Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2012, 2, 91-96
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2012.23014 Published Online August 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/gsc)
Production of Carbon Nanotubes and Hydrogen Catalyzed
with Ni/MCM-41 Catalysts
Zhiqi Wang1*, Juan Navarrete2
1The American School Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
2Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico
Received March 27, 2012; revised April 28, 2012; accepted May 21, 2012
Methane catalytic decomposition (MCD) over Ni/MCM-41 catalysts was tested in a microreactor to simultaneously
produce hydrogen and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The methane conversion reached 30% to 47% at a moderate tempera-
ture range from 400˚C to 600˚C and the catalytic activity of the catalysts remains stable during 500 min steam on time.
CNTs were chiefly formed through tip-growth mode, due to the weak interaction between the metallic Ni and the sup-
port. Most of the Ni particles are located on the tip of the produced CNTs, which avoids rapid deactivation of the cata-
lyst resulted from carbon encapsulation. Large Ni particles usually lead to the formation of CNTs with big diameter.
During the reaction, the shape of Ni particles changed from pseudo-sphere to diamond-like. All the CNTs consist of
multiple layer walls and are curved in certain degree.
Keywords: Methane Catalytic Decomposition; Hydrogen, Carbon Nanotubes; Catalysts; Ni/MCM-41
Currently, a great attention has been paid to the use of
hydrogen on a very large scale in chemicals, food and
petroleum refining industries, fuel cell technology, space
exploration and other fields. Hydrogen as a fuel has sev-
eral advantages: it is widely available, easy to handle and
has the largest heating coefficient among fuels; more
important is that, water is the sole product of hydrogen
combustion; therefore, it is an environmentally friendly
Several techniques have been developed for hydrogen
production including: steam reforming, biomass gasifica-
tion, and water electrolysis etc. . In the steam reform-
ing of hydrocarbons, one of the products, CO, has to be
removed by subsequent steps because it strongly poisons
the Pt-catalyst which is the key of fuel cell technology.
This significantly increases the production cost. Elec-
trolysis of water may offer clean hydrogen without CO;
however, it is too expensive as a result of electricity
utilization. One of the most promising routes for hydro-
gen production is the direct decomposition of methane,
which has the highest hydrogen to carbon ratio in com-
parison with other hydrocarbon compounds. Through this
approach, formation of CO can be avoided; thus, the
subsequent steps for removal of CO are not necessary.
This route is believed to be superior to both electrolysis
of water and steam reforming from the economical point
of view [3,4].
On the other hand, carbon nanotubes have also at-
tracted great attention for a long time due to their excel-
lent properties and potential utilization in a variety of
nanotechnologies [5,6]. One technique used to produce
CNTs is the catalytic growth of carbon atoms from de-
composition of hydrocarbons. In the methane catalytic
decomposition (MCD), if the production of both hydro-
gen and carbon nanotubes can be effectively combined,
we may simultaneously obtain CO-free hydrogen and
CNTs by using the same reaction.
The most commonly catalysts used for MCD are the
transition metals group VIII (Co, Ni or Fe) supported on
oxides like Al2O3 and SiO2. Rahammad and coworkers
report that the MCD reaction over a 5 wt% Ni/γ-Al2O3
showed a high activity between 500˚C and 550˚C in a
thermal balance evaluation system . The catalyst ex-
hibited high activity at 500˚C in fifteen hours of reaction.
It was rapidly deactivated within 2 - 3 hrs above 600˚C
due to the deposition of carbon materials. Carbon forma-
tion was also investigated in the MDC over bare α-Fe
and with Fe/Al2O3, Fe/ZrO2, Fe/SiO2 and Fe/TiO2 cata-
lysts at temperatures between 400˚C and 600˚C . Un-
der the same reaction condition, 13.5 g, 14 g, 17.4 g and
45 g carbon were yielded over the ZrO2, Al2O3, TiO2 and
SiO2 supported Fe catalysts, respectively. This work
opyright © 2012 SciRes. GSC
Z. Q. WANG, J. NAVARRETE
clearly shows that catalyst support greatly impacts on the
catalytic activity and carbon production.
It is noteworthy that mesoporous materials like MCM-
41 and SBA-15 were frequently used as catalyst support
due to their great surface area (>800 m2/g), large pore
volume (>0.5 cm3/g) and ordered pore system [9-11]. In-
vestigating of the catalyst with new support like me-
soporous MCM-41 for simultaneous production of CO-
free hydrogen and CNTs will be an interesting research
In the present work, Ni/MCM-41 catalysts was used
for simultaneous production of CO-free hydrogen and
CNTs and its catalytic activity and stability were tested
in a microreactor using methane as reaction feedstock.
Carbon nanotube formation, including its wall thickness,
length, diameter and shape was discussed.
2.1. MCM-41 Synthesis
For MCM-41 synthesis, fumed silica was used as Si
source and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl) as
synthetic template. 1.2 g of fumed silica were added into
10.0 g of 45% tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH)
aqueous solution while vigorously stirring for 30 min to
form a transparent gel. Then, 30 g of cetyltrimethylam-
monium chloride (25 wt% solution in water) were added
into the above gel during agitation. The gel was ther-
mally aged at 80˚C for 72 h; afterwards, the mixture was
filtered and washed 3 times using 500 ml deionized water,
and the resultant solid was dried at ambient temperature
for 12 hrs. It was then calcined at 600˚C for 6 hrs under
an air flow condition (air flow rate was 60 ml/min). In
the calcination procedure, care was taken by increasing
the temperature with a rate 1˚C/min, in order to avoid
mesostructure collapsing of the sample. All the chemi-
cals used in this work were supplied by Sigma Chemical
2.2. Preparation of Ni/MCM-41 Catalysts
The Ni/MCM-41 catalysts were prepared by impregnat-
ing MCM-41 support with Ni(NO3)2 solution. The Ni
loading of the catalysts was 10 wt%, 20 wt% and 30 wt%,
respectively. After impregnation, the Ni supported MCM-
41 samples were dried at 70˚C for 10 h and then calcined
at 600˚C for 4 h. Before the catalytic evaluation, the
catalyst samples were reduced using 99.9% H2 at 500˚C
for 2 h with a flow rate of 30 ml/min to obtain metallic
Ni particles on the catalyst.
2.3. Characterization of the Materials
The crystalline structures of the catalyst samples were
analyzed with X-ray diffraction technique in a PANa-
lytical difractometer (Model: X’Pert PRD) with a mono-
1 radiation (λ = 1.5400 Å). The evalua-
tion of the diffractograms was made by DIFFRAC/AT
software. The scanning was made from 30˚ to 100˚, with
step size of 0.01˚ and a step time of 2 s.
The Raman spectrum was obtained at room tempera-
ture using a LabRam HR 800 spectrometer, equipped
with a CCD detector. A laser diode of He-Ne system
supplies a 633 nm exciting line and spectral resolution of
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observa-
tions were carried out in a JEM-2200FS transmission
electron microscope with accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
The microscope was equipped with a Schottky-type field
emission gun and an ultra-high-resolution (UHR) con-
figuration (Cs = 0.5 mm; Cc = 1.1 mm; point-to-point
resolution, 0.19 nm) and an omega-type in-column en-
ergy filter. The powder samples were grounded softly in
an agate mortar and dispersed in isopropyl alcohol in an
ultrasonic bath for several minutes. A few drops were
then deposited on 200 mesh copper grids covered with a
2.4. Catalytic Evaluation
The MCD reaction was carried out in a microreactor
system (Advanced Scientific Design-RXM-100) with a
stainless steel fixed bed reactor (10 mm i.d. and 500 mm
in length) at atmospheric pressure. The reaction tem-
peratures varied from 400˚C to 600˚C. The catalyst load-
ing was ca. 150 mg. The inlet mixture was methane di-
luted in argon. The total inlet flow of the reaction gases
was 75 ml/min (6 ml of methane and 69 ml of Ar). The
rate of methane fed to the reactor was 2.67 mmol/min.
The temperature increasing rate was 10˚C/min. The com-
positions of the effluents were analyzed by an on-line gas
chromatograph (GC) analyzer in couple with a PE-Mol-
sieve capillary column, using a thermal conductivity de-
tector (TCD) for hydrogen analysis and a flame ioniza-
tion detector (FID) for methane analysis.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structure of Ni/MCM-41 Catalysts
The crystalline structures and phases of the Ni/MCM-41
catalysts were analyzed by XRD technique. As shown in
Figure 1, several XRD peaks at 44.5˚, 51.5˚, 76.3˚ and
92.7˚ corresponding to metallic Ni in the catalysts are ob-
served. The peak becomes sharper as the Ni loading in-
creases from 10 wt% to 20 wt% and 30 wt%, indicating
that the diameter of Ni particle is larger at higher Ni
The morphological features of the Ni/MCM-41 solids
were studied by TEM. Figure 2 shows the TEM micro-
graphs of the 30% Ni/MCM-41 solid calcined at 600˚C.
Copyright © 2012 SciRes. GSC
Z. Q. WANG, J. NAVARRETE 93
Intensity (a. u.)
Figure 1. XRD patterns of the catalysts with different Ni
Figure 2. A TEM micrograph of a 30% Ni/MCM-41 catalyst.
In this catalyst, many Ni particles with a shape as pseu-
do-sphere are observed. The distribution of Ni particle
size is not homogeneous, ranging from 10 nm to 50 nm
with an average diameter approximately 35 nm. Because
the Ni particles were loaded on the catalyst by using an
impregnation method, it was difficult to control the Ni
particle size distribution; however, the uneven distribu-
tion of the Ni particle size allowed us to investigate the
effect of Ni particle size on the formation of carbon na-
notubes during the reaction.
3.2. Catalytic Evaluation
Methane conversion over the Ni/MCM41catalysts is
shown in Figure 3. Over all the catalysts, methane con-
version increases with the reaction temperature increas-
ing; for example, as the reaction temperature increases
from 400˚C to 600˚C, the CH4 conversion over the 20
wt% Ni/MCM-41 catalyst enhances from approximately
30% to 42%. It is seen that 550˚C is the best reaction
temperature. Higher reaction temperature may result in
the Ni particles sintering, thus reducing the catalytic ac-
tivity. In the following experiments, we fixed the reac-
tion temperature at 550˚C.
In order to evaluate the catalytic stability of the cata-
lysts, MCD reaction was also tested in a period of 500
min at 550˚C. The results are presented in Figure 4.
These catalysts exhibit high stability in this period. The
average methane conversion is around 31% for 10%
Ni/MCM-41, 43.2% for 20% Ni/MCM-41 and 45.9% for
30% Ni/MCM-41, respectively. It is found that the
methane conversion over the 10 wt% Ni/MCM-41 cata-
lyst slightly decreases after 330 min of reaction, an ap-
proximately 7% drop is achieved. This catalyst contains
small Ni particles which can be easily encapsulated by
carbon deposits in the reaction, leading to activity de-
Figure 3. Methane conversion as a function of reaction tem-
060120 180 240 300 360 420480 540
Methane conversion (%)
Reaction time (min)
10% Ni /MCM-41
20% Ni /MCM-41
30% Ni /MCM-41
Figure 4. Methane conversion as a function of reaction time.
Copyright © 2012 SciRes. GSC
Z. Q. WANG, J. NAVARRETE
During the reaction, both CO and CO2 were not de-
tected. Therefore, hydrogen selectivity was 100%. In 500
min of reaction, around 827 ml, 1146 ml and 1201 ml of
hydrogen were respectively produced on the catalysts
with 10, 20 and 30 wt% of Ni. The catalyst with higher
Ni loading produces more hydrogen; this is related with
more Ni active sites in the surface of the catalyst for
3.3. Carbon Nanotube Formation
The formation of carbon nanotubes was studied by using
Raman spectroscopy and electron transmission micro-
scope. Figure 5 shows a Raman spectrum of the 30 wt%
Ni/MCM-41 catalyst after 500 min of reaction. Two bands
around 1576 cm–1 and 1325 cm–1 are observed. The peak
around 1576 cm–1 corresponds to G band of the graphitic
carbon arising from the C-C stretching vibration; the
peak around 1325 cm–1 is assigned to D band, corre-
sponding to amorphous carbon or disorder structure and
lattice defects in the microcrystalline carbon . Raman
spectrum indicates that two kinds of carbon were formed
in the catalysts.
Figure 6 shows the TEM micrographs of the spent
catalysts. Many CNTs with thick (multiwall) layers are
clearly observed (Figure 6(a)). It is found that CNTs
mainly grew with a tip-growth mode in which CNTs
grow with Ni particle on its tip. This can be explained by
the interaction degree between the Ni particles and the
MCM-41 support . In the present work, the Ni is
introduced onto the surface of the support by impregna-
tion, and therefore, Ni particles are mainly loaded on the
surface but are not embedded or anchored inside the
support, thus interaction between the Ni particles and the
support is weak, which is in favour of the formation of
carbon nanotube through the tip-growth mode, prevent
the Ni particles from carbon encapsulation, and thus the
Figure 5. A Raman spectrum of 30%Ni/MCM-41 spent ca-
talyst after 500 min of reaction.
Figure 6. TEM micrographs of the 30 wt% Ni/MCM-41 ca-
talyst after 500 min reaction.
Copyright © 2012 SciRes. GSC
Z. Q. WANG, J. NAVARRETE 95
catalyst remains a long lifetime. The diameter of CNTs
has a close relation with the Ni particle size; large Ni
particles lead to formation of CNTs with big diameter
(Figure 6(b)). As a result, the inner diameter of the
CNTs is largely determined by the diameter of the Ni
particle. It is also observed that almost all of the CNTs,
no matter whether they have thin or thick tube walls, are
curved in certain degree (Figures 6(a) and (b)).
On the fresh Ni/MCM-41 catalysts, most of the Ni par-
ticles have a shape as pseudo-sphere (Figure 2). How-
ever, after the reaction, the Ni particle shows a shape
diamond-like with a tail inserting into the carbon nano-
tube (Figure 6(c)). It is known that the melting point of
metallic Ni is around 1452˚C, Ni particle may change its
shape only at a temperature above its Tamman point Tm
= 726˚C. Under the present reaction condition, the reac-
tion temperature is 550˚C. It seems impossible for Ni
particle to alter its shape. It is reported that on a spent
Ni/SiO2 catalyst, Ni carbide (Ni3C) is formed . Ni3C
is unstable and it can be decomposed into nickel and
graphitic carbon at a relative low temperature, i.e., 400˚C.
It is also proven that carbon atoms produced from CH4
decomposition over the Ni based catalysts can form
NixCy solid solution as intermediate , at such condi-
tion, C atoms are able to move within the bulk of Ni par-
ticles and are then they are released from the NixCy solid
solution to form nanotubes at the interface of the Ni par-
ticle and support. Because methane decomposition is an
exothermic reaction (ΔH = 75 kJ/mol), the temperature
around Ni particle surface is, therefore, at somewhat
overheat state, with respect to its surrounding tempera-
ture. As a result, the Ni-C system may transfer into a
quasi-liquid state at a reaction temperature even lower
than the Tamman temperature of Ni; this provides the
possibility for Ni changing its shape. It is also noted that
a gradient of carbide concentration in the Ni particles
during the reaction leads to pressure built up at the inter-
face of Ni and support. When the graphitic layers are
initially formed in parallel to the Ni crystal surface, car-
bon nanotube growth along the Ni crystal surface may
drive the Ni particles to be squeezed out, changing Ni
shape from pseudo-sphere to diamond-like.
The present work confirms that simultaneous production
of hydrogen and CNTs can be realized in a single reac-
tion of methane catalytic decomposition by using Ni/
MCM-41 as catalyst. The Ni/MCM-41 catalysts exhibit
high catalytic stability during 500 min of reaction. The
formed CNTs have 20 - 50 nm in diameters and a few
micrometers in length, depending on the reaction condi-
tion. Large Ni particles usually favour the formation of
CNTs with big diameter. During the reaction, the shape
of Ni particles changes from pseudo-sphere to diamond-
like. All the CNTs consist of multiple layer walls and are
curved in certain degree. The CNTs formation may grow
with a tip-growth mode due to the weak interaction be-
tween Ni and MCM-41 support.
The authors would like to thank Mr. L. A. Moreno, Dr. J.
Alberto Andraca Adame, and Dr. C. Angeles for their tech-
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Cement mill wikipedia,this gives good cement performance, and reduces energy consumption by compared with a standard ball mill system. capacity of cement mills. the cement mills on a cement plant are usually sized for a clinker consumption considerably greater than the output of the plants
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vertical roller mill specification vertical roller mill crushing plant equipment vertical roller mill for cement raw material sinomaly produces cement raw material grinding mills in various specifications. these machines are suitable for grinding mill production lines with an output of and
raw mill Is widely used In cement plant. raw mill is the key equipment for secondary grinding after crushing. and it is suitable for grinding all kinds of ores and other materials, no matter wet grinding or dry grinding. raw mill is mainly used in grinding raw materials and end products in cement plant. It is also suitable for various ores and
thyssenkrupp cement ball mill specifications. thyssenkrupp polysius bus ex, thyssenkrupp polysiusa german company with a ear heritage of making cement and mineral processing equipmentis currently one of just a handful of companies anywhere in the world capable of designing and building turnkey processing plants and its thyssenkrupp cement ball mill specifications
jun 25, 2013 cement mill certificates, also called mill test reports, contain a lot of information that can prove useful for tracking changes in your concrete and controlling variability in your mix. usually this certificate must be included in submittal documents to show that the cement conforms to the requirements of applicable specifications, such as
specifications of a cement plant mill. specification of cement plant hammer crusher be the least complicated component in the specification of cement mill get more get price. cement types gcc usa. cement types type iii low alkali cement find mill certs for this cement gccs oil well cements meet the demanding requirements of api specification
cement plant hammer mill specification hammer crusher vibrating sieve separator hammer crusher is widely applied in dressing plant refractory plant cement plant glass plant and other industry plants to fine grind medium hardness material dry and wet types crushing are available wet type means material is watered to be crushed dry type means that material must be dry
product specifications cement mill plant. product specifications cement mill plant. cement mill is the equipment used to grind the hard nodular clinker from the cement kiln into cement is being ground to 8595 for extremely fine cement products. the cement mills on a cement plant are usually sied for a clinker. specification of a cement
mtw series grinding mill adopts a cambered air channel, the tangential air goes into air channel easily because there is little resistance. and the inner outlet is very good for the grinded material to spread around and avoid grinding material being jammed. preheater tower in cement plant with specification
aug 30, 2012 this saves the extra fuel cost and makes cement somehow economical. raw materials are extracted from the quarry and by means of conveyor belt material is transported to the cement plant. there are also various other raw materials used for cement manufacturing. for example shale, fly ash, mill scale and bauxite.
aug 17, 1971 classification code for portland cement plants with wet process kilns is 06, and the six-digit scc for plants with dry process kilns is 07. portland cement accounts for percent of the hydraulic cement production in the united states. the balance of domestic cement production is primarily masonry cement. both of these
blended cement specifications and testing shall comply with mndot standard specification 3103 and an invoice or bill-of-lading, and all available mill test data for the cement shipped. each copy shall indicate the manufacturer of the cementitious material, manufacturing plant location, type of cementitious material, cement plants
meet elecon, who epitomizes cutting edges technology and path breaking innovation that have made us supplier of choice for cement companies. backed by a proven track record, spanning well over six decades and driven by unwavering excellence, elecon is all set to meet the changing requirements of the cement industry and churn out technologically superior product from time to time.
cement ball mill specification cement ball mill specification technical specifiion of ball mill in cement cement ball millcement millscement mill machineryproduct ball mill is an efficient tool for grinding many materials into fine powder ripple scale board and different specifiion steel balls are installed on the scale board when the barrel body rotates and
sep 18, 2013 the cement mill certificate includes three performance tests that merit close attention: false set, vicat setting time and strength. false set. false set is the tendency for cement mixtures to stiffen early, typically due to the sulfate in the cement reacting with the water to form gypsum crystals over the first few minutes of mixing.
cement technical data and specifications. To aid you in fulfilling all of your specification and submittal needs, we have provided our certificates of compliance, monthly mill certificates, leed letters, and safety data sheets for our cement products below. If you need technical data that is not included here, please contact our technical team.
portland cement manufacturing plants are part of hydraulic cement manufacturing, which also includes natural, masonry, and pozzolanic cement. water is added to the raw mill during the grinding of the raw materials in portland cement is often limited by product specifications because excessive alkali
phoenix cement portland pozzolan type IP is a blend of phoenix cement type iiiv and astm 618 class fly ash which is interground at the mill. It is a general, all-purpose cement for use in most general construction applications where a typical type iiiv cement would be used.
cement grinding station application in mine industry, cement plant, large coal processing enterprises and industrial crushing and grinding. cement grinding station can make full use of industrial waste such as the slag fly ash, furnace slag and coal gangue around the
the cement roller press has a high energy utilization rate and remarkable energy-saving effect in the material grinding process. In cement plant, cement roller press is a kind of important cement equipment used for clinker grinding. It is usually combined with a cement ball mill to form a high-efficiency cement grinding system because the practice shows that the grinding process with small
ashokas cement plant unit has continued focused on objectives of product improvement and quality. In our entire turnkey cement plant equipments and machinery, we supply a complete assembly consisting of different machines and equipment, which facilitate the plant to execute efficiently and manufacture a better-quality completed product as per the international quality standards.
portland cement manufacturing is a three-step process: cement-making requires calcium, silica and small amounts of alumina and iron. raw materials rich in these elements include limestone, sand and clay. they are quarried at the cement manufacturing plant or shipped from nearby.
astms cement and concrete standards are instrumental in the evaluation and testing of concrete, cement, and aggregates. concrete can have different properties depending upon the mixture that is used in creating it, which contains cement, chemical admixtures, and aggregates.
cement specifications air-entraining portland blast-furnace Sl ag cement aashto 240, type is-a mill test data shall be submitted to the office of materials management. If a specific type of 260 identify the concrete plants receiving fly ash represented by these results.
the pressure drop in raw mill fan is very high. If a vertical roller mill is used for raw grinding in cement industry then a large raw mill fan is installed. usually cement industries use centrifugal fans to carry out this process. induced draft fans. induced draft fans supply the necessary air for the combustion of fuel in the kiln of a cement.
It is widely used in clinker grinding production of cement plant and slag grinding plant. chaeng can provide various types of vertical cement mills with productivity of the biggest advantage of chaeng is to have a large casting base and large machining workshops, which greatly shortens the delivery cycle of cement vertical mill.
specifications Of cement plant mill introduction. the cement mill. cement manufacturing brief description of a cement mill. cement clinker is usually ground using a ball mill. this is essentially a large rotating drum containing grinding media normally steel balls. As the drum rotates, the motion of the balls crushes the clinker.
features the cement mill is mainly used to grind cement clinker in cement production process, and it also applies to grinding various ores and other grindable materials in industrial and mining enterprises such as metallurgical plant, chemical plant and power plant and so on.our company has more than 40-year experience on the manufacture of cement mill, the quality of our product takes a
simplifying plant layout. concrete mill stands replace the traditional steel structures, reducing installation time and costs. using concrete also means lower mill vibration at the foundation. the high-performing vertical roller mill generates minimal noise during operation due to the lower level of mill vibration.
cement tube mill internals grinding media grinding media for the variations IN cement manufacturing changing impact conditions can cause conventional grinding media to either work harden or cause spalling thus shortening working life, increasing downtime and increasing costs.
12. ball mill-ball weight & surface area 13. ball mill charge volume 14. useful data for grinding mill study 15. ball mill charging 16. bis specification of additives 102 17. bis specifications for various 103 cements 18. thermo physical properties of different insulating materials 107 19. pollution standards for stack, ambient
cement kilns are used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of portland and other types of hydraulic cement, in which calcium carbonate reacts with silica-bearing minerals to form a mixture of calcium silicates.over a billion tonnes of cement are made per year, and cement kilns are the heart of this production process: their capacity usually defines the capacity of the cement plant.
the grinding circuit of a raw mill are an increase in output and a reduction in power consumption. expert optimizer has been successfully applied in more than mills, to optimize milling operations. benefits specifications cement mills production increase (3%10% margins are the major concerns in the cement industry. plant
the mill consists of typical modules and can be adapted to certain requirements with regards to plant layout, mill drive, lining types and end item specifications, as necessary. In two-compartment cement mills, the first, coarse grinding compartment is offered with a step lining which is appropriate for big grinding media and guarantees optimum
cement plants star trace offers turnkey solutions for cement plants. We are one of the leading project suppliers for cement plants and we work closely with our customers to fulfill their specific needs for a customized packaged solution. specialized in the fabrication of these machines for
cement plant hammer mill specification. dry ball mill, ball mill for sale, grinding ball mill applied material: ball mill is a key equipment to grind all kinds of ores and other materials which is widely used in powder making production line including cement, feldspar, silicate, new type building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ore


