Inflation: A Swell Time in the Universe
Aside from ignoring the source of the expansion-causing explosion, the Big Bang theory has other shortcomings. In particular, it doesn’t explain why regions of the universe that are separated by distances so vast that they can’t communicate — even by a messenger traveling at the speed of light — look so similar to each other.
In 1980, physicist Alan Guth devised a theory, which he called inflation, that can help explain this puzzle. He suggested that a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang, the universe underwent a tremendous growth spurt. In just 10–32 seconds (a hundred-millionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second), the universe expanded at a rate far greater than at any time in the 13.8 billion years that have elapsed since.
This period of enormous expansion spread tiny regions — which had once been in close contact — to the far corners of the universe. As a result, the cosmos looks the same on the large scale, no matter what direction you point a telescope. (Think of a big, lumpy ball of dough: If you roll the dough over and over again with your rolling pin, eventually you smooth out all the lumps and create a uniform sheet of dough.) Indeed, inflation expanded tiny regions of space into volumes far bigger than astronomers can ever observe. This expansion suggests the intriguing possibility that inflation created universes far beyond the scope of our own. Instead of a single universe, a collection of universes, or a multiverse, may exist. One universe is hard enough to comprehend as it is!
Inflation had another effect: The infinitesimally short but extraordinarily great growth spurt after the Big Bang captured random, subatomic fluctuations in energy and blew them up to macroscopic proportions. By preserving and amplifying these so-called quantum fluctuations, inflation produced regions of the universe with slight variations in density from one to another.
Because of inflation and the quantum fluctuations, some regions of the universe contain more matter and energy, on average, than other regions. As a result, there are cold spots and hot spots in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background. Over time, gravity molded these variations into the spidery networks of galaxy clusters and giant voids that fill our universe today.


Researchers demo hack to seize control of municipal traffic signal systems
Imagine the chaos that would ensue if an attacker were able to take control of a municipal traffic signal system, turning all lights simultaneously green to create massive gridlock and numerous collisions. Or a scenario in which criminals manipulate signals to create a getaway path or to block pursuing law enforcement. Could this happen in reality?
Computer science researchers working with Prof. J. Alex Halderman have demonstrated that a number of security flaws do indeed exist in commonly-deployed networked traffic signal systems that leave the systems vulnerable to attack or manipulation.
Their findings, published in the paper “Green Lights Forever: Analyzing the Security of Traffic Infrastructure,” were presented at the 8th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT ’14) on August 19, 2014.
The researchers, who included graduate students Branden Ghena, William Beyer, Allen Hillaker, and Jonathan Pevarnek, arranged with a road agency in Michigan to investigate a networked traffic signal system of a type commonly deployed in the United States and discovered a number of security flaws that exist due to systemic failures by the designers. They leveraged these flaws to create attacks and gain control of a system of almost 100 intersections, successfully demonstrating their attacks in coordination with authorities to ensure public safety. These simulated attacks showed that an adversary could control traffic infrastructure to cause disruption, degrade safety, or gain an unfair advantage.
Traffic systems typically use wireless radios to communicate, and the researchers found security flaws in these connections that allowed them to access the traffic lights. Other security issues with the traffic light controller allowed the team to change lights on command.
Of significance, the researchers report that “the vulnerabilities we discover in the infrastructure are not a fault of any one device or design choice, but rather show a systemic lack of security consciousness. We use the lessons learned from this system to provide recommendations for both transportation departments and designers of future embedded systems.”
Prof. Halderman is a noted computer security expert whose research places an emphasis on problems that broadly impact society and public policy. His interests include software security, network security, data privacy, anonymity, electronic voting, censorship resistance, digital rights management, computer forensics, ethics, and cybercrime, as well as the interaction of technology with law, governmental regulation, and international affairs. He is the director of the Center for Computer Security and Society.


- Category: Hazardous Locations
Three basic conditions must be satisfied for a fire or explosion to occur. First, a flammable liquid, vapor or combustible dust must be present in sufficient quantity. Second, the flammable liquid, vapor or combustible dust must be mixed with air or oxygen in the proportions required to produce an explosive mixture. Finally, a source of energy must be applied to the explosive mixture.
In applying these principles, the quantity of the flammable liquid or vapor that may be liberated and its physical characteristics must be recognized. Vapors from flammable liquids also have a natural tendency to disperse into the atmosphere, and rapidly become diluted to concentrations below the lower explosion limit, particularly when there is natural or mechanical ventilation.
In order to have an explosive gas atmosphere, the concentration of the gas or vapor must be above the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) but below the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). The possibility that the gas concentration may be above the upper explosion limit does not afford any degree of safety, as the concentration must first pass through the explosive range to reach the upper explosion limit.


