Access: Dates and TimesBy
Time can be a moment or a millennium. It can be measured in small units like seconds or large units like years. Calendars break time up into periods like years, months, and days. And clocks use even smaller increments, like hours and seconds, to measure time. With all these different periods of time, how does Access store date and time values?
The answer is a “serial date.” A serial date represents a calendar date as the number of days that has passed since a predetermined fixed date. For Access, the fixed date is December 30, 1899. This makes day 1 = December 31, 1899. You might think that choosing January 1, 1900, would have made better sense, but the reasoning behind this choice has to do with Excel.
Excel stores date values in a similar fashion, but day 1 in Excel is January 1, 1900, which is a day later than in Access. So why the difference? When creating Excel, Microsoft chose to propagate a bug from Lotus 1-2-3 where February 29, 1900, was counted as a day; but 1900 wasn’t a leap year. By having the fixed dates for Excel and Access off by a day, the serial dates of the programs end up aligning on March 1, 1900, and continue to do so for every date after.
Why use a serial date? It’s currently the year 2018. On the next New Year‘s Day, the year will be incremented by one to 2019. There are 12 months in each year, which are represented by the numbers 1 to 12 or by the specific name of the month. Each month contains a varying number of days from 28 to 31. Of course, you already know all this. But how quickly can you determine how many days there are between May 25, 2018, and February 3, 2017? It would probably take much longer than it does to find the difference between 43,245 and 42,769. That’s much simpler. You can see how it might be easier to store values of time using a simple number for each day rather than referring to dates using those other time periods.
When you choose the date/time data type, Access stores a double-precision number that ranges from 657,434 for January 1, 100, to 2,958,465.99998843 for 11:59:59 p.m. on December 31, 9999.
The whole part of the number signifies the date. The fractional part of the number, if there is one, translates to the time. At 6 a.m., a quarter of a day has gone by, so the fraction is 0.25. At noon, half the day is gone, which is 0.5.
Figure 1 shows a query in Datasheet view. The first column, Num, contains a number from 1 to 10. This is chosen from the Numberz table. The next six columns are calculated. The date columns, Date0, Date1, and Date2, are dates in June 2018 and are formatted using yyyy-mm-dd”, “dddd. The serial date columns—Serial0, Serial1, and Serial2—correspond to Date0, Date1, and Date2, respectively, and have the exact same data as the date columns. What makes them look different is their Format property, which is #,##0.
Date0 is calculated using DateSerial(2018,6,[Num]). The DateSerial function lets you create a date from numbers. It has parameters to specify 2 to 4 digits for the year, 1 or 2 digits for the month, and 1 or 2 digits for the day. Date1 adds 10 to Date0. Date2 adds 10 to Date1. See Table 1 for the calculations and formats for the six date fields.
ENTERING DATE AND TIME
To enter both a date and time, enter the date, then add one or more spaces, and then enter the time. That’s all. Access will do its best to interpret what’s entered, and its rules are very flexible! All of these different formats will be recognized as the date for the last day of 2018:
* December 31, 2018
* 31 Dec
* 31 dec. 18
* 31 Dec
* decemb 31
If a year isn’t specified, the current year is assumed. If only two digits of a year are entered, Access will append 20 to the beginning of numbers less than 30 or add 19 to the front of numbers that are 30 or greater. This cutoff year of 30 is controlled by the advanced Windows Region settings for Date.
For the month, it’s okay to use a number or spell the name, which can be abbreviated to as few as three characters. Uppercase or lowercase doesn’t matter. For numbers, you can delimit with slashes (/) or dashes (-).
If Access is expecting a date, entering 12/32/18 will trigger an error since there aren’t 32 days in December. And at least three letters of a month name must be specified, so De 31, 2018 is also invalid. Monday, December 31, 2018 won’t be understood as a date because it contains extra information—the name of the day shouldn’t be included. Sometimes a typo might result in a valid, but unexpected, date such as 31 dec. 118.
Here are some examples of valid time entries: 6a, 8.30, 4.30p, 7:15, 2:00 PM, 1:15:30 am, and 16:0.
A shortcut to enter the current date and time is to press Ctrl+; for today’s date, add a space, then press Ctrl+Shift+: for the current time. These shortcut keys work in Excel, too.
Download this month’s database: SF_1806_DateTime.
Ctrl+; and Ctrl+Shift+: are shortcut keys to enter the current date and time, respectively.


Mexican volcanoes Popocatepetl and Colima from time to time become the focus of attention of the ufological community. This is mainly due to unusual objects flying over their craters, registered there for at least 10 years.
Already on October 26, 2012, a cylindrical object flew into the volcano. The Mexican media could not ignore this phenomenon, but various experts put forward various strange theories, for example, the fact that a meteor flew into the volcano. On November 15, this “meteorite” decided to fly out of the crater.
An unexpected departure of a cylindrical object occurred on November 15 at about 5 a.m. local time. The Popocatepetl Volcano is under close surveillance because its possible eruption or large emissions of ash can cause unrest in the capital, Mexico City. That is why it was possible to fix the moment of entry and exit of the object from the crater.
This case was extremely mysterious, because, as you know, the interior of the volcano is a place where it is difficult to imagine the movement of any land vehicle in such hostile conditions. On the other hand, if you want to hide your presence from people, there are probably no better places than around the Sun, inside volcanoes or undetected depths of the oceans.
Consequently, many theories have emerged that suggest that terrestrial volcanoes are passages for creatures from outside our planet that hide from us below the surface of the earth. Thanks to the observations of people interested in the Popocatepetl volcano, we know that only from October 2012 to June 2013 there were three cases of observation of unidentified objects that entered the Popocatepetl volcano.
Similar observations also related to another Mexican volcano called Colima. Webcams monitoring its activity recorded an almost identical anomaly on February 15, 2016. In this case, only the moment of entry into the volcano was recorded.
In this context, it is probably worth mentioning a series of photographs showing unidentified flying objects seen near the Colima volcano. Presumably, these photographs date back to 1958. This is completely unique, because in those days not everyone had a camera ready to take pictures. Of course, these declarations should be considered approximations, but the pictures are really intriguing. Some say this is the most convincing UFO photograph ever taken around the crater of Colima Volcano.
Returning, however, to the question of the Popocatepetl volcano. It should be noted that this type of observation continued uninterruptedly for many years. Some say that we can see a strange object entering or leaving the crater of this dangerous volcano almost every week. One of these new observations took place in 2015. At that time, on a recording made by webcams tracking the volcano after sunset, you could see an object approaching the crater, and after a while it flies inside.
Another phenomenon of this type occurred on March 11, 2017. The object was recorded by a surveillance camera located about 6 kilometers from the volcano. The live broadcast allowed us to record an extremely fast object that emerges from the crater of the volcano and flies out of the camera frame within 2 seconds.
These types of phenomena are obviously not the only ones that accompany this volcano. Equally unusual (also recorded in the area of the Colima volcano) are the luminous objects that seem to surround this volcano and disappear in no time. These types of lights appear there regularly. A good example is the phenomenon that occurred some time after the eruption of June 19, 2016.
Of course, as always, the first explanations for this phenomenon are related to the forces of nature. It is possible that the a strange object is the result of reflection of sunlight from the camera lens, small molten pieces of lava erupted by the volcano and falling back to Earth, or just regular recorded airline flights. Of course, taking into account the number of such observations, we can also assume that this is something unnatural or even paranormal.
It is difficult to say whether the secret aura covering these volcanoes originates from the real paranormal phenomena occurring in their area, or whether this is just the result of many reports, which are often exaggerated, attributing all the observations near the craters of these volcanoes to aliens. But what is the reason for such great activity near the craters of the Mexican volcanoes Colima and Popocatepetl? Without a doubt, we will be thinking about the answers to this question for many years.


