The end of January is around the corner, and New Year’s resolutions tend to waver around now. Gym member spikes are slowly leveling out again, people are driving while talking on the cell phone more, and so on. But has anyone come into the New Year considering the music they listen to? The idea of “What you put in is what you get out” applies in terms of various messages and ideas music can instill in someone. But what about the actual tuning of the music? How do the frequencies of sound waves interact with our own bodies when playing music? (Disclaimer, there is science and history, and some light music theory, enjoy!)
The tuning of instruments is an age old practice that every musician does in order to keep their instrument sounding the way they deem correct. The high or low of a song’s pitch is an individual’s own interpretation. Generally most agree on what sounds high or low in a song.
In order to understand the next part of how music interacts with us, I’m going to make this simple. The pitch of music changes the form that sound waves take. The measurement of the sound wave’s form is known as hertz (Hz). An easy image of this, is when someone plucks a guitar string, tuned to 440 Hz, the string will go up and down 440 times per second. Music nowadays is tuned to 440 Hz. Depending on the Hz level, the tuning is different. The most noticeable difference to the average listener when hearing different Hz levels it that certain notes will sound higher or lower. More on this later, now for some history.
The start of this idea of a set hertz level began in 1859 by the French government who set the standard at 435 Hz. The need for this arose because French opera composers were using Hz levels that were not pleasing to the audience (roughly 422 Hz) or too high for opera singers to reach certain notes (450 Hz). For the next 40 years, musicians in Europe held conferences and debated about the proper tuning for instruments. This only resulted in Britain, in 1896, adopting a standard Hz of 439. Then the twentieth century came, and in the 1930s broadcasting companies wanted to standardize the Hz/pitch levels across the globe and a 1939 conference set that pitch at 440 Hz. And it has remained at this pitch to this very day. However, these standards are not historically accurate.
It is said that many ancient instruments crafted by human hands, are naturally tuned to 432 Hz. Giuseppe Verdi, an Italian opera composer, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the prolific Classical composer, both composed to 432 Hz tuning. The significance of 432 Hz is widely debated as having benefits for mental and physical health as well as being more in tune with Earth itself. There are many levels to the possible benefits of tuning to 432 Hz. One theory is that Hz tuning affects our overall body’s health. This theory goes off of the facts that since our bodies are made of 70% water, the sound wave tuning can have negative or positive interactions on our overall health.
For anyone who is interested in alternative/holistic medicine, I would recommend doing research more into the idea of 432 Hz tuning. I personally have listened to 432 Hz tuned music for a week straight, and noticed myself being a bit more upbeat. Additionally, the music has a warmer sound to it. I am a music enthusiast however, and may be bias because of the level of detail I listen for in music. Give your ears something new this year. ‘Til next type – M
The below Youtube videos show various tests performed with varying Hz levels. Enjoy!
Heres another: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zw0uWCNsyw
Written by Michael Dour


There are several methods for accounting for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The European Environment Agency (EEA) explains the key characteristics of different emissions accounting methods, highlighting the need for methodological improvements as well as better data coverage and quality. - Dec. 18, 2013
The EEA report, European Union CO2 emissions: different accounting perspectives, explains the concepts and methodologies behind three different air emission accounting perspectives: territorial, production and consumption-based.
The territorial perspective considers emissions that are released to the atmosphere within a country’s borders and jurisdiction. This perspective corresponds to the legally enshrined practice used by sovereign states under international conventions such as the . The EEA report explains how the production perspective offers different insights, showing emissions resulting from the economic activities of a country’s residents and the companies registered in the country. The third method explained in the report provides a consumption perspective. This considers emissions associated with goods and services, attributing them to the country where they are consumed, regardless of where production of these goods and services result in emissions.
Dec. 18, 2013


ratio analysis of Google and Microsoft. The initial component of the paper is a rundown of some key ratios and their definitions. Then, the ratios of the companies are calculated and discussed.
Ratio analysis is a tool by which companies in the same industry can be compared. The use of ratio analysis helps to offset the differences in size between companies — for example one company may have a larger profit number, but a smaller profit margin, than a competitor. The ratio — profit margin — may be a better indicator o which company is actually more profitable. In this analysis, Microsoft and Google will be compared. Microsoft has a variety of multi-billion dollar businesses, including servers, Office and Windows, while Google makes most of its money on advertising sales. Yet, both companies are wildly profitable, and both have similar situations with regards to excess cash flow. They are also two of the major driving forces in the Internet business, and are competitors with their browsers and mobile operating systems.
Step 1. The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that tells us about the firm’s ability to meet its financial obligations for the coming year.
The quick ratio is another liquidity ratio. It is similar to the current ratio, but removes inventories from the numerator. The reason for this is that it cannot be assumed that inventories can be liquidated for book value.
Accounts receivable turnover indicates how quickly the company collects on its bills. This ratio helps tell about the company’s cash conversion cycle. This is significant because old accounts that have yet to be collected are at risk of being unpaid.
Days receivable is the same thing as accounts receivable, stated differently.
The inventory turnover tells about how fast the inventory turns over. The significance is that inventory that older inventory is harder to sell, or sell at full value, so a higher rate of inventory turnover is desirable.
Days’ inventory is a different way of stating the inventory turnover. The underlying numbers are the same.
The asset turnover is a reflection of sales/assets. This is an efficiency ratio that reflects how well the firm’s assets are being used to earn revenue.
Invested capital ratio complements the asset turnover ratio — it tells the same story but using (1- assets) as the denominator instead of assets.
Equity turnover reflects the degree to which owners’ equity is converted into revenue, so is another efficiency ratio, one that removes debt from consideration.
Capital intensity reflects sales over a specific asset class (plants, property, equipment), again reflecting the efficiency by which capital assets are converted to revenue.
The gross margin reflects the bargaining power that the firm has over buyers and suppliers. The higher this bargaining power is, the greater the gross margin will be.
Net margin is incorporates all of the firm’s costs, not just the COGS. When used with the gross margin, it can help management to tell if changes in the net profit margin were the result of changes in the gross margin, or in changes within the company’s internal and fixed cost structures.
Earnings per share reflects, roughly, what the shareholders get out of the company’s operations. This measure is not as important from an operating perspective, because # of shares (the denominator) is not an operating metric, but shareholders pay close attention to this number, which means management has to as well.
STEP 3: Print this tab & review each item’s analyses. Make notes on trends or issues to discuss in your paper.
Investment & Asset Utilization
Acid Test (Quick) Ratio
Accounts Receivable Turnover
times times times #14
(or Collection Period)
days days days #16
times times times #15
Days of Inventory
days days days #9
times times times #10
Invested Capital Turnover
times times times #11
times times times #12
Gross Margin Percentage
Profit Margin (Percentage)
Earnings Per Share
times times times
days days days
times times times
days days days
times times times
times times times
times times times
*Normally I would have hidden the MSFT columns, but the spreadsheet being locked made it impossible to do that.
Step 3 Discussion.
First a note on citations — the spreadsheet above is the source of the data. The figures used came from MSN Moneycentral. All data comes from this source unless otherwise stated. Any further notes will be cited as needed.
Both of these companies have recorded exceptional performance. Microsoft has increased its working capital significantly over the past five years. A healthy current ratio is around 1.0 in most industries, and Microsoft outperforms that metric — its acid test ratio has increased to 1.93 by 2012. With $52 billion in working capital and healthy liquidity ratios, liquidity is not an issue for Microsoft.
Microsoft has a somewhat sluggish accounts receivable turnover. There are two factors of concern. The first is that the receivables turn trend is downward, from 70 days in 2009 to 78 days in 2012. This means that the company is taking longer to collect from its customers, especially the enterprise customers that make up the majority of its base. That the company, with $63 billion in cash and equivalents, does not need the money should not encourage it to be cavalier about receiving payment, especially in businesses where competition in minimal (i.e. Windows, Office).
Inventory turnover is more rapid. Though Microsoft has experienced a generally negative trend towards slower inventory turnover, inventory (at $1.137 billion in 2012) comprises a minimal amount of the company’s current assets. Whether the company’s inventory turn is fast or slow is not going to affect the company’s financial outcomes in any material way.
The asset turnover has been on a downward trend as well. This indicates that the company has added assets faster than it has added sales. Thus, it is not the increase in cash that is causing this number, but the increase in assets that do not have the same ROA as the company’s older assets. Invested capital turnover and equity turnover are also slowing on a four-year trend, highlighting that whatever Microsoft is plugging money into lately is not returning the same as it’s prior activities. There are a few possible explanations for this, but the rapid increase in working capital is one. If Microsoft has a lot of cash on the sidelines — and it does — then that money will not earn as much return as its actual businesses. The more money piles up for Microsoft, the less efficient the company becomes, which is why all three of its efficiency ratios are declining.
