|Title of Invention||
A LAMINATE ELASTIC IN A MACHINE DIRECTION AND EXTENDABLE BUT NOT ELASTIC IN A CROSS DIRECTION
|Abstract||A laminate is provided that is highly conformable to the contours of a wearer's body when used in a personal care absorbent article or a medical article. The laminate is extendible in its cross direction to a width at least 25 % greater than an original unstretched width upon application of a stretching force and exhibits little or no retractive force in the cross direction once they have been stretched. Elastic elements are placed to provide stretch and recovery in the machine direction of the laminate without affecting the inelasticity of the cross direction. When the garment is worn, the laminate is extendible only in one axis where needed to provide a substantially perfect fit on the wearer while the retractive force provided in a second axis of laminate helps ensure snug fit.|
COMPOSITE ELASTIC IN ONE DIRECTION AND EXTENSIBLE IN ANOTHER DIRECTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a laminate of thermoplastic fabrics which if permanently conformable to the contour of a wearer by stretching as needed in the cross direction to conform to the contour of the wearer and remaining, essentially, in its extended or stretched state, even after a stretching force is removed, while in the machine direction, stretch and recovery is provided by separated elastic filaments.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Laminates, particularly those which are breathable to water vapor but substantially impermeable to liquid water, are known in the art, and, are commonly used in diaper backings, other personal care absorbent garments, medical garments and the like. These laminates may be composed of a breathable, stretch-thinned filled film and a spunbond web. The breathable film can be formed by blending one or more polyolefins with an inorganic particulate filler, forming a film from the mixture, and stretching the film to cause void formation around the filler particles. The resulting film may have thin polymer membranes around the filler particles which permit molecular diffusion of water vapor, while the overall film substantially blocks transmission of liquid water, or may have micropores going through the film. The breathable film can be laminated to a nonwoven web, for instance, a spunbond web, by thermal or adhesive bonding. The spunbond web adds strength and integrity to the breathable laminate, and provides a soft, cloth-like feel.
One trend affecting the personal care absorbent garment industry, and the medical garment industry, involves the demand and need for products with higher breathability to water vapor, which retain or increase the barrier to water, blood and other liquid substances. This trend reflects the demand for increased.wearer comfort without loss of barrier performance. Another trend affecting these industries involves the demand and need for products having better fit, which conform to the contours of the wearer's body. To date, much of the investigation in this area has involved use of elastic materials.
One challenge involving the use of elastic materials is that many of the products, including absorbent garments, have a complex layer structure. Absorbent
garments typically include at least a liquid-permeable top layer, an absorbent core layer, and a breathable, substantially liquid-impermeable outer cover laminate. If one of these materials is made elastic, the absorbent garment will not necessarily be elastic. In order for the absorbent garment to have elastic properties, each layer must either a) exhibit a desired minimum level of stretching and retraction or b) be "free floating" and not attached to the elastic or extendible layers.
Wherever an elastic garment is stretched in selected regions to conform to a wearer's body, the garment will exhibit a tighter fit in the stretched regions. Skin ripples, red marks or even rashes may fonn where the elastic material exhibits the greatest retractive force against the wearer's skin. These problems become more acute when the garment contains more than one elastic layer. However, in some instances elasticity, or stretch and recovery, of a fabric may be highly desirable, at least in one axis of the garment.
There is a need or desire in the industries of personal care absorbent garments and medical garments, for less expensive materials which stretch in order to conform to the contours of a wearer's body. There is also a need or desire for materials which do not store significant amounts of potential energy when stretched,, and which do not exhibit excessive retractive force against the wearer's body, hi short, there is a need or desire for materials and garments which permanently conform to the contours of the wearer's body through a combination of stretching without recovery and stretching with recovery in selected areas of the garment
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a laminate including at least one thermoplastic nonwoven filament web. The web may be laminated to other webs or at least one film, preferably a breathable, substantially liquid-impermeable film. The laminate (which is also preferably breathable) has a machine direction (direction of formation during material production) which corresponds to a primary direction of orientation of the nonwoven filaments, and a cross direction which is perpendicular to the machine direction. The laminate includes elastic filaments bonded to the laminate lengthwise in the machine direction but sepai'ated from contacting each other in the cross direction so that they present no significant elastic or retractive force in the cross direction.
The breathable laminate is extendible in the cross direction to a stretched width that is at least 25% greater than an original, unstretched width upon application of a stretching force. When the stretching force is removed, the laminate either does not retract, or retracts by not more than 30% of the difference between the stretched width and the original width.
If a breathable film is not desired, an embodiment may be made wherein the elongated elastic filaments are bonded between two layers of nonwoven webs which are necked and extendible in the cross direction. The laminate may include a breathable, substantially liquid impermeable microporous film having cross-directional extendibility at least as great as the laminate, and a fibrous nonwoven web, bonded to the film, which also has cross-directional extendibility at least as great as the laminate. The film may alternatively be made of an inherently breathable polymer. The component which has the least cross-directional extendibility (whether the film or the web) will limit the useful cross-directional extendibility of the entire laminate. In other words, the laminate will extend to the same or a lesser extent than the least extendible layer.
Similarly, neither the film nor the web should exhibit significantly more retractive force than is desired for the laminate in general. If either the film or the web must retract by more than 30% of the difference between its stretched width and original unstretched width as in the machine direction to provide a better fit for the crotch of a diaper constructed in the machine direction, then the overall laminate is provided with elastic filaments in the machine direction and unconnected in the cross direction to apply retractive force against the wearer's body in only one axis.
In one embodiment, the thermoplastic nonwoven filament web is a neck-stretched nonwoven web, for example, a neck-stretched spunbond web. The nonwoven web, which is made of a relatively inelastic polymer material, is extended in the machine direction to cause narrowing or neck-in of the web in the cross direction. A series of stretched elastic filaments spaced in the cross direction are bonded in, or to, the web. The web is laminated and bonded to a breathable microporous film while the web is in the necked condition. The film includes at least one thermoplastic polymer which renders the film stretchable (but not elastic, or highly retractable) in the cross direction. The laminate is then relaxed and the
retraction of the elastic filaments in the machine direction shorten the laminate and create rugae, or wrinkles, in the laminate which extend in the cross direction. Thus, when the laminate is stretched in the cross direction, the film is stretched, and the nonwoven web returns toward its original, un-necked state. The stretched laminate exhibits little or no retractive force in the cross direction after being held for one minute in the stretched condition. In this embodiment, the laminate has cross-directional extendibility and machine direction elasticity.
In another embodiment, the thermoplastic nonwoven web is not necessarily neck-stretched, but is made using an extendible (but not elastic, or highly retractable) polymer material. The film also includes at least one thermoplastic polymer which renders the film extendible (but not elastic, or highly retractable) in the cross direction. Elastic filaments are placed in the laminate per the above embodiment. When the laminate is stretched in the cross direction, the film is stretched, and the fibers in the nonwoven web are also stretched. The stretched laminate exhibits little or no retractive force in the cross direction. The laminate will have elasticity hi the machine direction due to the elastic filaments.
In another embodiment, the thermoplastic web is not necessarily neck-stretched or made using a stretchable polymer. Instead, the nonwoven web is rendered stretchable by crimping of the filaments. Crimped filaments have undulations and/or spirals along their length which tend to straighten out when a stretching force is applied, thus rendering the filaments elongatable. Again, the film includes at least one thermoplastic polymer which renders the film stretchable (but not elastic, or highly retractable) in the cross direction. When the laminate is stretched in the cross direction, the film is stretched, and the crimped filaments of the nonwoven web tend to straighten out. Again, the elastic filaments are placed as per the above examples. Thus, the stretched laminate exhibits little or no retractive force in the cross direction and elasticity in the machine direction.
In yet another embodiment, the thermoplastic nonwoven web is partially necked, or extended, to, e.g., one half of its machine direction extension capacity. An extendible polymer film, such as a flexible polyolefm (FPO) or other soft polymer film, is also stretched in the machine direction to, but also e.g., to its extension capacity. The
laminate is then made by bonding the partially stretched nonwoven web and the partially stretched film and bonding the machine direction elastic filaments therein. The laminate then undergoes another stretching in the machine direction, thus creating and setting rugae, or wrinkles, in the film portion of the laminate. When the stretched laminate is then tensioned in the cross direction the rugae of the film flatten out easily with very little tensioning force providing extension of the laminate in the cross direction. It will be recognized that while "easily" is a relative term, in this general context it will apply to that amount of tensioning force normally asserted by application to the body of the wearer of a finished garment utilizing the laminate. A second higher force is then needed to achieve additional cross direction extension through stretching to thin the film in the cross direction beyond the point where the rugae have completely flattened out. Again, the stretched laminate exhibits little or no retractive force in the cross direction and elasticity in the machine direction. With this embodiment, the extendibility force profile of the resultant laminate may be variously adjusted at either the pre-lamination or post-lamination extension procedures, or both.
With the foregoing in mind, it is a feature and advantage of the invention to provide a (preferably substantially liquid-impermeable and breathable) laminate which stretches where needed, and exhibits elasticity in the machine direction and little retractive force in the cross direction, thereby conforming permanently to the contour of a wearer's body.
It is also a feature and advantage of the invention to provide a laminate which conforms to the contours of a wearer's body, and which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture compared to prior art elastic laminates.
It is also a feature and advantage of the invention to provide various personal care and medical garments which incorporate the laminate of the invention, and which (due to their cross direction extendibility and retraction in the machine direction of the laminate) permanently conform to the contour of a wearer's body.
The foregoing and other features and advantages will become further apparent from the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments, read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The detailed description and drawings
are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
The term "extendible" is used herein to mean a material which upon application of a stretching force, can be extended in a particular direction, to a stretched dimension (e.g., width) which is at least 25% greater than an original, unstretched dimension. When the stretching force is removed after a one-minute holding period, the material does not retract, or retracts by not more than 30% of the difference between the stretched dimension and the original dimension. Thus, a material having a width of one meter, which is extendible in the cross direction, can be stretched to a width of at least 1.25 meters. When the stretching force is released, after holding the extended width for one minute, a material stretched to a width of 1.25 meters will not retract, or will retract to a width of not less than 1.175 meters. Extendible materials are different from elastic materials, the latter tending to retract most of the way to their original dimension when a stretching force is released. The stretching force can be any force sufficient to extend the material to between 125% of its original dimension and its maximum stretched dimension in the selected direction (e.g., the cross direction) without rupturing it.