When you think of winter in Billings and our surrounding areas, there are a lot of things that come to mind. Heading to Red Lodge for a ski trip or going sledding with the kids at Pioneer Park. Or maybe it’s pulling out the snowblower to clear the driveway once or twice (or three times) a day. You may think thick coats, bright hats, clunky snow boots and the joy of hand warmers.
But in all of those cold weather thoughts, did you think about the dangers of UV exposure? Probably not.
The fact is, if you’re like most people, you associate UV exposure with the sunny temps of summer. The risk, however, is just as high in winter months.
UV rays fluctuate in intensity based on a variety of factors, including altitude, setting and time of day. For example:
- UV levels are greatest at midday when the sun is high in the sky, generally 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
- Wide open spaces increase the amount of UV exposure as well – especially if there are reflective surfaces like water or snow
- The higher the altitude, the greater the UV levels – think 5% for every 1000 feet above sea level. Note: Billings is at 3,123 feet above sea level. Granite Peak, just 75 miles from here, is 12,799 feet. It’s a popular place to play and it’s the highest point in Montana. At just 5,000 feet, your UV exposure increases by 20%
- Certain medications can increase sensitivity of the body to the sun’s UV radiation, including some types of birth control, antibiotics and diuretics. Increased sensitivity means that you can burn in 1/3 to 1/10 the time you normally would normally expect
- Snow can reflect as much as 85% of the sun’s rays upward
During winter, the angle of the sun and its height in the sky actually increases the risk of UV damage to your eyes due to prolonged exposure. That exposure can lead to a variety of problems, including photokeratitis, which means a sunburn on the layers of your eye. If you have sustained this type of burn, your eyes may become red, extremely sensitive to light and you might even tear up a little. Oftentimes, your eyes will also feel tired and gritty. This type of injury can happen in almost any type of weather, and while the symptoms are usually temporary, they are also both painful and unnecessary.
What’s equally as concerning is the fact that damage to your eyes can build up over time. This can lead to an increased risk for macular degeneration and other eye diseases later in life.
Protecting Yourself from UV Exposure
So how do you combat UV exposure? By wearing eye protection—and making sure your kids do too. If you’re shredding down a hill, that means wearing ski goggles, which can both combat UV rays as well as provide an extra layer of protection against anything that might fly towards your face. Otherwise, look for quality sunglasses.
Here are a few tips:
• Wraparound frames or close-fitting styles offer the best protection, as they prevent sunlight from entering around the lens
• Choose lenses that block 100% of the sun’s UVA/UVB rays to protect your eyes and the skin that surrounds it
• Consider polarized lenses, which reduce glare and can provide clearer vision
• Talk to an optician about lens color; for instance, yellow or amber lenses are often good for snow sports by enhancing contrast on a cloudy day, while gray lenses provide clarity without distorting colors on a bright, sunny day.
As you can see (no pun intended), sunglasses are more than a winter fashion statement—they are must-have eye protection. A good pair of sunglasses will not only protect you from dangerous ultraviolet (UV) radiation, they help to prevent dry eyes and protect your peepers from blowing snow and ice while you enjoy the great outdoors.
Visit Bauer and Clausen Optometry to find the perfect style and UV protective sunglasses for you and your family.
Check out some of the great sunglasses we currently carry which are great whether or not you need a prescription:


Humanity relies on global plant production for food, fibre and fuel. But how much of this plant production is available for bioenergy?
Let’s take what scientists call a top-down look at the active biospheric global carbon cycle. That is, we will analyze the largest components of the system and their interactions without getting bogged down in technical or local details. Why bother? Well, because for at least the last 40 years scientists globally have been speculating about “The Limits to Growth” and other possible limits to human consumption of global resources. Recent reframings of this theme, such as “Planetary Boundaries”, have rekindled discussion of whether we can measure global limits, and predict crisis points, far enough in advance to hopefully avoid them.
We start with global net primary production (NPP), the formal term for the total plant growth of the world, both on land and in the ocean. NPP is the foundation of the food chain of every ecosystem, and from a human centric point of view provides the basis for food, fibre and fuel for human consumption. We think the ocean and land NPP are roughly equal at 53-56Pg C yr (a Petagram is 1015 g, or 1012 kg), and there is evidence that year to year variability of the global totals is small. Ocean NPP is primarily consumed by zooplankton, not by humans, so our discussion now will be only about land NPP.
In a changing world, can we tell if land NPP is changing too? Is NPP, total plant growth, being enhanced by modern agriculture, or retarded by pollution or land clearing? We estimate that NPP has been at least constant, and has maybe increased slightly since satellite-based global calculations were started in 1981. A logical follow-on question that has been asked repeatedly over the last few decades is how much of this NPP are humans now using, in what is often referred to as Human Appropriation of NPP or HANPP for short. The most recent estimates are that humans consume about 40% of global land NPP for food (including feeding animals), wood and paper fibre, and fuel. An easy but erroneous interpretation of that figure would imply that 60% remains for potential future human use, i.e. that we appear to be far from any limit or boundary. First, 15Pg, or about 28% of NPP goes to the plant root growth, which with the exception of a few root crops like potatoes, can’t be harvested. Second, a geographically detailed analysis of this remaining “unused” NPP shows that most resides in national parks, wilderness areas, or remote locations that are not really available. These areas also provide essential ecosystem services such as biodiversity, recreation and aesthetic values that suggest we really do not want to exploit all of them. The best estimate of the remaining “available NPP” for new human use is 5Pg or about 10% of the total land NPP (see figure). There is a consensus among people working in global food security that this final 10% of available land NPP may well be needed to feed a growing global population.
But now a new competitor is emerging for a slice of the global carbon pie, bioenergy. Energy research works in different units, exajoules instead of petagrams, and the world now consumes around 550 Exajoules of total energy per year, 90% being from fossil fuel sources. Biomass currently contributes about 50 EJ of that total energy. If energy production prices increase, due to scarcity or policy, big energy companies may turn their attention to large scale biomass farming. The energy markets can out-compete the food markets financially, so bioenergy production could replace food production on a large enough scale to disrupt the current economics of agriculture and even generate food shortages. The ethanol fuel goals of the U.S, government doubled the commodity price of corn from around $2 to $4 per bushel in the last half dozen years, disrupting the global corn market. It is easy to imagine that any major development of bioenergy could be on a collision course with global food security. Most agricultural land is owned privately, and the landowner typically chooses management that provides maximum financial return.
Returning to our global NPP budget, translating the 5Pg of remaining “available” annual NPP into bioenergy would only amount to 100EJ, less than a fifth of current annual consumption, and that assumes all biomass was harvested and processed! While bioenergy may be a useful way to get utility from agricultural and forest residues, municipal trash and the like, only about 60EJ is available from residue sources. One can play with many of these assumptions and numbers, but overall it seems that bioenergy can at best contribute about 1/4 of global energy demand. However, this contribution is still meaningful, and could bring important income to farm and forest landowners. How do we build a policy environment for bioenergy and food production to coexist optimally? Should biomass be burned directly for electricity production, or processed to a liquid fuel like ethanol? When are crop residues more important as a nutrient source for the next crops than as bioenergy? Will conventional economic price signals be effective to insure adequate and equitable food production? Building a policy or incentive structure that protects agricultural production from bioenergy competition may be a necessary but difficult requirement that will challenge international diplomacy and treaty mechanisms.
Haberl H, Erb KH, Krausmann F, Gaube V, Bondeau A, Plutzar C, Gingrich S, Lucht W, Fisher-Kowalski M. (2007). Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth’s terrestrial ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 104: 12942-12947.


