The U.S. has reported more than 125,000 coronavirus deaths so far, which is more than any other country and more than twice as many confirmed deaths as Brazil, its next-highest neighbor on the list. By the end of next month, Brazil could surpass the U.S. in the number of positive cases of the novel coronavirus. That's more than all of the COVID-19 cases reported for countries like Canada, China, Colombia, Sweden and Egypt.
An Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) dons personal protective equipment before going into Elmhurst Hospital during the ongoing outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the Queens borough of New York, US, April 20, 2020.
Due to a lack of federal COVID-19 lockdown measures, states and cities in the US have had to implement their own preventative policies and guidance. Italy, the onetime epicenter of the European outbreak, on Saturday registered the lowest daily tally of COVID-19 deaths in almost four months: eight.
Brazil - the second-hardest-hit country in the world after the United States - recorded more than 1,000 deaths in 24 hours, the health ministry said on Saturday.
Europe, which was earlier an epicentre of the virus, has over 2.6 million cases, but the daily figures have come down significantly.
On June 25, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a revised list of who is at increased risk of becoming severely ill due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 1 in the absence of a universal mask-wearing order.


Invasive Species Resources
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University of Texas at Austin.
The cactus moth has a wingspan of only about an inch, but this invasive insect has the potential to cause largescale agricultural and ecological devastation in Texas, according to the first study of cactus moths in Texas. Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin's Invasive Species Project based at Brackenridge Field Laboratory in Austin have found that four native species of prickly pear cactus — and the species that rely on them — face a serious health threat from the moth.
Purdue University. News. (Indiana).
Texas A&M University. AgriLife Extension Service.
USDA NIFA research investment in Texas A&M AgriLife leads to breakthrough in fighting agricultural plant diseases. Researchers have made a discovery that will help combat fastidious pathogens, which cost U.S. agriculture alone billions of dollars annually.
Virginia Tech entomologist Muni Muniappan has warned of Tuta absoluta’s likely arrival into the United States since he began monitoring the pest's spread throughout Africa in 2012. Thanks to a joint grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Muniappan's team and collaborators will be able to model the pest's entry into the United States — protecting the country's billion-dollar tomato industry — before irreparable damage is caused. Tuta absoluta is a tomato pest native to South America. If left unmitigated, it has the potential to destroy 100 percent of tomato crops. In 2016, the pest caused a "tomato emergency" in such countries as Nigeria, where tomatoes are a lifeline for many smallholder farmers. With the U.S. as one of the world's leaders in tomato production, the pest's impact would be severe if nothing is done to stop it. The USDA's Food and Agriculture Cyberinformatics Tools Initiative awarded the University of Virginia's Biocomplexity Institute and Virginia Tech the four-year, $500,000 grant to project the pest's movement and rate of spread into the U.S. The model, to be developed by the Biocomplexity Institute, will map the spread of invasive species over time, accounting for factors such as climate, biology, and demographic information.


The Technology Of Diamond Saw Blade
Diamond saw blade as a cutting tool, widely used in concrete, refractory materials, stone, ceramic and other hard and brittle materials processing. The diamond production process is also varied, then from the process, what are the specific classification?
1, sintered diamond saw blade: sub-cold pressure sintering and hot-pressed sintering two, pressed sintered.
2, welding diamond saw blade: sub-brazing and laser welding two, brazing is through high temperature melting medium will be welded together with the matrix, such as high-frequency induction brazing saws, vacuum brazing saws, etc .; laser welding Metallurgical bonding is achieved by melting the tip of the tool tip against the substrate with a high temperature laser beam.
3, electroplating (brazing) diamond saw blade: the tip powder is attached to the substrate by electroplating method.
Of course, the use of different products produced by the corresponding is different, what are you mainly used to cut?


This story was originally published in the November issue of Amplify, a publication of the University of Virginia Division for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion.
It’s never been more critical to holistically support children’s cognitive, emotional, and physical needs as part of their education. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented disruption to students’ learning, the rate of mental and physical languishing among children across the country was rising rapidly. This is especially true in vulnerable populations regularly experiencing poverty, trauma, and community violence.
High levels of mental and physical stress can interfere with a child’s academic development, health, and well-being, and the ripple effects can be devastating for families, communities, and society. A critical resource for countering these alarming trends is early intervention at the public-school level—providing children the tools to build resilience and the personal, social, and emotional skills to reach their highest potential. UVA’s Compassionate Schools Project is designed to do just that.
A Groundbreaking Approach to Education
Developed by teachers and education experts at the School of Education and Human Development in collaboration with UVA’s Contemplative Sciences Center, the Compassionate Schools Project (CSP) incorporates integrated lessons in mindfulness, social-emotional learning, movement, and healthy eating into public school education. School of Education Professor Tish Jennings, a leader of CSP, says, “The idea of the curriculum is to give our children the skills to manage their own health and well-being throughout their lives and to understand what selfcare means for them, how they can monitor their needs, and how doing so can empower them to contribute to their communities.”
The CSP team is proving the program’s merits in a massive, randomized controlled research trial over five years in the city of Louisville, KY. The research involved 20,000 children in K-5 classrooms throughout 45 elementary schools in Louisville public schools—the most comprehensive study of its kind. Led by principal investigator Patrick Tolan, a professor in the Education School and in the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences in the School of Medicine, UVA researchers are preparing to publish the study later this year.
Preliminary findings indicate the program led to calmer and less disruptive classrooms; more satisfied and motivated teachers; and, on a school-wide level, fewer discipline problems, better academic performance, and fewer absences. As a result of these and other school and community benefits, Louisville schools have formally adopted the program.
Putting Research into Service
Equipped with lessons from the Louisville study and a 3Cavaliers grant issued to Jennings along with David Germano, a Professor in Arts & Sciences and Executive Director of the Contemplative Sciences Center, and James Nataro, Professor and Chair of Pediatrics at the Medical School, for a collaborative study to determine CSP’s effects on children’s health, UVA introduced the CSP curriculum to Charlottesville City Schools in 2019. Beginning with a pilot program in grades K-4 at Johnson Elementary School, the Charlottesville CSP expanded to K-1 classrooms at Greenbrier Elementary this fall, bringing the total number of Charlottesville students benefiting from the curriculum to nearly 400 for the 2021–22 school year. Allison Pillow, who teaches the CSP curriculum at Johnson Elementary as its School Counselor, says she’s seen remarkable effects on students from CSP’s integration of social and emotional learning with lessons on “calming and focusing” and mindfulness:
“They’re understanding what it means to have compassion for themselves and others and how calming their minds and bodies helps them regulate their emotions.”
Pillow says the students especially love the mindful breathing exercises. In a recent program evaluation, one student said: "When I am scared and worried, I like to stop and take deep breaths and when I am done with my breaths I feel much better and then I take some time to tell my body how I am feeling. That helps so much.” Teachers at Johnson are noticing changes too. One explained, “We begin each day with 10 Morning Breaths, and the students come up with new breaths each day to follow along together! I have also seen students practice compassion when others get injured by being extra quiet and sweet to them, and even standing up and giving the hurt or upset person tickets from their own ticket boxes (that they had earned for doing the right thing) to cheer them up.”
A key part of CSP’s power is its whole-school approach. In Charlottesville the CSP curriculum is directly delivered once or twice a week for 30–60 minutes through the school counselor and specials (i.e., PE, Art, Music, Library); however, the lessons and language are emphasized throughout the school day. For example, most classroom teachers at Johnson and Greenbrier have adopted CSP’s use of compassion boards—where students can post acts of kindness toward themselves or others in little cut-out hearts —and pause places—designated corners where students can take a moment to calm down or reflect.
In addition, all teachers can benefit from the professional development and training offered as part of implementing the CSP curriculum. In Charlottesville that training is provided by Polina Mischenko, a postdoctoral research associate at the Contemplative Sciences Center and director of the Charlottesville CSP. Included in the training is Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education (CARE), a professional development program co-created by Jennings. The CARE program is designed to help teachers and school administrators manage stress and develop the kinds of skills that support embodying many of the CSP curriculum’s learning objectives, including compassion, self-care, and self-awareness.
Expanding CSP’s positive effects is the ultimate goal of all involved. Katherine Sublett, the School Counselor at Greenbrier who’s leading implementation in grades K-1 this year, says, “We want every student impacted in some way and to scale up as quickly as we can so all grades can receive the curriculum directly.” Pillow also has broad aspirations for the program. “A longer-term goal of mine is to have the benefits of this curriculum and practice spread out to our families and our larger Charlottesville community,” she says. Leveraging the University’s research and scholarship for direct and tangible benefits to the community is exactly what President Ryan called for in his 2030 strategic plan, A Great and Good University. “President Ryan has been very clear and consistent in imploring all of us across Grounds to think about engaged scholarship and service,” says Germano, “and about how we need to be focused not only on what we can do at the University, but also on how we can be supportive and engaged with the communities in which it is embedded.”
Widespread Benefits to Public Health and Well-Being
The Charlottesville CSP is poised to transform elementary education across the commonwealth and the nation and to improve public health for generations to come. The study will utilize Fortify Children’s Health—a pediatric Clinically Integrated Network (CIN) launched by UVA’s Children's Hospital in partnership with the Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters. This CIN is the first of its kind to track children’s health data through a network of healthcare providers, including children’s schools. By linking school data to health data, the UVA team can investigate the extent to which the program improves children’s mental and physical health, thus decreasing healthcare expenditures. If they can demonstrate that interventions delivered at the school level have positive impacts on common health concerns such as anxiety and ADHD, the program may be adopted at a very low cost by every school across the Commonwealth.
Nataro explains the study’s importance: “We need ways to make our society, and particularly our youth, more resilient to the stresses of everyday life and to be able to help heal when they develop these disorders. This is not to say that medication and psychotherapy and psychology don’t have their place,” he says.
Germano adds that in addition to benefiting the lives of children, this program brings tangible economic benefits for the future. “In today’s world, we run across many people who tell us that while they would like to support kids with programs like this, there just is not the money for it. But this research is geared specifically toward the economy of education, and allows us to say, ‘Look, we can say no to this sort of thing and save $50,000, but when we look at the health care data, we are going to spend ten times that on the other end.’”