The "percent retraction" is determined when the retractive force drops below 10 grams for a 3-inch wide sample, using the procedure set forth in the Examples. "Percent permanent set" is 100 minus "percent retraction."
The term "inelastic" refers both to materials that do not stretch by 25% or more and to materials that stretch by that amount or more but do not retract by more than 30%. Inelastic materials include extendible materials, as defined above, as well as materials that do not extend, e.g., which tear when subjected to a stretching force.
The term "elastic" refers to a flexible material which exhibits stretch and recovery properties exceeding those of the defined inelastic material.
The term "machine direction" as applied to a nonwoven web, refers to the direction of travel of a conveyor passing beneath the spinnerette or similar extrusion or forming apparatus for the filaments, which causes the filaments to have primary orientation in the same direction. While the filaments may appear wavy, or even randomly oriented in
a localized section of a nonwoven web, they usually have an overall machine direction of orientation which was parallel to the movement of the conveyor that carried them away from the extrusion or forming apparatus.
The term "machine direction" as applied to a film, refers to the direction on the film that was parallel to the direction of travel of the film as it left the extrusion or forming apparatus. If the film passed between nip rollers or chill rollers, for instance, the machine direction is the direction on the film that was parallel to the surface movement of the rollers when in contact with the film.
The tenn "machine direction" as applied to a laminate including at least one film and at least one nonwoven web, refers to the machine direction of the nonwoven web component of the laminate.
The term "cross direction" for a nonwoven web, film, or laminate refers to the direction perpendicular to the machine direction. Dimensions measured in the cross direction are referred to as "width" dimensions, while dimensions measured in the machine direction are referred to as "length" dimensions.
The terms "breathable film," "breathable laminate" or "breathable outer cover material" refer to a film, laminate, or outer cover material having a water vapor transmission rate ("WVTR") of at least about 300 grams/mr-24 hours, using the WVTR Test Procedure described herein. The term "higher breathability" simply means that a second material has a higher WVTR than a first material. Breathable materials typically rely on molecular diffusion of vapor, or vapor passage through micropores, and are substantially liquid impermeable.
The term "liquid water-permeable material" refers to a material present in one or more layers, such as a nonwoven fabric, which is porous, and which is liquid water permeable due to fee flow of water and other aqueous liquids through the pores. The spaces between fibers or filaments in a nonwoven web can be large enough and frequent enough to permit leakage and flow of liquid water through the material.
The term "nonwoven fabric or web" means a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in a regular or identifiable manner as in a knitted fabric. Nonwoven fabrics or webs have been formed from many processes such
as, for example, meltblowing processes, spunbonding processes, air laying processes, coforming processes, and bonded carded web processes. The basis weight of nonwoven fabrics is usually expressed in ounces of material per square yard (osy) or grams per square meter (gsm) and the fiber diameters useful are usually expressed in microns. (Note thai: to convert from osy to gsm, multiply osy by 33.91.)
The term "microfibers" means small diameter fibers typically having an average fiber denier of about 0.005-10. Fiber denier is defined as grams per 9000 meters of a fiber. For a fiber having circular cross-section, denier may be calculated as fiber diameter in microns squared, multiplied by the density in grams/cc, multiplied by 0.00707. For fibers made of the same polymer, a lower denier indicates a finer fiber and a higher denier indicates a thicker or heavier fiber. For example, the diameter of a polypropylene fiber given as 15 microns may be converted to denier by squaring, multiplying the result by .89 glee and multiplying by .00707. Thus, a 15 micron polypropylene fiber has a denier of about 1.42 calculated as (15' x 0.89 x .00707 =-1.415). Outside the United States the unit of measurement is more commonly the "tex," which is defined as the grams per kilometer of fiber. Tex may be calculated as denier/9.
The term "spunbonded fibers" refers to small diameter fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine capillaries of a spinnerette having a circular or other configuration, with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced as by, for example, in U.S. Patent 4,340,563 to Appel et al., and U.S. Patent 3,692,618 to Dorschner et al., U.S. Patent 3,802,817 to Matsuki et al., U.S. Patents 3,338,992 and 3,341,394 to Kinney, U.S. Patent 3,502,763 to Hartmann, U.S. Patent 3,502,538 to Petersen, and U.S. Patent 3,542,615 to Dobo et al., each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Spunbond fibers are quenched and generally not tacky when they are deposited onto a collecting surface. Spunbond. fibers are generally continuous and often have average deniers larger than about 0.3, more particularly, between about 0.6 and 10.
The term "meltblown fibers" means fibers fornied by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging high velocity heated gas (e.g., air) streams which
attenuate the filaments of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameter, which may be to microfiber diameter. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of randomly dispersed meltblown fibers. Such a process is disclosed for example, in U.S. Patent 3,849,241 to Butin et al. Meltblown fibers are microfibers which may be continuous or discontinuous, are generally smaller than about 1.0 denier, and are generally self bonding when deposited onto a collecting surface.
The term "film" refers to a thermoplastic film made using a film extrusion process, such as a cast film or blown film extrusion process. This term includes films rendered microporous by mixing polymer with filler, forming a film from the mixture, and stretching the film.
The term "microporous" refers to films having voids separated by thin polymer membranes and films having micropores passing through the films. The voids or micropores can be formed when a mixture of polymer and filler is extruded into a film and the film is stretched, preferably uniaxially in the machine direction. Microporous films tend to have water vapor transmission due to molecular diffusion of water vapor through the membranes or micropores, but substantially block the passage of aqueous liquids.
The term "polymer" includes, but is not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers, such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term "polymer" shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic symmetries.
The term "absorbent article" includes personal care absorbent products and medical absorbent products. The term "personal care absorbent product" includes without limitation diapers, training pants, swim wear, absorbent underpants, baby wipes, adult incontinence products, and feminine hygiene products.
The term "medical absorbent product" includes without limitation absorbent garments, underpads, bandages, face masks, absorbent drapes, and medical wipes.
The term "neck" or "neck stretch" interchangeably means that the fabric, nonwoven web or laminate is drawn such that it is extended under conditions reducing its width or its transverse dimension by stretching lengthwise or increasing the length of the fabric. The controlled drawing may take place under cool temperatures, room temperature or greater temperatures and is limited to an increase in overall dimension in the direction being drawn up to the elongation required to break the fabric, nonwoven web or laminate, which in most cases is about 1.2 to 1.6 times. When relaxed, the fabric, nonwoven web or laminate does not return totally to its original dimensions. The necking process typically involves unwinding a sheet from a supply roll and passing it through a brake nip roll assembly driven at a given linear speed. A take-up roll or nip, operating at a linear speed higher than the brake nip roll, draws the fabric and generates the tension needed to elongate and neck the fabric. U.S. Patent No. 4,965,122 issued to Morman, and commonly assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses a reversibly necked nonwoven material which may be fornied by necking the material, then heating the necked material, followed by cooling and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The heating of the necked material causes additional crystallization of the polymer giving it a partial heat set. If the necked material is a spunbond web, some of the fibers in the web may become crimped during the necking process, as explained in U.S. Patent 4,965,122.
The term "neckable material" or "neckable layer" means any material or layer which can be necked such as a nonwoven, woven, or knitted material, or a laminate containing one of them. As used herein, the term "necked material" refers to any material which has been drawn in at least one dimension, (e.g., lengthwise), reducing the transverse dimension, (e.g., width), such that when the drawing force is removed, the material can be pulled back to its original width. The necked material generally has a higher basis weight per unit area than the un-necked material. When the necked material is pulled back to its original width, it should have about the same basis weight as the un-necked material. This differs from stretching/orienting the film layer, during which the film is thinned and the basis weight is reduced. Preferred nonwoven webs for use in the invention are made from an inelastic polymer.
The term "percent neckdown" refers to the ratio determined by measuring the difference between the un-necked dimension and the necked dimension of the neckable material and then dividing that difference by the un-necked dimension of the neckable material.
Words of degree, such as "about", "substantially", and the like are used herein in the sense of "at, or nearly at, when given the manufacturing and material tolerances inherent in the stated circumstances" and are used to prevent the unscrupulous infringer from unfairly talcing advantage of the invention disclosure where exact or absolute figures or statements are stated as an aid to understanding the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 illustrates a top view of a fibrous nonwoven web, which can be a spunbond web, which has not been necked.
Fig. 2 illustrates a top view of a fibrous nonwoven web, which can be a spunbond web, which has been necked.
Fig. 3 illustrates a sectional view of a breathable microporous film which can be laminated to the nonwoven web of Fig. 1 or Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 schematically illustrates a process that can be used to form the laminates of the invention.
Fig. 5 illustrates a stretched nonwoven web with separated elastic filaments thereon.
Fig. 6 illustrates the web of Fig. 5 with rugae resulting from the retraction in the machine direction.
Figs. 7-9 illustrate various embodiments of laminate component construction
according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to Fig. 1, a nonwoven web 10, which can be a spunbond web,
includes a plurahty of individual thermoplastic fiber elements 12 intermittently bonded
together using a bonding pattern which, in this instance, includes a plurality of point bonds
14. The individual fibers 12 appear to have a wavy or somewhat random orientation when
viewed on a microscopic scale. When viewed on a macroscopic scale, so that the entire
lengths of fibers 12 are visible, the fibers 12 have an overall primary direction of orientation which is parallel to a machine direction, represented by arrow 16. If the nonwoven web is spunbond, it may be intentionally produced with high machine-direction filament orientation and thermal bonds oriented predominantly in the machine direction. This will provide the spunbond web with inherent cross-directional extendibility, much like that existing in a conventional bonded carded web.
