Baking soda is 100 percent bicarbonate of soda and it’s a prime ingredient in baking powder. It is alkaline in nature and creates carbon dioxide bubbles when it’s combined with an acid, giving rise to dough and batters—it acts as a leavening agent.
Does baking soda or baking powder make dough rise?
Both baking powder and baking soda are leavening agents, which cause baked goods to rise.
Will baking soda make bread rise?
Baking soda is also known by its chemist term: sodium bicarbonate. When heated, this chemical compound forms carbon dioxide gas – making your breads and cookies rise.
Will baking powder rise dough?
D. Baking powder is used in baking to make cake batter and bread dough rise. The big advantage of baking powder over yeast is that it works instantly.
Does baking soda make flour rise?
You need this ACID in the recipe to react with the baking soda, which in turn creates carbon dioxide and allows your baked good to rise. … Good rule of thumb: I usually use around 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda per 1 cup of flour in a recipe. Baking soda CAN leaven a baked good when exposed to heat.
Can you make bread rise without yeast?
Bread that doesn’t use yeast or a starter to leaven usually uses baking soda, baking powder, or both to rise. While biscuits and pancakes technically fall into this category, the easiest kind of bread to make without yeast is soda bread.
Which is healthier baking powder or yeast?
Baking powder is most commonly used in recipes that do not contain an additional acid, therefore, solely water and heat are required. Yeast differs from both baking soda and baking powder, mainly because it is a live organism and takes substantially longer to leaven dough.
What makes biscuits rise and fluffy?
Make sure you chill the butter for 30 minutes (it will cool faster when cut into pieces). Doing so ensures that the fat doesn’t melt and produce greasy, leaden biscuits. Then heat the oven to 500 degrees; the high heat produces maximum steam, which encourages the biscuits to rise as high as they possibly can.
How do you make homemade bread more airy?
Making Your Bread Lighter and Fluffier
Gas is created with the growth of the yeast. The more the yeast grows, the more gas in the dough. Yeast is very sensitive to temperature. If you were to chill the dough in the refrigerator and take it from the refrigerator to let it rise, it might take four hours to become puffy.
What happens if I use too much baking soda?
Using too much baking soda or baking powder can really mess up a recipe, causing it to rise uncontrollably and taste terrible. But don’t freak out if you accidentally poured too much baking soda in cookie dough or added too much baking powder to cake batter.
How long does it take for dough to rise with baking powder?
The reason why people often prefer baking powder to yeast is because yeast takes so long — usually two to three hours — to produce its bubbles. Baking powder is instant, so you can mix up a batch of biscuits and eat them 15 minutes later.
What’s the difference between yeast and baking powder?
Yeast: What’s the Difference? Although both baking powder and yeast are ingredients often used in baking, they aren’t the same. Baking powder is a chemical leavening agent, whereas yeast is a live, single-celled organism, Tracy Wilk, lead chef at the Institute of Culinary Education, explains.
Can I use baking soda instead of baking powder?
Yes, as long as there is enough of an acidic ingredient to make a reaction (for 1/2 teaspoon baking soda, you need 1 cup of buttermilk or yogurt or 1 teaspoon lemon juice or vinegar). And remember that baking soda has 4 times the power of baking powder, so 1/4 teaspoon soda is equivalent to 1 teaspoon of baking powder.
Should I use baking soda or baking powder?
Baking soda is used in recipes that also include an acidic ingredient, such as cream of tartar, buttermilk, or citrus juice. Conversely, baking powder is typically used when the recipe doesn’t feature an acidic ingredient, as the powder already includes the acid needed to produce carbon dioxide.
How can I make my cake more fluffy?
Creaming Butter & Sugar. Whisking butter and sugar together is one essential tip to make the cake spongy, fluffy and moist. Whisk butter and sugar for long until the mixture becomes pale yellow and fluffy because of incorporation of air. The process is known as creaming.
What happens if you forget baking powder?
It is possible to make cookies without baking soda or baking powder, but the resulting cookie will be dense. This is because carbon dioxide is not being produced by a chemical reaction that typically occurs when baking soda or powder is present in the cookie batter.


Identification: The first symptoms of Take-All Patch is usually seen as a darkening of the grass roots and a yellowing of their leaves. The affected area can either be circular or irregular in shape and can stretch up to 20 feet in diameter. This disease can be easily confused with brownpatch, as many of its obvious symptoms are the same. The biggest difference lies in the fact that, with brownpatch, the leaves of the grass easily separate from the plant when pulled while this is not the case with Take-All Patch. Also, with this disease, the stolons of the grass become discolored, with brown or black roots, and are sometimes so rotted that they are easily pulled from the ground. Regrowth of grass in the infected area is often very slow and unsuccessful.
Cause: This fungus grows on the surface of the grass, including roots, leaves, and stolons, during cool, moist weather. After it has appeared on the surface, it begins to penetrate and infect the tissue of the plant. The disease survives, and is carried by, infested debris, thatch, and perennial parts of grass. It can spread rapidly and over long distances when infested material is transported into non-infested areas, such as by lawn mower clippings. When the weather becomes warmer and dryer, the affected areas become more stressed and end up showing evidence of damage more clearly.
- Provide good drainage for your lawn
- Irrigate only when necessary
- In general, infrequent, thorough watering is better than frequent, shallow watering
- Remove excess thatch
- Aerate your lawn regularly
- If possible, make the pH level in your soil between 6.0 and 6.5
- Use preventative fungicides in the fall in areas this disease is likely to develop
Treatment: Fall application of fungicides along with taking the above preventative measures is the best way to treat Take-All Patch. In certain areas, if your grass permits it, acidification of your lawn may help eliminate and prevent this disease. It doesn't thrive in highly acidic soils. Although this method can be very effective, it can also damage other plants that are sensitive to high levels of acidity, so it isn't practical in most situations. If too much damage occurs to an area, it might be necessary to remove the damaged grass and re-seed or re-sod the lawn.
Grass Types Susceptible:
- St. Augustine Grass
- Bermuda Grass
- Buffalo Grass


The warlike attitude of the US had its birth in King Philip’s War, which predated the country and set it on its current militaristic path.
The United States has been at war almost continually since 1776. In the past 236 years we have been fighting some type of conflict for 214 years or about 90% of the time. The data in the graphic image was compiled from the Timeline of United States Military Operations on Wikipedia, which in turn used information up to 1975 from the House Committee on Foreign Affairs and doesn’t include CIA operations.
Perhaps the most savage and vicious of all our wars was fought before the US was a country in what is now southern New England from 1675-1678. It set the stage for our future wars and attitudes. In terms of per capita deaths it was probably the bloodiest in US history. It was called King Philip’s War.
More on IVN, where military and defense is the topic for this week.


We all know that SAP ERP is an integrated system. But do we really understand what exactly that means?
Let’s walk through an example of how integration works in SAP ERP. A warehouse employee enters a goods receipt referencing a vendor’s purchase order. When the user saves the transaction, SAP ERP generates a material document and creates a system message which informs the user that he/she has successfully completed the goods receipt transaction. The user may think that the material document is the only action that SAP ERP performed. In some cases, the user would be correct. More than likely, however, SAP ERP did a whole bunch more than just create that material document. Once the user saved the transaction, SAP ERP sprang into action, creating additional documents, such as an accounting document. It updated the purchase order history and updated the on hand quantity in the material master. SAP ERP could have also calculated a moving average price. This is just a handful of the many integration points that are sparked by saving a goods receipt transaction. SAP ERP performed these actions seamlessly and more important in real time. That, my friends, is how an integrated system operates. Brilliant!
Still not convinced? Okay, then let’s look at what would happen in a non-integrated system. The warehouse employee enters the goods receipt for the purchase order. He/she then picks up the phone, a rotary one, mind you, and calls accounting. The accountant creates a general ledger transaction. The accountant then releases a carrier pigeon, which will inform purchasing to update the purchase order. And if we are lucky, all of these tasks are performed before the close of business. I think you get my point.
Don’t get me wrong, an integrated system is not all unicorns and rainbows. It could have its pitfalls. A user might not be aware of the “behind the scenes” actions that occur just by saving a simple inventory transaction. A mistake in the transaction could for example, temporarily misstate the enterprise’s financial position. Do not despair, of course that incorrect transaction can be reversed and fixed. The trick is to fully know and understand the integration points of the main business processes within SAP ERP, to prevent any mishaps. Are you hungry for this type of information? Then may I introduce you to one of my favorite SAP Education courses; TERP10 SAP ERP Integration of Business Processes.
In nine, chocked fill days, you will define organizational levels, create master data, enter transactions, process reports, AND learn the integration points for the Order to Cash, Procure to Pay, and Plan to Produce business processes. You will also explore the
integration between fixed asset accounting, internal orders, and enterprise asset management. But wait, there is more… TERP10 also has a comprehensive unit on SAP Project Systems and a unit that introduces you to SAP Human Capital Management. On the tenth day of the class, is a certification exam. What better way to measure your knowledge and your expertise in the area of business process integration than to sit for the certification exam?
TERP10 is one of most popular courses for project team members beginning to start their SAP implmentation journey. It is also one of the key courses taught in SAP’s Student Academy Program.
Can’t fit the two weeks into your busy schedule? SAP also offers a TERP10 e-Learning and a TERP10 e-Academy.
TERP10e is also available to universites via the SAP Student Academy Program.
To view the entire TERP10 course content and the course schedule, click on the following link: https://training.sap.com/v2/course/terp10-sap-erp-integration-of-business-processes-classroom-010-us-en/
See you in class!