What are low-carbon fuels?
Low carbon what?
Low carbon fuels, or clean fuels, are those that result in less carbon pollution compared to petroleum-based fuels and that are produced in a sustainable manner.
Also called next generation or advanced biofuels, they can overcome the limitations of both fossil fuels and first generation predecessors by utilizing existing infrastructure, reducing emissions, and careful use of our land when coupled with proper sustainability certification.
Advanced biofuels can be considered “low carbon” or “clean fuels” by looking at the total impact of the fuel on the environment and economy. These fuels can provide significant environmental and social benefits if developed with caution and foresight. The best biofuels are those that make it environmentally and economically possible to produce more food and fuel and do it in a way that clearly reduces global warming pollution, conserves and enhances our soil and water resources, protects our fragile wild lands, forests and native ecosystems, and improves the economic welfare of farmers, workers and communities. Fortunately, there are third party tools to help producers and buyers assess and validate the sustainability of their biofuels. Credible certification systems such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) verify those products that come from supply chains that deliver on the environmental promise of advanced biofuels and avoid significant unintended consequences.
This website provides the economic and environmental case for transitioning to next generation, or advanced biofuels by profiling the advanced biofuel industry.
How is a fuel’s impact determined?
Lifecycle accounting allows us to rate fuels based on all the greenhouse gas emissions produced from creation or extraction to the use in a vehicle, including supply chain emissions. Regions throughout the world, including California, the U.S. federal government, and the European Union all rate fuel GHG emissions based on this scoring approach.
Land use is an important part of biofuel production, as feedstocks are frequently sourced from biomass. The inclusion of land use change impacts help to minimize the use of biomass such as forests as well as sources that compete with food production.
What feedstocks are used for advanced biofuels?
One of the advantages of advanced biofuels is the diversity of feedstock alternatives. Advanced biofuels may be sourced from: agricultural waste or residue, waste oils, perennial grasses and other dedicated energy crops, algae, waste biomass, farmed woody biomass, post-recycled waste and many others.
How are they made?
Each clean fuel company has its own proprietary process to convert a feedstock into a fuel. Companies producing ethanol, an alcohol based fuel, may use a process similar to alcohol distillation. Other companies producing jet fuel or diesel substitutes may gasify feedstocks into their basic chemical building blocks, and re-build the chemical components so the result is a hydrocarbon chain that looks like crude oil. Then traditional refining of the crude oil can produce gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel that can be used in existing pipelines, tanks and engines.
Are clean fuels available today?
Many companies are just beginning production of fuels or construction of facilities that will produce clean fuels. These fuels will be blended into the gasoline and diesel we use everyday, lessening the overall impact of the fuel sold in the United States. See here for more information about the advanced biofuel industry or individual biofuel companies.
What will Clean Fuels do for our Economy?
How does this help state-level economies?
Using California as an example, consumers and businesses spent approximately $70 billion in 2012 on gasoline and diesel with over $40 billion of this being sent outside the state and overseas. Instead, investments can be made in safe, domestic, and clean energy sources like renewable fuels, electricity, and natural gas to fuel our cars and trucks.
More advanced biorefineries are coming online each year. E2’s projection for jobs from advanced biofuel refineries (expected from 2014 through 2016) estimated that about 1,500 permanent, 7,000 construction and 9,900 indirect jobs could be created through the more than twenty expected refineries. These numbers only scratch the surface, as it does not fully account for other jobs created within the biofuel value chain or corporate and R&D jobs.
Petroleum imports drive the United States trade deficit. The trade deficit in petroleum is at $268 billion in 2010, up from $50 billion annually in the 1990s. Petroleum’s share of total U.S. trade deficit has risen from 27 percent in 2004 to about 50 percent in 2012. As domestically produced biofuels displace oil imports, they also reduce the trade deficit.


By Bethany Gray
“The ability of birds to show us the consequences of our own actions is one of their most important but least appreciated attributes. Despite the free advice of birds, we didn’t pay attention. ” — Marjorie Stoneman Douglas, 1947
The month of May each year hosts the return of migratory birds from their southern wintering grounds to breeding grounds further north. Millions of birds pass by and stop to refuel, or settle in Ohio for nesting season. The second Saturday of May and October is officially recognized as International Migratory Bird Day. The journey of birds and their reproduction, however, is paired with harsh and deadly challenges.
Since 1970, North America has lost three billion birds, nearly 30% of the total (abcbirds.org/3-billion-birds), suffering the heaviest losses among the 12 bird families that include sparrows, warblers, finches, and swallows. kite. Habitat loss and degradation are the two main reasons, followed by outdoor cats, window crashes and exposure to pesticides and poisons.
Outdoor cats kill billions of birds, small mammals and pollinators, including butterflies, every year, and even if the birds don’t die soon, cat bites carry bacteria that often cause their deaths.
Introduced to the US by European colonizers, the number of domestic cats has tripled in the last 40 years. In addition to the recommendation that cats be spayed/neutered to reduce overpopulation, the American Bird Conservancy website provides practical strategies for pet owners making the transition to keeping/restricting cats from roaming outdoors or keeping cats indoors.
The American Veterinary Medical Association describes further benefits for cats and their humans — increased lifespan and reduced human cruelty, injury, and disease spread.
Eighty percent of migratory birds do so at night when there is quieter air space and fewer predators, using the moon and stars to navigate. Artificial light is increasing by 2% per year globally, and light pollution confuses birds and causes them to land in vulnerable and collision-prone areas; it also harms the moth population. During migration, residences and businesses can assist by turning off or lowering the visor of any upward-pointing chandeliers or headlights, eliminating horizontal glare, installing motion sensor lights wherever possible, and turning off unnecessary interior lighting on higher floors.
“Turning off bright lights helps birds move within minutes, as the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and New York City Audubon discovered during the annual 9/11 anniversary in New York City.
Hundreds of birds are caught on the warning beams every year but shutting them off for only 20 to 30 minutes at a time greatly reduces bird density in the area.” (audubon.org/lights-out-program)
Audubon reports that 55-75% of bird window attacks are lethal. The recently released book “Solid Air: Invisible Killer, Saving Billions of Birds from Windows” describes the behavior of birds “as if the sheet of glass was invisible to them.” They often see the reflection of vegetation or are attracted to the light indoors at night. Screens, curtains and/or shutters will reduce this. Another option is to use clear anti-attack decorative stickers or anti-attack film or tape. Keeping bird feeders and bird baths further away from windows also helps. While some birds may be momentarily stunned after being hit and then continue flying, others may not, or they may look injured. After witnessing a bird injury, contact a licensed wildlife rehabilitator and store the bird in a dark box with air holes and in a quiet place for transportation. In these areas, contact the Brukner Nature Center for songbirds; Glen Helen Raptor Center cares for larger birds of prey.
When doing landscape work, if tree or shrub felling or similar work can wait until fall, it may save the entire bird’s nest either in the cavity or in the branches. Keeping partially dead trees and branches — snags — in a safe place offers nesting opportunities and a food source where they will be completely removed. For more information on how to start introducing more sustainable landscape practices, visit nwf.org/CERTIFY.
When we pay attention to birds, we in turn help ourselves.
For more information, see “101 Ways to Help Birds,” by Laura Erickson.
*The author is a local naturalist and certified habitat ambassador and educator for the National Wildlife Federation.


The summer of 1799 saw a new fad take hold in one remarkable circle of British society: the inhalation of “Laughing Gas”.
The overseer and pioneer of these experiments was a young Humphry Davy, future President of the Royal Society.
Mike Jay explores how Davy’s extreme and near-fatal regime of self-experimentation with the gas not only marked a new era in the history of science but a turn toward the philosophical and literary romanticism of the century to come.
Detail from a satirical print from 1830 depicting Humphry Davy administering a dose of Laughing Gas to a woman while Count Rumford looks on (cropped out of the picture above), above the caption “Prescription for Scolding Wives” – Source Wikimedia.
On Boxing Day of 1799 the twenty-year-old chemist Humphry Davy (picture below) – later to become Sir Humphry, inventor of the miners’ lamp, President of the Royal Society and domineering genius of British science – stripped to the waist, placed a thermometer under his armpit and stepped into a sealed box specially designed by the engineer James Watt for the inhalation of gases, into which he requested the physician Dr. Robert Kinglake to release twenty quarts of nitrous oxide every five minutes for as long as he could retain consciousness.
The experiment was taking place in the lamp-lit laboratory of the Pneumatic Institution, an ambitious and controversial medical project where the young Davy had been taken on as laboratory assistant.
It had opened the previous March in Hotwells, a run-down spa at the foot of the Avon Gorge outside Bristol.
Originally developed to rival nearby Bath, Hotwells had dwindled to a downmarket cluster of cheap clinics and miracle-cure outfits offering hydrotherapy or mesmerism to those in the desperate last stages of consumption; but the Pneumatic Institution was a new arrival with revolutionary ambitions.
Its founder, the brilliant and maverick doctor Thomas Beddoes, believed that the new gases with which he and his assistant were experimenting had the power to put the treatment of this most lethal of diseases onto a proper scientific footing for the first time, and in the process to transform the art of medicine.


