Ecrit par Jean-Baptiste Merlin – Reviewed, Edited an supervised by Jean Albert
Lundi, 03 Août 2009 00:00
Addressing the issue about indigenous peoples in New Zealand
Following implementation of the Treaty of Waitangi Act adopted in 1975, the Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate claims from Maori against the Crown for breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi from 1840. This Treaty prompts the questions of the place of indigenous peoples in society. It is also a basis upon which how New Zealand copes with the relations between the natives and the rest of the population. New Zealand’s current society is very cosmopolitan, but is nonetheless dominated by two major groups, Pakeha (settlers from the colonial era, overall British, and ca 67.6% of the population) and Maori (indigenous population, ca 14.6% of the overall population)1.
The Maori arrived in Aotearoa – the Maori name for New Zealand – from the Polynesian islands in the Pacific Ocean. The date of their arrival remains a mystery. It is estimated at ca 800 AD. They may have been the first settlers of what would be later called New Zealand (NZ). Whether there were inhabitants before them remains unclear.
These warrior people developed a complex tribal organization. As there were numerous different tribes across the territory, Maori did not really have a conception of the country or society as a whole until the settlement of the Europeans.
The isolation of the NZ archipelago and the existence of warrior spirited inhabitants shaped the particular form of colonialism that developed in the country.First it delayed European settlement. The first Europeans to approach NZ were unlucky with the Maori. There were bloody confrontations which shortened their journeys to this inhospitable area. That is what happened to Abel Tasman’s Dutch sailors when they discovered NZ. They were the first Europeans to do so in 1642. The short and violent first contact with Maori forced Tasman to sail along the western coast of the South Island to avoid having further contact with what he supposed to be a violent, strange and anthropophagous people.This preserved the isolation of Maori for 126 more years.
The landing of James Cook in 1769 is the starting point of a long and initially sparse European,overall British, settlement in NZ. The resistance of Maori meant that the Crown preferred Australia for the settlement of its penal colony. Due to this, Crown’s policies were bound to be very different between the two colonies. In NZ the main purposes of the very early British colonization seemed to be more humanistic than economic. Indeed, few tradable resources were discovered at the beginning of the English settlement.This would increase subsequently as the agricultural settlement progressed and notably with the gold rush during the 1860’s.
In fact, when the British installed a formal colony after the conclusion of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, the consciousness towards indigenous peoples had already evolved.This was partly due to the European enlightenment during the second half of the 18th century and partly due to the previous colonial experiences.
The conjunction of all these reasons – the isolation of NZ, a quite modest economic interest,the resistance of Maori and their features, the evolution of the minds subsequently to a late settlement and the absence of a penal colony – turned generally favoured better treatment of the indigenous population of NZ.
Initially, the Treaty of Waitangi was concluded on the demand of settlers and Maori. They were looking for an increased British presence in NZ in order to ensure and protect their interests and the organization of trade with Australia. This alliance with Maori was also a way to thwart the increasing presence of French catholic missionaries and traders among Maori. The Treaty was signed on 6 February 1840 between the Chiefs of Maori tribes and the future first governor of NZ William Hobson. It concluded an alliance between Maori and the Crown. In exchange for the Crown’s protection, Maori ceded sovereignty to the Crown. This provided a basis for further development involving the setting up of the institutional framework for a formal British colony in NZ. Nowadays, the Treaty is regarded as the founding document of the NZ nation.
The Treaty also regulated the relations between Maori and the Crown and subsequently between Maori and Pakeha. This quite favourable regime towards Maori is stated in three articles.In the first article, all Maori tribes cede the complete sovereignty over NZ to the Crown.In the second article, they are recognized as to their rights of property with priority given to the Crown in the case of sale. They can dispose of all the natural resources and are ensured equal rights with British subjects. In the last article, the Queen extends her protection to Maori.
Over the years, concerns rose steadily in respect to the differences between the English version and the Maori version of the Treaty. These concerns focused essentially on the concept of sovereignty, which has no direct equivalent in Maori language. Furthermore, the Crown appeared to have later overridden the terms of the Treaty. However, it remains that the Treaty casts a legal basis for – as far as possible – fair and equitable treatment of the indigenous population,within an appeased framework for clear relations between the two communities, by comparison to other colonial experiences around the world. This provides a rare example of a fair compromise and relatively harmonious relations between colonialists and natives. In fact, throughout history many colonies have never managed to reach this understanding.
If the Treaty provides noticeable advantages to the Crown, it also includes an obligation of the Crown towards the welfare of Maori. This obligation was never denied nor forgotten and was the basis for the increase of Maori claims during the second half of the 20th century.
It is not however, the colonial power that recognized the full force of the Treaty but rather the independent country of NZ. In fact the Maori had to wait until 1975 and the creation of the Waitangi Tribunal for the full recognition of their rights under the Treaty of Waitangi.
The Waitangi Tribunal aims at bringing the Treaty into operation. The claims towards the State are based legally on the Treaty of Waitangi. The Tribunal deals with claims concerning for instance fishing regulations2, land tenure and property, legal status and resource management. Maori customs and conception of land are taken into consideration by the Tribunal, as explained for instance in section 17 « further comments » in the Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on a claim by J. P. Hawke and others of Ngati Whatua concerning the fisheries regulations of March 1978 (Wai 1).
From this perspective, the refusal of NZ to back the United Nations General Assembly Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on 13 September 2007 can seem surprising. It is true however, that NZ had supported the elaboration of a so called « necessary » Declaration to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples. So it would seem that NZ disagrees not with the general initiative but with the specific form of the final document. As an explanation of the reason for the negative vote of her State, NZ spokeswoman Rosemary Banks stated that « four provisions in the Declaration are fundamentally incompatible with New Zealand’s constitutional and legal arrangements3« . She also said that « These provisions are all discriminatory in the New Zealand context ». Indeed, the Declaration suggests providing indigenous peoples with several rights that other people do not have (see article 28). This provision appears to be inconsistent with the principle of governing for the common good as it creates a form of reverse discrimination by shaping « different classes of citizenship ».
In NZ, the rights of indigenous peoples are recognized, omnipresent in the political landscape,and are integral to its identity as a nation State and as a people. Maori are integrated in society along with the previous colonialists on an equal basis although the laws and policies of the country reflect its anglo-saxon heritage more that Maori culture. Hence, the difficulties for Moari, still today, to fit in to a society that promotes values that are sometimes incompatible with its deep rooted culture and its intensity.
However, Maori are one of the largest and most dynamic indigenous minorities in the world and the Treaty of Waitangi has acquired an eminent place among the country’s constitutional arrangements. The place of Maori in society, the response to their grievances and disparities are subject to central debates and governmental actions. From this perspective, the Waitangi Tribunal is an unparalleled system for redress and is accepted by both indigenous and non-indigenous citizens alike.
NZ provides an original answer to the indigenous question. Far from adopting a strategy based on affirmative action, NZ has been asserting for a long time its action in an egalitarian perspective.In this viewpoint, no discrimination is be likely to occur between the communities. Each citizen is individually, a strictly equal part of the whole, and non-indigenous citizens have to be protected as well as indigenous citizens . This is not inconsistent with the existence of provisions aiming at respecting singular particularities and rights of each community. As one of the key features of the Kiwi society, this situation is traditionally an important subject of concern which affects the government policy, choices, and even the behaviour of NZ on the international scene.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, annexed to General Assembly Resolution 61/295, Sixty-first session, Agenda item 68, 13 September 2007.
United Nations General Assembly Department of Public information, report of the adoption of the Declaration : General Assembly adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples; « Major step forward » toward rights for all, says president, 13 September 2007.
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Explanation of Vote to the General Assembly, Rosemary Banks, New Zealand Permanent Representative to the United Nations, 13 September 2007.
New Zealand Constitution Act 1986.
Text of the Treaty of Waitangi, 6 February 1840.
Guide Waitangi: Treaty and Tribunal, University of Auckland.
Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on a Claim by J. P. Hawke and others of Ngati Whatua concerning the fisheries regulations (Wai 1), Waitangi Tribunal, Department of Justice, Wellington, New Zealand, March 1978.