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Not long ago, I participated in a very interesting learning session led by Dana Dupuis of Mandel Communications. Dana stated that listening is recognized as essential to successful communication and that excellent listening skills are more vital today than ever (both at work and in our personal lives). Unfortunately, listening tends to be a neglected communication skill and one that is not nearly strong enough for sustained individual, team, and organizational performance. For example, listening misconceptions and mistakes create negative consequences in business every day, compromising myriad areas, such as innovation, team effectiveness, employee engagement, productivity, sales activities, customer loyalty, and safety.
It is important to understand that the way we listen impacts our thinking, that our thinking impacts how we talk, and that how we like to share information is the (same) way we like to hear it. Listening is a brain-based (cognitive) activity and no two brains are the same. Different people hear things in their own particular way. That is why ten highly competent people can leave a meeting, yet have widely varying impressions and remembrances of what they just heard. Interestingly, our brains can take in (process) over 500 words per minute, yet we speak only about 125-150 words per minute. This means that we only use approximately 25% of our brain’s processing power due to the slowness of the talk-time. The result is that the “un-engaged” 75% of our brain can wreak havoc thinking about other things…which pulls us away from listening.
To address this challenge, we need to improve our “listening intelligence,” defined as an individual’s ability to understand their own listening habits, recognize the listening habits of others, and adapt their communication to achieve a constructive outcome. One way to do this is to familiarize ourselves with the Four Listening Styles that Mandel espouses:
- Connective Listening: People with a Connective Listening style focus on what an interaction means for others. “Others” can mean the speaker, team members, employees, customers, or any stakeholders who might be affected by the interaction. They will tend to be very generous in their listening, often prioritizing the concerns of others. While this type of listener recognizes the importance of facts and data, it’s always with an interest of how that information will serve and support others.
- Reflective Listening: People with a Reflective Listening style process information internally, filtering through past experiences and knowledge. They strongly rely on inner resources and tend to trust their own judgment more then they trust others. Reflective Listening brings a sense of expertise, depth and meaning to interactions. This type of listening helps groups stay grounded, on task, and in touch with the meaning, purpose or application behind whatever is being discussed.
- Analytical Listening: People with an Analytical Listening style focus on facts, data, and measurable information. Individuals with this listening style aren’t comfortable with gray areas. They discern incoming information for its accuracy and direct applicability to the problem or situation at hand, often having little interest in opinions, ideas, or inspirations of others. This type of listener will not be swayed by the personality of the speaker, even if it’s the CEO of the company. They’ll ask questions like, “Where will we find the resources for that?”, and can be perceived as obstinate gatekeepers.
- Conceptual Listening: People with a Conceptual Listening style focus on brainstorming and idea generation in a group. They love listening to and collaborating about ideas that tend to be future-oriented, with eyes and ears trained on what “could be.” But even in the present, individuals with this listening style prefer high-level thinking over detailed minutiae. Conceptual Listening welcomes a diversity of perspectives and considerations simultaneously. This type of listener draws new connections, offers fresh insight, and highlights new angles on an issue that others may not have considered.
People don’t have a single, exclusive listening style, but a combination of the four listening styles (or “listening habits”), and knowing the four listening styles can help a person understand how we all pick up differing yet important information.
Dana went on to explain that once you understand the four listening styles, you can work on identifying your own listening habits and improvement needs, engaging with the needs of others, adjusting your “listening lens,” and navigating toward a constructive outcome. All very sensible and actionable suggestions.
Listening has never been more important, or more prone to error, especially in our current, more virtual environment. So, whether you want to improve collaboration across teams and departments, reduce the time spent in meetings, inspire more effective conflict resolution, or connect with others at a deeper level, I challenge you to explore listening in a way that you never have before.


What does meals do in our bodies?
Closely linked to this barrier is college’s lack of interest in vitamin schooling. These limitations are elementary to the effectiveness of diet schooling within the sense that if school trained in vitamin are lacking, increases in touch hours and diet content material and integration of vitamin as a theme within the curriculum may not yield the needed results. Students’ suggestion of integrating nutrition as a theme throughout the complete curriculum to cater for limitations corresponding to insufficient contact hours/content material for diet and overcrowded curriculum is in keeping with best practices for improving vitamin education .
For some individuals raw meals though perceived as healthy, is way too onerous on their inflamed and delicate digestive techniques they usually may need to begin by incorporating a liquid diet corresponding to juicing and eating soups and simply digestible meals till their gut heals. The first thing to think about should you’re planning on giving your food plan an overhaul is to ensure that you’ve a healthy digestive system. This is an important ingredient and essential to ensure that you just’re effectively burning your meals and effectively extracting the nutrients from it. Diseases are sometimes related to vitamin and mineral deficiencies or meals senstivities so having wholesome digestion and figuring out what foods work for you is basically essential.
The solely illnesses that dietary intervention can remedy are dietary deficiency ailments. Much press has been given to nutritional cures in the popular literature and individuals are … Read More


You know obeying the speed limit is the law, but do you know why?
During Road Safety Week, our General Manager of Investigations and former Accident Reconstructionist took some time out to share the science behind speeding limits.
3 Reasons Why You Shouldn't Speed According to Science
1. Because you don't get to make up the speed limit
Speed limits are determined through analysis of how cars react, therefore making up your own judgement about how much faster you think you should be able to go is extremely dangerous.
2. Because driving conditions can change at any moment
Whether environmental or situational, driving conditions can change while you're on the road. A sudden storm can hit or the car in front of you can slow down unexpectedly. If you're speeding, you won't have time to react.
3. Because the faster you drive, the longer it takes to stop
The faster you drive, the longer it takes you to stop. This means that the likelihood of having a collision and the degree of damage caused both increase the faster you go.
For more information on road safety, read our post about driving distractions you didn't think were distracting.


ECE 6604 Personal and Mobile Communication is a graduate-level class that introduces the fun- damentals of communication over wireless channels. The past decade has seen the deployment of wireless systems in all aspects of our lifes, from cellular phones to WiFi networks. The class focuses on the opportunities and challenges presented by the physical layer of wireless channels (Layer 1 of the OSI model). Topics covered in this class include the statistical modeling of wireless channels, the use of diversity, the fundamental limits of communication over wireless channels, and multiple-input multiple-ouput systems. The objectives of the course are
• to understand the specific characteristics of wireless channels;
• to understand the fundamental design principles behind wireless systems.
As for any digital communication class, a good understanding of probability theory (ECE 3075 or equivalent) is required. A background in digital communications (ECE 6602), signal processing, coding theory (ECE 6606) or information theory (ECE 6605) is also helpful, although it is not a prerequisite. Relevant background will be revised throughout the course.
Tuesday 12:30pm-2pm, Thursday 11am-12:30pm
Location: Yellow room
- Participation: 1%
- Homeworks: 19%
- Midterm 1: 20%
- Midterm 2: 20%
- Final: 40%


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Compare and contrast essay for a compare and contrast essay, the writer looks at two things and the ways in which they are similar and different. This is a classic compare and contrast essay which could serve as a model for others the author has provided a great deal of useful information on the behaviorist and psychoanalytic areas of study. Compare and contrast essay is often used to explain the similarities and differences of two the alternating pattern of comparison is an approach that presents the details of both subjects howto_compare_contrastpages. Theme 1: the first theme is used to either compare or contrast the two subjects theme 2: the second theme is used to either compare or contrasts the two subjects. Looking for interesting compare and contrast essay topics these 140 fresh compare and contrast topics will wow your teacher 140 compare and contrast essay topics wednesday, april 5 two approaches to parenting.
Read this essay on compare and contrast two theories of motivation is a fundamental psychological approach where the management process of inducing employee's behaviour compare/contrast two theories name university professor course date.


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describe the three parts of a dna nucleotide
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From Yahoo Answers
Answers:the three parts are: (1) a nitrogenous base known as purine (adenine (A) and guanine (G)) or pyrimidine (cytosine (C) and thymine (T)); (2) a sugar, deoxyribose; and (3) a phosphate group for base-pairing, adine and guanine always come together as a pair and cytosine and thymine come together AG and CT not sure about who they got hints from to dicover double-helical structure.
Answers:A 'DNA nucleotide' is made up of three molecules bonded together. A phosphate molecule, a sugar called deoxyribose, and a nitrogen base. The nitrogen base could be adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine. The nitrogen base is what connects to its pair in the broken DNA chain during replication with a hydrogen bond.
Answers:A nucleotide consists of a Phosphate group, a Pentose Sugar and a Nitrogenous base, the Phosphate is bonded to the sugar and the base is also connected to the sugar.


Why do children throughout the ages love hide and seek? I propose that there are a number of reasons that both hiding and seeking are thrilling for children. First, children hide because they want to know that they can go out and explore. They want to know that they can be fine on their own. They want a sense of autonomy. However, soon after the child feels the joys of exploring, he gets lonely and so he wants to be reassured that his friend wants to find him. This is life affirming. To be pursued is to be loved. The joy of being found is the joy of being alive and feeling cared for. This is the second reason why this game is so popular.
Third, the game of hide and seek brings together children and adults into the sandbox of play. There is a shared mission to alternate exploring and being discovered. The moments of suspense, when one person looks for another adds to the tension which then leads to the excitement of coming together. Fourth, hide and seek reassures children that people in relationships can separate and they can come back together. This dance between separation and reunification is endlessly reassuring because it reminds the child that separations can be temporary and therefore sustainable. Further, it reinforces the tremendous joy in the reunion since there is always fear that coming together will not happen.
The game Peek-a-boo is a an infant version of hide and seek. In the game, the older player hides his face, pops back into the baby's view and says-to the baby's amusement-Peekaboo! I see you! Since the infant does not have object permanence, meaning that in a literal way, the infant's brain processes information such that out of sight means out of mind, when the older player covers his face, then the baby believes the player has gone away. The joy in seeing the face return comes from the relief that the separation ended. Turning the anxiety of separation into a game of joy is a form of mastery. In other words, instead of the baby crying when the adult leaves the room, the baby is now laughing because despite his fears, the adult has reappeared. Peek-a-boo is played over and over again. The repetition is comforting.
We have to cope with separations throughout life. Hide and seek gives the child practice at independence and it gives the child joy in reunification. This game helps a child conquer his fear of autonomy and separation. It is fun to master fear. A game which gives a child a platform to feel powerful endures through time.