It is also possible that a decline in gross margin is contributing to the lower returns. Microsoft’s gross margin has declined in each of the past four years, indicating either that its pricing power in existing businesses is being reduced, or that it is entering new businesses are not as profitable as its traditional businesses. The profit margin has not behaved in the same way as the gross margin, which indicates that Microsoft is taking steps to adapt to lower gross margins, cutting costs elsewhere in order to maintain net margins. The net margin, however, has recorded higher volatility than the gross margin as a result.
Microsoft’s earnings per share has not increased in a linear fashion, something that must discourage the shareholders. It increased for three years, but in 2012, Microsoft’s net income dropped, as did its EPS. The drop in net income and EPS was not the result of operating decline, but was the result of a $6.2 billion writedown on an online advertising company called aQuantive (Goldman, 2012).
Google has seen its working capital increase significantly over the four-year time period, from $26 billion to $46 billion. While this increase is not as large as the one Microsoft experienced, it is still substantial. The company has an exception liquidity situation. In 2009, the current ratio was over 10, and even though this has dropped, it is still at a very healthy 4.22. Most of that is in cash and receivables, which means that the quick ratio is also very healthy, at 3.35. As with the current ratio, the quick ratio has seen a decline from rates that were absurd, and the current figure represents a number that is a lot more sustainable.
Google is mostly an advertising vendor, and like Microsoft is takes a long time to collect its bills. Over the past four years, Google’s days’ receivable has deteriorated from 49 days to 62 days. As with Microsoft, Google does not need the money, so it may be developing bad habits with respect to collections. An alternative possibility is that Google is using slow collections as a means of competing with Yahoo, Facebook and Microsoft in the online advertising business. If Google takes longer to collect, its clients have better working capital situations. Because Google can afford this, the increased days’ receivable may be part of a broader competitive strategy, rather than sloppiness borne of success.
It is difficult to get a read on Google’s inventory turnover. Until 2011, it did not have inventory, so 2012 was the first full year of Google actually having inventory. Thus, there is no trend to analyze. 41 times seems like a lot, but inventory accounts for such a small portion of the company’s total sales that this figure is heavily distorted.
Unlike Microsoft, Google has held its asset, capital and equity turnover rates more or less steady over the four-year period. Asset turnover has dipped slightly and equity turnover increased slightly, but for the most part, Google has demonstrated stability, where its revenue performance has matched the increases in these balance sheet items.
As with Microsoft, Google enjoys healthy margins. Its gross margin is high, at 58.9%, but this is the lowest mark in four years. Increased competition is likely responsible for this, as Facebook has increased its advertising revenues significantly. Google has probably been forced to become more price-competitive in response to a growing number of upstarts chipping away at its core advertising business.
The net margin has similarly declined. In this case, the net margin declined from 27.6% to 21.4% over the course of the four years. That both margins have declined indicates that Google’s main business is not as profitable as it once was. It is also possible that Google’s excess working capital is not earning much for the company, and new business investments are not returning in margin what the advertising business does. Google makes almost nothing on Android or Chrome, despite these being significant expenditures.
While margins are down, Google shareholders do not have much reason to worry. The earnings per share for the company has gone from $16.61 in 2009 to $27.36 in 2012. Share prices have also increased significantly in response, but these figures have gone upward every year, as Google’s profits have continued to increase with the size of its industry, and its dominant share within the industry.
Overall, both Google and Microsoft are very healthy companies financially. If there is a question mark for both, it lies in the accounts receivable, as both have ratios that seem high. But for liquidity and investor returns, Microsoft and Google have both performed very well, that one writedown for Microsoft excepted.
Goldman, D. (2012). Microsoft’s $6 billion whoopsie. CNN Money. Retrieved November 18, 2014 from http://money.cnn.com/2012/07/02/technology/microsoft-aquantive/index.htm
Google 2012 Annual Report. Retrieved November 18, 2014 from http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312513028362/d452134d10k.htm
Microsoft 2012 Annual Report. Retrieved November 18, 2014 from http://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar12/download-center/index.html
MSN Moneycentral (2014). Microsoft. Retrieved November 18, 2014 from http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/stockdetails/financials/fi-MSFT?ocid=qbeb
MSN Moneycentral (2014). Google. Retrieved November 18, 2014 from http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/stockdetails/financials/fi-GOOG?ocid=qbeb
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Let´s talk about muscles. How many muscles are there in the human body? It´s hard to say. Usually, the number oscillates between 640 to 850 named muscles. It depends on how you count them.
There is more agreement to classify them into three categories: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
If the cardiac muscle doesn´t work right, the whole system doesn´t work. Often, healthy people forget this point. Fitness is about good looking but also, about good health. The primary muscle of every single athlete is the heart.
Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle, but its contractions are involuntary. Some of the cardiac muscle cells are autorhythmic. They contract even in the absence of neuronal innervation (known as pacemaker cells). Between cardiac muscles cells, there are disks intercalated. These disks contain gap junctions which provide communicating channels between cells.
Inactivity is one of the major risk factors for heart disease. Exercise helps improve heart health, and can reverse some heart disease risk factors.
The heart becomes stronger as a result of exercise, so it can pump more blood through the body with every beat. Any amount of exercise is beneficial. If you are a sedentary person, aim for 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activity (such as brisk walking) at least 5 days a week. Experts recommend doing some form of moderate aerobic activity for at least 150 minutes or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity each week. You can spread the minutes out in any manner that works for your schedule. The key is scheduling some form of moderate to vigorous cardiovascular activity into your week and actually doing it. You can also switch between running, cycling, swimming, interval or circuit training.
Regular exercise, especially aerobic exercise, has many benefits. This type of activity can do the following:
- Strengthen your heart and cardiovascular system
- Improve your circulation and help your body use oxygen better
- Improve your heart failure symptoms
- Increase energy levels so you can do more activities without becoming tired or short of breath
- Increase endurance
- Lower blood pressure
- Improve muscle tone and strength
- Improve balance and joint flexibility
- Strengthen bones
- Help reduce body fat and help you reach a healthy weight
- Help reduce stress, tension, anxiety and depression
- Boost self-image and self-esteem
- Improve sleep
- Make you feel more relaxed and rested
- Make you look fit and feel healthy
In time, you can make your workouts longer or more challenging. Do that gradually, so your body can adjust.
Stop and get immediate medical help if you have pain or pressure in your chest or the upper part of your body, break out in a cold sweat, have trouble breathing, uneven heart rate, or feel dizzy, lightheaded, or very tired.
It’s normal for your muscles to be sore for a day or two after your workout when you’re new to exercise. That fades as your body gets used to it. Soon, you might be surprised to find that you like how you feel when you’re done.


Overview of the Prostate Gland
At the approximate size of a walnut, the prostate gland surrounds the tube called the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder). It is located just below the bladder. The prostate is located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum
The Function of the Prostate Gland
As part of the male reproductive system, the muscular glands of the prostate help squeeze fluid, in addition to sperm, into the urethra.
Common Problems Associated with the Prostate Gland
Enlargement of the prostate: It is also known as (BPH) Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. It is a common condition, generally as men age. Enlargement problems can cause urinary symptoms such as restricting the flow of urine out of the bladder which may lead to other related issues with the bladder, urinary tract or kidneys.
Prostatitis: The term prostatitis is used to define prostate inflammation. Many cases are a result of bacterial infections; however, prostatitis can exist without any signs of an infection. Prostatitis can affect men of all ages.
Prostate Cancer: Chances of getting prostate cancer may be affected by age, race, family history and diet.
Symptoms of Prostate Problems
The symptoms of prostate problems may include:
- Urinary Retention: the inability to empty the bladder completely
- Urinary Frequency: urination eight or more times a day
- Urinary Urgency: the inability to delay urination
- Urinary Incontinence: the accidental loss of urine
- Nocturia: frequent urination at night
- Trouble beginning a urine stream
- Weak or interrupted urine stream
- Blockage of urine
- Urine that has an unusual color or odor
- Pain after ejaculation or during urination
Different prostate problems may have similar symptoms. For example, one man with prostatitis and another with BPH may both experience urinary urgency. Sometimes symptoms for the same prostate problem differ among individuals. For example, one man with BPH may have trouble beginning a urine stream, while another may experience nocturia. A man in the early stages of prostate cancer may have no symptoms at all. Because of this confusing array of symptoms, a thorough medical exam and testing are vital.
Diagnosing Prostate Problems
To diagnose prostate problems, the health care provider will perform a digital rectal exam (DRE). The health care provider will also ask the patient when the problem began and how often it occurs, what symptoms are present, whether he has a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, what medications he takes, both prescription and those bought over the counter, the amount of fluid he typically drinks each day, whether he consumes caffeine and alcohol, and about his general medical history, including any major illnesses or surgeries
Answers to these questions will help the health care provider identify the problem or determine what medical tests are needed.