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Loading across the Periodic Table: Introducing 14 Different Metal Ions To Enhance Metal–Organic Framework Performance
- Shoushun Chen, Bryan E. G. Lucier, Wilson Luo, Xinkai Xie, Kun Feng, Hendrick Chan, Victor V. Terskikh, Xuhui Sun, Tsun-Kong Sham, Mark S. Workentin, Yining Huang
- ACS applied materials & interfaces 2018 v.10 no.36 pp. 30296-30305
- X-ray diffraction, adsorption, barium, cadmium, calcium, carbon dioxide, catalytic activity, cobalt, coordination polymers, cost effectiveness, hydrogen, indium, lanthanum, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, metal ions, moieties, nanosilver, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, p-nitrophenol, potassium, silver, sodium, zinc
- Loading metal guests within metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) via secondary functional groups is a promising route for introducing or enhancing MOF performance in various applications. In this work, 14 metal ions (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ag⁺, Cd²⁺, La³⁺, In³⁺, and Pb²⁺) have been successfully introduced within the MIL-121 MOF using a cost-efficient route involving free carboxylic groups on the linker. The local and long-range structure of the metal-loaded MOFs is characterized using multinuclear solid-state NMR and X-ray diffraction methods. Li/Mg/Ca-loaded MIL-121 and Ag nanoparticle-loaded MIL-121 exhibit enhanced H₂ and CO₂ adsorption; Ag nanoparticle-loaded MIL-121 also demonstrates remarkable catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.


