese military academy. Upon graduating as one of the best students, he was made a lieutenant in the Manchukuo Imperial Army in 1944 and served Japan in its last gasps of World War II. Though forced out of the military upon returning to Korea, he got back in when North Korea invaded the South. He rose quickly, and by 1960 he found himself Chief of the Operations Staff of the South Korean Army.
That same year, the Korean public rose up in protest after years of authoritarianism by Syngman Rhee, the first president of South Korea, who presided over the young nation’s defense in the Korean War but didn’t open up room for democracy. With the success of the April Revolution, Rhee was forced out of office and a parliamentary system replaced him. But with the economy ailing and protests continuing to rack the country, and fearing that he would soon be retired, Park and his allies took initiative and launched a coup on May 16, 1961.
Initially Park’s regime, the Third Republic, was semi-democratic. He won presidential elections in 1963 and ’67. Facing a constitutional term limits, he forced a change through the legislature and won again in ’71, defeating Kim Dae-jung, one of the leading democratic activists of his day and future president.
The next year, Park announced Yushin, a policy that dispensed with any pretenses of democracy and gave Park absolute, unchecked power. An electoral college would elect him president every six years. He could promulgate emergency measures without legislation. Criticism of the government and of the Yushin Constitution was banned. Government monitors embedded in media organizations enforced press restrictions. Fierce reporters were fired en masse from outlets like Dong A Il Bo. Torture techniques, including electrical torture, water torture, beatings, and sleep deprivation, were described by Amnesty International in testimony to U.S. Congress in 1975.
The economy boomed during Park’s reign. The economy grew from US$1,100 per capita (in constant 2000 dollars) to over $4,000, growing at over 8 percent per year almost every year. Park’s policy of “guided capitalism” built up the nation’s industry with the help of chaebols, megaconglomerates like Samsung and LG.
But Park’s power and economic growth could only shield him from the trends of history for so long. Protests began taking place more frequently in his final years, and they couldn’t be contained. In October 1979, student protests in Busan and Masan in the South (“the Bu-Ma Democratic Protests”) spread throughout the country. Park declared martial law on October 18. On October 26, 1979, Park was shot during a private meeting by Kim Jae-gyu, the director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency. Having survived two assassination attempts by North Korea before, he was brought down by one of his own longtime allies. (Kim would be executed, and Chun Doo-Hwan would leverage his position as leader of the investigation in order to lead a coup himself.)
Today Park’s legacy in Korea is complicated. Many still think of him as a patriotic leader who modernized Korea at a time when it was weak and threatened by a northern neighbor that was then more advanced. In the 2000’s, 74 percent of Koreans gave Park positive ratings on his handling of politics and 93 percent on economics. 44 percent called him Korea’s best leader in a Gallup poll. But there can be no denying the great pain his rule caused many who merely yearned for the truth, for the same freedoms their parents fought for and their children fought for and ultimately won in 1988. By the time of the Yushin regime Park’s excesses had far exceeded anything that could have been justified by the need for national stability and actually pushed his country into a period of dangerous instability that ended his life.
“Korea’s Development Under Park Chung Hee”, Hyung-A Kim
“Why Late South Korean Dictator Park Chung-hee Is The Most Popular President Ever”, Eugene Yi
“The Mixed Legacy of a South Korean Dictator”, Steven Denney
“The Cultural Politics of Remembering Park Chung Hee”, Seungsook Moon
“How South Korea and Vietnam whitewash their history,” Mitchell Blatt