What does the term "viral" make you think of first: internet fame, or a crippling illness?
Although both connotations of the word "viral" bring to mind the concept of catching on quickly, only one type of "virality" is universally desirable to marketers and product designers alike.
Virality refers to how something is able to catch on. Sometimes, it's a wintertime cold spreading rapidly throughout an open-office setting. But other times, it's when a new product, app, tool, or piece of content hits the internet and takes off, to the point where hundreds, thousands, and millions of people are aware of and using it.
Virality isn't something that just randomly happens, though. It's a growth strategy backed in mathematical models that marketers and product designers can experiment with to grow visitors, users, and eventually, customers.
So read the rest of this post (and keep taking your Vitamin C supplement) to make sure you understand how to achieve the right kind of virality -- and how other companies have done it, too.
"Virality" can be defined as the likelihood of something being shared and spread widely among different users, readers, or customers online. Some examples of things that can go viral are blog posts, websites, apps, games, or products.
In the context of this blog post, we'll be referring primarily to product virality, which refers to users and customers generating new users and customers of a product by either inviting new users in their network to get more value from the product or by sharing and evangelizing a product to grow awareness within their network.
C(0) * k = # of customers at end of time period
The product virality formula is calculated by multiplying the number of customers at the beginning of a time period by the viral k coefficient, which measures the conversion rate of new customers invited by existing customers to start using a product.
The formula for calculating viral growth is centered around the viral coefficient, also referred to as the k coefficient, that measures the number of new customers or users each existing customer can successfully convert.
(It's important to note that the k coefficient harkens back to this term's roots in viral diseases: The biological version of the k coefficient would refer to how many other people to which one could reasonably expect a sick patient to spread the virus. Yuck.)
C(0) = the number of customers at the beginning of the time period you're measuring
i = the number of invitations each customer shares
c = the percent conversion rate of each invitation
k = the number of new customers each existing customer can convert (i * c)
The k coefficient must be greater than 1 in order to achieve true "virality."
So, in order to determine the degree to which your product can go viral during a given time period, you multiply the number of customers at the beginning of the time period by the k coefficient to determine how many customers you'll have at the end of the time period.
Next, let's dig into the ways companies can achieve product virality. To learn more about calculating and measuring virality, you can use David Skok's excellent downloadable spreadsheet to play around with the inputs and track your own k coefficient.
5 Methods of Achieving Product Virality
Pull Product Virality
This occurs when product virality is achieved by users or customers spreading awareness of the product within their network. Instagram was an example of pull product virality when it launched with a feature to cross-post images on Facebook and Twitter. Their friends didn't need to be Instagram users to see the images, but it spread awareness of the photo editing and filtering app.
1. Word-of-Mouth Virality
Word-of-mouth virality is what a lot of people first think of when they hear about something "going viral:" It occurs when a product is so good, fun, or interesting that people can't stop telling their friends and colleagues about it, to the point where they start using it, too.
A long time ago, Google was the perfect example of word-of-mouth virality: When friends or colleagues asked a question, you could reply with a cheeky "Google it" in order to spread the word.
2. Demonstration Virality
Demonstration virality occurs when products catch on thanks to users and customers showing them off simply because they liked using them. Instead of telling people about a product, users would show how they used the product -- which usually led to people asking about it and then trying it out for themselves.
Pinterest achieved demonstration virality. Users could share their Pinterest boards with friends (or significant others they were hoping would propose), and, although they didn't need to download Pinterest in order to see the user's board, in many cases, seeing the cool visual app would prompt the friend to download it and create their own board.
3. Outbreak Virality
Outbreak virality occurs when a product is so fun, engaging, or interesting to use, that, all of a sudden, it seems like everybody around you is using it, too. Whether the product or app is addicting, fun, or popular, it achieves virality simply because everyone else is doing it.
An example of outbreak virality you might remember is Pokémon GO. For a few weeks in 2016, it seemed like everyone around you was playing the viral game on the streets of whatever city you lived in.
Distribution Product Virality
This occurs when product virality is achieved by users or customers inviting people into their network to join in order to gain more value from the product. Facebook was an example of distribution product virality when high school and college students invited their friends to join the social network in order to connect with more people at once.
4. Infectious/Network Virality
Infectious virality, which is sometimes known as network virality, is achieved when customers and users invite other people to start using a product because the strength of the product is in its network. In other words, the product becomes more useful the bigger the network is, so users want to invite others to join so they can start getting value from friends and colleagues using it, too.
A classic example of network virality is Dropbox. When the cloud-based file sharing app was released, the first users had to invite people to join Dropbox. They derived more value from the app by inviting members of their personal and professional networks to join -- people whom they wanted to quickly and easily share files with, but they needed to sign up for Dropbox to do so.
5. Incentive Virality
Incentive virality is similar to word-of-mouth virality, but with one crucial difference -- the incentive.
Incentive virality occurs when users or customers are incentivized to refer their friends. Whether the incentive is a discount, a gift card, money, or storage space, users have a great reason to get more people using the product or app. In some cases, the incentive goes both ways, and both the referrer and the new user get a benefit.
Lyft uses incentive virality to inspire riders to refer their friends. Each rider gets a personalized link they can share with people, and, when it's redeemed, both the referrer and the new rider get a free Lyft ride.
It's important to note that, although "viral marketing" is a term that's used a lot, virality isn't something you can create with marketing alone.
Virality needs to be built into your product from the start so it becomes easy to share and evangelize. You have to build your product in a way that allows it to achieve viral growth. This blog post won't get into the weeds of product development, but this fantastic article by Viral Loops gives you a few places to start when you start designing and shipping.
How 6 Companies Achieved Product Virality
"More so than ever, instant gratification is critical to a product's success," explains Joe Thomas, Founder and CEO of Loom, a browser and screen recording video tool. "Your product must deliver value -- whether artificial or real -- that activates a dopamine release in the person using it. This has to happen the first time they use your product. The later you delay this gratification, the more drop-off you'll have."
"From there, the sharing has to feel organic to your product experience. Incentivized referrals are fine in the early days, but realize that those will only get you so far."
Loom's golden ticket is "having users create or find content worth sharing on [our] platform." Then, Loom makes sharing easy by providing a "Copy Link" CTA so users can quickly and easily start recording and sharing with their team. "Your users will know which platform they want to go to share videos," Thomas explains. "Don't try to over-engineer the experience too early. Just make it dead simple [for them]."
By building a product that capitalized on motions people were already trying to execute on and improve in workplace settings (effective communication), Loom was able to immediately provide value for users that inspired massive, viral growth in a short period time as others started using the tool they saw their friends and coworkers trying out.
Product Virality Methods Used: Outbreak Virality; Infectious Virality
Ryan Urban, Co-founder and CEO of BounceX, a marketing cloud company that first created exit intent modules (like the one that might have popped up on this blog post), explains that there are two types of virality tactics: manufactured hacks and authentic virality.
He believes that the best, most authentic virality tactic is creating the best product out there among its competitors so it's not really a choice for customers which product to sign up for -- because one option is by far better than others.
"BounceX created exit intent modules," Urban explains. "All of the other overlays on the market sucked, so we decided to make a better one. We're an enterprise company, so we knew we'd only have a few hundred clients, but those clients would have a ton of traffic. We knew we had a great product out there that was different and better than the competitors."
BounceX tried a lot of different virality tactics -- some worked, and some didn't. But according to Urban, their greatest successes were achieved by taking inspiration from some of the most viral products of all time -- such as Hotmail and, later, Gmail.
So BounceX put a simple "Powered by BounceX" message in the bottom left-hand corner of its exit intent modules on client websites. "The message was only text, and it didn't even include our logo or a link back to our site," says Urban. "It wasn't supposed to be a CTA, and it gave people the opportunity opt out if they wanted. But on the flip-side, the message created utility for viewers who wanted to add these modules to their own site, and they would proceed to Google our brand to learn more."
"We did a virality hack in a tasteful and organic way," says Urban. "It wasn't about click-through rates -- the experiment made new users find us organically."
Product Virality Methods Used: Outbreak Virality; Demonstration Virality
I spoke to Gregg, the CEO of Wordable, a tool that allows you to instantly export Google Docs into WordPress, who warns against leaning too hard into the obvious to achieve product virality:
"Since our core customer base writes for a living, there's an obvious opportunity to spread virally by leveraging our customers and their audiences as a growth opportunity," he says.
"However, we didn't want to just insert an 'I saved several hours exporting this article from Google Docs to WordPress with Wordable' link at the bottom of every post. Rather, we wanted to create an opportunity for users to opt-in and take advantage of our free Wordable program."
Wordable offered free Google Docs to WordPress exports in exchange for blog post mentions, links at the bottom of blog posts, and email blasts that promoted the tool. As he explains, "the ask was pretty natural, and since our customers are mainly content marketers, it was easy for them to drop a mention (and get free software). And it was effective for us, because they already had an audience who are would-be customers."
Product Virality Methods Used: Incentive Virality
Ryan Farley, Co-Founder and CMO of Lawnstarter, a lawn-mowing booking app, warns against businesses trying to replicate the same exact product virality as other companies that achieved, in his words, "true virality."
"Most businesses will never actually be viral in the sense of PayPal, LinkedIn, or Dropbox, where users invite other users in a direct way, and do it frequently enough to be meaningful," Farley says. "For example, a database software could ask you to invite your friends, but nobody would buy a $300K database license as the result of a simple referral.
Lawn care is the same way. Just because you send someone a link, doesn't mean they are looking for lawn care then and there."
So, instead of trying to replicate the same success of other tools that are more unique or proprietary, LawnStarter took another tactic: by trying to "hack" viral awareness.
"It's important to take a step back from prioritizing direct conversion and think about how virality can increase traction in the awareness or consideration phrases. I like to think of Jonah Berger's virality principle of 'Make private behavior public.' One tactic we've done is taking pictures of people's lawns, making them look prettier via Photoshop, and adding a watermark for customers to share on social media.
Do these images convert? No. But they let people's friends know we exist."
Another strategy LawnStarter used to achieve awareness virality was something that -- seemingly -- had nothing to do with lawn care at all.
"Many lawn care companies put yard signs in front of homes, which serves to make private behavior public. However, we always found it tacky. So rather, we offered certain customers Little Free Libraries, which create visibility in target neighborhoods, as well as a story that neighbors want to share with one another, while mentioning our brand name."
Product Virality Methods Used: Word-of-Mouth Virality; Demonstration Virality
I asked Fletcher Richman, Co-Founder and CEO of BubbleIQ, a customer support integration tool, about the product virality strategies his team employed.
In the beginning, BubbleIQ started with providing simple, straightforward incentives to kickstart user growth. "We created a simple typeform and offered our customers a free pair of AirPods if they referred a customer that signed up. We got referrals from more than 10% of our customers and are now building that more deeply into our product."
But the team also made sure to build virality loops into the BubbleIQ product. "When B2B companies have shared Slack channels with their customers, they use BubbleIQ to make tickets in those Slack channels. If one of our customers has 20 Slack channels, each of those is an opportunity for another company to see our product in action, which has led to many new customers. "
Product Virality Methods Used: Incentive Virality; Demonstration Virality
I asked former and current HubSpot colleagues about product virality strategies they used to build some of HubSpot's freemium tools.
I asked Brian Balfour, who led growth for HubSpot's Sales product (previously known as Sidekick), how his team worked to achieve virality.
"During the first two years, virality accounted for about 40% of our new users," explained Balfour. "There were two primary viral loops. The first was an incentivized loop, wherein the free tier of the product gave you a certain number of notifications and access to features. Once you hit your limit, you could either upgrade (and pay), or invite other people to give and get free months of the unlimited premium version of the product.
Most people think about money for incentivized loops, but there are multiple types of incentives. We break all of these down in the Reforge Growth Series, but some examples would be financial, features, content, social, etc. In this case, we positioned the incentive as getting more of something they already understood and wanted (notifications and premium features)."
The second viral loop? Word-of-mouth virality.
"There was a hypothesis among the team that our product was actually anti-word of mouth because our primary users (sales professionals) saw the tool as a competitive advantage over their peers," says Balfour. "After talking to a lot of users, we found this was only partly true. Most sales professionals are very close with a few others on the sales team that they would share things with.
So, the key lesson here was two-fold. First, for something to spread, a user doesn't need to tell their entire network. They can tell a few people and, if the conversion rate of those few people is high, then the viral loop still works.
Second, we leaned into the "secret weapon" messaging -- instead of fighting it -- to encourage sales reps to spread the tool. It's always better to double-down on the psychology behind the organic behavior, rather than trying to convince them of something different."
My colleague David Khim works in growth marketing for HubSpot's freemium products, and he uses a few guiding principles when trying to capitalize on virality to grow our free user base.
"As a B2B company, we have two users to think about: Our customer: the person that's using our product to grow their business, and our customer's customer: the person our customer communicates with and who engages with our products to connect with our customer," says Khim.
The team makes sure to prioritize customer success over HubSpot's own success when trying to grow product virality. "For example," Khim says, "If adding a well-designed viral loop to forms created by free users would generate more signups, but decrease the conversion rate of a customer's form, we won't do it. Instead, we test and measure outcomes before committing to adding viral within the product."
We don't want to slap on "Powered by HubSpot" links all over the product. Instead, "we want to be cautious about how much branding we add and be aware of how intrusive viral links may be."
Tactically, Khim uses a few strategies to guide product virality experimentation.
Additionally, we've found that improving the signup completion rate has a bigger impact on the k coefficient than improving any other number. So we doubled-down on improving the sign-up experience, instead of trying to experiment more widely."
Khim also tries to avoid getting too stuck on the numbers.
"Virality isn't just about optimizing for clicks," he explains. "The other side of virality is thinking about optimizing the user's experience of your product. Give people such a good experience that they want to click on the viral link to learn more and sign up for your product. Virality requires both quantitative and qualitative thinking."
Product Virality Methods Used: Incentive Virality; Word-of-Mouth Virality; Outbreak Virality
To learn more, read everything you need to know about viral freemium products next.
Originally published Aug 6, 2018 7:00:00 AM, updated August 06 2018