Diagnosing BPH may require a series of medical exams and tests. A DRE is a physical exam of the prostate. The health care provider will ask the patient to bend over a table or lie on his side while holding his knees close to his chest. The health care provider slides a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum and feels the part of the prostate that lies next to it.
The DRE may be slightly uncomfortable, but it is brief. This exam reveals whether the prostate has any abnormalities that require more testing. If an infection is suspected, the health care provider might massage the prostate during the DRE to obtain fluid to examine with a microscope. This exam is usually done first. Many health care providers perform a DRE as part of a routine physical exam for men age 50 or older, some even at age 40, whether or not the man has urinary problems.
(PSA) blood test
The first test for detecting prostate problems is a blood test to measure prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a protein made only by the prostate gland. This test is often included in routine physical exams for men older than age 50. Because African American men have higher rates of getting, and dying from, prostate cancer than men of other racial or ethnic groups in the United States, medical organizations recommend a PSA blood test be given starting at age 40 for African American men.
Medical organizations also recommend a PSA blood test be given starting at age 40 for men with a family history of prostate cancer. Some medical organizations even recommend a PSA blood test be given to all men starting at age 40. If urination problems are present or if a PSA blood test indicates a problem, additional tests may be ordered. These tests may require a patient to change his diet or fluid intake or to stop taking medications. If the tests involve inserting instruments into the urethra or rectum, antibiotics may be given before and after the test to prevent infection. A PSA blood test is performed to detect or rule out prostate cancer.
The amount of PSA in the blood is often higher in men who have prostate cancer. However, an elevated PSA level does not necessarily indicate prostate cancer. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the PSA blood test for use in conjunction with a DRE to help detect prostate cancer in men age 50 or older and for monitoring men with prostate cancer after treatment. However, much remains unknown about how to interpret a PSA blood test, its ability to discriminate between cancer and problems such as BPH and prostatitis, and the best course of action if the PSA level is high. When done in addition to a DRE, a PSA blood test enhances detection of prostate cancer. However, the test is known to have relatively high false-positive rates.
A PSA blood test also may identify a greater number of medically insignificant lumps or growths, called tumors, in the prostate. Health care providers and patients should weigh the benefits of PSA blood testing against the risks of follow-up diagnostic tests. The procedures used to diagnose prostate cancer may cause significant side effects, including bleeding and infection
Urinalysis is the testing of a urine sample for abnormal substances or signs of infection. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care provider's office or commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a lab for analysis. If an infection is suspected, the health care provider may ask that the urine sample be collected in two or three containers during a single urination to help locate the infection site.
After the first collection, the health care provider will have the patient stop the urine stream for a prostate massage before collecting more urine. If signs of infection appear in the first container but not in the others, the infection is likely to be in the urethra. If the urine contains significantly more bacteria after the prostate massage or bacteria are in the prostate fluid itself, the infection is likely to be in the prostate. Urodynamic Tests Urodynamic testing is any procedure that looks at how well the bladder, sphincters, and urethra are storing and releasing urine.
Most urodynamic tests focus on the bladder's ability to hold urine and empty steadily and completely. If the prostate problem appears to be related to urine blockage, the health care provider may recommend tests that measure bladder pressure and urine flow rate. One test involves urinating into a special device that measures how quickly the urine is flowing and records how many seconds it takes for the peak flow rate to be reached. Another test measures postvoid residual, the amount of urine left in the bladder when urination stops.
A weak urine stream and urinary retention may be signs of urine blockage caused by an enlarged prostate that is squeezing the urethra. Some urodynamic tests are performed in a health care provider's office without anesthesia. Other urodynamic tests are performed in a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital with local anesthesia. Cystoscopy Cystoscopy is a procedure that allows the health care provider to look for blockage in the lower urinary tract. A cystoscope is a tubelike instrument used to look inside the urethra and bladder. After a solution numbs the inside of the penis, the health care provider inserts the cystoscope through the opening at the tip of the penis and into the lower urinary tract. By looking through the cystoscope, the health care provider can determine the location and degree of the urine blockage.
A cystoscopy is performed in a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital with local anesthesia. The procedure is usually performed by a urologist, a doctor who specializes in treating problems of the urinary tract and the male reproductive system. Abdominal Ultrasound Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. The transducer can be moved to different angles to make it possible to examine different organs. In abdominal ultrasound, the health care provider applies a gel to the patient's abdomen and moves a handheld transducer over the skin. The gel allows the transducer to glide easily, and it improves the transmission of the signals. The procedure is performed in a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician and interpreted by a doctor, usually a radiologist'a doctor who specializes in medical imaging. Anesthesia is not needed. An abdominal ultrasound can create images of the entire urinary tract. The images can show damage or abnormalities in the urinary tract resulting from urine blockage at the prostate.
Transrectal Ultrasound with Prostate Biopsy: Transrectal ultrasound is most often used to examine the prostate. In a transrectal ultrasound, the health care provider inserts a transducer slightly larger than a pen into the man's rectum next to the prostate. The ultrasound image shows the size of the prostate and any abnormal-looking areas, such as tumors. Transrectal ultrasound cannot definitively identify prostate cancer. To determine whether a tumor is cancerous, the health care provider uses the transducer and ultrasound images to guide a needle to the tumor. The needle is then used to remove a few pieces of prostate tissue for examination with a microscope. This process, called biopsy, can reveal whether prostate cancer is present.
A transrectal ultrasound with prostate biopsy is usually performed by a doctor in a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital with light sedation and local anesthesia. The biopsied prostate tissue is examined in a laboratory by a pathologist'a doctor who specializes in diagnosing diseases. MRI and CT Scan An MRI is a test that takes pictures of the body's internal organs and soft tissues without using x rays. The MRI machines use radio waves and magnets to produce detailed pictures. An MRI may also involve the injection of dye. A CT scan uses a combination of x rays and computer technology to create three-dimensional (3-D) images. A CT scan may also involve the injection of a dye. MRI and CT scan images can help identify abnormal structures in the urinary tract, but they cannot distinguish between cancerous tumors and noncancerous prostate enlargement. Once a biopsy has confirmed cancer, these imaging techniques will show how far the cancer has spread. MRIs and CT scans are usually performed at an outpatient center or hospital by a specially trained technician and interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. For an MRI, light sedation may be used for people with a fear of confined spaces.
Points to Remember:
Common prostate problems are prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Prostatitis is the most common prostate problem for men younger than age 50. BPH is the most common prostate problem for men older than age 50. Older men are at risk for prostate cancer, but it is much less common than BPH. Because different prostate problems have similar symptoms, diagnosing the problem may require a series of medical exams and tests. Medical tests to detect prostate problems include prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, urinalysis, urodynamic tests, cystoscopy, and abdominal ultrasound. If prostate cancer is suspected, transrectal ultrasound with prostate biopsy is performed.
Some medical tests require no preparation, while others may require changes in diet and fluid intake or a stop of medications. Some medical tests may be slightly uncomfortable. Others cause mild discomfort for a few hours after the procedure.. Some medical test results are available soon after the test, while other medical test results may take several days to come back.
Medical Tests for Prostate Problems NKUDIC: NIH Publication No. 12-5105 January 2012
Prostate Enlargement: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia NKUDIC: NIH Publication No. 07-3012 June 2006
The Urologic Diseases Dictionary NKUDIC: NIH Publication No. 10-4376 May 2010
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)
National Institutes of Health
NIH Publication No. 07-3012
AUAFoundation - The Official Foundation of the American Urological Association
NKDEP - National Kidney Disease Education Program
NKUDIC - National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases
Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)Kidney and Urologic Diseases A-Z list of Topics and Titles
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African harrier-hawk (Polyboroides typus)
|Also known as:||African gymnogene, banded gymnogene, banded harrier-hawk, gymnogene|
|Size||Length: 65 cm (2)|
|Weight||500 - 950 g (2) (3)|
Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (4).
A fairly large but relatively lightweight bird of prey, the African harrier-hawk has a distinctive small, pointed head, with a patch of naked yellow skin on the face which flushes red when the bird is excited (2) (3) (5). On the top of the head is a crest of feathers (2), which may be raised or lowered. The plumage is mainly grey, with neat black and white barring on the abdomen and thighs, though this is absent in some individuals. The wings are long and rounded, with distinct, broad black ends to the flight feathers, and the tail is black and relatively long, with a clear white or grey central band. Male and female African harrier-hawks are similar in appearance, though the female may be slightly larger than the male, while juveniles have brown plumage, blackish facial skin, a brown tail with four darker brown bars, and variable amounts of whitish, reddish-brown or dark bars or streaks on the abdomen (2) (3) (5). Adult plumage is not attained until about the third year (3).
