Gangapur is a big village of district Faisalabad that is about 60 kilometers from the Faisalabad city and about 24 kilometers from Tehsil Jaranwala. We created this page for the history of the style of this great village.
Gangapur is a historical village of the Pak-o-Hind history.
Sir Ganga Ram
This great village was governed by a great Hindu engineer named Sir Ganga Ram. Sir Ganga Ram was born in April 1851 at Mangtanwala about 40 miles from Lahore and 14 miles from Nankana Sahib, his father who was Assistant Sub-inspector at a Police station later moved to Amritsar. Sir Ganga Ram mastered in calligraphy and Persian. He passed his matriculation from Government High School and joined the Government College Lahore in 1869 Afterwards he obtained a scholarship to the Thompson Engineering College Roorki in 1871, where he passed with the Gold medal in 1873.
Sir Ganga Ram retired in 1903. He died in London on July 10, 1927. His body was cremated and ashes were brought to India, a portion of his ashes was immersed in river Ganga and the rest buried in Lahore on the banks of Ravi as by the Hindu religion.
The great Urdu writer Saadat Hassan Manto writes about Sir Ganga Ram. In the riots of 1947, a group of mob attacked the statue of Sir Ganga Ram, by throwing stones. When the police came some people were injured in the clash and the leader of the group was taken to Sir Ganga Ram Hospital.
When he recovered and came to his senses he saw a big picture of Sir Ganga Ram hanging in front of him in the ward. Sir Ganga Ram earned millions, most of which he gave to charity. Sir Ganga Ram Heritage Foundation Lahore tries to enlighten the next generation about the contribution of great sons of Punjab by highlighting their work. He was a zooming civil engineer, of that era. He was a leading well-wisher of Human beings and agriculturists of his times, who established the Renala Hydral Power Station in Renala Khurd, Punjab in 1925.
Bamba water System
In 1898 Sir Ganga Ram established a water storage and pressure system to preserve water and then generate pressure to use irrigation of wheat and other crops. This water system that creates the pressure of about 8 to 10 feet from the surface of the earth and that was used to transfer water from low level to a high level for the irrigation of whole village crops. It was called Bamba. This system served the inhabitants of the village until 1998. But now it is extinguished and transferred to the only history.
Gangapur has a vast Garden at that time in the village, spread over an area of (25) acres that in past was about 50 acres. Now this garden generates an income of about 20 lac that is used for the village reconciliation.
Ghora Train (Anokhi Sawari)
The reason of the popularity is mostly by Trolley with a Horse. This is a unique system in which a horse pull a buggy called thella with force over a small 2 feet wide track on the earth. This is a unique traveling system that was launched in 1903. thousands of people come from the world come to see this unique Anokhi Sawari System.
Due to lack of resources and un-educated management, this system was revoked in 1993. But After the high effort of Nazim and village inhabitants, DCO Faisalabad provided sufficient funds to restart this Anokhi Sawari in march 2012. Now it is again providing fun and entertainment for its visitors from all over Pakistan and the world.
Ghanta Ghar Gangapur
Faisalabad is the famous city of Pakistan due to a central point to all it big bazaars which lead them to a central point called Ghanta Ghar or Clock Tower. Like Faisalabad, Gangapur also has a Clock Tower which is situated in the center of the Gangapur.
That is same as the Faisalabad clock tower about 60 feet high and having a clock on each side. There are four long Bazaars that point to the Ghanta Ghar but also three small streets that lead to this midpoint of the village. Four long Bazaar are Main Bazar, Ra,eesanwala Bazar, Bagh Baraar and Hospital Bazaar.’,’Gangapur’,
‘We are proud to be Making a large info page about Chak No.591 GB Gangapur Tehseel Jaranwala District Faisalabad’,’Gangapur’,
‘Gangapur is a big village of district Faisalabad that is about 60 kilometers from the Faisalabad city and about 24 kilometers from tehsil Jaranwala. We created this page for the history of the styles of this great village. Gangapur is a historical village of the Pak-o-Hind history. Is a great city to have in mind when you’re traveling around the world, whatever is by land in a car or train, by air in a plane or maybe by the sea in a yacht which can give you an alternative view on traveling and visiting different places.