A trademark is a legally protected sign, used to distinguish products and services belonging to different businesses. Any graphic representations can be used as trademarks according to the law, including words, letter combinations, numericals, graphic images, slogans, three-dimensional forms, tones, or combinations of all these elements.
Trademarks in Switzerland
Registering a trademark gives the owner the exclusive right to use a certain sign for specific goods and services or to grant others the right to use it (by licensing). Trademark owners can also prevent others from using identical or similar signs for same or similar goods and services.
Trademark registration fees in Switzerland are 550 CHF for three classes of goods and services for a period of 10 years. The surcharge for every additional designated class of goods and or services is 100 CHF. The protection period can be renewed indefinitely for each 10 years. Under normal circumstances, the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property examines the trademark application in approximately six days. In other cases, under special circumstances, the registration period can take up to three months.
Promotional or descriptive words can’t be used as trademarks, because these need to remain available for the general public. Because Switzerland uses multiple languages, it’s necessary to analyze any potential trademark, to prevent any potential trademark conflicts in the public domain of all three national languages. Descriptive English words are also not allowed.
A trademark offers protection only for certain goods and services. If the trademark is not used for the specific goods and services indicated in the registration application for five years after the registration, it is possible to lose the trademark protection.
Trademarks must not be misleading about the characteristics of goods and services, especially about their origin, qualities and properties. In addition, trademarks that contain a Swiss indication of source, may only be registered for goods and services that are of Swiss origins, according to “The Swissness Act”
The Swiss coat of arms, the coat of arms of the cantons, communes and other Swiss public authorities are not allowed to be registered as trademarks or as elements of trademarks.
When is a trademark protected in Switzerland?
A trademark is protected only after it has been entered in the trademark register, which is the final step of the trademark registration process.
Firm names, business names and domain names are similar to trademarks, because they serve the purpose of identifying a certain business. Firm and company names are registered in the commercial registry and the cantonal commercial registry office. Domain names and top-level domains are registered by registrars. However, if a domain name or a business name meets the requirements for a trademark registration, it is possible to register it as a trademark.
In Switzerland, trademarks are protected in two ways:
1. By registering the trademark nationally, with protection in Switzerland only;
2. By extending the trademark protection in Switzerland for a trademark registered abroad.
International trademarks are administrated by the World Intellectual Property Organization in Geneva. In Switzerland, it’s possible to protect trademarks registered in Switzerland, as well as international trademarks.
Under the provisions of The Trade Mark Protection Act, if no color is clamed at the time of registration for a trademark, the respective trademark is protected for all colors. If a color has been claimed, the protection is limited to the trademark in the respective color only.
If it’s necessary to extend the trademark protection for other goods and services, for example for new products of the same company, the trademark must be re-registered with and expanded list of goods or services.
Trademark protection abroad
According to two international treaties, the Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol, the administrative procedures for extending trademark protection are much simplified. A centralized notification system is used on international level, in order avoid trademark infringements. 97 states and regional entities, including EU, USA, Russia, China, Japan, Australia and most Easter European countries are all contracting parties of the two international treaties from Madrid.
International trademark applications can also be filed with the Swiss Institute of Intellectual Property, provided that the applicant has a trademark or a Swiss trademark application and fulfills the conditions of international registration. It is also necessary to meet any one of the three conditions:
- The applicant has a real and effective commercial or industrial establishment in Switzerland;
- The applicant must be a Swiss resident;
- The applicant must be a Swiss national.


Sackets Harbor (earlier spelled Sacketts Harbor) is a village in Jefferson County, New York, United States, on Lake Ontario. The population was 1,450 at the 2010 census. The village was named after land developer and owner Augustus Sackett, who founded it in the early 1800s.
Sackets Harbor is located at 43°56′47″N 76°7′4″W / 43.94639°N 76.11778°W / 43.94639; -76.11778 (43.946503, −76.117758).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km), or 0.26%, are water. The village is on Black River Bay, southwest of the mouth of the Black River, on Lake Ontario. Its protected harbor was critical to the founding and early history of the village. Much of Lake Ontario was gouged out of rock by glaciers. There were few protected harbors on the south shore deep enough for major shipping in the early 19th century.
New York State Route 3 passes east of the village, which is at the convergence of County Roads 62 (Sulphur Springs Road) and 75 (Adams Road/Dodge Avenue). Watertown, the Jefferson county seat, is 10 miles (16 km) to the east, and Henderson Harbor is 9 miles (14 km) to the southwest.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,386 people, 653 households, and 370 families residing in the village. The population density was 609.1 people per square mile (234.7/km²). There were 791 housing units at an average density of 347.6 per square mile (134.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 97.26% White, 0.43% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.73% of the population.
There were 653 households out of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.3% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.72.
In the village, the population was spread out with 18.8% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 37.7% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.3 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $42,629, and the median income for a family was $51,397. Males had a median income of $33,696 versus $26,917 for females. The per capita income for the village was $23,269. About 5.8% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.


Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including the different types and who gets them.
- Bipolar Disorder Facts about bipolar disorder, including different types and symptoms.
- ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), including the different types and who gets them.
- Adult ADHD Facts about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.
- Alzheimer's Disease Facts about Alzheimer’s Disease, including the symptoms and stages.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder Get the facts about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
- Chronic Pain Facts about chronic pain, including body parts most commonly affected.
- Clinical Depression Clinical depression facts; symptoms & other depressive disorders.
- Depression Facts about depression, including the symptoms of the condition.
- Diabetic Neuropathy Facts about diabetic neuropathy, including the symptoms and doctors.
- Epilepsy Facts about epilepsy, including different types, symptoms and causes.
- View All Care Guides Prepare for your next visit with our extensive library of Care Guides
Book Online Now
Dr. Indrani Naskar has the following 2 specialties
A psychiatrist is a doctor with specific training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.
He or she can not only provide the counseling necessary to both diagnose and treat a patient, but can also prescribe medication when needed. In some cases, a psychiatrist will only provide the medication and the counseling will be provided by another healthcare specialist, like a certified counselor or psychologist.
Like other doctors, psychiatrists employ diagnostic tools like CT scans and MRI in order to observe the structure and function of a patient's brain.
Once a diagnosis is made, these specialists may use behavior or cognitive therapy in order to address the patient's condition, or a multitude of other types of therapy, in conjunction with or in place of medication.
A neurologist is a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system which is comprised of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. These doctors do not perform surgery, but refer patients to neurological surgeons when they determine that surgical intervention is necessary.
Some of the conditions that neurologists diagnose and treat are epilepsy, aneurysms, hydrocephalus, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal disc herniation, and spinal disease.
In addition to using diagnostic tests like MRI, CT scans, EEG and EMG, neurologists also employ neurological testing to gauge muscle strength and movement, balance, reflexes, sensation, memory, speech, and other cognitive abilities.
Dr. Indrani Naskar has the following 9 expertise
- Mood Disorders
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Manic Depressive Disorder
- Clinical Depression
- Bipolar Disorder
- Personality Disorder
- Mental Illness
Dr. Indrani Naskar has 1 board certified specialty
Dr. Indrani Naskar is Board Certified in 1 specialty
See the board certifications this doctor has received. Board certifications provide confidence that this doctor meets the nationally recognized standards for education, knowledge and experience.
There are no reviews for Dr. Indrani Naskar yet. Be the first to review this doctor!
9 Years Experience
Calcutta National Medical College
Graduated in 2009
Medical College Of Ohio
Dr. Indrani Naskar accepts the following insurance providers.
- Anthem Blue Access PPO
- Anthem Blue Preferred HMO
BCBS Blue Card
- BCBS Blue Card PPO
- BCBS IL PPO
Medical Mutual of Ohio
- MMOH SuperMed POS Select
- MMOH SuperMed PPO Plus
Locations & DirectionsMaryhaven Center, 715 S Plum St, Marysville, OH
Dr. Indrani Naskar is similar to the following 3 Doctors near Marysville, OH.