Large wind turbines are very complex machines that are not able to work without control. On the other hand, a wind turbine is a system, whose interacting subsystems are characterized by a strong interdisciplinarity. Thus, the control of such systems has to be organized in different hierarchic control levels and satisfy control objectives of diverse nature. For this end, the corresponding control strategies have to be integrated in a unique concept and the control objectives of each control layer, which are often contradictory, must be conciliated such that the machine is able to work in the best conditions. This chapter is devoted to describe in general the hierarchic control system, the multi-sided control objectives and the associated strategies.


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A.Word.A.Daywith Anu Garg
noun: The eating of dry food, especially food that's cooked without oil.
From Latin xero- (dry), from Greek xeros + Latin -phagy (eating), from Greek phagia. In the early Christian Church, xerophagy meant eating food cooked in water and salt during Lent. Xerophagy has also been practiced in prison and in the military as a form of punishment.
"Your Uncle Charles had his blood cholesterol tested late last week.
Though the verdict rendered was no worse than a rather unperspicuous
'Normal to Upper-normal', the penultimate modifier has caused, as you
might anticipate, much pacing and high-decibel whingeing, as well as
vows of eternal xerophagy from here on out."
To suffering there is a limit; to fearing, none. -Francis Bacon, essayist, philosopher, and statesman (1561-1626)


RF is an acronym that stands for Radio Frequency. Radio Frequency is a term that is usually referring to a rate of oscillation that takes place in the range of 30 kHz to 300 Ghz. These correspond to a special frequency that is used to transmit and receive radio waves, which is where the name comes from.
RF is a term that is almost always referring to an electrical oscillation, as opposed to a mechanical oscillation. However, it is important to note that mechanical systems of this type do indeed exist.
Before radio communication can be received, it is necessary to have an antenna in place to pick it up. However, since an antenna cannot distinguish between the thousands of signals that it will pick up at the exact same time during use, a tuner is needed to narrow down the source of the signal.
A tuner will help you to tune in to a specific frequency, which will in turn help you control what “channel” you are dialing into and picking up with your antenna. The tuner usually makes use of a resonator that amplifies oscillations of the desired frequency to a point where they are distinguishable over the rest of the “noise”.
RF energy is also used in the medical field. For example, some minimally invasive surgeries make use of RF energy for coagulation and radio frequency ablation. This, for example, can be used to treat conditions such as sleep apnea.
RF electrical currents also display a very interesting set of properties. For example, RF currents can ionize air and create conductive paths right through it. Another example lies in how RF electrical currents travel along the surface of conductors instead of penetrating through…aka the “skin effect”.
Dedi Walker shares additional information in diverse sites such as CB Linear Amplifier and Marine GPS Reviews.
Source:http://ezinearticles.com/?What-Is-Radio-Frequency?&id=5532787 from Dedi Walker


St. Christopher Magallanes and Companions
Today we honor St. Christopher Magallanes, priest and martyr, and his companions, martyrs.
Like Blessed Miguel Agustin Pro, S.J. (November 23), Christopher and his twenty-four companion martyrs lived under a very anti-Catholic government in Mexico, one determined to weaken the Catholic faith of its people. Churches, schools and seminaries were closed; foreign clergy were expelled. Christopher established a clandestine seminary at Totatiche, Jalisco. Magallanes and the other priests were forced to minister secretly to Catholics during the presidency of Plutarco Calles (1924-1928).
All of these martyrs except three were diocesan priests. David, Manuel and Salvador were laymen who died with their parish priest, Luis Batis. All of these martyrs belonged to the Cristero movement, pledging their allegiance to Christ and to the church that he established to spread the Good News in society—even if Mexico’s leaders had made it a crime to receive baptism or celebrate the Mass.
These martyrs did not die as a single group but in eight Mexican states, with Jalisco and Zacatecas having the largest number. They were beatified in 1992 and canonized eight years later.


Home Asia Pacific North Asia China
Survival in the Himalayas
By Royston Chan, Reuters, Aug 27, 2007
SAKYA MONASTERY, China -- The sprawling Sakya Monastery in the remote Himalayan region of Tibet is testament to the survival of Buddhism after decades of political turmoil and repression in China.
During the tumult of the 1966-76 Cultural Revolution, Maoist zealots rampaged across Tibet, smashing Buddhist statues, destroying temples and forcing monks and nuns to abandon their religious lives.
Now, workers crowd Sakya Monastery's grounds, rebuilding its facade and its famed Buddhist frescoes.
With more than 120 monks under its wings, the Sakya monastery has big plans to restore itself to its former glory -- all, of course, done under the watchful eye of China's Communist Party, which has ruled Tibet with an iron grip since 1950.
Though Beijing continues to lash out at Tibet's exiled spiritual leader, the Nobel Peace Prize winning Dalai Lama who fled to India after a failed uprising in 1959, it does allow Tibetans more religious freedoms than it used to.
It has long been a rule that party officials must also be atheist, though in Tibet that regulation is often more honored in the breach than in the observance.
Some ethnic Tibetan officials quietly tell visitors that they visit temples to offer prayers when they can.
And so, Tibetan Buddhism is seeking its revival by carefully toeing the line between religion and politics. "From a Buddhist perspective, the will to build a harmonious society must come from the heart," said Bandian Dunyu, head of Sakya's administrative committee, referring to Beijing's current policy of promoting social harmony.
"In the future, our religion will be very useful. The culture of Sakya Buddhism will have its contribution to our society, people and the country," he added, carefully choosing his words.
Buddhism, with more than 100 million followers in China, is increasingly favored by the central government to help fill the spiritual void left by China's increasingly affluent population and to ease growing social unrest.
The estimated 860 million yuan ($113.4 million) cost of renovating the Sakya Monastery, is being funded by the central government.
But it has always been give and take on religious matters.
Critics say China continues to repress Tibetans' religious aspirations, especially their veneration for the Dalai Lama, whom China denounces as a "separatist".
In Tibet, simply having the Dalai Lama's picture can be enough to earn a jail term.
Monks who talked to the foreign media on a recent government organized visit to Tibet were careful not to speak out of turn. "Today, every monk like us is free to go anywhere. But if you want to preach, you will need to go through the appropriate procedures," said Awang Quzha, member of the administrative committee of Tibetan capital Lhasa's Jokhang Temple.
"You will have to inform the government religious authorities, and if they approve, you are free to do so. As to the relation between religion and politics, Tibet is inseparable from our motherland China, and this has been so since the beginnings of the Yuan dynasty until today."