Most of us know about Kedarnath Temple but we hardly know the region that surrounds this enchanting place. Yes, this area is of utmost importance as it holds something unique and precious. The landscapes of alpine forests and alpine meadows of the Western Himalayas are a home to some threatened species of wildlife. This region is the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary which is spread across Chamoli and Rudraprayag districts of Uttarakhand.
Entering the Sanctuary From Chopta
Photo Courtesy: dirk.hartung
It is also known as Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary because of the Himalayan Musk deer who form the flagship species of this reserve.
The Himalayan Musk Deer
The Himalayan Musk deer belong to the musk deer species and are mainly found in the Himalayan regions. The Himalayan Musk deer are light brown in colour without any white spots. They have thick coarse of hair which protects them from extreme cold weather. Males are extremely territorial and do not let males from other clan to enter their group and the females live in small groups.
Himalayan Musk Deer
Unfortunately, The Himalayan Musk deer are endangered species in India. A wax secretion called musk created in the male musk deer is used in cosmetics and medicines. The musk is very valuable and hence the Himalayan Musk deer are poached. This has resulted in the decline of their population.
Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary
A captive breeding centre was set up in Kharachula Kharak inside the sanctuary. This helped in increasing the population of the musk deer. However, it was not that successful as the deer died for different reasons like climatic conditions, mortality rates and infections. So, one musk deer was relocated to Darjeeling Zoo.
Fortunately, some musk deer are said to be roaming around in the sanctuary in recent times. This has given a relief to the wildlife conservationists who feared that it has disappeared completely.
Photo Courtesy: Dibyendu Ash
Other Animals in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary
Mammals like Snow leopards, common langur, Himalayan black bear, leopard cat, yellow-throated martin, red giant flying squirrels, etc. live in this sanctuary. Several exotic birds like snow partridge, grey-cheeked warbler, khalij pheasant and Himalayan Monals are also found here.
Photo Courtesy: Kmishra19
Religious Places Near Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary
In fact, Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary derives its name from the famous Kedarnath Temple. Yes, visitors have to go through the sanctuary to reach Kedarnath Temple in Uttarakhand. Kedarnath Temple is in the outskirts of the wildlife sanctuary.
Other important religious places like Madhyameshwar, Tungnath, Mandani, Rudranath, Gopeshwar and Anasuya Devi are some of the places near Kedarnatha Wildlife Sanctuary.
Best Time to Visit Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary
The weather conditions are extreme as it is in the Himalayan region. The sanctuary is open only during the months of April to June and September to November.
How to Reach Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary
Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary is around 45km from Chopta and 105 km from Rishikesh. Kedarnath is around 110km from Dehradun.
By Train: Rishikesh Railway Station is the nearest railway station.
By Air: Dehradun Airport is the nearest airport to reach Kedarnath.
It is sad that musk deers are poached and it has pushed them to the endangered list. Only a few deers are surviving as of now. Some how it becomes everybody's responsibility to protect the wildlife and that helps in ecological balance.


Technology outfit, Rambus, is seeking to revolutionise the Internet of Things by bringing dirt-cheap visual sensors to the party. Rather than focusing on the refracting properties of light, its engineers use diffraction to capture data rather than an image.
Unlike a traditional affair, Rambus' lensless visual sensor shuns image quality, precision and colour fidelity – it's all about simplicity.
While it won't allow you to tell blue from yellow (everything is in greyscale), you will be able to distinguish forms and basic shapes (e.g. the number of fingers on one hand).
Although that might initially seem detrimental, it actually helps alleviate privacy fears that might arise due to the near-microscopic size of the Rambus sensor.
Ultra-compact and cheap
What's more, it is extremely thin and small, very cheap to produce, has an extended depth of field, a very wide angle of vision, works with visible and invisible light (UV, IR) and its power consumption is in the microwatts.
Dr Patrick Gill explained to us that the sensor is ideal for ubiquitous smart sensing, before adding that "producing a normal lens that size is near impossible".
Applications for this technology are near limitless and involves anything that uses point tracking, image change detection, object recognition, range finding and so forth.
- Check out the rest of our MWC 2015 coverage


The ever-gracious Lady C writes from Hampshire to ask if Capability Brown, that special signor of sensibility, used mound planting at Langley, Bucks.
The question intrigues me because if we could only pin down the stylistic tricks and techniques that Brown invariably – or even frequently – used and that might be said to characterise his work, we could place ourselves in a commanding position to determine in any site what he did and didn’t do.
Mounding is a method of tree planting too seldom used. The turf around the new site is removed, the roots of the young tree are then spread out on the top soil, and earth is then mounded up around the tree. The great advantage over digging a deep hole and dropping the rootball of the tree into it is that the soil structure is not disturbed and the roots do not find themselves trapped in a sheer-sided hole. Mr. McDonald of Dalkeith, a fine practitioner of the art, has argued that it prevented the roots from getting so soon down to the subsoil. I recall his saying that that always produced canker in the plant. Whether Mr Stephens mounded for the same reason at Langley Park, Bucks, I do not know, but I have admired some fine specimens of the practice there, and it seems to have been used there for over a hundred years: on early 18th century oaks, mid-19th century apples, and even late 19th century Wellingtonias.
Alas Lady C, although Brown had two campaigns at Langley Park, the conkers and plane trees around the lake (some of which might have been planted in his day) look as though they were planted on mounds, rather than mound-planted. The fact of the matter is that Brown doesn’t seem to have used mound-planting – either there or anywhere else. I must confess that I cannot call to mind anything that is uniquely characteristic of his work. You may wish to conclude that this amounts to an admission that the great man was not an innovator, and I dare say you would be right so to do.


Group V and Nitrogen
- Group V of the periodic table shares similar characteristics of the other groups of the p-block; at the top of the groups are the non-metals (nitrogen and phosphorus) and at the bottom of the group are the metalloids (antimony and bismuth).
- Atoms of the Group V elements can form three covalent bonds by sharing the three unpaired p-electrons.
- This gives them compounds in which the Group V element has an oxidation state of +3 or -3.
- The lone pair of electrons that each element has allows them to form dative bonds. This enables them to form compounds in which their oxidation state is five.
- Nitrogen and phosphorous are very important elements within group five; they are constituent elements in living things; they are both essential for healthy plant growth.
Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere; however it is extremely unreactive.
- This low reactivity arises due to the strong triple bond between nitrogen atoms in N2 molecules.
- In order for nitrogen to react, the triple bond between the nitrogen atoms must be broken, or partially broken.
- This requires large amounts of energy, thus the activation energy for reactions involving nitrogen is very high.
- During thunderstorms, the highly energetic lightening flash can provide enough energy to form nitrogen oxides from atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen.
- Once reacted, it can form many useful compounds, for example ammonia, nitrogen oxides and nitrates.
- Ammonia is an example of a nitrogen hydride.
- The lone pair of electrons on the ammonia allows it to acts as a nucleophile (donating a pair of electrons to a positively charged carbon atom), as a base (forming a dative bond with an H+ ion) and as a ligand.
- Nitrogen forms many different oxides, all of which are gaseous.
- Some of the more important ones are:
Nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colourless gas which turns to brown NO2 in air. It is produced in combustion processes, especially from internal combustion engines. It is also formed in thunderstorms, and in the soil by denitrifying bacteria.
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a brown gas; it is toxic and is also formed in combustion processes and thunderstorms.
- Dinitrogen oxide (N2O) is a colourless gas formed in the soil by denitrifying bacteria.
- There are two types of nitrate ions in the nitrogen cycle: nitrate (III), NO2-, and nitrate (V), NO3-.
- Their names are distinguishable from one another by their oxidation states.


Protocols are employed to help answer large questions about teaching and
learning; these are sometimes called "research questions" or "inquiry
questions." A group might go through several -- even a year's worth
of -- protocols addressing the same question. Examples:
How can we support students to become reflective problem solvers? What
are the learning benefits of writing in math?
often have more specific, though still large, "focusing questions"
that guide individual protocols, especially in the Tuning
Protocol and Consultancy.
Participants strive to address the focusing question with their own
questions and feedback. Examples:
How is the rubric for this assignment reflected in the student work?
What evidence do you see of students' research skills here?
protocols, participants ask a wide range of questions, from "clarifying
questions" to "probing questions." Clarifying questions typically
seek "nuts-and-bolts" information about the project. Example:
How much time does the project take? How were the children grouped?
Probing questions typically ask for deeper, more reflective responses
from the presenter. Example: How
does your belief about writing influence your students' work on this
to the presenting teacher often comes in the form of questions. Example:
"I wonder what would happen if students were involved in developing
Usually at the end of a protocol, the participants use reflection
questions to consider what they have learned about the process of
LSW itself. Examples: "What worked
well?" "Did the conversation move us closer to our goals? If so, how?"
are also the facilitator's questions--sometimes asked by other
participants--that help keep protocols focused and push for greater
depth. Example: "What do you see
in this child's work that makes you say it's more creative?"