Leonardo Da Vinci's "Horse and Rider" sculpture (Jolson PR)A 504-year-old sculpture created by Leonardo Da Vinci was unveiled to the world in a special ceremony in Los Angeles this week. The "Horse and Rider" sculpture is the only known three-dimensional piece of art created by Leonardo that is known to still exist and is one of only about two-dozen authenticated works made by the Renaissance master in the world today.
"It's a momentous occasion, Art Encounter's Rod Maly told Yahoo! News before the statue's unveiling at the historic Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills. "It's been in private collections for nearly 500 years, so it has not been promoted. Nothing like this has ever happened in the history of mankind."
And in a development that is sure to intrigue both historians and art fans alike, the sculpture is believed to contain a thumbprint of Leonardo himself.
For the past 500 years, the sculpture has only existed in beeswax form, along with the original mold itself. Experts spent the last three years crafting the first metal "master" sculpture, using the original mold, hand-crafted by Leonardo.
The small sculpture mold measures 12'' high, 12'' long and 7'' high and is believed to have been intended to serve as the model for a much larger sculpture. "Horse and Rider," features a Renaissance military figure riding upon a horse was created in 1508 by Leonardo as a gift for his friend and benefactor, French military governor Charles d'Amboise. After Leonardo's death in 1519, the sculpture was given to his apprentice Francesco Mezi and is believed to have remained with his family in Italy until the 1930's when it was moved to Switzerland for safe-keeping.
A thumbprint believed to belong to Leonardo Da Vinci (Eric Pfeiffer/Yahoo! News)
In 1985, American businessman Richard A. Lewis purchased the mold. "In all honesty, I was very na?ve to what I had," Lewis told Yahoo! News during an interview before the statue's unveiling. That same year, Lewis was contacted Dr. Carlo Pedretti, widely considered to the world's foremost living authority on Leonardo and Professor Emeritus of Art History and the Chair of Leonardo Studies at UCLA. Dr. Pedretti studied and eventually authenticated the mold.
"For someone to call up and say 'I think I own a Leonardo Da Vinci mold,' you're like yeah right, I'd like to put it next to my Mona Lisa," Brett Barney, president of the American Fine Arts Foundry told Yahoo! News. "But when he brought it in, right away we knew we had something."
Using what is called a "lost wax casting process," Barney and his team at the Foundry spent three years working with the mold and eventually created a bronze casting from it. In essence, they have created a new piece of sculpture from one of the world's true artistic masters, nearly 500 years after his death.
"It's the opportunity of a lifetime," Barney said. "To be part of a masterpiece by Da Vinci himself, I can't think of anybody that would be more prestigious."
When the mold was studied in detail, it was discovered that along the horse's right breast a thumbprint exists. And while there is currently no way to verify, the print is believed to belong to Leonardo himself.
The mold casting actually sat in Lewis' closet for more than 25 years before he contacted the Foundry. And now, Lewis is determined to share the discovery with the world. And along with the piece's historic value, Lewis is using the unveiling for a good cause. Several hundred metal castings have been made from the mold, which Art Encounter will be auctioning off. Lewis himself has committed to donating $1 million of the proceeds to the Salvation Army's substance abuse program.
"It is a magnificent piece of art and I'd like to have as many people as possible be able to appreciate it," Lewis told Yahoo! He said he eventually plans to donate the original mold and master sculpture to a museum.
After it's unveiling in Los Angeles, the mold and master sculpture will be displayed at various locations in New York, London and Las Vegas, home to a new Leonardo exhibit at the Venetian Hotel.
The original "Horse and Rider" mold crafted by Leonardo Da Vinci (Jolson PR)


Intergenerational connections can help both older and younger people feel cared for and valued. Research shows that intergenerational programs increase self-esteem and feelings of well-being for older and younger participants. Friendships between older and younger people help make communities stronger.
Bringing older and younger people together is also an important way to support understanding and respect between generations. When younger people learn to value older adults, elder abuse and neglect become more and more unacceptable to them.
The Province of British Columbia has proclaimed June 1, 2016 as Intergenerational Day Canada.
Intergenerational Connections Resources
Creating Caring Communities
Are you interested in creating learning opportunities that promote intergenerational connections in your community? The Creating Caring Communities toolkit is a guide to establishing intergenerational programs in schools, care facilities, and community groups.
It contains practical information and resources to support educators, care providers and community agencies in coordinating successful intergenerational (IG) programs that promote learning, understanding, and mutual respect between generations.
Intergenerational Society of Canada
This organization promotes intergenerational connections across the country and provides teachers, health care professionals, and community-minded people with tools for making connections happen.
The Volunteer Grandparents' mission is to bridge and enrich the generations by fostering intergenerational understanding, communication and cooperation between the generations. A number of different programs match volunteer seniors with members of younger generations.


In April 2016, representatives from around the world came together in Paris to discuss and reach the landmark ratification of The Paris Agreement. At the time, I was not following current events as much as I do today. Nonetheless, I knew that addressing climate change was at a critical turning point. Fight now, or it will be too late for Homo sapiens as we know them. Now, day to day, I see positive news about countries banning gas-powered cars by 2040 and the State of California considering a similar measure. This is all well and good, but sometimes I do think we are already too late.
Nonetheless, I was inspired to do a mock climate change conference with my students. The purpose is to engage students in both the science and dangers of climate change along with the policies involved in mitigating the effects. Hence was born The Climate Change Agreement project (click the link for more info on TeachersPayTeachers).
Students are asked to interact with the actual, legal text of The Paris Agreement. They respond to various questions to understand the purpose of each of the 29 articles written in the agreement. From there, students are assigned a role as a representative of a country. They are required to think from the perspective of this role to understand the current effects of climate change seen within their country. These effects include economic, social, political, and environmental aspects. Following extensive research, a climate change conference is simulated in which all representative parties must unanimously agree on a given number of guidelines and goals. These goals are then written in a formal document by each individual student as the form of assessment.
This has been one of my most achieving moments as a teacher. I felt like I was truly empowering and engaging the kids in an incredibly meaningful and increasingly important discussion about a scientific topic that is crucial for social and economic survival. It engages students who may not be into the political side of current events, but immerse themselves easily in science. It works the other way around, as well. Students who do not normally naturally engage themselves in science can be involved through the political aspects of the project.
Whether you use this project or not, consider these lifestyle changes below that make a positive impact on your global environment.
11/7/2017 UPDATE: Within the last few weeks, both Nicaragua and Syria have pledged to sign The Paris Agreement. This leaves the United States as the lone outlier in the entire world to not be committed to the respective climate change goals.


The clipping circuit limits the voltage of an antenna pin to acceptable levels; it has 3 modes of operation: limiting to 3.6V, limiting to 2.2V, or off (no clipping).
It makes use of an enable circuit/pin to select the operation mode. The clipping circuit can be placed inbetween differential pads, or between pin and ground.
The clipping levels can be adapted to other voltage levels if needed.
- Max. current < 100 mA
- Clipping levels: 3.6V , 2.2V , no clipping
- Leakage @ 27°C < 780nA in GPIO mode
- Temperature range: -40°C up to 100 °C
- Small footprint, low power, “amplitude scaling”
- Selectable clipping levels – different voltages, pin-2-pin, pin-2-ref
- Alignment and compatibility with the ESD protection
- .lvs support
- integration services