Pentecost 10: 28 July Luke 11:1-13
In today’s passage we have the shorter and probably earlier form of the Lord’s Prayer. Luke brings it in a context which teaches about prayer. It is just as much also teaching about God.
This is already the case in the simple way with which the Lord’s prayer begins: ‘Father’. Jesus was one of those who gave the formal designation of God as the great father in heaven and creator a familiar tone: ‘father’. Elsewhere we find traces of the common family term: ‘abba’. It is not baby talk, but it does reflect the kind of intimacy one might expect in a family. It assumes a parent who is not remote but accessible, not violent and overbearing, but supportive and caring. As verses 11-13 suggest, this is the kind of parent who is responsive. That is also the point of verses 9-10.
The kind of supportive relationship Jesus has with the Father is not exclusive, but rather a model of the relationship which all can have. That is made possible because of the kind of God God is. This is a theme repeated elsewhere, not least in the image of the father in the parable of the prodigal son. Compassion and caring are central.
Jesus would have known about abusive fathers, just as he knew about abusive rulers. He used the ambiguous images of king and father because they were part of the tradition in which he was nourished. He engaged that tradition critically, subverting its violence and asserting its love. The ambiguity of the traditional images of king and father has been reflected in the very diverse consequences which they have spawned throughout history. Interpreters of the tradition in every generation have a responsibility to engage these images critically, helping people perceive where they bring life and where they bring death. This ambiguity needs to be named, not least because among our hearers are many, both women and men, for whom the image of father is almost irrecoverably destructive.
Hallowing means respecting, treating as holy. This is fundamental to our relationship with God and to all other relationships. Acknowledging the holiness, the dignity, the otherness of the other, must not be reduced to a metaphor of cringing before one who is more powerful, even if that is dressed up respectably as obeisance before the almighty. For then it reinforces the assumption that might is right and the bigger and stronger is the better. Such thinking often results in abusive relationships. Parents emulate their god. People emulate their god. The victims are disempowered. There is, however, an awe in relationships which flows from profound respect and love. It is often when we are standing on our feet face-to-face or bowed, not the one before the other, but together in service and mutual care.
‘Your kingdom come’ remains in the realm of the same ambiguity and has been equally a source of life and death. Our eucharist remembers the image of that kingdom as a great feast where all are included, from east and west and north and south, where swords become ploughs, spears become pruning hooks. It is also a feast focused on a life broken and poured out in compassion. This is one of the central images and actions which has the capacity to control the ambiguity, if we make the connections. But even it is capable of subversion until it becomes a feast of exclusion and a trivialised appendage for people claiming privilege.
Day by day human need has a firm place in Jesus’ prayer. There can be no separation between visions and life here and now. The same need for food and forgiveness is fundamental to every human being. That is why it is also part of the vision of the kingdom. As the prayer continues, Jesus has no shame in abandoning the ideal of the hero; instead we are to pray not to have to face the hard times. This will be as much personal as it is linked with the adversity we are likely to face if we take the kingdom vision as our agenda and engage in all our relationships on the basis that the other is holy.
Embraced within the teaching about the Lord’s prayer in 11:1-4 and the assurances of being heard in 11:9-13 is a very down-to-earth parable in 11:5-8. As recent passages have highlighted, hospitality was of major importance in the ancient world. What happens when a friend arrives unexpectedly? There could be no question that hospitality would be expected and would be given. Even among friends it would be irksome to be woken in the night to be asked to help with some of tomorrow’s fresh bread. We might imagine that in a small Palestinian house a disruption would be quite major. The household would be disturbed, the secure gate would be unlocked. It is made to sound quite onerous and probably was. It was stretching friendship a bit far! But Jesus is realistic. The social pressure on people to respond to the requirements of hospitality was so great and the shame so great for all concerned when it was not provided, that the poor fellow would get up and respond to the request.