A comprehensive interconnection of Asean’s power grid has been a longheld dream, first emerging into serious discourse in the 1980s. Now, almost four decades later, we might finally be approaching a moment when the pressure for climate action moves this idea towards a more established reality.
The push for renewables in Southeast Asia
Electricity demand in Southeast Asia is growing at a phenomenal rate — forecast to triple in volume from 2022 to 2050, according to the Asean Energy Outlook. Meeting this surging demand while balancing the energy trilemma of secure, affordable and sustainable energy will not be easy.
Nations are increasingly looking to renewable energy sources to form part of the solution, with most Asean countries targeting around 30% of renewable energy in the power mix by 2030. Asean benefits from diverse and varied renewable energy capacity to achieve these ambitions — substantial geothermal capacity in Indonesia and Philippines; wind and solar in Vietnam; hydropower capacity in Laos and Malaysia; and significant solar energy capacity across the region, especially in Thailand and Malaysia.
However, integrating renewable technologies has its own set of challenges. It requires investment both in technologies and grid upgrades to transport renewable electricity from the point of generation to location of demand. Intermittent generation will also require careful investment to balance peak times of generation with peak demand.
Ultimately, renewables potential will also rely on local geography and weather. Countries such as Singapore that are land-constrained or that do not have favourable conditions for renewables may face challenges meeting their decarbonisation targets.
Overcoming challenges with interconnections
Interconnections — high-voltage cables that connect electricity systems of different countries — can play a critical role in mitigating the challenges of renewables integration.
Interconnections allow the transfer of energy from areas with abundant energy generation at a time when other regions face a shortage. This would enable the region to integrate different sources of renewable energy with complementary supply profiles, facilitating the decarbonisation of Asean power systems.
Such trade in electricity allows for better stability and improved load balancing. It can also help optimise power infrastructure investment across the region as countries can invest in assets where they have high renewables potential, while relying on the Asean Grid to supply other sources of renewables where needed. This would enhance market efficiency, bring down costs and improve affordability. Interconnection additionally brings economic benefits through lower average investment costs and reserve ratios, and allows further development in some resource-rich, but less developed, economies.
An interconnected power system also boosts resilience in the face of significant global pressures. Having a reliable regional supply of renewables can help reduce reliance on fossil fuel and mitigate fuel volume and price uncertainties from events such as the war in Ukraine and the recent volatility of Southeast Asian coal prices triggered by fluctuating demand in China.
Making the Asean Grid a reality
Achieving an effective and interconnected Asean Grid will require several key enablers. Regional funding mechanisms need to be established to push forward interconnection projects, and fair financial settlements will be required to create a sustainable market for import and export.
Technical considerations include ensuring the appropriate technical standards are met for inter-grid connections, ensuring secure and accurate data flow and information to enable operations, and maintaining the reliability of power transmission across participating countries.
Countries need to ensure fair governance and transparent regulations on interconnected projects and operations. They should also promote forward planning in line with growing demand, and define a clear process for project approvals. Most critically, alignment across governments of the region will be vital to drive this transition towards success.
One example of such success is the mature energy market of the EU, where interconnections enable the regional supply of electricity from varied low-carbon sources such as nuclear in France, hydropower in the Nordics, and solar and wind in Germany. Key coordinating institutions such as the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity and the Agency for Cooperation of Energy Regulators help to align efforts across over 30 countries. The Energy Infrastructure Forum provides a platform for technical cooperation, while investment needs are addressed by EU funding instruments such as the Connecting Europe Facility. Power trading is enabled by the setup of several power exchanges and a common regulatory framework helps harmonise the regulatory landscape.
Sink your teeth into in-depth insights from our contributors, and dive into financial and economic trends
Delivering on this interconnected future will take time. Europe took decades to develop the infrastructure we see today. Yet, Asean is a region on the rise, and as economies continue to mature, interconnected power infrastructure offers a chance to support that growth.
Why now is the time to drive to action
There are signs of growing momentum for the Asean Grid. After decades of limited bilateral power deals, the first tri-partisan power sharing agreement in the region was established in 2017. This agreement saw Malaysia purchasing over 100MW of hydroelectric power from Asean partner Laos, transmitted through Thailand’s grid in a power-wheeling agreement. The agreement was extended in 2019, with capacity expanding to 300MW.
Singapore, which is renewables-constrained due to its limited land area, is completing the chain by participating in the Laos-Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore Power Integration Project to trial the import of hydropower from Laos. The city-state has acknowledged the importance of interconnections in achieving its net-zero ambitions and recently released a tender for 1.2GW of low-carbon power imports, which saw 20 bidders from across the region. The Government’s own strategic roadmap sees low-carbon electricity imports contributing 25% to 60% of the power mix by 2050, in addition to own renewable sources such as solar or geothermal.