The nonwoven web 10 is preferably a spunbond web, but can also be a meltblown web, a bonded carded web, an air laid web, or a laminate or composite including one or more nonwoven webs. The nonwoven web may also be formed or modified using a hydraulic entangling process. In one embodiment of the invention, the nonwoven web or laminate including it, is neckable, as defined above. Fig. 2 illustrates a top view of a necked nonwoven material 20, which can be the nonwoven web 10 stretched in the machine direction 16 to cause elongation of the web in the machine direction 16 and narrowing, or neck-in, in the cross direction 18.
As shown in Fig. 2, necking causes the individual filaments 12 to become more aligned with each other, and closer to each other. When a neckable nonwoven web or laminate is employed, it should have a percent neck-down of at least about 15%, more preferably about 25-75%, most preferably about 35-65%. Prior to necking, the nonwoven web 10 should have a basis weight of about 0.05-4.0 ounces per square yard ("osy"), preferably about 03-2.0 osy, and more preferably about 0.4-1.0 osy.
When a neckable nonwoven web is used, the nonwoven web can be constructed from either a non-extendible or an extendible polymer. Examples of suitable non-extendible polymers include, without limitation, polyolefins, polyamides, and polyesters. Preferred polymers include polyolefins, such as polypropylene and/or polyethylene. Other suitable polymers include copolymers of mainly ethylene and C3-Q2 alpha-olefins, having a density of about 0.900-0.935 grams per cm3, commonly known as linear low density polyethylenes. Also included are copolymers of at least 90% by weight propylene with not more than 10% by weight C2 or C4-C12 alpha-olefins. Extendible polymers (as described below), which are preferred when the nonwoven web 10 is not neck-stretched or the fibers crimped, may also be used when it is neck-stretched. Single-site
catalyzed polyolefins (i.e., metallocene-catalyzed or constrained geometry-catalyzed) are also useful. These polyolefins may be extendible or not extendible, depending on their density and monomer content. Single-site catalyzed polyolefins are described in U.S. Patents 5,571,619; 5,322,728; and 5,272,236, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.
Polymers made using single-site catalysts have a very narrow molecular weight range. Polydispersity numbers (Mw/Mn) of below 4 and even below 2 are possible for metallocene-produced polymers. These polymers also have a controlled short chain branching distribution compared to otherwise similar Ziegler-Natta produced type polymers. It is also possible using a metallocene catalyst system to control the isotacticity of the polymer quite closely. In general, polyethylene polymers and copolymers having a density of 0.900 grams/cc or greater tend to be less extendible or not extendible, while those having a density below 0.900 grams/cc are more extendible. In general, polypropylene polymers and copolymers containing 0-10% of an ethylene or other alpha-olefin comonomer tend to be less extendible or not extendible, while propylene-alpha olefin copolymers containing more than 10% comonomer are more extendible.
Commercial production of single-site catalyzed polymers is somewhat limited but growing. Such polymers are available from Exxon Chemical Company of Baytown, Texas under the trade name ACHIEVE for polypropylene based polymers and EXACT and EXCEED for polyethylene based polymers. Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Michigan has polymers commercially available under the name AFFINITY. These materials are believed to be produced using non-stereo selective metallocene catalysts. Exxon generally refers to their catalyst technology as single site or metallocene catalysts while Dow refers to theirs as "constrained geometry" catalysts under the name INSITE to distinguish them from traditional Ziegler-Natta catalysts which have multiple reaction sites. Other manufacturers such as Fina Oil, BASF, Amoco, Hoechst and Mobil are active in this area and it is believed that the availability of polymers produced according to this technology will grow substantially in the next decade.
In a second embodiment, the cross direction extendible nonwoven web 10 is not neck-stretched. In this embodiment, the nonwoven web 10 is made from an extendible polymer material, i.e., one which permits the individual fibers 12 to stretch by at least 25%
of their initial length, and not retract by more than 30% of the difference between the stretched length and the unstretched length when a stretching force is removed. Preferably, the extendible polymer is one which permits the individual fibers 12 to stretch by at least 35% (e.g., 35-300%) of their initial length, and not retract by more than 30% of the difference between the stretched and unstretched lengths when the stretching force is removed. More preferably, the extendible polymer permits the individual fibers 12 to stretch by at least 50% (e.g., 50-200%) of their initial, unstretched length and not retract more than 30% of said difference. The extendible fibers 12 may be composed of a blend or other combination of an extendible and non-extendible polymer, so long as the extendible polymer is present in sufficient quantity to render the fibers extendible.
Examples of extendible polymers include certain flexible polyolefins, for example propylene-based polymers having both atactic and isotactic propylene groups in the main polypropylene chain. Flexible polyolefins (FPO's) are sold by the Rexene Corporation. Also included are heterophasic propylene-ethylene copolymers sold as "catalloys" by the Himont Coiporation. Heterophasic polymers are reactor blends formed by adding different levels of propylene and ethylene at different stages in the reactor. Heterophasic polymers typically include about 10-90% by weight of a first polymer segment A, about 10-90% by weight of a second polymer segment B, and 0-20% by weight of a third polymer segment C. Polymer segment A is at least about 80% crystalline and includes about 90-100% by weight propylene, as a homopolymer or random copolymer with up to 10% by weight ethylene. Polymer segment B is less, than about 50% crystalline, and includes about 30-70%) by weight propylene randomly copolymerized with about 30-70%) by weight ethylene. Optional polymer segment C contains about 80-100% by weight ethylene and 0-20% of randomly copolymerized propylene.
Other extendible polymers include very low density polyetiiylene (VLDPE), which is an ethylene-alpha olefin copolymer having a density less than 0.900 grams/cm3, preferably about 0.870-0.890 grams/cm3. Preferred VLDPE's are single-site catalyzed. Other extendible polymers include random propylene-alpha olefin copolymers containing more than 10% by weight of a C2 or C4-Cu comonomer, preferably about 15-85% by weight of the comonomer, with ethylene being a preferred comonomer.
In a third embodiment, the cross direction extendible nonwoven web 10 is made of fibers 12 that are crimped. A wide variety of crimping processes are known in the art. Crimped fibers have accordion-like or spring-like undulations or microundulations so that when the fibers are extended, they straighten out and/or the undulations are reduced in amplitude. When crimped fibers are used, the polymer of construction need not be extendible, i.e., may be extendible or not extendible.
In yet another embodiment, the nonwoven is formed so that the fibers have very high machine direction (MD) and very little cross direction (CD) orientation. The fibers are then bonded so as to minimize CD bonding of the fibers. This allows the material to be extended in the CD. An example of such a material is a bonded carded web (BCW) nonwoven that has high CD extendibility and low MD extendibility. Other nonwovens, such as spunbonds, can be made to perform like BCW!s by forming the spunbond fibers so that the fibers are highly oriented in the MD and bond the filaments with a bond pattern so that the material can readily extend in the CD. Such a bond pattern would have lower percent bond area (less than 25%) with the bonds lined up predominately in the MD. Thus there are columns of fibers in the MD which are not bonded adjacent to columns of fibers in the MD that are. The unbonded fibers allow the nonwoven to readily extend in the CD while the bonded fibers give the material strength and abrasion resistance. BCW materials are described further in Encyclopedia of Polvmer Science and Engineering, Vol. 10, Pages 211-212, Wiley & Sons (1987), which is incorporated by reference.
Fig. 3, illustrates one embodiment of an extendible film, in this case a breathable extendible microporous film, that can be laminated to a neck-stretched nonwoven web, an extendible polymer-based nonwoven web, a crimped nonwoven web, or a highly aligned spunbond material with HA fibers, the fibers in a bonded carded web; or the like. The breathable microporous film 100 can include a primary microporous core layer 112, sandwiched between two thinner skin layers 122 and 124 which are used for bonding. Alternatively, the film 100 may include a primary microporous core layer 112, and only one skin layer 122 or 124, or no skin layers.
The microporous layer 112 includes a polymer matrix 111, a plurality of voids 114 within the matrix surrounded by relatively thin microporous membranes 113
defining tortuous paths, and one or more filler particles 116 in each void 114. The layer 112 is microporous and breathable, wherein the microporous membranes 113 between the voids readily permit molecular diffusion of water vapor from a first surface 118 to a second surface 120 of the film 100. Alternatively, some or all of the micropores can pass through the film, or can be interconnected to provide through-passages.
The polymer matrix 111 can be formed from any extendible film-forming thermoplastic polymer. Examples of suitable polymers include without limitation any one or more of the extendible polymers named above for the second embodiment of the nonwoven web having extendible fibers. The extendible polymer should be of a type and amount that causes the film 100 to have cross-directional extendibility of at least about 25% of an initial, unstretched width when a stretching force is applied. When the stretching force is relaxed, the film should not retract enough to cause the laminate to retract by more than 30% of the difference between the stretched width and the initial, unstretched width. Preferably, film 100 should have cross-directional extendibility of at least about 35% (e.g., 35-300%) of the initial width, more preferably at least about 50% (e.g., 50-200%). The extendible polymer may be blended with a non-extendible polymer so long as the film has the needed extendibility. Preferred polymers for the matrix 111 are single-site catalyzed ethylene copolymers and flexible polyolefins (FPOs) as described above.
The filler particles 116 can include any suitable inorganic or organic filler. The filler particles 116 are preferably small to produce micropores, in order to maintain liquid water barrier of the film 100. Generally, the filler particles should have a mean particle diameter of about 0.1-7.0 microns, preferably about 0.5-5.0 microns, most preferably about 0.8-2.0 microns. Suitable fillers include without limitation calcium carbonate, non-swellable clays, silica, alumina, barium sulfate, sodium carbonate, talc, magnesium sulfate, titanium dioxide, zeolites, aluminum sulfate, diatomaceous earth, magnesium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, barium carbonate, kaolin, mica, carbon, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide and polymer particles. Calcium carbonate is a presently preferred filler.
The filler particles 116 may be coated with a minor quantity (e.g., up to 2% by weight) of a fatty acid or other material to ease their dispersion in the polymer matrix.