Two subspecies of African harrier-hawk are recognised: Polyboroides typus typus and Polyboroides typus pectoralis, the latter being smaller and darker, with more barring on the underparts (2) (3). The African harrier-hawk is a fairly silent bird, but in the breeding season gives a long, plaintive su-eeeeee-oo call, as well as a high hweep-hweek-hweep near the nest (3) (5).
The African harrier-hawk is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal east to Sudan, Eritrea and Ethiopia, and south to South Africa (3) (6), as well as on the island of Pemba (3). P. t. pectoralis occurs from Senegal to western Sudan, and south to Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo, while P. t. typus has a more eastern and southerly distribution, from eastern Sudan and Eritrea, south through East Africa, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola, and as far south as South Africa (2) (3). Although resident in most areas, the African harrier-hawk may make some seasonal movements in parts of West Africa and may be locally nomadic in parts of southern Africa (2) (3).
Inhabits mainly forest, woodland, wooded savanna, tall riparian vegetation and wooded ravines, up to elevations of around 3,000 metres (2) (3) (7). In large areas of continuous forest, the African harrier-hawk is generally found at the forest edges, in clearings or close to rivers (2) (3), and also readily adapts to partly deforested areas and to plantations, particularly stands of eucalyptus trees (3) (7). In hilly or mountainous terrain the species is often associated with cliff faces, though it also inhabits flat plains (7).
The diet of the African harrier-hawk is quite varied, and includes small mammals such as rodents and bats, as well as birds, eggs and nestlings, lizards, amphibians and insects. It may also occasionally take stranded fish or carrion, and in West Africa often feeds on oil-palm fruits (2) (3). While some hunting takes place from low flight over vegetation or by watching for prey from a perch, the African harrier-hawk is notable for its habit of actively searching for prey in trees, nests, rock faces, and from underneath objects on the ground. It can often be seen clambering about and hanging from tree limbs, running up tree trunks with wings flapping, or hanging from foliage or birds’ nests as it searches for food (2) (3) (5). A unique feature of harrier-hawks is the remarkable flexibility of their legs and feet, and the long yellow legs and small feet of the African harrier-hawk are able to bend both forwards and backwards through large angles, enabling the bird to reach into nests, holes and crevices to extract otherwise inaccessible prey (2) (3) (8).
The breeding season of the African harrier-hawk varies with location (2) (3). During courtship, the male performs a slow, circling display flight, and, upon being joined by the female, the pair may come together, with the female rolling over and the pair sometimes briefly touching claws in mid-air (3). The nest is usually relatively large and built with sticks, in a tree or on a cliff ledge, and lined with sprays of green leaves. One to three eggs are laid, and hatch after an incubation period of about 35 days. Older chicks often kill younger siblings soon after hatching, with usually only one, or sometimes two, chicks raised, which fledge after 45 to 55 days (2) (3).
The African harrier-hawk is one of the most common birds of prey in parts of West Africa, though it is less common and more patchily distributed in other areas. The species still has a wide range and a large global population, and is not currently considered globally threatened (2) (3) (6). The African harrier-hawk is thought to adapt quite easily to altered environments (3), and its preference for stands of alien trees has even resulted in it colonising new areas (7). There are not thought to be any obvious threats to this species (3), although some isolated incidents of persecution have been reported (7).
The African harrier-hawk is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that international trade in this species should be carefully monitored and controlled (4), and is also listed along with other African birds of prey under Class B of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, meaning that the African harrier-hawk should not be killed or captured without special authorisation (9). The species is also likely to occur in a number of protected areas throughout its range, such as in the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas in Gabon (10).
For more information on the conservation of birds of prey, see:
The Peregrine Fund:
For more information on the conservation of birds of prey in Southern Africa, see:
Birds of Prey Programme of the Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa:
For more information on this and other bird species please see:
- BirdLife International:
Authenticated (17/08/09) by André Botha, Manager of the Birds of Prey Working Group of the Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.
- Carrion: the flesh of a dead animal.
- Flight feathers: the feathers at the end of the wing, involved in flight.
- Incubation: the act of incubating eggs, that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible.
- Riparian: relating to the banks of watercourses.
- Subspecies: a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species.
IUCN Red List (January, 2009)
- del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. (1994) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
- Ferguson-Lees, J. and Christie, D.A. (2001) Raptors of the World. Helm Identification Guides, A & C Black Publishers, London.
CITES (January, 2009)
- Sinclair, I. and Davidson, I. (2006) Sasol Southern African Birds: A Photographic Guide. Struik, Cape Town.
BirdLife International (January, 2009)
Boshoff, A.F. (1997) Gymnogene. In: Harrison, J.A., Allan., D.G., Underhill, L.G., Herremans, M., Tree, A.T., Parker, V. and Brown, C.J. (Eds) The Atlas of Southern African Birds. Volume I. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg. Available at:
- Burton, P.J.K. (1978) The intertarsal joint of the harrier-hawks Polyboroides spp. and the crane hawk Geranospiza caerulescens. Ibis, 120(2): 171 - 177.
African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (January, 2009)
- Angehr, G., Schmidt, B., Njie, F., Christy, P., Gebhard, C., Tchignoumba, L. and Ombenotori, M.A.E. (2006) Bird surveys in the Gamba Complex of Protected Areas, Gabon. In: Alonso, A., Lee, M.E., Campbell, P., Pauwels, O.S.G. and Dallmeier, F. (Eds) Gamba, Gabon: Biodiversity of an Equatorial African Rainforest. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, No. 12.


The Effect of a Natural Zeolite on Health and Nutrition
A wealth of published data provides evidence for the dietary benefits of natural zeolites to pigs and piglets. In many cases, clinoptilolite zeolite is credited with reducing the instances and severity of diarrhea and intestinal disturbances (Papaioannou, 2005). Also, the water adsorption properties of the mineral leads to drier and more compact feces.
Zeolite’s ability to bind ammonia and ammonium is linked to overall improvements in the health and performance of animals. For instance, studies linked clinoptilolite to reductions in ammonia concentrations in blood serum (Papaioannou, 2004). It is also reduced the weight of organs involved in metabolizing ammonia (e.g. liver) because of lowered concentrations of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract (Papaioannou, 2005).
During a study that evaluated the use of zeolite in the diets of Yorkshire pigs over a 79-day period, researchers found that the weight gain of young and mature animals was 25 percent greater than those receiving a normal diet (Mumpton, 1985). Findings also reported that “feed supplemented with zeolites gave rise to feed efficiencies about 35 percent greater than those of normal rations when fed to young pigs…and 6 percent greater when given to older animals” (Mumpton, 1985, p. 137). The researchers suggested that zeolite-fed animals experienced a more efficient conversion of feedstuff nitrogen to animal protein and that the digestive process was more thorough. (Mumpton, 1985). Finally, the presence of zeolite in swine rations contributed to the well-being of the animals; the death rate and instance of disease was significantly lower for animals fed a diet containing 6 percent clinoptilolite.
Leung et al. (2007) conducted two tests to examine the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite as a feed additive. The first experiment examined the ammonium binding potential of zeolite in a simulated digestive tract and found that the mineral remains stable, even at a pH of 1.5. The second test examined four clinoptilolite levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 percent) added to 2 standard feed qualities. The findings indicated a 5 percent improvement in feed digestibility using 4 percent clinoptilolite, regardless of the weight category of hogs involved in the test.
In addition to promoting health in digestive tracts, researchers found that zeolite can also protect animals against the effects of mycotoxins found in feed. Zearalenone, a potent estrogenic metabolite, is a toxin that is found on crops like corn, barley, oats, and wheat. It causes considerable concern to livestock producers because it causes infertility, miscarriage, and breeding problems, particularly in swine populations. Papaioannou et al. (2005) found that when a clinoptilolite supplication at a rate of 2 percent was fed to pregnant sows, the mineral appeared to played a protective role against the effects of the toxin; over the course of the study, the researchers observed improvements in all indicative reproductive performance traits.
Natural Zeolite and the Prevention of Scours
Mumpton (1985) reported that the addition of zeolite to the diet of piglets afflicted with scours reversed the symptoms within several days. In one test, piglets were fed a diet containing 30 percent zeolite for 15 days followed by 10 percent zeolite for the remaining part of a month-long trial. The severity of symptoms decreased immediately and after 7 days, feces were hard and normal. Researchers did not observe health implications caused by a high consumption of zeolite and all piglets regained healthy appetites after recovering from the disease.
