It was the west’s great metropolis-San Francisco. Within the short sixty year span before the Great Earthquake and Fire of April 1906, San Franciscans had built a major world-class city. The water front had been extended, sand dunes reclaimed and steep hillsides settled. Andrew Smith Hallidie’s successful application in 1873 of cable technology to urban transit altered the growth patterns of San Francisco. The city now grew westward, from the bay toward the Pacific Ocean, up the steep grades that characterize Nob and Russian hills. Previously, these had been accessible only to the few people who could afford private transportation up a hill too steep for horsecar or steam train service.
Until the second decade of the 20th century, roughly three miles separated the Ocean Beach area from the developed parts of the city, the intervening tracts were largely sand dunes. In fact, the many sand dunes were to remain a part of the City’s topography until after World War II. By 1880 cable cars service had reached roughly the four-mile mark of the seven-mile distance from bay to ocean. At least two-third of the City was unpopulated.
Isolated from urban San Francisco were the recreational destinations of Harbor View (today’s Marina district) and Ocean Beach with its beaches and attractions such as the Adolf Sutro’s Cliff House restaurant and nearby Sutro Heights Casino. Harbor View was a Bayside area along the shores of the Golden Gate on the northerly tip the San Francisco peninsula. Although close into the city center, it was separated from the mainstream of the City's life. Nob and Russian Hills, and Pacific Heights provided the barriers. Harbor View boosted a bath house, a beach, an area where the local militia practiced and picnicked, and the Presidio Military Reservation. Despite being remote from the city, both Ocean Beach and Harbor View became major water playgrounds. Both provided the transit entrepreneur and the developer the opportunity to earn substantial profits.
The question was how economically to serve these destinations. The problem was compounded because traffic would be largely seasonal and then on Sundays and holidays.
Reaching Harbor View
San Francisco’s second cable car company was the Sutter Street Railroad. It converted its line on Sutter Street, an east-west corridor, from Market Street to Larkin from animal power to cable without a break in service, in January 1877. A cable car line's lower operating costs and its ability to carry more fare-paying passengers per hour were incentives for horsecar operators, like the Sutter Street Railroad, to convert to cable operation on routes where heavy ridership could justify the initial large investment. A year later it began the first phrase of its north-south cable car service on Larkin Street.
As early as the mid-1860's, the Sutter Street Railroad planned to reach Harbor View. Erratic and only modestly successful omnibus service began to serve Harbor View from North Beach in the late 1850's. During 1867 Henry Casebolt, the superintendent and later the owner of the Sutter Street Railroad, acquired as private individual the dormant franchise of the San Francisco & Fort Point Railroad. Using this franchise, Casebolt began a competing omnibus service to Harbor View. This service ran from the terminus of the Sutter Street Railroad’s north-south line at Polk and Broadway to Harbor View. Settlement in this area soon showed the need for a horsecar line, and, on March 11, 1869, the Presidio (Harbor View) branch of the Sutter Street Railroad replaced Casebolt’s omnibus service.
Low population density, despite the fact that the streets along and adjoining the car line began to be lined with small commercial establishments along with the growing number of homes large and small, and a very long and hilly route made this route unprofitable. Accordingly Casebolt made economies, the first of which was to operate horse cars with but a single horse. Casebolt used his famous "balloon cars." This design had the carriage of the vehicle mounted on a pivot above the trucks and undercarriage so that at the terminus of the line the horse and the upper portion of the car could be turned 180 degrees, thereby reserving direction without turning the trucks. The pivots often became loose producing a rough and unacceptable ride. Casebolt was soon convinced that a mechanical solution -- cable or steam operation -- was the only way to make line pay.
Economics argued against a cable car extension and favored steam. Population density was too sparse and traffic too subject to seasonal variations to justify the initial large investment required of a cable car system. Steam operation could commence for a fraction of the investment cost of cable technology.
On September 22, 1877, a new steam dummy service began connecting with Sutter Street Railroad's cross town horsecar operation at Polk and Broadway. Almost eleven years would pass before the Sutter Street Railway (company's new name) would extend its crosstown cable car line north from Sutter via Polk, Pacific Avenue to Fillmore. The new steam dummy line ran from Broadway via Polk, Vallejo, Octavia, Union, Steiner, Greenwich, Baker via the Harbor View Baths to Lewis Street. The Sutter Street Railroad purchased two new five-foot gauge 0-4-0T Baldwin built steam dummies for this service. Both had 8" x 10" cylinders and 30" drivers. No. 1 was named the "Harbor View" and No. 2 the "Casebolt." Steam dummies had their locomotive body camouflaged by a wooden car body designed to resemble that of a horse drawn streetcar. The idea was to stop horses from being frightened by a belching steam locomotive. The camouflage did not fool horses. They knew it was a fearsome steam engine. Occasionally, passengers were carried in a steam dummy. This was not so for these dummies. Five large cars were purchased, and lettered "A " through "E." An engine house was built on the company's right-of-way on Jefferson Street at Lyon.
Harbor View, by this time, was a major resort with baths, picnic grounds, and a small amusement park. However, Harbor View was too far away from the rest of the lines of the Sutter Street Railroad. This fact combined with low ridership made the line uneconomical.
In 1880 a new cable car company, the Presidio & Ferries Railroad, was organized. This line opened for paying passengers in January 1882. The Presidio & Ferries created a direct route from the City’s commercial area to Cow Hollow-Harbor View via Union Street over Russian Hill. The new company approached the Sutter Street Railroad to purchase their steam line. The Sutter Street company was ready to rid itself of its losing steam route. This was part of a larger plan on of the Sutter Street Railway (reorganized as "Railway") to eliminate its excess trackage and facilities, following the sale of the road by Henry Casebolt. Ownership of the steam line passed to the Presidio & Ferries in 1881.
The Presidio & Ferries soon shortened the steam line to run from Union and Steiner Streets to Harbor View. The Union Street cable line provided the connections to and from for the rest of the City. The steam line for the first time now was both economically and operationally efficient.
By 1885 the line was successful enough to add equipment. A local foundry, Marchutz & Cantrell, was contracted to build two locomotives, numbered 3 and 4. These were also 0-4-0T engines. Their cylinders were 8" x 14" with 28" drivers. The Presidio & Ferries now had the ability to run a real "streetcar service" along the remaining steam trackage. The Harbor View Baths retained their popularity as a destination. During September, 1892, following a two week changeover, the cable line was extended to directly to the Presidio Military Reservation. The steam line was further cut back, now it ran from Baker & Greenwich streets to Harbor View.
Remaining one-mile (one-way distance) of total trackage was single tracked with a couple of passing sidings. This was the line’s final form. Steam power provided service on this line longer than any San Francisco street railway line, a total of twenty-nine years. It took an earthquake finally to end the last remnant of the route. Serviced ended on the fateful morning of April 18, 1906. The Presidio & Ferries experienced the most destruction from the earthquake and fire of any railway.
Following the earthquake the Union Street cable car line was electrified. No service of any kind over the former steam route was provided. After the 1890's Harbor View had faced increasing competition from other areas of the City as an entertainment center. The area became increasingly industrial. Harbor View after the earthquake still offered amusements. However, with no direct transit its fortunes began to decline rapidly, the end coming in 1914.
In the years immediately following the great earthquake, civic and business leaders wanted to show off their new San Francisco. San Francisco would be the host to a World's Fair. The Harbor View property, and its entire adjoining areas were cleared to make way for the fair. The fair, the Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915, was a resounding success.
Park & Ocean Railroad
The Park & Ocean Railroad began on December 1, 1883, as a four-mile long connecting standard gauge steam train service to Ocean Beach from the outer terminal of the Market Street Cable Railway’s Haight Street branch. This line was a subsidiary operation of the Southern Pacific's Market Street Cable Railway Co. Opening day, a Sunday, was successful beyond all expectations. Over 10,000 passengers were carried.
As with the line to Harbor View it was economics which dictated the use of steam power. The territory between between terminals possessed little if any population. For most of its distance the Park & Ocean Railroad ran along the southern edge of Golden Gate Park. On one side of the line was the lush park. On the other side was the desert like sand dunes of the Sunset District. Often train crews would have to shovel sand off the tracks so trains may continue. There was a tiny population base at Ocean Beach. Although operating within San Francisco its population base served gave the line an interurban character. It would be another nine years before San Francisco’s first electric streetcar would start.
The line was initially equipped with four enclosed Baldwin 0-4-2T steam dummies, numbered 1 through 4. (Number 2 survives today in Los Angeles’ Travel Town as Southern Pacific No. 20.) These had 12" x 16' cylinders with 36" drivers and weighed 40,000 pounds. They were built in 1880, as part of an order of six. The other two were assigned to the Market Street Extension. This line ran on Market Street between Valencia and Castro Streets between 1880 and 1888, when the Castro Street cable replaced the line. The rolling stock consisted of sixteen passenger coaches built in the Central Pacific’s Sacramento shops.
At the time when the Park & Ocean opened, the entrepreneur Adolf Sutro had purchased most of the land at Ocean Beach near the Cliff House. Sutro had hoped that a free transfer would be provided between the Haight Street cable and the Park & Ocean. He became outraged when both lines charged a five-cent fare. Sutro felt that this was an economic hardship for families wishing to enjoy his beach resorts, or to buy Ocean Beach property. This began a battle between Sutro and the Market Street Railway and its subsidiaries that was to last for the remainder of Sutro's public life. Ironically, Sutro's many improvements at the Beach did much to contribute to the success of the Park & Ocean.
By 1884 the line’s success required the company to purchase four additional locomotives. Baldwin again was the builder building four 2-4-2T engines in March of that year. Numbered 5 through 8 these engines had 15" x 22" cylinders, 48" drivers and weighted 62,000 pounds. Unlike the original locomotives a dummy street car body did not camouflage these engines.
Following the Panic of 1893, San Francisco Chronicle publisher M. H. de Young promoted the idea of a fair in Golden Gate Park. The fair known as the California Midwinter Exposition was held in the early part of 1894. An obstacle to having this fair was its distance from efficient transportation. To solve this problem the Park & Ocean Railroad jointly with its parent the Southern Pacific built a temporary freight only connection to the Southern Pacific Railroad at Ocean View (southwestern San Francisco). The franchise for this special connecting trackage expired in late 1894.
Soon after the fair’s close economics began to dictate conversion to an electric trolley line. Transit companies by the 1890s were attracted to the electric car. Electric streetcars had greater speed and system capacity, allowing for more passengers per hour and greater revenues, and streetcar lines had significantly lower operating costs than both cable and steam. Poles were erected beginning in 1895, but the conversion was delayed by franchise disputes. Finally the steam line shut down on March 18, 1898. The new electric line known as the Ferries Park & Ocean opened on June 27. For a single five-cent fare passengers now could ride all the way from the Ferry Building to Ocean Beach. On Sundays electric trains operated from the traditional Haight and Stanyan terminal. The road’s 1883 40-foot steam coaches provided the consists for this service. These rebuilt cars were San Francisco’s first to have air brakes. Three of the sixteen cars were converted to motor cars. All sixteen cars were sold to the Pacific Electric Railway in 1902.
All Aboard to Land’s End
After a wait of three years Adolf Sutro made his move against the Market Street Railway and its subsidiary the Park & Ocean. The solution was to build one of the most scenic short-line railroads ever constructed.
The Ferries & Cliff House Railway Company (also called the Powell Street Railway) began cable car service to City’s Western Addition with the opening in April 1888, of its Powell-Jackson line. At the line’s California and Central Avenue terminal, halfway across San Francisco, the new cable car line made a connection with its own steam trains to the ocean, which started service that July. Sutro had successfully prevailed on his fellow capitalists, notably his cousin the financier Gustav Sutro, not only to build new cable and steam lines, but to charge only five-cents for a trip from downtown to the ocean front properties he owned.
During 1887 and in the spring of 1888, the steam line was built. The three-foot gauge three and a quarter mile line ran out California Street to 33rd Avenue from where it wound a scenic path along the cliffs above the Golden Gate to Land’s End. On this outer section was a two-hundred-foot long tunnel on a curve. The line was double tracked until the tunnel. On the single track section passing sidings featuring spring switches were used. In addition, a one mile branch to Golden Gate Park was built. This line left the main California Street line at 7th Avenue, ran south on 7th Avenue to a station (which still exists) at "D" Street (now Fulton).
The spectacular ride along the cliffs above the Golden Gate earned the Ferries & Cliff House Railway glowing press in all the San Francisco guide books of the period. Unfortunately, periodic slides plagued this trackage requiring expensive repairs to maintain service. The line’s opening had been delayed because of the need to construct retaining walls.
Baldwin initially built six 2-4-2T locomotives. Numbers 1 and 2 featured 13" x 18" cylinders with 45" drivers. Numbers 3 through 6 had 10" x 16" cylinders, 41" drivers and weighted 40,000 pounds. In 1890, two 60,000 pound 2-4At locomotives were added to the roster. These had 14" x 18" cylinders and 48" drivers and like the other two larger engines were designed to meet the heavy Sunday traffic demands. Mahoney Brothers of San Francisco built sixteen coaches. Eight were "combination" cars having both an open and closed section, four were totally enclosed and four were open cars.
The line was an immediate success. Service was frequent and well patronized from the beginning. However, heavy bonded indebtedness forced Gustav Sutro to sell on October 14, 1893 all his railway holdings, including his interest in the Ferries & Cliff House Railway, to the Pacific Development Company a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific. The result was a merger of many properties under the name Market Street Railway. An immediate consequence was the raising to 10 cents the fare to Land’s End and Adolf Sutro’s many attractions including the world’s largest indoor swimming pool.
Electrification became inevitable. Beginning in 1895, the Market Street Railway began erecting poles in anticipation of electrification. However, it would be another decade before the line was converted, the last steam train ran on April 17, 1905. The new standard gauge double track electric line opened on May 26, 1905, after the Land’s End tunnel had been daylighted.
Although the last whistle of these steam lines has long since echoed in the night, they nevertheless provided the average San Franciscan of the period the ability to reach the recreational water front frontiers of the City. This factor alone made these steam lines an important part of the social fabric of the west’s greatest city.
& FERRIES RAILROAD
PARK & OCEAN RAILROAD
S.P. Co. Nos. 20, 21, & 22 used on Southern California Motor Road, later No. 22 converted to a 0-4-OT and in 1905 all converted to shop switchers. No. 20 donated to Travel Town in 1954.
FERRIES & CLIFF HOUSE RAILROAD
Published in the Nov/DEC 1999
issue of Live Steam.
Copyright 1999-2005 by Walter Rice and Emiliano Echeverria. All rights reserved.
Last updated 01-Sep-2005