Here's a good primer for constructing NMEA 2000 networks
And Power and Motor Yacht has an article worth reading; " A Breakdown of Protocol: How a Boats' System Converse"
I'll attempt here to explain some of the data networks and how to connect various different types.
|Typical Nmea 2000 Backbone.|
The Nmea 2000 Backbone is pretty easy to set up as you can see from the diagram. All you need is the right parts/cables/terminators and follow some simple rules. Read the link above for the do's and don't's. Even hooking in a new device is relatively easy. More hooking up Legacy Equipment to this network later. But here is some tables that illustrate the differences between the old and new nmea standards.
|Nmea 2000 verses Nmea 0183|
Nmea 0183 and it's various versions is the older standard from NMEA. But it will be around for quite a bit longer.
NMEA 0183 is a low-cost, low-capacity, single-transmitter/multi-receiver network for
interconnecting marine electronic devices, also known as a “single talker/multiple
listener” interface. The NMEA 0183 Standard, along with RS-232, RS-422, etc., is often called “Asynchronous Serial” interfaces. This means that data is transmitted serially (bit-by-bit) on a single line. Furthermore, the transmission is asynchronous because no “clock” signal is transmitted with the data.
|Single Talker, Multiple Listener|
|Multi Talker to Single Listener|
There are multiple versions of the NMEA 0183 specification in use in the marine industry. Prior to NMEA 0183 version 2.0, including NMEA 0180 and NMEA 0182, the hardware employed a single ended interface implemented with one signal wire and a common ground. Early versions of the NMEA 0183 Standard specified that “listeners” must be isolated from ship’s ground but allowed ”talkers” to be simple single-ended drivers (referenced to ground). Furthermore, the input impedance of a listener was specified to be greater than 500 ohms, and opto-isolation was recommended. Later versions of the Standard retained the opto-isolated listener recommendation, but revised the talker requirement to be RS-422 compliant. As a result, there exist some instruments (talkers) with single-ended outputs and others with RS-422 (differential) outputs.
All implementations from 2.0 and later employ a differential interface with two signal wires.
Due to the difference between the single ended and differential interfaces
implemented, older versions of NMEA 0183 prior to
version 2.0 cannot be connected to equipment supporting NMEA 0183 version 2.0 or higher without proper interface circuitry. Do not connect one of the signal wires of the differential interface to the common ground of the single ended interface!
Single-ended drivers are perhaps the simplest to design. The desired state indicated by the presence or absence of a voltage above some threshold. For NMEA 0183 (ver. 1.5), a “one” was any voltage less than +0.5, while a ‘zero’ was any voltage greater than +4.0. Besides their design simplicity, single ended drivers need only one wire to transmit data. Since voltages are referenced to Ground, no signal return line is needed.
Interconnecting NMEA instruments can be a real hassle if one is not familiar with the different types of connections. The NMEA-0183 standard specifies the talker ports (outputs) and listener ports (inputs) to be differential. This means that the data is transported by means of voltage levels over two wires, separated from ground. Roughly, the voltage levels swing between 0 and 5 Volt, and both wires are in opposite phase. When one is at 5V, the other is 0V and vice versa
Some manufacturer's though, would not adhere to the standard. It would have been perfect if you could simply connect the 'A' terminal on a talker to the 'A terminal of a listener and do the same with the 'B' terminal. So what came about were these "single ended" connections which complicated matters for the DYI person.
- Differential > Differential
- Single ended > Single ended
- Single ended > Differential
- Differential > Single ended
RS232 data is bi-polar. +3 TO +12 volts indicates an "ON or 0-state (SPACE) condition" while A -3 to -12 volts indicates an "OFF" 1-state (MARK) condition. Modern computer equipment ignores the negative level and accepts a zero voltage level as the "OFF" state. In fact, the "ON" state may be achieved with lesser positive potential. This means circuits powered by 5 VDC are capable of driving RS232 circuits directly, however, the overall range that the RS232 signal may be transmitted/received may be dramatically reduced. RS-232 interfaces are somewhat sensitive to environmental noise (motors, ignition pulses, etc.) and are therefore usually limited to installations of tens of feet or less.
RS-422 is most commonly called “differential drive”. Two wires, A and B are used for this interface, but neither wire is grounded. A “zero” is produced by making A positive with respect to B and a “one” by making B positive with respect to A. It is therefore the direction of current flow rather than a voltage level that determines the logic state. It is important to note that neither RS-422 signal line (A and B) can be connected to Ground.
RS-232 interfaces are somewhat sensitive to environmental noise (motors, ignition pulses, etc.) and are therefore usually limited to installations of tens of feet or less.
RS422 standard that is widely used for the transmission of high speed serial data. Transmissions using RS-232 are limited in their speed and the length over which data can be transferred. Normally the maximum is 19.2 k baud and the distance 15 metres, although for slow transmission speeds longer lengths can sometimes be used.
It is very immune to external noise, and so can be used over greater distances (hundreds of feet).Under the latest version of NMEA 0183, all talkers are supposed to be RS-422. RS-422 is not strictly compatible with RS-232, but most RS-422 drivers will act like a single-ended driver if only one output line is used. In this way, the RS-422 “A” output can be used to drive either an RS-232 input directly. The “B” line is simply left unconnected.
Fortunately, both types of outputs will drive opto-isolated listeners. What is "optp-isolation"... Opto-isolators are actually quite simple devices. They consist of a light source (LED) coupled to a photo transistor. The input data signal turns the LED on and off which causes the photo transistor to switch on and off. The LED and photo transistor are completely isolated from each other electrically. The data source (talker) must provide sufficient current and voltage to power the LED. A current limiting resistor in series with the LED is generally used for protection. The advantage of opto-isolated inputs is that virtually any type of driver can activate them.
Here are the possible connections...
|Differential to Differential|
|Single ended to Single Ended|
|Single ended to Differential|
|Differential to Single ended|
Multiple Talker Circuits.
Where a single listener requires data from multiple talkers, a data multiplexer or combiner will need to be installed. Data multiplexers buffer the input sentences from each talker, and provide a single data stream that may then be connected to multiple listeners.
There are a number of companies that provide multiplexers and these days, you can even get a multiplexer that outputs Nmea 0183 Sentences via Wifi.
There is a practical limit to the number of talkers that can be combined based on the available bandwidth and the number of sentences that each talker transmits. Products are available that combine up to four talkers and replicate the combined output into four or more new talker circuits, each capable of supporting multiple listeners. Here you see a typical setup using a Brookhouse multiplexer which has also the capability of converting Seatalk to Nmea as well.
|Typical Multiple Talkers Combined to Single Listener|
Well, I can only find two devices that do this directly. Presented here are......
Here's some of what the company says...
The Actisense® NMEA 2000 to NMEA 0183 Gateway is the easiest way to link between a boats old and new data networks. The NGW-1 can convert NMEA 0183 data into NMEA 2000 data and vice-versa.
The NGW-1 allows current NMEA 0183 equipment to be kept, or allows the latest NMEA 2000 equipment to be incorporated into the NMEA 0183 system. Once the single cable NMEA 2000 bus system has been installed, data from any node on the bus can be listened to by any other, including any NMEA 0183 instruments connected using an NGW-1.
The NMEA 2000 network acts like a bi-directional multiplexer, allowing all data sources to talk and listen to each other.
An alternative to Actisense would be this product from Amec
NK-80 is a gateway between NMEA 0183 electronics devices and NMEA 2000 device/network. NK-80 allows users to connect NMEA 2000 network with their existing NMEA 0183 devices.
Key Features of NK-80 according to the company:
‧Upgrade NMEA 0183 equipment to NMEA 2000
‧Conversion between NMEA 2000 and NMEA 0183
‧Full NMEA 2000 compliance
‧Full NMEA 0183 compliance
‧Compact size, easy for installation
‧Isolation between NMEA 0183 and NMEA 2000
‧Fully galvanically isolated for electrical spike protection
One final way that may prove beneficial to some. There are now devices such as MFD's that have both NMEA 2000 and NMEA 0183 in and out. It may seem odd that the Raymarine E-Series can input/output data via good old NMEA 0183, SeaTalk, (similiar to NMEA 0183) SeaTalk2 (actually NMEA 2000), and SeaTalk HS (actually Ethernet). So the E’s (and C’s) do something called data bridging. It works by taking data, if it is not on a particular level, and converts and sends the data on at the higher level. I suspect it is converted up to the higher level, but not converted down. Perhaps someone can leave a comment and advise as to whether this is true?
That's it for now. Hopefully soon, I'll post about Raymarine and their Seatalk interface, along with it's interface with NMEA2000 and NMEA0183


What is LED lighting? Technically, LED stands for “light emitting diode.” A diode is an electrical component with two terminals which conduct the electricity only in one direction. Figuratively, LED means genius in low-voltage lighting. You cannot discuss anything about energy-efficient lighting today without LEDs being mentioned and with good reason. Let’s talk about some of the many benefits of LED landscape lighting.
LEDs have proven to be the most energy efficient lighting available. The U.S. Department of Energy states residential LEDs — especially ENERGY STAR rated products — use at least 75% less energy, and last 25 times longer, than incandescent lighting. By using less energy, LEDs cost less to run. This means saving money on electricity.
LEDs Are Economical
Although LED landscape lighting costs more upfront, the bulbs last ten years or longer, depending on usage. Additionally, most of them are guaranteed for at least five years. When compared with halogen bulbs that burn out quickly and need replacing yearly, LEDs last longer. Over time, the cost of halogen bulbs for replacement far exceed the upfront cost of LED lights.
LED lights create far less heat than traditional incandescent or halogen lighting. LEDs forego the use of heating interior filament. Because of this, LED landscape lighting significantly lowers wattage consumption. This results in a longer life for the LED light and the fixture.
LED landscape lighting contains no toxic chemicals. Most conventional fluorescent lighting bulbs contain chemicals and materials dangerous to the environment, such as mercury. Additionally, LED lights are 100% recyclable. The operational lifetime span of one LED light saves production and material equal to 25 incandescent light bulbs. When you chose LED landscape lighting, you take a huge step towards a greener environment.
The durability of LED landscape lighting comes from the robust components used to build them. This makes them highly resilient, and able to withstand even the roughest conditions. The sturdy components used in LED landscape lights make them resistant to shock, vibrations, exposure to weather, wind, and rain. Moreover, they withstand extremely cold temperatures, making them the perfect lighting system for frigid winters.
Dynamic Flexible Design Features
LED landscape lighting produces highly efficient illumination. By combining them in various shapes, they create an even brighter illumination. For example, make your walkways appear elongated, highlight focal points, and make waterfalls produce a dazzling effect by simply using LEDs. More than just pleasing to the eye, sensational landscape lighting also helps to set the mood.
Leave It to the Professionals
In conclusion, installing LED landscape lighting requires correct calculations of voltage, transformers, wiring, and knowledge. Let the professionals at Hyatt Landscaping, Inc. help you design and install your landscape lighting system. With 30+ years’ experience in the industry, our family-owned and operated business takes great pride in quality, punctuality, and dependability. Call us at 704-888-5390 or fill out this Free Estimate Contact Form. We are more than happy to assist you with all of your landscaping needs.