Lab Co-ratating Twin Screw Extruder Characteristics:
1.Easy dismantle and assemble.
2.Very small foot space, reduced working space.
3.Use less material for faster, cost-effective development.
4.Barrels and screw elements are designed as modulars, we configure the barrels and srew elements individually applications.
5.Easy cleaning and configuration changes.
6.Facilitate data collection and recording.
Nanjing Beyou Extrusion Machinery Co.,Ltd. is a professional rubber and plastic machinery manufacturer, mainly engaged in plastic extrusion machine as the core of the plastic modification equipment and related technology and engineering field of research and development and production of auxiliary machines. The main products are twin-screw extruder, single-screw extruder, PVB intermediate film production line equipment, glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics production line and self-developed underwater granulation system, which are widely used in various kinds of plastic and rubber materials, such as coloring, blending, filling, strengthening, stripping and recycling. According to different requirements of customers, we can provide appropriate solutions for customers.
Our company leads the industry in either software or hardware. Now it has a high-quality R&D team and engineering team that have engaged in the field of twin-screw extruder for many years. We have equipped with standard workshops, various automated advanced processing equipment and modern quality testing center. Our company invests huge sums of money in R&D every year to cooperates customer's development requirements, and dedicated to provide customers with technical design, machine assembly and on-site debugging services, strive to create greater economic and social benefits for customers.
Packing Details: Wood cases or sea worthy packing.
Delivery Details: Within 8 weeks from the receipt of your down payment.