It’s that time of year when everyone’s thoughts turn to the holiday tradition of gift-giving. Shoppers are frantically searching for the perfect present for the significant people in their lives. The exchanging of gifts is a vital part of the holiday season, but did you realise that gifting offers psychological benefits as well? Giving a gift is a global approach of expressing interest, gratitude, and appreciation while also strengthening ties with others.
Giving gifts has been essential throughout history for a variety of reasons: to indicate peace and respect toward another nation, to welcome others into a new family circle, or to express gratitude for a safe journey by land or sea. In this time of short days and seemingly endless darkness, many people prefer to celebrate light festivals, which encourage the sharing of presents. However, our planet’s resources are limited, and our houses are frequently already overflowing with material goods. How can we balance our long tradition of gift-giving, as well as our cultural and civic festivals, with this over-commercialization?
What is mindful gifting?
Paying attention to the present moment and being aware of what you’re doing and why you’re doing it is what mindfulness is all about! As a result, thoughtful gifting is about giving from the heart. It entails considering the person who will receive our gift, how we want them to feel, and why we want to offer this gift to them. After all, presenting a gift is an act of love, and it should be a token of our gratitude to the recipients. This is advantageous to both you and the recipient of your gift! Your loved one receives a thoughtful present that they adore, and you get to experience the delight of being able to express your thoughts to them.
When you build your connections and become joyful, you get confidence and a sense of self-worth. According to studies, those who donate on their own frequently have greater self than someone who does not.
A meaningful gift between two people can be a nonverbal means for one person to show their thoughts and appreciation for the recipient of the present. Send gifts online if you’ve had a really bad day at work, your significant other might purchase you a lovely arrangement of your favourite flowers. This tiny act of kindness is likely to improve your spirits while also reassuring you that your mate is unquestionably a keeper.
A Great Way To Express Love
Offering gifts demonstrates self-satisfaction and is an excellent approach to developing a relationship. Gifts is a wonderful way to demonstrate how much you care about a friend or loved one, and it doesn’t have to be for a special occasion or event. So giving gifts is an excellent method to demonstrate your sincerity and good intentions to someone.
Outside of official festivals and birthdays, another reason to give someone a gift is to express your thanks for those you care about and appreciate. You might want to give someone a present as a way to thank them for their accomplishments or especially good behaviour. Regardless of whether it’s a special occasion or not. You can give people who have impacted your life in some way a gift to show how much you value their efforts, advice, and existence in your life are all appreciated.
Sometimes To Apologize
Presents come to the rescue when words are just not enough! People regularly find themselves in situations when they want to apologise to their dear ones but are unable to do so because they lack the necessary words. A gift can be useful in this situation because it demonstrates your sincere apologies. The present will demonstrate that you really regret your actions. If you’ve recently found yourself in this circumstance, simply send apologetic flowers together with a message card to your loved ones!
Donating money or volunteering for a charity are examples of gifts that can be given to help others. Several theories have been proposed to explain why people do this. According to one theory, charity giving activates dopamine-producing pleasure circuitry in the brain. In reality, we give because it makes us happy.
To Keep In Touch
Gifts can help to strengthen bonds between people. You can provide a gift by sending personalised gifts online, which is the ideal approach to stay in touch and retain that individual in your life. The best approach to show you still care is to give gifts for living well. They’ll think of you every time they utilize essential oil products or drink a cup of wonderful loose-leaf tea you provided them.
You may discover the proper type of gift to give someone for every purpose or event, whether you’re celebrating birthdays and holidays, wishing someone good luck and best wishes, demonstrating love and affection, or simply saying thank you.


While microbial communities of aerosols have been examined, little is known about their sources. Nutrient composition and microbial communities of potential dust sources, saline lake sediments (SLS) and adjacent biological soil crusts (BSC), from Southern Australia were determined and compared with a previously analyzed dust sample. Multivariate analyses of fingerprinting profiles indicated that the bacterial communities of SLS and BSC were different, and these differences were mainly explained by salinity. Nutrient concentrations varied among the sites but could not explain the differences in microbial diversity patterns. Comparison of microbial communities with dust samples showed that deflation selects against filamentous cyanobacteria, such as the Nostocales group. This could be attributed to the firm attachment of cyanobacterial filaments to soil particles and/or because deflation occurs mainly in disturbed BSC, where cyanobacterial diversity is often low. Other bacterial groups, such as Actinobacteria and the spore-forming Firmicutes, were found in both dust and its sources. While Firmicutes-related sequences were mostly detected in the SLS bacterial communities (10% of total sequences), the actinobacterial sequences were retrieved from both (11-13%). In conclusion, the potential dust sources examined here show highly diverse bacterial communities and contain nutrients that can be transported with aerosols. The obtained fingerprinting and sequencing data may enable back tracking of dust plumes and their microorganisms.
|Number of pages||11|
|Journal||FEMS Microbiology Ecology|
|Publication status||Published - May 2012|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology


How do you define an entrepreneur in the 21st century and point out the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur?
10 Characteristics of a Successful Entrepreneur
- Social Skills.
- Open-mindedness towards learning, people, and even failure.
What are the skills of the 21st century entrepreneur?
21st Century Skills or Entrepreneurial Global Competencies?
- Critical thinking and problem solving.
- Collaboration across networks and leading by influence.
- Agility and adaptability.
- Initiative and entrepreneurship.
- Effective oral and written communication.
- Accessing and analyzing information.
- Curiosity and imagination.
How has entrepreneurship changed in the 21st century?
Here are a few advancements in technology that have made it easier to do business in the 21st Century: Social media platforms have made it easy for entrepreneurs to promote, market, and advertise their products and services. Small business owners can provide their products to customers in a fast and efficient way.
What is the motto of the twenty first century entrepreneurship?
Motto for the 21st Century: What’s Mine Is Yours.
What are the 3 important skills of a successful entrepreneur?
While there is no magic formula for beings a successful entrepreneur, those who do succeed tend to have mastered the following set of skills: good and effective communication; being able to sell both themselves and their idea or product; strong focus; eagerness to learn and be flexible; and a solid business plan.
What skills are needed to be a good entrepreneur?
Examples of entrepreneurial skills
- Business management skills.
- Teamwork and leadership skills.
- Communication and listening.
- Customer service skills.
- Financial skills.
- Analytical and problem-solving skills.
- Critical thinking skills.
- Strategic thinking and planning skills.
Why is the study of entrepreneurship essential for a 21st century student like you?
Indeed, entrepreneurship is not just another subject; it is a mindset that helps individuals develop nimble thinking so they can identify problems and find solutions that create value. These analytical and interpersonal skills transcend the workplace, which is why entrepreneurship is so important for students.
Why entrepreneurship is the future?
Not just because it will help grow our business, but because entrepreneurship is key to global recovery. … Future entrepreneurship has the potential to be the ultimate global equalizer, creating many more opportunities for many more people. Searching for tips and advice on entrepreneurship and growing your business?
What would be the future of entrepreneurship?
“Becoming and entrepreneur will become the first option for people. The next generation of entrepreneurs between ages 16-30 will look to first create their own company, products, services, and vision instead of opting for attaining jobs out of college with large firms or companies.
What are good future business ideas?
30 Best Business Ideas for India – 2020 and 2021
- Social Impact Investment Funds. …
- Cheap Home Solar Energy Setup Company. …
- Community Generator/ Energy Supply Control. …
- Internet infrastructure Building Company. …
- India Culture E-Commerce Niche Store. …
- Warehouse/ Inventory Management for E-Commerce. …
- Last-Mile Delivery Solution Company.
What aptitude are essential in the 21st century to be a successful entrepreneur?
This means that a 21st-century entrepreneur is constantly thinking and planning. One way to do this is by creating and maintaining effective business plans. Furthermore, a good entrepreneur should also have excellent communication skills, leadership capability and the ability to lead others effectively.
What is the definition of entrepreneurship in the modern world?
Entrepreneurship is the act of creating a business or businesses while building and scaling it to generate a profit. … The more modern entrepreneurship definition is also about transforming the world by solving big problems.
What is meant by the dark side of entrepreneurship?
The Dark Side of Entrepreneurship includes Depression, Stress which at times lead to Mental and health issues. … Asymptomatic entrepreneurs (having no mental health issues) with asymptomatic families constituted only 24% of the entrepreneur participants.