Suitable fatty acids include without limitation stearic acid, or a larger chain fatty acid such as behenic acid. The amount of filler particles 116 in the core layer 112 of the film 100 should range from about 10-55% by total (polymer and filler) volume of the layer 112, preferably about 15-45% by volume, most preferably about 25-40% by volume. Similarly, the polymer matrix 111 should constitute about 45-90% by volume of the core layer 112, preferably about 55-85% by volume, more preferably about 60-75% by volume. The term "volume" refers to the total volume occupied by polymer and filler, and excludes air space in the voids or micropores.
The polymer composition, filler content, filler particle size and degree of stretching are factors which help determine the breathability and liquid barrier of the extendible microporous film 100 in the laminate. Generally, the oriented microporous film 100 will be less than about 50 microns thick, preferably less than about 30 microns thick, most preferably less than about 20 microns thick. The film 100 may be uniaxially stretched to about 1.1-7.0 times its original length to cause breathability, preferably to about 1.5-6.0 times its original length, most preferably to about 2.5-5.0 times its original length. The film may alternatively be biaxially stretched using conventional techniques familiar to persons skilled in the art. Preferably, the film is uniaxially stretched in its machine direction, and is laminated to the nonwoven web with the machine direction of the film aligned with the machine direction of the web. Stretching temperatures may range from about 3S-150°C depending on the specific polymers employed, and are preferably about 70-95 °C. The breathable extendible film 100 can be prepared by cast or blown film coextrusion of the layers, by extrusion coating, or by any conventional layering process.
In the embodiment of Fig. 3, the microporous breathable film layer 112 is adjacent one or two relatively thin outer skin layers 122 and 124, in a two or three-layer extendible film 100. The inclusion of one or two skin layers improves film processability and can also contribute heat seal properties to the breathable extendible film 100. The polymers in the outer layers 122 and 124 can be the same or different than the polymers in the microporous layer 112. Preferably, the polymers in the outer layer or layers are extendible, have a lower softening point than in the microporous layer 112, and contribute to the heat sealability of the film 100. To facilitate breathability, the skin layers 122 and 124
may contain a particulate filler in any quantity up to the same amount as the microporous core layer 112, and the skin layers may be microporous as well after the film is oriented.
Also, the thickness and composition of the outer layers 122 and 124 should be selected so as not to substantially impair the moisture vapor transmission through the breathable film 100. This way, the microporous core layer 112 may determine the breathability of the entire film. To this end, the skin layer 122 and 124 is generally less than about 10 microns thick, preferably less than about 5 microns thick. The combined skin layers should constitute no more than 25% of the entire film thickness, and preferably constitute about 2-15% of the film thickness, more preferably 3-5% of the total film thickness. Preferred extendible skin layer polymers having low softening points include amorphous metallocene or Ziegler Natta-catalyzed copolymers of ethylene with a C3-C20 alpha-olefin comonomer, having a density less than about 0.89 grams/cc. Also suitable are amorphous poly alpha-olefin (APAO) polymers which can be random copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene, propylene, and butene, and other substantially amorphous or semi-crystalline propylene-ethylene polymers. Also included are ethylene vinyl acetates, propylene vinyl acetates, ethylene methyl acrylates, and blends of any of the foregoing polymers.
The cross direction extendible microporous film 100 should have a water vapor transmission rate ("WVTR") of at least 300 grams/m2-24 hours after stretching, measured using the procedure described below. Preferably, film 100 should have a WVTR of at least 1200 grams/m2-24 hours, more preferably at least 2000 gi"ams/m2-24 hours.
Figure 4 illustrates an integrated process for forming a multilayer laminate with the requisite machine direction elastic filaments and including a breathable film. Film 100 is formed from a film coextrusion apparatus 40 such as a cast or blown unit which could be in-line or off-line. Typically the apparatus 40 will include two or three extruders 41. To make the core layer, filled resin including the polymer matrix material and filler is prepared in a mixer (not shown) and directed to an extruder 41. To make each skin layer, similar additional mixing apparatus (not shown) and extrusion apparatus 41 can be used to mix the incompatible polymer components and extrude them as skin layers on one or both sides of the core layers. The multilayer film 100 is extruded onto a chill roller 42, which cools the
film 100. A vacuum box 43 adjacent the chill roller creates a vacuum on the surface of the chill roller to help maintain the film close to the surface of the chill roller. Air knives or electrostatic pinners 44 also urge the film 100 against the roller surface.
From the film extrusion apparatus 40 or off-line rolls supplied, the multilayer film 100 is directed to a film stretching unit 47 which can be a machine direction orienter, commercially available from vendors including the Marshall and Williams Co. of Providence, Rhode Island. Apparatus 47 has a plurality of stretching rollers 46 a-e, which progressively stretch and thin the film in the machine direction, which is the direction of travel of the film. The rollers 46 a-e, which are heated to the desired stretching temperature, apply an amount of stress and progressively stretch the multilayer film 100 to a stretched length where the core layer 112 becomes microporous and breathable, and the skin layers 122 and 124 become sufficiently thin, and perhaps microporous, so as not to inhibit overall film breathability. While the apparatus 47 is shown with five stretching rollers 46 a-e, the number of rollers may be greater or less depending on the level of stretch desired and the amount of stretching between each pair of rollers.
Advantageously, the film 100 may be uniaxially stretched to about 1.1-7.0 times its original length, preferably about 1.5-6 times its original length, suitably about 2.5-5 times its original length, using an elevated stretch temperature as explained above. The elevated stretch temperature can be sustained by heating some or all of the stretch rollers 46 a-e. The optimum stretch temperature varies with the core layer and skin layer polymers of film 100, and is generally below the melting temperature of the matrix polymer in the core layer 112.
A supply roll 102, upstream from film supply apparatus feeds a web 104 or layer of individual elastic elements, e.g., strands, or filaments, extending in the machine direction and separated in the cross direction, to an elastic element tensioning roller 106 which stretches the elastic elements and places them into adhesive contact with a first nonwoven web 20 which in this embodiment is neckable when stretched in the machine direction as discussed above. The elastic members, or elements, may be elastic strands, of e.g., spandex, KRATON®, etc.; thin elastic ribbons or foams, e.g., isoprene, natural rubber, KRATON®, etc., which are laid to be separated in the cross direction so as to not impart
elasticity in that direction of the laminate. In an experimental example 470 decitex LYCRA® threads at 100% stretch were adhesively laminated between two layers of necked nonwoven facings and exhibited the desired properties of the present invention of extendibility in the cross direction and elasticity in the machine direction. Referencing Fig. 5 the elastic elements, collectively 108, in this embodiment filaments, extend in tension in the machine direction (MD) on the necked web 20 and are separated in the cross direction (CD) so as to impart no elasticity to the resultant laminate in that cross direction.
In one embodiment (see Fig, 4), the neckable nonwoven web 20, which can be a spunbond web, is unwound from a supply roll 62. The neckable material 20 then passes through the nip 64 of S-roll arrangement 66, formed by a stack of rollers 68-70, in a reverse S-wrap path as shown by the arrows. Rollers 68 and 70 turn at a faster circumferential speed than upstream supply roller 62, causing tensioning and neck-in of web 20. The tensioned, necked material can be passed under spray equipment 72 (e.g., a meltblown die) which sprays adhesive 73 through die head 74 onto a surface of web 20. With or without the adhesive treatment, the necked web 20 can then be joined to the stretched elastic material 104 and the multilayer film 100, and bonded between calender rollers 58, which can be heated if necessary.
The multilayer film 100, if it is a desired component of the resultant laminate, may be laminated to one or more substrates, such as a nonwoven web, using conventional adhesive bonding or thermal bonding techniques known in the art. The type of substrate and bonding will vary depending on the particular end use application. Referring again to Fig. 4, film 100 may be laminated to the nonwoven web 20 with elastic filaments 108 immediately after the film is stretched. The film 100 in Fig. 4 is simultaneously bonded on its other side to a second CD extendible material 30 originating from supply roll 63. The second extendible material 30 may be a second nonwoven web, or another film layer. The resulting laminate 32 is wound and stored on a supply roll 60. In addition to the described bonding technique, other bonding techniques (e.g., other thermal, adhesive or ultrasonic bonding) may be employed. If the breathable film component is not desired in the resultant laminate, it may of course be left out.
The desired cross-directional extendibility of laminate 32 is preferably achieved by aligning extendible breathable film 100 with the cross direction extendible webs 20 and 30, so that both are traveling in their respective machine directions during bonding, and the machine directions of the film and web are substantially parallel to each other. If the nonwoven web 20 is a necked web, the cross-directional extendibility of the laminate is achieved by returning the web toward its initial, un-necked state as the film and web are extended in the cross direction. If the nonwoven web is not necked but made of an extendible polymer, then its fibers are extended as the film is extended in the cross direction. If the nonwoven web is made from crimped fibers, then its fibers merely become less crimped or un-crimped as the film is extended in the cross direction. The fibers can be both crimped and made from an extendible polymer, or present in a bonded carded web. Because the breathable film has already been stretched in its machine direction prior to lamination, the film has a greater tendency to extend in the cross direction after lamination, than to extend further in the machine direction.
Referencing Fig. 6, when tension is removed from the laminate 32 it will shorten in the machine direction as the elastic filaments recover. This will result in gathering the laminate 32 to form rugae, or wrinkles 110, extending in the cross direction (CD) and spaced in the machine direction (MD).
Referencing Figs. 7, 8 and 9, it can be seen from these cross sectional views taken along the cross direction axis of the laminates, that various arrangements of the laminate component parts are possible according to the present invention. Fig. 7 shows the elastic filaments 108 sandwiched between two nonwoven webs 20. Fig. 8 shows a laminate of the breathable film 100, a single nonwoven web 20 and elastic filaments 108. Fig. 9 shows a sinele nonwoven web 20 with elastic filaments 108.
The overall laminate 32 has cross-directional extendibility influenced by the extendibilities of the film and nonwoven web. Specifically, the laminate has a cross-directional extendibility of at least 25% of its initial width, preferably at least 35% of its initial width, more preferably at least 50% of its initial width when a stretching force is applied, without rupturing the laminate or any of its components. When the stretching force is removed, the laminate does not recover or retract by more than 30% of the difference
between the fully stretched width and the original width after a one-minute holding period. In the machine direction the laminate will have an amount of elasticity as determined by the construction and arrangement of the elastic elements placed in the machine direction.