These initiatives are promising and should encourage further regional cooperation on the development of the wider Asean Grid. Given the time horizon required to plan and build the necessary regulatory, financial and physical infrastructure, the region must act swiftly to accelerate interconnection efforts and enable a green, secure and affordable energy future for all.
Marko Lackovic is a partner with the Boston Consulting Group; Kar Min Lim is a principal with the Boston Consulting Group


None of A Kind
Number of Players: 2-6 players
Play time: 20 Minutes
Difficulty level: Easy
Categories: Card game, Family game
None of a Kind, a.k.a. Schwarz Rot Gelb, is a quick-playing pattern-building game — well, anti-pattern-building really. The game includes 80 color cards and 30 point cards (valued -4 to 10); each color card has 1-4 words on it, with the words being one of five colors but printed in one of the remaining four colors. Thus, the card might have "Gelb" (yellow) printed twice, but in black ink.
Shuffle the color cards, then spread them out on the table. Reveal as many points cards as the number of players. Each player takes a starting card and places it at the beginning of a row. Simultaneously, players start flipping over cards to find one that fits next to their rightmost card, with "fits" meaning that neither of the two colors on the rightmost card are repeated on the new card and the number of words showing on the two cards differ. If you draw a card that meets this description, add it to your row and draw again; if not, place it face-up on the table.
Once a player has a certain number of cards in their row — 7 to 11 depending on the number of players — they call "Stop!" All players check their card rows for errors, discarding any mistaken card and all cards played after it. The player with the longest row of cards claims the highest point card on display; the player with the second-longest row the next highest point card; and so on.
Shuffle the color cards for a new round of play. After five rounds, the player with the highest point total wins the game.


Parents, we know that you're always looking for new ways to engage your attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) children, and you're in luck. We've got a powerful strategy that you can use with your child that will improve his executive skills now and when he is older. It’s called verbal scaffolding. It sounds complicated, but it’s about helping your child see patterns, make connections, and draw on past knowledge when doing activities.
How Verbal Scaffolding Helps Stubborn ADD/ADHD Children
Instead of barking out, “Just take your medicine” when your child refuses to, say, “If you don’t take your medicine, your strep throat will come back.” Instead of saying, “Don’t press down so hard with that pencil,” try, “If you bear down too hard, you’ll break the pencil lead.”
The more you help children think about what they do and why, the greater the capacity they’ll develop for problem-solving situations. Research shows that three-year-old children whose mothers provide explanations and ask questions tend to have better problem-solving skills and goal-directed behavior at age six.
This article appears in the Spring 2010 issue of ADDitude.
To read this issue of ADDitude in full, buy the back issue.


Ferrets are crepuscular
Ferrets are naturally most active during dusk and dawn. (This is also when their eyesight is best!) In addition, they descend from polecats that sleep in burrows below the ground. This means that ferrets require complete darkness and a quiet, cozy sleep environment. Ferrets that are exposed to too much light and don’t have access to covering will not sleep well and may develop behavioral and health problems.
Helping Your Ferrets Live Healthier, Happier Lives
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How many ferret beds should you have in a cage?
Ideally, you want to have a few different beds in your cage for your ferret to choose from. Since they spend most of their days sleeping, they like to have more than one choice in sleep spaces. Multiple sleeping spaces fulfills that desire and keeps their cage a bit more interesting.
It’s best to have lots of different kinds of bedding, set up different bedding options throughout the cage, and rotate the different bedding types between washes.
The best types of ferret bedding
These are the best types of bedding options:
Blankets — The staple bedding that most ferret owners use is simple fleece or cotton blankets.
Natural fibers tend to be more breathable and may be a better option for your ferret’s comfort (and are better for the environment).
Ferrets love blankets because they allow them to crawl into a dark space. They also love the ability to adjust the blanket to their bodies and create a little cocoon. Blankets create a soft, warm, dark, and snug space for sleep. They are also durable and easy to wash, making them excellent for ferret owners as well.
Another similar option is sleep sacks, which are fabric sewn to create a three-sided bag big enough for a ferret to crawl in and curl up to sleep.
Hammocks — The other staple that all ferret owners should have in their ferret enclosures is hammocks, both open and enclosed. Ferrets like the sensation of being suspended while sleeping.
Hammocks typically hang in a higher area of the cage, which the ferret needs to climb to in order to reach. This provides some mental and physical enrichment in the cage.
Open hammocks allow the ferret to sleep uncovered if they wish, while enclosed hammocks allow for the ferret to burrow themselves into the hammock and be surrounded by darkness while they sleep. You might find that your ferret preferes the open hammocks in the warmer months and the enclosed hammocks in winter.