The benefits of schooling demand frequent communication between students and teachers. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 1. 2 billion kids have been impacted by school closures. As an outcome, vast amounts of kids – most in advanced countries – are transferring towards some distance learning, restricting contact between teachers and students. Governments, as well as school systems, are advertising a myriad of ways for families and students. These include online or not online learning platforms, digital material accessible via mobile phones or computers, virtual tutoring, video clip conferencing equipment, and learning software.
This quick move to concerns is raised by online Lido Learning. The first question most policymakers & educators ask is about equity plus how to bridge the electronic divide. Nevertheless, a second, along with just as significant concerns, is around kid security online as many children and families join the electronic space for the first time. There are thoughts like, the risks are known by “do families and benefits connected with online learning? What safeguards can be set in place to keep kids safe?”
While some families might be conscious of digital online and literacy kid safety concepts, nearly all are not. In most developing countries where families might be allowing kids online for at first chance, they need to advertise kid security online, and electronic literacy skills are vital.
Online platforms are essential tools for communication and education. While there could be risks, the profits of digital literacy and online learning are central and numerous to the improvement of 21st-century abilities. UNICEF defines electronic literacy as the expertise, skills, and perceptions which enable kids to be both secure and empowered in a progressively digital world.
The advantages of online learning during COVID 19 and the utilization of online os, mobile products, and chats have allowed schools and teachers to keep in touch with kids and continue learning and instruction. This call is helping preserve learning and also student well-being. Teachers who are in a position to connect with students virtually may also provide mental support, inquire about their student’s security, when possible, and refer services to children and families in need. By being connected via mobile applications or even discovering platforms, teachers keep training front and center. Multiple investigations centered on families in adversity have found that when kids are from school for lengthy periods, their risk of not going back to school increases. Being connected helps families prioritize discovering despite school closures.