Another way to characterize the laminate of the invention, is in terms of the percent drop in retractive force experienced during a one-minute holding period in the stretched condition. The procedure for measuring the percent drop in retractive force is set forth below in the Examples. Briefly, a sample of the laminate material is extended in the cross direction by 50% of its initial width. The retractive force is measured immediately after extending the material by 50%, and after a one-minute holding period in the extended condition. The percent force drop is calculated as:
To stay within the limited retraction required by the invention, the laminate should exhibit a percentage force drop of at least about 35%, preferably at least about 45%.
WVTR Test Procedure
The following procedure is described for testing of the water vapor 10 transmission rate (WVTR) for the films of the invention conducted at typical room conditions of temperature and humidity. The WVTR is measured in a manner similar to ASTM Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials, Designation E-96-80 as follows. For the purposes of the present invention, 3 inch diameter (76 mm) circular samples are cut from the test material and from a control material, CELGARD*5' 2500 (Hoechst Celanese Corporation). CELGARD 2500 is a 0.0025 cm thick film composed of microporous polypropylene. Two or three samples are prepared for each material. Test cups used for testing are cast aluminum, flanged, 5.1 centimeters deep and come with a mechanical seal and neoprene gasket. The cups are distributed by Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, under the designation Vapometer cup no. 68-1. One hundred millimeters of distilled water are poured into each Vapometer cup, and each of the individual samples of the test materials and control material are placed across the top area of an individual cup. Screw-on flanges are tightened to form a seal along the edges of the
cups leaving the associated test material or control material exposed to the ambient atmosphere over a 62 millimeter diameter circular area (an open, exposed area of about 30 cm2). The cups are then weighed, placed on a tray, and set in a forced air oven set at 100°F (3 S °C). The oven is a constant temperature oven with external air through it to prevent water vapor accumulation inside. A suitable forced air oven is, for example, a Blue M Power-O-Matic 60 oven distributed by Blue M Electric Co. of Blue Island, Illinois. After 24 hours, the cups are removed from the oven and weighed. The preliminary, test WVTR value is calculated as follows:
Test WVTR = [(grams weight loss over 24 hours) x 7571] -s- 24 The relative humidity within the oven is not specifically controlled. Under predetermined set conditions of 38°C and ambient relative humidity, the WVTR for CELGARD 2500 has been defined as 5000 g/m2-24 hours. Accordingly, CELGARD 2500 is run as a control sample with each test and the resulting values are corrected in accord with the variation of the control relative to its known WVTR.
Procedure For One Cycle/Hold Tensile Test
A sample of laminate material is cut to 3" long (MD) and 6" wide (CD). An MTS Sintec Model 1/S (Serial #1S/062196/197) is used to evaluate the permanent set properties of the material. The gauge length is 3", and the area of material being tested was 9 square inches (3"x 3")- The crosshead speed is set to 1000 mm/min to simulate the extension the material would experience in diaper donning. The material is held at full elongation for 60 seconds. The cycle elongation is set to the various elongations of interest. The elongation is set 3% lower than the actual target because it was found that the Sintec will slightly overshoot the set elongation because of the high crosshead speed. For example, if a 50% elongation and hold is desired, the cycle elongation is set to 47%.
The material is clamped in the jaws. The material is stretched in the sample length (cross direction of the material) to the desired elongation (25%, 50%, 100%, 150%, or 200%) and held in the elongated state for 60 seconds. The jaws are then returned to their original start position.
Data points are collected and recorded by the computer for each of the three step procedure: 1) elongation, 2) hold, and 3) return to zero. The data typically analyzed is:
1) the force on the sample for the last data point before the crosshead stopped during the elongation step, 2) the force on the sample just before the crosshead started to return to zero, 3) the actual elongation of the sample, and 4) the elongation of the sample when the force on the sample returned to 10 grams or less during the "return to zero" step.
The cross direction extendible, breathable laminate may be used in a wide variety of personal care absorbent articles and medical articles. Absorbent articles include without limitation diapers, training pants, swim wear, absorbent underpants, adult incontinence products, feminine hygiene products, and the like. Medical products include medical garments, face masks, underpads, bandages, drapes, medical wipes, and the like.
The cross direction extendible, breathable laminate has the advantage of being selectively extended only in regions where stretching is needed, to conform to the contours of a wearer's body. For example, a diaper or pant-like absorbent garment embodying the laminate as an outercover can be made smaller, using less material than a diaper that is not stretchable. When the absorbent garment is applied to a wearer, it stretches in the cross direction only where needed (for example, in the front and back of the wearer) to ensure a perfect fit. Because retractive forces can be made minimal, and in the longitudinal axis, the problem of skin marks and rashes occurring in the regions of greatest stretch is substantially overcome.
While the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are presently considered preferred, various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims, and all changes that fall within the meaning and range of equivalents are intended to be embraced therein.
1. A laminate which is elastic in a machine direction and extendible but
not elastic in a cross direction, the laminate comprising:
a first nonwoven web that is extendible in the cross direction to a stretched width at least 25% greater than an unstretched width upon application of a stretching force, and retractable by zero to not more than 30% of a difference between the stretched and unstretched widths upon relaxation of the stretching force after 60 seconds; and
laminated to the nonwoven web, a plurality of elastic members elongatable substantially in the machine direction;
wherein the elastic members are bonded in the laminate at a plurality of spaced apart locations when the elastic members are in a stretched condition;
to thereby impart elasticity to the laminate in the machine direction without imparting elasticity to the laminate in the cross direction.
2. The laminate of Claim 1, further comprising a second nonwoven web, wherein the elastic members are bonded between the first nonwoven web and a second nonwoven web at the plurality of spaced apart locations when the elastic members are in the stretched condition.
3. The laminate of Claim 1, further comprising a film as a component of the laminate, the film being extendible in the cross direction to a stretched width at least 25% greater than an unstretched width upon application of a stretching force, and retractable by zero to not more than 30% of a difference between the stretched and unstretched widths upon relaxation of the stretching force after 60 seconds.
4. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web is extendible in the cross direction to stretched widths at least 35% greater than their original, unstretched widths upon application of a stretching force.
5. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web is extendible in the cross direction to stretched widths at least 50% greater than their original, unstretched widths upon application of a stretching force.
6. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web is neck-stretched to cause elongation in a machine direction and narrowing in its cross directior prior to being laminated to the elastic members.
7. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web comprises fibers made from an extendible polymer.
8. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web comprises crimped fibers.
9. The laminate of Claim 3, wherein the film comprises a breathable film.
10. The laminate of Claim 3, wherein the film comprises a breathable extendible polymer.
11. The laminate of Claim 3, wherein the film comprises a mixture of an inorganic particulate filler and an extendible polymer.
12. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web comprises a spunbond web.
13. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web comprises a meltblown web.
14. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web comprises a bonded carded web.
15. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web comprises an air laid web.
16. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the nonwoven web comprises more than one layer.
17. The laminate of Claim 6, wherein the nonwoven web comprises a polymer selected from non-extendible polyolefms, polyamides, polyesters, linear low density polyethylenes having a density of 0.900-0.935 grams/cm3, propylene-alpha olefin copolymers containing at least 90% by weight propylene, and combinations thereof.
18. The laminate of Claim 7, wherein the nonwoven web comprises an extendible polymer selected from extendible polyolefms, ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers having a density less than 0.900 grams/cm3, propylene-alpha olefin copolymers containing more than 10% by weight of an alpha-olefm comonomer, heterophasic propylene-ethylene copolymers, propylene polymers containing both atactic and isotactic propylene groups, and combinations thereof.
19. The laminate of Claim 3, wherein the film comprises an extendible polymer selected from extendible polyolefms, ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers having a density less than 0.900 grams/cm3, propylene-alpha olefin copolymers containing more than 10% by weight of an alpha-olefin comonomer, heterophasic propylene-ethylene copolymers, propylene polymers containing both atactic and isotactic propylene groups, and combinations thereof.
20. A personal care absorbent article comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
21. A personal care absorbent article comprising the laminate of Claim
22. A medical absorbent article comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
23. A medical absorbent article comprising the laminate of Claim 3.
24. The laminate of Claim 1, wherein the film has a Water Vapor Transmission Rate of at least 300 grams/m2-24 hours.
25. The laminate of Claim 3, wherein the film and web are partially stretched in the machine direction before bonding and further stretched in the machine direction after bonding.
26. A diaper comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
27. Training pants comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
2S. Swim wear comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
29. Absorbent underpants comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
30. An adult incontinence product comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
31. A feminine hygiene product comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
32. A medical product comprising the laminate of Claim 1.
33. The laminate of Claim 1 wherein the nonwoven web comprises a nonwoven web with very high machine direction orientation, and very little cross direction orientation, with fibers bonded to minimize cross direction bonding of the fibers.
34. A laminate which is elastic in a machine direction and extendible but not elastic in a cross direction, the laminate comprising:
a film that is extendible in the cross direction to a stretched width at least 25% greater than an unstretched width upon application of a stretching force, and retractable by zero to not more than 30% of a difference between the stretched and unstretched widths upon relaxation of the stretching force after 60 seconds; and
laminated to the film, a plurality of elastic members elongatable substantially in the machine direction;
wherein the elastic members are bonded in the laminate at a plurality of spaced apart locations when the elastic members are in a stretched condition;
to thereby impart elasticity to the laminate in the machine direction without imparting elasticity to the laminate in the cross direction.
35. A laminate substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying
36. A personal care absorbent article substantially as herein described with reference to
the accompanying drawings.
|Indian Patent Application Number||284/CHENP/2003|
|PG Journal Number||26/2007|
|Date of Filing||18-Dec-2003|
|Name of Patentee||M/S. KIMBERLY CLARK WORLDWIDE, INC|
|Applicant Address||401 North Lake Streeet, Neenah, WI 54956|
|PCT International Classification Number||B 32 B 5/00|
|PCT International Application Number||PCT/US2001/025266|
|PCT International Filing date||2001-08-10|


The spade is metal and the shaft and handle are a green plastic. There is a yellow plastic band where the metal and green plastic meet. The metal of the spade is delaminating and there are several layer in the top layer of metal. The metal is also very rusty.