Yes, you read that right, losing is winning! The commentary during the London Olympics about various gold medal winners is they did not make the cut for the Beijing Olympics. The Olympics is definitely elite international competition and there are winners and losers. If you think about it, there can only be one gold medal winner per event. Naturally, that means there are many more losers than winners.
Many of those losers come back four (4) years later and win. Mark Spitz won seven gold medals in the 1972 Olympics! He was expected to do well at the 1968 Olympics and instead he failed! He predicted he would win six (6) gold medals, but only won two (2) gold medals. The winners make it look easy, but we all know that there is a lot of work, talent and skills that go into winning a gold medal.
Making mistakes or losing teaches you much more than winning. If you are not doing anything, you cannot make any mistakes! The more you do, it is likely you will lose! Athletic competition is a metaphor for life. We play sports as kids and what do we learn? We learn to do our best, set goals, practice and win or lose. When we lose, we say it was only a game and when we win it was great competition.
When you lose, you have to evaluate your efforts! You make changes or adjustments and you win. Isn’t that what you do when you try to accomplish a goal and you miss? You evaluate your performance and make changes. If you are really on top of your game, you were monitoring your performance along the way and making small adjustments. See, you learn much more from losing!
How do you handle losing or mistakes? Do you dwell on them or fix them to succeed? When you had difficulty in school, did you just accept it or blame the teacher? How you react to problems or mistakes will mean success or failure. If you use the mistake to reevaluate your approach or efforts to achieve your goals, you will succeed. If you look at your failure or mistakes as a signal you should give up, you will fail!. What do you do?
Part of failure is giving up! Successful people never give up on their goals. Each one will rationalize their predicament. The person who gives up says they really didn’t want it anyway. The successful person generally will just explain it as a mistake and push forward. It is as though he/she has been there before and will push until success. I think most people do not realize that successful people fail often, but you don’t hear about it.
Which one are you? Everyone can be successful, but you need the right attitude to keep going when you make mistakes or fail. Michael Phelps was expected to set a Olympic record and yet he lost his first race. In an interview after he won twenty-two (22) medals, it was part of his plan. He realized he could not be his best at every event so he picked the events he thought he had the best chance of winning. It is not unlike most of us, where we evaluate our chances of success.
Win or lose, you should monitor your performance. When you make mistakes, you should evaluate your performance and make adjustments. Isn’t that what coaches do? Coaches look at your performance and make changes to help you achieve your goals. You are your coach, so go make your adjustments to meet expectations. If you are always winning, you probably are not testing yourself. Competition brings out our best and it improves performance. Remember losing is winning!
Photo by: ssoosay


Using Mindfulness to Navigate “Self”
“I think, therefore I am,” doesn’t mean I am my thoughts, nor does it mean that you are yours. Even though Descartes believed, “If I am thinking then I must exist…” other philosophers later pointed out that the thoughts might be coming from somewhere else (although I’m not sure where that somewhere else is) so all we can really say is: “there are thoughts.” If you’re not your thoughts—a terrifying idea for some, a gift to others—what are you? We’ve been trying to answer the question of what it means to be human for centuries.
A couple of ways of thinking about what it is to be a sentient mammal in an increasingly secular world can be found within contemplative psychology or in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). The former describes us as a “heap” or aggregate of body (form), feeling (the tone of experience before thinking begins: pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral), as perception (naming or memory), as mental formations (thoughts, emotions) and consciousness (defined as contact with the senses and the objects of their awareness). CBT looks at us as a composition of thoughts, emotions, body, and behaviours. Thoughts, then, are simply one part of what it is to be us. In fact, the view of both models is that we are not fixed entities but dynamic processes that are always in flux.
Self: Fixed and in Flux
This idea if taken too far might lead us astray, untethered and disconnected from our day-to-day existence. If we didn’t have a fixed identity, then who makes dinner, drives the car, or colors his or her hair? Another way of navigating “self” is through the lens of neuroscience. At a recent mindfulness conference in Toronto, Norman Farb, a neuroscientist who studies human identity and emotion, and has a particular interest in mindfulness talked about the need for both a stable sense of self, assisted by the medial pre-frontal cortex and the ability to adapt and have awareness of changing momentary experience involving the insula. This makes sense, because too much self and we’re likely rigid. Too much change and we are chaotic. In order to function and adapt, we need both.
One of the reasons we suffer is because we hold tightly to a fixed view of self. We believe everything we think about others and ourselves. While this may have some socio-biological utility and may in fact be essential to navigating our internal and external world, it also often contributes to our misery. For example, holding tightly to a view of racial superiority may have helped us to protect our particular tribe when anyone not like self could have been a threat. However, as per recent events involving Black Lives Matter, recognition of our interdependence versus emphasizing difference and the mistreatment of those perceived as such could be the antidote to the effects of prejudice.
If we are depressed we think, “I am a depressive,” versus “depression sometimes gets a hold of me.” If we lose a loved one through a break up, we may think, “I’ll never love again,” versus “I’m grieving and this will pass.” If we are studying to become a physician, lawyer, or psychologist, we may be plagued by the thought, “I am incompetent,” rather than “I am learning and have no experience.” Our reactions to difficulty and our perspective narrow around our options about how we might respond more skillfully to life’s vicissitudes. And we all get our fair share of strife, some at the front end, some at the back end, and some in the middle. I forget who said this but it was obviously someone wise. Remembering this can help us not take pain and loss as an end point. That doesn’t mean we don’t feel pain but rather it doesn’t have to result in a deep hole from which we can’t climb out or have to define us.
How Mindfulness Helps You Navigate Difficulty
Mindfulness is a model of mind or if you prefer, of what it is to be human. We can think of mindfulness as a conceptual model, conveying the principles and functionality of what it is to be a person. As a model it helps us to understand elements of the human experience. Mindfulness is the map, not the territory. The territory is the experience itself. (I know this is heresy for those who think of it as truth). Shapiro S. et al, (2006) created a way of thinking about the potential mechanisms of mindfulness with respect to how it helps free us from adding to those inevitably painful times that befall us.
This model includes the marine life of intention, attention, and attitudes all floating in the sea of awareness that is us:
- Intention allows us to be deliberate about where we place our attention, thus creating choice in what we attend to, developing the ability to shift and hold it as needed. Mindfulness trains attention to be focused, open, and receptive.
- Focused attention allows us to disrupt negative, ruminative thinking such as, “I’m such a failure because someone criticized my work” by bringing attention to an object of awareness such as the sensations of breathing in the body or other body sensations. This is not suppression but rather redirection. Open and receptive monitoring of attention allows us to catch destructive thoughts and early changes in mood or increases in anxiety before they take hold, allowing us to take care of ourselves.
- Attitudes of curiosity and kindness enable us to turn toward difficulty and to get interested in what is happening, rather than attempting to avoid or push away what we don’t like.
Stephen Hayes, a psychologist well known for his work in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, discusses the power of avoidance in his bookGet Out of Your Mind and Into Your Life. Avoidance is powerful because it works so well in the short term. However, it has the added problem of perpetuating our problems and limiting our lives. For example, if you get invited to a party and you have social anxiety, you will likely choose not to go. What happens next? You may feel ashamed but the anxiety vanishes in a heartbeat. This is incredibly reinforcing. Willingness to have what we don’t want instead of defaulting to our habitual patterns of reactivity and avoidance is essential to opening to new possibilities and to learning that we can build tolerance and manage in those times when we would rather not. As below, turning toward the difficult (aka exposure) allows difficult emotions to surface and pass.
Mindfulness helps us learn to develop new skills and shift unhelpful views. We often come to reframe our perspective, to cognitively re-appraise that which at first may have been personalized (“It’s all about me”) as in the woman who gets distracted in her car and bumps the back of yours, giving you a whiplash. This happened to my husband recently and the woman, with a baby in the car, was distraught both about hitting him and because she felt she’d failed in her most important job of looking after her child. She couldn’t believe my husband wasn’t the least bit mad at her. He thought, “Come on really, I didn’t think she did it on purpose.” We learn to see that everything that happens in life is actually impersonal. This can be a difficult concept when events that transpire can feel so personal, such as the catastrophic illness, police brutality, or other violence. When we get struck by cancer, we sometimes say, “Why me?” The question perhaps to ask is, “why not me?” Cancer is a disease resulting from a number of variables; some mixture of genes, environment and perhaps psychology but it really has nothing to do with me as a person. Violence is equally the result of one person or many people’s biopsychosocial background, what might be happening on a given day, in a given moment. Thus the impersonal nature of experience can be the great leveller. It doesn’t mean that we don’t feel great pain or that terrible things don’t happen but reducing our personalization of everything that happens to us may help us begin to drop our prejudices toward others and ourselves and see how there is actually little separation between them and us. In fact, we’re all in the same boat, floating in that sea of awareness, from birth to death, making meaning, trying to survive, and not really taking in that nothing lasts. Mindfulness of body, thoughts, and emotions helps us to see that impermanence is our ally (until it isn’t). It takes the emotional charge out of situations that we may have previously thought would last forever (such as a depressed state, a bad relationship, a boring job). Sooner or later, everything ends. Again, our difficulty in internalizing this fact may speak to a survival advantage, from an evolutionary psychology point of view. Thinking things are permanent can be motivating. Responding mindfully means having the ability to move forward in any given situation uncontrolled by difficult emotions. In the words of mindfulness pioneer Jon Kabat-Zinn, “You can’t stop the waves but you can learn to surf.”
Mindfulness Practice: Noting Stressful Thoughts
Try this awareness practice taken from Cognitive Behaviour Therapy when stressful events threaten to overwhelm*:
- Identify the situation in one sentence. This helps stop you from getting lost in the story of how awful things are. Remember, just the facts, ma’am.
- Record the thoughts that are popping into your head unbidden, particularly the ones you wouldn’t want to tell an acquaintance. Thoughts usually appear in sentences or images.
- Label the emotions that you are experiencing. Emotions come in one word such as angry, sad, mad, happy, and scared, to name a few. Check for similarity with the thoughts you wrote down.
- Name the body sensations and check for parallels with the emotions you are feeling. For example, anxiety is often felt in the diaphragm or abdominal area.
- Write down any behaviours or impulses to act. For example, your partner tells you the relationship is over. This is the situation. The thoughts you have are, “I can’t believe this is happening. My life is over. I’ll always be alone.” The emotions are sad, angry, and scared. Your diaphragm feels knotted, teeth are clenched, and throat is tight. The behaviour is to turn on Netflix and make some popcorn so you don’t have to think about it.
- Look at what you have written.
- What do you notice and do you have any insights or reflections about what you wrote? As in the above example, you notice how you are catastrophizing, jumping into a future that has not arrived. You also realize that watching movies and eating popcorn are not a remedy for grief.
This exercise can help us to pause and parse tough experiences into manageable pieces. It increases our ability to see the interaction between the components of experience and can assist in allowing us to step back from our reactivity. We learn the language of our experience, developing the facility to articulate it more clearly. We can then decide whether we can let the situation go, let it be or address it, and if so, how?
* It’s worth doing many times. You may be surprised to see how often you react in a similar way, regardless of the difficulty you are facing.
– Patricia Rockman MD CCFP FCFP
This piece was originally published on Mindful.org as Using Mindfulness to Navigate Self
Patricia Rockman MD CCFP FCFP is an associate professor with the University of Toronto, department of family and community medicine; cross appointed to psychiatry. She is the past chair of the Ontario College of Family Physicians Collaborative Mental Health Network. She is a medical psychotherapist and leads leads MBCT groups. She has been educating healthcare providers in stress reduction, CBT and mindfulness-based practices for over 20 years. She is a founder and the Director of Education and Clinical Services at the Centre for Mindfulness Studies and the developer of the MBCT Core Facilitation Certificate Program.