Aluminium coating against corrosion
Aluminium is a metal with high tendency to corrode, and fast. Bare aluminium starts corroding the moment it becomes exposed to oxygen. However, corrosion on aluminium (aluminium oxide) protects the surface from further corrosion but it can go too far. Fortunately aluminium coating stops or controls the process. Even though aluminium oxide is protective, it changes the metal’s properties and may lead to surface failure. Therefore, applying aluminium coating is highly recommended.
Now the thing is, there are many ways to coat aluminium; you can choose for a chemical solutions or organic coatings. In this article you will find the differences between the aluminium coatings and possible suppliers of coating services.
Extreme surface durability with aluminium coating
Anodising is an electrochemical process which makes aluminium corrode faster; hence it creates a protective layer of aluminium oxide on the substrate. The anodising process forms a hard but porous, extremely durable and weather resistant surface. An anodised surface, however, requires a sealer to prevent too far going corrosion.
4 reasons to anodise
Now if we look at the advantages of aluminium coating by anodising, we can see that in many cases it is a better option than powder or conventional painting. The advantages namely are:
- Less expensive than painting (coil coating as an exception)
- Better resistance to abrasion
- Cannot peel off or flake
- Not affected by UV radiation at all
The only drawback of coating aluminium by anodising is that the surface is not resistant to chemicals. Naturally, an aluminium sealer improves the situation but it also wears off eventually. Therefore, anodising is not the best option for objects that may undergo exposure to chemicals.
UK anodising companies
|ALUMINIUM ANODISING SERVICES||LOCATION|
|Alpha anodising||High Wycombe|
If you are looking for any further information on anodising or anodising companies in the UK, we have it! All you need to do is send us a message!
Another form of chemical aluminium coating is chromating, also known as Alocrom or Alodine. This aluminium coating process converts the aluminium surface into a layer of chrome changing the surface properties. Chromate coating on aluminum (Alocrom). Chromateing aluminium can be done as a primer for other coatings, a decorative finish or aluminium corrosion treatment.
Advantages of Alocrom
- Does not change the original weight of the aluminium
- Doe not flake or peel
- Makes normally non-conductive aluminium electrically conductive
- Prevents corrosion
- Creates a decorative finish in the colour of light gold
Aluminium chromating companies UK
|ALUMINIUM CHROMATING SERVICES||LOCATION|
|Metro Aluminium Treatment Specialist||Middlesex|
Organic aluminium coatings
Organic coatings cover powder and liquid coatings in general. There are several types of organic resins that result in highly durable coatings on aluminium; these include for example PVDF coatings which contain a minimum of 70% polyvinylidene. Other possible coatings include epoxies, polyester , acrylic and fluoropolymer paints. The main advantage of organic aluminium coatings is that their properties can be modified to fit the purpose; they can be made antibacterial, water repellent or even light emitting.
When you should choose between powder and liquid paints; our general advice is to go for powder if possible. Note however, that sometimes liquid paint application is more convenient; especially when it comes to re-coating or repairing damage.
What you should know about coating aluminium
- Surface preparation defines the success of the coating
- Organic coatings fade eventually; some faster than others
- Painting aluminium always changes the original weight
Aluminium coating companies UK
As thorough surface preparation plays a key part in coating aluminium, it wise to let larger surfaces or volumes applied by a professional. Here you’ll find some companies who do aluminium coating in the UK.
|ALUMINIUM COATING SERVICES||LOCATION|
|Superior Paint and Powder Coating||Coventry|
Contact us to get more aluminium coating company details and general information on coating aluminium.


Epoxy layer shear stresses resulting from a negative 50 degree Celsius temperature change are calculated using finite element approximations and closed form methods. The analyses simulate candidate epoxy adhesive configurations that attach the silicon detector segments to the detector trays. Discrete attachment pads, line attachment segments, and total area attachments are examined with a structural finite element model. Where applicable, the finite element model results are verified by closed form expressions. Shear stress distributions as a function of attachment configuration and epoxy shear modulus are computed. The calculated results show that the shear stress increases with increasing shear modulus and that there is a tendency for the shear stress to decrease with increasing adhesive contact area. Finite element methods are used to construct finite element models (FEM) and obtain coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) induced stresses in simulated epoxy attachment models.
The models represent the attachment of the GLAST detector segments to the underlying support trays. Three layers are simulated in the models; the first layer is a substrate, the second is the epoxy layer, and the third is the simulated silicon detector layer. Each layer is modeled using solid finite elements and isotropic material properties.
Pages : 11
Size: 224 kb
Author : Franz Biehl, Erik Swensen
GLAST Epoxy Thermal Shear Stress


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Homemade porcelain clay
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pendants made with polymer clay
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made with silver clay


