Guest Editor: P. Swiderek
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 384–398. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.38
Received 29 Jun 2017, Accepted 02 Jan 2018, Published 01 Feb 2018
In the present study we have performed electron collision experiments with copper carboxylate complexes: [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], and [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the fragmentation pattern of the coordination compounds produced in crossed electron – molecular beam experiments and to measure the dependence of ion yields of positive and negative ions on the electron energy. The dissociation pattern of positive ions contains a sequential loss of both the carboxylate ligands and/or the amine ligands from the complexes. Moreover, the fragmentation of the ligands themselves is visible in the mass spectrum below m/z 140. For the studied complexes the metallated ions containing both ligands, e.g., Cu2(O2CC2F5)(RNH2)+, Cu2(O2CC2F5)3(RNH2)2+ confirm the evaporation of whole complex molecules. A significant production of Cu+ ion was observed only for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], a weak yield was detected for [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] as well. The dissociative electron attachment processes leading to formation of negative ions are similar for all investigated molecules as the highest unoccupied molecular orbital of the studied complexes has Cu–N and Cu–O antibonding character. For all complexes, formation of the Cu2(O2CC2F5)4−• anion is observed together with mononuclear DEA fragments Cu(O2CC2F5)3−, Cu(O2CC2F5)2− and Cu(O2CC2F5)−•. All dominant DEA fragments of these complexes are formed through single particle resonant processes close to 0 eV.
Keywords: amines; dissociative electron attachment; dissociative ionization; FEBID; low energy electrons interaction
Present technological changes require the development of new methods and new materials for preparation of thin layers or 3D nanostructures. Complexes and metalorganic compounds are used as precursors in modern nano scale layer techniques. After activation, molecules undergo dissociation on the surface. Volatile parts of molecules are removed from the surface while a metal component remains and forms the layer. Activation of the precursor molecules can be induced by several processes. For instance, a catalytic or a thermal dissociation can occur. Plasma activated processes such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) can be used for coating of the surface . In the latter, reactive chemical species (radicals) and electrons lead to activation of molecules and this process can be controlled well on large scales.
One of the most innovative techniques, known as EBID or FEBID (Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition) [2,3], uses a high energy electron beam that can be focused into a spot of diameter in the nanometer range for a spatially confined activation of precursor molecules on a very narrow range of the surface. The presence of high energy electrons from the primary beam (usually around 10 keV) causes ionization inside the wafer, with a high yield of secondary low energy electrons (below 100 eV). These electrons can diffuse to the surface and initiate reactions in the precursor molecules. As a result, a deposit is formed. This technique enables the production of free standing 3D nanostructures and is already used commercially for the repair of photolithographic masks [4,5].
However, the underlying chemical reactions on the surface are still not well known. Moreover, the main problems of FEBID are co-deposited impurities resulting from incomplete dissociation of the precursor molecules. The level of purity strongly depends on the type of the precursor molecule. Only a few types of precursors are known to produce a layer with purity over 80% . Moreover, there is no clear connection between the layer purity and the type of ligand in the precursor; an iron deposit from Fe(CO)5 leads to purity over 95% of Fe, while tungsten layers from W(CO)6 can reach purities of W from 55 to 70% [6,7]. For comparison, the deposition of cobalt from Co(CO)3(NO) leads to around 50% purity  or satisfying purity over 95% using the dimer Co2(CO)8 . Only few types of precursor molecules can be converted into a layer with satisfying level of purity, for other elements there is still demand for new precursors with other satisfactory parameters like vapor pressure, toxicity, thermal stability, and stability over time.
Electrons present on the surface are combination of high energy electrons from the primary electron beam and secondary electrons emitted from the surface. High energy electrons have low interaction cross section with the target molecule; their interaction efficiency is therefore very low. Secondary electrons, on the other hand, play important role through electron attachment (EA), dissociative electron attachment (DEA) [10-16] and electron ionization (EI), dissociative ionization (DI) [17-19] processes. Their kinetic energy is only a few eV, with energy distribution determined by the type of wafer and energy of primary beam [20,21]. Thorman et al. have compared gas phase and surface data on low energy electron interactions with some commonly used FEBID precursors  and have shown that in some cases a single ligand loss dominates the initial fragmentation following electron induced ionization or attachment. This may then induce other surface interactions. They also conclude that dissociation through neutral dissociations induced via electron impact excitation  can be as important as DEA.
Copper is an important material commonly used in the advanced metallization of microelectronic and optoelectronic devices and ultralarge-scale integrated (ULSI) circuits due to its low electrical resistivity, high stress-induced deformation, and electromigration resistance which is higher than for aluminum [24-27]. Copper nanostructures, especially nanowires, are applied in opto-electronic devices, solar cells, field-emission displays, catalysis, electronic skins, and sensor devices. Moreover, they can find medical applications because copper exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties .
In FEBID experiments, the deposited Cu–C lines and squares, obtained from the fluorinated copper(II) β-diketonate [Cu(hfac)2], had an atomic ratio of approximately Cu/C/O/F = 10:64:25:1. In materials obtained using other copper(I) β-diketonate complexes, namely, [Cu(hfac)VTMS], [Cu(hfac)DMB], and [Cu(hfac)MHY] the atomic ratios of Cu/C/O/Si were 20–45:35–70:8–14:2–10, 25–60:15–60:5–25:-, and 13:82:3:-, respectively. As-deposited freestanding rods from FEBID experiments with [Cu(hfac)VTMS] showed small Cu nanocrystals dispersed in a polymeric carbonaceous matrix, which contains all the ligand elements: carbon, oxygen, fluorine and silicone [29,30].
Therefore, new copper FEBID precursors are still necessary. When designing such new precursors, it should be considered that copper(II) derivatives are more user-friendly than copper(I) compounds, which are usually air and moisture sensitive, which results in decomposition of the precursor itself. Also, introduction of amine ligands was expected to be advantageous. In fact, the reducing action of ammine ligands was discussed previously with respect to FEBID experiments using cisplatin [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] as precursor . These latter experiments were motivated by gas phase DEA studies on this compound showing also that it can be evaporated intact .
Electron impact MS spectra analysis of [Cu(O2CR)2] (R = CnH2n−1, n = 1–3; CF3, CHF2, C6H5, p-F-C6H4, p-Cl-C6H4, o-Cl-C6H4, C6F5)  and [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CR)4] (R = CnF2n−1, n = 1–6)  investigated previously suggested that copper(II) easily changes its oxidation state to Cu(I) in the gas phase and the highest intensity was observed for the fragment Cu2(O2CR)+. On the other hand, copper(I) compounds spontaneously disproportionate to copper(II) derivatives and copper(0), which can form the deposit.
Gas phase electron–precursor collision experiments should allow to determine the potential usefulness of new compounds in FEBID. Moreover, these results can be interesting for the development of new metalorganic or coordination compounds suitable for FEBID.
Previous gas phase studies performed in Bratislava with coordination compounds have shown the importance of DI and DEA processes in FEBID [10-12,17-19,35]. The partial decomposition of the metal complex via DI and DEA together with the role of secondary electrons in FEBID acting on much wider range than is the focus of the primary beam leads to broadening of the deposited structure . The importance of the DI and/or DEA processes in FEBID was also discussed by Warneke et al.  with the focus on the appropriate choice of the ligands on the metal complex. In this work, acetylacetone was studied under electron impact and it was concluded from gas phase experiments that radicals released by electron-induced fragmentation react with intact molecules to produce a non-volatile residue that was detected using XPS. These results emphasize that both the proper choice of ligands and the knowledge of elementary processes under DI and DEA in gas phase are important for the understanding and development of FEBID precursors.
In the present experiments electron impact ionization, electron attachment, and subsequent dissociation processes have been studied for the first time on the following copper(II) pentafluoropropionate derivatives: [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], and [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (Figure 1).
The carboxylate copper(II) complexes with tert-butylamine ([Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CR)4], where R = CnF2n+1, n = 1–6) were previously applied as Cu CVD precursors [34,38] for the formation of copper nanomaterials. This fact confirms that copper(II) carboxylate compounds can be considered as copper sources in vapor deposition processes. The influence of secondary ligands on the physicochemical properties and, with regards to FEBID, the electron-induced fragmentation behaviour of pentafluoropropionate Cu(II) complexes as studied here is thus of particular interest.
[Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] represents the basic chemical structure for all discussed carboxylate compounds in this work. In Figure 2 the fragmentation pattern of [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] is presented. The spectrum was obtained with higher mass resolution at which it is easy to resolve to atomic masses for m/z from 10 to 150. For m/z from 150 up to 800 lower mass resolution was used to increase the signal intensity. Some of the peaks obtained at low resolution but with satisfying intensity were re-measured with higher resolution again.
The parent ion Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4+• has been detected at m/z 788. Its electron induced dissociation can be characterized by several fragmentation patterns. The first is the sequential loss of the ligand radical O2C–C2F5 (L), which is characterized by formation of Cu2L3+, Cu2L2+•, and Cu2L+ ions up to a final decomposition to the copper dinuclear Cu2+• and the Cu+ ion as well. Another pattern results from the fragmentation of the O2C–C2F5 ligand itself, as can be seen for the C–C bond dissociation between the CO2 and C2F5 units. The rupture of this bond in the coordinated carboxylate gives rise to the Cu2(L)(O2C)+ ion. The remaining products are formed via additional fragmentation of the ligand or rearrangement of some of its atoms, e.g., Cu2CF3+. Moreover, we have identified the simultaneous C–F and C–C bond dissociation via fragmentation of neutral tetrafluoroethene (C2F4) from the complex, while the remaining fluorine atom is bound in Cu2F+. Finally, the formation of the Cu+ ion has been observed only in the mass spectrum at higher temperature (150 °C) of the molecular beam source. This copper fragment abundance achieved the highest value among signals registered below m/z 300. Over this m/z range the signal intensity is not reduced by the QMS (Experimental).