History of Anthropology: with special emphasis on European continent
The word ‘anthropology’ is ultimately from the Greek (anthropos, ‘human’, plus logos, ‘discourse’ or ‘science’). Its first usage to define a scientific discipline is probably around the early sixteenth century (in its Latin form anthropologium). Central European writers then employed it as a term to cover anatomy and physiology, part of what much later came to be called ‘physical’ or ‘biological anthropology’. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European theologians also used the term, in this case to refer to the attribution of human-like features to their deity. The German word Anthropologie, which described cultural attributes of different ethnic groups, came to be used by a few writers in Russia and Austria in the late eighteenth century (see Vermeulen 1995). However, this usage did not become established among scholars elsewhere until much later.
If we restrict ourselves to anthropology as a scientific discipline, some would trace its roots back to the European Enlightenment during the eighteenth century; others would claim that anthropology did not arise as a science until the 1850s, yet others would argue that anthropological research in its present-day sense only commenced after the First World War. It is beyond doubt, however, that anthropology, considered as the science of humanity, originated in the region we commonly but inaccurately call ‘the West’, notably in three or four ‘Western’ countries: France, Great Britain, the USA and, until the Second World War, Germany. Historically speaking, this is a European discipline, and its practitioners, like those of all European sciences, occasionally like to trace its roots back to the ancient Greeks.
The eighteenth century saw a flowering of science and philosophy in Europe. During these years, the self-confidence of the bourgeoisie increased, citizens reflected on the world and their place in it, and would soon make political demands for a rational, just, predictable and transparent social order. As Philosophers like As Hobbes, Locke and Descartes had argued, the free individual was to be the measure of all things – of knowledge and of the social order – the authority of God and Ruler was no longer taken for granted.
Traditional religious beliefs were increasingly denounced as superstitions – roadblocks on the way to a better society, governed by reason. The idea of progress also seemed to be confirmed by the development of technology, which made its first great advances at this time. New technologies made scientific measurements more accurate. Industrial machinery began to appear. Descartes’ purely theoretical attempt to prove the universal truth of mathematics suddenly became a practical issue of burning relevance. For if mathematics, the language of reason, could reveal such fundamental natural truths as Newton’s laws, did it not follow that nature was itself reasonable, and that any reason-driven enterprise was bound to succeed? All of these expectations culminated abruptly in the French Revolution, which attempted to realise the dream of a perfectly rational social order in practice, but was quickly superseded by its irrational opposite: the revolution devoured its children. And then all the dreams, the disappointments, the paradoxes of the Revolution spread during the Napoleonic Wars in the early 1800s to all of Europe and deeply influenced the ideas of society that later generations would develop.
In eighteenth century with the age of reason, it was the beginning of considering anthropology as science. An important early work was by Italian scholar Giambattista Vico’s (1668–1744) La scienza nuova (1725; The New Science, 1999). This was a grand synthesis of ethnography, history of religion, philosophy and natural science. Vico was among the first to embrace the idea of social progress explicitly. He proposed a universal model of social development, arguing that all societies must go through three stages, with particular, formally defined characteristics. The first stage was the ‘Age of Gods’, an age of nature worship and rudimentary social structures, traits that Vico associated with ‘primitive’ peoples. Then came
the ‘Age of Heroes’, with widespread social unrest due to great social inequality – both the European Middle Ages and Vico’s own time have doubtlessly served as models here. The final stage, the ‘Age of Man’ was an envisioned future era ruled by reason.
Baron de Montesquieu’s work on comparative, cross-cultural study of legislative systems uses first hand and second hand data to find out general principles in legal systems. He is sometimes identified as being proto functionalist. It is because he sees polygamy, cannibalism, paganism, slavery and other barbarous customs could be explained by the functions they fulfilled within society as a whole.
Yet another step towards a science of anthropology was taken by a group of young, idealistic French intellectuals. These were the Encyclopaedists, led by the philosopher Denis Diderot (1713–84) and the mathematician Jean Le Rond d’Alembert (1717–83). Their aim was to collect, classify and systematise as much knowledge as possible in order to further the advance of reason, progress, science and technology. Diderot’s Encyclopédie was published in 1751–72, and included articles by illustrious intellectuals like
Rousseau, Voltaire and Montesquieu. The encyclopaedia quickly established itself as a model for later projects of its kind. It was a liberal and wide-ranging, not to say a revolutionary work, which was censored in many parts of Europe for its crude criticism of the Church. One of its youngest contributors, Marquis de Condorcet (1743–94), who was to die prematurely in a Jacobin jail, wrote systematic comparisons between different social systems, and tried to develop a synthesis of mathematics and social science that would allow him to formulate objective laws of social development.
For Rousseau development was not progressive, but degenerative, and that the source of this decline was society itself. Starting from an initial, innocent state of nature, where each individual lived by herself in harmony with her surroundings, people went on to found institutions of marriage and kinship, and settled in small, sedentary groups. Eventually, these groups grew in complexity, and invented priests and chiefs, kings and princes, private property, police and magistrates, until the free and good soul of man was crushed under the weight of social inequality.
Between Nepolian war and First World War Europe becomes ‘modernize’ and in consequence it ‘modernizes’ the entire world. The major change that has taken place is that the Europe has transformed from the an agriculture nation to industrially sound nation. In 1830s the railway was established. A massive social change was on the row. In consequence, several peasant economics have now been transformed to a working class labourers. This social change leaves profound influence over the country at large. Several social thinkers have seen it as something having a detrimental effect over the society at large. the French, Austrian and Italian revolutions in 1848–9, the Paris Commune of 1870, also clearly indicate the potential for violence that industrialisation unleashed. And along with the protests, a new, socialist ideology grew. Its roots go back to social philosophers such as Rousseau and Henri de Saint-Simon (1760–1825), and to the German neo-Hegelians, but its decisive formulation came with Karl Marx.
Around the same time period, Charles Darwin’s massive work “origins of species” appears with a potential for a Global science.
It is hardly surprising that anthropology arose as a discipline at this time. The anthropologist is a prototypical global researcher, dependent on detailed data about people all over the world. Now that these data had suddenly become available, anthropology could be established as an academic discipline. So could sociology. If anthropology grew from imperialism, sociology was a product of the changing class relations brought about by industrialisation in Europe itself – all the founding fathers of sociology discuss
the meaning of ‘modernity’, and contrast it with ‘pre-modern’ conditions.
Giving an account of the history of Anthropology in Europe is a challenging to task to apprehend, primarily because the anthropological work in Europe is quite complex and often does not follow any linear progression.
The British tradition of anthropology is known as "Social anthropology". It is a term applied to ethnographic works that attempt to isolate a particular system of social relations such as those that comprise domestic life, economy, law, politics, or religion give analytical priority to the organizational bases of social life, and attend to cultural phenomena as somewhat secondary to the main issues of social scientific inquiry.
Inspired by enlightenment philosophy of progress based on reason Early anthropologists tend to focus on society and culture in progress. Among the early evolutionists, H. Spencer is an important figure. Like his older contemporary Auguste Comte, whom he admired and to some extent sought to emulate, he set himself the task of covering all the fields of human knowledge, from physics to ethics. Like Comte, he felt the task only possible if he could discover an overall unifying principle. Sometime in the 1840s Spencer decided that this principle was evolution. First enunciated in an essay of 1852, "The development hypothesis," evolution became the guiding thread of a whole "system of synthetic philosophy" that he expounded in a succession of major works stretching over half a century: The principles of psychology (1855), First principles (1862), The principles of biology (1864 7), The principles of sociology (1876), and The principles of ethics (1892 3). In between came a stream of essays on such subjects as population, progress, parliamentary reform, manners, morals, the philosophy of style, the physiology of laughter, and the function of music many of which were collected together by him as Essays: scientific, political and speculative (1858 74). Although these too tended to take evolution as the axiomatic principle, they mostly managed to evade its restrictive and rigid embrace and although as much ignored today as his larger works they contain some of Spencer's most imaginative and interesting ideas. The fundamental argument to his idea was that human society moves from instable homogeneity to relatively stable heterogeneity.
One of the most notable among the evolutionists is E.B.Tylor. The theory, outlined in his two-volume Primitive culture (1871), laid out an idea of progress in which human societies evolved and improved through time. Tylor argued that all human beings had similar intellectual potential. He rejected the notion, common at the time, that contemporary primitive societies had degenerated after a common Biblical origin. As a basis for demonstrating his evolutionary sequences, Tylor employed what he called the "doctrine of survivals." Survivals were obsolete or archaic aspects of culture preserved from one stage of social evolution into another. Living cultural fossils, they could provide clues to the past and proved that contemporary stages of culture must have evolved from earlier ones. Tylor's evolutionism differed from that of SPENCER and MORGAN by concentrating more on such humanist topics as the evolution of RELIGION, particularly ANIMISM, and less on material culture. He defined animism as the belief in spiritual beings and argued it was the basis of all religions, developing an elaborate evolutionary sequence that ran from a multiplicity of spirits to monotheism.
The functionalist paradigm.
Franz Boas German anthropologists started his fieldwork investigation in 1883 when Anthropology did not have any solid ground. Boas (1938) argued that although the independent invention of a culture trait can occur at the same time within widely separated societies where there is limited control of individual members, allowing them freedom to create a unique style, a link such as genetic relationship is still suspected. He felt this was especially true in socities where there were similar combinations of traits (Boas 1938:211). Boas emphasized that culture traits should not be viewed casually, but in terms of a relatively unique historical process that proceeds from the first introduction of a trait until its origin becomes obscure. He sought to understand culture traits in terms of two historical processes, diffusion and modification. Boas used these key concepts to explain culture and interpret the meaning of culture. He believed that the cultural inventory of a people was basically the cumulative result of diffusion. He viewed culture as consisting of countless loose threads, most of foreign origin, but which were woven together to fit into their new cultural context. Discrete elements become interrelated as time passes (Hatch 1973:57-58).
Bronislaw Malinowski is credited with Functionalism, which explains a culture as an interrelated whole, not a collection of isolated traits. Based on his fieldwork in various areas of the world, particularly the Trobriand Islands in New Guinea, Malinowski established the theory of Functionalism. A culture is composed of many different elements, such as food acquisition, family relationships, and housing. Malinowski believed that all of these elements are connected and work together for one purpose, which is to meet the needs of individuals in the culture. In other words, culture exists to satisfy the basic biological, psychological, and social needs of individuals.
Malinowski is known for his psychological analysis. A classic example is his analysis on magic. In Trobriand Islands, magic was used for various purposes, such as to kill enemies and prevent being killed, to ease the birth of a child, to protect fishermen, and to ensure harvest. Malinowski hypothesized that magic is reliable in domains where there is a limited amount of scientific knowledge. Magic appears to work in these areas because people cannot handle situations with systematic knowledge. For example, the Trobriand Islanders did not practice magic when they fished inside a protected coral reef because they were able to predict catch and safety by weather and the conditions of the sea. In contrast, they did rely on magic when they went ocean fishing because it was difficult to predict unknown dangers and the amount of fish they might harvest. Based on this data, Malinowski argued that magic has a profound function in exerting human control over those dimensions that are otherwise outside of our element. The essential function of magic is to extend control over uncontrollable elements of nature and thereby reduce anxiety.
Malinowski is also known as a pioneer of fieldwork, which is intense and long-term research conducted among people in a particular community. He set criteria for fieldwork and brought this method to a fundamental element of the discipline. His criteria require anthropologists to actually live in communities and to acquire the language of the people among whom they are conducting their researches.
Alfred Radcliffe-Brown is credited with Structural Functionalism, which analyzes particular social systems in a wider context of many different societies. Radcliffe-Brown was concerned with what keeps societies from falling apart. He identified similar customs in different societies and compared them in order to discover the customs’ inherent functions. Through this comparative method, he attempted to explain underlying principles that preserve the structure of each society.
For example, Radcliffe-Brown analyzed exogamous moieties in aboriginal societies of Australia, Melanesia and America. An exogamous moiety is a custom in which a population is divided into two social divisions and a man of one group must marry a woman of another. Since these three different aboriginal societies had almost no contact in history, it is surprising that they shared the custom of exogamous moieties. How can this phenomenon be explained? Radcliffe-Brown found that the two social divisions of exogamous moieties within each culture were named after a pair of animals or birds which are similar, such as coyote and wild cat, or eaglehawk and crow. He argued that these animal pairs represent opposing characteristics of a society, for example, friendship and conflict, or solidarity and opposition. According to Radcliffe-Brown, those aboriginal societies incorporate the dual divisions in their kin systems in order to keep the balance between these opposing characteristics. This balance is important for the stability of the whole society.
Radcliffe-Brown successfully explained many aspects of family structures that other anthropologists viewed as primitive customs. His analysis of social structure and function encouraged anthropologists to look at how a particular custom plays a role in maintaining social stability. At the same time, his analysis was criticized for not considering historical changes of traditional societies, especially those caused by Western colonialism.
Influential, branch of political anthropology has its origins in the experience of anthropological FIELDWORK and the very practical concerns associated with locating order in non-Western societies. This was the explicit aim of the founding work in the field, African political systems (Fortes & Evans-Pritchard 1940b). Based on a set of descriptions and analyses of centralized and decentralized systems of governance in Africa, societies were divided into two types: "primitive states" that possessed government institutions and "stateless societies" that did not. This work, and examples of detailed fieldwork on political systems such as EVANS-PRITCHARD'S (1940) among the Nuer and FORTES's (1945) among the Tallensi, inspired a generation of fieldworkers to concentrate on the varied ways in which political order might be embedded in KINSHIP relations, RITUAL practices, AGE SYSTEMS, and other order-keeping institutions that did not require separate institutions of government. Such a focus was of clear concern to colonial administrators anxious to understand how to govern and control "subject" peoples, and the role anthropologists may have played in aiding COLONIALISM has been the subject of considerable debate in recent decades (Asad 1973; Kuklik 1991). It is clear, however, that the results of such work, particularly in Africa, pushed anthropology in a number of new directions.
The devastation that brought forth by the Second World War brings immediate challenge of making policies and arranging funding for revival of their economy. One of the immediate responses was the formation of International Monetary Fund an outcome of Bretton Woods’ agreement.
The primary problem encountered by policy makers was to implement the development agenda based on the principles of Modernisation. The modernization theory argued that development can be achieved through Fund Injection based on the principles of Evolutionist paradigm, i.e. society progresses through unilinnear stages of social evolution. In this context, it becomes important to understand the cultural differences and not to take it as unnecessary barrier to implement market economy. In consequence peasant values and their interaction with state becomes a central concern. In USA, studies along this line gains prominence. Redfield (1971, 1956); Foster 1973 (1962); Friedl (1958) find their works as having practical application to policy making and development discourse. The growing interest in peasant societies prompted a number of ethnographic studies, focused initially on Central and South America and on Southern Europe, but rapidly coming to include other areas, and more general discussions and a dialogue between anthropologists and other specialists. Psychological tests utilized by Banfield were also resorted to by other researchers, such as Anne Parsons (1967) in her study of the urban poor of Naples. The anthropologist was concerned not only with defining cultural institutions and values, but also with the enculturation of individuals. In some instances this was linked to the recognition of wider sets of allegiances and a wider cultural context (Benedict 1946a,b; Friedl 1959; Lowie 1954). Although the dominant themes at this time were peasant orientations rather than national cultures (but see Lowie 1954) and 'community', meaning small, homogeneous and relatively self contained groups, there was an increasing awareness of the links between such 'communities' and wider entities and processes. It is in recognition of these connections that, in the Mexican context, Redfield proposed the 'folk-urban continuum' and the distinction between the 'great tradition' and the 'little tradition' (Redfield 1971 ). There was some convergence at this time between the work of US and British anthropologists, although in Britain, owing to its position within the post-colonial world, most anthropologists were not fired with the same enthusiasm over the applicability of their research as were their North American counterparts. Here the agenda was less clear, and the concern with 'applied anthropology' was less prominent at this point. However, the continuing (though increasingly beleaguered) influence of the structural-functionalist paradigm did result in some interesting parallels between cultural and social anthropology - particularly when the focus of study was European societies.
In 1959, a conference sponsored by Winner-green foundation anthropologists first discuss on the Mediterranean value of Honour and Shame. Following this, in 1963, several seminars discuss on 'continuity and persistence of Mediterranean modes of thought'. Peristiany (1974 ) clearly finds this meetings as the initial steps in the formulation of a problematic that could define and orientate a Mediterranean field of investigation, based on his belief that the cultural parallels encountered within the area made for the possibility of systematic comparisons. Pitt-Rivers, who in many respects represents a landmark in the development of anthropology of Europe, discusses the concept of Honour in the literature of Western Europe. In spIte of his more general treatment of honour, his discussion reinforces the view, already stated by Peristiany, of honour as a ode relevant to a social system which had largely been superseded in North-Western Europe; a value-system associated largely with aristocrats, clergy and poets of former times. Pitt-Rivers suggests that the mobility of the upper classes, combined with urban life in Spain to expose individuals to cosmopolitan influences, and these influences are incompatible Wl e values of honour and shame. This constitutes a way of defmmg the area of expertise of the anthropologist: the area of study appears to correlate with the relative progress of modernization and of the 'great tradition', restricting research to smaller populations where 'traditional' values might persist. Pitt-Rivers' work as an anthropological account because it is based primarily on direct observation. 'The people he writes about are real people and not figures taken from the printed page of units in statistical tables' (Pitt-Rivers 1971 : x). What constitutes an anthropological study is, therefore, the specific object of study (a complex set of interpersonal relations and their value systems) and the method of research employed (participatory observation).
Changes in the discipline during the 1970s were prompted not only by the limitations and failures of the structural-functionalist paradigm and the modernization perspective, but also by developments in the wider political arena. The late sixties saw a wave of protests and unrest across Europe. The thirdworld perspective was established. The Cold War division of Europe into Soviet and Nato camps was again showing signs of strain. In this situation, Cole (1977) argues that Europe has provided funding to carry our anthropological research on allies and enemies in Europe. Davis (1977) finds Anthropologists lack of interest in doing fieldwork on Europe, as they find it more anthropological to carry out fieldwork in remote corners of African world. Nonetheless, this is perhaps the period when a distinctive anthropology of Europe develops. Freeman (1973) is one of the first anthropologists who attempts to outline the scope and achievements of studies in rural European social Organisation. Analysis of patron-client relations (Wolf 1966b) becomes one of the central concers of Mediterranean anthropologists. Boissevain’s (1975) essay entitled “Towards a social anthropology of Europe” was the first systematic attempt to define an agenda for the emerging “anthropology of Europe”. He further argues that the concepts like equilibrium, corporation, balanced opposition, reciprocity and consensus, developed from the study of Non-Western, Tribal societies were of limited value for dealing with complexity of European societies. Nor was the traditional research technique of participant-observation alone any longer sufficient. For him, anthropologists needed new methods to enable them in studying the liks between different levels of organizations – Local, Regional, National, Core and Periphery. In short they need to focus on the interrelationship between local events and macro social processes of “State formation, national integration, industrialization, urbanization, bureaucratization, class conflict and commercialization (Boissevain 1975).
One alternative to functionalism was the 'action' approach, pioneered by Barth (1966; 1969), Goffman (1959), and Barnes (1972), and elaborated, in European anthropology, in the work of Boissevain and Bailey and their students. Their work focused on individuals and the stratagems they employ within a given socio-political framework. 'Action theory' covered a variety of approaches, including transactionalism, network analysis, systems analysis and game theory. What united them was an emphasis on the dynamic character of interpersonal exchanges. Instead of looking at the individual as a passive and obedient slave to group norms and pressures, Boissevain stressed that 'it is important to see him as an entrepreneur who tries to manipulate norms and relationships for his own social and psychological benefit' (Boissevain 1974: 6).
For European anthropologists it did provide new research foci and a framework for analyzing elements of the complexity of European societies that had been invisible to functionalist analysis - even if its micro-perspective tended to obscure the wider picture. However, that shift of focus led to the elaboration of a number of new analytical concepts, as well as to a re-evaluation of some old concerns, such as 'patron-client relations', 'micro-politics', 'brokers', 'middlemen', 'informal and non-corporate groups', 'cliques', 'factions and action-sets' and 'instrumental friendship' (d. Banton 1966; Bailey 1971; 1973; Blok 1974; Boissevain 1966, 1968, 1974; Gellner and Waterbury 1977; Wolf 1966b).
The economic interdependence among European states and expansion of market economy as well rising increase in contact have made it possible to take Europe as an unit of analyisis. There is political level integration in Europe which brings forth ever increasing consolidation forming the European Union. In this context the study of different religious possibilities including the Catholic-Protestant debate. The nature of anthropological enquiry includes correlation between Protestantism, Liberalism and economic development (MacFarlane, 1978), and Orthodoxy, authoritarianism and economic underdevelopment (Haller, 1990). Anthropological phenomena such as religion, family form and political orientation (Todd, 1985) become the locus and focus of research. Wallace (1990) illustrates the ways in which Europe has been defined in recent years on the basis of shared values, culture and psychological identity (Wallace 1990).
The close of the twentieth century represents a momentous period in the history of Europe, but at present we can only have a hazy picture of what is likely to emerge in the future. As social scientists we have had to confront major international events: the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe, the end of the Cold War, increasing integration of the economies of the European Union, the breakdown of Yugoslavia and protracted war throughout Bosnia. We have simultaneously witnessed prolonged economic recession and mass unemployment, as well as increasing right-wing violence throughout eastern and western Europe. Yet we face these phenomena often bereft of suitable anthropological categories. Although many' classical' anthropologists have contributed to the issues of nationality and nationalism anthropology as a whole has been limited by its emphasis on small-scale units. Where progress has been made, largely through profitable exchanges with sociologists and social historians, this has been limited to developments appropriate only to the national state.
Barfield, T. (1997). The Dictionary of Anthropology, USA: Blackwell.
Goddard, Victoria A., Uobera, Josep R., Shore, Cris. (1996) The anthropology of Europe. Washington: Oxford.
Erikson, T. H (2004). What is anthropology. Londong: Pluto Press.
Erikson, T. H. and Neilson, F. S. (2001). The history of Anthropology, London: Pluto Press.
Metcalf, P. (2005). The Anthropology Basics. USA: Routledge.