The Bagdad copper solvent extraction plant is now part of Freeport McMoRan and is the oldest operating solvent extraction plant in the world6. This was followed by the commissioning of the Nchanga Tailings Leach Plant (Design = 54,000 tonnes Cu / yr) in 19747. Since it's earliest beginnings, the Mining Solutions group has been committed to and remains committed to the development of solvent ...
The barren rock, or gangue has to be separated from the sulfide minerals in order to smelt the metallic copper from the ore. By far the greatest proportion of copper is extracted from the sulfides of copper, iron and sometimes other metals.
Concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution by solvent extraction. The very dilute solution is brought into contact with a relatively small amount of an organic solvent containing something which will bind with copper(II) ions so that they are removed from the dilute solution.
Sbm Iron Ore Crushing And Screening Plant,Lead Plant,Lead Smelting Plant, Find marble, basalt, limestone, quartz stone, river gravel, iron ore, copper ore, etc. . pressure acid leaching followed by solvent extraction to yield nickel metal.
Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar).
Copper extraction refers to the methods used to obtaining copper from its ores. The conversion of copper consists of a series of chemical, physical, and electrochemical processes.
Solvent extraction technique has been applied for the recovery of several metals, in particular, nickel and cobalt from metallurgical effluents. Recovery of nickel from a sulfate effluent of a large tankhouse has been achieved using versatic acid ( Cole and Nagel, 1997 ).
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Copper processing, the extraction of copper from its ores and the preparation of copper metal or chemical compounds for use in various products. In its pure form or as an alloy, copper (Cu) is one of the most important metals in society. The pure metal has a face-centred cubic crystal structure, and
Copper solvent extraction was originally developed in the 1960's to recover copper from relatively dilute leach solutions, typically heap leach liquors with copper tenors in the 1 to 4 g/L range. The use of the standard oxime reagents has become an accepted . unit operation for this application. In designing circuits to treat 4 g/L copper liquors, a minimum of testwork is generally carried ...
The empirical extraction equation for copper relates the concentration of the extracted copper in the solvent to the concentration of the extractant and the concentrations of the components in the raffinate. The form of the equation selected is that of a mass-action equilibrium expression, but with nonintegral exponents, e.g., [Cu(org)] = a[Cu(aq)]b [NH3(aq)]c. The equation is a series of ...
55Fe, and radiostronium in waste and environmental samples 2nd NKS workshop on Radioanalytical Chemistry, 2 ... organic solvent extraction of Ni-DMG complex at low concentration, Ni can be separated from many other elements. • While, some other metals, such as Co, Cu can also form a complex with DMG and interferring the separation of Ni. Formation of M-DMG complex 2mg Ni 2+ …
Copper recovery using leach/solvent extraction/electrowinning technology 65 (Figure 2) and a catalytic amount of LIX 63, was introduced in 19657 and in March 1968 the first commercial
The benefits and objectives of the copper solvent extraction process are purification of copper, concentration of copper and conversion of the copper to a form that allows BASF's customers to produce desired final metal products including cathodes, powder and crystals. BASF produces a complete line of copper solvent extraction reagents, including ketoximes, aldoximes, non-modified …
Solvent extraction studies of copper and zinc have been carried out using Versatic 10 acid and Cyanex 272 separately from a model brass pickle liquor. Various parameters for the extraction and separation of copper and zinc such as
The Kinsevere Copper Extraction Plant described in this report is a brown-field site located in southern part of the Katanga Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), approximately 20km north of the provincial capital, Lubumbashi.
2015-04-04· An introduction to the simplest of analytical separations: solvent extraction. This is from Section 22.1 in Quantitative Chemical Analysis 8E by Harris. DNM.
It's hard to imagine a world without copper. We rely on copper for power, lighting, heating, communications, water supply and transport. Copper makes our homes, schools and businesses efficient, comfortable and decorative and it lasts for many years.
Leaching &Solvent Extraction& Electrowinning Plant For Oxide Copper,US $,Solvent extraction and stripping to produceCopper ore will be crushed and, Learn about the modern manufacturing process of copper and howAfter crushing oxide-type copper ores,Solvent extraction involves stripping the copper...
In an SX-EW reactor, the first process to take place is solvent extraction, which involves setting and simultaneous purification of the post-leaching solution. Later, the purified solution undergoes copper electrolysis, which results in cathode copper that meets quality and quantity criteria enabling its sale.
After solvent extraction using organic solvents, the copper ions are stripped from the solution with a strong acid and leave a blue solution with a high copper content.This is called the 'rich electrolyte'.
The formation of crud is a normal part of operating a solvent extraction circuit for the recovery of copper. It periodically must be removed from the circuit. This results in significant costs in ...
Solvent extraction of copper(II) with ortho-hydroxyximes—II. Effect of aliphatic oximes on extraction kinetics Effect of aliphatic oximes on extraction kinetics John S. Preston
This five-stage commercial solvent extraction system eliminates all need for acid-proof pumps and piping. The mixing and settling and counter-current flows of both the aqueous and organic phases take place in the self-contained solvent extraction system.
Conclusion . The SX/EW process has provided the copper industry with a tool that makes the extraction of copper from its ores significantly more environmentally friendly than by the use of the conventional smelting process.
Solvent extraction is an important operation in many hydrometallurgical technologies, because it enables extraction of valuable metals from pregnant leach solutions (PLS) and acquisition of concentrated and purified solutions directed


Stainless steel and other metals of the same name include a high percentage of steel as the primary component. Consequently, iron is found in its chemical composition. As a result, most stainless steels have iron in its design and exhibits electromagnetism.
Magnetizing kitchen utensils is an excellent idea for people who have never heard of a flatware retriever. Throwing away flatware is a frequent method through which eateries lose their cutlery. Regardless of whether or not the cleaner is clearing the tables, this can happen. Likewise, if you’re scraping plates and trays with a knife, fork, or spoon, you can easily miss them.
You can fit receptacles with a flatware retriever, a powerful magnet. On the other hand, the flatware is held in place by a magnet on the lid, making it easy to remove food scraps and waste.
Most restaurants’ flatware is available in various metallic finishes. However, the most prevalent tableware in restaurants is stainless steel alloys.
Flatware retrievers and other magnetic items require 18/0 utensils. As a result, flatware retrievers will be attracted to nickel-free flatware. This preference has led to establishments using silverware with an 18/10 grade.
How Do Utensils Get Magnetized?
As a result of many silverware losses at some restaurants, they have installed an enormous magnet in their garbage receptacle. When silverware is accidentally thrown into their trash can and is stuck to this magnet for an extended period, it becomes pretty magnetized.
Restaurant owners can choose stainless steel flatware grades from 13/0, 18/0, 18/8, and 18/10. Stainless steel is made from a mixture of chromium and nickel because of its resistance to corrosion and rust.
Dinner and dessert knives made of 13/0 stainless steel are the most common. This steel can be used to forge blades that have a smooth cutting surface while remaining resistant to corrosion and rust.
18/0 flatware is a wise choice if your organization uses magnetic flatware retrievers. Because you may use a heavy-duty magnet to support your utensils, this will make your cooking easier.
Restaurants take special care to use magnetic stainless steel to prevent lost or broken silverware from adding to their operating expenses. Additionally, if utilized appropriately, the magnetic properties of specialized cutlery can help save your life.
The most prevalent metals in restaurant tableware are steel and stainless steel. In addition, 18/10 stainless steel, which has an austenitic crystal structure, is also often used in cutlery. Austenitic steel, in general, is non-magnetic—hence most stainless steel objects are not attracted by magnets.
Can Silverware Become Magnetized?
Pure silver, as you can see, is not magnetic. This is because a magnet could not attract silver, and the force would instead repel it is held to it.
Sterling silver flatware and tools catch the light, such as spoons, forks, serving utensils, knives, etc. Items produced of real silver are likewise more expensive than those manufactured of imitation silver because of the material’s high market worth.
Over price considerations, it’s also essential to know if your utensils are silver-plated or true silver. This extends to other items, like jewelry. If you’re allergic or sensitive to other metals, you should only wear silver jewelry to avoid an allergic reaction.
Magnetism is one of the numerous components of electromagnetic force. Magnets create fields that either draw or resist objects, and this term explains the forces that result from such areas.
Because silver is a diamagnetic material, it is not attracted to magnets, unlike ferromagnetic materials. As a result, the magnetic of silver can only be detected using sensitive and precisely tuned materials.
Why Do Things Become Magnetized?
Magnetism affects different materials in different ways. For example, it is possible to turn on and off some types of magnets like electromagnets while others, like permanent magnets, remain constant.
Magnetization occurs when another magnetic substance enters the field of existing magnets. The area around a magnet that possesses magnetic force is called its “magnetic field.”
The north and south poles of all magnets are the same. Therefore, similar poles repel each other, yet opposite poles attract each other.
The north-seeking poles of the iron atoms line up in the same direction when it is rubbed against a magnet. As a result, a magnetic field is produced due to the aligned particles exerting force on one another. As a result, an appeal has formed around the bit of iron.
Magnetic domains can be found in all materials, including metals. Atomic dipoles are contained within these microscopic compartments. The material acquires magnetic characteristics when the dipoles are aligned in a single direction.
The dipoles of iron, in particular, can be easily aligned. However, this can only be done inside the same piece of material and not concerning different domains in the material.
Researchers can identify these zones using a technique known as magnetic force microscopy. Domains align, and the substance becomes magnetized when exposed to a strong magnetic field. Magnetism can be achieved if only a few occupations are aligned.
Is Stainless Steel Flatware Magnetic?
Stainless steel would seem to be magnetic due to its iron content, which is a magnetic metal. Although stainless steel is non-magnetic when nickel is added, the outcome is austenitic stainless steel.
Kitchen knives and other implements are the most common examples of this. Due to the production process, these can be slightly magnetic. However, this is not the case for austenitic stainless steel’s magnetic properties.
At least 10.5 percent chromium is required to make stainless steel. To increase the strength and corrosion resistance of the metal, alloys are often made by combining two metals.
A thin layer of chromium covers the whole surface of an iron slab after being added. This layer serves as a sacrificial one to safeguard the alloy. Chromium content influences the degree of protection.
Nickel is added to the mix to bolster the forces. In addition, it’s possible to combine manganese, carbon, or silicon to achieve other desirable qualities.
We begin with iron, a ferromagnetic metal: its strong affinity for magnets. A magnet and a block of iron have a strong attraction.
It’s not uncommon for iron and a powerful magnet to become entangled. The ‘domains,’ which are minuscule magnetic units, are responsible for magnetic attraction.
One way to think about domains is that they’re small compasses that point toward the magnetic field. So, for example, most of the domains in iron’s crystalline structure are aligned in the direction of the applied magnetic field.