A poignant study of motherhood in the eighteenth-century and the sacrifices made by women unable to care for their children.
When impoverished mothers put their babies into the care of the Foundling Hospital in the eighteenth-century, they also left behind small, everyday tokens that would identify the child should the mother ever return. These little trinkets are now on display and offer a heartbreaking account of the tiny tragedies of life in Georgian England. Bits of jewellery, a playing card, a thimble and buttons were all that linked a child to its mother and each object on show offers a tender account of the people involved.
Contemporary artists, writers and musicians have been commissioned to make work in response to the museum’s collection, revealing some of the poignant histories of these abandoned babies.


The oxygen sensor is a very important sensor. The function of the oxygen sensor is to sense the oxygen content of the exhaust gas discharged from the engine and give a signal to the engine computer in the form of voltage. The engine computer uses the signal of the oxygen sensor to control the fuel injection volume. If the oxygen sensor is damaged, it will have a problem of increased fuel consumption. If the oxygen sensor is loose, it is not acceptable, because it will leak. After the leak, the signal from the oxygen sensor to the computer may be inaccurate, affecting the engine’s power and fuel consumption, so if it is loose, it should be repaired as soon as possible.
But do you know why the oxygen sensor will leak when assembling the ceramic heater chip?
There are two of the reasons:
One is the chip sealing is not doing well. Around the oxygen sensor piece, the power ring needs to be crushed to fill the gap. If there is no powder ring compaction, there will be a gap leakage problem.
The other is due to the high pressure of the pressing powdering ring, about 10 tons, and the oxygen sensor plate is not straight, which may break the oxygen sensor plate.
How to prevent the leak?
Our products will be 100% tested before leaving the factory, such as withstand voltage test, so there is no possibility of air leakage before leaving the factory.
Should you have more questions, please contact us at any time.


What are lasers? This technical guide can be used to learn the basics about lasers. It contains a wide variety of information such as oscillation principles, the characteristics of different wavelengths, and differences between oscillation methods.
Use this document to learn the latest techniques for performing magnified observation and analysis of burrs, sink holes, and other resin defects as well as defects on film. The explanations include actual observation images.
This is the first in a New Series of Technical Guides that Explain Image Processing Techniques and Methods.
KEYENCE vision systems have been adopted and operated by many users throughout the world. The "Image Processing" series of documents will introduce the functions, operation principles, and usage tricks for optimum use of our vision systems. This document provides a detailed explanation on color extraction, which specifies a color range that is to be emphasized in images that have been captured with a color camera to make a reliable inspection.
Whether you need a sensor that automatically adjusts its power for build-up or an inexpensive solution that can detect something as small as 5µm the 200+ sensor combinations in the FS-N series can do it.
When using a laser displacement sensor, problems with how measurements are carried out are to blame when you can't obtain measurements with accuracy to match the specifications. Use these documents to learn tricks-of-the-trade for accurate non-contact measurements.