The Irish Mob is the oldest criminal societies in the U.S. In the 19th century the Irish Mob began as Irish-American street gangs. The Mob is currently active in various U.S. cities including Philadelphia, Chicago, New York and many more. The Irish Mob is also active in other countries, including the United Kingdom and Australia.
Battle vs. Triad (by Yetimonster)Edit
The battle begins as a car pulls up to a abandoned building now serving as a hideout for the Irish Mob. Five Triad members come out of the car, and head in. Meanwhile inside, five Irish Mob members asemble weapons as their boss in the back counts his cash. The Triads enter the room, and the two gangs lock eyes. One mob member grabs for his gun, but is immedeately shot down by a Triad member with a Type 56. The Mob returns fire with their CAR-15s while their boss stuffs his money into a breifcase. One of the mobsters manges to shoot down one of the Triads, but the mob remains under fire. The boss gathers all his cash and orders his thugs to flee into different parts of the building. The boss and one of his goons run down a stairwell. A Triad member pursues, but is shot down but the mobster with the MAC-10. However, he is shot twice in the head by the Head Triad with a QSZ. The Triad member rushes down the stairwell, in pursuit of the boss. The Triad makes his way down to the hideouts lower levels, but comes under heavy fire from the boss weilding a Smith and Wesson. The Triad fires back with his JS-9mm, but misses.
In another area, a Triad member searches a hallway, unknowingly passing by a Pipe Bomb. The bomb is set of, blowing him away. Another Triad walks in, seeing the scorched body of the dead man. In search of the bomber, the Triad searches a restroom. As he is about to look into a stall, an Irish mob member kicks his way out, armed with a baseball bat. The irishman knocks away the Triad's gun, and tries to hit him again, but the Triad grabs the bat and pins the man against the wall. The Mobster kicks the Triad away, as he draws his Butterfly Swords. The mobster tries to strike the man again, but the blow is blocked by the swords. the Triad then knocks the irishman into a stall. One of the swords is knocked away, but the Triad uses his free hand to grab the bat, and shoves the mobster against a wall. The Triad then stabs the man twice in the gut, as he slumps down on the toliet seat. The Triad then abbandons the swords, and heads into a garage. The Triad then starts strapping explosives to the bottom of a truck. While, one of the mobsters walks into the restroom and sees the the bloodied baseball bat aside his fallen comrade, his eyes stll wide open. As the Triad leaves the garage, he is spotted by the mobster, who shoots him several times in the back with the MAC-10.
In the basement level, the last Triad tracks down the mob boss. He spots the irishman fleeing into an elevator, and shoots at him with his sub-machine gun. However, the man gets into the elevator too soon, and escapes. The Triad then tries to catch up up with him through the stairs. Inside the elevator, the mob boss, believing he's escaped, slips his Smith and Wesson into his coat. Suddenly the doors open, and all the irishman sees is the Triad aiming his pistol in his face. The Triad shoots him directly in the head, as his blood splatters all over the elevator. The Triad then grabs the breifcase full of money, and leaves, as the doors close on the dead boss. The last irish mobster then lights up a cigar, believing that all the Triads are dead. The Triad Leader later fins the body of the Triad killed earlier, the Car Bomb detanator still in his hand. The Triad then grabs the detanator, and smirks as he leaves the building. The mobster then enters the truck with the car bomb and prepares to to leave, when he suddenly sees the Triad, with the detanator, from across the street. The mob member panics, and tries to exit the vehicle but is locked in. The Car Bomb goes off, blowing the truck to pieces. The Triad then turns his back and leaves with the breifcase.
Please consider a contribution by writing an expert's opinion.
Battle vs. Los Zetas (by CrowbarofFreeman)Edit
Area: Warehouse somewhere in Mexico
Los Zetas walks in with weapons "This will be our hide out" The leader says as the Cartel rambles about buisness plans an Irish Mob member shoots a Los Zetas member from a window. "We've been spotted" a member says an Irish mob member comes in with a MAC-10 and opens fire one Los Zetas dies and the mob member dies. A Los Zetas member runs out of the warehouse and steps on a pipe bomb and it explodes . A Mob member runs in and attacks a member of Los Zetas with a baseball bat. But quickly the Los Zetas gets a Garrote and strangles the mob member to death. But then that member is shot. And quickly a Los Zetas runs up a stair case. But soon shot by a Mob member. The last one lights some dynamite and throws it at a mob member exploding and killing him. A mob member runs out trying to shoot the man but shot in the process. Horribly wounded the Los Zetas crawls but is stopped by the last mob member who points a pistol at him and slowly squeezes the trigger the last Irish Mob member lights a cigrette and sits down on the body
Battle vs. Russian Mafia (by Cfp3157)Edit