Additionally, we have seen tricopper Cu3LO+ (m/z 368) and Cu3O+ (m/z 205) ions. The formation of tricopper ionic fragments could be a consequence of structural units containing three Cu atoms in the solid phase of [Cu2(µ-O2CR)4]. These can be formed via a possible interaction of oxygen atoms and copper atoms of two neighbouring dinuclear structures. The X-ray crystal structure of studied compound is still unresolved but the trinuclear (or more complicated) structures for copper(II) carboxylates were observed [39-41].
The presence of a ligand cation O2CC2F5+ (L+) has not been confirmed in the positive ion mass spectrum of [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], in contrast to the DEA spectra (see below) where L− was formed. In the [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] mass spectrum the formation of the pentafluoroethyl ion (C2F5+) was observed, which further dissociated to C2F4+•, CF3+, CF2+, and CF+ ions. The complementary reaction is the formation of the CO2+• cation.
An unusual product in the mass spectrum of this molecule can be seen at m/z 45, which is according to our conclusions the COOH+ ion. The only explanation for the formation of this product from a sample without any hydrogen atom is the interaction between [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and adsorbed water traces. The possibility that the [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] sample was contaminated by some free acid was excluded.
Appearance energies have been measured for several fragments (Figure 3). The values presented in Table 1 are estimated with uncertainty ±0.5 eV, which results from the resolution of the electron beam that varied from 100 meV up to 500 meV. The largest value was taken to estimate the margin of error. The resolution of the electron beam was lowered to increase the electron current and ion yields when the sample has adsorbed on the electrodes of the monochromator and thus affected their electric fields. The appearance energy for the ion with m/z 18 is AE18 = 12.6 eV and is in a good agreement with the ionization energy of the water molecule, IE(H2O) = 12.62 eV . It cannot be produced from [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] itself due to its lack of hydrogen atoms; obviously must have desorbed from the sample. This is in agreement with the presence of the previously discussed COOH+ ion that is assumed to be formed via interaction of residual water molecules with the sample.
Table 1: Appearance energies for selected ions from dissociation of [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] induced by electron impact ionization.
aUncertainty ±0.5 eV, buncertainty ±1 eV, cuncertainty ±2 eV.
Dissociation of first carboxylate ligand from [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] molecule was detected with AE1615 = 11.4 eV and with a second threshold at AE2615 = 15.7 eV. Dissociation of second ligand occurs with AE1452 = 9.7 eV and again with a second threshold at AE2452 = 15.2 eV. Dissociation of third ligand starts at AE289 = 11.9 eV without any other distinguishable threshold. The origin of the second threshold can be a) an energetically higher excited state of the same fragment, b) a different stoichiometric fragment or c) a different energetically higher process, or doubly charged product. We did not find any other stoichiometric product for the given masses so the existence of an excited ionic state is the reasonable explanation. An interesting fact is that the loss of two ligands requires less energy than the dissociation of first and third ligand.
As mentioned before we did not observe any signal for a ligand cation itself, therefore we did not obtain any AE value for its production. A decreasing trend of AE for CxFy fragments was found: AE119 = 15.1 eV, AE100 = 12.2 eV, AE69 = 11.7 eV, AE31 = 11.0 eV except of CF2+ ion (m/z 50) that clearly requires additional energy for dissociation of F atom from CF3+ ion. Ion COOH+ with m/z 45 proposed as an impurity has AE45 = 13.5 eV, which is however much higher than the ionization energy of hydrocarboxyl radical IE(COOH) = 8.2 eV . According to our conclusions its formation is accompanied by dissociation of two Cu–O bonds and a C–C bond on the complex as well as O–H bond dissociation on the water molecule.
Compared to [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], the fragmentation pattern of [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (Figure 4) is strongly affected by the presence of two ethylamine ligands and contains a combination of losses of both types of ligands. The parent ion was not detected and the highest mass signal (m/z 704) for the Cu2L3A2+ (A – amine ligand) fragment was observed. The detachment of the first, second as well as third carboxylate ligand is usually accompanied by the loss of the ethylamine ligand forming Cu2LxA+. The loss of the second ethylamine is present only for dissociation of two (Cu2L2+• m/z 452) or three (Cu2L+ m/z 289) carboxylate ligands from the complex but not for one only. Finally, dissociation of all carboxylate ligands has been observed with the dicopper system disconnection forming the CuA2+ and CuA+ ions (m/z 153 and 108). As in the case of [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] discussed before, the fragmentation of the coordinated ligands themselves has been observed creating, e.g., Cu2LA(CO)+/Cu2LA(NH2CH)+, CuA(O2C)+. The Cu3+ fragment is also detected. We propose that the [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] complex partly loses the amine ligand (A) when it is heated in vacuum chamber and forms the structure similar to [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. The formation of tricopper complex via copper oxygen interaction of two neighboring molecules can occur as was already discussed above for the [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] compound.
The dissociation of the carboxylate ligand is again visible in the mass spectrum, but not dominant anymore. Series of peaks at m/z 30 and m/z 45 uncover the preferable dissociation through ethylamine ligand fragmentation. A peak at m/z 44 can be assigned to CO2+• or the (A-H)+ ion. The abundance of the CO2+• ion released from described above [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] is comparable with other fragments of carboxylate ligand. However, in the case of [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], the abundances of amine fragments (e.g., C2H6+•/CH2NH2+) were changing in the same manner as for m/z 44 and in opposite to the fluorine-containing fragments of the carboxylate ligand. These facts suggest that m/z 44 relates to the formation of (A-H)+. Moreover, in comparison with [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], the creation of the pure copper ion is strongly suppressed.
Similar to the ethylamine complex, the dissociation pattern of both [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (Figure 5) is characterized by a lack of parent cation. The highest visible mass (for details Experimental) for both molecules is produced via detachment of one carboxylate ligand (Cu2L3A2+). As discussed before for the previous molecules, the range of the ions formed by whole carboxylate or amine ligand loss was registered. They appear for both tert-butyl and sec-butyl substituents above mass m/z 130 (Figure 5). We can recognize dicopper fragments, e.g., Cu2LA2+, Cu2LA+, Cu2L+ and monocopper ions as follow: CuLA2+, CuLA+, CuA2+, and CuA+. For both complexes the Cu2L2+• fragment was not detected opposite to the [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] spectra. The formation of the CuL2+• ion occurred for the [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] only.
The metallated ions formed by the fragmentation of the bonded ligands themselves, e.g., Cu2L3A(NH2C2H3)+, (Cu2LA2–CH3)+ filled up mass pattern (Figure 5) but in different ways for the sec- and tert-butylamine complexes. Moreover, due to the low mass resolution it is not possible to distinguish some fragments, for example the signal at m/z 405 can be the result of the formation of Cu2LA(CO2)+ or Cu2LA(C2H6N)+ fragments.
Fragments with m/z below 140 are predominantly associated with dissociation and fragmentation of both ligand types. Carboxylate ligand fragments are less abundant for [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. On the other hand, the fragmentation of the butylamine ligand is dominant for both molecules. Formation of A+ ion is not observed for [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], only by stabilization via hydrogen atom detachment and formation of (A–H)+. Moreover, formation of fragments with m/z 44 (C2H6N+ or CO2+•), and m/z 58 ((A–CH3)+) is observed. The m/z 44 fragment is less dominant for [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] than for the [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] complex. For both molecules we have detected an intensive peak at m/z 18. Most probably, this is the signal relating to a water impurity as was described above for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. However, the cation NH4+ is registered in the pure s-BuNH2 and t-BuNH2 spectra  so this possible ion cannot be excluded for the measured compounds at m/z 18.
Estimates of appearance energies of copper carboxylate complexes with alkylamine ligands have been obtained for both [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (Table 2) and [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (Table 3). However, the appearance energies were measured only for the fragments with highest intensity due to the charging effects of the monochromator electrodes relating to the measured sample. To avoid the total loss of the signal the electron current was increased which lead to decrease of the electron beam resolution and thus larger uncertainties in the determination of the appearance energies.
Table 2: Appearance energies for selected ions from dissociation of [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] induced by electron impact ionization.
aUncertainty ±0.5 eV, buncertainty ±1 eV, cuncertainty ±2 eV, duncertainty ±4 eV.
Table 3: Appearance energies for selected ions from dissociation of [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] induced by electron impact ionization.
aUncertainty ±0.5 eV, buncertainty ±1 eV.
The present results are moreover supported by independent measurements of photoelectron spectra (PES) [45,46] for two of the investigated molecules, namely [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (Figure 6) while PES intensities were too low for [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. The obtained data, which are similar for both molecules were interpolated using a set of six gauss functions and energies of the electronic states have been obtained from their maxima. The first electronic transition represents the value of the ionization energy. For both Cu alkylamine complexes the ionization energy was thus estimated to 9.3 eV.