Are Mosquitoes Attracted to Light?
Mosquitoes are active when the sunlight is low, meaning dawn and dusk. During the daytime, mosquitoes prefer to hide and rest in shadier spots. At dawn and dusk, mosquitoes use light to find their hosts. This has led some people to think that mosquitoes are attracted to light, but that’s not exactly the case.
Mosquitoes do not see light the same way we do. They typically navigate by using natural light from the moon and stars. Artificial lights, then, can be a natural deterrent to mosquitoes that could become disoriented by lights near the home.
Do Mosquitoes Prefer Ultraviolet or LED Lights?
Many insect traps you see in stores contain a light source that supposedly lure mosquitoes in. However, this is not the case for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are not attracted to ultraviolet or LED light any more than they are to normal lights. LEDs in particular put off less warmth than other bulbs, making them even less attractive.
Do You Have a Mosquito Problem? We Can Help.
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Are Mosquitoes Attracted to Color?
Research has shown that mosquitoes are repelled by bright, colorful clothing. Darker clothes in tones of black, gray, or red, will make it easier for insects to find you. Wearing darker clothing traps heat in your body, resulting in more output of your natural scent. Wearing white, khaki, or bright-colored on the other hand, can help to repel mosquitoes. Lighter colors will deter mosquitoes and help keep you cool by reflecting sunlight away.
Tips to Repel Mosquitoes With Light
While light can help repel some types of mosquitoes, it is not a reliable source of prevention. Mosquitoes simply use light sources to travel. Therefore, using bug lights or light bulbs you may find in the store may not be effective in solving your mosquito problem. Always consult a professional mosquito control expert to determine the best ways to make your property less attractive to mosquitoes in Eastern Tennessee.
Are Mosquitoes Attracted To Light? in Sevierville TN
Serving Sevier County and surrounding areas since 1984


Partnerships, Collaboration, & Participatory Approaches
Strong community partnerships and inclusion of diverse voices in project design and development can be a key to success developing local food systems. This page includes links to resources that support development of strong partnerships and inclusive and collaborative process.
- Collaboration and Community Team Building: Working with Community Teams
Presentation by Warren Miller of Fountainworks, Inc. “First you create; then you sustain. Go slow to go fast.”
- Community Engagement Tools
N.C. Cooperative Extension, Community Development Program
- Engaging Your Community Guides
Natural Resources Leadership Institute, NC State University
- Local Food System Stakeholders for Community Engagement
List of potential stakeholders and stakeholder organizations to consider involving in a community process building local food systems. This list was developed for and Incubator Farm Project, but is generalizeable to other local food system projects.
- Increasing Participation in your Program. Presentation from the 2015 NIFTI Incubator Farm Field School focused on key tools for increasing participation while maintaining program integrity.
- Building Successful Community Partnerships


MATEC Web of Conferences
Volume 51, 20162016 International Conference on Mechanical, Manufacturing, Modeling and Mechatronics (IC4M 2016)
|Number of page(s)||9|
|Section||Chapter 2: Design and Development of Engineering Devices|
|Published online||06 April 2016|
EEG Controlled Wheelchair
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Malaysia
a Corresponding author: email@example.com
This paper describes the development of a brainwave controlled wheelchair. The main objective of this project is to construct a wheelchair which can be directly controlled by the brain without requires any physical feedback as controlling input from the user. The method employed in this project is the Brain-computer Interface (BCI), which enables direct communication between the brain and the electrical wheelchair. The best method for recording the brain’s activity is electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG signal is also known as brainwaves signal. The device that used for capturing the EEG signal is the Emotiv EPOC headset. This headset is able to transmit the EEG signal wirelessly via Bluetooth to the PC (personal computer). By using the PC software, the EEG signals are processed and converted into mental command. According to the mental command (e.g. forward, left...) obtained, the output electrical signal is sent out to the electrical wheelchair to perform the desired movement. Thus, in this project, a computer software is developed for translating the EEG signal into mental commands and transmitting out the controlling signal wirelessly to the electrical wheelchair.
© Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2016
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
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“Music expresses that which cannot be put into words and that which cannot remain silent” Victor Hugo
Our Music Curriculum
Our music curriculum gives children the opportunity to use a variety of different starting points for listening to and composing their own music, from the sounds that everyday objects make to Brazilian Samba music. The creative elements of the curriculum are embedded in all we do at Coopers Lane. To support the music curriculum some year groups have the opportunity to learn instruments as a class with our music tutors.
Year 2: Recorders
Year 3: Steel Pans
Year 4: Samba
Year 5: Steel Pans
We have singing sessions once a week in our key stages, with further opportunities to sing as a choir at events such as the Thames Festival Kids Choir. The children also learn songs that link with whole school projects such as Sign 2 Sing and Sports Relief.
We are really lucky at Coopers Lane to have a specialist dance and music studio where some of the children’s music and dance lessons take place during the school day and after school.
Extra Curricular Music Opportunities
From Year 2 children have the opportunity to learn the violin, harp, recorder, flute, saxophone and piano in small groups or on a one to one basis with our peripatetic tutors.
We have a cello group who practice before and after school twice a week. They also play in an ensemble with other local schools once a week as part of the Lewisham Fabulosity project. The children who play in this group have the opportunity to perform at other schools on a regular basis.
We also have an after school recorder club for children from year 2, and a steel pan club open to children from Year 5 and 6.
We have regular concerts and performances for the children to take part in, both in school and elsewhere, including autumn, spring and summer term music concerts.
Performances at our school music concerts


This pocket-sized calculator determines exposure factors quickly and easily.
Enables the operator to determine the Surface Path or Depth Path when the Sound Path is known at 70 degrees, 60 degrees, or 45 degrees. Converts to inches or centimeters.
This is a companion tool to the Radiation Exposure Calculators. This calculator estimates the hazard area associated with isotope radiographic operations. Can be used to assist auditors and radiation safety officers when checking the accuracy of radiation survey reports.


Expert colorizer, Jordan J. Lloyd, has collaborated with photography website Unsplash to produce 20 colorized images from the Civil Rights Movement that took place in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s.
The Civil Rights Movement was mostly covered using black and white photography, and the original version of the images are available in the public domain from the Library of Congress. However, most of the videos and photographs that were originally produced in color during the Civil Rights Movement are under licenses that do not allow free use. The aim of the collaboration between Jordan Lloyd and Unsplash is to provide high-quality color photographs of a significant historical event that the public can access and use for free. All 20 photographs are available to use for commercial and non-commercial purposes for free under the Unsplash license.
The collection contains color photographs of significant figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, John Lewis, Angela Davis, and more. It also contains colorizations of the March on Washington and examples of how African American people were treated prior to the Civil Rights Movement (e.g. segregation). See the 20 photographs below.
Images of Significant Figures of the Civil Rights Movement in Color
Photos from The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in Color
Other Civil Rights Movement Photos in Color
All of these photos are available to download in higher quality on The Civil Rights Movement in Color Collection on Unsplash. Be sure to follow the colorizer, Jordan J. Lloyd, on Instagram and his website.


If you’re a parent, you know how hard it can be to get your child to eat enough healthy foods throughout the day. While they seem to love eating snacks and junk food, getting in the recommended amount of fruits, veggies, dairy, and protein can be a struggle. But for some parents, in this country and others, feeding their kids at all is difficult. And when this happens, the child can get severely underfed and even malnourished. So if you know of a child who’s not getting the food they need, here’s what you can do to help a child to ensure that they start to get the food their little bodies need.
Make Sure There’s Not A Medical Reason For It
For some kids, there’s a medical reason why they have a hard time eating foods or eating enough foods to help make them big and strong. According to KidsHealth.org, kids who have conditions like celiac disease or cystic fibrosis have trouble absorbing all the nutrients from the foods they eat. This can make it hard for them to gain weight and get all the vitamins, minerals, and nutrients their bodies need to be considered nourished. If you’re worried about a condition like this, call your doctor to get the necessary testing to diagnosis these conditions.
Get Them Involved In All Food Processes
If your child is being underfed by their own doing, you may want to consider making them more involved in the food processes at your house. According to Katherine Serbinski, a contributor to EatRight.org, kids who are picky eaters often feel like that’s one of the only things they have control over. Knowing this, it may help to let them become more involved in picking out healthy foods to eat at the store, making the food with you when at home, and setting the table for the family to eat together. Additionally, you should try to make mealtimes fun and not stressful or rushed, which can cause your child to not eat all they can or should.
Pick The Right Foods
To ensure that your kids are getting the nutrients they need regardless of how much they’re eating, it’s important to pick the right foods for them. According to Erin Coleman, a contributor to LiveStrong.com, you should try to supply your kids with nutrient-dense, high-calorie foods. This can include things like dairy products and proteins. When your child eats foods like these, they’re getting the vitamins and minerals they need while also getting the caloric intake to help them put on healthy weight and become bigger and stronger.
If you’re worried that your child is being underfed, consider using the tips mentioned above to help them make their body healthier and happier.