Swing dance a brief history essay
Lindy hop history 1/8/2014 0 comments even the famous harvest moon ball eliminated aerials during the contests for a brief it is a form of swing in 1914, a. The history of dance free essay, term paper and book report the history of swing dates back to the 1920's, where the black community, while dancing to contemporary. A brief dance history: from the beginning of time, sacred movement, song and story have brought people together - at times of seasonal ceremony and celebration, as. Ballroom essays result for he belongs to a family that possesses a history of traditional ballroom dancing and is lindy hop is a member of swing dance. This essay african dance history and other africans civil right movemen and history the history of swing music dance and culture of kerala : a brief history.
Discover more about this centuries-old dance format and how to line dance below line dancing history although many popular line dances are set to country music. Check out our top free essays on fragonard 039 s the swing to help you write your own essay brainiacom join now login search saved papers research project - brief history of. A brief history of piano greats and jazz essay dance was changing rapidly and new styles of dances were an example of swing jazz is duke ellington’s c-jam. Part 1 of from swing to chicago step instruction series brief description of evolution of jazz dancing from charleston to lindy hop to swing like us at.
Write a 2-page, double-spaced essay about the history of a selected swing dance due week 12 potential subjects: east coast swing, west coast swing, charleston, lindy. Following yesterday's grammy nominations, let's delve into the academy's odd relationship with dance and electronic genres. A brief dance history: from the beginning of time, sacred movement, song and story have brought people together - at times of seasonal ceremony and celebration, as part of everyday life and. Jitter and jive by carl zebrowski up-tempo dance styles also known collectively as swing dancing (“swing” was a common name for the music that accompanied. History of jazz essays which gave jazz its characteristic swing together with from the excerpt from a brief history of jazz-a unique american art.
A brief dance history of ballroom, breakdance, country, fad, flamenco, hiphop, jazz and latin dance, salsa, swing, hip hop essay conclusion interesting american. The history of swing music the history of swing music and dancing history of electronic dance music essay a history of electronic dance music by. Jazz and it's history length: 1259 words (36 double-spaced pages) rating: a brief history of piano greats and jazz essay - a brief history of piano greats and jazz the piano has been a. Home » tap dance in america - a very short history tap dance - the indigenous american artform that has taken the world by storm one shuffle at a time. History of swing dancing the history of swing dance dates back to 1920 origins of swing, lindy hop, jitterbug and jive.
Brief history of swing dancing (the original form of swing dance) people could post a small cash prize with the emcee for a brief mini-contest among the. The wdr big band: a brief history radio stations began to rework their in-house “dance and world war ii: essays in modern german and world history. Swing dancing essays: fashionable and accessible in jazz history swing music was an extension of the new orleans down to a six-count dance and is the. History of rap essays result for history of rap: 500 essays rap music's effect on american culture 15 pages (3750 words) the worldliness of english in saudi arabia lecturer. In the brief period from 1910 through 1915, more than a hundred new dances emerged and disappeared from they took their unique ideas and styles and made continue for 10 more pages ».
- A brief history of piano greats and jazz was the inspiration for the famous swing dance of the 1920’s a history essay.
- Jazz a true american art form jazz - a brief history 1 jazz a true american art form.
- History of jazz essays result for history of jazz: 500 essays history of jazz 4 pages (1000 words), essay thus jazz originated from the strong underlying beat provided by the.
History of swing dancing swing is a very energetic and unique dance it can be simple or complex, but you can be assured it s always fun there are many. The history of odissi dance is very rich odissi dance form has contributed a distinct school of classical dance to the rich mosaic of indian culture, which has been internationally. The swing analysis elements within this from the moment the movie began with a remarkable dance sequence, to possibly one of the most dramatic and heart wrenching final scenes in movie.