Stellar Mass Loss
Early type stars exhibit stellar winds corresponding to mass losses as great as 10 -5 to 10 -4 solar masses per year. One of the mechanisms evoked is radiation pressure on lines, although it has proved difficult to fully explain the mass loss exclusively through this process. In general the radiation from hot massive stars exhibiting winds is polarized. This one simple statement says that the mass loss is not spherically symmetric and hence not simply driven by a spherically symmetric radiation field. The polarization is due to scattering of the stellar radiation from the ejected mass. In some cases mass escapes in quasi-periodic outbursts into an equatorial disk. In this case the degree of polarization varies but the position angle remains constant, perpendicular to the plane of the disk. In other cases mass is lost along polar plumes and in some cases there are both equatorial disks and polar plumes. We know this from observations extending across the visual and ultraviolet, because in the ultraviolet the position angle flips 90 degrees when the high UV dust extinction in the denser disk inhibits scattering from the disk. The presence of such non-symmetric mass loss poses problems for the acuurate determination of mass-loss rates, which in turn has a significant effect on the evolution of massive stars and of the galaxies in which they reside.
In other stars the matter is ejected in a stochastic manner, in random blobs, in which case the polarization is seen to vary in position angle as well as degree. If, however, the interstellar polarization is large compared to the variations of intrinsic polarization the position angle will not change much and the inference would be that the ejection is confined to a disk. Interstellar polarization falls off in the ultraviolet and thus provides the means to measure this intrinsic polarization and confirm the random ejection. Massive supergiants (SG), Be stars and Wolf-Rayet stars are among those that were observed during the Astro-1 mission. The results for Be stars were a surprise and have spawned a variety of theoretical studies and considerable insight into both the Be processes and the new insight we will be able to gain fromfuture observations. The large polarization variability observed in Be and SG stars places constraints on the mass-loss mechanisms, and combined optical and UV spectropolarimetry provides stern tests for proposed models.
Wolf-Rayet stars are an excellent example of the role of spectropolarimetry in modern astrophysics and parenthetically a Guest Investigator program for Astro-2. Wolf-Rayet stars are characterized by strong broadened emission lines showing supersonic flow not easily explained by radiation pressure. The line spectrum exhibits a wide range of ionization (HeI, HeII, CII, CIII, CIV, NIII, etc). Most models assume that the emission lines are produced in a radially expanding medium with a temperature stratification. The large line widths are then attributed to the Doppler effect of the expanding envelope. The lines of highest ionization have the smallest width. If the high ionization lines are formed near the star then the envelope accelerates outward, while if the ionization increases outward then the envelope is decelerating. Studies of the light curves of the eclipsing systems CQ Cepheus and V444 Cygni have given conflicting results on the nature of the stratification. This is expected, however, since polarization measurements establish that these stars are not spherically symmetric stratification. In fact what is expected is that lines formed closest to the star will exhibit the largest polarization (i.e. have a greater electron scattering path than lines formed in the outer regions). In order to provide a means of correcting for the interstellar polarization component and to discriminate between polar and equatorial ejection, polarization observations in the UV and optical are necessary. The current data from Astro-1 have clarified some features of this fascinating example of mass loss but additional data is required to adequately test the current models.
WUPPE observed many hot stars, Wolf-Rayet objects, binaries and novae during Astro-2 and the data are currently being studied.
- A. D. Code


Poker hands are rated according to the likelihood that a player will receive them. Equivalent poker hands are rated according to which player holds cards of the highest values, called the stronger hand. You can learn poker hands for most poker games using a memory device called a mnemonic. It's important to memorize the rankings of poker hands because asking during a game will give away your hand and may cause you to lose your stake.
1Remember the lowest-ranking poker hands with the numbers 0, 1, 2, and 3.
- 0: High card. You have 0 pairs, and the value of your hand is dependent on the value of your highest card. Remember that a 2 is the lowest card and an ace is the highest.
- 1: One Pair. You have 2 cards of the same value in different suits such as the 2 of clubs and the 2 of hearts.
- 2: Two Pairs. You have two pairs of cards of the same value in different suits such as a 2 of clubs and a 2 of hearts as well as a 3 of spades and a 3 of diamonds.
- 3: Three of a Kind. You have 3 cards of the same value in different suits such as a 4 of clubs, 4 of spades, and 4 of diamonds.
2Divide the hands with the straight. This hand falls in the middle of the poker hand rankings. A straight is 5 cards of consecutive values in any suit. For example, a straight might consist of a 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in any combination of suits or it might be a 10, jack, queen, king and ace of any combination of suits.
3Memorize the order the highest-ranking poker hands by counting the number of letters in the name of the hand.
- 5: Flush. This consists of 5 cards of any value the same suit such as a 2, 6, 7, 9 and jack of diamonds.
- 9: Full House. This is a combination of one pair and three of a kind.
- 11: Four of a Kind. This is 4 cards of the same value in all 4 suits such as a 9 of clubs, 9 of diamonds, 9 of spades and 9 of hearts.
- 13: Straight Flush. This consists of 5 cards of consecutive values in a single suit such as a 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of diamonds.
- 18: Royal Straight Flush. This is a straight flush with an ace as a high card such as a 10, jack, queen, king and ace of spades. This is an unbeatable hand.
Hand Evaluation Diagram
- There are myriad types of poker games, and some have different rules for ranking hands. The most common of these are lowball games, when a player tries to get the lowest-ranking hand rather than the highest.


Thousands of baby lobsters have a new home near Shediac, thanks to an adoption program designed to sustain the species and the industry.
The lobsters were released into Shediac Bay over the weekend by Homarus Eco-Centre and community members who "adopted" them by making a donation to the non-profit organization.
Lobster larvae have less than a one per cent chance of growing to maturity in the wild, said Diego Ritchie, the program co-ordinator.
"They start off very small, almost like a mosquito. At that point they tend to swim more and just kind of go with the current, so they get almost entirely eaten," he said.
But their chance of survival increases significantly if they're released when they are older,once they have reached stage four of development, said Ritchie.
"They'll stick to the bottom and they're more aware of predators, so in doing that we see them sink right to the bottom where there's rocks. They can hide and it's close to 50 per cent that actually make it. So it's a huge impact."
People who adopt a lobster get to name it and follow its evolution from the Homarus Eco-Centre hatchery to the sea. They also receive an adoption certificate.
The adoption program, which started 12 years ago in partnership with lobster fishermen and has now grown to include Shediac community members, has released more than 2.5 million lobsters along the Maritime coast to date.


Mobile phones are a huge part of everyday life in our modern world. No matter where you are, you are likely to see people using their cell phones for one thing or another. But there are dangerous and potentially fatal risks associated with cell phones. With that in mind, here are 9 ways your mobile phone can seriously harm you.
1) Brain Cancer (Inconclusive, but maybe!)
Mobile phones generate electromagnetic fields, which may have severe medical consequences. There have been many studies examining the possible relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer, for example, and these studies have had mixed results. Part of the problem in determining exactly how dangerous cell phones are in terms of radiation is due to the fact that health issues may take many years to develop, and such frequent mobile phone use is a relatively recent phenomenon. However, it is known that electromagnetic fields can damage DNA, and such mutations may result in issues such as cancer. Since cell phone use tends to be centralized near the head, this may cause brain cancer, which is a terrible and potentially fatal outcome.