Novelty ferret beds — Some companies have designed novelty beds which are a bit more fun looking, resembling things like boats and crocodiles. Some of these even include attached toys that can be fun for the ferret. When purchasing novelty beds, make sure they are specifically made for ferrets, are well made (check the stitching), and are made of good-quality material (preferably natural fabrics). Beds that are not made specifically for ferrets, that are made poorly, or that are made of poor materials can be a safety hazard for your ferret.


MP3 Files and Players
An MP3 file is an audio file that's been converted from analog to digital format. The files are typically a fraction of the size of the original wav file which makes them popular with portable audio players like the iPod.
Before MP3 files are covered in detail, you need to understand why they're needed. Wav Files are raw data files that have information that's sampled a predetermined number of times per second. Digital audio such as that used on CDs is sampled at 44,100 times per second with 16 bit samples. This means that a sample is taken 44,100 times per second and each sample has 16 pieces of information. Since we need at least 1 sample from each half of the waveform at all frequencies to reproduce the audio signal, we need at least a 40,000 samples per second to reproduce a 20,000 hertz signal (the upper end of the audio band). A sampling rate of 44.1khz allows us to reproduce the entire audio spectrum (20-20,000 hertz). Lower sampling rates and lower bit rates allow smaller data files but will also reduce the maximum reproducible frequency and resolution. Wav files can be used on a web site (I have a few on this site) but the download times can be quite long. To transmit a CD quality stereo signal in real time, it would require a transfer rate of more than 1.4 million bits per second. This is a significantly higher bit rate than can be achieved on the net.
The image below is a 1000hz signal recorded at 44,100 samples per second. The bright green dots are the points where the data samples were taken on the waveform. This is less than 0.005 seconds of audio.
This is a 22,050hz signal sampled at 44,100hz. You can see that there is exactly 2 samples/cycle. One for each half of the waveform.
Long, long ago in a lab far, far away... Well, it wasn't so long ago nor so far away but... a group of experts (let's call them the Motion Picture Experts Group) decided that there was a need to have a quality audio compression scheme that would allow a virtually lossless audio compression. There have been several predecessors of the current MPEG-1 Layer-3 or MP3 format. The MP3 format allows CD quality audio to be coded with a 12:1 reduction in file sizes when compared to a wav file.
Layer-1 audio coding is the simplest coding scheme. It allows the least amount of file compression (up to 4:1 for a CD quality recording) but requires the least processor power. Layer-2 allows better compression (up to 8:1 for CD quality recordings). Layer-2 requires still more processor power to decode the signal in real time. Layer-3 coding is the coding scheme with which we are all familiar. It allows a file reduction of as much as 12:1 for CD quality recordings.
There are other MPEG formats such as MPEG-2 and MPEG-4. Both have 3 layers.
As you know, the human auditory system has a very large range dynamic range. We can hear a pin drop or a dragster blasting down the track. One thing it can't do is hear the pin drop while the dragster is making all of that noise. This 'masking' (by our auditory system) of the quieter sounds while there are louder sounds is what helps to make MP3 so effective. The MP3 encoder discards all of the material which is not going to be heard by our auditory system. When done properly, what's left is all that we would hear anyway.
In stereo audio, there are sounds that are in both channels equally. MP3 encoding takes advantage of this to further reduce the file size. There's no point in making 2 copies of the same material.
Huffman coding is an algorithm that allows further compression of sounds that have little masking such as pure tones.
MP-3 files can be recorded at different rates. If you only want a telephone quality mono signal, the file size can have a 96:1 reduction. If you require a CD quality stereo signal, you'll have to record at a higher bit rate such as 128kbps which still allows a file size reduction of ~12:1.
If you want or need even more detailed information try this site or this site.
Virtually everything below this point is old information and generally useless. This page will be updated soon to reflect more current equipment.
Player and Media Types
Multi-Media Card Players:
Multi-Media Card (MMC) players accept a media card that's 24mm x 32mm x 1.4mm. they're readily available in sizes up to 128GB.
Smart Media Card Players:
Smart-media card players accept a memory card that's 37mm x 45mm x 0.76mm.
Compact Flash Card Players:
There are some players that read from Compact Flash cards (memory cards used in, among other things, digital cameras and PDAs). The dimensions of a compact flash card is 3.3mm x 43mm x 36mm. They're available in capacities up to 2GB. There is at least one in dash player (the Clarion autoPC) that uses this type of storage device. The Clarion autoPC can also accept the IBM microdrive*. The IBM microdrive is a very small (5mm x 43mm x 36mm) hard drive that fits into the same port as a compact flash card. At this time the microdrive is available in sizes up to 1 gigabyte and cost about. At this time, the 1 gig drive is ~$400us. The Compact Flash cards are approximately $1.5/meg.
*IBM's hard drive division was purchased by Hitachi. They are supposed to produce a 4GB microdrive in the near future (if it's not already on the market).
Compact Disc Type Players:
This type of player is generally a dual format player. There are at least 2 different models available (Aiwa and Kenwood). You can see them on the Crutchfield site. They can play normal CDs which make them very popular. They can also play CDRs with MP3 files. This allows you to record MP3 files from your computer if you have a CD burner. Since CDRs are extremely inexpensive, this can be a really cost effective way to play MP3 files (ignoring the cost of the computer, CD burner and the deck, of course :-)
Hard Drive Based Players:
This type of player is similar to your PC. It reads the files from a hard drive similar to what's in your computer. Players (like the empeg/Rio player) are available with different size hard drives. You can load files from your computer through several different types of ports (serial, USB, ethernet). This type of player goes in the dash of your vehicle just as a standard head unit. The empeg/Rio player runs the Linux operating system.
A USB (universal serial bus) port is a new type of port that allows many different types of peripherals to be connected to your computer. Many of the new digital cameras, modems, printers, scanners and drives (just to name a few) use USB ports. USB can transfer data at rates between 1.5 and 12 Mbps. The interconnect cable largely determines the actual transfer rate. For more info on USB ports, visit this site.
The serial port can be either a 9 pin or 25 pin connector. The data transfer in either form is the same. This type of connector is used to connect to your mouse or external modem. The serial port has a maximum transfer rate of ~250kbps.
The parallel port on the back of your computer can transfer data on 8 pins at a time which makes it able to transfer data faster than a standard serial port. The connector is a 25 contact connector which has 25 sockets to accept the 25 pins on the interconnect cable. This is the connector you might use for your printer (or other peripherals).
An ethernet port is capable of 10Mbps. It was designed for use with Local Area Networks. It can be transmitted through fiber optics, coaxial or even twisted pair telephone cable. The connector for twisted pair cabling is an RJ45, 8 conductor telephone type plug/jack.
Linux is an open source computer operating system originally conceived by Finish programmer Linus Torvalds. The system will, hopefully, come to replace Windows as the main operating system for PCs (or at least force Windows build an operating system that doesn't crash during normal use). The biggest advantage of Linux is the fact that it's an open source program which means that anyone (programmers) can write, edit or otherwise modify the operating system to best fit their needs.
At least one type of portable (the Rave) uses an Iomega Clik! disc. The Clik! disc holds 40 megs of data which translates into approximately 40 minutes of CD quality music. This is a relatively cost effective type of removable storage because the discs are only about $10 at the time this page was written (March 2001).
There are several different types of adapters to connect portable MP3 players to your audio system.
- The worst type (in my opinion) is the cassette adapter. It looks like a cassette tape and goes into your cassette player just like a cassette tape. It has a wire with a mini phone plug on it that plugs into the headphone jack of your portable MP3 player. This type of adapter will provide the poorest sound quality of all.
- Another type of adapter is the RF modulator. It goes into the antenna line for you head unit. It accepts an audio signal (from the headphone output of your MP3 player) and converts it to an FM signal that can be received by your head unit. They generally have 2 different frequencies. You tune your head unit to the selected frequency to listen to the MP3s. The sound quality with this type of adapter will provide surprisingly good sound quality (generally better than FM stations).
- The last is not so much a converter but a cable. It would have a stereo mini phone jack on one end and a set of RCA cables on the other end. It's used to connect the MP3 player to the RF converter or an EQ with a front panel auxiliary jack.


East and old South took great quantities of money with them to the western land
Capitalistic Community? By 1860, capitalism in the United States was well on its way
Local and state governments also invested heavily in internal improvements, particularly canals and railroads. construct a perpetual-profit machine following a system of private governance of
Edward Pessen, "The Business Elite of Antebellum New
Also increased population facilitated cheap labor in industries, leaving rural areas hence decline of feudalism and rise of capitalism.
The bells in the cupolas over the mills awoke them and called them to their jobs, to meals, and to bed in the evening. 73.
Duff Green, 1833) Serial Set numbers 222 and 223. Railroads were the first industry
See Lamoreaux, Insider Lending, p. 13 and
merchants) in need of capital frequently organized their own banks.
Fran�ois Weil, "Capitalism and Industrialization in New
See also Ronald Bailey, "The Slave(ry) Trade and the
the industry faced defined occasions for exerting its influence on public
for both types.
An early test of federal bounty to the well-heeled was the
its own construction. great. Prude, The Coming of Industrial Order, p.
Scranton, Proprietary Capitalism, pp. 23.
Capital investment also grew through interregional private
. Economic History, 34 (December 1974) 1008-1020.
1849). of the capitalist class was patterned after age-old practices in English and
Connections, and Economic Development in Industrial New England (Cambridge
the plantation and capital-rich northern banks stood the cotton factor, an agent
country was really their creation.66, Northern businessmen were largely the middlemen, the
), The New England Mill
Coal mining and steel manufacture boomed, fuelled by new technical developments and production methods. material in this paragraph, see Dublin, Women at Work, p. 22; Prude,
remained small. The changes ranged from new ways of financing
As America celebrates its centennial, 5 million people descend on Philadelphia to celebrate America's technological achievements, but some of the early principles of the Republic remain unrealized. The wheat trade was a more symbiotic relationship, and the land wasn’t the loser. Production and Manufacture of Cotton," Hunt's Merchants Magazine (Nov.
Estimates ranged from $1.4 to $4.7 trillion. Fascism follows nationalism, requiring business owners to put national interests first.
Taylor, George R. The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1861. This was a paramount
Glenn Porter, "Marketing," p. 390 in Encyclopedia of American Economic
more affected in its growth, and no branch of law received greater impetus,
and weavers more than doubled in the Hamilton Company mills in Lowell. asked: Is not every bank a monopoly? 667 in Encyclopedia of American Economic History, vol.
Company, the ranking banking firm in Anglo-American affairs, refused altogether
industry was well represented in the relevant governmental bodies. Lamoreaux, "Banks, Kinship, and Economic Development," p. 663. manufacturing centers such as Rhode Island, prominent manufacturers played a
York City: Diversity, Continuity, Standing," p. 163 in Joseph R. Frese and Jacob
Dublin, Women at Work, pp.
It was built on Lake Michigan, a water corridor that connected them. Law, 2nd Edition, revised by Roland Gray (Macmillan, 1921), pp. Naomi R. Lamoreaux, "Banks, Kinship, and Economic
p. 373; and Kulik, pp. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., closes the series with a reflection on the power of the human imagination. This included some fortunes of
James P. Hanlan, The Working Population of
In northern agriculture, organized principally in family
Jane Addams and Rose Cohen were two â¦
Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American
farms, Clarence Danhof finds most were "financially successful. Manchester, New Hampshire 1840-1886 (UMI Research Press, 1981), p. 2. Stop. Explorations in Economic History, 9 (Fall 1971), p. 65. Glenn Porter, "Marketing," p. 390 in Encyclopedia of American Economic
earliest mills, children made up most of the work force. 1820-1880 (doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, 1948), p. 272.
Class lines within the textile factories
The following year, Slater built a mill from memory at Pawtucket, Rhode Island with the backing of two local capitalists. 7.
110. percent. Colorado Mining Industry, 1859-1902 (Texas A&M University Press, 1977),
26 (March 1966), p. 13. The rise of industrial capitalism had major consequences on American life, politics, and foreign policy. See Naomi R. Lamoreaux and Christopher Glaisek,
107. affairs: "Out of a total of 178 laws passed during the legislative session of
would be difficult to imagine an entrepreneurial class more solicitously
To be honest, when I picked it up from the library, I wasnât sure that I was in the mood for a challenging read about the history of capitalism in America, especially right around the Christmas holidays. 1800-1805 and 1860-1861 found that in the earlier period, "lawyers came
21. Ibid., p. 71. Northern Agriculture in 1860," p. 100 in Uselding (ed.
� A stock market
Goodrich, Government Promotion, p. 280. Capitalism requires a free market economy to succeed. "1, In general, the market for corporate securities was small
This canal would create an all-water highway from New York down to New Orleans, with Chicago situated at one of its key junctures.
But there were compensations. Legal History of the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, 1836-1915 (Harvard
Production of commodities. Production and Manufacture of Cotton," Hunt's Merchants Magazine (Nov.
Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders.
By 1801, when Jefferson was inaugurated as President, the U.S. was still an agrarian type of nation; but this would all change after that, and it was a sudden change in the society with long lasting effects.
United States capitalism was already on the verge of a major recession before COVID-19 hit.
American Corporations, I (Harvard University Press, 1917), p. 195. U.S. Congress, 33rd, 1st session,
The Erie Canal, for example, was built through millions of dollars of bonds issued by the New York State legislature and purchased by investors. See also
In general, few workers became capitalists, although this
The Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress, 1817-1862. in each other's homes and married into each other's families; they also directed
It was a federation of wealthy families and their
Ibid., p. 246. 99. Geography & background of the United States of America. these Cuban entrepreneurs were so substantial that the banking system of the
11. 3. of class struggle or proletarian revolt, things which they barely understood and
See "Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth in the United
Du Bois, "Caste and Class in the United States,", 75. E. James Ferguson, "Political Economy, Public Liberty,
craftsmen. the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (Oxford University Press,
free-for-all. p. 217. 17. the political.
Competition, these justices believed, was a good thing, and their rulings often reflected their belief that transportation networks marked the “onward spirit of the age,” a spirit that should be left unbridled.
from Past Injustices (Greenwood Press, 1990).
Gavin Wright, "Capitalism and Slavery on the Islands: A
the latter were prominent politicians.22, Throughout the pre-Civil War years, the economic interests
62. After the rise of Industrial Capitalism in America social classes were formed. *FREE* shipping on eligible orders.
This extended to city police forces commonly being summoned against
Capitalism is an economic system, not a philosophical or moral system ( although some …
100. editors who borrowed money from the bank: Regional McGrane, ed.,
Professor Miller brings the American story to 1763 with the Peace of Paris and English dominance in America. desperately feared.
organized principally by corporations. 26 (March 1966), p. 13. "31 Government investment funds were more
13. The canal that helped make New York the country’s busiest saltwater port would soon make Chicago the country’s busiest freshwater port. requiring that loans be made to manufacturers as well as farmers.84
Eugen Ehrlich, Fundamental Principles of the
"95 Many judges were
Reconsidered: Central Iowa as a Test Case," Journal of Economic History,
craftsmen became wage-hands in artisan shops.
Professor Scharff continues the story of Jefferson's Empire of Liberty. 1844 no less than 116 were special acts relating to particular
�"103 Nor was the boundary between financier and
reports estimates ranging from $5 to 10 trillion covering 1619-1995. leading role in bank organizing.18, Banking was itself a growth industry during the American
The forces unleashed by these twin revolutions; democracy, industrialization, and capitalism, developed in tandem and transformed the look and character of the country. As Lamoreaux indicates: "insider lending resulted in
James P. Hanlan, The Working Population of
20. of the capitalist class was patterned after age-old practices in English and
rich were inordinately represented in city councils, even if by a declining
68. See Harold Woodman, King Cotton and His Retainers. began to enact a general incorporation statute which required only an
Miller: America experiences a great surge of commercial development, technological innovation, and industrial growth at the beginning of the 19th century.You can’t just declare it and say we had this fascination with gadgetry, and technology has done so much for us, and we’ve become world leaders.
Village, 1790-1860 (MIT Press, 1982), p. xxix. The Evolution of a Regional Elite 1760-1910 (University of Pittsburgh Press,
Division of labor. [steam] engine of quite low efficiency, rarely cost more than ten or twelve
Dodd, American Business Corporations, p.
1996), p. 215. Edwin Merrick Dodd, American Business Corporations
By about 1820, however, banking had become
83. 1996), p. 215. Harold C. Livesay and Glenn Porter, "The Financial Role
(Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996), p. 156. Ibid., p. 440.
had been slain by the forces of law and order in a trade dispute. 1849), (Jan. 1850), and (March, 1850), A.A. Lawrence, "The Condition and
84. increasing the concentration of income and wealth in the United
Over half of the Cuban capital invested abroad in the
698, Report of the Secretary of
In their off hours, the women attended uplifting lectures, formed improvement groups, and editing their own magazine, the Lowell Offering.
became attractive to larger investors in New York City and then in
devoted to the protection of property and ready to shield its beneficiaries from
To wit: âAmerican farmers engineered an ecological transformation by turning the native grasslands of the Midwest and California into a vast sea of grain.â And in the cruel logic of American capitalism, the fate of millions of displaced indigenous peoples was incidental to the holy grail of economic growth and the magic the marketplace. Slater’s mill was a place for making textiles, the woven fabrics used for clothing and hundreds of other products. Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle, ( ) pp.
2020 rise of capitalism in america


The crucifixion of Christ, the conversion of one outlaw, and the rejection by the other.
Here is the short story of the sorrowful but essential walk to the place of crucifixion — Calvary! Here we briefly consider several characters along the Lord’s way from the corrupt courts to crucifixion.
Sin’s handiwork in humans can be seen in the characters of this section. Murderers, thieves, liars, haters, adulterers, idolaters, religious and secular hypocrites. Violent, even cowardly men. Law makers who are law breakers, cynics and blasphemers. All these contributed to Christ’s Crucifixion.
With fanatical religious hatred, the Jewish leaders whisked the Son of God from their own corrupt courts to the unjust courts of the Gentiles with the sole purpose of humiliating and publically killing Jesus the Messiah.
To treat anyone with cruelty is awful enough, but to treat the Son of God this way is unthinkable. This has been a practice of lost souls to this day; standing behind it is an alibi that damns souls: “We did not know that Jesus is Lord.”


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Adam, Brian, Carmen and Jeff discuss theoretical and practical aspects of the design process, as well as the emotional states they experience when engaged in design activities.
- Carmen is starting to gain confidence in his design abilities.
- Jeff notes that a lot of his colleagues wanted to be design engineers, but the number of available positions for such work was rather limited.
- Carmen and Jeff agree that the design process was not discussed in any great detail during their college years.
- A wide variety of meanings have been attached to the word “design.” Additionally, the word can be used as either a verb or a noun.
- Brian describes a humorous design concept meeting from the TV series, Silcon Valley.
- A lot of design work goes on outside the realm of product design, notes Carmen.
- Xerox PARC scientists decided that design activities “moved minds,” while engineering activities “moved atoms.”
- In the Rational Design Model, constraints and objectives are known in advance, allowing optimal designs to be created in accordance with a predetermined plan that follows discrete stages.
- In the Action-Centric Design Model, creativity and emotion guide design decisions along an improvised path in which no predetermined structure is evident.
- Brian mentions using the Phase-Gate Model of project management in previous design work.
- Young engineers are warned by Brian to avoid “custom firmware.”
- Jeff mentions a video that attempts to explain the Engineering Design Process to children.
- Steps of the Engineering Design Process include:
- Determine Design Constraints
- Research Existing Issues and Potential Solutions
- Evaluate Solution Path
- Detailed design
- Production planning
- Brian and Jeff discuss “creeping featurism.”
- A conversation ensures about emotions associated with the design process.
- Jeff notes that a lot of design work is tedious, meaning that one must enjoy design for its own sake.
Thanks to Julien Belli for use of the photo titled “Design.” Opening music by John Trimble, and concluding theme by Paul Stevenson.


"Can a product which requires clean water, good sanitation, adequate family income and a literate parent to follow printed instructions, be properly and safely used in areas where water is contaminated, sewage runs through the streets, poverty is severe and illiteracy is high?"
In 1978 Nestlé admitted, "No". Sadly when the same question is asked today, the answer remains, "No".
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF about 1.5 million babies die every year because they were not breastfed. In many parts of the world, not breastfeeding means the difference between life and death. Where water is unsafe, preparing formula means exposing children to the harmful bacteria found in untreated water. This causes many infants to become infected with bacterial diseases, the most feared of which is diarrhoea, which yearly leads to dehydration and death for thousands of infants. Many more millions suffer from infectious diseases and malnutrition, never reaching their full potential because they were not breastfed. The global decline in breastfeeding and the subsequent ascent of "commerciogenic malnutrition" has been attributed in part to the aggressive marketing of breastmilk substitutes by the babymilk and babyfood industry1. To Counteract this dangerous trend, the World Health Assembly ratified an international marketing code2 designed to protect breastfeeding and ensure the proper use of artificial feeding when necessary.
The International Code imposes strict guidelines that prohibit the promotion of infant formula to the public, the promotion of infant formula through health care systems, direct contact between formula companies and mothers, and ensure proper labels on all products describing the benefits of breastfeeding and the dangers of bottlefeeding (see the International Code page on this website for more information).
Despite the fact that Nestlé has promised to comply with the WHO Marketing Code, the company disposes of large quantities of free formulas to maternity hospitals and birthing centres, distributes free formula to pregnant women and new mothers, misinforms about infant feeding, and tries to entice health care workers with enducements and gifts. In Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico, Russia and South Africa, mothers of newborns receive free Nestlé infant formula samples in hospitals. Health care workers receive gifts such as pens, calendars, and desk sets in Chile, Colombia, and Spain, and in Zimbabwe, health care workers receive Christmas hampers from Nestlé.3.
Nestlé knows that artificial feeding in the poor areas of the world is dangerous. So why do they promote their products there? The awful reality is that every breastfeeding mother represents competition for formula companies. In what has become a deadly zero-sum game, Nestlé is trying to convince mothers all over the world to engage in dangerous feeding practices.
As the world's largest babyfood company, Nestlé sets the marketing standards for the industry. Currently, rather than setting a good example, it is the single most prolific violator of the International Code. Participants in the Nestlé Boycott refuse to let Nestlé carry on business as usual while they are at the same time endangering the health of millions. Boycotters refuse to buy any Nestlé products in order to put pressure on the company by creating bad publicity and lowering sales. The Boycott will be promoted and publicized until such time as Nestlé is forced to change its marketing practices and begins to act ethically.


Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
By: Ella Eustace
Earth day was first celebrated in 1970, as a result of the hard work and dedication of Sen. Gaylord Nelson. There was legislation on social activism, but none on environmental issues. In 1963 he appealed to the public, designating April 22 as "national emviormental day." Earthday has now been around for 45 years!!!