Mass spectra resulting from electron attachment to all four measured compounds are shown in Figure 7 and reveal many common features. We have observed the production of the transient negative ion (TNI) Cu2(O2CC2F5)4−• (Cu2L4−•) only for the [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] compound. The same Cu2L4−• ion was detected for both [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] complexes, but with relatively lower ion yields and in this case is the DEA product already and not TNI. The exception was [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], which has the weakest ion yield signal from DEA. Furthermore, DEA leads to production of CuL3− and CuL2− ions while a weak signal due to CuL−• was detected only for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. A common feature of DEA to all four measured compounds is that the only dinuclear ionic structure was detected for Cu2L4−•; all the other fragments produced via loss of ligand(s) are associated with one Cu atom only, the dinuclear structure is thus broken.
In addition to copper-containing fragments, the dissociated carboxylate ligand O2CC2F5− was detected. Despite the fact that this structure represents a close shell system, the open shell O2CC2F4−• ion is generally more intense. Moreover, the latter ion can be converted to the C2F4−• radical anion by loss of carbon dioxide.
Relative DEA cross sections of different negative ions (Cu2L4−•, CuL3−, CuL2−, L−, O2CC2F4−• and C2F4−•) formed from each of the discussed copper carboxylate complexes were recorded (Figure 8) except for [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] where the signal was insufficient. A strong feature of a single particle resonance close to 0 eV is seen for all DEA products. This is in fact possible only when the electron affinities (EA) of the individual products are large enough to compensate the corresponding bond dissociation energies (BDE) . However, we have no quantitative information about the EA and BDE of the individual products shown in Figure 8. The position of the resonance is slightly shifted towards 1 eV with decreasing the m/z of the final negative ionic product. This shift is quite obvious for the formation of the C2F4−• ion as well as for the formation of the Cu(O2CC2F5)2− ion from the [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] molecule.
The dissociation pattern of dissociative ionization of the investigated molecules showed loss of entire ligands as well as fragments containing only copper atom (Figure 9). Limited numbers of fragments containing more than two carboxylate ligands are observed (Cu2L4+•, Cu2L3+, Cu2L3A2+). However, it is important to note that intensity of fragments with higher masses is discriminated during their transition through the ion optics and quadrupole system of the experiment.
For [Cu2(RNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (R = Et, s-Bu, t-Bu) complexes, the largest detected fragment contained three carboxylate ligands, Cu2L3A2+. Moreover, the ions Cu2L3A+ and Cu2L3A(NH2C2H3)+ were formed for R = Et or s-Bu, respectively. The presence of the following fragments: Cu2L+, CuA2+, CuA+ confirms that the copper oxidation state is reduced from two to one. For all three amine complexes similar cationic products containing one or no carboxylate ligand (Cu2LxAy+ and CuLxAy+, where x = 0,1; y = 1,2) can be observed. Moreover, for the [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] amine complex, the production of Cu+ atomic ion is visible, but negligible in contrast to the [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] molecule. The formation of the Cu2+• ion was not observed as well.
Appearance energies could be measured for almost thirty different fragments of the studied molecules, (excluding [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]), but not for the intact complex. As ionization energies were thus not obtained for any of the measured molecules by the electron–molecular beam experiment, PES were acquired for [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] yielding ionization energies of IE = 9.3 eV. Based on the very similar structure, a similar IE is expected for [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] while the ionization energy of [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] may be markedly different due to the absence of alkylamine ligands.
As shown in Figure 3 and listed in Table 1, we have obtained for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] appearance energies for sequential loss of carboxylate ligands. Usually, the dissociation of ligands from coordination compounds requires higher incident electron energies with increasing number of ligands dissociated from the complex [17-19]. However, here the loss of two carboxylate ligands is energetically the lowest with AE452 = 9.7 eV. Dissociation of first and third carboxylate ligands occur with similar values of AE615 = 11.4 eV and AE289 = 11.9 eV, respectively. Thus dissociation does not follow a simple one by one ligand loss mechanism. The similar values of AE615 and AE289 may be explained only in the case, that while the formation of Cu2(O2CC2F5)3+ ion occur as a dissociation process from the parent cation, the second threshold at 15.2 eV for formation of Cu2(O2CC2F5)2+ would represent the spontaneous dissociation of the carboxylate ligand from the Cu2(O2CC2F5)3+ ion. The formation of Cu2(O2CC2F5)+ is a result of ligand loss from Cu2(O2CC2F5)2+•. We can thus estimate the bond dissociation energy (as the difference of appearance energies of the corresponding ions) BDE [Cu2(O2CC2F5)2+•–(O2CC2F5)] = AE452 − AE615 = 3.8 eV, BDE [Cu2(O2CC2F5)+–(O2CC2F5)] = AE289 − AE452 = 2.3 eV.
The measured appearance energies of CuLA2+ (AE316 = 12.9 eV) and CuLA+ (AE270 = 14.6 eV) produced from [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] show that BDE [Cu(EtNH2)(O2CC2F5)+–EtNH2] ≈ 1.7 eV. On the other hand the comparison of AEs of the CuLA+ with its dinuclear counterpart Cu2LA+ prefers in energy the formation of the smaller fragment CuLA+ (AE270 = 14.6 eV) contrary to Cu2LA+ (AE334 = 15.1 eV).
The dissociation pattern of the carboxylate ligand is visible well for the [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] molecule. Its fragmentation can be compared with the dissociation pattern of a similar molecule, the pentafluoropropionic acid C2F5COOH . Similarly as for the C2F5COOH we have seen formation of C2F5+ with m/z 119, C2F4+• with m/z 100, CF3+ with m/z 69 or CF+ with m/z 31. We can clearly observe that the C2F5+ formation (AE119 = 15.1 eV) requires more energy than dissociation of one additional fluorine atom to form the C2F4+• ion (AE100 = 12.2 eV). The dissociation of a fluorine atom can lead to a C=C double bond in C2F4+ which in fact compensates the energy needed for the dissociation of the C–F bond and can be observed as a energy decrease of AE100 in comparison to AE119. The formation of CF3+ ion with m/z 69 is detected with two thresholds at AE169 = 11.7 eV and AE269 = 16.1 eV. Loss of one more fluorine atom leads to CF2+ (m/z 50) with AE50 = 14.4 eV. The formation of CF+ ion with m/z 31 is again detected with two thresholds at AE131 = 11.0 eV and AE231 = 18.4 eV. The first threshold occurs at the energy, which is below the dissociation limit for CF3 as well as CF2 ions. From the dissociation sequence we can estimate the bond dissociation energy of the fluorine atom in the present CF3+ ion as: BDE [CF2+–F] = 2.7 eV and BDE [CF+–F] = 4.0 eV. For comparison, the same energies for the CF4 molecule after EI are BDE [CF2+–F] ≈6 eV and BDE [CF+–F] = 2.3 eV [49,50]. An additional comparison may be provided with hexafluoroethane (C2F6) , where the appearance energy difference between CF3+ and CF+ ion is ≈3 eV in relation to almost 7 eV difference for the [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] compound. Moreover, the formation of the C2F4+• ion requires 5.7 eV more than formation of C2F5+ ion from hexafluoroethane. We detected an opposite trend with the difference of slightly over 3 eV. This significant effect is provided by the presence of the carboxyl group.
For all three studied complexes, the fragmentation of the alkylamine ligand cation is observed with higher intensity than that of the carboxylate ligand. For [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], it is produced as a deprotonated (A–H)+ ion instead of A+, visible in the spectrum of [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. In the case of [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], the fragmentation leads only to the formation of a fragment with m/z 30 as assigned to C2H6+• or more probable to H2NCH2+. The registered spectrum is the superposition of the thermal loss EtNH2 and the complex spectra what influenced the observed signals intensities. Mass spectra for sec-butylamine and tert-butylamine show one dominant dissociation product: H2NC(H)CH3+ with m/z 44 and H2NC(CH3)2+ with m/z 58, respectively . Both of these processes are also observed in corresponding dissociation patterns of the molecules investigated here. The ion with m/z 44 may also be associated with CO2+•. However, the appearance energy of m/z 44 from [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] is lower than that of CO2+• from CO2 . This points to an assignment to (A–H)+ as may also be expected for the s-BuNH2 and t-BuNH2 complexes. Moreover, the AE detected for H2NC(CH3)2+ (m/z 58) from [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] of AE58 = 9.1 eV is similar to the PES value of its IE = 9.3 eV. We can thus conclude that the dissociation of the amine ligand from the complex and the consequential dissociation of one methyl group as well as the second methyl group are extremely effective processes. For [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], the loss of an ethyl group is a dominant product of alkylamine ligand fragmentation. Additionally, the single methyl group dissociation is observed. Other remaining fragments of the studied molecules relate to additional hydrogen or carbon dissociations.
In the fragmentation pattern obtained via DEA, we observed with particularly high intensity the symmetrical splitting of the Cu2(O2CC2F5)4−• ion into the Cu(O2CC2F5)2− and Cu(O2CC2F5)2 fragments. Therefore, we can suppose that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the measured complexes has an antibonding character and consists from d-orbitals on Cu atoms, and p-orbitals from the corresponding O atoms. However, Figure 7 shows a difference in the relative intensity of Cu(O2CC2F5)2− ion formed via DEA for all four compounds. While it is the most intensive product for the [Cu2(O2CC2F5)4] measured at electron energy close to 0 eV, its intensity is significantly lower in the spectra of the other three complexes, measured at the same electron energy. The maximum of this DEA channel in the [Cu2(RNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] compounds is shifted towards higher energies (Figure 8), which in fact is a consequence of more bonds to be dissociated to produce the same product Cu(O2CC2F5)2−. Moreover, the Cu–N bond is involved in the DEA, as well as one of the Cu–O bonds of each Cu-carboxyl part of the complex. Thus, DEA to the all complexes leading to Cu2(O2CC2F5)4−• was observed. At the same point if it is the antibonding character of Cu–O bonds and interactions between copper ions then it gives rise to ionic products Cu(O2CC2F5)3−, Cu(O2CC2F5)2−, and Cu(O2CC2F5)−•. The ion yield for these reactions peaks close to 0 eV. Fragmentations with additional ligand dissociation processes have been observed, forming still well visible peaks with m/z ≈201 and m/z ≈301. The signals can be assigned to Cu(C2F5)F− for the peak with m/z ≈201 and Cu(C2F5)2− for the peak with m/z ≈301. For [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], the dissociation through higher energy resonances leads only to smaller fragments (Figure 8). [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], similar to [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], are characterized by the same DEA products. Moreover, new energetic channels leading to Cu(O2CC2F5)2− areas appear at 3.6 eV and 6.4 eV for [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and at 3.7 eV and 7 eV for [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. The experimental results show that DEA to these complexes will also lead to formation of the ligand O2CC2F5− anion. This ion exists as a stable non-radical anion, but its further dissociation has been detected. The presence of negative charge can affect the central carbon of the pentafluoropropionate, which leads to a loss of a fluorine atom. In fact, the O2CC2F4−• anion represents the most abundant product among the ions from ligand dissociation. Finally, we have observed the formation of C2F5− as the result of the carbon dioxide dissociation from O2CC2F5−. In addition a slight shift of resonance maxima can be observed, which can represent a second resonance and/or a significant contribution of higher vibrational modes for an effective dissociation. In the case of [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], the contribution of higher excited states is significant, especially for a resonance at an incident electron energy ≈4.4 eV. This higher energy resonance could have its origin on a pentafluoroethyl substituent for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] exclusively leading to the dissociation of the C2F5− ion directly from TNI. The position of the resonance agrees with the formation of C2F5− anion from C2F6 molecule, its maximum cross section is here located at a similar energy of 4.8 eV . The presence of EtNH2 or t-BuNH2 in the complex closes this channel and the C2F5− anion is formed only via the single particle resonance at almost 0 eV.
This article presents an investigation of the fragmentation following electron impact ionization of and electron attachment to four copper(II) carboxylate complexes.
Regarding electron impact ionization, the cross sections for formation of the parent molecular ions were very weak. Therefore, PES experiment have been performed for [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] to determine the ionization energies as 9.3 eV for both compounds. Appearance energies show lower thresholds for loss of a ligand pair as compared to for loss of single ligands. This effect is quite obvious for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4], where AE(Cu2(O2CC2F5)3+) = 11.4 eV, AE(Cu2(O2CC2F5)2+•) = 9.7 eV, and AE(Cu2(O2CC2F5)+) = 11.7 eV. The fragmentation of the ligand is also observed and comparable with respect to the suitable amine or carboxylic acid. The observation of the metallated ions containing both ligand types, e.g., [Cu2(O2CC2F5)(RNH2)]+, [Cu2(O2CC2F5)3(RNH2)2]+ confirmed whole complex molecules evaporation. However, in the case of the [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] complex a partial amine loss occurred. The substantial production of free Cu+ was detected only for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] molecule, and a very weak production for [Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] complex. For the remaining two complexes we did not detect any Cu+ ions. Therefore, we conclude that [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] can efficiently decompose to Cu+ ion via electron impact in FEBID. The amine ligand introduction decreased the evaporation temperature but unfortunately suppressed the copper ion formation. On the other hand, this phenomenon can be useful for the “halo” effect limitation in FEBID processes.
Regarding electron attachment, we have registered the first spectra of negative ions for copper carboxylates compounds. Comparable negative ions are formed for all investigated molecules. The electron attachment processes occur mainly at incident electron energy close to 0 eV, through single particle resonances but specific fragments are also formed with smaller intensity through higher-lying resonances. In all cases (for [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] only a week signal was observed), dissociative electron attachment generates the Cu2(O2CC2F5)4−• anion. Dissociation causes the splitting of molecules into two almost equal fragments and thus formation of the Cu(O2CC2F5)2− anion. This ion is dominant in the case of [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] but not as pronounced when the amine is coordinated. The formation of the negative ion of the carboxylate ligand O2CC2F5− was detected together with additional dissociation fragments O2CC2F4−• and C2F4−•. Here, the generation of the O2CC2F4−• anion represents the very stable and abundant structure.
Investigation of electron induced processes was carried out by crossed electron and molecular beam experiments . The electron beam was created by a trochoidal electron monochromator operating with energy resolution down to 100 meV in the range 0–120 eV. In the case of low signals, which were either an inherent property of the sample or resulted from the effect of deposition of the sample on the monochromators electrodes, the electron resolution was reduced up to 300–500 meV. A molecular beam was created by sublimation/evaporation of solid/gel samples into a small chamber. The chamber is connected with a main reaction chamber by small capillary, which creates a molecular beam that perpendicularly collides with the electron beam. Ionic products are then forced by a weak electric field into the ion optics of the quadrupole mass spectrometer. After separation of the products with different mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) the ions are detected by an electron multiplier. A constant electron energy of 70 eV was applied to register the mass spectra, i.e., the ion intensity as function of the m/z ratio of the measured ions. For a selected product (selected m/z ratio) the ion yield dependences were then measured by varying the electron energy. In the case of the negative ions the recorded mass spectrum strongly depends on the electron energy due to a resonant character of attachment reaction.
For the measured cross section of electron ionization and dissociative ionization we can evaluate the threshold value of the corresponding ion formation by a fitting procedure using a modified Wannier law . This value then represents an ionization potential or appearance energy of electron ionization or dissociative ionization respectively.
where b represent background, AE represent appearance (or ionization) energy, ε is electron energy and a, d are independent fitting parameters.
Calibration of the electron energy has been carried out by measurement of the ionization potential of Ar atoms and calibration to its known value 15.76 eV  and with reference to the maximum of the electron attachment resonance on SF6 molecule at energy ≈0 eV .
The studied complexes were heated up to temperature of 80–100 °C, except for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] where the temperature range was 140–160 °C. Investigated molecules are characterized by relative high masses in range of 778 amu for [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] up to 924 amu for [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] or [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4]. In the present experiment the intensity of ions detected with masses above approximately m/z 300 is reduced by the QMS. This can be avoided by decreasing the mass resolution (usually defined as the ratio of mass m and full width at half maximum of the peak Δm) through changing the software parameter, which defines the resolution of the ion peak in the mass spectrum (see, for instance, Figure 2). Heavy ions can thus be detected. However, the position of the peak is then not measured precisely as the signal is broadened over several masses. High resolution measurements presented in the paper represent a peak FWHM ≈0.6 amu and for medium resolution ≈1.6 amu. Measurements with low and very low resolution yield FWHM of peaks ≈4.5 both, however with higher transmittance for the second one. (Regular m/Δm ratio can be hardly evaluated due to dynamic resolution behavior.)
Photoelectron spectra (PES) were registered with a Perkin Elmer He I photoelectron spectrometer [45,46]. Photons with energy 22.21 eV ionize the studied molecules in the gas phase. The photoelectrons depart from the chamber through a narrow slit and are analyzed with a cylindrical electrostatic analyzer. In the present measurements, electrons pass through an analyzer at the fixed predefined energy, while the potential of the analyzer is varied with respect to the target chamber. An energy calibration was carried out by measuring known argon and xenon ionization potentials.
Copper(II) carboxylate compounds with tert-butylamine of the general formula [Cu2(t-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CR)4], where R = CnF2n+1, n = 1–6, were obtained in the reaction of copper(II) perfluorinated carboxylates with tert-butylamine, which was in situ generated from tert-butyl isocyanate :
The analogues procedure was applied for the synthesis of new complexes [Cu2(EtNH2)2(μ-O2CC2F5)4] and [Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(μ-O2CC2F5)4].
Copper(II) carboxylate [Cu(O2CC2F5)2] was prepared as reported . Ethyl isocyanate (98%), sec-butyl isocyanate (s-BuNCO, 98%), and acetonitrile (99.93%) were purchased from Aldrich. All reagents were used as received.
The first mass spectra were detected with a Finnigan MAT 95 mass spectrometer, using electron ionization (EI) method over the temperature range 30–350 °C. IR spectra were measured with a PerkinElmer Spectrum 2000 FTIR spectrometer and a Spectrum RXI PerkinElmer, using KBr plates (400–4000 cm−1). The Cu content was determined with a Varian Spectr AA-20 Plus spectrophotometer. The content of C and H was determined CHNS Elemental Analyser-Euro Vector model 3018.
The yield of the complexes synthesis was about 60%. The results of elementary analyses and spectroscopic data for new compounds were following:
[Cu2(EtNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] C16H14Cu2F20N2O8 (calc./found) % Cu 14.6/14.2, C 22.1/22.1, H 1.63/2.41, EIMS T = 58 °C (m/z, RI %) C2H7N+• (45, 5); Cu2(O2CC2F5)+ (289, 100); Cu2(EtNH2)(O2CC2F5)+ (334, 3); Cu2(O2CC2F5)2+ (452, 40); Cu2(EtNH2)2(O2CC2F5)3+ (705, 4), IR (KBr): , 3244, 3075, 2993, 2835, 2738, 2624, 2528, 2087, 1675, 1531, 1479, 1462, 1413, 1326, 1212, 1161, 1030, 821, 799, 733, 585, 541, 422 cm−1.
[Cu2(s-BuNH2)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] C20H22Cu2F20N2O8 (calc./found) % Cu 13.7/14.2, C 26.0/25.4, N 2.4/3.8, H 2.4/3.7, EIMS T = 145 °C (m/z, RI %) C2H5N+/CO2+• 44, 100; C3H8N+ 58, 14; C2F4+• 100, 41; C2F5+ 119, 32; Cu(s-BuNH2)+ 136, 2; Cu2F+ 145,5; Cu2(O2CC2F5)+ 289, 33; Cu2(O2CC2F5)2+• 452, 13; Cu2(O2CC2F5)3(s-BuNH2)2+ 761, 2; IR (KBr): 3240, 3121, 2980, 2945, 2892, 2747, 2655, 2567, 1678, 1612, 1518, 1489, 1465, 1419, 1327, 1213, 1164, 1033, 823, 775, 733, 586, 540, 483, 448 cm−1.
This work was conducted within the framework of the COST action CM1301 (CELINA). The precursors studies were supported by Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun (Statute Research no.103). Financing of this work was by the Slovak Grant Agency VEGA 1/0733/17. This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency, project Nr. APVV-15-0580. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and an innovation programme under a grant agreement No 692335.


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Reduction of metal oxides and purification of metals using vacuum evaporation and their subsequent rolling
Reduction methods for oxides of stable isotopes are described and some reduction conditions and reactions yields are given for the metallothermic method using La reductant and for the electrolytic reduction method.
Bibliographic Reference: Article: International Nuclear Target Development Society Newsletter (1997)
Record Number: 199710232 / Last updated on: 1997-04-01
Original language: en
Available languages: en


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Our aluminum profiles for architectural use are produced and inspected in accordance with GB/T5237, our profiles for industrial use are produced in accordance with GB/T6892, and our extruded aluminum bars are produced in accordance with GB/T3191. These barriers limit exposure to airborne and physical … Contact Hydro Extrusion to learn more about aluminum extrusions. All rights reserved. The size range required by the user may not be workable in actual production, but we have always tried our best to work with the user to check the drawings to ensure that the tolerance is workable for both real usage and actual production capacity. +86 572 2123893 It is then cut as per required lengths. Here, aluminum profile which is just created is cooled down by fans. Moreover, aluminum has one-third of stiffness and density of steel that makes the resultant aluminum extrusion profile products more stable and stronger, especially when it is combined with other metals. Bonnell Aluminum carries a large inventory of extrusion tooling used in the production of standard aluminum profiles designed to Aluminum Association and American Standard specifications. Hydro Extrusion is the leading North American supplier of common alloy aluminum extrusions and can supply extruded aluminum products and profiles to satisfy any need in virtually any industry. Contact us when you are looking for a powerful manufacturer to produce the industrial aluminum profiles. Whether our customers come to us with a hand drawn design on a napkin, or a prototype ready to go to production, Northern States Metals is an invaluable partner. This part is then pulled to the cooling table. These extrusions generally are with aluminum alloy 6063 and 6060 but are mostly emphasized on surface finishing for decoration. Aluminum profiles are produced by pushing aluminum billets through a metal die to get the standard or custom shapes. ◆ RoHS approved, Xinxiang Industrial Park, Anji, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China It helps in increasing the life of the die. As regard to the extrusions which need to be fabricated, they are sent to our fabrication shop for further processing. For example, piercing mandrels can be placed within the die to create hollow sections. Wellste standard aluminum extrusion profiles usually come in 6063 and 6061 aluminum alloy. Extrusion Die Openning That You Should Know. Click Profiles General Engineering to find the workable aluminum alloy for your extruded aluminum products. When extruded, the hot aluminum profiles will be quenched, cooled, straightened, and cut. These objects have a definite cross-sectional profile rendering a variety of uses. Once the process is complete, diverse options are available to adjust in terms of texture, color, the brightness of the finish and more. ◆ ISO14001:2015 certified Here, the addition of lubricant to it ensures prevention from sticking to the extrusion machine, the handle, or the ram. The natural characteristics of aluminum allow it to be extruded into complex shapes, providing engineers and designers with limitless design possibilities. Request A Quote, Extrusions Expert in Aluminum CNC & Fabrication. An excellent designed aluminum extrusion profile shape will lead to cost effective product and constant good quality. FONNOV ALUMINIUM classify this into some primary application industries: window and door, accessories for window and door, roller shutter, louver, handrail, railing, and fencing, led lighting, curtain wall, heat sink, cabinet, vehicle, airplane, enclosure, and more. Know More about Aluminum Profiles and The Process, Xinxiang Industrial Park, Anji, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China. Nearly 70% of aluminum profiles are in the architectural and building industry, like window and door, facade, interior decoration, furniture, etc.


One is that only buy from ball mill manufacturers in india and vendors who have a good reputation. ... These wet grinding ball mills have different capacities ranging from 10,000 ton/year to 200,000 ton/year of 3.5-23μm product. Moreover, they also is characteristics with the most advanced technology, best quality and stable performance.zircon sand glass ball mill machine.
May 15, 2021 It is a kind of grinder, used to ground different types of materials like chemicals, ceramic material, paint or etc. For pottery, coal and feldspar are ground in continuous ball mill.Lusaka low price medium silicate milling production line sell.It is also used for the fertilizer, ferro alloys, cement, pencil, marble, minerals, coal, glass ceramics and silicates.
Apr 03, 2015 Ball mill (motor driven) Electrically operated For mixing and grinding purpose, with a geared motor which revolves a SS drum. The drum cover has a rubber gasket to form airtight seal. The speed of rotation is controllable with a single switch.
Manufacturer of Continuous Feed Ball Mills for Wet & Dry Grinding Applications Founded in 1984 with the acquisition of the EIMCO ball, pebble and rod mill product lines. Neumann Machinery Company (NMC) is headquartered in West Jordan, Utah, in the USA just 14 miles south of Salt Lake City.small calcite ball mill in DaresSalaam.
Alibaba.com offers 934 wet milling plant products. About 33% of these are mine mill, 20% are flour mill, and 2% are rice mill. A wide variety of wet milling plant options are available to you, such as ball mill, raymond mill.
11,976 gold ball mill products are offered for sale by suppliers on Alibaba.com, of which mine mill accounts for 46%, grinding equipment accounts for 1%, and flour mill accounts for 1%. A wide variety of gold ball mill options are available to you, such as 1.5 years, 3 years, and more than 5 years.
Ball Mill Suppliers Best ball mill suppliers in India Our ball mill can grind ore or other materials that can be grinned either by wet process or by dry process. …
Attritor mills : Particle size reduction takes place by wet milling. In this process, the media is agitated with a series of stirring arms or disc mounted on vertical axial shaft. Recommended grinding media : Ball of 6mm / 8 mm / 10 mm & 12.how much cost of ball mill .5 mm. Recommended media charge : 70 - 75% of mill’s useful vol. Calculation of media load : Example :
Feb 20, 2017 All Grinding Mill & Ball Mill Manufacturers understand the object of the grinding process is a mechanical reduction in size of crushable material. Grinding can be undertaken in many ways. The most common way for high capacity industrial purposes is to use a tumbling charge of grinding media in a rotating cylinder or drum.
Wet Grinding Ball Mill Manufacturers, Factory, Suppliers From China, Our tenet is evident all of the time: to deliver high quality solution at competitive price tag to clients throughout the planet. We welcome potential customers to get in touch with us for OEM and ODM orders..spring construction rubbish ball mill
Wet Grinding Ball Mill Suppliers In India Wet And Dry Grinding Ball Mills Cemtec India Pvt Ltd Cemtec india private limited was established in the year 2011 we are the leading wholesaler trader of air classifiers grinding mills rotary scrubbers etc cemtec is recognized worldwide as a specialist in wet and dry grinding technologies for the most ...
Sulpher Grinding is an ideal unit for grinding non-abrasive soft medium and hard minerals and also Gram-dal tamarind seed. The Sulpher Grinding is manufactured from best raw materials. The main body of the grinding chamber whizzer chamber and the blower are made of heavy duty cast iron every portion which comes in contact with the materials is lined with heavy duty steel plates.
Wet Grinding Ball Mill Supplier In India. India Wet Ball Mill. Ball mills manufacturers amp suppliers in india mesh separator of ball mill india nnguniclubcoza ball mill feldspar 200 mesh output hotelaashishkolhapur 200 mesh and minus 325 magnetic separator feldspar crusher output 0 to 5 mm capacity 50 tons ballmill mesh 200 india upsheciqac the planetary ball mill pm 200 is an excellent ...
india wet ball mill rajkot proves projekt de. India wet ball mill rajkot ball mill rajkot ahmedabadhaagdeko ball mill is an efficient machine for fine powder grinding and key equipment for grinding after the crushing are two ways of ball mill grinding the dry way and the wet wayt is used to grind many kinds of mineral ores and other materials or to select mineall mill is also w more read …
Calcite Mill Price Unterkuenfte Ohne Not Ch. 500 micron fine calcite with ball mill. calcite wet ball mill iron ore ball mill for sale.wet ball mill.ball mill manufacturer grinding mill the ball mill is the main grinding machine to grind various mineral ores coal cement raw calcium carbonate powder grinding plant cement grinding plant and mine ore mining process like gold processing
A wide variety of grinder ball mill options are available to you, such as 1.5 years, more than 5 years, and 3 years.tpd molybdenum ore ball mill long using life swy in Fujairah. You can also choose from none, egypt, and kenya grinder ball mill, as well as from building material shops, energy & mining, and manufacturing plant grinder ball mill, and whether grinder ball mill is 1 year, 2 years, or unavailable.
Our broad range of ball mills includes continuous ball mill, octagonal type ball mill, batch type ball mill in India. Ball Mill is equipment using for size reduction and homogeneous mixing of wet and dry material effectively. we are manufactures Batch type and Octagonal type Ball Mills specially designed ranging from 2 Kg to 10000 Kg capacity.
BALL MILL (Manufacturer India-Gujarat) Leading Manufacturers in Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Baroda/Vadodara, Surat, Rajkot, Bhavnagar)
Rolling Fn Ball Mills, For Industrial. ₹ 2.34 Lakh. Bharath Industrial Works. Round Ball Mill, For Industrial. ₹ 1.88 Lakh. Laima Industries Private Limited. Ball Mills. ₹ 1.20 Lakh.introduction and functioning of ball mills . Star Trace Private Limited.
May 15, 2021 Aavishkar Machinery Pvt Ltd- Ball Mill Manufacturer, Ball Mill India. Ball Mill Manufacturer. Aavishkar Machinery is well recognized company engaged in development of turnkey projects and manufacturing finest quality equipments. We are considered as major manufacturer and supplier of ball mill and various kinds of machineries like Continuous Ball Mill, Batch Type Ball Mill..ball mills plants
Ball Mill Diaphragm. Ball Mills. ₹ 1.2 Lakh Get Latest Price. With rich industry experience in this field, we are providing optimum quality Ball Mills. The offered ball mills developed by our experts by utilizing high quality components and modern technology as per the set market standards.
Wet Grinding Ball Mill Manufacturer India,Wet . 2017-10-25 Wet Grinding Ball Mill. Wet grinding is a milling process used to produce powder or paste from a solid using a liquid such as water.of fertilizer grinding ball mill. It can also be used in an abrasive process to reform hard objects.Numerous items can be processed in this way, for example, grains and ores.
Our customer service team is here to help you 24/7. We can ship you parts, send field service technicians to your site and answer any questions you have. Whatever you need, we are here for you.


BEIJING -- BMW AG, which plans to make extensive use of carbon fiber in its upcoming Megacity electric vehicle, sees wider applications for the super-strong, lightweight material.
“We will be the first manufacturer to take carbon fiber to effectively high volume,” global sales head Ian Robertson said at the Beijing motor show.
Carbon fiber technology shows promise for uses outside of the electric vehicle project, he said. And that could help the venture generate better economies of scale.
The German manufacturer and partner SGL Group plan to build a $100 million carbon fiber manufacturing plant in Washington state to supply parts of the new electric car.
The Washington plant will make the carbon fiber, and a factory in Germany will mold it into paneling for the Megacity Vehicle, which will be built in Leipzig, Germany, and arrives in 2013.
“We are developing a lot of volume technology here,” Robertson said.
Weight savings from carbon fiber in the Megacity nearly compensate for the extra weight of the electric vehicle's batteries. The material also has excellent crash safety characteristics.
Although carbon fiber is expensive, its weight savings also generate cost advantages.
“By using carbon fiber, which is a little more expensive but 30 percent lighter, you don't need as many batteries for the same range,” he said. “There's a trade-off that actually works.”
BMW plans to launch an entire family of electric vehicles from the Megacity subcompact, which is designed for major metropolitan areas. BMW hasn't decided on a production name for the car.
BMW is developing environmentally friendly cars as a part of its so-called "Project i," a unit developing low-emission, highly fuel-efficient concepts.
The electric Mini, which emerged from Project i in 2008, is now being tested with a fleet of 600 vehicles.
Furthermore, the BMW Group will develop and build a so-called "New Energy Vehicle" for the Chinese market in collaboration with its joint venture partner, Brilliance China Automotive Holdings Ltd. and expand its r&d activities at its production site in Shenyang.
Douglas A. Bolduc contributed to this report


1" x 60 yds. 3M 2460 Flatback Tape 12/Case
12/Case | Item # Y17387
- 3M 250 - Strong paper backing for good paint lines.
- 3M 256 - Smooth flatback paper that is easy to print and write on.
- 3M 2460 - High temperature resistant thin tape.
- 3M 2515 - Easy to tear. Moisture resistant.
- 3M 2517 - Use for splicing, bundling and holding.
- 3M 2525 - High visabilty orange color.
- 3M 2526 - Excellent hold for textiles.
- 3M 346 - Provides excellent surface protection


One of the most common corrosion protection methods in reinforcing concrete bars is the application of fusion-bonded epoxy coatings. Although considerable research has been carried out on the performance of epoxy-coated bars (ECR), there are still many uncertainties about their performance in cracked concrete. In this experimental program, reinforcing steel bars with six types of epoxy coatings embedded in concrete slabs with a 0.4 mm wide preformed crack intersecting the reinforcing steel at right angles were tested. Results of corrosion potentials, corrosion current density, coating adhesion tests, chloride content, and visual examination after 68 months of exposure to a simulated marine environment are reported. Results revealed that under the studied conditions the ECR did not provide total protection of steel reinforcement in cracked concrete. Their use however, tended to reduce significantly the damage caused by the chloride-induced corrosion when compared with the uncoated bars embedded in concrete with similar characteristics.


Become part of the Ecoshield applicator Team!
If you are looking for assistance on product selection or application, speak with us for professional, knowledgeable and quality advice. We are always
available to share our expertise to ensure you are more than satisfied with the results.
Ecoshield Performance Coatings has a product or system to meet every concrete coating need. We offer a range of proven flooring solutions for residential, commercial and industrial applications across Australia.
Specialising in epoxy, epoxy-flake, polyaspartic, polycarbonate and crack repair resin systems for concrete surfaces, we are committed to delivering nothing but the very best solution for your needs.
The Ecoshield range includes all the concrete and timber coating products you need to achieve the latest flooring trends and we are always on hand to supply you with the best technical and product advice.
We can help you to create artistic, seamless floors of any kind including flake floors, metallic marble effects, concrete staining systems or the popular wet-look finish.
If you are interested in opening a 30 day trade account, please complete the form below, alternatively please contact us on 08 8185 7148 or email us at email@example.com


Standard 9" Disc - AFD270
Design Flow: 1.5-3.0 SCFM (2.5-5.0 Nm³/hr)
Flow Range: 0-7 SCFM (0-12 Nm³/hr)
Slit Quantity: 6,600
Standard 12" Disc - AFD350
Design Flow: 2.5-5.0 SCFM (4.2-8.3 Nm³/hr)
Flow Range: 0-12 SCFM (0-20 Nm³/hr)
Slit Quantity: 10,155
SSI manufactures disc diffusers with compression molded membranes. Standard materials are EPDM (pictured at right) and fluoroelastomer layered EPDM. Compression molding ensures a diffuser with even specific gravity and uniform tear resistance. The tear resistance of a compression molded part is multidirectional, which is typically not found in injection molded unidirectional parts.
Our manufacturing experience ensure emulsifying fats cannot leech plasticizer and cause shrinkage and increase hardness, nor are our membranes at risk of flexure failure.
Installation of SSI Fine Bubble Diffusers


13G nylon+ carbon liner, pu palm coated gloves ,ESD gloves, touchscreen gloves
|Product name：Coated gloves||Liner : 13G nylon +carbon liner|
| Application：Various large,etc.
||Sizes: 7/S, 8/M, 9/L, 10/XL, 11/XXL|
|Surface resistance:10^6-10^8 Ω.||Static decay time <0.1 sec|
| Leadtime : 45-60days
|MOQ : 24000 pairs|| Customization: Size , Color, Logo , Packing
| Charge amount <0.3 μ C/pair
|| Colour : Grey
• 3D breathable
Various large and small electronic factories and circuit board PCB factories
For more information on 13G printed PU palm coated gloves, click here.
For more information on Palm coated PU gloves, click here.
For more information on PU embossed gloves, click here.
For more information on 13G anti-cut PU coated gloves, click here.
Anti static carbon gloves are gloves made from carbon fiber designed to help protect the wearer from static electricity. Static electricity is an electronic charge that builds up on surfaces when materials come into contact with each other. When static electricity builds up, it can cause sparks and fires. Anti static carbon gloves help reduce the amount of static electricity the wearer is exposed to.
Anti static carbon gloves are designed to prevent shocks when electricity is used. These gloves are made of a special material that makes them resistant to static electricity. This makes them ideal for working with high voltage equipment such as power lines and generators.
Antistatic gloves are required for many occupations that may be exposed to static electricity, such as construction, manufacturing, and maintenance. To qualify as Anti static carbon gloves, the material must be a specified insulating material and must not release sparks during spark gap testing. Additionally, gloves must meet certain durability standards and be waterproof.
QINGDAO HANDDIER SAFETY GLOVES CO., LTD.
QINGDAO SHUANGDE IMPORT AND EXPORT CO., LTD.
JIAOXI TOWN, JIAOZHOU 266300, QINGDAO CHINA


Soft-Face Mallet SXH-3,6
Universally suitable for a wide range of applications in landscaping and trade. The indispensable companion on the construction site.
- Two-part housing made of cast steel.
- High-quality, ergonomically shaped wooden handle.
- Replaceable, low-wear impact inserts: 1 x black medium hard rubber and 1 x white very hard nylon head.
- With extra long handle.
|Type||Order no.||Weight Dead Weight (kg)||Diameter outside (mm)||Length of Handle (mm)|


4REFINERY will develop and demonstrate the production of next generation biofuels from more efficient primary liquefaction routes integrated with upgraded downstream (hydro)refining processes to achieve overall carbon yields of >45%. The consortium...
SINTEF Industry as coordinator in the EU Horizon 2020 programme
The ECRIA project AMBITION aims to develop a long-term joint European Community Research and Innovation Agenda on the integration of biofuels production and surplus grid electricity valorisation. AMBITION brings together eight partners from eight...
AURORA will further develop and demonstrate advanced CO2 capture technologies to the point of commercial deployment.
Propylene production is classified as the 4th largest emitter of greenhouse gases among the major chemical compounds. As the polypropylene market is huge and still growing, it is essential to find alternatives to current, energy-intensive production...
The project aims at better understanding of charge, mass and heat transports in new generation PEM fuel cells MEA for automotive applications.
CCUS ZEN sitt formål er å bidra til akselerert implementasjon av CCUS i hele Europa ved å muliggjøre gjensidig, kontinuerlig læring mellom ulike interessenter og mellom europeiske regioner, ved å trekke på lærdom fra pågående og tidligere prosjekter...
CHANNEL - Development of the most Cost-efficient Hydrogen production unit based on ANioN exchange membrane ELectrolysis
the objective of the CHANNEL EU project is to develop a low cost and efficient electrolyser stack and balance of plant (BoP) that will become a game-changer for the electrolyser industry.
The project aims to address the need for flexible and efficient manufacturing that produces zero waste and high-quality products.
COGNITWIN will set a new standard for the design, development and operation of the European process industry by introducing a platform for virtual component-based architecture that integrates IoT, Big data, AI, smart sensors, machine learning and...
The objective of DACOMAT is to develop more damage tolerant and damage predictable low cost composite materials in particular aimed for used in large load carrying constructions like bridges, buildings, wind-turbine blades and offshore structures...
DIY4U focuses on digitalizing and transforming European industries and services involved in the formulation, production and supply of particulate and liquid based Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), enhancing the innovation capacity and...
ECO-SOLAR - Eco-Solar Factory - 40%plus eco-efficiency gains in the photovoltaic value chain with minimised resource and energy consumption by closed loop systems
EcoSolar envisions an integrated value chain to manufacture and implement solar panels in the most ecologic way by maximising resource efficiency, taking into account reuse of materials during production and repurposing solar panel components at end...
ENSUREAL - Integrated cross-sectorial approach for environmentally sustainable and resource-efficient alumina production
The goal of the Ensureal EU project, is to ensure zero waste production of alumina in Europe. This will be done by developing a zero-waste process for alumina production that can handle a wider range of bauxite than the existing process. The process...
GAMER - Game changer in high temperature steam electrolysers with novel tubular cells and stacks geometry for pressurized hydrogen production
The GAMER project will develop a novel cost-effective tubular Proton Ceramic Electrolyser (PCE) stack that will produce pure dry pressurized hydrogen. The main objective of GAMER is to design, build and operate a low cost 10 kW electrolyser system...
HARARE's overall objective is to eliminate waste from the metallurgical industry while recovering valuable materials and encouraging the use of hydrogen in the industry.
In-No-Plastic - Innovative approaches towards prevention, removal and reuse of marine plastic litter
In-No-Plastic’s goal is to develop and demonstrate nano-, micro, and macro-plastic clean-up technologies in the aquatic ecosystems.
IntelLiGent - Innovative and sustainable high-voltage Li -ion cells for next generation (EV) batteris
Innovative and sustainable high voltage Li -ion cells for next generation (EV) batteries (IntelLiGent) will pave the way to sustainable European generation 3B Li-ion batteries with increased energy density (≥ 350 Wh/kg) by an optimized high voltage...
Hydra will hybridize high-power and high-energy electrode materials to create sustainable Li-ion battery cells with excellent energy density.
LORCENIS – Long Lasting Reinforced Concrete for Energy Infrastructure under Severe Operating Conditions
The main goal of the LORCENIS project is to develop long lasting reinforced concrete for energy infrastructures under extreme operating conditions.
The PERFECOAT project will develop and validate a new generation of industrial wood and decorative coatings with significantly more than 25% bio-based components from climate neutral sources and processes.
PreMa - Energy efficient, primary production of manganese ferroalloys through the application of novel energy systems in the drying and pre-heating of furnace feed materials, is a H2020 project aimed at demonstrating an innovative suite of...
The main objective of the PRINTCR3DIT project is to implement a methodology to integrate 3D printing in the advanced design, modelling and manufacture of structured catalysts and catalytic reactors with significant cost reductions, access to new...
ProDIA – PROduction, control and Demonstration of structured hybrid nanoporous materials for Industrial adsorption Applications
The aim of the ProDIA project is to develop a large volume production processes for hybrid nanoporous materials as finished products. Products that can be used in health care, industrial cooling systems, air purification and gas storage.
PYROCO2 - Demonstrating sustainable value creation from industrial CO2 by its thermophilic microbial conversion into acetone
The PYROCO2 project will demonstrate the scalability and economic viability of carbon capture and utilization (CCU) to make climate-positive acetone out of industrial CO2 and renewable electricity derived hydrogen.
The REFHYNE project will install and operate the world’s largest hydrogen electrolyser at the Shell Rhineland Refinery in Wesseling, Germany. The REFHYNE project will investigate feasibility for introduction in other industry plants, as well as...
REEPRODUCE - Dismantling and recycling Rare Earth Elements from End-of-life products for the European Green Transition.
Achieving Europe’s climate-neutral objectives will fundamentally depend on our ability to develop clean energy and mobility solutions in the most sustainable way.
REE4EU – Integrated High Temperature Electrolysis and Ion Liquid Extraction for a strong and independent European Rare Earth Elements Supply Chain
The main goal of REE4EU is to realize a breakthrough in securing the availability of rare earth elements in Europe, providing for the first time a cost effective and efficient method of extraction and direct Rare Earth Alloys production route from...
The main goal of the SecREEts project is to establish a stable and secure supply of critical rare earth elements based on a sustainable extraction from European apatite sources used in fertiliser production.
SUPER PV is pursuing an ambitious bus realistic goal for innovative PV system cost reduction and consequently significant LCOE reduction (26%-37%) by adopting hybrid approach combining technological innovations and Data Management methods along the...
Sure2Coat - Sustainable surface treatments of complex shape components for transsectorial industrial innovation
The Sure2Coat project will demonstrate the benefit of surface treatments with respect to corrosion protection and to improved heat transfer properties.
Upwards - Understanding of the Physics of Wind Turbine and Rotor Dynamics through an Integrated Simulation Framework
The goal of UPWARDS project is to develop a simulation framework, which will incorporate a more complete description of the wind field, turbine, the support structure, and their interaction in order to better understand the physics of the entire...
The main aim of the VIRTUAL-FCS project is to make the design process of hybrid fuel cell and battery systems easier, cheaper and quicker.
The objective of WASTE2ROAD is to develop a new generation of cost-effective biofuels from a range of low-cost biogenic residues and waste fractions (contaminated wood, black liquor from pulp and paper industry, and municipal solid organic waste incl...
WINNER - World class Innovative Novel Nanoscale optimized electrodes and electrolytes for Electrochemical Reactions
The WINNER project aims to develop an efficient and durable technology platform based on electrochemical proton conducting ceramic (PCC) cells designed for unlocking a path towards commercially viable production, extraction, purification and...
The main objectives for the ZAS project are to improve the performance and lifetime of zinc-air batteries as well as reducing their cost.
SINTEF as a partner
|AutoRe - AUTomotive deRivative Energy system||Thijs Peters|
|BIG-MAP - Battery Interface Genome – Materials Acceleration Platform||Simon Clark|
|B-Smart - Brain-Specific, Modular and Active RNA Therapeutics||Sven Even Borgos|
|BRISK II - Biofuels Research Infrastructure for Sharing Knowledge II||Bernd Wittgens|
|CABRISS - Implementation of a CirculAr economy Based on Recycled, reused and recovered Indium, Silicon and Silver materials for photovoltaic and other applications||Alexander G. Ulyashin|
|CARMOF - new process for efficient CO2 capture by innovative adsorbents based on modified carbon nanotubes and mof materials||Richard Blom|
|CHEERS - Chinese-European Emission-Reducing Solutions||Yngve Larring|
|CROCODILE - first of a kind commercial Compact system for the efficient Recovery Of CObalt Designed with novel Integrated LEading technologies||Karen Sende Osen|
|DAFIA - Biomacromolecules from municipal solid bio-waste fractions and fish waste for high added value applications||Inga Marie Aasen|
|DESCRAMBLE - logging tool||Roar Nybø|
|ECCSEL - European Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure||Magnus Skinlo Thomassen|
|eForFuels - Fuels from CO2 and Electricity||Edel Sheridan|
|EMMC-CSA - European Materials Modelling Council||Torbjørn Pettersen|
|Erifore - Research Infrastructure for Circular Forest Bioeconomy||Roman Tschentscher|
|EUNCL - European Nanomedicine Characterization Laboratory||Ruth Schmid-Baumberger|
|GENESIS -||Christian Rone Simon|
|HYDRAITE - Hydrogen Delivery Risk Assessment and Impurity Tolerance Evaluation||Anders Ødegård|
|HyLAW - Identification of legal rules and administrative processes applicable to Fuel Cell and Hydrogen technologies' deployment, identification of legal barriers and advocacy towards their removal.||Steffen Møller-Holst|
|INFINITE-CELL -||Alexander G. Ulyashin|
|MarketPlace -||Shahriar Amini|
|METAFLUIDICS - Advanced toolbox for rapid and cost-effective functional metagenomic screening - microbiology meets microfluidics||Alexander Wentzel|
|NEW_InnoNet: The Near-zero European Waste Innovation Network||Casper Van der Eijk|
|OntoCommons - Ontology Commons Ecosystem Toolkit||Jesper Friis|
|OntoTrans - Ontology driven Open Translation Environment||Jesper Friis|
|Oxigen -||Marie-Laure Fontaine|
|Plastisircle - Improvement of the plastic packaging waste chain from a circular economy approach||Åge Gellein Larsen|
|Platirus - PLATInum group metals Recovery Using Secondary raw materials||Ana Maria Martinez|
|Pulp and Fuel - Pulp and Paper Industry Wastes to Fuel||Bjørn Christian Enger|
|PVadapt -||Martin Bellmann|
|REFINTE -||Ruth Schmid-Baumberger|
|REMOTE -||Anders Ødegård|
||Casper Van der Eijk|
|RICAS2020 - Design Study for the European Underground Research Infra-structure related to Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage||Einar Louis Hinrichsen|
|ReSoURCE - Refractory Sorting Using Revolutionizing Classification Equipment
|Platirus - PLATInum group metals Recovery Using Secondary raw materials||Ana Maria Martinez|
|SCALE - Production of Scandium compounds and Scandium Aluminum alloys from European metallurgical by- products||Ana Maria Martinez|
|SECURE -||Pierre Rolf Cerasi|
|SET-Nav -||Adrian Tobias Werner|
SINTEF Industry's EU projects in the 7th framework programme
|ACESS - Arctic Climate Change , Economy and Society||Tove Strøm|
|AccMet - Accelerated Metallurgy – the accelerated discovery of allay formulations using combinatorial principles||Duncan Akporiaye|
AFORE - Forest biorefineries: Added-value from chemicals and polymers by new integrated separation, fractionation and upgrading technologies
|Michael Wilhelm Stöcker|
|BRISK – The European Research Infrastructure for Thermochemical Biomass Conversion||Rune Lødeng|
|BUONAPART-E - Better Upscaling and Optimization of Nanoparticle and Nanostructure Production by Means of Electrical Discharges||Christelle Denonville|
|ByeFouling - Low-toxic cost-efficient environment-friendly antifouling materials||Christian Rone Simon|
|CACHET-II - Carbon Dioxide Capture and Hydrogen Production with Membranes||Thijs Peters|
|CAESAR - Carbon-free Electricity by SEWGS: Advanced Materials, Reactor- and process design||Partow Pakdel Henriksen|
|CARENA - Catalytic Membrane Reactors based on New mAterials for C1 – C4 valorization||Duncan Akporiaye|
|CESAR - CO2 Enhanced Separation and Recovery||Thor Mejdell|
|ChemWater - Coordinating European Strategies on Sustainable Material, Processes and Emerging Technologies Development in Chemical Process and Water Industry across Technology Platforms||Michael Wilhelm Stöcker|
|CRM_INNONET - Critical Raw Materials Innovation Network Towards an integrated community driving innovation in the field of critical raw material substitution for the benefit of EU industry||Casper Van der Eijk|
|CyclicCO2R - Production of Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 using Renewable Feedstocks||Richard H Heyn|
|DECARBit "Decarbonise it"||Rune Bredesen|
|DemoClock - Demonstration of a cost effective medium size chemical looping combustion through packed beds using solid hydrocarbons as fuel for power production with CO2 capture||Shahriar Amini|
|ECCSEL – European Carbin Dioxide Capture and Storage Laboratory Infrastructure – Rune Bredesen / Duncan Akporiaye||Rune Bredesen|
|Effipro - Efficient and robust fuel cell with novel ceramic proton conducting electrolyte||Marie-Laure Fontaine|
|ELECTRA -||Marie-Laure Fontaine
|ENVISION - ENVIronmental Services Infrastructure with ONtologies||Nils Rune Bodsberg|
|EUROBIOREF - European multilevel integrated biorefinery design for sustainable biorefinery processing - Collaborative project FP7||Morten Frøseth|
|ExPerl - Efficient exploitation of EU perlite resources for the development of a new generation of innovative and high added value micro-perlite based materials for the Chemical, Construction and Manufacturing industry.||Spyridon Diplas|
|Fastcard - FAST industrialisation by CAtalysts Research and Development||Duncan Akporiaye|
GRAIL - Glycerol Biorefinery Approach for the Production of High Quality Products of Industrial Value
|H2FC - Integrating European Infrastructure to support science and development of Hydrogen- and Fuel Cell Technologies towards European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy||Paul Inge Dahl|
|HETMOC – Highly Efficient Tubular Membranes for Oxy-Combustion||Marie-Laure Fontaine|
|HiperCap - High Performance Capture||Hanne Marie Kvamsdal|
|HiperSol - Modelling of interface for high performance solar cell materials||Jesper Friis|
|HyLIFT – DEMO – European dem onstration of hudrogen powered fuel cell forklifts - FCH||Steffen Møller-Holst|
|ICAP - Innovative CO2 Capture||Partow Pakdel Henriksen|
|MATESA - Advanced Materials and Electric Swing Adsorption Process for CO2 Capture||Carlos Adolfo Grande|
|MUST - Multiprotect||Christian Rone Simon
|Nanobarrier - Extended shelf-life biopolymers for sustainable and multifunctional food packaging solutions||Åge Gellein Larsen|
|NANOMED2020 - Enabling the European Nanomedicine Area until 2020||Ruth Schmid-Baumberger|
|NanoReg - A common European approach to the regulatory testing of nanomaterials||Andrew Booth|
|NanoMOF - Nanoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks for production||Richard Blom|
|NanoPV - Nanomaterials and nanotechnology for advanced photovoltaics||Alexander G. Ulyashin|
|NanoSim - A Multi-scale Simulation-Based Design Platform for Cost-Effective CO2 Capture Processes using Nano-Structured Materials (NanoSim)||Shahriar Amini|
|NAREB - Nanotherapeutics for antibiotic resistant emerging bacterial pathogens||Ruth Schmid-Baumberger|
|NEXT-GTL - Innovative Catalytic Technologies & Materials for Next Gas to Liquid Prosesses||Michael Wilhelm Stöcker|
|NEXPEL - Next generation PEM electrolyser for sustainable production||Magnus Skinlo Thomassen|
|NOVEL - Novel materials and system designs for low cost, efficient and durable PEM electrolysers||Magnus Skinlo Thomassen|
|OCMOL - Oxidative Coupling of Methane followed by Oligomerization to Liquids||Duncan Akporiaye|
|OCTAVIUS - Optimisation of CO2 Capture Technology Allowing Verification and Implementation at Utility Scale||Hanne Marie Kvamsdal|
|PI - The Piezo institute- European expertise centre for multifunctional and Integrated Piezoelectric Devices||Johan Henrik Ræder|
|Piezo Volume - High volume piezoelectric thin film production process for microsystems||Frode Tyholdt|
|Prepar-H2 – Preparing socio and economic evaluations of future H2 lighthouse projects||Steffen Møller-Holst|
|Promicrobe - Microbes as positive actors for more sustainable aquaculture||Inga Marie Aasen|
|Promyse - Products from methanol by synthetic cell factories||Trygve Brautaset|
|R2M-Si - Roll to Module processed Crystalline Silicon Thin-Films for higher than 20% efficient modules||Tanja Pettersen|
|RAMSES – Robust Advanced Materials for Metal Support SOFC||Marit Synnøve Sæverud Stange|
|Reecover - Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from magnetic waste in the WEEE recycling industry and tailings from the iron ore industry||Ana Maria Martinez|
|Skin Treat - Develpoment of customized skin treatment and services|
|SOPHIA – Photo Voltaic European Research Infrastructure||Tanja Pettersen|
|STAMPEM - STAble and low cost Manufactured bipolar plates for PEM Fuel Cells (STAMPEM) is a FCH JU funded project (contract no 303449) aiming at developing coatings for metallic bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells.||Anders Ødegård|
|STAYERS – Stationary PEM fuel cells with lifetimes beyond five years||Anders Ødegård|
|SustainComp - Development of Sustainable Composite Materials|
|ThinSi - Thin Si film based hybrid solar cells on low-cost substrates||Alexander G. Ulyashin|
Other programs outside FP7
ECLAIR - Emission Free Chemical Looping Coal Combustion Process
Research Fund for Coal and Steel
NEXPEL - Next-Generation PEM Electrolyser for Sustainable Hydrogen Production
JU Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
KEEPEMALIVE - Knowledge to Enhance the Endurance of PEM fuel cells by Accelerated LIfetime Verification Experiments
JU Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
Te-Rene-Res - Development of nanostructured microreactor-based reaction technologies for the continuous in situ production of food and drug intermediates from renewable resources. Case studies of synthesis of gluconic acid and enantiopure components of natural flavors
NANOREP II - Multifunctional surface coatings and highly scratch resistant plastic parts
ERA-NET MNT (FP6)
reforCELL - Advanced Multi-Fuel Reformer for Fuel Cell CHP Systems
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry's EU projects in the 6th framework programme