While zeolite significantly improves the health of piglets afflicted with scours, a study conducted at the Ichikawa Livestock Experiment Station (Mumpton, 1985) found that it is possible to prevent the disease by feeding pregnant sows 400 g of clinoptilolite each day; the trial spanned a period from conception to the end of a 35-day weaning period. Researchers reported that the vitalizing effect of zeolite is transferred from mother to offspring and increased the growth rate and weight gain of piglets through the weaning period; the test animals weighed 65 – 85% more than others by the end of the weaning period (Mumpton, 1985). Also, the piglets in the test group suffered almost no attacks of scours, while other piglets born at the same time were severely afflicted (Mumpton, 1985).
Post-weaned piglets can experience infection or inflammation in the small intestine because of low enzyme activity, a condition that is usually accompanied by diarrhea. Papaioannou et al. (2005) found that clinoptilolite zeolite can adsorb dietary substances linked to intestinal hypersensitivity and restore digestive enzyme activity. When zeolite was used as a feed additive, newly weaned piglets experienced fewer occurrences of diarrhea syndrome.
As an alternative to dietary antibiotic growth promoters, researchers have examined clinoptilolite zeolite on growth performance, gut health, and intestinal immune cells. One study (Valpotic et al., 2016) examined a group of piglets who were fed a diet supplemented with clinoptilolite for five weeks; findings indicate that their diarrhea severity score was 12.96% lower than non-treated piglets. Study conclusions linked the central benefit of clinoptilolite zeolite to gut health and promotion of intestinal immune cells. Growth performance remained on par with piglets who were not fed a zeolite supplemented diet.


What are some examples of a business model?
What is a business model?
A business model is a framework for how a company creates value. Ultimately, it distills the potential of an organization down to its essence and provides a framework for success and overcoming challenges.
A business model captures the fundamental assumptions and any key learnings about a new venture. For example, it might enumerate the company’s core value proposition, targeting customers, key resources, and assumed revenue streams.
Why is a business model important?
A business model is important because it captures where the business is headed and how it will get there. It is the DNA of the company’s strategy and it sets the direction for success.
The exercise of writing a business model also forces deep thought and tough decisions. Just as important is what is left out of the business model — this highlights what is not important.
A business model is often what founders of an emerging company work on first, but it is also useful for established companies moving into a new market. It is useful to assess the potential of a new product line or strategic venture and how it might fare in an existing market.
The process of planning and articulating a business model gives company leaders a clearer picture of how they will realize their vision. At the same time, sharing it with others in the organization encourages alignment, consensus building, and buy-in. A solid business model keeps product and company builders accountable for what they are working on and the time and resources they consume.
Building a business model also encourage leaders to think from the outside in. This means gaining insight into what matters to customers and how to best deliver real value to them.
What are the components of a business model?
Every company should write down its fundamental approach to going to market and how it will create real value for customers, employees, and even partners. This is why business models typically include information about target customers, the market, organization strengths and challenges, essential elements of the product, and how it will be sold. Business models are the fastest way to capture and communicate these elements within a company.
Here is a detailed list of components that are found in most business models:
- Problem: the target customers’ pain points
- Solution: how the company intends to meet the customers’ needs (aka the product)
- Key Resources: physical, intellectual, human, and financial assets at the company
- Customer Segments: who are the target customers
- Unique Value Proposition: why the customer is willing to buy the solution
- Competitive Landscape: what alternatives can customers use
- Competitive Advantage: characteristics not easily copied or bought elsewhere
- Sales Channels: how the company will reach customers
- Revenue Streams: how the company generates income
- Revenue Model: framework for how the company will be profitable
- Key Partners: partners and suppliers essential to the business
- Cost Structure: what are the company’s costs and how should that affect pricing
- Key Metrics: how the company measures success
Depending on the maturity of the company and new offering, the actual business model that is created may not be overly complicated or address each component in detail. The goal is to lay out a strong and strategic vision that objectively assesses what is possible and what challenges will be faced in a summary form.
How do companies use business models?
Companies across every industry and at all stages of maturity use business models. Some rely on lengthy processes and build complicated models, and others move quickly and articulate the basics. There is no one right model, but having the discipline to work through a plan is important because it forces internal alignment and the best application of resources.
For established enterprises, a business model is often a living framework that is reviewed and adapted every year based on changes with customers, employees, and the market. For companies launching new products or entering new markets, a business model can help get them off to the right start and make sure that early product and marketing decisions are tied back to the strategy.
How is a business model different from other models or forms of business planning?
For as long as business has existed, companies have been using different tools to set strategy and consider future opportunities. Over the years, the popularity of some frameworks has fluctuated. The following are a handful of the most common frameworks and approaches used today.
- Business plan
This is traditionally a static document describing a company’s problem, opportunity, and solution in the context of a two-to-five-year forecast for costs, income, and revenue. It is often a lengthy superset with significantly more descriptive text than what is in a streamlined business model.
- Growth-share matrix
This matrix goes by several names, including the product portfolio matrix, Boston Box, and BCG matrix. It was created in 1970 by Bruce D. Henderson, the founder of the Boston Consulting Group. The growth-share matrix features four quadrants plotted against market growth and relative market share. It was designed to help companies review product portfolios and find growth opportunities. It also highlights what products companies should stop investing in.
- Three Horizons of Growth
The three horizons framework was developed by management consulting firm McKinsey & Company. Horizon one represents core businesses that provide the most profit. Horizon two represents emerging opportunities that have potential for high profit but might also require substantial investment. Horizon three represents ideas for future growth, such as research projects. Companies can use all the three horizons to concurrently manage existing and future opportunities for growth.
- Porter’s Five Forces Framework
This framework is designed to help companies analyze the competitive landscape for their service or product. The five forces concept was first introduced by Harvard professor Michael E. Porter in 1979. Unlike a business model, it is explicitly focused on the profitability of a business as seen through the lens of threats from competitors (new and existing) and the bargaining power of customers and suppliers.
- Revenue model
A revenue model describes how a company sells products or generates revenue. Examples of revenue models include subscription, pay-per-use, ad-based, franchise, or razor and blade. A revenue model does not contain other elements traditionally found in a business model, such as competitive landscape or customer pain points.
- SWOT analysis
SWOT is an acronym standing for “strengths,” “weaknesses,” “opportunities,” and “threats.” The four elements are displayed in a two-by-two matrix. The matrix uses both internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) to identify the worthiness of an identified opportunity or goal. SWOT analysis is not reserved for businesses or organizations — it is possible to perform a SWOT analysis on people, places, and products.
What are some examples of a business model template?
There are many different types of business models. Companies building out a business model may find it helpful to capture and communicate fundamentals in a succinct format that can be easily shared and adjusted.
There are several different templates available to do this. Some companies have embedded business models directly into their software for product and company builders.
Here are some examples of business model templates:
- The Aha! Business Model Builder allows users to clearly articulate, develop, iterate, and share their business model. It also allows a team to work collaboratively because it is web based. This one-page canvas format simplifies the complex and enables companies to link strategy to releases and features. It is available to try out as part of a free 30-day trial and available to all Aha! customers on an ongoing basis.
- The Business Model Canvas is a visual one-page chart designed to help companies design their value proposition, challenges, and structure. This template has become popular among entrepreneurs and companies practicing a Lean Startup approach. It is free to use and modify under the Creative Commons license.
- The Business Plan Overview Template from Entrepreneur magazine includes questions about the target customer market, executive team, distribution plan, and a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. It is free to use with registration.
- The Business Plan Presentation from Microsoft Office is a 14-slide PowerPoint template with fundamental components such as market summary, opportunities, competition, and goals and objectives.
- The Lean Canvas iterates on the Business Model Canvas by providing a slightly different set of components, designed to help leaders take a problem-solving approach and mitigate risk. There are a variety of free and paid subscriptions.
Crafting a business model is part of establishing a meaningful business strategy. It requires deep thought about the core assumptions surrounding how a company and/or product is going to generate value and how the team will work towards achieving its goals. And because of the summary format it requires the distillation of core ideas about the future of the business to its essence.


Martin Luther King Jr was born January 15, 1929, and accomplished much in his short life of 39 years. King was a master orator, and is known for inspiring the masses with speeches about the the American Dream and fostering change in society to allow equal opportunity for all humans, regardless of race, creed, or religion. In recognition of his birthday, we have a new set of inspirational quotes.
We also created a landscape format of each quote, see the link below each image. Both fit great as a phone wallpaper, so feel free to download and share with your friends. Enjoy!
“Nothing in this world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.”
“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.”
“Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.”
“Faith is taking the first step even when you don’t see the whole staircase.”
“I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear.”


Children need many abilities to succeed in their education. Among them, vision is crucial.
All parents want to see their children progress in school and life in general, providing them all the best opportunities they can. Oftentimes vision is an important learning tool that may be overlooked.