It is typical of Jesus to argue theology by using the paradigms (parables) of everyday life. It is a kind of theology of reasonableness. The argument works like this: ‘everyone knows’ that a friend will help another out in a situation like that, even if reluctantly. Why can’t you think of God being like that? The same logic is implicit in the parable of the prodigal son. ‘Everyone knows’ that this is what a father would (want to) do (even though it was in that case contrary to behavioural norms for a dignified father). Everyone knows something about compassion: why can’t you think about God like that?
It is a kind of secular theology in the sense that the argument is not from the great biblical tradition, citing the epics or the law. Instead it stands in the tradition of sages who employ the everyday to do theology, also rooted in biblical tradition. We should not imagine that Jesus played the one off against the other. Clearly his theology is informed by the great tradition, but it is also grounded in perceptions about human life and human relationships. The tradition has a way of being hijacked by the articulate and educated, and then employed in ways which reflect their agenda. That agenda is usually about holding onto power and privilege and creates a theology of God in those terms: the most powerful and therefore the most privileged. That easily becomes the basis for hierarchical control.
Instead, Jesus democratises the basis for doing theology, locating it in the human relations which we all know and experience, and where we all have some basic insight and understanding, whether we can articulate it in abstract or not. Do we know what it is like to love and be loved? Then we are well on the way to a sound theology. What is more, it is a sound basis for critical theology where you can then see through ‘father’ and ‘king’ or ‘kingdom’ to the qualities they are meant to represent and which they often stifle. God is not a ‘father’ and a ‘king’. God is not a male. God is not a claimer of privilege. God is like the mum or dad who really cares (and confronts us with reality), who is holy and makes you feel holy. So prayer is an activity of intimacy and awe and thus a model for all relationships; it is the language of the kingdom. It brings the gift of the Spirit.
Epistle: Pentecost 10: 28 July Colossians 2:6-15 (16-19)


NUKEM monitor FAMOS is designed to measure the burn up of fuel assemblies (FA’s) and allows the calculation of the content of fissile material and other actinides. The knowledge of the isotopic composition and activities of FA’s is required for a safe handling and storage of the elements.
The monitor analyses the measurement results on the basis of burn up calculations which improve the quality of the results, with respect to previous systems, which did not use those.
Volume Subject Area:Spent Fuel, Fissile Material, Transuranic and High-Level Radioactive Waste Management
Topics:Fuels, Nuclear fuels, Storage
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Nick, our School Games Organiser, has sent through some more PE challenges for us to work through this week. Here is today's one, I hope you enjoy it.
Start by working through the warm up video below. Pause the video when it says, work through the calculations, then watch the video to see if you are correct.
Today, you are going to be starting a new unit of Maths looking at how we calculate the perimeter, area and volume of shapes. In this lesson, you will be measuring perimeter. You will need a ruler for this activity.
Watch the White Rose video, complete the worksheet and then check your answers.
Here are a couple of clues for the 'Get Ready' part of the video:
1cm = 10mm
Quadrilateral - think about what 'quad' means', how many sides do these shapes have?
*The answers on the answer sheet are very precise. It is very difficult to measure exactly to the nearest mm, so please don't worry if your answer is a couple mm out! In tests, you usually still get the answer correct even if your answer is a couple mm either side of the exact answer.*
If you have time, or want an extra challenge, have a go at the perimeter word problems below.
I've attached my workings and answers so you can check your work.
10am Assembly Live
Mr Woolley will be doing a whole school assembly today at 10am on Google Classroom. Login as normal and then choose the Whole School Assembly link. I'll be watching from school too.
11am Class Four Live Catch Up
I thought it would be nice to all get together on Google Classroom to say hi and share what we have been up to in half term. Join the link at 11am and I'll see you there!
On the first day back after a holiday, we always write a recount about something you did - often you choose to write about your favourite day.
It was a strange half term as we were all in lockdown and not able to do some of the things we would normally do during school holidays. However, I'm sure you were all able to do some nice things with your family. Perhaps you did something to celebrate Valentines Day? Maybe you made pancakes on Shrove Tuesday? Or you may have done something to mark Ash Wednesday - giving up something or trying to do something extra throughout Lent?