Infant Motor Development is the first text to concentrate on motor development during infancy—the stage in which the greatest qualitative changes in the life span occur. It is an excellent introduction to the most relevant and common issues researchers, clinicians, and parents face.
This groundbreaking text combines theory with application to provide the most current account of infant motor ability and disability—including the latest prenatal research—all in one comprehensive resource. Infant Motor Development presents criteria for selecting the most appropriate assessment tool and intervention strategies to improve the motor functioning of infants with particular problems. The result is an essential textbook for graduate students and an up-to-the-minute reference for health professionals and researchers.
Infant Motor Development is organized into four parts covering theory, research, assessment, and intervention. It integrates information from a variety of disciplines to encourage a broad understanding of infant motor development. Topics include the development of voluntary movements such as posture, stability, balance, and orientation; manual control of reaching and grasping; locomotor control of creeping and walking; the unique difficulties faced by premature infants; and an examination of two disabilities with devastating consequences to motor control: cerebral palsy and Down syndrome.
Infant Motor Development contains many helpful features:
Sidebars highlighting the relationship between research and therapeutic practice
Chapter objectives and summaries that clarify the main ideas and simplify the review process
Key points that highlight important concepts throughout the text
Glossary of terms that clearly defines the concepts used in infant motor development
With Infant Motor Development, students will understand the subject area from a variety of disciplines and perspectives, researchers will discover the most current theory and findings, and clinicians will learn to apply theory and research in their work with infants.
Part I: Foundations of Infant Motor Development Chapter 1. Early Movement Capabilities
Sensory Capabilities in the Newborn
Motor Development in Infancy
Chapter 2. Theoretical Approaches to Motor Development
Historical Overview of Theoretical Approaches
Ecological/Natural Systems Approach
Chapter 3. Motor Control and the Brain: Motor Development and Neural Plasticity
Neurophysiology of Movement
Brain Development and Neural Plasticity
Function of Central Nervous System in Motor Development
Part II: The Development of Voluntary Movement Control Chapter 4. Postural Control: Development of Stability, Balance, and Orientation
Definition and Description of Postural Control
Developmental Transitions in Balance Control
Influences on the Development of Postural Control
Chapter 5. Manual Control: Development of Reaching and Definitions and Descriptions of Prehension
Reaching in the First Few Months
Development of Successful Reaching
Development of Grasping
Bimanual Reaching and Grasping
Manual Asymmetries in Infancy
Chapter 6. Locomotion: Development of Creeping and Walking
Prescriptive Views of Locomotor Development
Locomotor Development From a Perspective of Dynamic Systems
Leg Asymmetries in Infancy
Part III: Assessment of Motor Ability In Infants Chapter 7. Appropriate Choice of Motor Assessment Test
Importance of Motor Assessment
Criterion- and Norm-Referenced Assessments
Components of Good Assessment Tools
Special Issues of Infant Testing
Chapter 8. Neurobehavioral Motor Assessment and Other Tests
Neonatal Neurological Examination
Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment
Qualitative Assessment of General Movements in Infants
Evaluation of Neonatal Examinations
Chapter 9. Diagnostic Motor Assessment and Screening Tests
Recent Technological Advances in Diagnostic Assessment
Part IV: Motor Control and Developmental Disorders Chapter 10. Motor Development in Preterm Infants
Causes of Premature Birth and Low Birth Weight
Motor Development in the First Few Months
Intervention Approaches for the High-Risk Preterm Infant
Chapter 11. Cerebral Palsy
Definition of Cerebral Palsy
Occurrence of Cerebral Palsy
Categories of Cerebral Palsy
Etiology of Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy Registers
Identifying Cerebral Palsy in the Early Years
Orthopedic Approaches to Intervention
Early Intervention Approaches
Chapter 12. Down Syndrome
Definition of Down Syndrome
Characteristics of Individuals With Down Syndrome
Motor Development in Down Syndrome
About the Author
A reference for specialists in motor development, motor behavior, early childhood, and rehabilitation; a textbook for undergraduate and graduate motor development courses.
Jan P. Piek, PhD, is an associate professor at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia. Her major areas of research are motor control and motor development. Since 1992, she has received three research fellowships to conduct work in motor control.
Piek has published extensively in journals in Australia and internationally. She contributed a chapter to D.J. Glencross and J.P. Piek's Motor Control and Sensory-Motor Integration: Issues and Directions (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1995). She is also the editor of Motor Behavior and Human Skill (Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1998).
Piek has coordinated the Motor Control & Human Skill Research Workshops since the program's inception in 1991. She is a member of the School of Psychology at Curtin University of Technology, where she also manages the Research Centre for Applied Psychology. She received the Vice-Chancellor's Award for Excellence from Curtin University of Technology in 1996. Her most recent fellowship is the Curtin University postdoctoral research fellowship, from 1997 to 2000.
She is a member of the Australian Psychological Society and the International Society for Infant Studies and an editorial board member of Infant Behavior and Development. She earned her PhD from the University of Western Australia.


Sauteing is carried out over a burner in a sizzling, shallow pan and uses a small quantity of oil or fat to coat food for even browning. This method cooks meals in a short time so it is best to keep the food moving by tossing or flipping. To obtain nice results with sauteing, make certain the oiled pan is scorching before adding any food, do not overcrowd the pan with too many objects, and stir or toss frequently. Some vegetables and fruits — corresponding to mushrooms, tomatoes, chilies, cherries, cranberries and currants — have a more intense flavor when dried than when fresh. Adults should restrict calories from saturated fat to no more than 10 p.c of complete every day calories. For a 2,000-calorie food plan, which means not more than 200 calories from saturated fat — about 22 grams of saturated fat — a day.
Food is mandatory for all seasons, months, years, days. But there is no respect in India towards farmers. Gov is doing criticism.#किसान_पीछे_नही_हटेगा #आंदोलन_किसानों_की_मजबूरी pic.twitter.com/lrAtT2wKm0
— Karan Randhawa 🖤 (@Krn02x) May 11, 2021
This cooking method includes submerging food in water that has been heated to the boiling level of 212 levels Fahrenheit. The boiling water produces giant bubbles, which hold meals in motion while they cook. The expression slow boil signifies that the water has simply Food & Cooking started to produce large, sluggish-transferring bubbles however is not quite heated to the boiling temperature. A full boil occurs on the boiling level and results in quick-transferring, rolling bubbles.
Dietary Modifications, Diet Information And Cooking Abilities
Kitchens are sometimes high-stress environments that can shortly cause burn out. While some people may thrive in the kitchen, there are opportunities for many Cooking who love cooking to make a living outside average culinary arts. In 1800s, cooking takes more time and vitality of the common housewife.
These bloggers have had three cookbooks printed that present their wide-ranging food interests such as Breakfast for Dinner and That’s My Jam. Mostly cooking from scratch, Michelle share recipes for every thing from dips to desserts. Links to quite a lot of purchasing portals in addition to Baking 101 and movies. Alexandra loves cooking everything from scratch together with salad dressings, stocks, and beans and legumes.
You’ll discover her weblog to your taste significantly if you’re into Italian cooking and Mexican food –Chef in Traininghas a pretty big quantity of enchiladas recipes – but she doesn’t shy from Asian cuisine as nicely. Her Korean Beef Bulgogi is unquestionably price a try, to not mention her Chocolate Croissant Bread Pudding that appears like something every sweet-toothed indulger needs on their Heaven table. Healthier stuff, designed to satisfy your every craving, can be found right here, too. So, most of their recipes are vegan and gluten-free, if you live in Chicago or within the close by area, you may also go to the best native markets the couple purchase their recent components from. Want to put this sort of tasty food in your desk as well as having a plan at hand for additional meals?
Check your pantry and fridge before you head to the shop to ensure you’re buying what you actually need. The average American family throws out $1,600 value of food a 12 months. It turns out that with duct tape and plastic baggage you can do just about Food anything. With each successive experiment I am getting much less and less messy. I started a stash and every time we are doing an exercise that liberates plastic bags I grab the promising ones and put them in my stash so I have them handy for the following cooking day.
Cooking Problem Accomplished!
He has a tipsy baking collection (or “bipsy”) where he reveals a drink recipe and baking recipe multi function video. Newton, or “Newt” makes enjoyable recipe videos that are simple to observe and stress-free to watch. Hands are extremely delicate and sophisticated cooking instruments. You can develop this sense of contact by paying attention to how totally different meals feel at totally different degrees of doneness, even as you’re checking them with a thermometer, a toothpick, or a knife. Meat, for instance, goes from being very soft when it’s rare to quite agency when well done. Touch also can point out when a cake is baked, if a dough is kneaded sufficient, and whether or not a pear is ripe.
The fixed motion ensures that every one the grains cook evenly in the small amount of liquid, and helps develop the starchy sauce. Take, for example, the weblog post you are currently reading. Originally we were going to write down about tips on the way to be a better cook, but we got sidetracked on reddit — so as a substitute you’re getting our high 10 food-associated subreddits and why you ought to be browsing them.