Kids between 6 and 18 years see how their visual abilities are progressively more required. The print in schoolbooks becomes smaller and the classwork and homework more and more demanding. At the same time, children’s vision may change frequently during the school years.
According to the American Optometric Association, these are the vision skills needed to learn and read effectively:
- Visual acuity: the ability to see clearly at a determined distance.
- Eye focusing: the ability to maintain clear vision as distance changes.
- Eye tracking: the ability to keep the eyes on target.
- Eye teaming: the ability to coordinate both eyes while moving them or judging depth.
- Eye-hand coordination: the ability to use visual information to control the hands.
- Visual perception: the ability to organize and remember the perceived information.
As you might already guess, these skills are not only related to “seeing properly” as we frequently say. The ability to see clearly is only a part of it, but also the ability to process and respond to this information is important for the academic success.
When a child’s visual skills have not been properly developed, learning becomes stressful and difficult. This can cause demotivation for learning, a shorter attention span, and a lowered level of comprehension or efficiency, and in the worse cases, dropout of school and no social integration
The risk of being misdiagnosed
Many times, these children can be labelled as having “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder” (ADHD), as vision problems and ADHD can have similar signs and symptoms. The way to cope with them is on the contrary, way different. Vision problems may be corrected with lenses as well as through a program of vision training, which may also be needed to help develop or enhance vision skills for visual functions
Therefore, regular eye examinations are so important during school years. These screenings should not only include visual acuity tests. A child with a perfect ability to see can still have a functional vision problem.
When deficiencies in one of the skills listed above are detected, children should receive a comprehensive optometric examination. Also when they are not achieving up to their potential or spend a lot of time and effort achieving it.


Restoration Day (Día de la Restauración) — a national holiday that commemorates the commencement of the two-year-long war against the Spanish Colonial Army (on August 16, 1863) that won the Dominican Republic its independence from Spain (in 1865).
There are actually two Independence Days in the Dominican Republic (DR), the first and official Independence Day is the 27th of February celebrating the country’s reclamation of freedom from Haiti.
The Dominican Republic struggled through difficult times in the 19th century, over throwing Haitian rule, quickly after losing independence by annexing itself to Spain. These two Independence Day celebrations are quite symbolic of the DR’s troubled history and their struggles to win and keep their independence.
On August 16, 1863, a new group under the leadership of Gregorio Luperón and Santiago Rodríguez made a daring raid on the capital and raised the Dominican flag on the Capotillo Hill. This action became known as El grito de Capotillo, marking the start of the war.
Dominican Restoration War
|Dominican Restoration War|
|Dominican Republic||Kingdom of Spain|
|Commanders and leaders|
| Gregorio Luperón
| Isabel II
José de la Gándara
|Casualties and losses|
486 hostile deaths
6,854 dead from disease
General Pedro Santana had wrested the presidency from Buenaventura Báez, who had bankrupted the nation’s treasury at great profit to himself. Faced with an economic crisis as well as the possibility of renewed attack from Haiti, Santana asked Spain to retake control of the country, after a period of only 17 years of independence. Spain was wary at first, but with the U.S. occupied with its own civil war and unable to enforce the Monroe Doctrine, it felt it had an opportunity to reassert control in Latin America. On March 18, 1861, the annexation was announced, and Santana became Governor-General of the newly created province.:202–04
However, this act was not well received by everyone. On May 2, General José Contreras led a failed rebellion, and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez led an invasion from Haiti (who were officially neutral, but also concerned about Spain flexing its muscles in the area), but he was captured and executed on July 4, 1861. Santana himself did not fare well under the new regime. He discovered that he was unable to wield the same amount of power under Spanish rule, and resigned his post in January 1862.
Spanish officials began to alienate the general population by instituting a policy known as bagajes, which required citizens to hand over any work animals to the Spanish military upon demand without any guarantee of compensation. This was especially problematic in the Cibao region in the north, where farmers depended on their animals for their livelihoods. A second factor was cultural: the new archbishop from Spain was appalled to find that a large number of Dominican couples were not married within the Catholic Church. This situation had come about due to a small number of priests in the country, as well as poverty and the lack of roads and transportation to get to a church for marriage. With the best of intentions, Archbishop Bienvenido de Monzón wanted to rectify this situation within a short time, but his demands only irritated the local population, who had come to accept the current state of “illegitimate” births as normal. Economically, the new government also imposed higher tariffs on non-Spanish goods and ships and attempted to establish amonopoly on tobacco, thus alienating the merchant classes as well. By late 1862, Spanish officials were beginning to fear the possibility of rebellion in the Cibao region (anti-Spanish feelings were not as strong in the south).:208–10 Lastly, despite explicit statements to the contrary, rumors spread that Spain would re-institute slavery and ship black Dominicans to Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Meanwhile, Spain had issued a royal order in January 1862 declaring its intent to regain the territories that Toussaint Louverture had taken for Haiti in 1794. In attempting to quell disturbances in Dominica, Spanish troops had evicted Haitians living in these areas along the Haitian–Dominican border. Haitian president Fabre Geffrard gave up his position of neutrality and began to aid the Dominican rebels.:210–11
On August 16, 1863, a new group under the leadership of Gregorio Luperón and Santiago Rodríguez made a daring raid on the capital Santo Domingo and raised the Dominican flag on the Capotillo hill. This action, known as El grito de Capotillo, was the beginning of the war.
Town after town in Cibao joined the rebellion, and on September 3, an army of 6,000 Dominicans laid siege to Fortaleza San Luis in Santiago, capturing it on September 13. The rebels established a new government the following day, with José Antonio Salcedo as president, and immediately denounced Santana, who was now leading the Spanish forces, as a traitor.:212 Salcedo attempted to engage the U.S. for assistance, but was rebuffed.:18
Spain had a difficult time fighting the rebels. Over the course of the war, they would spend over 33 million pesos and suffer over 10,000 casualties (much of it due to yellow fever:19). Santana, who had previously been revered as a superb military tactician, found himself unable to break the Dominican resistance. In March 1864, he pointedly disobeyed orders to concentrate his forces around Santo Domingo and was rebuked and relieved of his command by Governor-General José de la Gándara, who ordered Santana to Cuba in order to face a court-martial. However, Santana died suddenly before this happened.:215–16
La Gándara attempted to broker a cease-fire with the rebels. He and Salcedo agreed to discuss peace terms, but in the middle of negotiations, Salcedo was overthrown and assassinated by a disaffected group led by Gaspar Polanco. Polanco’s faction was concerned that Salcedo was planning to recall former president Buenaventura Báez, whom the rebels hated as much as they hated the Spanish for his actions before Santana’s July 1857 coup.:216–17 Although Báez had initially opposed Spanish annexation, once it began he lived in Spain on a government subsidy and had the honorary rank of field marshal in the Spanish Army. It was not until near the end of the war that he returned to the Dominican Republic.:21
In Spain, the war was proving to be extremely unpopular. Combined with other political crises that were happening, it contributed to the downfall of Spanish Prime Minister Leopoldo O’Donnell in 1866. Spain’s Minister of War ordered the cessation of military operations on the island while new Prime Minister Ramón María Narváez brought the issue before the Cortes Generales.
Polanco’s reign was short-lived. After an ill-fated attack on the Spanish position in Monte Cristi and efforts to establish a tobacco monopoly on behalf of his friends, he himself was overthrown by Benigno Filomeno de Rojas and Gregorio Luperón in January 1865. Given the respite in fighting, the provisional junta organized a new constitution, and when that was adopted, General Pedro Antonio Pimentel became the new president effective March 25, 1865.:217:20
On the other side of the Atlantic, the Cortes decided it did not want to fund a war for a territory it did not really need, and on March 3, 1865, Queen Isabella II signed the annulment of the annexation. By July 15, there were no more Spanish troops left on the island.
Although many Dominican cities were destroyed and agriculture across the country (apart from tobacco) halted during the war years, the War of Restoration brought a new level of national pride to the Dominican Republic. The Dominican victory also showed nationalists in Cuba and Puerto Rico that Spain could be defeated. On the other hand, in local politics, leadership during the war was concentrated in the hands of a few regional caudillos, or strongmen, who could command the loyalty of the regions and who were more intent on bettering themselves and their followers than the nation as a whole. This system of political power persisted until the late 20th century.
Dominican politics remained unstable for the next several years. Pimentel was president for only five months before he was replaced by José María Cabral. Cabral in turn was ousted by Buenaventura Báez in December 1865, but retook the presidency in May 1866. His negotiations with the United States about the possible sale of land around Samaná Bay proved to be so unpopular that Báez was able to regain the presidency once more in 1868.:21–24
In intra-island relations, the war marked a new level of cooperation between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Until now, Haiti had considered the island of Hispaniola to be “indivisible” and had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer the eastern half several times before. The war forced Haiti to realize that this goal was essentially unattainable, and was instead replaced by years of border disputes between the two countries.