In 2018, America's space agency, in collaboration with the University of Maryland, is going to send a laser into the galaxies to assess the world's trees.
It won't be the first time NASA dabbles in lidar technology -- shooting lasers onto things and recording what comes back -- but it will be the first time the agency sends a laser specifically designed to measure the intricate structure of forests.
The goal of the mission, fittingly named GEDI, an acronym for Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation lidar, is to map forests trunk to canopy -- or, to put it another way, to measure the volume of the world's forests and visualize them in 3-D.
By combining data on how much carbon is stored in wood with GEDI measurements, researchers are hoping to compile a solid estimate of the carbon stored in forests for the first time.
"It will absolutely be a game changer," said Laura Duncanson, a postdoctoral fellow at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center who works on the GEDI team. "Lidar is the only technology that can penetrate the forest floor and estimate carbon."
Globally, forests are estimated to suck up between 10 and 14 percent of current gross emissions. The activities of the land-use sector, which includes forests but also agriculture and land-use changes, account for about 24 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Many researchers who tally emissions have conceded that the world has little chance of keeping warming below the agreed 2-degree-Celsius threshold without the carbon sequestration of forests.
But not all forests are created equal in their carbon-storing abilities. Furthermore, as forest-rich nations consider how to meet their climate goals set forth at the Paris climate talks late last year, understanding where and how carbon is being stored in their trees will become increasingly important.
GEDI, many hope, will unlock the next frontier of forest and carbon mapping.
Technology spurs growth
Over the last few years, the forest carbon monitoring and mapping world has expanded and relatively quickly, according to experts.
The rising popularity of the U.N.-backed deforestation program, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+) has boosted demand for baseline data and monitoring of the carbon stored in the world's forests. At the same time, computing power, the number of satellites and the cost of remote-sensing technology have improved rapidly.
"Technology has allowed us to go so much further," said Nancy Harris, research manager for the World Resources Institute's online, interactive forest data program, Global Forest Watch. "Probably even less than 10 years ago, we were relying on FAO data reported every five years on forest biomass and area information."
Those in the forest world have long worked on measuring forests and deforestation and estimating carbon. Famously, the Brazilian government, facing troubling rates of forest loss in the Amazon in the 1980s, announced a plan in the 1990s to begin monitoring deforestation, while the authorities cracked down on those clearing the forest.
In the early 2000s, the Brazilian government introduced multiple programs to detect deforestation, including DETER, a satellite-based monitoring system that can detect changes in forest cover on a monthly basis.
Through the use of monitoring technology, Brazil's government is credited with chopping rates of deforestation about 80 percent since 2004, although currently they are rising again.
Another tool that has long been used for visualizing forest data is Global Forest Watch. Founded in 1997, the goal of the platform, said Harris, is to demystify the data and put it into a format that decisionmakers can use. Last week, the platform announced the new GLAD (Global Land Analysis and Discovery) alert system, which detects tree cover loss in Peru, the Republic of Congo and Indonesian Borneo in less than one week.
"Global Forest Watch has made the data available to anyone with a laptop and Internet connection," said Frances Seymour, a senior fellow at the Washington, D.C.-based think tank Center for Global Development.
But the real turning point came two years ago.
How one scientist changed forest monitoring
In 2013, Matthew Hansen, a professor in the Department of Geographical Sciences at the University of Maryland, published a data set using images taken from the Landsat program, the longest-running satellite program in the United States, which has collected millions of images of the Earth's surface.
Hansen, who also works on the GEDI team, has been long interested in remote-sensing data and using it to map large-scale land changes, especially forests.
Presented in the journal Science, the "Hansen data" was the first global forest data set that showed forest loss between 2000 and 2012 at a high resolution. Previous trends in forest change were measured using data from MODIS satellites, which have a resolution between 250 and 300 meters. Landsat 8, for example, the latest of the program to be put into space, takes images at a 30-meter spatial resolution.
Hansen and his team had been practicing on MODIS data and images from meteorological instruments. When they could afford it, they would use the finer-resolution images from Landsat satellites.
And then, eight years ago, the Landsat archive was opened up to the public due to a change in policy by the Interior Department and U.S. Geological Survey.
"The Matt Hansen data set is kind of a paradigm shift in how we monitor forests," Harris said.
Seymour added that through platforms like Global Forest Watch and with the publication of the Hansen data, now nearly all countries have access to data like Brazil did a decade ago.
"What they'll do now in developing national monitoring systems is adjust it for the particulars in their country," Seymour said. "This data, as comprehensive and large-scale as it is, is going to make it a lot easier to set reference levels and measure forest change over time."
Hansen, for his part, sees the data slated to be collected from GEDI as the "backbone" to implementing any forest policy, whether that be mapping carbon, restoring degraded lands or protecting biodiversity.
GEDI will spend at least two years on the International Space Station. Three lasers developed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center will spread across 14 paths and be able to collect data on the land between 50 degrees north latitude and 50 degrees south latitude, including nearly all the tropical and temperate forests on Earth.
"The degree to which we can manage forest resources globally, data from GEDI and other missions will be critical," Hansen said.
Tree huggers still needed
Although the technology has grown by leaps and bounds, there is still a need for what NASA's Duncanson calls "professional tree huggers."
In order for carbon measurements to be accurate, someone, at some point in time, will have had to walk into a forest and literally give a tree a hug. That serves as a measure of the diameter of the tree. Then, researchers estimate the height and record its species. At some point, scientists calibrate how much carbon is stored in a species. Those data are used to help calibrate measurements taken from satellites and lidar systems.
Before remote-sensing instruments, the use of field measurements was the only tool available to try and measure forest carbon.
Today, though, by combining the two, scientists are getting much more accurate data. Still, there is a need for more field work.
"GEDI is the best new set of technology, but it's also critically important to get better estimates of field carbon," Duncanson said.
In addition, satellites do not do a good job of measuring carbon stored below ground, such as is found in Indonesia's peatlands, a problem scientists are working on.
Currently, research proposals are being accepted through a prize competition jointly run by the Indonesian government and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, aimed at finding a more accurate and faster way of mapping the extent and depth of Indonesia's carbon-rich peatlands.
Satellites also cannot tell what is causing a change in forest cover. Efforts are underway to map the land rights and boundaries of indigenous peoples through a platform called LandMark.
"There's a growing sense that just because we have this data that doesn't mean we should abandon hugging the trees," Seymour said, referring to field measurements. "Forest change happens not just over the biophysical realities, but through social realities on the ground."
And it's not just NASA that is interested in upping the forest mapping technology ante. The European Space Agency is expected to launch Biomass, a satellite dedicated to mapping tropical forests in 2020. Multiple agencies have missions using radar technology also scheduled to launch.
"For so long, we've been limited to this 2-D view of the world, so to map the canopy structure will be really cool," Harris said. "That provides a great opportunity. If there's only one data set, you don't have to question what's right, but as you have more and more data, the key will be using that data in a way to allow insight."
Correction: An earlier version of this story incorrectly stated that NASA was responsible for making the Landsat archive public. NASA and USGS are longtime partners in the Landsat program, but USGS alone manages the data.
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Alison’s anatomy online course will be of great interest to students of anatomy, physiology, biomedical science and medicine, as well as any learner wanting to expand their knowledge and understanding of the human body.
After studying this anatomy online course, you will be able to:
– Describe the structure and functions of the blood and blood vessels;
– Describe the structure and functions of the heart;
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– Understand how the nervous system controls the muscles;
– Identify the key roles of the muscles;
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– Explain the transmission of neural impulses;
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What makes a successful learner?
At St. Ninian's we believe that when we learn or develop our knowledge or skills there are six stages to go through.
By focusing on, and perfecting, each stage we become better, more effective learners.
(Click graphic for video overview)
Being prepared is essential if learning is going to be successful. Having the right equipment, completing any prior tasks, turning up in the right place at right time is important but so is ensuring you're looking after yourself with a healthy diet and lifestyle. Being prepared is about being in the right "frame of mind" and being in the right "mood" for learning.
If you understand why you are learning and how it fits in with prior and future learning, you are much more likely to be successful. Your brain loves to makes links and the more links it can make the more you are able to make sense of, remember and recall your learning.
Being engaged, motivated or curious about what you are doing super-charges your learning; this is because dopamine is released in your brain. Dopamine is responsible for the feeling of pleasure but, luckily, it is also a chemical that improves your memory.
Your brain makes meaning by growing neural pathways. To ensure the pathway is secure we need to grapple with and revisit the learning over and over. A learner needs to spend time building these pathways, this is sometimes referred to as purposeful practice.
Developing the ability to apply your learning in new situations and contexts deepens your understanding. Can you perform to your full potential during the match final? Can you answer the questions in an exam? Applying your knowledge and skills takes practice.
It is vital to reflect upon WHAT you have learned: Do you understand it? Can you recall it? Can you apply it? But is it equally important to reflect upon HOW you learned. By considering the approach used you can consciously continue with techniques that have worked, or adapt those learning behaviours that are not helpful.


MPI provides the user with reliable message transmission. A message sent is always received correctly, and the user does not need to check for transmission errors, time-outs, or other error conditions. In other words, MPI does not provide mechanisms for dealing with failures in the communication system. If the MPI implementation is built on an unreliable underlying mechanism, then it is the job of the implementor of the MPI subsystem to insulate the user from this unreliability, or to reflect unrecoverable errors as exceptions.
Of course, errors can occur during MPI calls for a variety of reasons. A program error can error, program occur when an MPI routine is called with an incorrect argument (non-existing destination in a send operation, buffer too small in a receive operation, etc.) This type of error would occur in any implementation. In addition, a resource error may occur when a program error, resource exceeds the amount of available system resources (number of pending messages, system buffers, etc.). The occurrence of this type of error depends on the amount of available resources in the system and the resource allocation mechanism used; this may differ from system to system. A high-quality implementation will provide generous limits on the important resources so as to alleviate the portability problem this represents.
An MPI implementation cannot or may choose not to handle some errors that occur during MPI calls. These can include errors that generate exceptions or traps, such as floating point errors or access violations; errors that are too expensive to detect in normal execution mode; or ``catastrophic'' errors which may prevent MPI from returning control to the caller in a consistent state.
Another subtle issue arises because of the nature of asynchronous communications. MPI can only handle errors that can be attached to a specific MPI call. MPI calls (both blocking and nonblocking) may initiate operations that continue asynchronously after the call returned. Thus, the call may complete successfully, yet the operation may later cause an error. If there is a subsequent call that relates to the same operation (e.g., a wait or test call that completes a nonblocking call, or a receive that completes a communication initiated by a blocking send) then the error can be associated with this call. In some cases, the error may occur after all calls that relate to the operation have completed. (Consider the case of a blocking ready mode send operation, where the outgoing message is buffered, and it is subsequently found that no matching receive is posted.) Such errors will not be handled by MPI.
The set of errors in MPI calls that are handled by MPI is implementation-dependent. Each such error generates an MPI exception. exceptionMPI exception A good quality implementation will attempt to handle as many errors as possible as MPI exceptions. Errors that are not handled by MPI will be handled by the error handling mechanisms of the language run-time or the operating system. Typically, errors that are not handled by MPI will cause the parallel program to abort.
The occurrence of an MPI exception has two effects:
Some MPI calls may cause more than one MPI exception (see Section ). In such a case, the MPI error handler will be invoked once for each exception, and multiple error codes will be returned.
After an error is detected, the state of MPI is undefined. That is, the state of the computation after the error-handler executed does not necessarily allow the user to continue to use MPI. The purpose of these error handlers is to allow a user to issue user-defined error messages and to take actions unrelated to MPI (such as flushing I/O buffers) before a program exits. An MPI implementation is free to allow MPI to continue after an error but is not required to do so.