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- Dover Thrift Editions: FOUR GREAT TRAGEDIES : Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo and Juliet
DetailsAmong the most studied, most read, and most admired works in world literature, the tragedies of Shakespeare constitute a body of work unrivaled in dramatic brilliance, beauty of language, and profundity of thought.This convenient and affordable volume--ideal for students and all lovers of literature--features four of the playwright's greatest works:Hamlet, the revenge drama centering on the introspective Prince of Denmark--one of literature's most discussed and contentious characters, and the role that every actor longs to play;Macbeth, otherwise known as "The Scottish Play," concerning a nobleman's overweening ambition;Othello, in which a gallant soldier and loving husband is undone by jealousy; andRomeo and Juliet, the timeless tale of the young lovers whose names are synonymous with star-crossed romance.ABOUT THE AUTHOR: "He was not of an age, but for all time," declared Ben Jonson of his contemporary William Shakespeare (15641616). Jonson's praise is especially prescient, since at the turn of the 17th century Shakespeare was but one of many popular London playwrights and none of his dramas were printed in his lifetime. The reason so many of his works survive is because two of his actor friends, with the assistance of Jonson, assembled and published the First Folio edition of 1623.
SKU Code PRK B 3303 Weight in Kg 0.1300 Brand Bookwomb Dispatch Period in Days 3 ISBN No. 9780486440835 Author Name WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Publisher Name DOVER PUBLICATION


•Look for classic titles, prize winners eg Smarties Prize, dinosaurs, space, princesses, monsters/aliens are all extremely popular.
- Check internet for a good price
- Collect books at school fairs, car boot sales , charity shops etc
- Non-fiction books: check it is suitable for the age group
SOME BASIC MATERIALS YOU WILL NEED:
- Fabric to make cloth sacks. Not pale colours, medium weight. Yacht hook, cord
- A4 paper
- Clear sticky back plastic
- Storysacks Library stamp, with school address on it too.
- Laminator, laminating pouches A4
- File cards
- Small and large white stickers
- The story and non fiction book and game must be suitable for the age group.
- Carefully read the story, picking out the most important themes and characters. Decide which characters need to be in the storysack, whether there needs to be scenery, props or dressing up clothes, what kind of game is suitable, are if there any other activities which would enhance understanding (eg. measuring, recipes) and what kind of non fiction /information book would be suitable.
- The storysack and it’s game should not have too many items, they will be lost more easily and it takes ages counting it all!
- Don’t make the storysack big, heavy or bulky. It needs to be carried to and from school.
STORY CHARACTERS (also PROPS, DRESSING UP CLOTHES)
- These could be lollystick puppets, handpuppets, soft toys.
- They can be sourced from charity shops, school fairs, car boot sales, Ebay, Amazon.
- Some characters may need to be made specially by adapting dolls, knitting (surprisingly durable) or sewing puppets or dolls.
- Lollystick puppets can be made by scanning characters from the book or drawing them, and laminating them before applying the lolly stick.
- Dressing up clothes and props can be sourced in the same way.
- Make sure the story characters/toys, props etc are safe and robust enough for years of use by young children and families – people will not be careful with them!
- They should be suitable for the age group.
- Can be found second hand but may not be complete.
- Lotto and snap type games are relatively easy to make, board games may take a bit more work.
- Interesting games can be found online.
- DO NOT choose games that need batteries.
- Do not choose games with lots of pieces.
- Choose games which are strong and the pieces can be copied and replicated when they get lost!
- Read the story carefully and study the illustrations, before devising the questions.
- Devise questions to help parents talk about the story with the child. These could be about words, general meaning, things you can see in the illustrations like historical detail or counting.
- Suggest further activities, such as artwork, outings and investigations.
Adding Storysacks to the library
- Choose somewhere with good light (Infants staff room is good) make image as close up as possible.
- For PHOTOBLURB use contrasting colour back ground fabric arrange items to look exciting and make sure everything is standing up etc. Don’t need to put in plastic folders, parent prompt
- For PHOTO INVENTORY arrange in rows for easier checking, include plastic folders, Parent Prompt etc
- Once downloaded decide on trimming the photo and making any artwork adjustments.
- Use a recent PHOTOBLURB document as a template or: Make a ‘document’ with the Storysack’s title at the top, insert photo of the Storysack contents, then write a short piece about the story ‘the blurb’ on the back of the book is useful for this or find reviews online. Print out. Stamp the back with STORYSACKS STAMP.
- Laminate PHOTOBLURB.
MAKE PHOTO INVENTORY
- Use a recent PHOTO INVENTORY as a template or: make new ‘document’; insert photo; write directly underneath ‘Not suitable for children under 36 months’. Drop down 3 lines and write Storysack Contents, underneath write ‘story title’ – storybook,
- under that ‘non-fictionbook title’ – non-fictionbook, under that write the character toys, dressing up, etc, underneath write GAME and write contents of the game in brackets. etc,
- Next write Myatt Garden Primary school, address , tel number etc. Lastly write (in different colour) ‘This Storysack was made by Myatt Garden parents (or purchased by PTA …etc) in 2013 (insert correct year).
- Print out. Fold PHOTOINVENTORY in half, trim sides leaving 1cm above the photo/text,
- Laminate. Then use a hole punch to make holes in the top.
- Sew into the side seam inside of the Storysack using holes.
MAKE INVENTORY PAGE
- Use a recent INVENTORY PAGE as a template; or make a new document; write Storysack title across the top with the month and year; line underneath; Storysack book title – ISBN number – publisher; next line Non fiction book title – ISBN number – publisher; line; Storysack contents listed , quantity etc; line; Game contents listed; line; parent prompt, guide for parents.
- Print out INVENTORY PAGE. Slide into a plastic page pocket, put into the INVENTORY FILE in the correct place.
- Write out new card file for the new storysack and put it the CARD FILE BOX
- Stamp the books with the MYATT GARDEN STORYS STAMP inside the front and back covers.
- Inside cover or title page of the NON-FICTION BOOK write in large capital letters the title of the Storysack it comes from and underline.
- Cover the books in clear sticky back plastic
- Scan or photocopy contents. (These can be kept on file on computer or printed out and put in GAMES FILE)
- Sticker, write or stamp “Storysacks Library” on each piece, box and instructions.
- With marker pen write out the contents inside the box or on flap.


The American Revolution’s Best-Kept Secret
On December 18, 1775, General George Washington wrote a letter to John Hancock, warning the Continental Congress that the British were stockpiling weapons and gunpowder in St. Augustine, East Florida. In his letter, Washington was sounding an alarm, as he feared that the British were preparing to reclaim the southern colonies by invading Georgia and South Carolina with an army from East Florida – a colony wholly loyal to King George III. And Washington was correct! The role played by British St. Augustine in the American War of Independence is Florida’s most unique story in its 500-year history – perhaps the most unique story of the American Revolution.


Most of us alive today are familiar with vaccines. In the US where I live most of us have been vaccinated for major diseases such as whooping cough, Hepatitis A, measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria; the list goes on. However, due to our developed infrastructure and relative ease of access to medical care many of us have never worried about obtaining life-saving vaccines for our children or ourselves. This alone has contributed to some of the most startling gains in public health ever witnessed.
In other parts of the world this is a very different story. Less infrastructure and fewer opportunities for medical care has made vaccinating large segments of the human population extremely difficult with serious consequences for those who are not vaccinated.
One major hurdle in the race to vaccinate the majority of people on this planets is the maintenance of cold-chains for vaccine delivery.
Polio is a disease that has seemed to fade away in the United States since the introduction of the polio vaccine in 1955. However, this disease is alive and well outside of the US despite a strong push by international agencies such as the WHO to eradicate polio in the last few decades. In fact, in 1988 the WHO pledged to eradicate polio by 2000, but this dream has yet to reach reality.
Why is the eradication of polio less successful than the effort to eradicate Smallpox, a goal achieved in the 1970’s?


If you do not know Notepad in Windows 10 then this article will help you know about its features and how you can get help from it.
Learn to open Notepad in Windows 10
- Before understanding the uses of Notepad, it is essential to know where it is located in Windows 10. Here is the simplest way to find Notepad
- In Windows 10 – Move to Cortana and hunt for “Notepad.”
- Done, you need to double click it, and it will appear on the screen.
Uses of Notepad
Notepad Works great on XML Files
Notepad works great with XML files. It lets you create & edit the XML docs faster and simply.
The Notepad is an excellent tool available in Windows 10 which helps display the XML data structure graphically presented in the form of a tree structure.
The interface has two panes
- One for structure
- Second for value
You also get the feature to include attributes, text, elements, comments to the XML docs by making the tree structure on the left -hand side pane and feed in the values to the text boxes adjacent to the right pane.
Creating, opening and saving text files becomes more comfortable with Notepad
When you decide to use Notepad, you get the options displayed in the File menu like
- Save As
- Page Setup
You can view the keyboard shortcuts alongside for faster action
Remember, the files will be saved with the extension .txt in Notepad Plain text
Turn ON Word Wrap in Notepad
Notepad, as a default setting comes with Word Wrap option turned OFF. It means the content you type will fit in a single long line until you hit enter.
Going to the Format menu will have two options-
Word Wrap & Font
You get the choice of hitting enter while the text you typed gets the correct margin in the Notepad window. But, it will elongate the lines. To view simultaneously what you sorted without having to scroll altogether to the right, turn ON the Word Wrap option.