August 16 is commemorated a national holiday in the Dominican Republic, as well as the day the Dominican president is sworn into office every four years.


Old joke: “What is black and white and red [sic] all over?”
Punchline: “A newspaper.”
Argument for overhaul: This joke is primarily listed as a Category 4: Wordplay joke, but it is also listed under Category 7: Misdirects, and Category 12: Frequently Corrupted (e.g., in which the punchline is “two nuns in a chainsaw fight”). It turns on the similarity between “read” and “red” in order to confuse the listener as to what could possibly be both black/white and also red. No, a newspaper is read, not red, with the notable exception of the Financial Times, as well as the Soviet newspaper Pravda; for this reason the joke was never distributed in the USSR. However, newspapers are not “read,” either “all over” or “much at all” anymore. The Internet has slowly killed and continues to kill the newspaper industry, which has futilely fought back with smaller staffs, lower print runs, and draconian pay-walls.
Recommendation: The joke is to be reworded as “What is black and white and red [sic] all over? The digital version of a newspaper, on an Internet-enabled first-generation Kindle.”
Old joke: “What do you call a hippie’s wife?”
Old punchline: “Mrs. Hippie.”
Argument: The joke is a play-on-words (Category 4: Wordplay). “Mrs. Hippie” is a homophone, or sound-alike for the name of the state of Mississippi. The humor arises from the amusing English-language trickery, as well as from the irony over the complete lack of hippies in the state of Mississippi, past or present (see also Category 26: Hippies). While these Humor Sources are perfectly acceptable, it’s the innate senselessness of the joke upon which it must be changed. Hippies are marked by their rejection of societal norms and ritualistic traditions, up to and including marriage.
Recommendation: The new punchline will be “You call her by her name, or whatever she wishes to be called, as she rejects the patriarchal slavery of matrimony.”
Old joke: “Who would win in a fight between Mighty Mouse and Superman?”
Old punchline: “Superman, because Mighty Mouse is a fictional character.”
Argument: Nobody under the age of 70 remembers Mighty Mouse, and those over the age of 70 find him to be, at best, vaguely unsettling. People over the age of 70 are not to be trusted in matters of humor, for their main comedic icons are Red Skelton and amusing commercials for housewares.
Recommendation: Joke to be eliminated from circulation.
Alternate recommendation: The joke may be used—in a private setting ONLY— provided that “Mighty Mouse” is switched out for “Bing Search Engine,” which appeals to both Internet-savvy young people (as the new punchline implies that Bing Search Engine is such a failure as to be essentially non-existent) and the Mighty Mouse-familiar old people, who are users of the Bing Search Engine. The new joke further serves to make old people feel bad about themselves—as you know, all jokes are required to make one or more parties feel bad about themselves.
Old joke: “A horse walks into a bar. The bartender says, ‘Hey, why the long face?’”
Argument: This is a rare Category 41: Meta/Assimilated Punchline joke, in that the punchline is subtly delivered and/or understood within the construct of the set-up (horses have long faces; the bartender notes this; if this were a joke about a human looking sad, or “having a long face,” it would have been followed by a traditional punchline). Occasionally, a joke can be a teachable moment. Every joke doesn’t have to be funny. This is one of those jokes: it must be rewritten—or a punchline added—to warn people about the growing public health crisis of horse alcoholism. (Subsequently, the joke will be reclassified under Category 11: Animals, and Category 99: Public Service.)
Recommendation: The new joke, in its entirety follows. “A horse walks into a bar. The bartender says, ‘Hey, why the long face?’ So the horse says, ‘Because I am an alcoholic, and my body has been ravaged by the long-term effects of drinking. Please, help me.’”
Old joke: “Why does a fireman wear red suspenders?”
Old punchline: “To keep his pants up.”
Argument: A five-year, $18 million study of more than 300 fire departments in North America, Europe, and Asia found that 85 percent of all firemen and emergency rescue personnel wear yellow suspenders.
Recommendation: The set-up will change to the satisfyingly more accurate “Why does a fireman or an emergency rescue worker wear suspenders that are most likely yellow?” The punchline will remain intact.


Climate change is a ‘global emergency’, people say in biggest ever climate poll
Almost two-thirds of over 1.2 million people surveyed worldwide say that climate change is a global emergency, urging greater action to address the crisis, results from a new UN climate survey revealed on Wednesday.
Described as the biggest climate survey yet conducted, UN Development Programme (UNDP)’s “People’s Climate Vote” poll also showed that people supported more comprehensive climate policies to respond to the challenges. The survey covered 50 countries with over half the world’s population.
“The results of the survey clearly illustrate that urgent climate action has broad support amongst people around the globe, across nationalities, age, gender and education level,” Achim Steiner, UNDP Administrator said in a news release.
The poll also showed “how” people want their policymakers to tackle the climate crisis.
“From climate-friendly farming to protecting nature, and investing in a green recovery from COVID-19, the survey brings the voice of the people to the forefront of the climate debate. It signals ways in which countries can move forward with public support as we work together to tackle this enormous challenge,” Mr. Steiner added.
‘Biggest survey ever’ on climate change
UNDP said that the poll was the world’s biggest survey ever of public opinion on climate change. It was conducted as countries prepare for negotiations at November’s COP26, the 26th session of Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The survey asked respondents if climate change was a global emergency and whether they supported 18 key climate policies across six action areas: economy, energy, transport, food and farms, nature, and protecting people.
Its target audience of 1.2 million included over half a million people under the age of 18, a key constituency on climate change that is typically unable to vote yet in regular elections.
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Pet Road Tests > Others
Breed: Bearded Dragons
Cost: $60 - $400
Lifespan: 10 -15 years
Recommended for: Home units. Those wanting something different.
There are three types of bearded dragons commonly kept by enthusiasts in Australia; the Eastern Bearded Dragon (Pogona Barbata), the Pygmy Bearded Dragon (P. henrylawsoni) and the Central Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) - also known as the 'Centralian' (see pics above). The Eastern Bearded Dragon occurs along the length of the Great Dividing Range and is replaced in more arid areas by the Central Bearded Dragon. Pygmy Bearded Dragons are native to the black soil plains of Central Queensland.
Bearded dragons are terrestrial, sun-loving species and it is not uncommon to see them basking on the road side, on fence posts or logs. Of all the reptiles commonly kept, bearded dragons are amongst the most popular, due to their availability and relative ease of care.
Bearded dragons are named for the distinctive flap of skin which lies below their jaw. When threatened, these lizards assume a defensive posture, opening their mouths and pushing their throat skin forward to make this 'beard'. This, combined with the strong spikes which line the lizard's throat and the side of its body serve as a deterrent to would-be predators.
Of the three species, the pygmy dragon's beard is less pronounced. Measuring 10 -15 cm from head to vent (the anus), it is roughly half the size of the central and eastern bearded dragons (each of which can grow up to 30 cm from head to vent). The tail of each of these species is about the same length as their body. Thus the larger lizards may grow as long as 60 cm. Compared to the pygmy bearded dragon, the head of the central and eastern bearded dragon is much broader in relation to its body.
All three are predominantly grey in colour with some variation towards orange, fawn, brown and black. This variation is largely dependant on locality, temperature, and in the case of the central and eastern bearded dragons, selective breeding. Bearded dragons regulate their body temperature through subtle changes in shades of colour, from light to dark; becoming darker in cooler weather and vice-versa. Colour change can also depend on emotional state, with colouration becoming more obvious when startled or in an aggressive posture. Selective breeding, especially amongst United States based herpetologists, has influenced colour variation such that distinctive oranges, blues, reds, apricot and tiger stripes are apparent in the central bearded dragons and white is known to occur in the eastern bearded dragon.
Bearded dragons are pretty docile and gentle animals, especially the centralian and pygmy. All three species will however be flighty and wary of handling unless they are hand raised and treated with care. Be mindful of open doors, windows or other pets if you choose to let you lizard roam the room.
Diet remains the same for all three species. Bearded dragons are omnivores and require a varied diet of meat and vegetable matter. Crickets and cockroaches are the preferred meat supplement, though domestic cockroaches are not advised. Commercially bred, live woodcockroaches called 'woodies' are available at many pet stores catering for reptiles. Live crickets are also commercially available in different sizes. Both cockroaches and crickets cost about $6.50 per container.