Bequeathed to the National Trust by Khadambi Asalache upon his death in 2006; acquired fully in November 2010.


As 2015 draws to a close, let’s take a look back at some of the incredible 3D printing stories and videos that we have featured on the Stratasys Blog this year. We’re highlighting 12 posts that were the most popular among the Blog’s visitors and believe these stories illustrate 3D printing’s progress and possibilities this year. How many do you remember?
Make sure you stay on top of the latest news, trends and events in 3D printing by subscribing to the 2016 Stratasys Blog.
Stratasys Additive Manufacturing Chosen by Airbus to Produce 3D Printed Flight Parts for its A350 XWB Aircraft
More than 1000 flight parts were 3D printed on Stratasys FDM Production Systems for the Airbus A350 XWB Program.
Airbus has produced more than 1,000 flight parts on Stratasys FDM 3D Production Systems for use on A350 XWB aircraft, which began delivery a year ago. The 3D printed parts were used in place of traditionally manufactured parts, enabling Airbus to meet its delivery commitment on time. The parts were 3D printed using ULTEM 9085 resin, which provides high strength-to-weight ratio and is FST (flame, smoke and toxicity) compliant for aircraft interior applications. This enabled the manufacturing of strong, light-weight parts while substantially reducing production time and manufacturing costs.
The world of 3D printing extends well beyond the boundaries of our planet. The United Launch Alliance (ULA) changed the game of aerospace exploration earlier this year when they announced a shift from traditional metallic applications to additive manufacturing using Stratasys Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. The result? ULA “saves over $1M a year by 3D printing rocket components from plastic,” according to an International Business Times’ (IBT) exclusive interview with ULA’s program manager for additive manufacturing, Greg Arend. “In addition, ULA is saving over 50%, and in some cases 95%, by 3D printing rocket components over traditional methods.”
Aurora’s UAV, the darling of November’s 3D PrintShow in Dubai, demonstrates FDM’s ability to build a completely closed, hollow structure which, unlike other manufacturing methods, allows large – yet less dense – objects to be produced. Stratasys and Aurora used additional technologies, provided by Stratasys Direct Manufacturing, to fabricate other components, including a laser sintered nylon fuel tank and a 3D printed metal vectoring exhaust nozzle.
Stratasys 3D printing is great on Earth, but is it qualified for space? A NASA-JPL project was proof positive that it’s all systems go! Stratasys Direct Manufacturing built custom-designed parts for 30 antenna array supports for the FORMOSAT-7 Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC-2) satellite mission. NASA chose durable ULTEM 9085 material, a thermoplastic that has similar strength to metals like aluminum but weighs much less, and the parts were printed on a Stratasys Fortus 900mc 3D Printer.
Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace: FAA-Approved Air Duct for ‘Flying Eye Hospital’ Produced in Just Days
Orbis is an organization with a dual mission: to bring top-quality ophthalmological care to the corners of the world, and to train local physicians to perform eye surgeries in their home communities. Orbis relies on a “Flying Eye Hospital,” a converted MD 10-30 airplane. Stratasys technology assisted with retrofitting this new airborne hospital. Orbis reached out to Structural Integrity Engineering (SIE), an aerospace company that re-designs, re-builds and re-claims old and unused aircraft.
3D Printed Thermoplastics versus Metal: Why Volvo Trucks Chose Additive Manufacturing for 30 Engine Assembly Tools
Volvo Trucks purchased a Stratasys Fortus 3D Production System from Stratasys’ reseller CADvision, and, within a three-month period, had already 3D printed more than 30 different production tools, including a range of lightweight clamps, jigs, supports and even ergonomically-designed tool holders that ensure a more organized working environment for operators. Previously these tools were produced in metal using traditional manufacturing methods. The time required to design and manufacture these tools was slashed from over a month to just two days by using Stratasys Fortus 3D Production System and ABSplus thermoplastic material.
Opel, Europe’s third-largest automotive manufacturer, is slashing manufacturing tool production costs by up to 90% using its Stratasys 3D Printers. Opel also creates 3D printing assembly tools in less than 24 hours. With efficient production crucial to its success, Opel’s International Technical Development Center is 3D printing a range of manufacturing and assembly tools to advance the production of its iconic ‘Adam’ hatchback car. These assembly tools are used to precisely attach different components to the car, such as the rocker molding and roof spoilers; align the iconic ‘Adam’ lettering on the rear-side window; and assemble the glass and retractable roofs.
Lamborghini Accelerates and Perfects Automotive Engineering with Stratasys 3D Printed Prototypes and Track-Ready Parts
One of the world’s most luxurious sports car brands relies on Stratasys Fortus Production Systems to create models and parts for functional prototypes, both for exterior and interior parts including: section bumpers, grills, engine bay frames, door panels, seat covers and steering wheels, as well as aerodynamic components such as conveyors and air heaters. “We aim to use materials that mimic the material properties of the final product as far as possible,” explained Fabio Serrazanetti, of Lamborghini’s car body technical department. “FDM eliminates tooling, which keeps costs down and allows rapid iteration on new designs without manufacturing constraints.”
Innovation in Manufacturing
Rutland Plastics, a custom injection molding company, creates jigs and fixtures for each individual project to assist during manufacturing operations like assembly, gluing, drilling and measuring. Using PolyJet 3D printing technology, Rutland produces jigs and fixtures with exceptional surface finish and intricate detail, benefits which could not be achieved with conventional milling machines. Rutland’s engineers are able to use their 3D printer’s multi-material capability to produce rubber-like surfaces that cushion and protect production parts coming into direct contact with the fixture. Identification labels are 3D printed directly as part of the jigs and fixtures. All of these are accomplished in a single build on a Stratasys multi-material 3D Printer (Connex3 System), eliminating costly extra steps.
Nikki Kaufman, the CEO of Normal, a firm that makes bespoke, 3D printed earphones, explained why she installed 10 Stratasys Fortus 250mc 3D Printers on site. Kaufman says that customers get terrific sound as well as terrific fit. The entire assembly line, which creates and ships the 3D printed earphones in a matter of two days, is in full view from the retail store through floor-to-ceiling windows. The transparency of the manufacturing process ups the level of customer engagement for this custom-built product.
7-Year Old Alex Pring On His Awesome New 3D Printed Bionic Arm and His Fist Pump with Robert Downey Jr.
The non-profit organization Limbitless Solutions, which now has a formal relationship with the University of Central Florida, has been using a Stratasys Dimension Elite 3D Printer to create the coolest prosthetic arms for kids, including seven-year-old Alex Pring from Groveland, Florida. Pring received an Iron Man-themed (and custom-fit, of course) 3D printed prosthetic from Limbitless. It was presented to him by none other than Iron Man himself, Robert Downey Jr. Other Stratasys-3D printed prosthetics, designed and created by Limbitless in sturdy ABSplus material, covered by the Stratasys blog include Paulo’s Fluminense FC bionic hand and special delivery from Winter the Dolphin of Annika’s prosthetic arm.
Art and Science
Neri Oxman’s 3D Printed Photosynthetic Wearables Shine New Light on Art, Design, Science & Technology at TED2015
Architect, designer and long-term 3D printing collaborator Professor Neri Oxman revealed the world’s first 3D printed photosynthetic wearable, embedded with living matter, on the TED2015 stage in Vancouver. Mushtari, an artwork 3D printed by Stratasys, is the world’s first wearable to combine multi-material additive manufacturing and synthetic biology.


Heating cable and aluminum foil: a perfect combination
The flexible heating cable on Alper adhesive aluminum foil combines the great versatility of this technology with simplicity of application thanks to the adhesive aluminum foil. The use of the continuously extruded cable allows the application of the product in environments where a high IP degree is required. At the same time, the heating cable offers excellent reliability, great mechanical strength and electrical safety, both at high and low temperatures.
The use of adhesive aluminum, in addition to allowing rapid application, provides the heater with excellent heat exchange even on curved or uneven surfaces. In addition, Alper allows to have, within the same cable, hot and cold parts identified by means of a visual reference.
The flexible cable resistance on aluminum foil finds countless applications in industrial refrigeration, in the reptile and aquarium heating sector, in pastry machines, in gardening, in the medical sector, in catering, in telecommunication antennas, in small and large household appliances and in the industry sector in general.
The heater can be supplied with protection thermostats and thermal fuses. In addition, metal terminals, EU plugs or other connections can be provided on customer request.
- Diametro std cavo: ø 2.8mm ø 5.3mm.
- Potenze: da 5 a 100 Watt/Mt.
- Temperatura: da -30°C a 150°C.
- Materiali: PVC / silicone / Fibra Vetro
- Grado IP: 68.
- Connessioni: Terminali a puntale, faston di vario genere, spina EU, altre a richiesta.
- Colori standard: Bianco, Grigio.
- Colori speciali: su richiesta per q.tà.
- Calza metallica in rame stagnato, opzionale come protezione meccanica e di messa a terra.
- Tensioni di alimentazione da 1 a 400Volt.
- Costruzione in classe I o II.
- Collaudi secondo EN 60335-1 e EN 50106
- Costruzione secondo la direttiva 2006/95/CE


Feb 28, 2021 · Stocking distributor of ASTM A36 steel plates for building and other applications. Available with lengths of up to 480 in., widths from 48 to 120 in. and thicknesses from 3/16 to 18 in. Also offers steel processing services, including shot blasting, oxy-fuel/plasma flame cutting, burning, drilling and material testing. JIT delivery.
A36 low carbon (mild) steel plate advantages and usage. ASTM A36 low carbon and structural steel plate is highly used in construction of oil rigs and in forming bins, tanks, bearing plates, rings, jigs, cams, forgings, templates, gears, base plates, stakes, fixtures, sprockets, forgings, brackets, ornamental works, stakes, agricultural ASTM A36 steel plate,ASTM A36 Carbon Steel Plate - BBN ASTM A36 Carbon Steel Plate is a structural quality mild carbon steel. Its strength, formability, and excellent welding properties make it suitable for a large variety of applications, including welding, fabricating, and bending.