Satsumas: Kids love'em, but greening is likely on the way here
The early returns show that satsuma oranges developed for production in South Georgia’s climate are immensely popular with kids.
“They love them,” said Ware County Farm Bureau Director Garrett Ganas. “How do you say, ‘no, stop eating them?’ Son, you want to sit down and eat a bag of oranges? Sure. Go ahead.”
Likewise, Lowndes County Extension Coordinator Jake Price let his children take some to school. They shared them with classmates and came back asking for more. With the fruit still in development, supplies were limited. The demand, though, was readily apparent.
“They’re easy to peel, seedless, they’re like Cuties and Halos, but they’re grown here in Georgia, and they can tolerate cold weather,” said Price, who spoke about satsuma research in Lowndes County during the Southeastern Fruit & Vegetable Growers Association Citrus Conference on Jan. 10. “That’s why we’re starting the satsumas and the cold-hearty varieties that we can do up here.”
Price offered tips for growers like Ganas who are interested in adding citrus groves or expanding their existing ones.
Price said growers should have a marketing plan before planting trees, even though the trees can take four or five years to reach full fruit-bearing maturity.
Then, take steps to protect them from cold temperatures. The Georgia varieties, once mature, can withstand short periods of temperatures as low as 10 to 12 degrees Fahrenheit, but taking steps to mitigate the cold will help the trees reach maturity. For instance, knowing that winds usually break on the north and west side of hills, producers should plant satsuma trees on south-facing slopes.
“There’s a lot of little things you can do to kind of help your site before you plant,” Price said.
So far, Georgia growers have planted satsumas as far north as Statesboro.
"People are rolling the dice a little bit, but so far so good. There’s no sure thing in farming,” he said, though mature trees tend to handle cold temperatures better than younger ones.
After taking weather trends into consideration, the other key threat to the oranges is citrus greening caused by bacteria spread by Asian citrus psyllids, small insects that eat stems and leaves of citrus trees. Georgia doesn’t have a greening problem yet, Price said, though the psyllids have been found in residential trees along the Georgia coast.
Price emphasized purchasing trees from a reputable source, including Florida-based USDA- approved nurseries, where the young trees are grown inside to limit exposure to the psyllids.
“You don’t want to buy trees from roadside gas stations, anything grown outside in Florida where there’s threats of citrus greening, or on the coast of Georgia and the Gulf Coast areas, where they have greening and the psyllids will transmit the greening. Don’t bring in trees from one of those areas,” Price said.
Early preparation for greening is critical to satsuma growers’ success, he said, noting that Georgia’s producers can benefit in part from the experience Florida growers have had with citrus greening. More is known now about the disease and how it spreads.
“It’s probably inevitable that we’re going to get greening in commercial groves,” Price said. “Know the ins and outs of greening because you’re going to get it.”
Ganas, a long-time pecan producer who expects to have his first marketable citrus crop in fall 2020, wanted to diversify his farm. And while the new trees present a number of challenges, the fruit seems to sell itself.
“There’s a lot of attention being paid to the health benefits of it,” Ganas said. “You’ve got something that is very attractive to mothers and children. An aspect of it that has not been spoken of much is elderly people, because of how easy the fruit is to peel. That’s not been hit on very much, but I think it could be a huge selling point for some fruit.”


Cardiovascular disease and periodontal (gum) disease are two different conditions with their own set of symptoms and outcomes. But they do share one common element: inflammation. In fact, this otherwise normal defensive response of the body might actually create a link between them.
When tissues become damaged from disease or injury, the body triggers inflammation to isolate them from the rest of the body. This allows these tissues to heal without affecting other tissues. If inflammation becomes chronic, however, it can damage rather than protect the body.
This happens with both cardiovascular disease and gum disease. In the former, low-density lipoproteins (LDL or “bad cholesterol”) in animal fat leave behind remnants that can build up within arteries. This stimulates inflammation of the vessel’s inner linings, which accelerates hardening and increases the risk of heart attack or stroke.
With gum disease, bacteria living in a thin, built-up film of food particles on the teeth called plaque infect the gum tissues, which in turn trigger inflammation. A struggle ensures between the infection and inflammation, causing the gum tissues to weaken and detach from the teeth. Coupled with erosion of the supporting bone, the risk of tooth loss dramatically increases.
Recent research now seems to indicate the inflammatory responses from these two diseases may not occur in isolation. There is evidence that gum inflammation could aggravate inflammation in the cardiovascular system, and vice-versa. The research, though, points to some possible good news: treating inflammation in either disease could have a positive effect on the other.
Making heart-friendly lifestyle changes like losing extra weight (especially around the waist), improving nutrition, and exercising regularly can help reduce LDL and lower the risk of arterial inflammation. Likewise for your gums, daily oral hygiene and visiting the dentist at least twice a year reduces the risk for gum disease. And at the first sign of a gum infection—swollen, reddened or bleeding gums—seeking immediate treatment will stop it and reduce any occurring inflammation.
Taking steps to prevent or reduce inflammation brought on by both of these diseases could improve your health and save your life.
If you would like more information on how your oral health affects your whole body, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “The Link between Heart & Gum Disease.”


Ad Blocker Detected
Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.
A common question in teaching a computer science course is “Is a Journal Entry Template a useful learning tool in a computer science class?” This question requires some explanation because I use journal entries to teach a computer science course.
Entry Accounting Resume Exclusive Bookkeeping Resume Sample Unique from journal entry template excel , source:sierraelizabethblog.com
I teach a digital science course and one of the things we do is to do a writing exercise about a lesson or topic that the students have learned. Students have many opportunities to do this during the course and some of them, usually, more advanced students will try it but some of them never quite get it.
The first major component is that they do not show their students what they did but allow them to use their own words in the journal. Then, each week, we do a word association test for the students. So, for example, we had a test on the topic of communication.
Guest List Template Excel Journal Entry Template Excel Best Create from journal entry template excel , source:templaterecords.com
One group was asked to write the word before and another group was asked to write the word after. Their assignment was that if they could find the word in the word association test, they could write it in the journal entry.
The first group did a great job of writing an entry on the same topic as the one they had been assigned. The second group was a disaster. They had no idea what the word meant and no clue as to what the word associations were. For example, they wrote the word business and another student wrote the word increase.
Free Cash Flow software Excel from journal entry template excel , source:barcodesystem.org
It was during that writing exercise that I realized that the students had been using the word associate but they did not know how to properly perform the word association test. Now they could not correctly identify the word increase even though they had studied the word association test. It was their writing that was bad, not the word association test.
I then instructed the second group to write the word business and ask them to look it up on the internet or a dictionary to see what it means. It was suggested that they use the word instead of writing it in the journal.
Double Entry Accounting Template New Journal Entry Template Excel from journal entry template excel , source:nativerevision.org
The students learned the lesson and I now use this method to teach a digital science. We do it in a class by making our students write in the journal every week and then we do the word association test to see if they are correctly identifying the word in the exercise.


Researchers from CSIRO are beginning an Australian first science mission to deploy ocean surface unmanned Sail Drones to sail the world.
Typical research vessel ships cost tens of thousands of dollars per day to operate and require several on-board staff and researchers to operate equipment and collect data. However sail drones are unoccupied sail crafts controlled remotely from smart devices and rely on solar to charge their batteries and wind to sail. Additionally, sail drones are not weather dependent like ship work is and can stay out in extreme conditions for up to 12 months at a time. Sail Drones can also sample at much shallower waters, while research vessels are typically restricted to a minimum of 20 metres in depth.
The sail drones will collect significant data throughout the world, which will aid in the future of marine sustainability. Recently sail drones gathered data from various species of Pollock by using an Echo Sounder instrument which bounces sound waves off the backs of the fish and records the abundance of fish in the area.
Sail drones can also be programmed to follow individual animals; this was carried out in 2016 when specific fur seals were tracked to record their habits such as dive information and swimming locations. This data collection assists in determining marine food availability in different parts of the ocean.
Sail Drone technology opens up a new world for science and research, and it is as a result of significant research and development that such a technology can now be used and operated worldwide. Companies engaging in research and development (R&D) are greatly supported and can be eligible to receive up to a 43.5% tax offset for eligible R&D expenditure. Swanson Reed R&D Tax Consultants help companies to claim this incentive and ensure that they receive the maximum amount they are eligible for. Contact one of our advisors today for an eligibility assessment, we look forward to speaking with you and guiding you through the process of receiving your company’s tax incentive.


In Ireland, milk is produced in a way many consumers would like. The mild climate creates the opportunity for cows to be on pasture throughout the year.
On May 9th and 10th 2019, 20 udder health experts from 13 different EU countries met in Dublin, Ireland. The goal of the meeting was to learn about the Irish milk production system, to exchange knowledge and practices and to finalize the first collaborative milk quality research.
On the research farm of the University College of Dublin the experts got a picture of the Irish milk production system. Seasonal calving can be a challenge for animal health in the Irish pasture based system because everything, from drying off to calving happens at the same time. This potentially increases infection pressure and thus requires excellent management. Although genetics and udder health has greatly improved in the last years thanks to good collaboration between the Irish institutes, Staphylococcus aureus remains a challenge and one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in milk of infected udders.
The experts discussed the final results of a 2 year collaborative research project. Gerrit Koop from Utrecht University coordinated the collection of 300 Staphylococcus aureus samples from many EU countries and sequenced their genome. PhD student Jurriaan Hoekstra, also from Utrecht, presented the genomic- and related pathogenic diversity of this mastitis pathogen throughout the EU.
The European Mastitis Panel meeting is organized yearly by MSD Animal Health, each year in a different EU country.
Text: Jantijn Swinkels – Marion Weeeda