Leafy greens, sprouts and even frozen mixed vegetables can be fed and provide a suitable source of vitamins and minerals. Adult bearded dragons should be fed live food about every second day, with vegetables given every third day. A strict pattern of feeding isn't required. In the wild, lizards are scavengers and opportunistic feeders. If feeding were withheld for three days, just ensure to feed for two subsequent days in a row. Added stimuli is provided by releasing live crickets or cockroaches into the enclosure for the lizards to hunt. Meal worms should not be fed as the carpus is too hard to digest and may create a blockage in the digestive tract. Commercially prepared bearded dragon food and vitamin supplements are also available.
Hygiene is a critically important factor when keeping bearded dragons. It is very important to ensure that food and water are clean and not soiled by faeces and detritus. Provide clean water daily. If you are away from home for a night or two, elevate the water bowl so that it doesn't become contaminated with faeces. Bearded dragons, like most lizards, will naturally drink from water droplets or dew. To replicate how a lizard may drink water in the wild, use an atomiser to spray the wall of the enclosure, being careful not to saturate the area. You can expect to see a lizard lying in the bowl of water when it is shedding, as the water will help soften the flaking skin.
Bearded dragons can be susceptible to intestinal worms. No commercial wormer is available so consult a specialist reptile vet for worming medication.
One of the most common problems associated with bearded dragons is parasitic mites. The mites resemble very small black dots and if allowed to grow to large numbers, will cause the lizard enough distress and possible blood loss that it may become susceptible to other diseases.
As with other reptiles, bearded dragons are cold blooded animals and require heat to carry out normal metabolic functions. The enclosure temperature should range from a high of 30°C during the day to 20°C at night. Lighting should also replicate day length; around 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark. Ultra violet light is very important for calcium absorbtion so provide suitable UV fluorescent lighting.
The most common injuries seen are bite wounds from snapping males, resulting in loss of tail tips, or toes. As long as enclosure hygiene is maintained, these injuries will usually resolve themselves. Young males can fight amongst themselves approaching mating season or until a pecking order is established. These skirmishes are usually short lived and cause little serious or prolonged damage.
If introducing a new bearded dragon to an established community, first quarantine it for seven days to determine its health status.
Around 10 -15 years. As the young bearded dragon grows, it will shed constantly. Once reaching maturity, the bearded dragon will shed every six to eight weeks. Shedding skin is lost in flakes rather than one long sleeve, as with snakes. In their natural environment, bearded dragons will enter a state of 'torpor' or hibernation during the colder months. Pet dragons will also slow down over these colder months, but possibly not to the same extent, depending on provision of heating lamps and food. Body fat is the primary source of energy at this time and the lizard may still go off its food. It is important to provide a secluded place for the lizard to rest.
Depending on species, bearded dragons will cost from $60 up to $200. Pygmy bearded dragons are most expensive, though strong colour variations will fetch up to $400. Enclosure set-up, including heating lamps, UV lights, thermostats, thermometers, shelter, ornaments and surface material will cost between $500 - $1000. Consult a herpetologist for the most appropriate set up.
One reason for their popularity is the relative ease of breeding. Bearded dragons settle well into their environment, producing eggs and sperm during the colder months. During the warmer months, when the lizards become sexually active, females may lay a batch of eggs every four weeks, ranging from seven to 21 eggs. Once laid, remove the eggs to a specially prepared incubator. Hatching rates may be as high as 95%. Once hatched, the babies are totally independent and can be fed straight away.
Bearded dragons are a relatively low maintenance animal. Although you need to change their water and remove faeces and damp surface material daily, this is a quick and simple process taking very little time. Feed regularly and just enjoy their company.
A 1.3 metre long cabinet is suitable for a trio of either the central or eastern bearded dragons or up to six of the pygmy dragons. It is ideal to not mix species, though not imperative. Bearded dragons enjoy a bright basking light, rather than a ceramic globe. If you do not have a basking light, one hour of basking is essential in natural sunlight. Due to its natural habitat, the eastern bearded dragon is less susceptible to the cooler conditions of the coast and can be kept in purpose-built, secure outdoor enclosures. Eastern Bearded Dragons will always remain more flighty than the other species.
Anyone who wants something different and doesn't have much space. Or, those who live in home units or haven't got a backyard. Bearded dragons are long lived pets which, although requiring an initial costly setup, are easy to maintain and can make a great feature in the house. They don't smell or make a noise. The flighty nature of the eastern bearded dragon perhaps makes it unsuitable for children though the pygmy and centralian can make great pets for responsible kids. Only buy reptiles from reputable breeders or pet stores so you can be sure of what you are getting. It is recommended that prospective owners join a herpetological society for further information.
All reptiles are protected by law and prohibitions generally exist against the collection of reptiles from the wild. The basic legal requirements vary from state to state and are outlined below. For exact requirements, contact your State or Territory National Parks and Wildlife Service.
New South Wales, Queensland, Northern Territory and A.C.T
All reptiles are protected. It is illegal to collect most reptiles from the wild and licences issued by the National Parks and Wildlife Service are required for their keeping. Pet shops are not permitted to deal in reptiles.
Victoria and South Australia
The keeping and commercial sale of reptiles is allowed. Pet shops granted special permits may trade in reptiles. A licence is required for their keeping.
It is currently regarded as a serious offence to keep any reptile for hobbyist purposes. The WA government is considering changes to this law.
Reptiles are not protected in Tasmania. Any non-endangered species may be collected from any area other than within the bounds of National Parks. The importation of native reptiles from other states is not permitted.
We filmed our story with Steve Leisk of Kellyville Pets.
106B Windsor Rd
Kellyville, NSW 2155
Phone: (02) 9629 3282
ACT Herpetology Association
PO Box 1335,Canberra 2601
Herpetological Society of Queensland Inc
Secretary David Sewell
Phone: (07) 2298 2100
Victorian Herpetological Society
Phone: (03) 9437 0755
Western Australian Society of Amateur Herpetologists
Phone: (08) 9444 6412 or (08) 9445 2409 or (08) 9295 3007
Phone: (02) 6207 9777
National Parks and Wildlife Service
Phone: (within NSW) 1300 361 967 or (02) 9253 4600
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern
Phone: (08) 8999 5511
Environmental Protection Agency - Customer Service Centre
PO Box 15155
City East 4002
Phone: (07) 3227 8185
Department of Environment and Heritage
National Parks and Wildlife Service
Phone: (08) 8204 1910
Parks and Wildlife Service
Phone: 1300 135 513
Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia
Phone: (08) 9334 0333
Copyright CTC Productions 2002


This is our Wildlife Conservation Blog & Call to Action dialog.
Published on Izilwane, Author: Lysander Christo
Today, the problem is poaching. It is estimated that one elephant dies every 15 minutes. We lose thousands of elephants to poaching every year, mostly for ivory or new age medicines (that don’t work). They’re killing elephants to make cheesy little elephant sculptures. So people, those trying to protect the elephant, are trying to make a difference by crushing or burning illegal ivory seized from smugglers or poachers.
At the ivory crushing event in Colorado in November, 2013, I was proud to be the only kid in attendance; my mom and dad want to educate me and to teach me respect for these great beasts, and so they brought me to this significant event. Why did no one else bring their kid? Why did no one else want to share with their children this important message? I saw many things no one else saw. I saw elephants in the distance.
I feel sad that thousands of elephants are being killed … ivory is worth nothing … if you kill just one matriarch, one mother elephant, you take joy away from thousands of others. If you kill the mom of an elephant, that child will suffer and die unless it is adopted by another willing to take on its care. Thankfully, it is very common for an elephant to be adopted, but the scars of separation are still there.
One piece of ivory generally can come from a 20- to 60-year-old elephant, but now also baby elephants are being slaughtered, killed for a piece of ivory less than a foot long. Such small, delicate pieces come from a very young elephant that is maybe 10 years old, just a kid, like me.
We children, my friends and I, are usually right: Poachers must stop poaching; the numbers have to go down. If elephants are being poached at a rate of a hundred a day, I won’t be able to see elephants when I’m 18! I might never again get to see one of these awesome giants.
The elephants have entered my heart. We are killing them just to have trophies on the wall. It is not worth having trophies; it is like having a dead body under your bed. It is a bad feeling. People who want trophies either have no idea what’s going on or are psycho because they just don’t care. This is an age when people have to care about life. If there’s no life, there is nothing left to enjoy in the world.
I’m really stunned by how beautiful elephants are, and if we humans keep killing elephants, in 10 years there won’t be anymore. We will lose joy, we will lose wonder, we will lose everything to do with nature!
If children don’t get to know that elephants exist, they will miss the introduction to life.
NOTE: Lysander Christo has travelled with his parents to Africa, Asia and the Arctic. Among his favorite animals are elephants, whales, lions, tigers, polar bears and horses! He is eight years old and lives in Santa Fe, NM. We all hope the ivory trade stops soon!