Tectyl Multi Purpose Amber Aerosol 500ml
A versatile wax-based aerosol designed for rust prevention for automotive, industrial, marine, and domestic use. Provides long-term anti-corrosive protection via a water-displacing, translucent amber coloured wax coating.
Tectyl Multi Purpose Amber cures to an amber coloured, waxy, semi-firm translucent film.
The maximum performance of Tectyl Multi Purpose Amber can be achieved only when the metal surfaces to be protected are clean, dry and free of rust, oil and mill scale and a substrate temperature of 10-35 °C at the time of product application.
Tectyl Multi Purpose Amber gives a maximum performance when it is sprayed at an ambient and product temperature of 10-25 °C. Shake the can with Tectyl Multi Purpose Amber well before use and spray at a distance of approximately 25 cm from the surface. As the Tectyl Multi Purpose Amber is a fast drying product this can cause “pin-holing” when the product is applied too thick at once. Valvoline advises to spray one layer per pass, wait for 2 to 3 minutes and then spray another layer. Continue like this until the required film thickness has been obtained.
Wax based, semi-firm film
Amber in colour
Water displacing properties


Rubbermaid / United Receptacle Smokers Poles & Smokers Stations are made of
weather resistant powder coated fire-safe aluminum (R1 Series) and fire-safe
steel (Aladdin Series). Smokers Poles have a
recessed extinguishing screen and are easy to empty. Aladdin smokers station
features a weather-resistant capped tube features two 1¼" diameter disposal
openings which deter other types of waste. Rubbermaid smokers poles
require no tools and minimal bending during assembly. Oxygen-restricting fluted
design smothers smoldering butts. The R1 Series feature a weather-resistant capped tube
3.5" W x 1" H diameter disposal openings which deter other types of waste.
Durable UV stabilized powder coated finish on both the R1 poles and Aladdin
smokers station endures severe weather and prevents
unsightly cigarette burn damage.


The foundation of the injection molding process is the mold itself. The most common style is the straight-pull mold. This mold has two halves, a core, and a cavity. The halves of the mold, usually made from steel or aluminum, are held together in the molding press by mechanical clamps or hydraulic pressure. Molten plastic then fills the cavity to create the desired part. After the plastic cools, the halves of the mold are pulled apart.
The halves of the mold work like this:
Core (B Side): The core is usually the interior or non-cosmetic side of the part. The core side also contains the ejection mechanism that pushes the completed part out of the mold.
Cavity (A Side): The cavity is the void inside the mold that the molten plastic fills. Plastic enters the mold from the cavity side and forms the final shape of the part. The cavity side usually forms the cosmetic side of the part.
The mold core and mold cavity are each mounted onto the mold base, which is then fixed to platens inside the injection-molding machine.
The front half or the cavity side of the mold base includes:
- Support plate – used to mount the mold
- Locating ring – aligns the mold base with the nozzle
- Sprue bushing – helps material flow from the nozzle
- Runner – passes material from the sprue to the part
The rear half or the cavity side of the mold base includes:
- Support plate – used to mount the mold.
- Ejection system – when the mold halves separate after a part properly cools, the ejector bar pushes the ejector plate forward inside the ejector box, which in turn causes the ejector pins to push the part out of the open mold cavity.
A runner system directs molten resin into the mold. Designing the runner is as important as designing the part. It is critical that the material flows smoothly and fills correctly – repeatedly at a rapid rate. Resin flows through the mold in the following order:
- Sprue –The starting point for molten resin. It is typically larger than the rest of the system to encourage proper flow.
- Runners –From the sprue, the resin flows through the runner to each cavity in the mold. The design of the runner allows for even flow of resin while using as little resin as possible.
- Gates –At the end of each runner, the molten plastic enters the cavity through a gate that directs the flow. Gates come in many varieties and are explained in more detail below.
The molten plastic that solidifies inside these runners is attached to the part and must be separated after the part ejects from the mold. However, hot runner systems independently heat the channels, which melts the contained material and makes it easy to remove from the part.
Gates are important because they direct the flow of resin. Proper resin flow is essential for the creation of defect-free parts. This makes the gate design an important part of the overall mold design. Below are a few examples of gate types:
- Edge –Edge gates inject plastic into the cavity through the edge of the part. Injecting the plastic through the edge leaves the part connected to the runner when it’s ejected. It’s easy to break or trim the runner off, but there will be a small imperfection called a vestige.
- Tunnel –Tunnel gates inject plastic into the cavity from a port that’s cut into the core side of the mold. The tunnel gate must also be cut from the part for a smooth surface.
- Post –Post gates allow the plastic to be shot into the back of the mold via the paths of ejector pins. The part ejects with the post gate attached, and it will need to be cut from the part.
- Hot tips –Hot tips are gates that connect the sprue directly to the part. A tip is placed in the part’s cavity and heated so the part doesn’t stick to it, but there will be a dimple on the part to allow the plastic to flow properly. Molds that use hot tips are more expensive than most others. However, there is little to no wasted plastic because there is no runner. This is often the best choice for higher volume parts.
During injection molding, cooling is often the most time-consuming part of the process. Improper cooling – a common mistake – can increase cycle time and leave parts with cosmetic defects. Appropriate cooling channels can reduce cooling time and increase the productivity of a mold, which can reduce the price of the product. Optimal cooling is reached through a systematic review of the part, the mold, and the resin. When warranted the effectiveness of the mold design can be analyzed through specialty software.
Side-action can make more complex parts using a standard mold. Add-ons such as slides, or side-cores can create openings, undercuts, threads or complex features in a part. Most of these devices slide into the part cavity through the side of the mold, and are therefore known as slides, or side-action.
The most common type of side-action is a side-core, which allows the molding of an external undercut. Other devices enter through the end of the mold along the parting direction, such as internal lifter cores, which can form an internal undercut. An unscrewing device can mold threads into the part and rotate out of the mold after forming the threads.


Electrofusion is a method of joining PE pipes in circumstances where other fusion is not practicable. Our consistent efforts and dedication enable us to carve a niche as a most trustworthy exporter and supplier of Electrofusion Fittings. We procure these fittings with the help of our expert agents from trusted vendors. Fittings are designed for reliable, high performance pipe joining and long system life. Electrofusion Fittings are available in different sizes and specifications as per the requirements of clients.
- Increase joint integrity
- Decrease potential operator error
- Easy to install


List of Toxic and heavy Metals
December 2014 - List of Heavy and Toxic Metals with brief descriptions
of each and their uses; this list will be added to as more information
becomes available. Each heavy metal will have an article attached.
1. Arsenic (As) - a steel-gray poisonous solid element that is a brittle crystalline metalloid. Use: in
glass manufacture to remove impurities of color, in alloys to harden lead.
2. Aluminum (Al) - a silvery white, light metallic element that is ductile, malleable, and resistant to
corrosion. Use: lightweight construction, corrosion-resistant materials.
3. Antimony (Sb) - a toxic crystalline element that occurs in metallic and nonmetallic forms. Use:
4. Barium (Ba) - a soft metal that is a silver-white color.
5. Beryllium (Be) - a gray-white metallic element that is light, hard, brittle, and resists corrosion.
Use: alloys, lightweight construction material, windows in X-ray tubes.
6. Cadmium (Cd) - a soft malleable toxic bluish white metallic element. Use: alloys,
electroplating, nuclear reactors, dental amalgams, pigments, electronics.
7. Chromium (Cr) - a hard bluish white metallic element. Use: alloys and electroplating to increase
hardness and corrosion resistance.
8. Cobalt (Co) - a tough brittle silvery white metallic element. Use: coloring ceramics, alloys.
9. Copper (Cu) - a malleable, reddish brown metallic element that is a good conductor of electricity
and heat. Use: wiring, coatings, alloys.
10. Iron (Fe)- a heavy, magnetic, malleable, ductile, lustrous, silvery white metallic element that is
present in very small quantities in the blood and is the fourth most abundant element in the
Earth's crust. Use: engineering and structural products.
11. Nickel (Ni) - a hard corrosion-resistant silvery-white metallic element. Use: in alloys, batteries,
electroplating, and catalyst.
12. Lead (Pb) - a heavy bluish gray metallic element that bends easily. Use: car batteries, pipes,
solder radiation shields.
13. Manganese (Mn) - a brittle grayish white metallic element. Use: alloys, strengthening steel.
14. Mercury (Hg) - a poisonous heavy silver-white metallic element that is liquid at room
temperature. Use: thermometers, barometers, pharmaceuticals, dental fillings, lamps.
15. Molybdenum (Mo) - a very hard silvery metallic element. Use: strengthening steel alloys.
16. Rubidium (Rb) - a soft silvery white radioactive element of the alkali metal group that reacts
strongly with water and bursts into flame when exposed to air. Use: photocells.
17. Scandium (Sc) - a rare silvery white metallic element. Use: tracer.
18. Selenium (Se) - a nonmetallic element that occurs in several forms ranging from a red powder to
gray black crystals and is an essential trace element, although toxic in excess. Use: photocells,
19. Strontium (Sr) - a soft yellow or silvery white metallic element of the alkaline-earth group, found
only in combination with other substances. Use: fireworks, flares, alloys.
20. Tin (Sn) - a silvery, easily shaped metallic element. Use: alloys such as solder, bronze, and pewter,
protective coating for steel.
21. Titanium (Ti) - a strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant silvery metallic element. Use:
manufacture of alloys for aerospace industry.
22. Tungsten (W)- a hard lustrous gray metallic element with a very high melting point. Use: high temperature
alloys, lamp filaments, high-speed cutting tools.
23. Vanadium (V) - a poisonous silvery white metallic element. Use: manufacture of tough steel
24. Zinc (Zn) - a bluish white metallic element. Use: in alloys such as brass and German silver, as a protective corrosion-resistant coating for other metals, especially steel and iron.
[The information contained in this article is believed to be reliable. I have taken every precaution to verify its accuracy; I am not a medical professional and make no warranties, representations or guarantees of any kind as to its accuracy. Medical knowledge is in a constant state of change, and what I have written here may be out of date by the time you read it. The information that I have provided here is for informational purposes only and not for use in diagnosing any condition that you may or may not have. Always consult with you doctor before treating yourself.]