One's relatives or ancestors; family
A relation, typically by blood; sometimes used to refer to relations by marriage or adoption.
People of a specified group or kind:
Any of the similar units, as a group of clans, of a primitive tribe
Relatives; family; kin; kindred
A person's family, relatives, or ancestors:
An assemblage of persons or objects gathered or located together; an aggregation:
A national or ethnic group, esp. of immigrants from some other country
(Biology) A colony or community of organisms, usually of the same species:
A group viewed as forming a distinct segment of society:
Humans considered as a group.
Any of the 12 divisions of ancient Israel.
(Biol.) A group of similar organisms living in the same region, esp. organisms of the same species
The state of being confederated.
A community established by the members of a particular religious or social group
The government of a sovereign state.
The poorest class of working people.
people in general (often used in the plural)
State is defined as a territory with its own government and borders within a larger country.
Find another word for folks. In this page you can discover 25 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for folks, like: people, relatives, parents, relations, kin, family, folk, phratries, kinfolks, families and peoples.


Det Norske Veritas presented findings of a study in Copenhagen today that shows that shipping can cut its emissions by 30 percent by 2030. The results were presented onboard the Viking Lady, the world’s first commercial ship with a fuel cell adapted to marine use installed onboard, while docked in Copenhagen. The good news, according to Tor Svensen COO of DNV: the scenario implies a zero-cost for the industry.
“What we have here is a model that looks at the potential of a range of reduction measures; from more efficient voyage execution to speed reduction and the employment of fuel cells on board the ships. The results are quite encouraging; if the shipping industry starts acting now and applies the available cost-efficient technologies, emissions can be reduced considerably. Without additional costs incurred. By doing this we can go a long way in meeting some of the tough requirements already set. Also those currently being debated in Copenhagen,” Svensen said in a prepared statement.
Even higher emission reduction at incremental costs
The study looks at ships from all market segments, both from the existing fleet and newbuildings projected to be built in the years to come. The results show that shipping, compared to a projected baseline (where no measures are applied) of 1,530 million tons of CO2, could cut emissions by 30 percent by 2030 at zero-cost . This equals a reduction in emissions of 500 million tons of CO2. The study also shows that the emission reduction potential would increase to 50 percent if all identified measures costing up to $100 per ton of CO2 were implemented.
Regulations and tighter enforcement still needed
The study suggests that where emission reduction and sound economic rationale pull in the same direction, widespread implementation of cost-effective measures will come over time. Enforcement through regulatory means could, however, be necessary where the economic pull is weaker. “While there is no silver bullet which could make it all happen, the aggregated effect of all measures are significant and will ensure an industry that operates in a more energy efficient manner and also takes its share of the common responsibility of reducing carbon emissions,” Svensen said.


It’s amazing to consider how many decisions we make every day. From deciding how to brew our morning cup of coffee to planning a lunch outing with our co-workers, all of these choices add up to make a big difference in how we structure our day. When things get busy with work and family, it is easy to go for the quick and convenient when it comes to preparing our meals. These selections, while efficient, may not always be the best option for our overall health and wellness. When we take a step back to consider what we put in our mouths each day, we are taking the first step towards better nutrition.
The 36 Blue Cross and Blue Shield companies are united in a collective mission to empower and invest in communities to help people learn to make healthier choices about food. Initiatives range from providing families with educational programming to improving access to the healthy food Americans need most to power them through each day.
In Arizona, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Arizona (BCBSAZ) recognizes that inspiring a culture of health and wellness for young girls is an important part of building a healthy state. Through its Nourishing Arizona initiative, BCBSAZ began collaborating with the Girl Scouts-Arizona Cactus-Pine Council to launch the “All About Healthy Living” patch. This special patch is designed to empower girls to connect and take action while setting a solid foundation for years to come by teaching the five important aspects of wellness, including fitness, community, friendship, future and general health. This one-of-a-kind program is the most comprehensive, community-centric patch a Girl Scout can earn and is available to all local Girl Scouts — from Daisies to Ambassadors.
In Western New York, childhood obesity rates are 12 percent higher than the national average and climbing. In an effort to curb this trend, BlueCross BlueShield of Western New York (BCBSWNY) introduced the Healthy Zone Program, a curriculum-based program that gives teachers resources to incorporate fun, interactive ways to learn and share healthy habits into their lesson plans. Among the resources is the Healthy Zone Activity Kit, an interactive kit filled with healthy lifestyle-inspired tools—from nutrition charts to fitness dice, jump ropes and super-sized teeth for brushing—as examples of healthy living the children incorporate into their family routines. In addition, five students from each of the 36 schools participated in the Healthy Zone Game Show, a 30-minute interactive trivia show, in front of an audience of their peers. The show offers an engaging and informative way for students to square-up to test their health and wellness knowledge and discover that staying healthy can be fun.
In Mississippi, the Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi Foundation is working to build a healthy state by providing targeted funding throughout the area to promote change for the better. Annually, the Foundation identifies and rewards public K-12 schools that have made the most strides in creating healthy school environments and cultures with the Healthy School Awards Program. The goal of these awards is to motivate schools as they work to implement and maintain health policies and programs that promote healthy eating, exercise, staff wellness and tobacco-free lifestyles among students and staff with parental and community involvement. Whether it’s promoting hands-on learning through caring for the school’s garden or teaching students how to prepare healthy snacks using fresh produce from the garden to take home and share with their families, each individual represents a step towards developing a healthy school culture. Once schools are sorted into three categories based on the size of their student population, one school from each category is recognized for its inspiring work and receives a $25,000 grant from the BCBSMS Foundation to further the school’s health and wellness efforts. One school overall is named the “Healthiest School in Mississippi” and is awarded a grant of $50,000 from the BCBSMS Foundation for their exemplary efforts to put community health and wellness first.


Not getting enough sleep can lead to short-term euphoria, possibly leading to poor decision-making and risky behavior, according to researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, and Harvard Medical School.
The study revealed that the pleasure circuitry in the brains of volunteers got a jump-start after a missed night’s sleep. However, that same neural pathway that triggers euphoria as well as feelings of reward and motivation may also lead to chancy behavior.
“When functioning correctly, the brain finds the sweet spot on the mood spectrum. But the sleep-deprived brain will swing to both extremes, neither of which is optimal for making wise decisions,” said Dr. Matthew Walker, lead author and associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at UC Berkeley.
The findings emphasize the need for people in critical professions and circumstances not to skip out on sleep, said Walker.
“We need to ensure that people making high-stakes decisions, from medical professionals to airline pilots to new parents, get enough sleep,” Walker said. “Based on this evidence, I’d be concerned by an emergency room doctor who’s been up for 20 hours straight making rational decisions about my health.”
Previous studies have shown that sleep patterns are disrupted in individuals suffering from mood disorders. Typically, the sleeping body alternates between two main phases during the night: Rapid Eye Movement (REM), when body and brain activity promote dreams, and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM), when the brain and muscles rest.
In an effort to understand why so many people with clinical depression tend to feel better after a sleepless night (at least temporarily), scientists used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)to observe the brains of 27 young adults; half got a good night’s sleep and the other half had none.
Volunteers looked at various images, including pleasant scenes (such as bunnies or ice cream sundaes), and then rated the pictures as either neutral or positive. Across the board, those who had pulled an all-nighter gave more positive scores for all the images while the well-rested volunteers gave more moderate ratings.
In addition, brain scans of the sleepless individuals revealed stronger activity in the mesolimbic pathway, a brain circuit driven by dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with positive feelings, motivation, addiction, cravings, sex drive and decision-making.
While having a short-term boost in dopamine levels may seem like a good thing, this phenomenon can be dangerous if people are making impulsive decisions because they’re feeling overly optimistic, the study suggests.
The results add to prior research by Walker and his team that show how sleep deprivation shuts down the brain’s key decision-making regions, particularly the prefrontal cortex, while triggering more primal mechanisms such as the fight-or-flight reflex in the amygdala.
“After a good night’s sleep, the frontal lobe regions are strongly connected to the dopamine reward regions, but that’s not the case after a night of no sleep,” Walker said.
According to Walker, sleep deprivation is not a viable solution for those with clinical depression. “The elastic band of sleep deprivation can only be stretched so far before it breaks,” he said.
The study is published in the Journal of Neuroscience.
Source: University of California