Pomp's Wall / Slave Wall
One of only two physical remnants of slavery in Medford, Pomp's Wall was built in 1765 for Thomas Brooks as a decorative element of the semi-circular entrance to his family estate by a slave named Pomp. Slavery was legal in Medford from its founding in 1630 until 1783, when the institution was outlawed in the state of Massachusetts (1).
Backstory and Context
Though generally associated with the South, slavery was, in fact, legal throughout the colonies which became the United States until 1783, when Massachusetts became the first state to outlaw the institution. However, Massachusetts had also been the first colony to formally legalize slavery in 1641 and was one of the three New England states with the highest slave population, along with Connecticut and Rhode Island. There had been both African and Native American slaves in New England from its first Puritan settlements, as well as indentured servants from Scotland and Ireland. The first African slaves were brought from Tortugas to Medford eight years after its founding, in 1638, by Captain William Pierce. By the mid-1700s, there were 49 slaves in Medford out of a total population of 1,000; in the area, only Cambridge and Boston had a higher proportion of African American slaves. Slaveholder families in Medford (mainly ministers, doctors, and wealthy merchants) generally owned two slaves, many of whom were bought or descended from people bought through the Triangle Trade (1; 2; 3). Compared to Southern slaveholders, New Englanders held fewer slaves; this was due not to anti-slavery sentiment, but to the differences in geographic and economic differences between the North and South, including the more diversified economy of New England. Northern slaves worked in a wide range of skilled and unskilled labor jobs, domestic work, and agricultural work. Some of the jobs performed by African American slaves included: carpenters, shipwrights, bookbinders, bakers, printers, tailors, brickmakers, chimney sweeps, doctors, ferrymen, grocers, sailmakers, tanners, watchmakers, and many others (2). Unfortunately, New England slaves, like their Southern counterparts, could be whipped for transgressions as small as being off their master's property (3).
Isaac Royall owned more slaves than anyone else in Medford. Royall brought his 27 slaves with him from Antigua in 1737. Molasses from Antigua was brought to the colonies, where it was used to produce rum, one of Medford's main economic staples; this rum was then traded for slaves in Africa, who were then brought to the West Indies to work in the production of molasses or on to the Colonies to be sold. This series of exchanges was known as the Triangle Trade or Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, from which Medford merchant Timothy Fitch, among others, made his living. African American poet Phillis Wheatley was brought to the colonies on one of Fitch's slave ships. There were some free African Americans in Medford, as well, who formed one of the oldest continuous African American communities in the United States. Most of these early freedmen and women had been enslaved for part of their lives, but had gained their freedom through contracts with their owners, or were emancipated for faithful service or through their owners' wills. Free Blacks in New England, legally and socially, occupied a position slightly above European indentured servants but certainly below white citizens (2).
Medford's Slave Wall was built in 1765 by a slave named Pomp, who belonged to Thomas Brooks. Pomp's wall served as a decorative element to the 400-acre Brooks Estate's semi-circular entrance drive, and along with the Royall House Slave Quarters, is one of only two physical reminders of Medford's history of slavery. Though only a portion of the brick wall and one granite post remain, the wall is a testament to Pomp's skill as a mason and a reminder that prominent Medford families such as the Brooks benefited from slavery and from the talents of the people they held as slaves (1; 2).
After Massachusetts outlawed slavery in 1783, one of the
former Royall slaves, Belinda, petitioned the Commonwealth for reparations.
Assisted by African American abolitionist and founder of Black Freemasonry
Prince Hall, Belinda eventually succeeded in obtaining back pension from the
Royalls. Prince Hall, a freedman born in Barbados in 1748, lived in Boston and
then Medford, where he joined the Continental Army and fought at the Battle of
Bunker Hill. He became an African Methodist Episcopal minister, preaching in
Cambridge, and petitioned for emancipation as early as 1777. In founding the
African Masonic Lodge, Hall also established the first Black institution in the
United States (2). One of Medford's leading white abolitionists was George
Luther Stearns, a linseed oil merchant and supporter of John Brown, who raided
Harper's-Ferry, Virginia in 1859 in an attempt to free a number of slaves. Stearns'
Tudor-style mansion near present-day Tufts University's Cousens Gym was a stop
on the Underground Railroad, until Stearns was forced to flee to Canada after
Brown's arrest. During the Civil War, Medford's Lawrence Light Guard served at
Bull Run, as part of the Provost Guard in Washington, and as part of the Army
of the Potomac. Over the course of the war, 769 Medford men served in the Union
Army, and a number of Medford women contributed to the Sanitary Commission, the
relief agency for soldiers (3).


While explaining the problem of fake news, we often mention about effects of echo chambers, to which we confine ourselves on social media, and of filter bubbles created by algorithms on emergence and spread of these kinds of stories.
These structures that complicate access to true news stories or opposing views among the polarized media make us all trapped within our own vague realities. Tools which we use for searching suspicious stories on internet might be insufficient to reach to some false stories or misinformation.
In order to avoid the above-mentioned situation and find suspicious stories that spread in different echo chambers, we have been using social media accounts, website, firstname.lastname@example.org email address, and WhatsApp hotline since October 26, 2016. We ask internet users to share the stories they suspect through these channels.
Bor madenleri ile ilgili WhatsApp aracılığıyla dolaşan mesajın TMMOB tarafından gönderildiği iddiası doğru değil. https://t.co/sz6NklHQkO
— teyit (@teyitorg) January 19, 2017
The allegation that the message about boron mines, which was shared through WhatsApp, was sent by TMMOB is not true.
If we publish any analysis on our website or share any content on social media about any suspicious story that has been shared by internet users, we send them feedback and inform about the truth.
We have seen that this kind of experience helped us to reach different echo chambers and find false stories spreading through such messaging apps as WhatsApp or Telegram and e-mail groups, which are called “dark social” since they cannot be measured and tracked. Since October 26, 2016, we have received 4,534 reports in total through all these channels. 2,098 individual suspicious contents have been reported. 62% of these reports were political news and with 2,621 reports, Twitter has been the most used channel.
We replied 3,666 of 4,534 reports as “Hello, thank you for your report. We’ve taken it under review.” 22.415 of the reports taken under review have been concluded as an analysis or social media content. We gave feedback about the results to users who reported the suspicious stories.
77.59% of these reports did not turn into an analysis since there was no sufficient evidence and they were based on interpretation or did not meet our significance, urgency and prevalence criteria as a result of the review.
The circular that allegedly bans using the word “hayırlı” –in Turkish it is used for greetings and blessings and is very close to the Turkish word for “no,” “hayır”- was sent 27 times via WhatsApp.
The other 881 reports were replied as “Hello, thank you for your report. While verifying, our priorities are significance, urgency and prevalence. We added it into our archive.” 6% of the archived reports have turned into analysis and we gave feedback to the users reporting them.
So far we have met quite a lot times the question “How can I help you in your works?” 3 people out of teyit.org team regularly search media and social media during the day to detect suspicious stories. However, there are other 3,505 people who also helped us via social media by sending suspicious stories they come across on internet.
As it is seen above, reports are important for us to go beyond the echo chambers and detect what people talk in “dark social”. We will continue our efforts to get more stories from different chambers via hotline channels and to develop new tools in future.
Translation: Melek Güler


RIGHT? ANYONE CAN WRITE
Many people think writing is easy. Until they take out their pen. Can you say that? That sounds strange, doesn’t it? Yes, it does. It does sound funny. You’d better rewrite the sentence. Or – you can let jut-so plan the sentence construction.
Of course, sometimes our sentences also tumble listlessly onto the paper. Until the penny drops. A strong sentence. Precisely formulated. The words fit. It swings and sounds, the finish is not too stiff. The tumbling becomes a ripple, the ripple a flow, the flow a… wait a moment.
The devil is in the detail
The inner critic intervenes. Please proofread first! Can you put it like that? Is there more to it? This is how ideas, sentences, and words laboriously come together until they form something whole and round. Perhaps with a little edge here and there so that they don’t become dull.
Ultimately, the text stands there like a bulwark. Stable and well thought out down to the last corner. It works and resonates, it says what it is supposed to say. The reason why this is so important is that people need to understand you. Remember: text sells. And you can get the text from us.


It is easy to add an input language to your Windows 10. This allows you to set a language, install a language pack to Settings so that you can change the language you use for Windows 10, apps, or websites.
The process of including an input language helps you set a preferred language for websites/apps and also lets you change the keyboard language.
It can be helpful when you decide to learn a foreign language. Also, it is useful for pasting some special characters. You may find typing those special characters difficult, but now it is accessible through adding an input language to Windows 10.
The steps given below can let you add new input languages to Windows 10.
- Go to – Windows Settings which can be done by clicking to the left side of your Start menu on the gear icon
- Next, click – “Time & Language” and then towards left sidebar click – “Region & language.”
- Below – “Languages,” click on – “Add a language.”
- Now search for the language you prefer to add. Click on that language, and the system may ask you to choose a regional dialect. Then the system will divert you to this page – “Region & language.”
- After you have carried out all the steps given above, you will see a new icon displayed beside date & time right at the screen bottom
- Ideally, it will be displayed as – “ENG” for the English language, which is the existing language on the keyboard.
- You have to click that icon to expand a window that lists the recently added languages. From the list, you can choose a language you want to set/change for the keyboard settings.
- You can also hold down the key – Windows ⊞ and press – Space to change the languages faster.