Original article is not about Singapore, but discusses democracy in a wide enough context to be interesting to us.
By Gisela Stuart
A contract of trust between citizens and politicians on a defined national community – we can elect you, we can remove you – is fundamental to a democracy, says the German-born British Labour MP Gisela Stuart.
Anthony Barnett & Isabel Hilton say that democracy is under attack from without and from within – and that the best way to respond is to open up the debate and find new forms of direct participation. As they ask: “If the basis for democracy is deliberation, then we have to ask who hosts the conversation?”
The experience of different nation-states offers a variety of possible hosts. The constitution of the United Sates of America declares government to be by the people for the people; in the Federal Republic of Germany it is “the people and the component states, the Länder”; in Switzerland, there are local plebiscites on everything from whether women should have the vote to whether someone should be given Swiss nationality; the European Union can issue invitations to apply for membership, but only insofar as its own member-states have given it powers to do so; the United Nations is open to all those nations which have signed up to a set of universal principles.
A question of belonging
The assumption that the more participation the better for democracy can be questioned, for it is incomplete: we need to know who takes responsibility for decisions. Democratic representatives must be seen as accountable, and this goes wider than accepting an election result. The process of fighting general elections makes it clear that democracy is a battle of ideas and of competing priorities. There will be winners and losers. It is no coincidence that we talk of “fighting” elections.
This is not the case in our transnational institutions, which are based on the hope that it is possible to divine, by a process of talks and negotiations, benevolent universal world governance that establishes peace and tranquillity across the world. Democracy is the privilege of those living in a few areas of the world and it is not an accident that all are based in nation-states. Viable democracy requires a strong sense of community or demos. Britain has this as does the US and France – but it is not so for the European Union, still less the world and its institutions such as the United Nations......
The body of democracy by Gisela Stuart - openDemocracy


Covid-19 Statistics - SPAIN
The total number of infected people (blue) , as reported in COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC , are graphed against time given by the number of days after the first of March 2020. Also an exponential model (red) , based on real data, is graphed for comparison.
It can be seen that although, at the start the trend was close to an exponential increase, the number of new infected people is slowing down in Spain and the overall trend is lower than the expoenential model.
Going into April, We would expect that the overall trend start to flatten out as the increase in the number of infected people will be smaller.
Scroll horizontally and vertically for better viewing.
Read about how COVID-19 is affecting our interpersonal relationships


The dye exclusion test is used to determine the number of viable cells present in a cell suspension. It is based on the principle that live cells possess intact cell membranes that exclude certain dyes, such as trypan blue, Eosin, or propidium, whereas dead cells do not. In this test, a cell suspension is simply mixed with dye and then visually examined to determine whether cells take up or exclude dye. In the protocol presented here, a viable cell will have a clear cytoplasm whereas a nonviable cell will have a blue cytoplasm.
This product is for research use only and is not intended for use in humans or for in vitro diagnostic use.
Strober, W. 1997. Current Protocols in Cytometry. A.3B.1-A.3B.2.
- Sodium azide may react with lead and copper plumbing to form explosive metal azides. Upon disposal of material, flush with a large volume of water to prevent azide accumulation. Please consult the Safety Data Sheet for more information.
- Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
- Keep container tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Store at room temperature.