insulax® BT is the designation of ALUCOAT for the lacquered foil intended to be used for the production of insulation structures for building (roofs, chimneys, among others). insulax® BT is the adequate product to be laminated with bitumen for water proofing in roofs. We can supply this range of product with our new series of coating and qualities of lacquer that provides an excellent resistant to humidity, gas and U.V. light. It can be laminated to other materials in order to form very high performance insulation and barrier products.
Range of products
There is a new version of insulax® BT for external applications. This new version offers a high-value, high-perfomance with special pigments highly reflective to sunlight. Absorb much less heat than conventional insulation systems, thus resulting in a reduction of energy consumption of the building. There are two kinds of lacquer for this application:
These twho white lacquers fulfill the USA Normatives “Tittle 24 of the California Code of Regulations” about emissivity and reflectance.
Also for all range of products an alternative with a pre-treatment coating patented by ALUCOAT that improves the corrosion resistance and the adherence of the lacquer over the aluminium surface.
ALUCOAT supplies its product insulax® BTin reels of wide until 1.600 mm, with core of steel or carton up to 500 mm and maximum weight of 6 tonnes.
insulax® BT is particularly suitable for bituminous roofing insulation (roofing felt).
Covering properties :
Coloured lacquer, polyester, superpolyester, acrylic, PVdF or HQPE
None/ Optional pre-treatment or primer (Improve adherence)
EN AW 8011A, EN AW 8079, EN AW 1200, EN AW 1050 (according to European Standards (EN 573-3)). Customer can specify its needs in order to choose the best thickness, alloy and temper of the metal.
Product Data Sheet:
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Stainless steel mirror for wall mounting, mirror with a reflective polished surface, material thickness 1 mm, hidden thief resistant fixings, reinforced with polystyrene plate, incl. stainless steel screws and dowels. Size: 490 x 390 mm.
Rodan waste bin, paper towel and soap dispenser combination for recessed mounting, stainless steel, surface satin finished, material thickness 0.8 mm, cylinder...
Rodan paper towel dispenser and waste bin combination for wall mounting, stainless steel, surface satin finished, material thickness 0.8 mm, folded front cover,...


Lithium-ion batteries are just as important as solar panels and wind turbines in our pursuit of sustainable energy…
The use of lithium-ion technology is sustainable, however, its materials are not. When the battery has served its purpose, if it’s not disposed of correctly, it has a profoundly negative impact on the planet. Furthermore, the making of the batteries involves sourcing of heavy metals that are expensive and come at a substantial humanitarian and environmental cost.
In search of a better option, IBM found a way to make a battery that relies on materials from seawater instead. Testing revealed that the new battery is just as good as the one made with heavy metals, such as cobalt and nickel.
In retaliation to the unethical practice of how heavy metals are attained, as well as the damage these metals cause when they leak out into the environment, companies like IBM have taken a considerable interest in developing alternatives that don’t require the use of heavy metals.
For example, Cobalt has been in the spotlight lately with a 2016 investigation by The Washington Post exposing mines for their use of child labor in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Children die or are permanently injured while illegally mining cobalt for use in Apple, Google, Microsoft, Dell, and Tesla products. 14 Congolese families have recently filed lawsuits against those companies because of this. Aside from the harm cobalt mining causes to people, the excavation of the material also devastates landscapes and pollutes water supplies, which end up degrading soil and ruining crops.
Cobalt and nickel are used in the cathode component of a lithium-ion battery. In their place, IBM’s batteries use three materials extracted from seawater, plus a new type of liquid electrolyte. The company said that the resulting chemistry produced promising results in preliminary testing. It even avoided the formation of tentacle-like dendrites during charging – something that usually happens with experimental batteries. The dendrites constitute a significant drawback since they increase the chance of failure or fire.
The cobalt- and nickel-free battery is even much faster at charging. It achieves an 80% charge within five minutes! Its energy density is more than 800 W/L, and its power density is greater than 10,000 W/L – meaning IBM’s seawater battery is equal to or better than today’s standard lithium-ion batteries.
Now armed with an eco-friendly battery solution, IBM has partnered with Mercedes-Benz research branch in North America and other research partners to work towards commercial development.


It is made of silica gel. The rear washer for shower is composed of two parts with different thickness. On one side is a dense soft brush that can effectively exfoliate and massage the skin. On the other side are hard particles that can massage the back. You can scrub different parts of your body in the bathtub as needed. Machine washable and durable. It is suitable for anyone. It is suitable for bathroom. There is room to imprint your logo. 28.34"*4.33"
Normal Production Time
6 Working Days
It is made of silicone and it is suitable for use in bathrooms.


|Home||» Products||» Tensile Testing Equipment||» 2kn Electronic Tensile Strength Testing Machine|
2kn Electronic Tensile Strength Testing Machine
- Minimum Order Quantity
- Unit of Measure
2kn electronic steel wire plastic tensile strength testing machine
1.What is full-automatic adhesive tape tensile strength tester applied for?
full-automatic adhesive tape tensile strength tester is used in plastics, non-woven fabrics, leather, zippers and other products for Burkina tensile test, flexural strength testing machine, formulated to do different furniture coatings. Plastic films, laminated films, flexible packaging materials, adhesives, adhesive tape, stickers, rubber products such as Tensile properties, tensile strength and deformation rate, tensile force, tear resistance, heat seal strength properties, drum peel test, 90 degrees peel, rope tensile force, trouser tear strength, 180 degree peel, compression test, bending test, shear test, bursting tests completed different tests
CNS- 11888,JIS K6854, PSTC-7.
full-automatic universal tensile strength tester machine
G, KG, N, LB
< ± 0.5%
Stroke (include the grips)
Weight (exclude the grips)
PC or LCD
High precise ball screw
Single phase, 220V/ 10A or designated
Tensile grips 1 set, one computer
The TM2101 measurement and control system is designed purposely for microcomputer controlled electronic universal testing machine, microcomputer controlled universal hydraulic testing machine and microcomputer controlled compress testing machine, used for tension, compress, bend, shear, tearing andpeel test. With the personal computer and interface plate, it could collect, save, process and print test result. Further it can calculate multiple parameters, i.e. maximum force.
5.What are the features of full-automatic adhesive tape tensile strength tester ?
. Adopting windows platform, and all the parameter settings can be processed in the dialog box, and it operates easily.
. Using a single-screen operation; do not need to switch the screen;
. With three languages in Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese and English, the software interface can be switched easily;
. The pattern of Test reports can be selfdesignated; test data can be displayed directly in the main screen;
- FOB Port
- Payment Terms
- Others, Paypal, Western Union, Telegraphic Transfer (T/T), Letter of Credit at Sight (Sight L/C), Letter of Credit (L/C), Delivery Point (DP), Days after Acceptance (DA), Cheque, Cash in Advance (CID), Cash Advance (CA), Cash on Delivery (COD), Cash Against Delivery (CAD)
- Supply Ability
- 15 Per Week
- Delivery Time
- 5 Days
- Sample Policy
- Contact us for information regarding our sample policy
- Packaging Details
- Each set protected with resin fiber and PP film, then put into Strong wooden case with operation manual and video inside.
- Main Export Market(s)
- Africa, Middle East, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, South America, North America, Central America, Australia, Asia


Gaodetec is a leading brand of concrete foaming machine in china. Our foam concrete machine is has been past CE certification and it is very popular sale in Europe and North American.
The production efficiency is an important indicator of a foam concrete machine, it depends on its output and the production time, and the output depend on the foam concrete pump. The foam concrete machine provided by Gaode Equipment Co., Ltd is highly automatic. As long as the raw materials are provided continuously, the foam concrete machine will work smoothly. As a result, we can shorten the production time and increase the output.