Here’s everything you need to know about What Is 2 100 As A Decimal. Find all the information it in this article.
It is the extension to non-integer numbers of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The way of denoting numbers in the decimal system is also recognized as decimal notation. I want I had extra to tell you about converting a fraction right into a decimal but it actually is that straightforward and there is nothing extra to say about it. The equation obtained from Step 1, divide both sides by one hundred on the similar time to get the initial fraction form.
A decimal quantity is a quantity that consists of an entire quantity and a fractional half. Decimals use a system of numbers based mostly on units of tens, which outcomes in the areas past the decimal level as tenths, hundredths, thousandths and so forth.
Infinite Decimal Enlargement
5 is found in Chinese, and in Vietnamese with a quantity of irregularities. Japanese, Korean, and Thai have imported the Chinese decimal system. Many other languages with a decimal system have particular words for the numbers between 10 and 20, and decades. For instance, in English eleven is “eleven” not “ten-one” or “one-teen”. While each effort is made to make sure the accuracy of the data offered on this web site, neither this web site nor its authors are answerable for any errors or omissions. Therefore, the contents of this web site are not suitable for any use involving danger to health, funds or property.
A forerunner of modern European decimal notation was launched by Simon Stevin in the sixteenth century. Since the numerator 2 of the given fraction is smaller than the denominator a hundred. The simplest way to read decimals is to easily learn the digits one after the other. For instance, 9.2 will be learn as “nine point 2,” 3.8 would be “three level eight,” and so forth. As our numbering system is predicated on powers of 10 it’s known as decimal.
What Is A Terminating Decimal Less Than 1?
Let’s say you’re cooking and you’ll often see fractionally how much of an ingredient is left in a pack. However, electronic scales measure weight in decimals and never as a fraction of the ingredient left. This makes changing between fractions and decimals a useful skill in cooking. To convert any share worth to decimal use the next method. Now, we have discovered that the greatest widespread divisor of 242 and a hundred is 2.
Now, we introduce the tactic used to unravel said fraction to decimal conversion, called Long Division which we’ll discuss intimately shifting ahead. So, let’s go through the Solution of fraction 2/100. Here’s a little real life example of changing a fraction to a decimal when utilizing quantities.
One Hundred Lengthy Division Method
Since that is still smaller than100, we multiply it again with10to get200and add a 0 after the decimal to the quotient. In a decimal quantity, the decimal level separates the whole number from the fractional part of the decimal quantity.
For instance, if someone wrote 2/100 as a decimal, they might divide 2 by one hundred after which add .01 to get 102.For extra info on decimals, please visit our Decimal guide. To specific a decimal in words we divide it by one hundred and put the word “percent” after it. So for example 1/10 could be written as “one percent”, 3/100 can be written as “three p.c”, and so on. Here, we are interested more within the kinds of division that leads to a Decimal value, as this may be expressed as a Fraction. We see fractions as a means of exhibiting two numbers having the operation of Division between them that end in a worth that lies between two Integers.
The Way To Calculate 2/100 As A Decimal?
However, counting rod fractions had been positional. An infinite decimal represents a rational quantity, the quotient of two integers, if and only if it’s a repeating decimal or has a finite variety of non-zero digits. When we divide two numbers from each other, their resulting values may be represented in two types which would possibly be either fractional or decimal form.
Therefore, the numerator and denominator of the preliminary fraction are divided by 2 to get the ultimate simplified fraction. Both laptop hardware and software also use internal representations that are effectively decimal for storing decimal values and doing arithmetic. The numerator 2 of fraction 2/100 can also be expressed as 2.00. Being a hundred because the denominator, transfer the decimal point 2 decimal places from right to left within the numerator to write down the fraction as decimal number. 2/100 as a decimal enlargement supplies the detailed details about what is 2/100 in decimal type, and the answer with steps assist college students to easily perceive how it’s being calculated. First, we convert the fraction components i.e., the numerator and the denominator, and rework them into the division constituents i.e., the Dividend and the Divisor respectively.
The Way To Convert 20/100 To Decimal Form?
You can convert 2% to decimal by simply placing the enter worth within the tool and hit the calculate button. 2.forty two contains 2 decimal places, so it can be converted to an integer by multiplying by 100. So did some small communities in India and Nepal, as indicated by their languages. Many languages use quinary (base-5) number techniques, together with Gumatj, Nunggubuyu, Kuurn Kopan Noot and Saraveca. Of these, Gumatj is the one true 5–25 language recognized, in which 25 is the higher group of 5. Incan languages similar to Quechua and Aymara have an almost straightforward decimal system, by which 11 is expressed as ten with one and 23 as two-ten with three.
A method of expressing each possible natural number utilizing a set of ten symbols emerged in India. Several Indian languages present a straightforward decimal system.
What Decimal Is Equal To 2 100?
Well, to begin with it’s just a good way to characterize a fraction in a greater way that allows you to do widespread arithmetic with them . Here are some samples of Convert Percent to Decimal calculations. Simplify the fraction and complete the conversion.
Percent To Decimal Calculator
To change 2/100 to a decimal, divide it by 100 and add the outcome to 1 (e.g., zero.02 becomes 2). Now, we start solving for our dividend 2, which after getting multiplied by 10 becomes 20.
The trailing decimal place to repeat is thirteen and its length is 2. So, enter 0.513 into the first input box and enter 2 into the second input field. Many or the entire Chumashan languages originally used a base-4 counting system, during which the names for numbers were structured in accordance with multiples of 4 and sixteen.
The Jewish mathematician Immanuel Bonfils used decimal fractions round 1350, anticipating Simon Stevin, however did not develop any notation to represent them. The Persian mathematician Jamshīd al-Kāshī claimed to have found decimal fractions himself in the 15th century. This form of fraction with numerator on top and denominator at backside and not utilizing a horizontal bar was additionally used by al-Uqlidisi and by al-Kāshī in his work “Arithmetic Key”. This quantity can be used in calculations to symbolize small fractions or percentages. For example, if you would like to divide 10 by 2, you would use the 2/100 as a decimal notation and get 4. Comparing these two methods, each methods can calculate the fraction of two.forty two, however the second formulation method is comparatively simple and may get the preliminary type of the fraction in a single step.
How To Convert 2 99/100 To A Recurring Or Terminating Decimal
Many Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages have numbers between 10 and 20 expressed in a daily sample of addition to 10. Many historic cultures calculated with numerals primarily based on ten, sometimes argued because of human hands typically having ten fingers/digits. Standardized weights used in the Indus Valley civilization (c. To two decimals”. Zero-digits after a decimal separator serve the aim of signifying the precision of a value. To write two hundredths as a decimal, you’ll divide the quantity by 100 after which add the zero.01 to the result.


The health of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is a topical issue which has received considerable public and government attention. Because the Reef is vast, as large as a mid-size country, there is considerable variation in the condition of different reefs that make up the entire system.
Some reefs have been severely affected by coral bleaching, cyclones and crown of thorns starfish, while others remain less affected. Contradictory perspectives presented in the public domain combined with people’s varying personal experiences of different parts of the reef contribute to public confusion about the overall health of the GBR.
AIMS, with its long-term and broad-scale scientific understanding of the Reef built over 35 years, joined forces with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and CSIRO to produce the first annual Reef Snapshot which was released following the summer of 2019-20.
This collaboration between the three Australian Government agencies with comprehensive expertise in reef science and management provides a clear, evidence-based explanation of the status of the Reef. The Snapshot describes the condition of the Reef following the summer, what the agencies are doing to monitor and protect it, and practical ways the public can help the Reef. It is the first time the three Commonwealth agencies involved in the reef have come together to provide a single source of information on the health of the GBR.
Drawing from current reports and studies, the publication includes evidence-based assessments of the health of corals along the length and breadth of the Great Barrier Reef. It also communicates the vastness, complexity and changing nature of the reef, while at the same time acknowledging differences in the health of the 3000 individual reefs that make up the Great Barrier Reef. By providing a clear and coherent voice across the three agencies in the format of a concise, accurate, easy-to-understand summary, the Reef Snapshot can help the non-scientist understand better the status of the Reef.
The Reef Snapshot explains the pressures affecting the reef, including cyclones, crown-of-thorns starfish and coral bleaching, in terms of disturbance, decline and recovery. These disturbances are occurring more often, are longer-lasting and more severe than in previous decades, leaving the reef with less time to recover.
With a focus on the status of reefs in different regions, the Reef Snapshot also highlights the importance of rigorous monitoring, management and scientific research investigating coral resilience and adaptation in order to protect the Reef for future generations.
The Reef Snapshot also describes the results of initial surveys of the third mass coral bleaching event in five years following the second warmest summer on record in Queensland. It sets the scene for more detailed reports later in 2020, including AIMS’ Annual Summary Report on Coral Reef Condition to be released mid-year, based on surveys conducted by AIMS’ Long-term Monitoring Program (LTMP).
AIMS’ LTMP has been surveying the GBR for more than 35 years, providing the most comprehensive record of coral condition of a reef ecosystem available in the world. Ninety-three reefs are routinely monitored as part of the LTMP, to determine long-term trends in the condition of coral communities. An additional 32 inshore reefs are monitored as part of the Reef 2050 Plan Marine Monitoring Program managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
This expertise and experience gives AIMS its reputation as a world-leading, independent provider of science on the Great Barrier Reef and supports its goal of providing government and industry with timely, accurate and relevant information to manage and operate in Australia’s marine estate.


Computer cannot start if no proper boot device exists, or if the active boot device fails.
It is possible to open a command prompt during the GUI part of the Windows install.
Windows NT will fail to boot if it cannot find the files used to load the boot manager.
When deleting a partition then only the boot sector is modified, so by restoring the boot sector, then one will restore the partition.
Changing printer drivers in Windows NT can cause problems, and can require that the old drivers are remove manually first.
The Last Known Good Configuration makes it possible to rollback to the previous good state of the system registry hive.
Description of where and in what order programs are loaded at startup.
How to use the registry editor to configure the state of the Windows services.
Description of how Windows services are hosted within the same process.
Description of the different situations where Windows NT can fail to boot because it no longer can find the boot device.
How to manually uninstall an application and remove it from the Add/Remove list.
The registry editor is capable of editing an offline registry hive.
Description of the different issues that can arise when converting from FAT16 and FAT32 partitions to NTFS.
Description of different alternative ways for recovering from a bad BIOS flash.
Steps for fixing a computer which cannot perform BIOS POST.
Steps for finding what hardware devices that is causing problems.
Dual booting several versions of Windows can be useful if running software which is locked to certain version of Windows.
Windows NT will perform a chkdsk at boot time after an improper shutdown.
Possible steps for repairing Windows Update
Troubleshooting what is causing Windows not to install properly.
Holding down the SHIFT key during Windows startup will stop applications from loading.
How to configure the priority and logging level of the Printer Spooler service.
Windows NT4 supports by default not plug and play devices, but Microsoft have created an unsupported driver.
Deleting the password storage files to reset the Administrator password to recover system access.
Change when an application is considered as deadlocked and should be terminated.
Boot.ini is used by the Boot Manager to determine the installed operating systems and what startup settings to use.
Configure the path to the location of the install files whether on CD-ROM or HDD.