Behind the camera: George Strock
Where: Buna Beach, New Guinea (Now Papua New Guinea)
Photo Summary: Three American bodies lying dead in the sand next to destroyed landing craft
Picture Taken: December 31, 1942First published September 20, 1943 in LIFE
The Battle of Buna-Gona was a grueling campaign to stop the Japanese advance across New Guinea. After months of difficult and treacherous fighting, the combined Australian and American forces were able to attack the Japanese bases near the small New Guinea village of Buna. It was here that the Reporter George Strock was able to capture this photo of three dead American soldiers on the last day of 1942. When it was finally published in late 1943 it was the first time in WWII any American media had published an image of dead American troops.
When I took pictures, I wanted to bring the viewer into the scene
Getting it past the censors
George Strock handed his film over the LIFE photo editors who then selected the best images for publication in the LIFE magazine. Strock’s pictures from the Battle of Buna-Gona were published by LIFE magazine in its February 15 and 22, 1943 editions.
The image with dead soldiers was at first blocked by the military censors but one correspondent in Washington named Cal Whipple saw the value in this picture and made it his mission to get it published. He would recall spending months going “from Army captain to major to colonel to general, until I wound up in the office of an assistant secretary of the Air Corps, who decided, ‘This has to go to the White House.’” It was there that the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, the War Department and the director of the Office of War Information, Elmer Davis gave their approval and allowed a LIFE to publish.
Here lie three Americans.
What shall we say of them? Shall we say that this is a noble sight? Shall we say that this is a fine thing, that they should give their lives for their country?
Or shall we say that this is too horrible to look at?
Why print this picture, anyway, of three American boys dead upon an alien shore? Is it to hurt people? To be morbid?
Those are not the reasons.
The reason is that words are never enough. The eye sees. The mind knows. The heart feels. But the words do not exist to make us see, or know, or feel what it is like, what actually happens. The words are never right. . . .
The reason we print it now is that last week, President Roosevelt and Elmer Davis and the War Department decided that the American people ought to be able to see their own boys as they fall in battle; to come directly and without words into the presence of their own dead.
And so here it is. This is the reality that lies behind the names that come to rest at last on monuments in the leafy squares of busy American towns.
A native of Los Angeles George Strock went to John C. Fremont High School. While there he took part in a then-groundbreaking photojournalism course taught by Clarence A. Bach. Bach ran his high school program like it was an actual newspaper telling students to cover certain events and guiding them on what made a good shot, “look for the unexpected!” At just 17-years-old one of Bach’s proteges, Mark Kauffman, took a picture that ended up as the cover of the first Sports Illustrated magazine. Under Bach the Fremont High School photojournalism program launched the careers of no less than six LIFE photographers including George Strock. Throughout WWII about 146 of the students who went through Bach’s program became wartime photographers
After high school, Strock was a crime and sports photographer at The Los Angeles Times. In the late 30s, he married Rose Marie and with her had two sons, George and William.
In 1940 he joined the LIFE magazine team to cover the war. At first, he spent some time covering the European theatre before being sent to Australia in 1942. From November 1942 to January 1943 he covered the Battle of Buna-Gona where he took the famous picture of three dead soldiers. In late January he was sent back to America arriving in San Francisco on January 30, 1943.
He returned to cover the island hopping of the Pacific campaign and after the War worked at LIFE. HE never lost his touch and was able to get many cover shots on the LIFE Front cover. At the age of 66, George Strock died in his home city of Los Angeles on August 23, 1977.


Update: March 2019 Report submitted to Canadian government 42nd Parliament, 1st Session: Report of the Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities, Assessing the impact of aircraft noise in the vicinity of major Canadian airports.
The Canadian federal government Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure & Communities is holding meetings in Ottawa to Assess the Impact of Aircraft Noise in the Vicinity of Major Canadian Airports. October 30, 2018 was Meeting 117. It’s urgent for Canadians across the country to contact this Committee to let them know your views on aircraft noise.
If you check the witnesses, they are heavily weighted towards Airport Authorities, NAV Canada, and Aerospace companies over individuals and community alliances.
Like most countries around the world, Canadian airport and aircraft noise levels are much higher than World Health Organization (WHO) 2018 Environmental Noise Guidelines recommended to protect public health. Now’s our chance as Canadians to flood this TRAN Standing Committee with aircraft noise science. I’ve drafted up a letter that I’m sending by email. Please feel free to use this information as needed for your own letters and emails.
Of course, this info can by used by people in other countries for their own governments since the science and public health crisis is the same worldwide.
Dear Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure & Communities,
Thank you for assessing the impact of aircraft noise in the vicinity of major Canadian airports.
Please follow World Health Organization globally recommended noise limits for Canadian airports and aircraft. They provide robust public health advice, which is essential to drive policy action that will protect communities from the adverse effects of noise.
WHO (2018) Environmental Noise Guidelines recommends aircraft noise levels below 45 dB Lden (day/evening) outdoors to prevent adverse health effects.
WHO (2018) recommends aircraft noise levels below 40 dB Lnight outdoors to prevent adverse health and sleep effects.
Currently, airport noise contour maps show no major Canadian airport meets these noise limit guidelines. All are too noisy, and are causing a serious public health crisis.
Auditory and non-auditory effects of chronic environmental noise include hearing impairment, tinnitus, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment in children, sleep disturbance, metabolic changes from chronic stress, poorer quality of life, poorer well-being, and mental health problems.
Most vulnerable populations include children, the elderly, pregnant women, and people with pre-existing health conditions.
WHO guidelines date back to 1999, with body of scientific evidence rapidly increasing to date. The science on negative health impact of airport and aircraft noise is strong and undeniable.
Please implement noise control measures urgently, including suitable changes in infrastructure and other action plans to to control and reduce harmful effects. For example, EU countries and City of London Environment Strategy, UK, are developing action plans to protect their citizens from damaging environmental noise.
Please protect the health of all Canadians living in communities negatively impacted by aircraft and airport noise.
Instead of wasting more tax payer money on this Standing Committee, please transfer the money to a working group to develop an action plan to control and prevent aircraft noise in the vicinity of all Canadian airports, e.g. mandatory noise mapping, regular reporting, and mandatory noise control like source noise emission standards.
Sincerely, Jan L. Mayes MSc Aud(C), RAud
Certified & licensed Audiologist (Canada)
Send your letter or email to:
Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities
Sixth Floor, 131 Queen Street
House of Commons
Ottawa ON K1A 0A6
Website: TRAN Committee on Aircraft Noise Impact
Note: if you include links in your email it will likely go to spam. I got a reply. Trans will get all input translated (English/French) and post it on their website. Every piece of input counts!
[Photo credit ThePixelman on pixabay]


Our environment is the most important resource that we have and one that we have often taken for granted. One of the environmental concerns facing the world today is the possibility of global warming resulting from a build-up of what are called greenhouse gases, some of which occur naturally. As the sun heats the earth’s surface, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases trap some of this outgoing energy and retain heat. The natural greenhouse effect keeps temperatures on the earth mild enough to sustain life. However, according to the National Academy of Sciences, the Earth's surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, and this warming has accelerated during the past twenty years. There is strong evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is caused by the build up of greenhouse gases – mostly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Why is this happening? Most scientists believe that the increased use of fossil fuels to run cars and trucks, heat/cool homes, operate industry businesses, and power factories is the primary reason.
In June 2005, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences joined similar groups from nations around the world in recognition of the potential dangers ahead. They issued a call for action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.


Parliament’s Declaratory Act of 1766 recalibrated the defined legislative role of colonial legislative assemblies within the North American colonies. The Act legislatively abolished colonial statutes and related regulations, and the Act rendered colonial slave statutes and related regulations “utterly null and void to all intent and purposes whatsoever.” The Act’s legal consequence was that all colonial slave statutes and related regulations became void ab initio. All members of colonial legislative assemblies were stripped of the belief that they could enact colonial statutes, laws, votes, resolutions, and related regulations without first securing Parliament’s permission. Furthermore, the legal question of whether colonial slave statues were legally valid after the Declaratory Act of 1766 was conclusively addressed and resolved by the Twelve Judges of the Court of the King’s Bench in the Somerset case in 1772… four years before the Declaration of Independence. England’s High court affirmed parliamentary sovereignty and judicially struck down colonial slave statutes and related regulations by its ruling that slavery was not “allowed and approved by the laws of this Kingdom” and could only be lawful by “positive law”… which only Parliament had the power to enact a positive law during colonial times… not any colonial assembly, as the Declaratory Act of 1766 had made plain.
The ahistorical claim that colonial patriots like Thomas Jefferson… the author of the Declaration of Independence, George Washington… America’s first president, James Madison… Father of the U. S. Constitution, John Marshall… America’s first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and others legally owned blacks living within any of the North American colonies and merely migrated their lawful ownership of Revolutionary War-era blacks from English rule have become interwoven and is inextricably intertwined within America’s historiography. This was America’s first Big Lie, as the Declaratory Act of 1766 legislatively avoided all colonial slave statutes, laws, resolutions, votes, orders, and proceedings and rendered them “utterly null and void to all intent and purposes whatsoever.” The Act reestablished Parliament’s supreme authority over the legislative assemblies within each North American colony.
The English Bill of Rights of 1689 had codified “liberty” as being a fundamental right and extended the due process protections of English law to all within the realm. No legislation of Parliament ever excluded people of African ancestry from such protections. All colonial statutes and related regulations became legal nullities. Everyone living within the North American colonies was returned to status quo ante. And Parliament saw the Declaratory Act of 1766 as a mere reaffirmation of what it considered longstanding parliamentary rights and furthered their real goal of regaining control over the colonials by eviscerating England’s wrong-headed policy of salutary neglect. Thus, Parliament thought it had made a fair bargain with the North American colonies and saw the Act as a win-win situation. It had repealed an unpopular law, the Stamp Act… colonials rejoiced that a wrong had been righted and advanced no organized resistance to the Declaratory Act of 1766 and afterward could not be heard to complain.


Artificial photosynthesis comprises the design of systems for converting solar energy into useful forms based on the fundamental science underlying natural photosynthesis. There are many approaches to this problem. In this report, the emphasis is on molecule-based systems for photochemical production of fuels using sunlight. A few examples of typical components of artificial photosynthetic systems including antennas, reaction centres, catalysts for fuel production and water oxidation, and units for photoprotection and photoregulation are presented in order to illustrate the current state of the field and point out challenges yet to be fully addressed.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry


CHICAGO (AP) - The nation's largest pediatricians group is
calling for sweeping changes in the way food is designed and
labeled to minimize children's chances for choking.
The American Academy of Pediatrics wants high-risk foods such as
hot dogs, raw carrots and grapes to have warning labels similar to
the ones on certain toys.
The Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide
Children's Hospital in Columbus (Ohio) today released a report that
seeks to make prevention of food choking a priority. Study lead
author Dr. Gary Smith says food choking incidents are thought to be
under reported but remain a significant and under-appreciated
(Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


from caterpillar to butterfly21-04-2019 - Posted by Andre Piet
In 1Corinthians 15:35-51 Paul refers to various images in nature of resurrection. One of the most famous, but also most striking images of new life is, undoubtedly, the caterpillar transformed into a butterfly. In biology it is called a complete metamorphosis or transformation. One of the best known, but also most striking images of new life is, undoubtedly, the changing of a caterpillar into a butterfly. In biology that is called a complete metamorphosis or transformation. We see this phenomenon also in all kinds of maggots that, over time, become flies, mosquitoes or beetles. Such a metamorphosis is said to be complete, because the animal then does not change any further. When the caterpillar emerges from an egg, it has only one goal: eat as much as possible in a very short time. Especially gardeners fear the caterpillar, because it can do a great deal of damage to their crops. Caterpillars are, relatively speaking, the fastest growing organisms in the animal kingdom and some species, in only 20 days, become no less than 10,000 times heavier!
When the caterpillar has gorged itself to the full, the process of pupation begins, during which the caterpillar turns into a kind of “mummy”. In this phase the metamorphosis takes place, after which, out of the cocoon, (wonder of wonders) a butterfly appears, which is fully complete! No growth stages anymore, as in her former caterpillars-existence, but from the outset, everything is perfectly complete. This is a most beautiful type of the vivification!
Besides, the butterfly does not eat anymore, but it sucks nectar, which is the precursor of honey. This, in turn, is a picture of the sweet Word of God. All this characterizes the new, multicolored butterfly-existence. Not anymore like a caterpillar, clinging to the earth, but moving freely in the spacious sky. Not creeping, but fluttering. That is real living!


Zoom is a service for digital meetings and a tool for web-based distance learning. Zoom is accessible for everyone with a Umu-id and is a good, digital alternative to classroom teaching.
Students and employees can host their own meetings and invite participants via their own personal meeting links. Each Zoom meeting can take up to 300 participants.
Zoom meetings are suitable for online lectures, seminars and group assignments, for instance. Zoom can also be used for digital meetings between people or groups outside of Umeå University.
• Quick polls
• Screen sharing
• Beehives during a meeting (so-called breakout rooms)
• Webinars (additional order is necessary)
• Zoom Room (additional order is necessary)
• You cannot make regular phone calls using Zoom.
Instructions – how to get started
Go to https://umu.zoom.us
Log in using your Umu-id.
Done! You have now created an account and you can start and join meetings.
You can join a Zoom meeting directly from a web browser, but the recommendation for a more stable meeting is to download the app on your computer or device. A guide is available in our manuals.
Manuals are available on:
This is required
To use Zoom fully, each participant needs:
• a computer, tablet or smartphone
• a good and stable internet connection
• a webcam
• a headset or conference microphone
Recommendations for a successful Zoom meeting
• Make sure you are as prepared as possible before the meeting. Have all material ready. Are you sharing a screen? Have a PowerPoint, video or web page ready.
• Are you meeting with participants around the world? Consider what time it is at their end when choosing the time of the meeting.
• Be clear when instructing the participants/students about what will take place during the meeting and what is expected of them. Having participants who are prepared is the key to a successful meeting. Send the instructions via email a couple of days before the meeting and/or with links to online guides.
• Is the meeting/seminar being recorded? Notify the participants of this before the meeting and remind them again when the meeting starts.
• For all digital meetings, we recommend that you use a headset with a USB connection and a web camera.
• Use a stable internet connection (preferably a LAN cable instead of WiFi). Remind your participants of this in advance.
• Choose a quiet environment.
Do you need to book a room?
You can hold a digital meeting through Zoom at your own desk, but you can also book a room with a screen, microphone and camera. Book a room through our booking system TimeEdit. Log in using your Umu-id.


The microarray scanner measures the fluorescence intensity of labeled sample nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) bound to microarrays. Its ability to measure fluorescence from two dyes simultaneously facilitates all two-color microarray studies. This technology provides for rapid, high-quality, automated scanning of microarrays. The microarray scanner uses two lasers, a SHG-YAG laser (532 nm) and a helium-neon laser (633 nm). The lasers excite Cyanine-3 (Cy-3) and Cyanine-5 (Cy-5) labeled RNA or DNA to measure fluorescence after hybridization of the target nucleic acid to the microarray probes. The microarray scanner is optimized for high signal-to-noise performance in the Cy-3 (550—610 nm) and Cy-5 (650—750 nm) emission bands, with a wide dynamic range (up to five orders of magnitude) and low spectral cross-talk. This allows for measurement of a very broad range of target concentrations and for higher data confidence at lower signal levels. The laser excitation is scanned rapidly back and forth across the microarray. Fluorescence from the labeled samples is converted to an electrical signal by a high-performance PMT. Very low noise amplifiers and digital integrators process the PMT signal into a digital measurement that is recorded.


The Boeing Co. (St. Louis, Mo., USA) reported on June 4 that its Phantom Eye unmanned airborne system (UAS) completed its first autonomous flight on June 1 at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif., USA.
The 28-minute flight began at 6:22 a.m. Pacific time as the liquid-hydrogen powered aircraft lifted off its launch cart. Phantom Eye climbed to an altitude of 4,080 ft/1,244m and reached a cruising speed of 62 knots. After touching down, the vehicle sustained some damage when the landing gear dug into the lakebed and broke.
"This day ushers in a new era of persistent Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance [ISR] where an unmanned aircraft will remain on station for days at a time providing critical information and services," says Darryl Davis, president, Boeing Phantom Works. "This flight puts Boeing on a path to accomplish another aerospace first — the capability of four days of unrefueled, autonomous flight."
Phantom Eye is the latest in a series of Boeing-funded rapid prototyping programs, which include Phantom Ray, Echo Ranger, ScanEagle Compressed Carriage, and an associated Common Open Mission Management Command and Control (COMC2) system capable of managing all of the company's unmanned assets.
"While Phantom Eye is important for many reasons, future ISR, strike and bomber programs also will benefit from the technologies we are developing and maturing for our customers," says Davis.
The flight took place following a series of taxi tests in April that validated ground guidance, navigation and control, mission planning, pilot interface and operational procedures.
"This flight demonstrated Phantom Eye's initial handling and maneuverability capabilities," says Phantom Eye program manager Drew Mallow. "The team is now analyzing data from the mission and preparing for our next flight. When we fly the demonstrator again, we will enter higher and more demanding envelopes of high-altitude flight."
Phantom Eye's liquid-hydrogen propulsion system will allow the aircraft to stay on station for up to four days while providing persistent monitoring over large areas at a ceiling of up to 65,000 ft/19,812m, creating only water as a byproduct. The demonstrator, with its 150-ft/45.8m wingspan, is capable of carrying a 450-lb/204-kg payload.