FRP fiber reinforced plastic is based on synthetic resin, glass fiber and its products (glass cloth, glass ribbon, glass)
A felt made of a felt, etc. as a reinforcing material. It is solid in texture, high in strength and hardness, and can be compared with steel, so it is also called glass fiber reinforced plastic.
FRP concentrates the advantages of glass fiber and synthetic resin and is superior to the original material properties. The material properties can be expressed as 1+1>2. FRP has many advantages: small specific gravity, only 1/4 to 1/5 of steel; high specific strength, more than many existing materials; good corrosion resistance, good for mediums such as acid, alkali, humid climate, fresh water and seawater Corrosion resistance; good weathering resistance, low water absorption; smooth surface of the product, can reduce resistance; good anti-magnetic, sound insulation, electrical insulation properties, low thermal conductivity, no reflection of radar waves; good impact resistance, after collision It can recover quickly and is not easy to destroy.
In 1964, the US Navy built the first FRP dinghy. Since then, countries around the world have begun to develop FRP ships. In China, FRP fishing vessels are one of the key development of FRP vessels, but with the improvement of people's living standards and the further development of FRP industry, FRP yachts will be another development focus of FRP vessels.
At present, there are more than 2 million FRP ships in the world, including dozens of air-cushion boats, deep-water survey vessels, fishing boats, patrol boats, military speedboats, yachts, minesweepers and submarine components.


The ksj vibrating cup mill, the grinding is performed by horizontal circular oscillations of the grinding set on a vibrating plate the grinding set consisting of ring and puck comminute the grinding sample with extremely high pressure, impact forces and frictionGet Price
Ball mill is the vital equipment for recrushing after being crushed.
Cone ball mill is the vital equipment for recrushing after being crushed.
High pressure grinding machine is also called pulverizer machine or flour mill. High pressure grinding machine is widely used in mining, metallurgy, chemical industry, building materials industry.
Ultrafine limestone grinding mill is also known as superfine barite grinding mill.
Raymond mill is also known as Raymond, Raymond machine.
Raw material mill is also known as raw material grinding mill.


We are very much interested to buy cation exchange resin
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Thanking you and assuring you of our best co-operation and assistance at all times, meanwhile we are pleased to remain,
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date_range Jan 09' 2019/ BulgariaWe are global market leader in chemical distribution. Our company manages complex supply chains for both chemical manufacturers and consumers. For more details please visit our website.We would like...
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date_range Dec 14' 2018/ JapanWe are a trading company that sell raw materials for paints, paint products and paints. To know more about us please make a visit our websiteFor using in paint industry...
date_range Dec 13' 2018/ TurkeyWe offer our customers from A to Z in order to meet the needs of all kinds of plastic raw materials on time, with a reasonable price guarantee and quality...
Order and Pay for this enquiry. We shall send you complete contact details of this lead. You will be able to contact and negotiate business directly


Farhan, Ahmed Hilal
Characterization of rubberized cement-stabilized roadbase mixtures.
PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.
Due to urbanization, industrialization and population increase, a substantial increase occurred in the number of vehicles and hence large numbers of end-of-use tires are being disposed every year. The vast majority of these tires are stockpiled or used as a fuel for combustion which, in both cases, affects the environment detrimentally. The use of tire rubber in cement-stabilized aggregate mixtures (CSAMs) will ensure beneficial use of large quantities of these waste materials, saving natural resources and may enhance the properties of CSAMs especially these related to brittleness and sensitivity to fatigue failure.
Research was undertaken to investigate, at macro and mesoscale levels, the effect of both rubber and degree of stabilization and their combination on the behaviour of CSAMs in terms of the most influential pavement design properties under different static and dynamic modes of loading. These properties are strength, stiffness and fatigue. A range of testing equipment, methodologies and tools was developed, suggested and implemented to perform this investigation. Further investigation was also conducted to provide better understanding of the damage and failure mechanism through quantitative studying of the fractured surface, internal structure and surface cracking patterns under different testing modes.
The results of this study revealed that the addition of rubber has a negative effect on the compaction efficiency, compressive, flexural and tensile strengths while the stiffness, under different testing modes, was slightly reduced. In addition, a tougher mixture was produced after rubber-modification which means a change from a brittle to a more ductile behaviour. This behaviour was observed through different stiffness modulus evaluation methods. On the other hand, increase in cementation level has resulted in an increase in both strength and stiffness for both reference and rubberized mixtures. However, the decrease in the mixtures’ strength due to rubberization was more obvious in highly cemented mixtures than the lightly cemented ones. On the other hand, a greater decline in the mixtures’ stiffness, due to rubber incorporation, was observed at low cement contents. This behaviour is related to the void-like behaviour which depends, to large extent, on the relative stiffness between rubber and surrounding matrix.
Quantification of the fractured surfaces and cracking pattern utilizing the photogrammatry and fractal dimension concepts, respectively, revealed that the addition of rubber resulted in rougher and more tortuous cracks and increases disperse-ability of these cracks. This means the rubber-modification changed the cracking pattern which implies better load transfer through the cracks and less risk of reflection cracking.
The investigation of the internal structure, at mesoscale level, showed that the cracks were propagated through the rubber particles at all investigated cementation levels. This contributed to a lengthening of the crack path and to the delaying of crack propagation by absorbing and relieving the stresses at the crack tip, especially at the microcrack level. The latter mechanisms are behind toughness and fatigue improvement. Evaluation of rubber distribution revealed uniform distribution and this decrease as rubber content increases.
The results also indicated an improvement in the fatigue life for all rubber replacement levels. This was valid at all cementation levels. In terms of modulus degradability, rubberization of the cemented mixture has only a slight effect on this property while larger permanent deformation was accumulated after rubber inclusion. It was observed that the poorly cemented mixtures showed greater stiffness modulus degradation. Pavement analysis and design study showed that the decrease in the mixtures’ strength overshadowed any improvement due to both mitigation of mixtures’ stiffnesses or fatigue life enhancement. However, this is not the case for poor rubber mixtures where this mixture showed better behaviour than the reference mixtures.
Thesis (University of Nottingham only)
||Rubberized cement-stabilized aggregate, fatigue, mechanical properties, pavement design
||T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
T Technology > TE Highway engineering. Roads and pavements
||UK Campuses > Faculty of Engineering
||02 Aug 2016 08:25
||26 Apr 2017 01:12
Actions (Archive Staff Only)


Simply Silicone Teddy Stacking Rings
By Mary Meyer
A stacker with embossed bear face detailing and six stacking rings. Packaged in a branded box. The silicone is a soft, flexible material with no sharp edges, perfect for safe play. They are made of food-safe silicone, perfect for teething little ones.


Tiexi Road, Yindu District, Anyang, Henan, China, Anyang 455000, China
Our company has been engaged in alloy fields for a long time, and our main products are kinds of Inoculant and Nodulizer, such as Calcium Silicon, Silicon Barium Calcium, Calcium Silicon Manganese as well as kinds of Re FeSiMg alloy.
Our products have ever been exported to South Korea, Spain, Russia, etc.
If there is anything we can help, please feel free to contact e, thank you~
2nd Industrial Zone,Xiansha District,Gaobu Town,Dongguan City,Guangdong Province,China, Wazirabad 511700, China
Dongguan RuiJia Plastic & Metal Product Co.,Ltd is a professional manufacturer which has specialized in the business of hardware accessories for over 14 years since 2002. Our company is located in the world-famous developing Gaobu Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, occupying a building area of 10,000sqm with more than 200 skillful craftsmen. We integrate the development, design, manufacture and whole process of various high-grade belt buckles, shoes metal accessories,garment metal accessor
9-10, Haider Plaza, Block-5 Rashid Minhas Road Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi 75300, Pakistan


Mika Huuhtanen is Docent in Chemical process engineering especially applied heterogeneous catalysis. He work in the Environmental and Chemical Engineering Research unit. His research interests are in catalytic processes and emission mitigation, material characterization and cleantech.
Environmental and Chemical Engineering
FI-90014 University of Oulu


SOLUTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
Environmental Services & Recycling
One of the most challenging areas of modern industrial operations is waste management. To comply with regulatory requirements, minimize waste streams, and adapt to landfill restrictions for certain materials, the industrial community must continually respond with innovation and creativity.
In these efforts, USA DeBusk is leading the way.
USA DeBusk has developed a full-spectrum reuse and recycling program addressing a wide variety of industrial by-products. Integrating technical knowledge from multiple process industries, USA DeBusk manages reuse and recycling programs like spent catalyst recycling. These programs benefit refineries, power plants, waste water treatment plants, cement plants and other processes which use and generate by-products with chemical and mineral value.
Materials integrated into USA Debusk programs include catalyst from petroleum refining, fly ashes, flue gas desulphurization (FGD) and gypsum products, cement kiln dust, lime-bearing compounds, bag house dust, and more. USA Debusk is constantly working to enhance the recovery of by-product materials and find logical process uses for them.
Examples of Materials Currently Being Recycled by USA DeBusk
- Hydrocarbons from tank cleaning
- Spent FCC catalyst fines
- Spent Claus catalyst
- Support/ inert balls
- Spent blast grit coke fines
- Spent high-temperature FCC catalyst
- FCC equilibrium catalyst activated alumina catalyst
- FCC spent catalyst slurry
- Filter clays
- Spent lime slurry