International River Basin Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa
Randolph A. Andersen Colin A Lyle Robert Rangeley Bocar M. Thiam
Price: $ 22
World Bank Technical Paper 250.
Assesses the successes and shortcomings of river basin organizations in order to help international organizations improve the management of shared water resources in the region.
On the African continent, where all countries have shared rivers and 35 out of 41 countries share 17 major river basins, it has become increasingly important to have international collaboration for controlling surface water resources. This report reviews the role of river basin organizations (RBOs), whose mandate is to develop formulas for the equitable sharing of waters and then ensure the implementation of the policies.
These organizations promote, through international cooperation, both studies and the construction of works that will lead to integrated, economically and environmentally sustainable, and technically sound development of the water resources of a river basin. The successes and shortcomings of the RBOs are assessed with the aim of assisting the World Bank and other international organizations in their pursuit of an effective role in helping Sub- Saharan African countries improve their management of shared water resources.
Directory of World Bank Books
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For many people, urinary tract infection is best recognized as UTI. Urinary tract infection is considered to be any kind of bacterial infection located in any organ of the urinary tract. If infection is observed and originates in the urinary system, this is called UTI. One of the essential things to do during the early phase of UTI is to detect the urinary tract infection symptoms. Infiltration of bacterial infection is best prevented through early detection so that the kidneys will not be affected. In order to stay away from severe effects, it is essential to prevent UTI from infecting the kidneys. When UTI symptoms are observed, the person affected must seek medical care immediately. Apart from the many cause of UTI, pregnancy, diabetes and regular usage of antibiotics are some of the usual causes. The female gender is more vulnerable to urinary tract infection than the male gender. If you find it difficult to urinate and there is a painful sensation which goes along with, most likely, you are experiencing UTI symptoms considered to be extremely significant. Among the UTI symptoms which arises once infection has advanced is blood found usually in the urine. Grown persons generally encounter UTI symptoms including foul smelling urine when they have uti. The presence of low-grade fever is also included in the list of UTI symptoms which will tell you that the infection is getting critical. In order to avoid the UTI symptoms from getting severe, they should be treated at once so that infection will not affect the kidneys. Significant symptoms of urinary tract infection or UTI include pain in the abdomen which is severe together with vomiting.
Young people are also very susceptible to urinary tract infection. Kids are susceptible to UTI since their urge to urinate is usually restrained especially if they are playing. Grown persons and kids share the same plight when it comes to UTI symptoms observed during the period of urinary tract infection. Physicians would often prescribe antibiotics as UTI treatment. An effective way for the treatment and relief of the symptoms caused by UTI is the use of antibiotics for UTI. UTI symptoms should be detected at once so that adverse effects will be avoided. In order to avoid further infection, it is best that UTI treatment should be started as soon as possible. If a person suffers UTI repeatedly, his doctor may advise him to use antibiotics for a long period of time. One home remedy for urinary tract infection which is considered to be effective is the use of apple cider vinegar. Those who are affected with urinary tract infection can utilize baking soda as an effective home treatment. The symptoms of urinary tract infection which can be detected early are controlled effectively with the use of baking soda. Drinking plenty of fruit juice is an effective and inexpensive remedy for urinary tract infection which can be found at home. In order to avoid possible UTI, people are advised to consume sufficient amounts of water regularly. Individuals who usually wear loose fitting clothes are not very susceptible to urinary tract infection.
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Welcome to St. Mary’s Historic Site on Paca Street!
Mother Seton House • Historic Seminary Chapel • Visitor Center
In 1791, at the invitation of Bishop John Carroll, the Sulpician Fathers arrived in the City of Baltimore and settled on this very site to begin the first Roman Catholic Seminary in the United States. Bishop Carroll knew of the Sulpician Fathers’ unique ministry of priestly formation from their ministry in France, and thus he invited them to come to his young diocese in the United States to do their ministry of priestly formation in this new land. The seminary, founded in 1791, was initially located in a building on the southeast corner of the property known as the One Mile Tavern. With the help of Bishop John Carroll and others, the Sulpicians were able to purchase additional property adjoining the One Mile Tavern and build St. Mary’s College and Seminary.
The only remaining structure of the seminary is the Historic Chapel. The building of the chapel began in 1806 and was completed and dedicated in 1808. The chapel was designed by the renowned French architect Maximilian Godefroy, who himself was a friend of Benjamin Latrobe, often referred to as the Father of American Architecture. The chapel attracts architectural students as well as pilgrims to the site.
The other historic building located on the site is the of home of Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton. In 1975, Mother Seton, as she is commonly known, became the first U.S.-born canonized saint within the Catholic Church. Mother Seton, a wife, mother, widow, convert, educator, and finally saint, offers a wonderful example of all that we can be with the grace of God. Mother Seton arrived at the Paca Street home the day of the dedication of the Seminary Chapel in 1808. She came to Baltimore at the invitation of Sulpician Father Louis W. DuBourg, who was then president of St. Mary’s College & Seminary. She, her three daughters, and several other girls called the Paca Street house their home for only one year, 1808 to 1809. During that year, she befriended a student at St. Mary’s named Samuel Cooper. Mr. Cooper, a man of resources, gave Elizabeth Bayley Seton eight thousand dollars with which she purchased St. Joseph’s Valley in Emmitsburg, Maryland.
In 1809 she left her humble roots on Paca Street and began her 3-day journey to Emmitsburg. While in Emmitsburg, once again under the tutelage of the Sulpician Fathers, Mother Seton began her new ministry of Catholic education. It was Sulpician Father Dubois who welcomed her to Emmitsburg and helped her become established in her new home. Her relocation to Emmitsburg was eased by the fact that the Sulpician Fathers were present as neighbors to her at Mount St. Mary’s College and Seminary, founded by the Sulpician Fathers in 1808. This institution and the presence of the Sulpician Fathers, gave great support and solace to the young widow and her dreams of founding a religious congregation and establishing a school for girls in Emmitsburg.
Clergy and Religious Please Note:
Letters of Suitability
In light of the provisions of canon 903 CIC and canon 703 §1 CCEO, and the USCCB Dallas Charter (2002), Letters of Suitability are required in advance by all clergy, deacons, and religious when performing ministerial duties at St. Mary’s Spiritual Center & Historic Site, Inc., 600 N. Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201.
Please direct all letters to:
Deacon Vito S. Piazza, Sr., Director
St. Mary’s Spiritual Center & Historic Site, Inc.
600 N. Paca Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
St. Mary’s Spiritual Center & Historic Site
600 North Paca St.
Baltimore, MD 21201
Office Hours: 8:30 a.m-4:30 p.m.
Phone: +1 410-728-6464


A look at this year's Canada-Wide Science Fair
Each year, high-school students from every province and territory are selected to attend the Canada-Wide Science Fair (CWSF), Canada’s only national science fair. The event celebrates curious and innovative teens who transform their questions and ideas into projects that tackle some of society’s most significant challenges. $1,000,000 in scholarships and prizes are awarded to those whose projects are deemed worthy of recognition. The 2017 fair, held at the University of Regina, Saskatchewan, included 400 projects developed by 500 students, drawn from more than 25,000 regional fair participants. Entries spanned seven challenges (discovery, energy, environment, health, information, innovation and resources) at three age levels. Learn more about the winners and their standout entries.
This year’s Best Project and Senior Platinum Award went to Colette Benko, an eleventh grader from Calgary, Alberta. Her project, Novel Paediatric Cancer Therapy: Targeting Epigenetics to Induce Differentiation, uncovered a new use for an existing drug to treat the deadly childhood cancer, neuroblastoma.
At the intermediate level, also from Calgary, tenth grader Crystal Radinski won for EEG Coherence as a Marker for Alzheimer’s Dementia. Her work focused on comparing the brainwaves of healthy people to those of Alzheimer patients to make earlier, more accurate, and less costly diagnoses of the disease.
And finally, the Junior Platinum Award went to Danish Mahmood from London, Ontario. The grade eight student created W.I.N.I.T.S (Wireless Interconnected Non-Invasive Triage System), a low-cost fingertip device able to measure four different vital signs and communicate them over secure Wi-Fi to first responders and hospital staff
Climate Change Standouts
Climate change is an underlying theme for many of the projects.. Jack White from Long Reach, New Brunswick studied the spring thaw on the St. John River near his home, finding potential signs of climate change and determining how it has impacted his neighbourhood.
Albert Nitu from Ottawa examined eco-friendly electricity production, experimenting with a way to transform the exterior walls of homes into smart electricity generating devices to improve sustainability.
Charles Wang and Spencer Zezulka from Surrey, British Columbia, used photosynthetic algae rather than commercial glucose to power the bacterial production of ethanol and other fuels. This process, which captures carbon dioxide, could help clean Earth’s atmosphere and produce fuel for stations on Mars. The pair won a bronze medal as well as the Youth Can Innovate award.
In 2018, the Intact Foundation hopes to see even more climate change-focused projects as part of its mission to help Canadians to protect themselves against environmental degradation. As a result, the Intact Foundation has invested $100,000 in CWSF, issuing a climate change resilience challenge that kicks off next fall. CWSF 2018 will take place at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario.