Alloy 333® pipe - 2.4608
|Mark||Analogue||W. Nr.||Aisi Uns||En||Order|
|333||2.4608||N06333||NiCr26MoW||Delivery from the stock, in stock|
Alloy, NiCr26MoWis 40−47% of Nickel, at the level of 24−26% chromium, 24−26% iron, 2.5 to 4% tungsten. Other impurities contained in small quantities: Specific weight of 8.2 g/cm 3. The limit tensile strength of 550 MPa. Rp0.2 0.2% the limit of proportionality (yield strength for permanent deformation) 240 MPa. d5 — elongation at break 30%.
The percentage composition of the alloy NiCr26MoW 2.4608 EN 10302−2008
Alloy NiCr26MoW is smelted in an electric arc furnace.
Supplier of precision alloy is certified products. Technical documentation has all the information about chemical composition, % impurities, mechanical properties of precision sheets. We can buy the pipe from alloy 333 (NiCr26MoW) at a reasonable price. You will be satisfied with the quality and price of precision alloys. For wholesale buyers we offer precision alloy with discount discount.
All products from our company passed the certification. In the technical documentation included data on composition, mechanical quality and content of impurities.
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Pipe alloy 333 — 2.4608 from the vendor Electrocentury-steel can be purchased wholesale or retail. On the website reflected the price and mix of products to date. Excellent product quality and reasonable price — face provider Electrocentury-steel. Regular customers can buy the pipe from alloy 333 — 2.4608 using the discount system of discounts from the company Electrocentury-steel. Delivery is carried out from warehouses located in Russia and Ukraine.


The ASTM standard for lightfastness is ASTM D4303 - Standard Test Methods for Lightfastness of Colorants Used in Artists' Materials. This standard provides guidelines for evaluating the lightfastness of colorants used in artists' materials, such as pigments, dyes, and inks. The purpose of this standard is to determine the resistance of these colorants to fading or color change when exposed to light.
ASTM D4303 includes several test methods that can be used to assess lightfastness, including:
1. Method A - Blue Wool Scale Method: This method involves exposing test specimens to a controlled light source and comparing the fading of the colorant to a set of blue wool standards. The blue wool standards have known lightfastness ratings, ranging from 1 (poor lightfastness) to 8 (excellent lightfastness).
2. Method B - Xenon-Arc Lamp Method: This method uses a xenon-arc lamp to simulate natural sunlight and exposes test specimens to this light source for a specified period. The fading of the colorant is then evaluated visually or instrumentally.
3. Method C - Carbon-Arc Lamp Method: This method uses a carbon-arc lamp to simulate sunlight and exposes test specimens to this light source for a specified period. The fading of the colorant is evaluated visually or instrumentally.
4. Method D - Fluorescent Lamp Method: This method involves exposing test specimens to fluorescent lamps that emit specific wavelengths of light. The fading of the colorant is evaluated visually or instrumentally.
ASTM D4303 provides detailed procedures for conducting these test methods, including sample preparation, exposure conditions, and evaluation criteria. It also provides guidance on reporting the lightfastness results.
It is important to note that ASTM D4303 is specifically focused on lightfastness testing for artists' materials. For other applications, such as textiles or industrial products, different ASTM standards may be applicable.
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HVAF coatings are similar to and generally comparable to coatings produced by HVOF and Cold Spray. HVAF is a "warm spray" process that is cooler than HVOF, but hotter than Cold Spray. HVAF guns utilize axial powder injection into an air-fuel jet with a temperature of about 1900-1950°C.
Inconel alloy 718 (Sept 07) Web - Special Metals CompanyTwo heat treatments are generally utilized for INCONEL alloy 718:Solution anneal at 1700-1850°F followed by rapid cooling, usually in water, plus precipitation hardening at 1325°F for 8 hours, furnace cool to 1150°F, hold at 1150°F for a total aging time of 18 hours, followed by air cooling.
-90 +44 µmMetcoClad 718 Resists oxidation, creep and stress rupture at elevated temperatures For repair of superalloy components including gas turbine and
Polymet Corp. West Chester, Ohio, OH 45014Hardfacing, Welding, and Thermal Spray Wire Polymet Corporations product lines consist of cobalt, nickel, and iron-based alloys for hardfacing, welding, and thermal spraying. We manufacture alloys such as Rene 142 and Rene 80, Inconel 939 and Inconel 718,
Study of Slurry Erosive Wear Behavior of ia-30 Wt Surface coating is sharing the responsibility between coating and substrate, which enhances the surface properties such as strength, hot hardness and toughness, wear resistance, antifriction and chemical inertness. The present work is focused on wear behavior of Mild Steel substrate material deposited with ium dioxide-30 wt % of Inconel718 incorporating plasma spray process.
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Wisdom is a professional export-oriented company, which located in Shanghai, one largest commercial city in China. We mainly manage alloy products, thermal spray consumables, Cobalt alloy consumables, winding machines, Tungsten Carbide Corrugated Roller, Ceramic Anilox Roller, metallic substrates, and other related products.
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|Publication number||US4738944 A|
|Application number||US 06/938,289|
|Publication date||Apr 19, 1988|
|Filing date||Dec 5, 1986|
|Priority date||Dec 5, 1986|
|Also published as||CA1303012C, DE3766808D1, EP0270224A1, EP0270224B1|
|Publication number||06938289, 938289, US 4738944 A, US 4738944A, US-A-4738944, US4738944 A, US4738944A|
|Inventors||Paul R. Robinson, Howard D. Simpson|
|Original Assignee||Union Oil Company Of California|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (19), Classifications (24), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This invention relates to a hydroprocessing catalyst and its use for hydroprocessing hydrocarbon-containing oils.
In the refining of hydrocarbon oils, it is often desirable to subject the hydrocarbon oil to catalytic hydroprocessing. During hydroprocessing, particulate catalysts are utilized to promote reactions such as desulfurization, denitrogenation, demetallization and/or conversion of asphaltene compounds. This is accomplished by contacting the particulate catalyst with a feedstock, such as a vacuum gas oil residual petroleum oil fraction, under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure and in the presence of hydrogen so that the sulfur components are converted to hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen components to ammonia, asphaltenes to molecules having increased hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratios and contaminant metal components to components capable of being deposited on the catalyst. Typically, hydroprocessing is employed to reduce the concentration of nitrogen and sulfur in feedstocks so as to produce hydrocarbons which, when eventually combusted, result in reduced air pollutants of the forms NOx and SOx. Reducing the concentration of nitrogen and metals is also desirable to protect other refining catalysts, such as hydrocracking catalysts, which deactivate in the presence of nitrogen and contaminant metals.
A typical hydroprocessing catalyst contains hydrogenation metals on a porous refractory oxide support. Hydrogenation metals usually include Group VIB and/or Group VIII active metal components supported on amorphous refractory oxide supports such as alumina. Also, phosphorus components have been incorporated in such catalysts. One group of hydroprocessing catalysts which have provided excellent service to petroleum refiners is a nickel-phosphorus-molybdenum-containing catalyst, commonly called a "Ni-P-Mo" catalyst. The porous refractory oxide supports of such catalysts have a wide variety of pore sizes and pore size distributions. Recently, active and stable Ni-P-Mo catalysts having particularly narrow pore size distributions have been useful in hydroprocessing hydrocarbons. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,424 issued to Simpson et al. discloses a Ni-P-Mo catalyst having a pore size distribution including at least 75 percent of the pore volume in pores of diameter from about 70 to about 130 angstroms, and further containing less than 10 percent of the total pore volume in pores of diameter less than 70 angstroms. During recent years, industrial use has been made of Ni-P-Mo catalysts having high contents of molybdenum, i.e., at least equal to 25 weight percent, calculated as MoO3, and having narrow pore size distributions similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,424, but containing more than 10 percent of the total pore volume in pores of diameter less than 70 angstroms.
Despite the high hydroprocessing activity of the catalysts of the prior art, catalysts of yet higher activities and/or stabilities are still being sought. The higher the activity of the catalyst, the lower the reactor temperature required to obtain a product of given nitrogen, sulfur, asphaltene, or metal content from the feedstock. The lower the reaction temperature, the lower the expense of hydroprocessing a given unit of feedstock due to savings in process heat requirement. Furthermore, hydroprocessing at a lower reaction temperature usually extends the life of the catalyst, i.e., increases catalyst stability, assuming, of course, that all other process parameters are held constant.
Accordingly, it is a major object of the invention to provide an improved hydroprocessing catalyst, and particularly, an improved hydroprocessing catalyst relative to known comparable catalysts.
A further object is to provide a process for hydrodesulfurizing or hydrodenitrogenating a hydrocarbon feedstock containing a relatively low content of organometallic components.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description.
The invention provides a catalyst containing at least one active nickel and molybdenum hydrogenation metal component and at least one phosphorus component supported on an amorphous porous refractory oxide wherein the catalyst has a narrow pore size distribution including at least 75 percent of the total pore volume in pores of diameter from about 50 to about 110 angstroms and at least 10 percent of the total pore volume in pores of diameter less than 70 angstroms. In one preferred embodiment, the catalyst has at least about 60 percent of the pore volume in pores of diameter within about 20 angstroms above or below an average pore diameter in the range from about 55 to about 90 angstroms provided that between about 16 and about 24 percent of the total pore volume is in pores of diameter less than 70 angstroms.
One preferred catalyst of the invention comprises between 1.0 and 5.0 weight percent each of nickel and phosphorus components, and between 12 and 24 weight percent of molybdenum components supported on gamma alumina or a similarly active alumina. One of the most important discoveries in the invention is that a catalyst containing between about 19 and about 21.5 weight percent of molybdenum components (as MoO3) supported on gamma alumina and related materials having a relatively small average pore diameter (i.e., about 75 to about 85 angstroms) and a narrow pore size distribution (i.e., at least about 70 percent of the pore volume in pores of diameter within about 20 angstroms above or below the average pore diameter and still having at least 10 percent of the pore volume in pores of diameter less than 70 angstroms) exhibits surprisingly greater stability under hydroprocessing conditions than a catalyst prepared with the same support yet containing a higher weight percent of molybdenum components. Accordingly, the catalyst of the invention provides an advantage to the catalyst manufacturer by allowing preparation of a less expensive catalyst containing lower molybdenum contents. Also, the catalyst provides a further advantage to the petroleum refiner by allowing hydroprocessing of hydrocarbons with a catalyst having longer life.
In one embodiment, the catalyst of the invention is contacted with a hydrocarbon oil in the presence of hydrogen under denitrogenation and/or desulfurization conditions to produce a product hydrocarbon oil of reduced nitrogen and/or sulfur content. In another embodiment, a residuum hydrocarbon oil is hydroprocessed including simultaneous demetallation, desulfurization and denitrogenation, by contact with the catalyst under hydroprocessing conditions correlated to convert a portion of the oil fraction boiling above 1000° F. to hydrocarbon products boiling at or below about 1000° F. and having a reduced nitrogen and sulfur content. It is preferred that the catalyst of the invention be employed downstream of a demetallation catalyst having an average pore diameter at least 30 angstroms larger than that of the catalyst of the invention.
The invention will be more readily understood by reference to the accompanying drawing. FIG. 1 compares the performances of five catalysts differing from each other by the weight percentages of molybdenum trioxide, the comparisons being based upon the activities of the catalysts for hydrodenitrogenating a vacuum gas oil.
The invention is directed to a catalyst comprising one or more active nickel and molybdenum hydrogenation metals or compounds thereof and at least one phosphorus component on a porous amorphous refractory oxide having a relatively narrow pore size distribution. The catalyst contains about 19 to about 21.5 weight percent of molybdenum components, calculated as MoO3, and has a narrow pore size distribution wherein at least about 75 percent of the total pore volume of the catalyst is in pores of diameter from about 50 to about 110 angstroms, greater than 10 percent of the total pore volume in pores of diameter less than 70 angstroms and at least about 60 percent of the total pore volume is in pores of diameter within about 20 angstroms above or below the average pore diameter of the catalyst, as measured by mercury porosimetry.
In the preparation of the catalyst of the present invention, the pore size distribution of the amorphous support particles may be similar to that of the final catalyst, but such is not necessary or critical. The amorphous refractory oxide support material is typically comprised of such amorphous inorganic refractory oxides as silica, magnesia, silica-magnesia, zirconia, silica-zirconia, titania, silica-titania, alumina, silica-alumina, etc. with supports containing gamma alumina being highly preferred. Preferred support particles having the preferred physical characteristics disclosed herein are commercially available from Nippon-Ketjen Catalyst Division of AKZO-Chemie, and American Cyanamid, Inc. Mixtures of the foregoing oxides are also contemplated, especially when prepared as homogeneously as possible.
The amorphous refractory oxide support material is usually prepared in the form of shaped particulates, with the preferred method being to extrude a precursor of the desired support through a die having openings therein of desired size and shape, after which the extruded matter is broken into extrudates of desired length. The support particles may also be prepared by mulling (or pulverizing) a precalcined amorphous refractory oxide to a particle size less than about 100 microns and extruding the material.
The extruded particles may have any cross-sectional shape, i.e., symmetrical or asymmetrical, but most often have a symmetrical cross-sectional shape, preferably a spherical, cylindrical or polylobal shape. The cross-sectional diameter of the particles may be as small as 40 microns; however, it is usually about 1/40 to about 1/2 inch, preferably about 1/32 to about 1/12 inch, and most preferably about 1/24 to about 1/15 inch. Among the preferred catalyst configurations are cross-sectional shapes resembling that of a three-leaf clover, as shown, for example, in FIGS. 8 and 8A of U.S. Pat. No. 4,028,227. Preferred clover-shaped particulates are such that each "leaf" of the cross-section is defined by about a 270° arc of a circle having a diameter between about 0.02 and 0.05 inch. Other preferred particulates are those having quadralobal cross-sectional shapes, including asymmetrical shapes, and symmetrical shapes such as in FIG. 10 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,028,227. Other particulates are available from Davison Chemical Company, a division of W. R. Grace & Company, having ring and minilith shapes, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,510,261.
Typical characteristics of the amorphous refractory oxide supports utilized herein are a total pore volume, average pore diameter and surface area large enough to provide substantial space and area to deposit the active metal components. The total pore volume of the support, as measured by conventional mercury porosimeter methods, is usually about 0.2 to about 2.0 cc/gram, preferably about 0.25 to about 1.0 cc/gram, and most preferably about 0.3 to about 0.9 cc/gram. Ordinarily, the amount of pore volume of the support in pores of diameter greater than 100 angstroms is less than about 0.1 cc/gram, preferably less than 0.08 cc/gram, and most preferably less than about 0.05 cc/gram. Surface area (as measured by the B.E.T. method) is typically above about 100 m2 /gram, e.g., above about 200 m2 /gram, preferably at least 250 m2 /gram, and most preferably about 300 m2 /gram to about 400 m2 /gram. Physical characteristics of an amorphous refractory oxide support utilized in preparation of catalyst employed in the process of the invention is summarized in Table A as follows:
TABLE A______________________________________Pore Diameter Support %Angstroms Pore Volume______________________________________ <40 0.940-50 1.850-60 10.060-70 36.470-80 34.080-90 7.8 90-100 1.0100-110 1.8>110 6.3PORE VOLUME 0.55cc/gram(Merc. Poros.)Surface Area m2 /gram 300(B.E.T.)______________________________________
To prepare the catalyst, the support material is compounded, as by a single impregnation or multiple impregnations of a calcined amorphous refractory oxide support particles, with one or more precursors of at least one catalytically active hydrogenation metal component. The impregnation may be accomplished by any method known in the art, as for example, by spray impregnation wherein a solution containing the metal precursors in dissolved form is sprayed onto the support particles. Another method is the multi-dip procedure wherein the support material is repeatedly contacted with the impregnating solution with or without intermittent drying. Yet other methods involve soaking the support in a large volume of the impregnation solution or circulating the support therein, and yet one more method is the pore volume or pore saturation technique wherein support particles are introduced into an impregnation solution of volume just sufficient to fill the pores of the support. On occasion, the pore saturation technique may be modified so as to utilize an impregnation solution having a volume between 10 percent less and 10 percent more than that which will just fill the pores.
If the active metal precursors are incorporated by impregnation, a subsequent or second calcination at elevated temperatures, as for example, between 750° F. and 1400° F., converts the metals to their respective oxide forms. In some cases, calcinations may follow each impregnation of individual active metals. Such multiple impregnation-calcination procedures, however, may be avoided in alternative embodiments of the invention, as for example, by comulling all the active metals with the support materials rather than impregnating the metals thereon. In comulling, precursors of the support materials usually in a hydrated or gel form, are admixed with precursors of the active metal components, either in solid form or in solution, to produce a paste suitable for shaping by known methods, e.g., pelleting, extrusion, etc. A subsequent calcination yields a catalyst containing the active metals in their respective oxide forms.
When the catalyst is prepared by the foregoing or equivalent methods, at least one active nickel and molybdenum metal component having hydrogenation activity is introduced into the catalyst. The catalyst contains up to about 10, usually from 1 to 8 percent, and preferably from 2 to 6 percent by weight of nickel metal components, calculated as the monoxide, and about 16 to about 23 and preferably from 19 to 21.5 percent by weight of molybdenum metal components, calculated as molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). Molybdenum generally is solubilized with phosphoric acid during the preparation of the catalyst; however, ammonium hydroxide, citric acid, and the like, may also be utilized to solubilize the molybdenum. Accordingly, the catalyst will further contain a phosphorus component, which phosphorus component may provide acid properties to the catalyst or act as a catalytic promoter. Typically the catalyst contains about 1 to about 8, and preferably about 2 to about 6 weight percent of phosphorus components, calculated as P.
The physical characteristics of the finished catalyst will usually vary from those of the support particles by less than about 25 percent. Ordinarily, the catalyst is prepared so as to have a narrow pore size distribution wherein at least about 75 percent, preferably at least about 80 percent, and most preferably at least about 85 percent of the total pore volume is in pores of diameter from about 50 to about 110 angstroms. Ordinarily the catalyst has less than about 10 percent of the total pore volume in pores of diameter below about 50 angstroms and preferably less than about 0.05 cc/gram. Also, the catalyst has less than about 10 percent of the pore volume in pores of diameter greater than about 110 angstroms, preferably less than about 0.05 cc/gram.
Another porosity feature of the catalyst is the narrow pore size distribution of the pores of diameter slightly above or below the average pore diameter. The average pore diameter of the catalyst usually lies in the range from about 65 to about 90 angstroms, preferably about 70 to about 85 angstroms. Ordinarily, at least about 40 percent of the total pore volume is in pores of diameter between the average pore diameter and less than about 30 angstroms and most preferably less than about 25 angstroms above the average pore diameter. With respect to small pores, at least about 40 percent of the total pore volume is in pores of diameter between the average pore diameter and less than about 30, and preferably less than about 25 angstroms below the average pore diameter.
Other physical properties of the final catalyst typically include a total pore volume of about 0.20 to about 1.0 cc/gram, and preferably about 0.20 to about 0.60 cc/gram and most preferably about 0.25 to about 0.5 cc/gram and a surface area greater than about 100 m2 /gram, preferably greater than about 150 m2 /gram and most preferably between about 175 and 350 m2 /gram with both properties determined by the conventional methods previously disclosed herein. Further, the catalyst generally has less than about 0.1 cc/gram, preferably less than 0.08 cc/gram and most preferably less than 0.06 cc/gram in pores of diameter greater than about 100 angstroms.
A highly preferred catalyst of the invention contains about 1 to about 6 weight percent of nickel component, calculated as NiO, from about 19 to about 21.5 weight percent of molybdenum components, calculated as MoO3, and about 1 to about 6 weight percent of phosphorus components, calculated as P, on a support containing gamma alumina. This catalyst has a surface area from about 150 m2 /gram to about 300 m2 /gram, an average pore diameter from about 75 to about 85 angstroms, and a pore size distribution wherein at least about 70 percent of the pore volume is in pores of diameter in the range from about 20 angstroms above to about 20 angstroms below the average pore diameter and less than about 0.06 cc/gram of the total pore volume in pores of diameter greater than 100 angstroms. It is highly preferred that the catalyst contain between about 16 and about 24 percent of its total pore volume in pores of diameter less than 70 angstroms.
Catalysts are activated in accordance with methods suited to hydroprocess a hydrocarbon oil. Most of the catalysts used in the hydroprocess of the invention are more active, sometimes even far more active, in a sulfided form than in the oxide form in which they are generally prepared. Accordingly, the catalyst used herein may be sulfided prior to use by any known method (in which case the procedure is termed "presulfiding"), for example, by passing a sulfiding agent over the catalyst prepared in the calcined form. Temperatures between 300° and 700° F. and gaseous space velocities between about 140 and 500 v/v/hr are generally employed, and this treatment is usually continued for at least about two hours. A mixture of hydrogen and one or more components selected from the group consisting of sulfur vapor and sulfur compounds (e.g., lower molecular weight thiols, organic sulfides, and especially H2 S) is suitable for presulfiding. Generally speaking, the relative proportion of sulfiding compounds in the presulfiding mixture is not critical, with any proportion of sulfur ranging between 0.01 and 15 percent by volume, calculated as S, being adequate. Also, liquid sulfiding agents, such as dimethyl disulfide and the like, may be used for presulfiding.
If the catalyst is to be used in a sulfided form, it is preferred that a presulfiding procedure be employed. However, since hydroprocessing can be employed to upgrade sulfur-containing hydrocarbons (i.e., hydrodesulfurization), one may; as an alternative, accomplish the sulfiding in situ with sulfur-containing hydrocarbon oils, particularly those containing about 1.0 weight percent or more of sulfur, under hydroprocessing conditions.
The catalyst may be employed as either a fixed, ebullating, slurried or fluidized bed (but most usually a fixed bed) of particulates in a suitable reactor vessel wherein the hydrocarbon oil to be treated is introduced and subjected to hydroprocessing conditions including an elevated total pressure, temperature, and hydrogen partial pressure. Under such conditions, the hydrocarbon oil and catalyst are subjected to a hydrogen partial pressure usually in the range from about 100 to about 4,000 p.s.i.g. at a space velocity usually in the range from about 0.05 to about 20 LHSV so as to effect the desired degree of hydroprocessing, as for example, desulfurization and/or denitrogenation.
Contemplated for treatment by the process of the invention are relatively high boiling hydrocarbon-containing oils including crude petroleum oils and synthetic crudes. Among the typical oils contemplated are top crudes, vacuum and atmospheric residual fractions, light and heavy atmospheric and vacuum distillate oils, deasphalted oils, shale oils, and oils from bituminous sands, coal compositions and the like. For use herein, typical hydrocarbon oils, or mixtures thereof, may contain at least about 10 volume percent of components normally boiling above about 1000° F. and in some cases, at least 20 volume percent.
Generally, a substantial proportion (i.e., at least about 90 volume percent) of hydrocarbon feeds such as gas oils and the like boil at a temperature less than about 1100° F., preferably less than about 1050° F., and usually boil entirely within the range of about 100° F. to about 1100° F., and most frequently in the range from about 400° F. to about 1100° F.
Although virtually any high boiling hydrocarbon feedstock may be treated by hydroprocessing with the catalyst of the invention, the process is particularly suited to treating (1) gas oils, preferably light and heavy vacuum gas oils and waxy shale oils, and (2) heavy residual fractions, especially the treated atmospheric and vacuum residuum oils containing less than about 25 ppmw, preferably less than 5 ppmw and most preferably less than 3 ppmw of contaminant metals (vanadium, nickel, and the like). Sulfur is usually present in such oils in a proportion exceeding 0.1 weight percent and often exceeding 1.0 weight percent; however, a particular preferred proportion is about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent. The feedstock contains undesirable proportions of nitrogen, usually in a concentration greater than about 2 ppmw and often between about 2 ppmw and 500 ppmw. Ordinarily the feedstock contains less than 200 ppmw of nickel and vanadium contaminant metals, calculated as Ni plus V, with preferred feedstocks containing less than 20 ppmw and most preferably less than 5 ppmw of said materials. The feedstock may contain waxy components, e.g., n-paraffins and slightly-branched paraffins, and thus have a high pour point, e.g., at least about 30° F.
In the hydroprocessing of a hydrocarbon oil, the catalyst is usually maintained in a hydroprocessing reactor as a fixed bed with the feedstock passing downwardly once therethrough. In some instances, one or more additional reactors may be added to the single reactor, either in series or parallel. If the feedstock is unusually high in organometallic compounds, it may be pretreated, integrally or separately, using a hydrodemetallation catalyst and particularly, a hydrodemetallation catalyst having a substantial amount of pore volume in pores of diameter greater than the average pore volume of the catalyst of the invention.
Typical hydroprocessing conditions that are suitable for hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, or that yield more than about 10 volume percent conversion of the oil fraction boiling above 1000° F. to liquid products boiling at or below 1000° F. are shown in the following Table I:
TABLE I______________________________________ PreferredOperating Conditions Suitable Range Range______________________________________Temperature, °F. 500-900 600-850Hydrogen Pressure, p.s.i.g. 200-4,000 1,500-2,500Space Velocity, LHSV 0.05-3.0 0.1-1.5Hydrogen Recycle Rate, scf/bbl 500-15,000 1,000-10,000______________________________________
Generally, the hydrogen partial pressure maintained during hydroprocessing is more than 50 percent of the total pressure. Usually, for once-through operation, the hydrogen partial pressure is between about 85 and 95 percent of the total pressure while, for recycle operation, the hydrogen partial pressure is somewhat lower, i.e., between 80 and 85 percent of the total pressure.
The hydroprocess of the invention may include either serial or simultaneous desulfurization and denitrogenation of a feedstock. Simultaneous desulfurization, denitrogenation and heavy component (1000° F. plus components) conversion, as used herein, involves contacting a hydrocarbon oil feedstock with the particulate catalyst disclosed herein under conditions effecting (1) a lower sulfur and nitrogen content in the effluent and/or (2) a higher percentage of liquid products boiling at or below 1000° F. in the effluent as compared to the feedstock. Serial desulfurization and denitrogenation of a feedstock by contact with the catalyst of the invention involves removing sulfur and nitrogen from the feedstock either prior to or after contact of the feedstock with a catalyst effective for removing a substantial proportion of contaminant metals from the feed.
A preferred embodiment utilizing the catalyst of the invention comprises a combined hydrodemetallation, hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation reaction zone wherein the catalyst of the invention is located in a downstream portion of a fixed bed relative to an upstream catalyst bed portion containing a demetallation catalyst having an average pore diameter of at least 30 angstroms greater than that of the catalyst of the invention. In contrast to utilizing a comparable narrow pore sized catalyst containing a higher weight percent of molybdenum components in the downstream location of the catalyst bed, the catalyst of the invention exhibits unexpectedly better stability and provides a surprisingly more stable process for removing nitrogen, sulfur and conversion of 1000° F. plus components to 1000° F. minus components in the oil.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples which are illustrative of specific modes of practicing the invention and are not intended as limiting the scope of the invention defined by the appended claims.
Catalysts A, B, C, D and E are prepared with the same support material. Catalyst C is prepared by extruding a hydrated alumina-containing material through a die. The extruded matter, having a cross-sectional shape of a three leaf clover, is dried, broken into particulates and calcined at about 1200° F. Support particulates, having a nominal 1/20 inch cross-sectional width (measured by maximum distance across two such clover leaves) and having the pore size distribution shown above in Table A, are then impregnated with a heated solution in which nickel oxide and molybdenum trioxide have been added to phosphoric acid so as to incorporate into the catalyst, after drying and calcination, about 4 weight percent nickel components, calculated as NiO, about 20.6 weight percent molybdenum components, calculated as MoO3, and about 3 weight percent of phosphorus components, calculated as P. The resultant catalyst has a surface area of about 200 m2 /gram.
The other catalysts, Catalyst A, B, D and E are prepared in the same manner as Catalyst C. Each has essentially the same nominal weight percentages of nickel and phosphorus components as Catalyst C; however a different amount of molybdenum components is utilized. The weight percentages of molybdenum in Catalysts A through E are shown below in Table IV. Catalyst E, containing 25.0 weight percent of molybdenum components is a commercial hydrodenitrogenation catalyst. Also, the porosity characteristics of the Catalysts A through E are shown below in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________Pore Diameter % pore volumeAngstroms A B C D E______________________________________ <40 0.7 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.640-50 1.1 2.5 2.1 1.1 1.850-60 6.0 5.1 6.1 4.5 3.560-70 15.6 16.5 11.8 11.3 9.870-80 37.1 31.7 31.6 25.4 20.680-90 25.1 28.0 31.6 35.2 30.3 90-100 4.8 6.3 5.3 11.3 18.0100-110 1.2 1.3 1.8 2.0 7.4>110 8.4 7.3 8.7 8.0 8.0PORE VOLUME 0.418 0.394 0.38 0.355 0.34cc/gram(Merc. Poros.)______________________________________
All catalysts are individually tested for their activity for hydrodenitrogenating the hydrocarbon feedstock identified in the following Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________Feedstock Properties______________________________________Feed Description Vacuum Gas Oil______________________________________Gravity, °API 23.2Sulfur, wt. % 1.8Total Nitrogen, wt. % 0.312Basic Nitrogen, wt. % 0.129Pour Point, °C. -18______________________________________ASTM D-1160, Vol. % Distillation, °F.______________________________________IBP/5 185/52010/20 542/57730/40 605/63350/60 667/69170/80 719/74290/95 771/796End Point 817______________________________________
The test is conducted by contacting the catalysts in separate runs with the feedstock identified in Table III under denitrogenation conditions. However, at the outset of each run, the respective catalysts are presulfided by contact for about 16 to 20 hours with a gas consisting of 90 volume percent H2 and 10 volume percent H2 S flowing at 4.4 SCFM (one atmosphere pressure). The temperature during the presulfiding is initially at room temperature, is increased gradually until 700° F. is reached, and then lowered to 555° F., at which time the catalyst is contacted with the feedstock.
A portion of the feedstock is passed downwardly through a reactor vessel and contacted in separate runs with Catalysts A through D and the commercial hydrodenitrogenation catalyst, Catalyst E, in a single-stage, single-pass system with once-through hydrogen. The operating conditions during each run are summarized as follows: 1,400 p.s.i.g. total pressure, 2.0 LHSV, a hydrogen rate of 6,000 SCF/bbl, and an initial temperature of 720° F.
Giving Catalyst E employed at 60 hours in the reference hydroprocess an arbitrary activity of 100, relative activities of Catalyst C of the invention and Catalysts A, B, and D to Catalyst E are determined by calculation and tabulated in comparison to Catalyst E in Table IV. These determinations are based on a comparison of the reaction rates for denitrogenation obtained from the data of the experiment according to the following standard equation which assumes first order kinetics for denitrogenation: ##EQU1## where Cfr and Cpr are the respective concentrations of nitrogen in the feed and product obtained with the catalyst employed in the reference process and Cf and Cp are the respective concentrations of nitrogen in the feed and product obtained with a catalyst being compared to the reference.
The relative volume activity (RVA) for total nitrogen conversion obtained for each catalyst is set forth in Table IV and illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 illustrates the unexpected deviation of the denitrogenation activity of Catalyst C from the expected linear reference line (LR) that extends through Catalyst A's 17.1 weight percent of MoO3 and Catalyst E's 25 weight percent of MoO3.
TABLE IV______________________________________ RVACatalyst wt. %, MoO3 for total nitrogen, N.sub.(t)______________________________________A 17.1 85B 18.3 88C 20.6 96D 22.4 96E 25.0 100______________________________________
The data in Table IV and FIG. 1 indicate that Catalyst C of the invention is nearly as active for denitrogenating a typical hydrocarbon feedstock as Catalysts D and E containing from 1.8 to 4.4 greater weight percentages of molybdenum components, calculated as MoO3. The data obtained evidence the superiority of Catalyst C over that of the other catalysts due to the unexpected activity of a catalyst, Catalyst C (containing 20.6 wt. % of MoO3), representative of catalysts containing molybdenum in the range from about 19 to about 21.5 weight percent, calculated as MoO3. It is clear from FIG. 1 that the 19-21.5 range of MoO3 wt. percent as demarked by X and Y, respectively, is a significant deviation from the expected denitrogenation activity.
In two separate runs for hydroprocessing a residuum hydrocarbon feedstock, Catalysts C and E of Example I are compared for stability.
In each run, the upstream portion (i.e., 60 vol. percent) of a fixed bed hydroconversion reactor is loaded with a demetallation catalyst containing about 5 weight percent of components, calculated as MoO3, and about 1 weight percent of nickel components, calculated as NiO, supported on a refractory oxide and has an average pore diameter of 140 angstroms. The downstream portion (i.e., 40 vol. percent) of the catalyst bed is loaded with Catalyst C for run no. 1 and Catalyst E for run no. 2.
Catalysts in run nos. 1 and 2 are each presulfided in the same manner as in Example I and the runs are conducted as follows: the presulfided catalysts are charged to a reactor, aged for 5 days at 710° F. with a Kuwait atmospheric residuum feedstock having the characteristics shown in Table V and utilized at 775° F. in the presence of added hydrogen to demetallize, desulfurize, denitrogenate and hydroconvert a Sinopec atmospheric residuum feedstock having the characteristics shown in Table V below under the conditions including a 2,000 p.s.i.g. total pressure, a hydrogen rate of 5,000 SCF/bbl, and an overall liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.35 (including 0.877 for the demetallization catalyst and 0.581 for Catalysts C or E).
TABLE V______________________________________Feedstock Properties Sinopec KuwaitFeed Description Atmos. Resid Atmos. Resid______________________________________Nickel, ppmw 17 13Vanadium, ppmw 1.4 48Sulfur, wt. % 2.18 3.83Nitrogen, wt. % 0.60 0.213Basic Nitrogen, wt. % 0.208 0.050Asphaltenes, wt. % 11.8 7.0Conradson Carbon 9.2 9.4Residue, wt. %Gravity, API @ 60° F. 14.5 16.8ASTM D-1160Distillation, °F.IBP/5 596/715 487/61010/20 783/838 664/73930/40 891/954 805/86850/60 1038/-- 937/1028Max 1081 1108% Rec. 58.0 73.0______________________________________
Run nos. 1 and 2 are conducted for 28 and 18 days, respectively. The temperature increase requirement (TIR) for each run is determined from calculated temperatures required for the subject conversions, as adjusted from actual operating reactor temperatures. (As used herein, TIR may be determined by dividing the difference between two temperatures required to give a specific product on two given days in a run by run length interval between these days.)
The calculated TIR values for demetallization (nickel plus vanadium conversion) desulfurization, denitrogenation and 1000°+ F. conversion of the Sinopec residuum feedstock for run nos. 1 and 2 are summarized in Table VI as follows:
TABLE VI______________________________________TIR in °F./day Run No. 1 Run No. 2 (Catalyst C) (Catalyst E)______________________________________Demetallization 1.1 1.4Desulfurization 0.9 3.2Denitrogenation 0.2 3.71000+ F. Conversion ˜0.0 0.5______________________________________
The data summarized in Table VI indicate that the stability of Catalyst C of the invention is surprisingly better for the indicated conversions than Catalyst E containing a greater amount of molybdenum components. Most particularly the desulfurization and denitrogenation stability for Catalyst C is at least 3 and 18 times better, respectively, than the stability of Catalyst E in the hydroconversion process. (It will be appreciated that, in this specification, the term "stability" is synonymous with the deactivation resistance of the catalyst, and "TIR" is thus a measure of the deactivation resistance of the catalyst.)
While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto since many obvious modifications can be made, and it is intended to include within this invention any such modifications as will fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3897365 *||Sep 20, 1973||Jul 29, 1975||American Cyanamid Co||Hydrotreating catalyst and process therefor|
|US4255282 *||May 11, 1979||Mar 10, 1981||Union Oil Company Of California||Hydrotreating catalyst and process for its preparation|
|US4317746 *||Nov 28, 1980||Mar 2, 1982||Union Oil Company Of California||Hydrotreating catalysts|
|US4395328 *||Jun 17, 1981||Jul 26, 1983||Standard Oil Company (Indiana)||Catalyst and support, their methods of preparation, and processes employing same|
|US4395329 *||Jul 2, 1981||Jul 26, 1983||Societe Francaise Des Produits Pour Catalyse||Catalyst and process for hydrorefining hydrocarbon charges with high contents of metals, resins and/or asphaltenes|
|US4444905 *||Mar 15, 1982||Apr 24, 1984||Nalco Chemical Company||Hydrotreating catalyst preparation and process|
|US4446248 *||Aug 16, 1982||May 1, 1984||Union Oil Company Of California||Hydrotreating catalyst|
|US4513097 *||Mar 9, 1984||Apr 23, 1985||Union Oil Company Of California||Hydrotreating catalyst and a method for preparing the catalyst|
|US4520128 *||Dec 19, 1983||May 28, 1985||Intevep, S.A.||Catalyst having high metal retention capacity and good stability for use in the demetallization of heavy crudes and method of preparation of same|
|US4600703 *||Jul 8, 1985||Jul 15, 1986||Intevep, S.A.||Catalyst for the hydrocracking of heavy vacuum gas oils, method of preparation of catalyst and process for use thereof in the mild hydrocracking of heavy vacuum gas oils|
|EP0067708A2 *||Jun 15, 1982||Dec 22, 1982||Amoco Corporation||Hydrotreating catalyst and process|
|EP0112667A1 *||Dec 5, 1983||Jul 4, 1984||Amoco Corporation||Hydrotreating catalyst and process|
|EP0126250A1 *||Apr 3, 1984||Nov 28, 1984||Union Oil Company Of California||Desulfurization catalyst|
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|JPS5969149A *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4846961 *||Dec 30, 1987||Jul 11, 1989||Union Oil Company Of California||Hydroprocessing catalyst with a Ni-P-Mo|
|US4941964 *||Mar 14, 1988||Jul 17, 1990||Texaco Inc.||Hydrotreatment process employing catalyst with specified pore size distribution|
|US4969990 *||Aug 31, 1989||Nov 13, 1990||Union Oil Company Of California||Hydroprocessing with a catalyst having a narrow pore size distribution|
|US5389595 *||Sep 30, 1993||Feb 14, 1995||Union Oil Company Of California||Hydroprocessing catalyst, its use, and method of preparation|
|US5416054 *||Feb 25, 1993||May 16, 1995||Texaco Inc.||Hydroconversion catalyst with specified pore size distribution|
|US5494568 *||Jan 31, 1995||Feb 27, 1996||Uop||Hydrocarbon conversion process|
|US5686375 *||Sep 27, 1994||Nov 11, 1997||Uop||Hydroprocessing catalyst and its use|
|US5906731 *||Jul 28, 1997||May 25, 1999||Uop||Process for hydroprocessing hydrocarbons|
|US6387248||Nov 6, 1997||May 14, 2002||Texaco Inc.||Method of preparing a catalyst for use in the hydrotreating of high boiling hydrocarbon feedstocks|
|US6551500 *||Aug 31, 1999||Apr 22, 2003||Japan Energy Corporation||Hydrocracking catalyst, producing method thereof, and hydrocracking method|
|US6759364 *||Dec 17, 2001||Jul 6, 2004||Shell Oil Company||Arsenic removal catalyst and method for making same|
|US6919018 *||Apr 22, 2004||Jul 19, 2005||Shell Oil Company||Arsenic removal catalyst and method for making same|
|US7727929||Jun 15, 2004||Jun 1, 2010||Shell Oil Company||Process and catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of diolefins contained in an olefin containing stream and for the removal of arsenic therefrom and a method of making such catalyst|
|US20040106516 *||Dec 3, 2002||Jun 3, 2004||Schulz Lawrence E.||Hydroconversion catalyst and method for making the catalyst|
|US20040198593 *||Apr 22, 2004||Oct 7, 2004||Bhan Opinder Kishan||Arsenic removal catalyst and method for making same|
|EP2750792A4 *||Aug 3, 2012||Aug 5, 2015||Advanced Refining Technologies Llc||Catalyst support and catalysts prepared therefrom|
|WO2013063219A1||Oct 25, 2012||May 2, 2013||Shell Oil Company||A low cost and high activity hydroprocessing catalyst|
|WO2013063223A1||Oct 25, 2012||May 2, 2013||Shell Oil Company||A self-activating hydroprocessing catalyst and process for treating heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks|
|WO2014062790A1||Oct 16, 2013||Apr 24, 2014||Shell Oil Company||A self-activating hydroprocessing catalyst and process for treating heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks|
|U.S. Classification||502/211, 208/254.00H, 208/251.00H, 208/216.0PP, 502/213|
|International Classification||C10G45/08, B01J27/188, B01J23/883, B01J27/19, B01J23/28, B01J35/10|
|Cooperative Classification||B01J35/10, B01J23/883, B01J35/1085, B01J27/19, B01J35/108, B01J35/1061, C10G45/08, B01J23/28|
|European Classification||B01J27/19, B01J23/883, B01J35/10, C10G45/08, B01J23/28|
|Dec 5, 1986||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: UNION OIL COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA, A CORP. OF CA.,CA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ROBINSON, PAUL R.;SIMPSON, HOWARD D.;REEL/FRAME:004640/0305
Effective date: 19861205
|Oct 1, 1991||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 6, 1995||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: UOP, ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNION OIL COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA (UNOCAL);REEL/FRAME:007319/0006
Effective date: 19950124
|Oct 4, 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 1, 1999||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


|BAXT CARBONite Sanding Discs |
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4 pieces soft curb elbow in black made of polymer concrete with rubber profile for a long jump pit in size 9 x 3 m. Additionally needed are:
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Nikko-Materials is a dynamic enterprise in which unique manufacturing and engineering departments produce characteristic products. It is a company that makes great progress while providing the printed circuit board industry with the most advanced products.
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The Best MIG welding helmets are made from high quality materials such as stainless steel, aluminum and copper. These helmets have been tested in extreme conditions; they will last longer than other types of welding helmets. The Best MIG helmets are designed with durability in mind.
What is the purpose of welding helmets?
Helmets are essential when you work with an open flame. They protect your face and eyes from the harmful rays of the welding torch as well as from any spraying sparks and splatter. The Best MIG helmets are made from high-contrast materials so that you can see the lit torch easily while wearing it. It protects your eyesight and ensures that you do not become colorblind while welding.
Which one should I choose?
The choice of welding helmets is very important. It should not only protect you from the harmful rays of the torch and flying sparks, but it should also be comfortable enough to wear for several hours. Some welding helmets have a fixed shade while others have a switchable one. Most welders prefer a helmet with an adjustable shade so that they can adjust it to suit different welding positions and sunlight conditions.
How do I use it?
The welding helmet must be securely fastened to your head before you can begin welding. You can use a strap around the back of your head or a chin cup if you are worried about loosing the helmet as soon as you start welding. The shade should be set at an angle that is comfortable for your eyes, but not too much that it blinds you when looking at the welding torch.
What are the advantages of using Best MIG welding helmets?
The Best MIG welding helmets are made from high-quality materials and can be used for a long time. They offer high protection and safety while you are working. The helmets have a high visibility, meaning that you can see the welding area very clearly without difficulty.
Gasmask gas welding helmet is made of durable materials such as stainless steel, copper and brass. These welding helmets are designed to be strong and last longer than other types of helmets. Gasmask helmet has large window area, which provides better visibility than other helmets.
Which types of gas welding helmets are available on the market?
Gas welding helmets are available in three different styles:
– The shield style welding helmets is usually oval-shaped and made of stainless steel. This type of welding helmets is quite durable and the most popular helmet style on the market. You can easily find replacement lenses for your shield welding helmet if they get damaged.
– Bubble helmets or a mask welding helmets have a spherical shape and made from durable materials such as stainless steel, copper and brass.This type of welding helmet looks like the ones used for toxic environments. The viewing area is quite large so you can see the entire welding area easily.
– The third type of gas welding helmet is the blimp style welding helmet. It has a very large head area but the viewing window is quite small. It is not very popular among welders because it does not provide much visibility.
What to look for when buying a welding helmet?
There are several things you should take into consideration when you are purchasing a welding helmet, such as the following:
1. The size and shape of the welding helmet: This is especially important if you are buying a full face helmet or a bubble helmet.
These two types of welding helmets cover the full face, so you should choose a helmet that fits your face perfectly. You should also make sure that it does not slip while you are welding because this can be very dangerous.
2. The viewing area: Most helmets come with replacement lenses so you can change the shade if needed.
Some helmets also have more than one shade or lens, such as a #10 and #12. The #10 is darker than the #12, so you can choose the one that matches the lighting conditions the best.
3. The size and location of the window: You should also check the size of the viewing window before you make your purchase.
The best choice is a large viewing area because it provides more vision, but this might not be practical if you are working in tight spaces.
4. The style of the helmet: You can also choose a style that matches your welding style.
For example, if you are a MIG welder, then you should choose an Aluminum Helmet because it is light and will protect your head while you are moving around. If you are more of a stick welder, then you should choose a full face helmet for added protection.
5. The cost: The price range for welding helmets varies, so you should choose one that is within your budget.
There are some very cheap welding helmets on the market, but they might not protect you as well.
When you are shopping for helmets, make sure to try them on before you buy them. The best helmet is the one that fits your face and style perfectly.
Some welding helmets come with other safety features, such as built in lights or fog resistant lenses.
Sources & references used in this article:
Grid and sleeves welding fixture and method by JS Kerrey, R Duncan – US Patent 4,522,330, 1985 – Google Patents
Machine for welding sleeves together by OE Moyer – US Patent 3,509,313, 1970 – Google Patents
Double (Full Encirclement) Sleeves Pipe as One of the Best Method of Permanent Repairs Refer to ASME PCC-2 Study Case: Belida (Medco E&P Natuna Ltd) Gas Lift … by YA Putra, N Nuramanu, M Sujatmiko – 2019 – archives.datapages.com
Terminal connector with integral welding sleeve by JP Henry, DL Varble – US Patent 7,118,430, 2006 – Google Patents
Study on properties of Ni based+ WC coating by plasma spray welding by Z ZENG, B ZHANG, J WANG, X ZHU… – Powder Metallurgy …, 2017 – en.cnki.com.cn
Optimizing of intelligence level in welding by H Salkinoja – 2009 – lutpub.lut.fi


LLC has developed a proprietary printing technology for GRCop-42, the
preferred copper alloy used by NASA and private space flight companies
for rocket thrust-chamber assemblies. The new technology combines a
proprietary parameter set and post-processing heat treatment, and
reportedly results in GRCop-42 components with minimum density of 99.94
percent, minimum tensile strength of 28.3 ksi, minimum ultimate yield
strength of 52.7 ksi and minimum elongation of 32.4 percent.
Importantly, note Sintavia officials, the technology avoids the use of a
hot isostatic press in post-processing steps, reducing the time,
complexity and cost of production.
3D printing builds to near net or finished dimensions, vacuum heat
treating is an absolute necessity. Vacuum levels that approach 1 X 10-6
Torr produce clean and oxide free surface conditions that are
metallurgically stable. Critical temperature control is also a must to
avoid cracking and producing a strong and ductile part.
team of University of Utah students has won the 2021 ASME/K16 and
IEEE/EPS Heat Sink Design Challenge, an international competition where
students competed to design an AM aluminum natural-convection heat sink
that provided maximum performance. The heat sink had to be designed to
operate at as low a temperature as possible for as low a cost as
possible. The University of Utah team competed against 21 other teams.
“The 2021 competition involved designing a forced convection heat sink,” says team member Bence Csontos, “so after our initial research phase we began designing a forced convection heat sink to practice what we learned from research papers. We also toured a local AM company to get a sense for the limitations of AM to consider in our design process. We arrived at a pin-fin-shaped heat sink that had a series of revolved airfoils stack on top of one another to maximize surface area, minimize mass, which reduced cost, and utilized principles in fluid mechanics and heat transfer physics.”
methods for supporting metal additive (AM) parts have imposed
limitations on part design. The increased complexity of removing
supports has added cost and lead time, and some parts & applications
have even been disqualified from AM due to support-based issues. Watch
now to learn how NoSupportsT Metal Printing fixes that.
RAPID + TCT is returning September 13–15, 2021 in Chicago! Stay up-to-date in the constantly changing world of additive manufacturing and 3D technologies. Learn real-world applications: experience 200+ exhibits and new products, expert keynotes and thought leadership panels, 65+ conference presentations, and industry networking.


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Wire Harness And Cable Assembly Requirements
Wire harness and cable assembly play pivotal roles in modern industrial applications, serving as critical components that enable seamless connectivity and efficient power distribution. This essential technology involves the meticulous integration of multiple wires, connectors, and protective elements to create a unified system. The scope of wire harness and cable assembly requirements extends across diverse industries, including automotive, aerospace, healthcare, and electronics. As the backbone of electrical systems, these assemblies ensure reliable communication and power delivery. Their applicability ranges from intricate medical devices to complex aerospace systems, showcasing their versatility and indispensability. In this dynamic landscape, understanding and meeting specific requirements for wire harness and cable assembly is paramount for ensuring the success and reliability of products across various industrial sectors.
A wire harness is a carefully engineered assembly of wires, cables, and connectors designed to transmit signals or electrical power efficiently within a system. Comprising various components, including wires, terminals, connectors, and protective sleeves, a wire harness simplifies complex wiring by consolidating and organizing elements into a unified structure. This streamlines installation, maintenance, and repair processes.
Components of Wire Harness:
Wires: Conductive elements that transmit electrical signals.
Connectors: Junction points that join wires, ensuring secure and reliable electrical connections.
Terminals: End points of wires or connectors where electrical contact is made.
Protective Sleeves: Insulating materials that shield wires from environmental factors, enhancing durability.
A cable assembly is an integrated package of wires or cables bound together with connectors and often protective elements. It serves as a complete unit for transmitting electrical signals or power, offering simplicity in deployment and maintenance.
Components of Cable Assembly:
Cables/Wires: Transmit electrical signals or power.
Connectors: Facilitate secure electrical connections.
Sheathing: Protective covering that shields cables from mechanical stress, moisture, and other environmental factors.
Understanding the definitions and components of wire harness and cable assembly is crucial for designing and implementing efficient and reliable electrical systems across various industries.
Ensuring the adherence of wire harness and cable assembly to industry standards and regulations is paramount for product reliability and safety. These components play vital roles in various applications, and compliance is essential to meet quality benchmarks.
Relevant Standards and Regulations:
IPC/WHMA-A-620: This standard outlines requirements and acceptance criteria for cable and wire harness assemblies, addressing workmanship, materials, and testing.
ISO 9001: A quality management standard ensuring consistent product quality and customer satisfaction.
RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances): Directives limiting the use of hazardous materials in electronic products, promoting environmental sustainability.
UL (Underwriters Laboratories) Standards: Safety standards for wire and cable assemblies to ensure products meet specific safety and performance criteria.
Manufacturers must adhere to specified criteria, including materials selection, assembly methods, and testing procedures. Compliance ensures products meet safety, performance, and environmental standards.
Certification and Testing Procedures:
Third-Party Certification: Products may undergo evaluation by independent certifying bodies to validate compliance with relevant standards.
Environmental Testing: Assessments for factors like temperature, moisture, and chemical resistance.
Electrical Testing: Verification of electrical performance and insulation integrity through tests such as continuity checks and insulation resistance measurements.
Meeting regulatory standards guarantees that wire harness and cable assembly products are reliable, safe, and environmentally responsible. It underscores the commitment to quality, fostering trust among consumers and stakeholders in diverse industries.
Designing effective wire harness and cable assemblies involves meticulous consideration of various factors to meet performance, safety, and reliability standards across industries. Key design requirements encompass voltage and current ratings, environmental considerations, mechanical strength, electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio-frequency interference (RFI) mitigation, and connector types and compatibility.
Voltage and Current Ratings:
– Precision in determining voltage and current requirements ensures safe and optimal performance.
– Adhering to specified ratings prevents overheating and electrical failures, ensuring the longevity of the assembly.
– Harsh environments demand materials and coatings resistant to factors like moisture, chemicals, and temperature extremes.
– Designing for environmental factors ensures longevity and reliability, especially in aerospace, automotive, and outdoor applications.
Mechanical Strength and Durability:
– Rigorous mechanical testing ensures assemblies withstand stress, tension, and repetitive movements without compromising performance.
– Durable materials, such as abrasion-resistant sheathing, contribute to longevity and reliability.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Radio-Frequency Interference (RFI) Mitigation:
– Shielding and grounding strategies mitigate EMI and RFI, preventing interference with sensitive electronic components.
– Design considerations include twisted pair configurations and shielding materials to maintain signal integrity.
Connector Types and Compatibility:
– Choosing appropriate connector types is critical for secure and reliable electrical connections.
– Ensuring compatibility between connectors and components facilitates seamless integration and minimizes the risk of connection failures.
Considering these design requirements is essential for developing wire harness and cable assemblies that meet the diverse demands of industries. A thoughtful approach to voltage and current considerations, environmental resilience, mechanical durability, and effective EMI/RFI mitigation contributes to the overall success and reliability of the electrical systems.
Materials and Components
Selecting the right materials and components is crucial in designing reliable wire harness and cable assemblies. Key considerations include wire and cable selection criteria, connector types and specifications, protective coverings and sheathing, and identification and marking requirements.
Wire and Cable Selection Criteria:
– Considerations for voltage, current, and environmental factors dictate the choice of conductive materials.
– Insulation materials must meet temperature, flexibility, and durability requirements.
– Stranding, shielding, and jacketing options are chosen based on the application’s demands.
Connector Types and Specifications:
– Connector selection depends on the application’s electrical and mechanical requirements.
– Specifications include pin configuration, contact materials, and environmental ratings.
– Compatibility with other system components ensures seamless integration.
Protective Coverings and Sheathing:
– Protective coverings shield against environmental elements, chemicals, abrasion, and moisture.
– Common sheathing materials include PVC, polyethylene, and thermoplastic elastomers.
– The choice depends on the application’s demands, such as flexibility and temperature resistance.
Identification and Marking Requirements:
– Clear identification and marking aid in installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
– Markings may include wire gauge, voltage rating, and manufacturer information.
– Compliance with industry standards ensures universal understanding and traceability.
Choosing materials and components based on these criteria ensures the longevity, performance, and safety of wire harness and cable assemblies. The careful consideration of wire and cable properties, connector specifications, protective coverings, and proper identification contributes to the overall reliability and efficiency of the electrical systems they support.
Manufacturing and Assembly Processes
The production of wire harness and cable assemblies demands precise manufacturing and assembly processes to ensure quality, reliability, and compliance with industry standards. Critical elements of this process include quality control procedures, inspection and testing protocols, documentation and traceability, and adherence to workmanship standards.
Quality Control Procedures:
– Robust quality control begins with stringent material inspections and continues throughout the manufacturing process.
– Regular checks at key assembly points guarantee adherence to design specifications and industry standards.
– Monitoring and controlling variables in the production process maintain consistency and reliability.
Inspection and Testing Protocols:
– Rigorous inspection and testing protocols identify defects, ensuring only compliant products reach the market.
– Electrical tests, continuity checks, and environmental testing validate performance and durability.
– Non-destructive testing methods, such as visual inspections and X-rays, verify internal component integrity.
Documentation and Traceability:
– Comprehensive documentation tracks materials, assembly processes, and testing results.
– Traceability ensures accountability and facilitates efficient recalls or repairs.
– Certifications, compliance records, and production documentation contribute to transparency and accountability.
– Adherence to established workmanship standards guarantees consistent, high-quality assemblies.
– Skilled technicians follow best practices, maintaining uniformity and reliability.
– Consistent training and assessment uphold a high level of workmanship across the production team.
Manufacturers must integrate these elements seamlessly to uphold the integrity of wire harness and cable assemblies. Strict adherence to quality control, thorough inspection and testing, meticulous documentation, and the application of standardized workmanship contribute to the production of dependable and compliant electrical systems.
Testing and Validation
Testing and validation are integral stages in the production of wire harness and cable assemblies, ensuring the reliability and performance of the final product. This process involves in-process testing, final inspection and testing, validation protocols, and comprehensive reliability and endurance testing.
– Regular, in-process testing during assembly identifies and rectifies potential issues early in the manufacturing phase.
– Continuity checks, impedance measurements, and visual inspections at key points maintain product quality throughout production.
– Early detection of issues reduces the likelihood of defects in the final product.
Final Inspection and Testing:
– Rigorous final inspection verifies that the assembled wire harness and cable meet design specifications.
– Electrical tests, insulation resistance checks, and visual inspections ensure compliance with industry standards.
– This stage is critical for identifying and rectifying any remaining defects before products are released.
– Validation protocols involve subjecting the assembly to real-world conditions to confirm performance under various stresses.
– Environmental testing assesses resistance to temperature variations, moisture, and chemical exposure.
– Validation ensures that the product will meet the demands of its intended application.
Reliability and Endurance Testing:
– Reliability testing simulates long-term usage conditions to assess the product’s durability and stability over time.
– Endurance testing involves subjecting the assembly to repeated stress cycles, ensuring it can withstand prolonged use.
– These tests provide valuable insights into the product’s lifespan and performance under extended use.
Testing and validation are crucial steps to guarantee the quality and reliability of wire harness and cable assemblies. By implementing comprehensive in-process and final testing, validation protocols, and reliability and endurance testing, manufacturers can confidently deliver products that meet or exceed industry standards and customer expectations.
Packaging and Shipping
Efficient packaging and shipping practices are vital aspects of delivering wire harness and cable assemblies in optimal condition. This involves adherence to specific packaging requirements, strict shipping and handling guidelines, and appropriate storage recommendations to preserve the integrity of the products.
– Customized packaging is essential to safeguard assemblies from physical damage and environmental factors during transit.
– Anti-static packaging may be necessary for electronic components to prevent electrostatic discharge.
– Adequate padding, cushioning, and secure containment protect against vibration and impact.
Shipping and Handling Guidelines:
– Adhering to proper shipping and handling guidelines minimizes the risk of damage during transportation.
– Clear labeling and handling instructions ensure carriers treat packages with the necessary care.
– Coordination with shipping partners to select appropriate transport modes, considering factors like fragility and size.
– Storage conditions are critical for preserving the quality of wire harness and cable assemblies before installation.
– Climate-controlled storage, protection from moisture, and avoidance of extreme temperatures maintain the integrity of materials.
– Specific requirements for sensitive components, such as temperature-sensitive electronics, must be considered.
Effective packaging, shipping, and storage practices are integral to delivering wire harness and cable assemblies that meet customer expectations. Manufacturers must prioritize these aspects to prevent damage during transit and ensure the products arrive in optimum condition, ready for seamless integration into their intended applications.
In conclusion, the meticulous consideration of wire harness and cable assembly requirements is indispensable for achieving optimal functionality, safety, and longevity across diverse industries. From stringent design criteria encompassing voltage ratings, environmental resilience, and EMI mitigation to precise material selection, manufacturing processes, and rigorous testing, every phase contributes to the reliability of the final product. Adherence to quality standards, comprehensive validation, and strategic packaging further underscore the commitment to excellence. As the backbone of modern electrical systems, wire harnesses and cable assemblies play a pivotal role in connecting and powering vital components. Prioritizing these requirements ensures the delivery of robust, compliant, and dependable solutions that meet the dynamic demands of today’s industrial landscape.
If you need any custom cable assembly & wire harness, Please contact us now! We are your best partner for customizing wire harnesses.


Tos-PEG5-Tos CAS:37860-51-8 is a bifunctional PEG derivative with tosyl (tosylate) groups at both ends. The hydrophilic nature of the PEG backbone increases solubility, while the tosyl groups act as efficient leaving groups in nucleophilic substitution reactions. This unique combination enables the formation of stable linkages with a variety of biomolecules, enhancing their properties.
In pharmaceutical research and development, Tos-PEG5-Tos is primarily used as a linker for drug conjugation, facilitating targeted drug delivery systems. By coupling the PEG linker to drug molecules and targeting moieties, the solubility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of drugs are improved, minimizing side effects and increasing therapeutic efficacy.
AxisPharm offers 5000+ PEG Linkers with high purity. Different kinds of PEG Reagents may be available by custom synthesis.


02-09-2015，China biggest local wire and cable event-9th China International Wire & Cable Industry Exhibition came to a close at Shanghai New International Expo Center. The exhibition reached a record high in exhibition area, exhibitor number and visiting group number and scale. The exhibition area reached 23000㎡, the audience number was about 7000, domestic and overseas exhibitors number reached about 400.Exhibits include cable、optical fiber and cable manufacture and fine machinery, material and relevant area. Our company participate this exhibition actively and got consistent high praise from the participating institutions and the visitors.
During the three days exhibition, a lot of visitors came to our company booth. General manager Dingbin; vice-general manager Jiang Shunhuang, Wu liejie; International manager Shi Zhengchao and purchase manager Lai Jiguang etc with all the overseas exhibitors and clients communicated and discussed about optical fiber and cable manufacturing technology, equipment and product etc, and received a very good product knowledge popularization and publicity.
Many sides look forward to more in-depth exchanges after this exhibition, to create a deeper understanding, expand the market, mutually beneficial and win-win better future!