Offshore wind energy is clean, renewable, environmentally responsible, and within our reach.
Why offshore wind?
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Department of the Interior (DOI) released a National Offshore Wind Strategy document in September 2016 which indicates that 80% of U.S. electricity demands are located in coastal states, and that the total U.S. offshore wind energy potential is more than twice what the entire country currently uses. Nearly 80% of the U.S. offshore wind resource is located in deepwater.
Offshore wind development will:
Start a new industry in Maine.
Create jobs in engineering, construction, manufacturing, maintenance, navigation, and other areas.
Reduce Maine’s reliance on imported fossil fuels (nearly $6 billion per year).
Keep more of our energy dollars in Maine.
For more than 10 years, UMaine has led development of the patented VolturnUS floating concrete hull technology that can support wind turbines in water depths of 150 feet or more, and has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of offshore wind.
States to the south of us are working to build their offshore wind industries. MA, RI, NY, and MD have major projects in the works which are attracting billions of dollars in local investments.
What about Maine?
In Maine, offshore wind energy represents our largest untapped natural energy resource, with more than 156 GW (1 gigawatt =1,000 megawatts) of potential energy waiting to be harnessed off the coast of Maine. The Gulf of Maine boasts a higher quality offshore wind resource than most parts of the United States. Mainers currently use 2.4 GW (2,400 megawatts) of electricity each year. The Gulf of Maine is located very close to New England populations centers with high electrical demands.
In 2008, Governor John Baldacci established Maine Ocean Energy Task Force to recommend a strategy to develop the renewable ocean energy resources in the Gulf of Maine. Click here to view the Ocean Energy Task Force Final Report, published in December 2009. This report set Maine’s renewable ocean energy goals, including the installation of 5 GW (5,000 megawatts) of offshore wind energy by 2030.
University of Maine Economist Todd Gabe estimates that the New England Aqua Ventus I project will produce nearly $200 million in total economic output, and more than 1,500 Maine-based jobs, including jobs for construction and operations and maintenance. A full economic analysis from 2013 can be accessed here.
Maine has the deepest waters near its shores, approximately 200 feet deep at 3 nautical miles, and 89% of Maine’s 156 GW offshore wind resource is in deep waters. The state also offers extensive maritime industry infrastructure and proximity to one of the largest energy markets in the country. Maine is an ideal state to lead deepwater offshore wind development.
For more than 10 years, the University of Maine has led the nation in developing an economical way to harness clean, renewable wind energy from our deep ocean waters. This has led to the development of UMaine’s patented VolturnUS floating concrete hull technology. The hull can support wind turbines in water depths of 150 feet or more, and has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of offshore wind.
In 2013, UMaine and its partners successfully deployed the VolturnUS 1:8, a 1/8th scale, 65 foot tall prototype that was the first grid-connected floating wind turbine in the Americas. Data collected during this deployment is being used to inform design and construction of two full-scale floating offshore wind turbines utilizing the VolturnUS platform technology.
Successfully harnessing offshore wind will contribute to the transformation of Maine’s energy sector to renewable sources, and keep our energy dollars in our state.
Aqua Ventus is a demonstration project for a 11 MW floating offshore wind pilot project to develop a clean, renewable energy source off Maine’s shores.
This demonstration project will deploy a single 11 MW turbine on VolturnUS, the floating concrete semi-submersible hull designed by UMaine, south of Monhegan Island. The floating hull/turbine is held in position by three marine mooring lines securely anchored to the seabed, with the electrical generation connected by subsea cable to the Maine power grid onshore.
Where will construction take place?
The floating offshore wind turbine platforms and column segments will be fabricated and assembled at an existing industrial facility adjacent to the Penobscot River in Brewer, Maine. Turbine components will be assembled on the hull in Searsport, Maine, and subsequently towed to the UMaine Deepwater Offshore Wind Test Site at Monhegan Island.
An interconnection alternate current (AC) cable will join the turbine, and then connect to a 34.5 kilovolt (kV) subsea power cable extending from the test site to the mainland.
Aqua Ventus has received $10.7 million from the U.S. Department of Energy, and is eligible for additional federal funding after meeting project milestones, subject to progress reviews. The demonstration project will likely be the first full-scale floating wind project in the Americas.
Once installed, the turbine is expected to produce clean renewable energy for the duration of a 20-year power purchase agreement (PPA).
How was the project’s location chosen?
The test site south of Monhegan Island was selected following an extensive public outreach process conducted by the State of Maine due to its distance from the mainland, strong and consistent winds, limited number of fishermen, and close proximity to an island with high energy costs. More than five years of ecological and environmental surveys have been conducted, making the test site one of the most extensively studied locations in the Gulf of Maine.
Since the selection and establishment of the test site, UMaine has continued its outreach with Monhegan and Midcoast Maine and other potentially affected industry and environmental stakeholders. With dozens of meetings, presentations, video conferences, and telephone conferences, as well as more than two years of weekly or monthly calls with the Monhegan Energy Task Force (METF) since its inception, UMaine has demonstrated its ongoing commitment to project communications.
In July 2016, Monhegan Island voted for the Monhegan Plantation to engage in negotiations with Maine Aqua Ventus on a community benefit package, a significant milestone, and a requirement of the project’s power purchase contract term sheet with the Maine Public Utilities Commission.
What are the project’s goals?
- Demonstrate UMaine’s VolturnUS at full scale, allowing floating farms to be built out-of-sight across the U.S. and the world in the 2020s and beyond
- Work with local contractors and manufacturers to perfect construction of the floating concrete hull and generate local jobs and economic benefit
- Create and keep Maine jobs in Maine
- Provide low-cost, clean, renewable energy now and in the future which competes favorably with other forms of electricity generation without subsidies
How will environmental impacts be assessed?
Aqua Ventus is a single turbine demonstration project that requires extensive and ongoing collaboration with state regulatory agencies including: Maine Department of Environmental Protection and Maine Department of Marine Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, NOAA, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Coast Guard, and others.
Click here to watch a video published in February 2018 by the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and the Special Initiative on Offshore Wind (SIOW), based at the University of Delaware, that features never-before-seen underwater footage of fish feeding at America’s first offshore wind farm, as well as testimonials from local recreational fishermen and charter captains.
The University of Maine, the State of Maine, and U.S. Department of Energy have funded multiple studies/surveys to characterize the baseline physical and ecological environment of the test site. Completed studies include partnering with the New Jersey Audubon Society to use radar to track birds and bats, vessel-based visual surveys conducted by Lubird Environmental, acoustic bat surveys conducted by Stantec, and a passive acoustic survey for songbirds at Lobster Cove, Monhegan Island, conducted by the University of Maine.
Ongoing ecological monitoring will be performed during operation for research and compliance.
What comes after New England Aqua Ventus I?
Successful demonstration of the technology has the potential to lead to a 500 MW-scale project placed in U.S. federal waters. Aqua Ventus is committed to not developing a larger scale project within 10 miles of an inhabited island or peninsula along the coast of Maine.
For more information:


The 20th century was the golden age of genetics. It ushered in the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method of amplifying DNA, and ultimately, the sequencing of the complete human genome.
Somewhat understandably, these remarkable discoveries led to “biological determinism,” the belief that human behavior and health is mostly—if not entirely—controlled by our genes. And it generated some pretty bold proclamations:
We now have the possibility of achieving all we ever hoped for from medicine.
Lord Sainsbury, Former UK Science Minister
Mapping the human genome has been compared with putting a man on the moon, but I believe it is more than that. This is the outstanding achievement not only of our lifetime, but in terms of human history.
Michael Dexter, The Welcome Trust
But it quickly became apparent that these heady promises weren’t going to pan out. Even Craig Venter, one of the first scientists to sequence the human genome, recognized the limitations of using genes to predict and prevent disease:
We simply don’t have enough genes for this idea of biological determinism to work.
Craig Venter, Chairman and CEO of J. Craig Venter Institute
We now know that genes account for about 10 percent of human disease.
So if our genes aren’t driving disease, what is?
The Exposome as the Primary Driver of Health and Disease
The “exposome” is a concept that was originally proposed by Dr. Christopher Wild in 2005. (1) It refers to the sum of all non-genetic exposures in an individual lifetime, starting from the moment of conception. It encompasses everything from the food we eat, to the water we drink, to the air we breathe, to the social interactions we have, to the lifestyle choices we make, to the health of our parents at the time of our conception.
In short, it’s the word scientists are using to describe the full range of environmental exposures that influence our health.
Genes may load the gun, but environment pulls the trigger.
The exposome has been broken down into the following three categories:
- Specific external environment. This includes diet, physical activity, water, consumer and personal care products, lifestyle choices like smoking, infectious agents, chemical pollutants, etc. It also includes our environment at the earliest stages of our life, including our mother and father’s health at the time of our conception and gestation, the method of our birth, whether we were breastfed or not, and our early life bond with our mother and other social and psychological influences.
- General external environment. This includes climate; urban vs. rural setting; traffic; our wider economic, social, and psychological influences including social status, education, financial status, and stress.
- Internal environment. This includes internal biological factors such as metabolism, the microbiome, inflammation, hormones, and oxidative stress. (2)
The reason the exposome is important as a concept is that we now know it is the primary driver of human health and disease. If genes cause less than 10 percent of disease, it follows that the exposome—our diet, lifestyle, and environment—drive the remaining 90 percent.
In fact, recent estimates suggest that about 50 percent of early death worldwide is attributable to just a few environmental factors, including diet, indoor and outdoor air pollution, and active and passive cigarette smoking. (3)
The Epigenome: Where Our Genes and Exposome Meet
The “nature vs. nurture” debate—the question of whether our genes (nature) or environment (nurture) are more important to determining our health—has raged for decades. But the relatively simple distinction we’ve made over the years between genes and environment, as if they are separate and unrelated factors, turns out to be inaccurate.
According to Dr. Randy Jirtle:
The nature vs. nurture argument is rapidly proving to be irrelevant, because we’re finding that the two forces interact in highly specific ways that alter gene behavior.
Dr. Jirtle is a pioneer in the field of epigenetics. Epigenetics, which literally means “on top of” genetics, is the study of modifications to our genetic material that change the way genes are switched on or off, but which don’t alter the underlying genes themselves.
We used to think our DNA was like a template or a mold: if you poured raw genetic material into this mold 100 times, you’d get 100 identical copies. This is consistent with the philosophy of “biological determinism” that was en vogue right around the time the human genome was sequenced.
But a better analogy for genes might be a script for a theater production or film. Our genes are like the script, and the exposome and epigenome are like the production and performance. The script of Romeo and Juliet doesn’t change from one production to the next, but how it is produced and performed can vary dramatically depending on the director, cast, crew, set design, costumes, and other factors. If a script is terrible, even a great performance can’t save it. On the other hand, the best script in the world won’t matter with a terrible production.
This explains why identical twins are similar, but not the same. They are matched for genes, age, sex, pre-gestational (and often post-gestational) environment, so we’d expect their risk of having the same diseases to be very high if genes were running the show. Yet in most cases the discordance rates between twins for even highly heritable diseases like schizophrenia can be up to 50 percent. (4) In other words, if one identical twin has schizophrenia, there’s only a 50 percent chance that the other twin will have it.
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Dr. Francis Collins, director of the US National Institutes of Health, once summarized the relationship between genetics and the exposome in a single, pithy sentence:
Genes load the gun, but environment pulls the trigger.
Don’t get me wrong—genes do have a powerful influence on our susceptibility to disease, and there are situations where information about your particular genetic make-up can be useful. For example, there are genes (such as MTHFR, COMT, MTR, MTRR, etc.) that affect the methylation cycle, and mutations in these genes may lead to impaired detoxification, neurotransmitter metabolism, cellular energy production, and a range of symptoms such as depression, fatigue, and infertility. But in most cases, genetic predispositions will often only manifest in the presence of certain environmental factors.
The obesity epidemic is perhaps the clearest example of this. Our genes have not changed appreciably in the last 40 years, but during that time we’ve seen an explosion in the rates of obesity. This suggests that genetics are not the primary driver of obesity. However, we do know that there are genes that predispose some people to obesity more than others, and that not everyone is equally affected by exposure to the same environment. This suggests that genes do play an important role.
How to Fix Your Exposome
The recognition that environment, not genetics, is the primary driver of human health and disease carries with it a strong message of personal empowerment and responsibility. If our genes were the only determinant of our health, there wouldn’t be much motivation to optimize our environment. But since we know that the choices we make in our lifetime predict 90 percent of our risk of disease and early death, we have a strong reason to take action to improve our health.
But where do you start? With so many possible environmental influences, ranging from diet to chemical exposure to air pollution to personal care products, where do you get the biggest bang for your buck?
I believe that, for most people, the following four areas are the most important to focus on first:
- Physical activity
- Stress management
We have an overwhelming amount of research demonstrating the influence these four areas have on our health. And I’ve also seen the greatest impact from focusing on them in my work with hundreds of patients.
This is why I created the 14Four last year. It’s designed to help people optimize their diet, physical activity, sleep, and stress management in just 14 days. I encourage all of you who’ve been procrastinating, or planning, or wishing, to try these 4 simple strategies for just 14 days.
When you join 14Four, you’ll also get access to our private Facebook support group, moderated by our fantastic Registered Dietitians (Kelsey & Laura).
Why make these changes as part of a group? Because research has shown that you dramatically increase your success at making consistently better day-to-day diet and lifestyle choices if you have social support. (5)
Click here to learn more about the 14Four challenge and join us in taking back your health!
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Great article, very uplifting as I am sure I was dealt mthfr. But what’s funny about your referance of putting a man on the moon…is that we didn’t. We were lied to. So…even more so your analogy is correct. Believing that our genes dictact our health is much like…men on the moon. A fallacy.
Emily, so sad that the latest comment to this outstanding article is by a “man on the moon denier”. Surely there are sites more pertinent to your belief system than this one.
So glad you, as the blog police set me straight.
If it was so horrific he wouldn’t have allowed it.
Blessings as you,
This is an extremely misleading article. Genetic Determinism is still very much in effect if we are to take the theater analogy seriously. Learner’s comment, which, I’ve noticed, no one has responded to, is relevant here. The script, is the bedrock of the play. Bad script, bad theater performance, period. Unless the “producer” is able to change the script, and make it better, the analogy is hardly inspiring. If you can show how environmental influences can reverse base level genetic mutations, you might be on to something. But so long as we accept the view of genes as the script, then genes are ruling the day, and no amount of Paleo is going to change that, nor is it going to give hope to those who have been told that they have genetic disorders.
You should read up on the Pottinger Cat Study of the 1940’s and see how genetics is influenced by diet over multiple generations.
Thank you for responding to my point. I have looked at this study. While the study certainly points out the incredible importance our diet has on our progenity, I don’t see how this invalidates my point. I’m not disputing that a poor diet can do damage to baseline DNA–we are not invincible, after all. What I am saying is that I don’t know how a good diet can repair damage that has already been done to baseline DNA—and this is something that the theater analogy implies. If the script is bad, regardless of cause, and there is no way to change the script, then production quality becomes moot, because we are still dealing with a bad script. If that makes sense. Understand, that I would like to be wrong, but I don’t see how I am given the information here. I look forward to further discussion.
Simply put; unless it can be demonstrated that the “script” can be repaired, and modified as need be, I don’t see how epigenetics can any meaningful way be “above” the genes, as the change is nonetheless restricted to whatever genes are available—even if the gene selection is limited, or at least, less than ideal. If that makes sense.
I understand your point, one of the things I see today is that we are being “born sick” and even though dietary changes may help, this is a multigenerational problem that we have to correct now, as you can see in the study, each generation worsens and it takes the same number of generations to correct the problem. We are seeing the 3rd generation of bad diet, we need to correct our children’s diet to ensure that their grandchildren can live relatively disease free.
That being said, our genome will function optimally for us if we don’t keep taxing it by giving it crap, maybe we can’t cure everything, but we can make it a good deal better.
Thank you once again for responding to my point. Certainly making positive changes will help improve things not only for us, but our lineage as well. That said, I found your response slightly ambiguous. I can’t tell if you we’re suggesting that positive dietary/environmental changes could help reverse baseline DNA damage to the genome over the course of multiple generations, or if you we’re conceding my point and pointing out that a good diet and environment would simply help us make the best of otherwise irreversible DNA damage—which I must say, is much more modest claim than to suggest that genes aren’t your destiny.
If you are indeed suggesting that environmental/dietary changes could indeed reverse baseline DNA damage, I would love to see literature on the subject. A stronger analogy would also be more apt 😉
Are not serious genetic disorders rare? Todays epidemic of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cancer… has to have some other explanation besides faulty genetics.
I think you missed my point. And It depends on how you define disease. Just because many problems we have can’t be directly attributed to genes, doesn’t mean that genes don’t have an overriding effect on us. It’s like cooking a steak. Just because you are fully capable of cooking a steak bad, doesn’t mean you can turn a bad cut of beef into a good one. The result is the same; a less than ideal steak. But regardless, you can’t improve the cut of beef, no matter how good you cook it and seasons it—and as such, your steak will always be determined by the quality of the cut, if that makes sense.
Show me that we can reverse baseline genetic DNA errors, and THEN we can say that genes aren’t your destiny/
A study from San Francisco using men with prostate cancer undergoing no treatment, just watch and wait, showed that external factors can turn genes on or off. So that is akin to changing the script.
if true, that’s what the analogy needs to address to satisfy sim who makes an excellent point. hope that the script can be altered enough to matter.
loaded guns dont kill people. chemically stressed out imbalances kill people. loaded guns require special care/handling/holsters, strict safety protocols, etc.. enough of that.
let me take a stab at revising the analogy that adds the complexity sim is asking for:
any 500 year old script can be tweaked by a director into any modern form by adding this or subtracting that re instruments and lighting fx, props, extras and more. even the script can be modified so modern people can understand what in hell is being said in long form shakespearean and thereby, making ‘the story’ more accessible/enjoyable to wider audiences aka ‘tweaking all we can to optimize/update the old script’.
one could argue forever ‘but then its not romeo and juliet’ anymore when it still is.
romeo and juliet has or will be renditioned in multiple languages, in slang, with text on a screen, with everyone nude, without dialog, without actors, with robots or cartoons, etc. and while the script and title code remain untouched, the rendition can obviously be tweaked and hacked to no end ala bio-hacking ala nutrigenomics.
i have also heard/read that one can change a mutation aka eventually cure/heal it aka switch a gene off, etc..
if stress can make a genetic rendition worse/accelerate its expression, then reverse engineering it could make it better, reverse the damage.
every law/script/code can be modified, even if it seems either near impossible or blasphemous to do so. why would this one code be any different from any other?
also, consider that functional doctors like kris kresser and amy nett say they’ve “seen numerous cases” of people with ample mutations actually methylating optimally, and many without significant mutations who have very poor methylation function. so obviously, genes alone could not be the limiter.
Of course when the dna is damaged it could be hard to talk about fixing, but the point of the article regards the damage that we provoke to our body with bad habits, which seems to be the actual issue. With the right diet you can improve many issues, and that’s what really matters.
Chris, you perfectly hit the point, are we a faulty creature which would be unable to live without technology, or we are just part of nature and we can thrive if we comply with its requirements? How could we have lived for more than two millions years without the modern stuff around us? If genes have to be blamed, why hunter gatherers societies are actually healthy. Please folks open your eyes, you just have to look around you, you don’t need a supercomputer to perceive how nature actually works, please wake up!!
Sim please, you didn’t understand how nature actually works…
My goal is to lose this last 10-15 lbs. of fat. So far, I have gone from 245 lbs. down to 185 lbs. but find some weeks I may lose a couple of pounds and others none. I eat pretty much like this six days a week and the seventh day my lunch is a cheat meal to eat whatever I want. I also drink a gallon of water throughout the day and take both a multi-vitamin and fish oil. I followed also this http://die-lard.com/xtreme-fat-loss-diet-review/ which is designed to do just that. Yeah, I done it. I love it when people that I haven’t seen for ages, don’t even recognize me.
Well if you stop the fish oil you will lower your insulin resistance and may lose those last few pounds.
What makes Fish Oil the new villain ??
Please back your statement with facts and scientific explanation.
Most people on Fish diet are the leanest amongst cohorts.
Exactly. Dr. Jeff spews this science but yet in reality those who eat the most fish are super trim. This is what I also hate about science it doesn’t always match reality.
Dr. Jeff, Are you joking? Fish oil & healthy fats (cold pressed coconut oil, grass fed butter (like Kerrygold), avocados, & olive oil (only cook with @ Low temp.) Improve insulin resistance & help with weight loss. Carbs, Not fat’s are the primary driver of weight gain. The best way to get fish oil is by eating the actual wild-caught fish. (Cook on Low temperature). Fish oils are fragile, so to get the benefits you need to research brands that clearly document extraction methods (No heat or chemical extraction…) & are tested by an unrelated company for purity. Quality fish oil capsules are not cheap. For example, I don’t place trust in Sam’s brand of fish oil capsules. If you do buy fish oil capsules, they should be refrigerated. When in doubt, eat directly from the source: Wild caught fatty fish, such as salmon.
This is my first time encountering the concept “exposome”. The discovery has definitely made me feel both empowered and yet overwhelmed. I hope more people will learn about this concept and be active on caring for the environment that we live in.
Very interesting studies here. I’m glad that genes don’t determine so much that one is unable to do anything about their health! Thanks for sharing.
Great article Chris! I finally got to understand epigenetics at last.


Special Issue "Urban Land Use Change and Its Spatial Planning"
Deadline for manuscript submissions: 22 January 2024 | Viewed by 1326
Interests: dynamic urban patterns; behaviour mapping; nature-based solutions; urban research and design methods development
Interests: peri-urban landscape; green infrastructure; ecosystem services; open spaces and human health
Interests: NBS – nature based solutions; affordable housing/living, mixed use; infrastructures: all scales, all means (traffic, green & blue, supply & disposal, knowledge, …)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Land use is a basic dimension of spatial planning. The most common element of spatial plans is the documents that refer to the future spatial development of an area. In the last decade, more often than not, when we are addressing land use, we are referring to land use change. A driver of this change in cities and towns around the world is often urbanisation, with its effects on the form and function of urban spaces, and other often negative effects such as the increased sealing of the land’s surface, the growth of peri-urban areas, urban sprawl, and a rise in environmental problems. However, there is a challenge to go beyond merely recognising what changes need to be implemented as a result of the evidence from various processes and to actively conceptualise anew the role of planning in directing land use change. This SI aims to collect cutting-edge reasonings and studies related to changes as characteristic immanent dimensions in land use. Indeed, urbanised areas are known for their changes in terms of dynamic patterns of activities, their intensities, and concentration. This implies a shift of a focus from patterns of land use and land cover change to dynamic interactions within socio–economic–ecological systems and the resulting impacts on urban planning. This is especially relevant in increasingly common expectations for future urban developments to be open ended and to consider uncertainty as inherent. In particular, this SI will collate advancements in research and practice to gain insights on approaches to understand the causal connections between planning and land use change. This includes acknowledging change as an inherent constant of urban land uses on one hand, and aspects which are crucial for a successful plan implementation to shape and understand future areas on the other.
Submissions are encouraged to contribute to the following sub-themes, but they are not limited to:
- Novel methods and tools, integrated with urban analytics, to examine the interdependency of urban morphology and social, environmental, and economic processes to better inform urban planning as a tool for shaping urban land use.
- Innovative research and case studies examining dynamic interactions within socio–economic–ecological processes and the resulting impacts on urban planning.
- Best practices, as well as successful or unsuccessful endeavours in the concept of open-ended urban planning, giving room to a change as a key constant in urban development.
- Future directions in addressing environmental, economic, and social issues in cities using notion of change as the driving force of urban land use planning.
Dr. Barbara Goličnik Marušić
Dr. Vita Žlender
Prof. Manfred Schrenk
Dr. Kasper Kok
Manuscript Submission Information
Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.
Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.
Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.
- land use change
- dynamic processes


RNA Isolation from Bacteria
Sequencing RNA isolated from bacterial cultures is a common method for determining what genes are being expressed in the culture. Sequencing assays usually require high quality RNA. PoP team members working with a customer optimized a protocol using the RNAdvance Tissue kit for use with bacteria by the addition of lysozyme.
RNA Extraction from E. coli, B. subilis and S. saliverius using RNAdvance Tissue Kit
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus saliverius were grown overnight in LB media at 37 °C. The E. coli culture grew to an OD of 6.59, the B. subtilis culture grew to an OD of 4.15, and the S. saliverius culture grew to an OD of 0.94. RNA was extracted from 150 µL of those overnight cultures. Yield was measured by absorbance at 260nm on a NanoDrop (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and integrity was assessed on an Agilent RNA ScreenTape (Agilent). The yield of RNA correlated to the bacterial overnight OD, with higher overnight OD resulting in higher yields (Figure 1).
The resulting RNA extracted had high RIN scores, with a RIN score of 8.4 for E. coli, 9.4 for B. subtilis and 7.4 for S. saliverius (Figure 2-4) indicating highly intact RNA.
Beckman Coulter makes no warranties of any kind whatsoever express or implied, with respect to this protocol, including but not limited to warranties of fitness for a particular purpose or merchantability or that the protocol is non-infringing. All warranties are expressly disclaimed. Your use of the method is solely at your own risk, without recourse to Beckman Coulter. Not intended or validated or use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions. This protocol is for demonstration only, and is not validated by Beckman Coulter.
© 2019 Beckman Coulter, Inc. All rights reserved. Beckman Coulter, the stylized logo, and the Beckman Coulter product and service marks mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Beckman Coulter, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.


Upcoming changes to the way medicines are prescribed are an important reason for people to understand what the active ingredient in their medicine is. Active ingredient prescribing—announced in the 2018-19 Federal Budget**—means most medicines will be prescribed by the active ingredient rather than the brand name. To avoid confusion it’s important people understand the difference and learn to recognise their medicines by the active ingredient.
The active ingredient is the chemical in the medicine that makes it work. The same active ingredient can come in different forms, such as in a tablet or as a liquid, and can also be sold as different brands – so it’s important to know how to recognise the active ingredient to avoid putting yourself at risk of accidental overdosing.
The YouGov Galaxy survey indicates that people are better at recording the brand of their medicine than the active ingredient. Of those people who record information about their medicines, only one in five (22%) said they’d record the active ingredient of the medicine – compared to half of those people (48%) saying they’d capture the brand name of the medicine.
When reflecting on the last time they had discussed a newly prescribed medicine with a doctor or pharmacist, around half of all people surveyed said they had spoken about how much of the medicine they needed to take each time, when and how to take the medicine, how long they should take the medicine for or what side effects might happen. However, only 16% of people said they had discussed what active ingredient was in the medicine.
“Knowing what the active ingredient is in a medicine is an important part of being medicinewise – and being safe when you take your medicines,” said Mr Morris.
“Taking more than one medicine with the same active ingredient may mean that you are accidentally taking too much of that active ingredient. This can have a number of unintended consequences such as the medicines not working as well, increased risk of side effects, and increased chance of harm,” he said.


Modem or router - what's the difference?
Photo Credits: DepositPhotos
Modem and router are words you’ve probably heard countless times. The line between this two is sometimes difficult to distinguish, which confuses many. In the rest of this article, we’ll talk about the differences between a modem and a router, which may open your eyes better as a user about what’s better.What is a modem?
A modem is a device that allows you to connect to the Internet. There are different types of modems, depending on your internet connection. For example, it can be ADSL, cable and optical modems... While they all work a little differently, you don’t have to worry about it. All you need to know is the type of internet service you have to choose the right modem. If you pay for your own Internet service, you probably already have a modem in your home, which is usually supplied by your local Internet Service Provider (ISP). They have a connection to your ISP and a connection to your Internet connection devices. Some modems, such as those provided by some ISPs, also have built-in routers.What are routers?
The router sends internet traffic to various devices in your home. They allow you to use a modem, sold to you by your ISP, and connect it to computers and various other devices. Most routers these days also allow you to set up wireless networks.
The router will have an Ethernet or wired port for your modem and multiple Ethernet ports for desktops or other devices that use a wired connection. If it is a wireless router, it will also allow you to set up a wireless network in your home. This allows you to be online on your laptop, tablet or other devices.
There are different wireless network standards such as 802.11ac, 802.11n, 802.11g. 802.11ac is currently a popular format, but new wireless standards usually come out every few years with better range or higher speeds.
A wireless router has a limited range when it comes to connections, so if you live in a large home, you may have some areas that don’t have a good connection. Mesh routers solve this problem by installing multiple devices that share a connection throughout your home, allowing you to always be within range of one.
Home routers these days will often include more security features, such as firewalls to protect devices on your network.Modem and router
Both devices look pretty similar: a device with flashing lights on the front and a few cables coming out the back. How do you differentiate them? Most routers will also have wireless antennas, while a standalone modem will never have antennas.
The modem will also have fewer cable connections: one for the ISP and one for your computer or router. A router, on the other hand, usually has one port for connecting to a modem and then four or more for devices in your home.
All you need to connect to the internet is a modem - technically, anyway. One device at a time can be connected to a modem, but you can plug a router into the modem, then multiple devices can use that modem. Don’t forget about the additional security features of the router.
The standalone modem does not broadcast wirelessly. You will need a router if you plan to connect wirelessly. You need a router for wireless connectivity.Devices that combine a modem and a router into one (“two in one”)
A modem that also includes a built-in router sounds like a great idea, and sometimes it is, but not every time. While it’s convenient to have two devices in one piece of hardware, this can be limiting.
Most of the time, when you come across a 2-in-1 modem / router combination, you will get it from your ISP or ISP. They are designed to work for almost every client the ISP serves, but this often means that neither the modem nor the router is particularly good.
“2-in-1” is the best option if you want to buy a separate router and modem. In this case, since you are buying it for your own needs, you can make sure that both the side of the modem and the router device have the features and functionality you need.Which device is better to buy, a modem or a router?
If you are looking for higher internet speeds, you may be tempted to upgrade your modem, router or both. What would be the most beneficial of this? Do you need to upgrade at all?Cases when it is better to buy a modem:
- Your ISP allows you to upgrade your modem.
- Your existing modem has a built-in router outdated or below standard.
- Looking for a more flexible network setup.
- You want a standalone modem without an integrated router.
- You want to connect more devices to your modem.
- You want to transfer data between devices in your home.
- You have devices with more modern Wi-Fi technologies than your existing router can handle.
- You want to upgrade the security of your home network.
There is a possibility for that. What ultimately determines your internet speed is your ISP. If your current modem can reach the maximum speed you pay for, a newer modem won’t change that. If you have a limited older modem, switching to a new one can enable higher internet speeds. If you’ve recently upgraded to a higher-level Internet plan and don’t see higher speeds, upgrading your modem can help.Can the new modem increase the speed of Wi-Fi connectivity?
Unless your modem has a built-in Wi-Fi router, n can. Wi-Fi speeds are usually reduced before the internet speed does. You can check this by visiting a website such as speedtest.net when your device is connected to Ethernet or a wired internet connection.Can the new router speed up Wi-Fi connectivity?
In some cases it can. If you have a new tablet, but your router does not support the latest Wi-Fi technologies, for example, your tablet will get stuck at the speed of older Wi-Fi technology. Upgrading your router will allow your device to use faster and new technology.Which is more “important”, a modem or a router?
For things like security, internet speed and ease of use, your router is more important than a modem. Your modem connects to the Internet, but the router establishes all the connections that are important to your devices.


This academic year (17-18) I've been fortunate to go back to teaching a stand alone science methods course. This means I have 14 full weeks to spend with preservice teachers thinking about best practices in teaching elementary science. One of skills we develop is in keeping a scientist's notebook. In addition to using it for close observations, wonder questions, experimental data, nature observations, and more, we are using it to compare our work to the work found in the notebooks of naturalists and scientists. In doing this, I've been sharing a number of books about scientists. Here are just a few of my favorites. I hope you consider sharing these with your future scientists.
written by Robert Burleigh and illustrated by Raúl Colón
written by Matthew Clark Smith and illustrated by Giuliano Ferri
written by Suzanne Slade and illustrated by Jessica Lanan
written by Jim Ottaviani and illustrated by Maris Wicks
written by Julia Finley Mosca and illustrated by Daniel Rieley
written by Jess Keating and illustrated by Marta Alvarez Miguens
written and illustrated by Stephanie Roth Sisson
written by Jeannine Atkins
written and illustrated by Rachel Ignotofsky
written by H. Joseph Hopkins and illustrated by Jill McElmurry
This is just the tip of the iceberg, but I'm sticking to 10, though I do want to cheat and throw in a few more. I guess that just means I'll need to revisit this topic.
You can read more about nf10for10 at It's Coming: February's Nonfiction Picture Book Event.


The legal requirements regarding environmental protection are steadily increasing. Examples include the reduction of emissions and of energy consumption – whether in cars, heating systems or industrial facilities. In many processes, temperature control is a critical parameter for efficiency and conservation of resources.
Market requirements are another factor. The demand is rapidly growing for new solutions, such as smart household appliances and modern driver assistance systems. For the topics of the future, manufacturers must follow completely different paths than in the past. In particular, the growing use of electronics and sensor technologies in all areas of life is the foundation for greater functionality, reliability, safety, comfort and environmental friendliness
Precise and reliable control is also the key to efficient processes and entirely new technologies. One example is the conversion from fossil fuels to renewable energies. Applications such as fuel cells, electromobility and other alternative fuels are often still at the limits of feasibility, or are not sufficiently cost-effective to be competitive. Precise sensors, accurate data and reliable control are essential requirements for high-performance products. Examples include temperature monitoring in charging sockets, electronic power boards, or fuel cells and lithium ion batteries.


Children are missing vaccinations at an alarming level, and the likelihood of vaccine-preventable outbreaks could increase in the coming months.
Children have largely been spared from the devastating symptoms of the novel coronavirus, but the pandemic has put them at risk for a number of preventable illnesses. Since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic and stay-at-home orders were put in place, pediatricians across the nation have experienced a substantial decline in patient visits. Understandably, the public feared contracting COVID-19 through community spread and life as we know it was upended in every way imaginable.
The pandemic put many things on pause, but it wasn’t going to stop children from being born, experiencing illness, requiring follow-up care for chronic conditions and needing important vaccines. Pediatricians quickly adapted to telemedicine; however, you can’t administer vaccinations virtually.
For years, public health programs have worked hard to make immunization equitable, shielding all children from preventable illnesses such as whooping cough, measles, mumps and rubella, which can lead to serious complications and even death. If children fall behind in their vaccination schedule, immunity will begin to wane, and the likelihood of vaccine-preventable outbreaks will increase in the coming months.
A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report shows that from mid-March to mid-April, doctors in the Vaccines for Children program ordered about 2.5 million fewer doses of all routine non-influenza vaccines and 250,000 fewer doses of measles-containing vaccines compared to the same period in 2019.
The good news is that many pediatric practices will re-open this month with modifications to resume children’s well visits. If you haven’t heard from your pediatrician yet, call your medical home to ask how and when they plan to resume well visits and vaccinations. With children potentially returning to school in August, it’s important that parents keep their children’s vaccination schedule up to date.
Some health centers will provide vaccinations in the morning and see children who are ill in the afternoon, giving health center staff time to sanitize offices. Some centers will be designated only to see children for well visits, while other centers will only see the sick. Some health centers have even launched drive up vaccination clinics.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends in-person visits should occur whenever possible and are necessary for vital services like comprehensive physical exams, laboratory testing, hearing, vision and oral health screenings, and immunizations.
As a father and a pediatrician, I want to assure you that doctors and health scientists have been meeting regularly to map the best way to deliver care in the months ahead in a safe and efficient way.
It will take time to find our “new normal” and I’d like to remind everyone that we will get through this difficult time together.
Dr. Ilan Shapiro writes the Doctor’s Notes column for the California Health Report. He is a pediatrician and the medical director of health education and wellness at AltaMed Health Services, the nation’s largest federally qualified community health center. A fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, he practices medicine in East Los Angeles.


Like 13,800 others in France, Aude volunteered to participate in the “Research behind the bubble”. Launched by CNRS, this participatory experiment aims to see the effects of global warming on the bubble. Neither animal nor plant, this ancient organism has been studied since 2008 by Dr. Audrey Dussutour, who leads the project.
A month ago, a new living being took up residence in Aude. Already the owner of two dogs and four cats, the forty in fact decided to adopt a blob. With a viscous yellow appearance, Physarum polycephalum is not an animal, nor a plant, nor a fungus. Nor is it aggressive as Ludwig Von’s song 88 or the 1988 horror film from which its nickname comes from suggests.
“It is a species of myxomycete, from the kingdom of amoebozoa“, says Dr. Audrey Dussutour. A term very little known to the general public “since only the plant, animal and fungal kingdoms are taught in school“, explains the ethologist at the National Research Center (CNRS). “Dr Drey”, a specialist in this unicellular living being, is piloting the project “Behind the bubble, research”, in which 13,800 people across France participate.
Ten facts about the bubble to shine in society
- he has no brain
- It is made up of a single cell but has multiple nuclei
- He is older than dinosaurs
- he is almost immortal
- Can double in size in 24 hours
- There are not two but 720 different genders on the blob
- He can clone himself
- he doesn’t like the light
- he loves oatmeal
- His nickname comes from a 1988 horror movie
Among them, Aude, who lives in Carcassonne. This caregiver discovered the participatory experience of CNRS”by chance“.”I had seen videos on YouTube that talked about it, I said to myself why not.” After filling out an application dossier, she received her blob a month ago, in a plain envelope, along with a file of about forty pages, including several protocols.
“There’s an experiment called Exploration where you put some oatmeal in it and let the bubble move around to find your food. It’s super fast, it’s impressive“, explains Aude. Another, called “Growth”, consists of feeding the bubble to observe its growth abilities. “It should also be placed under a heat lamp.“, notes Aude. Helped by these budding scientists, Audrey Dussutour hopes to observe the effects of global warming on this inhabitant of our undergrowth.
“We tried to study sudden changes in temperature, going from 17 to 28°C, because living beings have more difficulty adapting to them.“, notes the researcher from the Center for Research on Animal Cognition at CNRS. A large-scale experiment that she could not have carried out alone.”We had already carried out an experiment with the blob, involving Thomas Pesquet and 5,000 classes across France“, notes the ethologist. A success that led the CNRS to broaden the field of participants.”Today we have Ehpad, a detention center, a rehabilitation service for the brain injured who participate. But also researchers with their children, grandparents and grandchildren.“
Because in addition to studying the consequences of one of the greatest scourges of our time, “Behind the bubble, research” also aims to take the general public behind the scenes of a laboratory. Every day at 6:30, Aude puts the oats in the Petri dishes where the blob is, before storing them in a very specific order in shoeboxes. She must also take pictures, indicating the time, day and codename of the blob, on a black background with a double decimeter in reference. “It’s hard to follow everything, I often forget certain instructions“, recognizes Carcassonnaise, which shares the experience in its networks.
A margin of error that Audrey Dussutour predicted in her calculations. So initially 15,000 people volunteered. Today, 1,200 have dropped out of the experiment. “It also allows people to understand how demanding scientific research is in terms of rigor.“A way for her to allow the general public to appropriate scientific codes and form their own opinion.”They will better understand what happens when certain research is criticized, such as chloroquine.“, underlines the scientist. She will analyze the results during the summer and winter of 2022, with a view to a publication where the 15,000 participants will be mentioned.
From Limoux to Yale University: Simulated a manned mission to Mars
“Everyone can keep their blob, we also want people to have fun, in addition to scientific rigor“, indicates Dr. Dussutour. Aude, she’s already started. She cut a blob, and placed the new individual in a Lego maze.”I thought he’d find his way, but in fact he went straight under the bricks“, she says, amazed, proof that this single yellow cell is really endowed with intelligence.


Ellen Seidman, senior fellow at the Urban Institute, discusses the role of housing instability for the latest post in the The Hidden Financial Lives of America's Poor and Middle Class blog and webinar series. Seidman points out that even if regulation helps to preserve America's limited stock of affordable housing, household income fluctuations still present barriers to home ownership:
Income volatility can also impact the process of getting a mortgage. In addition to savings, lenders make mortgages based on a potential buyer’s income. Traditionally, borrowers must have two years of stable earnings, and the only income lenders take into account for underwriting is that of the borrower and co-borrower. When families have multiple earners (who may change over the course of a year—let alone the much longer term of a mortgage) whose income is variable, this can present serious difficulties.
Research from the US Financial Diaries provides evidence that income and expense volatility makes it difficult for households to build assets, including housing.


Another field that has been developed and became the exact product of technology is the internet. The internet has been known to contain all the information that a person needs for his or her daily activities. It includes all the necessary as well as the unnecessary data all over the world. It is already categorized in different groups and organizations. You can even use the internet to search for a person's identity as well as his or her background information.
The benefits that you could from using the internet will depend on your own capacity as a user. You can use the internet as much as you want. You can instantly use the internet for your own personal use. You can also make use of it to contact the people you love who are living in faraway lands. You can even use it to check or monitor the current events in your place.
However the most dynamic effects of the modern technology is the idea that you can ever earn a living through the use of the internet. The newest and latest way to harbor a good life is now possible with the presence of the internet. Most of the individuals who are not familiar with website activities are puzzled about how these things work. They are not aware of the opportunity that they could get just by creating their own site.
It is indeed difficult to imagine how to get rich just by posting your thoughts and ideas in the internet. However the idea there is that you are venturing your own ideas by helping other people. It became possible since almost all people nowdays are using the computer and the internet for their daily activities. The process of approaching a living is sometimes complicated especially if you are still a beginner when it comes to this field. However with the use of the internet you could certainly answer your own questions. You can immediately formulate your own plans and ideas on how you are going to manage your own future site.
Almost all activities in the internet are controlled by certain programs and other forms of software. All these programs are generated by several kinds of system that are associated with the internet. A certain type of website is created from series of commands and programs. It will depend on the user on what type of program he or she is going to use.
One of the most outstanding and popular type of software in the internet world is joomla. Joomla was created to help those who are aspiring to have their own websites in an easier way. This type of software is very much recommended for those who are not yet quite familiar with the other programs that are available in the internet. It is very much user -friendly and it only requires the attention of its users. It contains different applications that will clearly answer your doubts and needs when it comes to building your own website.


Long isolated from the outside world and perched high in the Tibetan Himalayas, Lhasa is the capital of Tibet, an autonomous region of China. For centuries it has served as the religious and political center of Tibet. Tibetan Buddhists consider the city to be a holy land.
Lhasa stands on a valley plain at an altitude of 11,975 feet (3,650 meters) and is surrounded by dark and barren hills. A high narrow ridge to the north is crowned by the Potala Palace, the majestic former winter palace of the now-exiled Dalai Lama, traditionally the spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet. The palace is now a museum and forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage site. Two other locations in Lhasa are also part of the World Heritage site—the Tsuglagkhang (Jokhang) Temple, one of the holiest places in Tibetan Buddhism; and the Norbuglingka, the former summer palace of the Dalai Lama.
Such religious and cultural sites and the city’s impressive natural scenery attract many visitors. Tourism has become increasingly important to the economy. There are also small-scale industries in Lhasa that process wool and leather and produce such goods as chemicals, cement, electric motors, and traditional handicrafts. After closing Lhasa to foreign trade in the 1960s, the Chinese administration reopened it in the 1980s.
Lhasa had been made the capital of Tibet by the 9th century. It lost its status as a political capital in the 840s, but its importance as a religious center continued to grow. Lhasa became the seat of the Tibetan government again in 1642. Chinese troops moved into Lhasa and Tibet in 1951. Following a Tibetan uprising against Chinese authority in March 1959, the Dalai Lama and his ministers fled Tibet, and direct Chinese administration was imposed.
After the 1960s the Chinese government worked to further connect isolated Lhasa with China. A highway system and rail line now connect Lhasa with neighboring provinces, and an airport serves Chinese cities and Kathmandu, Nepal. The Chinese administration also modernized Lhasa by improving public utilities and expanding the educational system.
Tibetans long made up the vast majority of the population of Lhasa. Starting in the late 20th century, a rapid influx in the number of Han Chinese (the majority ethnic group in China) altered the makeup of the city. The process was accelerated by the construction in 2006 of the railway linking Lhasa to China’s main rail network. The railway also increased trade and tourism. Population (2010 census), 199,159.


Teaching Notes for this Marketing Activity
Preferred format: This teaching activity is designed for small groups of students to split two products into the five product levels.
Student audience: This exercise is more suitable for students of introductory marketing.
Exercise time: The group discussion time should be around 10-15 minutes, plus any additional time for an overall class discussion.
Additional resources: A helpful page of information of the three-level and five-level product models is available on another website.
Most marketing textbooks will show products as having three distinct levels, namely the core benefit or need, the actual product itself, and the augmented product. However, in some more advanced marketing textbooks, this model is expanded to include five different product levels, with expected product and the potential product added to the model, as follows:
- Core product (main need or consumer benefit)
- Actual (or basic) product (design and features)
- Expected product
- Augmented product
- Potential product
Let’s quickly recap each of these five product levels.
The core product is the basic need or benefit that the product is trying to meet or deliver. The best way to think about this is from a consumer’s perspective – why is the customer buying this product solution? For example, why does a consumer buy a magazine? Because they find them entertaining or it prevents boredom or fills time. Therefore, the core product for a magazine is entertainment.
Actual (or basic) product
The actual product is that the overall product design. If you were to describe a product in detail, then you would be describing its product features, which is the actual product. As an example, consider breakfast cereals – when describing the cereal you would highlight; shape, taste, texture, size, color, aroma, crunchiness, smoothness, ingredients, packaging, name, brand, images, and so on.
The expected product considers the basic expectations of the product from the consumer. The expected product becomes the checkpoint for a marketer to consider the completeness of the product offering. If we visit a fast food restaurant, then the expectations would include: friendly and fast customer service, restroom facilities, clean tables, security and a feeling of being safe, and so on.
The augmented product is the additional supporting services and features that increase the set of benefits available to the consumer. Again, using a breakfast cereal example, we could add extra value and benefits through product augmentation by: having recipe ideas on the packaging, provided a code to access free online games, and so on.
The potential product considers how the product can be modified in the future, in order to generate future sales from existing customers. We can do this through product improvements and enhancements over time, which will provide some form of additional benefits to the consumer. An example might be joining a fitness center with a five-year membership contract. The consumer could be attracted to this deal because the fitness center has plans to add new facilities and services over time.
- Pick two product categories – one should be a physical good and the other should be a service.
For each product that you have selected, outline how the five product levels could be structured (similar to the examples listed above).
- In your view, how helpful is it for a marketer to split the product into its different product levels?
- Do you think that the five-level product model has any extra value to a marketer, as compared to the three-level product model?


Head Lice Infestation - Guidance For Schools
Professionals working in schools should be aware that a “Severe and Persistent Infestation” of head lice or 'nits' (NICE, 2016) could be an indicator of serious welfare concerns for children and young people. This was evidenced in a recent serious case review in Northamptonshire.
It is very common for children and young people to get head lice and it can take time to completely treat the infestation, particularly if more than one member of the family is infested. However, a prolonged and persistent failure by the child's parents or carers to treat the infestation is likely to be distressing for the child and could also indicate other welfare issues.
The Head Lice Infestation Guidance for Schools (PDF) has been produced by Northamptonshire NHS Trust. The pathway contained in this document provides professionals with guidance on management of head lice within schools and when to seek additional advice and support from the School Nursing Team.
Parents and carers can be directed to the NHS Choices Head Lice webpages for practical advice on the most effective methods for getting rid of head lice and nits.
Last updated: 06 June 2016