Hot Roll Steel Tolerance Table. Hot Rolled Steel Sheet A569/A1011 is normally used for architectural, chemical, and ornamental applicationsa. A569/A1011 is a low carbon steel with high strength, highly formability, and easy fabrication. Buy Hot Rolled Steel Sheet/Plate Online MetalsWe carry hot rolled steel sheet/plate in A36, A36 Blanchard ground, A569/A1011, A606/A588A weathering steel, and A653 galvanized steel Our hot rolled steel sheet prices reflect volume discounts. Plus, you can price and order online and have your hot rolled steel plate shipped directly to you, or pick it up in one of our six locations across the U.S.
Steel Plate, Carbon Steel Coil, Hot Rolled Steel Plate manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Ss400 A36 Q235B Hr Cr Carbon Steel Coil, ASTM A36 Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Plate Price Per Sheet of 20mm Steel Plate Weight, ASTM A36 Standard Mild Steel Plate Weight of 3mm Thickness Steel Plate and so on. Delta Steel, Inc. - Plate21% minimum in 2 (for plate 24 and wider) ASTM A36 MN. A36 with manganese controlled from .80 to 1.20. Used for storage tanks in cold environments. ASTM A572. A high strength low alloy steel plate used in a variety of structural applications. It is produced in grades 42, 50, 60, 65 representing the yield strength. Mechanical Properties:A
Choose from our selection of grade 1018 steel products in a wide range of sizes. Includes material certificates and CAD models. In stock and ready to ship. Order 0.25" Mild Steel Plate A36 Hot Rolled Online Hot Rolled Steel Plate A36 (0.25") is made of low carbon steel that is commonly found in most industries as it offers good weldability, machinability, and can be heat treated to harden its surface. Unlike cold rolled steel, Hot Rolled Steel Plate A36 has a rougher surface and with galvanization, it can resist corrosion well.
Hot Rolled Steel Plate A36 (0.25") is made of low carbon steel that is commonly found in most industries as it offers good weldability, machinability, and can be heat treated to harden its surface. Unlike cold rolled steel, Hot Rolled Steel Plate A36 has a rougher surface and with galvanization, it can resist corrosion well. Plate & Sheet Chatham SteelASTM A-242:3/16" through 2" 4'x8' through 10'x40' ASTM A-588 GR B:ASTM A-606 Type 4:Inquire for specific sizes:Pressure Vessel Quality:Carbon steel pressure vessel plates used for moderate and lower temperature service. 38 KSI min. yield and 70 KSI min. tensile:ASTM A-516 GR 70 as rolled:3/16" through 1-1/2" 4'x8' through 10'x40' Normalized
ASTM A36 ASTM A131 ASTM A283 ASTM A514 ASTM A572 ASTM A573 ASTM A633 ASTM A656 ASTM A709 ASTM A945 ASTM A1011 ASTM A1018 American Bureau of Shipping API Line Pipe Steels API Offshore Structural Steel Grades CSA G40.21.13 Det Norske Veritas Lloyds Register EN 10025-3 EN 10149-2 ST100XF ST110XF Steel Coil, Steel Plate - Jiangsu Hengrui Iron And Steel Jiangsu Hengrui Iron And Steel Co., Ltd., Experts in Manufacturing and Exporting Steel Coil, Steel Plate and 1490 more Products. A Verified CN Gold Supplier on .
Leeco ® Steel maintains one of the nation's largest inventories of carbon, HSLA, and alloy steel plate products that come from the premier mills domestically and worldwide.. Our extensive stock is housed in strategically located distribution centers across North America and includes standard structural steels such as ASTM A36 and ASTM A514 as well as heat-treated steel plate Steel Plates Russel MetalsASTM A 283. ASTM A 283 covers low and intermediate tensile strength carbon steel plates for general manufacturing and constructional applications.This material is normally supplied in the rimmed or semikilled types of steel and is particularly suitable for the economical production of assemblies requiring a considerable amount of forming.
Structural Steel Plate - order fast & easy online. Carbon Steel Plate. Floor Plate. Marine & Offshore Steel Plate. Pressure Vessel (PVQ) Steel Plate. Structural Steel Plate. Filter by. Shape Plate Mill Rolled ASTM A36 / ASME-SA36. Details, Dimensions & Prices. Plate Mill Rolled ASTM A514 Blasted. Welding Procedure Qualification of A36 Steel Plates The plate is secured vertically and the weld will be made down the groove vertically, either from top to bottom or bottom to top. 11 Figure 4:The effect of shielding gas composition on the weld penetration and bead shape for steel. 11 Figure 5:(a) The plates were marked into test specimens according to AWS D1.1 and (b) the sections were
Checker Plate ASTM B209, ASTM A36 Thickness 2 12 mmCheckered plate with 1500 mm width and length 3800, 4250, 5500 mm in 5 mm thick, bead height 1.2 mm. A36 (DIN17100 ST37.2) plate and sheet with raised thread, thickness 6 mm and size 2000 mm 215; 1000 mm. ASTM A36 checker plate.MetalsDepot® - Buy A36 Steel Plate Online!A36 Steel Plate is one of the most popular hot rolled, low carbon steel plates used in manufacturing, fabrication, and repair projects.A36 Steel plate adds strength and rigidity to any project at a lower price compared to other grades of steel plate. It


Solar Gate sculpture in Hull
This 10 metre foot tall sculpture is made out of stainless steel. The ambitious sculpture will be complemented by 16 plates which reflect light onto the main work and bring it to life differently at different times.
Solar Gate sculpture
Another view of the towering sculpture.
Stainless steel engineering and beauty
The work will appear differently as light conditions change during the day.


The journey of clay from its raw form to a finished ceramic piece involves a series of distinct stages. These stages, often referred to as the “7 stages of clay,” outline the progression of clay through its various states.
Slip is the initial stage of clay, where it is in a liquid, creamy consistency. Slip is often used for casting, joining clay pieces, and creating surface decoration.
At the plastic stage, clay is soft, pliable, and easily moldable. It can be shaped, sculpted, and manipulated using various techniques.
3. Leather Hard
Clay in the leather hard stage has partially dried and is firm but still retains some moisture. It is ideal for carving, attaching handles, and adding intricate details.
4. Bone Dry
Bone dry clay is completely air-dried and ready for firing. It is fragile and requires careful handling to avoid cracks and breakage.
Bisqueware is clay that has been fired once at a low temperature. It is porous and ready for glazing.
Glazeware is clay that has been glazed with decorative and functional coatings. It is ready for its final firing.
7. Finished Ceramic
The last stage is the finished ceramic piece, achieved after the final firing. It is durable, permanent, and can be used for its intended purpose.
The 7 stages of clay provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the transformation of clay from its initial slip form to a beautiful finished ceramic creation.


Last Updated on April 23, 2023 by Ernest Godia
Polyurethane and epoxy are among the most robust coatings for wood and other surfaces. Since they both have their fair share of strengths and limitations, choosing between them can be challenging unless you know the exact features to look for.
The two flooring solutions are polymers with different properties that can make one more suitable for your needs than the other.
This write-up discusses polyurethane vs epoxy coatings for hardwood floors, presenting a detailed look at their similarities and differences.
You will find a concise summary of the best-use scenarios for polyurethane and epoxy coatings to simplify things for you.
What is polyurethane?
Polyurethane is a synthetic polymer or resin compound composed of linked urethane groups. It is a combination of chemical compounds that react to form a liquid plastic or plastic-like substance.
Polyurethane, abbreviated as PU or PUR, is sometimes described as liquid plastic because of its resinous property.
Most polyurethane types are thermosetting polymers, so heat does not melt them once cured on a surface.
Polyurethane comes in various sheen levels—gloss, semi-gloss, satin, and matte. This wide range of sheens allows you to select what best suits your needs.
Polyurethane pros and cons
Here is a discussion of the benefits and limitations of polyurethane to keep in mind when selecting a flooring solution.
Pros of polyurethane
- It is highly resistant to extreme temperature fluctuations, chemicals, and abrasion.
- Polyurethane is flexible and highly durable.
- It is resistant to UV damage.
- It retains its gloss well and for a long time
- It retains its color over time
- It has good waterproofing qualities
Cons of polyurethane
- Very sensitive to humidity, which can affect its ability to cure properly.
- Prone to gouging, not as resistant to heavy industry traffic as epoxy surfaces.
What is epoxy?
Epoxy is a thermosetting polymer resin used as a coating mainly for floors. While epoxy is typically used to seal concrete floors, it also adheres well to hardwood floors, making it an excellent sealant.
Epoxy resin is available in three different formulations, namely solvent-based, water-based, and 100-percent solids.
The three different formulations have varying degrees of thickness of the coating and often dictate the ease of application.
Of the three epoxy formulations, the 100-percent solids formula is the best. These epoxies form a thick, impact-resistant, and robust coating on surfaces.
Epoxies also boast a self-leveling property, making them perfect for surfaces with imperfections such as cracks and holes.
Epoxies are preferred floor coating on warehouses and garages due to their unparalleled robustness and impact resistance.
However, the coating tends to be vulnerable to the sun’s UV rays and will turn yellow when exposed to sunlight. This happens despite epoxy having UV inhibitors in its formula.
Epoxy pros and cons
Here are features that make epoxy a suitable flooring solution. Also included are the areas where it falls short.
Pros of epoxy
- It is incredibly strong and impact resistant
- Epoxy forms a thick, self-leveling coat ideal for filling cracks and other surface blemishes.
- It is highly resistant to water and moisture
- It offers superior adhesion to different surfaces.
Cons of epoxy
- It is time-consuming to apply
- It is prone to yellowing due to sunlight exposure.
What is the difference between polyurethane and epoxy?
The main difference between epoxy and polyurethane is their hardness. While both materials are thermosetting resins, epoxy dries to form a harder, higher-strength coating, while polyurethane is flexible and more durable.
So, epoxy coatings provide greater impact resistance, while polyurethane surfaces are more scratch-resistant and resistant to cracking due to extreme temperature changes.
Below is a detailed comparison of polyurethane and epoxy coatings.
Polyurethane vs epoxy side-by-side comparison
Both polyurethane and epoxy are thermosetting polymer resins, so they dry to form coatings that do not soften when heated. However, the two materials are not the same. They have significant dissimilarities that can make one a better solution for your needs than the other.
1. Polyurethane vs epoxy: Strength and flexibility
Epoxy is a higher-strength flooring material than polyurethane, which is more flexible. The greater physical strength of epoxy coatings makes them more resistant to physical impact, which is advantageous on hardwood floors.
In comparison, polyurethane’s flexibility allows it to resist scratching and extreme temperature changes better.
As a result, polyurethane will retain its pristine condition for longer than epoxy. So, while epoxy coatings will resist heavy objects and physical forces better, polyurethane does a better job of withstanding impacts and scratches.
Verdict: Epoxy’s hardness makes it susceptible to cracks.
2. Epoxy vs. polyurethane: Durability
While polyurethane is a softer material than epoxy, it typically lasts much longer than epoxy. A coat of polyurethane can last as long as 20 or more years without requiring a makeover.
However, polyurethane holds up a lot longer before it needs to be replaced, often lasting over 10 years compared to epoxy’s 2 years.
3. Cost of installing polyurethane vs. epoxy
Epoxy and polyurethane have different upfront and long-term costs. Epoxy typically costs approximately $3 to $6 per square foot, while polyurethane is around $5 to $7 per square foot.
This means you will pay more for polyurethane than epoxy. However, polyurethane can be more cost-effective than epoxy.
Your commercial epoxy floor coating will typically need replacing every 1.5 years. So you will spend more on epoxy in the long run
since polyurethane may take up to 30 years on your hardwood floor without needing replacement if you take good care of it.
Verdict: Poly is more expensive upfront but cheaper in the long run.
4. Chemical and temperature resistance
Polyurethane boasts superior resistance to chemicals and temperature. Thanks to its flexibility, the coating can tolerate drastic temperature changes from extreme cold to extreme hot without cracking.
Acids and other household chemicals spilling on your polyurethane-coated floor will wreak no havoc.
This chemical-resistant property of polyurethane makes it ideal for sealing hardwood floors exposed to harsh cleaning products and foods.
Epoxy is equally resistant to chemicals but not as well as polyurethane. It can withstand cleaners, making it a suitable coating for commercial kitchen flooring.
However, epoxy is limited in its chemical resistance. Exposure to certain chemical spills can cause significant discoloration.
Verdict: Polyurethane has better chemical resistance than epoxy.
5. Temperature Resistance
Epoxy can withstand high temperatures well, but it becomes vulnerable if the temperature extremes fluctuate often.
It is a popular flooring solution for commercial setups such as warehouses and commercial kitchens. Commercial kitchens are characterized by hot liquids and cooking equipment heating the floor.
The hardness of epoxy means it can easily crack when subjected to extreme temperature fluctuations causing drastic expansion and contraction.
In contrast, polyurethane has excellent temperature resistance and will take on such extreme temperature fluctuations without a problem. Poly’s flexibility means it can easily expand and contract, keeping it from cracking.
Verdict: Polyurethane has a better thermal resistance
6. Moisture resistance
Epoxy has better moisture resistance, making it a better flooring solution in areas that experience water and moisture problems.
Its moisture resistance also contributes to easier installation. You will unlikely encounter cosmetic issues associated with moisture when working with epoxy. It will adhere properly to the wood and start curing problems.
Even if you apply epoxy in humid weather, it will dry normally and come out hard when cured.
In contrast, polyurethane has low moisture resistance. If you apply poly on a humid day, you may easily end up with unsightly bumps in the coating.
Humidity and high substrate moisture content will also hinder polyurethane’s drying process. Therefore, you can expect it to take longer to dry in humid conditions.
Verdict: Epoxy is more water resistant and ideal for damp or mist conditions
7. Poly vs. Epoxy: Installation time
Epoxy flooring takes much longer to install, which can be a significant drawback when you have a tight timeline.
When installing it on your business premises, you may have to remain closed for business for several days. This is because epoxy has a longer dry time, taking as many as 7 days to dry and achieve the desired hardness.
In contrast, polyurethane installation can happen over a weekend, followed by 24 to 48 hours of drying time.
The project can be completed even sooner for water-based poly, thanks to the formula’s short drying time. This quality makes polyurethane a better flooring solution for users on a time crunch.
Read our detailed comparison of water-based and oil-based poly.
Verdict: Polyurethane has a shorter installation time
8. Thickness and consistency
Polyurethane exists as a viscous liquid. However, its consistency is nowhere close to that of epoxy. The latter is a thick material that easily fills in cracks and holes on the substrate. This makes epoxy a perfect solution for uneven surfaces.
Epoxy does not just coat the substrate surface; it fills the cracks and dents. And the thickness also means the coat is self-leveling, which can make it easier to work with.
Verdict: Epoxy is thicker and better for uneven surfaces
9. Epoxy vs. polyurethane: sheen and texture
Polyurethane comes in many sheen levels to choose from. You can go for high-gloss, semi-gloss, satin, or matte finish. This variety allows you to choose your preferred sheen.
Epoxy has limited options in sheen levels. It has a hand-troweled texture, which is all you get when you choose it for your hardwood floor.
The epoxy surface texture can get chalky over time, effectively hurting its aesthetics.
Verdict: Polyurethane offers more options for sheen and texture
10. UV Resistance
Polyurethane has greater resistance to the effects of the sun’s damaging rays. It will do a better job of retaining its color in the long run, even when exposed to sunlight.
Epoxy tends to be vulnerable to the sun’s UV rays despite having UV inhibitors in most formulations.
Exposure to sunlight usually causes discoloration and fading on epoxy-coated surfaces.
Verdict: Polyurethane has better UV resistance
Which is stronger, polyurethane or epoxy?
Epoxies are much stronger than polyurethane, which is flexible and more scratch resistant. In comparison, epoxy forms an incredibly hard coat on the substrate once dry. This makes it an excellent flooring solution where impact resistance is required.
Is polyurethane or epoxy better for wood?
Polyurethane offers the best durability for wooden surfaces. While epoxy is much stronger than polyurethane, it can become brittle over time, hurting its durability. In comparison, polyurethane is flexible, so it remains sound for decades. It also offers various sheen levels to choose from.
What coating is stronger than epoxy?
Polyurea, a 2-step resin, is four times stronger than epoxy. The material is also 98 percent more flexible, making it extremely durable and far superior to epoxy resin.
Polyurethane vs epoxy, which one should you choose?
Both epoxy and polyurethane are excellent flooring solutions that can benefit your hardwood floors. However, their unique characteristics make each product suitable under different circumstances.
Use epoxy coating for your hardwood floor if you want maximum strength and impact resistance, such as on a garage floor.
However, go for polyurethane if you want a long-lasting solution that will not force you to refinish the floor every few years. Polyurethane will also offer better resistance to scratching, extreme temperature changes, and chemicals.
Or, combine polyurethane and epoxy by layering poly over an epoxy base coat to get the best of both worlds.


Three kinds of ampholites, i.e., 3-aminopropionic acid (NH 2C2H4COOH), (2-aminoethyl)-phosphonic acid (NH2C2H4PO3H2), and 2-aminoethane-1-sulfonic acid (NH2C2H4SO 3H), were introduced into an epoxy group-containing polymer brush grafted onto a porous hollow-fiber membrane with a porosity of 70% and pore size of 0.36 μm. The amphoteric group density of the hollow-fiber ranged from 0.50 to 0.72 mmol/g. Three kinds of proteins, i.e., lactoferrin (Lf), cytochrome c (Cyt c), and lysozyme (Ly), were captured by the amphoteric polymer brush during the permeation of the protein solution across the ampholite-immobilized porous hollow-fiber membrane. Multilayer binding of the protein to the amphoteric polymer brush, with a degree of multilayer binding of 3.3, 8.6, and 15 for Lf, Cyt c, and Ly, respectively, with the (2-aminoethyl)-phosphonic acid-immobilized porous hollow-fiber membrane, was demonstrated with a negligible diffusional mass-transfer resistance of the protein to the ampholite immobilized. The 2-amino-ethane-1-sulfonic acid-immobilized porous hollow-fiber membrane exhibited the lowest initial flux of the protein solution, 0.41 m/h at a transmembrane pressure of 0.1 MPa and 298 K, and the highest equilibrium binding capacity of the protein, e.g., 130 mg/g for lysozyme. Extension and shrinkage of the amphoteric polymer brushes were observed during the binding and elution of the proteins.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


Preparation of the Catalyst Support from the Oil-Shale Processing By-Product
F. Pérez-Caballeroa, A-L Peikolainen*, a, M. Koela, M. Herbertb, A. Galindob, F. Montillab
Identifiers and Pagination:Year: 2008
First Page: 42
Last Page: 46
Publisher Id: TOPEJ-1-42
Article History:Received Date: 9/4/2008
Revision Received Date: 29/04/2008
Acceptance Date: 5/5/2008
Electronic publication date: 21/5/2008
Collection year: 2008
open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
5-methylresorcinol and the technical mixture of oil-shale phenolic compounds were applied for carbon aerogel preparation. Gels, which were prepared via base catalyzed polymerization were dried under supercritical conditions and subsequent pyrolysis of obtained dry aerogels led to carbon aerogels. Activation of carbon aerogel with CO2 and H2O was performed and porosity and the specific surface area of activated carbon aerogels were studied. Langmuir specific surface areas of well over 2000 m2/g were achieved and microporosity of carbon aerogel samples was tuneable ranging from below 50% until over 85%. Impregnation with the complex [Pd(C4HF6O)2] was carried out in supercritical CO2 using H2 for a quick reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0). Eventually, highly porous material decorated with nanoparticles of black palladium was obtained having a homogeneous metal distribution.