The Siege of Landau saw an army from the Holy Roman Empire led by Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden lay siege to the fortress city of Landau which was held for the Kingdom of France. The French defenders led by Ezéchiel du Mas, Comte de Mélac resisted vigorously but were forced to surrender after a three-month leaguer. This action of the War of the Spanish Succession occurred at Landau in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, located 49 kilometres southwest of Mannheim.
The earliest actions from the war were focused in northern Italy in 1701, but military activity began in the Electoral Palatinate the following year. In the Palatinate, Louis of Baden and an Imperial army crossed the Rhine River at Speyer and moved south to invest Landau. Unwilling to challenge his stronger foes, Nicolas Catinat with his French army watched from a distance as the Landau defenses were methodically reduced by siege artillery, mining and infantry attacks. After losing a key defensive position, Mélac and his garrison were forced to capitulate. At this time, the Electorate of Bavaria became a French ally, tipping the balance of power and causing Louis of Baden to withdraw. The next clash was the Battle of Friedlingen on 14 October 1702.
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How to choose a chart? Which chart would best fit the data set that I have? How do I choose the better chart type from Excel? Finding the right type of chart for the data set that you have can be a bit of a challenge. Given a set of seemingly equivalent alternatives, picking one chart over the other can turn out to be quite an interesting exercise.
The chart chooser diagram can help you make a choice in situations like these. The chart highlights some of the most frequently used charts for plotting data and helps the reader pick the right chart type. (Please bear in mind that this list is neither an exhaustive nor a conclusive list of all chart types and may be subject to further modifications.)
You can download the larger version of the chart chooser (PNG) here.
For those would might want to look at some of the chart types used in the above chart chooser a little bit closer, here’s a quick summary:
A Bar Chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with the height (or length) of each bar being proportional to the actual values they represent. Bar charts along with the line chart are the two most commonly used charts. Bar charts are very versatile and can be used to depict the frequency distribution (histogram), the change in the variable over time or for comparing multiple variables at any given point in time. Other variations and alternatives include the stacked bar chart, bar chart scaled to 100% (same size) and the 3-D bar chart. Bar charts can also be horizontally inclined though they typically are shown with a vertical inclination.
Line Chart is a chart in which the various data points are represented by points which are connected with lines. A line chart can be used to show the variation in data over a period of time and its frequency distribution for one or more variables. Line charts are often used in combination with bar and area charts.
A Pie Chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart which is divided into sectors. Each sector of the pie chart shows the portion of the total corresponding that particular component. The area under each component, the length of the arc and the angle all are in the same ratio as the actual value of components. Variations of the basic circular pie chart include donut charts, blow-up pie charts and 3-D pie charts although the simple circular version is almost always preferable.
An Area Chart or area graph is used to represent data on a chart with the portion under each point (and the line connecting each point) being shaded out. The area chart is similar to a line chart and given an option between the two, in most cases the choice would tend to tilt towards the line chart.
A Heat Map is a graphical representation of data where the change in values of one or more variables are represented as change in colors. A heat map is often times linear although other options such as the circular and 3 dimensional heat maps are also used.
Treemaps are similar to heat maps. In a treemap, data is shown as nested rectangles. A large rectangle will represent a major logical division of data while smaller nested rectangles show the various sub-divisions within the larger portion. A treemap can be thought of as a tree structure in reverse where the smaller units are packed within larger units rather than projecting outwards. Oftentimes the various divisions are separately colored to add yet another dimension (in which case it becomes a combination of a heatmap and a treemap)
Box Plots (also known as box-and-whisker diagram) are typically used in statistics and depict a finite set of number (oftentimes limited to four, five or six data points per box plot). They consist of a line and a rectangle with the line being vertically inclined and piercing the rectangle in the middle. The top part of the line visible above the rectangle, the top and bottom edges of the rectangle and the portion of line visible below the rectangle are all used to indicate one separate data point. (In stock market, a box plot will commonly indicate the highest price of the stock, the opening, the closing and the lowest price of a stock over a period of time. The color of the rectangle can be used to indicate a fifth data point. The rectangle itself can be divided into two with the length of each part being used to indicate yet another (6th) data point.
A Radar Chart is a two dimensional chart use to plot data around a circular scale. Although they can be used to chart two or more variables over a given cyclical time frame, their use is limited and a line chart oftentimes can show the same variation with lesser complexity.
Funnel Charts are often used to represent a diminishing quantity of a single variable over a number of stages. In sales and marketing, they depict a reduction in the number of “leads” as they filer down from the prospect stage to the “buying” stage. This type of a chart can also used to visually identify the stages which account for the biggest reductions in the available resources. However, just like the radar chart, it’s usefulness is limited and can easily be replaced by a bar chart which can help reduce the complexity.
A Bubble Chart depicts a series of numbers as bubbles with the size of the bubble indicating the value of a variable along a particular dimension (and the X-Y position representative of two more dimensions). When plotted in three dimensions, the bubble chart can indicate a potentially four dimensions of the same data point.
A Surface Charts are used to indicate a continuous interplay of two or more variables over a three dimensional space. It is oftentimes used to show complex formations resulting from the interaction of variables in a graphical manner.
Bump charts got their name from “bumps race’”, a term used to refer to a boat race where each boat tries to “bump” the one in front and move up the chart. Bump charts have become quite common of late and are typically used to represent changes in the position of a given number of competing entities over a fixed time duration.
A Flowchart is a diagram or a chart that shows an algorithm or process flow in sequential steps. Flowcharts are used in documenting the flow of steps in a given process or a procedure and are commonly used for designing and managing a process. They are oftentimes used in software, telecommunications and other industries where there is high process orientation.
Bullet Charts are useful in indicating the level of a single variable as measured against pre-set values such as the average, higher and lower quartiles etc. Normally the bullet chart will be shown as single prominent horizontal bar (repressing the given value) alongwith with a red mark indicating the desired or expected value. Other values such as the mean/average are represented as lighter colored bands around the bar representing the main data point. A bullet chart can be used in lieu of a bar chart and can be a better alternative due to its smaller size.
A Scatter Plot is a graphical representation of the value generated by a interplay of two or more variables. A scatter plot is also known as the scatter diagram or the scatter graph. Scatter plots can be two or three dimensional with the former being more widely used than the later. Each point in a scatter plot represents the value resulting from a given value of each input variable. The level of each input variable can be read from their respective axis of the chart.


Spanish-Language Health Guides Aimed at Workers Older Than 50
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has released two new checklists to help Spanish-speaking men and women older than age 50 keep track of when they should have potentially life-saving screening exams done.
Not having diseases detected, or detected when a disease is advanced, can contribute to potentially avoidable hospitalizations and quality-of-life consequences. For example, AHRQ statistics show that Hispanic adults from both poor and wealthy communities are much more likely than comparable whites to be hospitalized for health problems that good quality outpatient care can prevent or control, such as uncontrolled diabetes and heart ailments.
Hispanic adults are more than two times as likely as white adults to be hospitalized for uncontrolled diabetes and its complications such as leg or foot amputations, glaucoma and other eye problems, and kidney failure. In addition, they are almost 1.5 times more likely to be hospitalized for congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, and heart pain known as angina.
Other AHRQ data show that nearly 67 percent of Hispanics age 50 and older report never having had a screening colonoscopy to detect colon cancer, compared with 47 percent of whites.
AHRQ has also released an accompanying wall chart in Spanish--"Seguir sanos después de los 50"--providing information about recommended preventive services and can be posted in both clinical and community settings. The wall chart and checklists--"Mujeres: sigan sanas después de los 50" and "Hombres sigan sanos después de los 50"--show at a glance the evidence-based recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force regarding screening tests, preventive medicines, and healthy lifestyle behaviors for people 50 and older.
"Mujeres: sigan sanas después de los 50" and "Hombres: sigan sanos después de los 50," are available at www.ahrq.gov/consumer/women50sp.pdf and www.ahrq.gov/consumer/men50sp.pdf, respectively. The wall chart, "Seguir sanos después de los 50," is available at www.ahrq.gov/consumer/50pluspostersp.pdf.
The English-language versions--"Men: Stay Healthy at 50+, Your Checklists for Health" and "Women: Stay Healthy at 50+, Your Checklists for Health"--are available at www.ahrq.gov/ppip/men50.htm and www.ahrq.gov/ppip/women50.htm. The "Staying Healthy at 50+" timeline wall chart also is available at www.ahrq.gov/ppip/50plusposter.htm.


For the International Day of the Girl 2012, Desmond Tutu and Mary Robinson travelled to the United States to take part in a series of events marking the day, including a meeting with US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, a high-level panel discussion with UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, and a live web conversation with child marriage activists and experts.
Desmond Tutu and Mary Robinson travelled to the United States last week to mark the inaugural International Day of the Girl on 11 October 2012. They took part in a series of events to highlight the importance of putting ending child marriage – a practice affecting 10 million girls every year – at the centre of development efforts.
On the day itself, Mary Robinson joined a Google+ Hangout to talk about the difficulties faced by those working to end child marriage. Together with Christy Turlington Burns of Every Mother Counts and UNICEF’s Dr Anju Malhotra, she heard from the Pakistani activist Muhammad Shahzad Khan who began a hunger strike when he was 12 years old to prevent his sister’s early marriage.
Mary Robinson emphasised that whole communities would have to take a stand against child marriage – as they are already doing, for example, in Ethiopia and India. Watch the video of the discussion here.
The previous day, after meeting Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton at the US State Department in Washington DC, Archbishop Tutu had praised the role of women and young people in building a peaceful, more compassionate world: “Young people have said 'we are going to make poverty history'. Well, we are going to make child marriage history.”
Desmond Tutu with US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton (Stephanie Sinclair | VII)
Archbishop Tutu and Mary Robinson also spoke at the launch of a new UNFPA report on child marriage. Archbishop Tutu commended the United Nations on holding the first-ever Day of the Girl, which represents "a recognition of the discrimination that has dogged women and girls for centuries". He noted the alarming new statistics released by UNFPA indicating that at current trends, the number of girls who will be married off before reaching 18 over the next decade is now believed to be 150 million worldwide, rather than 100 million as previously estimated.
Mary Robinson highlighted the progress made by the global Girls Not Brides partnership, which has done so much in the last year to support and bring together the hundreds of organisations around the world working to end child marriage. If we are serious about ending child marriage in a generation, she said, the international community must now integrate child marriage indicators into the Millennium Development Goals and into any future Sustainable Development Goals.
Later that day, the two Elders took part in a High Level Panel discussion alongside UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and others. Asked about his vow to be as committed to ending child marriage as he was to ending apartheid, Archbishop Tutu emphasised the harm done to families and communities where child marriage is practiced: "When you dehumanise another person, it dehumanises you as well. When you treat girls in the way we have done, it's not just something that happens to them – it happens to all of us."
He drew on the Elders' visit to Amhara, Ethiopia, to point out that such harmful practices can be ended even in the most conservative and traditional of communities. "It can happen, but are we willing to invest the energy and time?" he asked.
Archbishop Tutu concluded the discussion by asking the audience: “What do we say to child marriage?” – to which the audience responded with a resounding: “NO!” He then asked: “What do we say to the advancement of girls and women?” The audience shouted: “YES!”