Today, you will be planning your recount on the sheet below and then tomorrow you will be writing it.
I'm looking forward to hearing about what you've been up to. I will put my recount up tomorrow for you so you can find out about my holiday too.
We are starting work on a new spelling pattern this week. Work through the activities on the Powerpoint below.
*I've included this as a PDF as well in case you have problems opening the Powerpoint*


The structure of a literature essay can, therefore, be summarized as: The topic, the introduction. Where does it END? Are there any guidelines you can follow to achieve thatRead more
Antigone, the daughter of the cursed King Oedipus, as well as Creon, stately king of Thebes, both appear as the key figures in this historic play. The basisRead more
Human development across the lifespan essay
such dramatic changes, however, does not currently exist. The group of children that were given the toy blocks showed significant improvement and those in the control group showed no change (Sprafkin., 1983). 67 One type of research is related to the observed effects of a calorie restriction (CR) diet, which has been shown to extend lifespan in some animals. Effects of early experience on mental development in infants will also be discussed. E4 and B1 The theorists, Piaget, and Vygotsky, both had views on the significance about the role of play and learning in the early years, and both found it to be a crucial part of a childs development. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research?". However, with the widespread acceptance of Piagets insight and theory has also came with research that modifies and refines his contribution. It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Robert Boyle (16271691 founding member of the Royal Society, also hoped that science would make substantial progress with life extension, according to Hughes, and proposed such experiments as "to replace the blood of the old with the blood of the young".
Landon - aacr Prize for Basic Cancer Research Lecture". E Magalhes JP (2014). (Atherton, 2013) He proceeded to observe his three children and conducted tests to confirm his theory. The following sections, which can be accessed via the links on the left-hand side of this page, look at the place of Every Child Matters within the whole-school curriculum, and at the types of learning experience both in and outside lessons that schools can design. Children are supported to develop mathematical ideas and use related vocabulary while taking part in sorting, matching, ordering, counting, pattern making and working with numbers, shapes and measures.
Love verses friendship essay, Essay on common man's views on election,


Stability testing – Quality assurance right from the start
Convenient solution for stability testing
It takes a number of steps before active substances, drug products, vaccines, cosmetics and other items can obtain regulatory approval for the market. Part of this process includes stability tests, which are also known as shelf-life tests. The goal of these tests is to ensure sustained efficacy and prevent harmful effects in internal or external applications on living beings. When these types of products are stored or shipped, the manufacturer needs to know at what point, and under what conditions, they will begin to lose their effectiveness and when degradation will set in. This in turn affects the packaging, the expiration date, and the instructions for handling and storage. Especially when it comes to drugs and the active substances they contain, strict compliance with the specifications defined for stability and shelf-life is a must.
Quality control from the get-go
Stability tests are used for quality assurance in development, production, and packaging processes. If a product is to be marketed at a global level, the testing must take into consideration the different climates involved. This is especially true for the development of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and biotechnological and diagnostic products, but it applies to homoeopathic drug products as well. Aside from the pharmaceutical industry, similar testing is also necessary in the food industry and the automotive field. In the latter case, raw materials must undergo stability testing because of their intermittent exposure to heavy loads, such as stresses occurring during rapid changes in temperature, meaning that climate is a significant factor here as well.
No regulatory approval without stability studies
In a stability test, every environmental condition that a product could be exposed to is simulated in a laboratory setting. For pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, as well as foodstuffs, this mainly concerns climatic influences, since temperature, light, and humidity can all have a negative impact on shelf-life and effectiveness. Once the relevant climate zone has been simulated, extensive microbiological, physical, or chemical analytics are performed as part of the stability study. Here, different parameters must be tested depending on the climate in which the product is to be used. This means that, in some cases, large-scale stability studies can be necessary, e.g., to account for all climate types when products are to be marketed globally.
Strict testing criteria help to ensure safety
The procedure for conducting stability tests on drugs is governed by the ICH Guidelines (International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use), of which ICH Quality Guidelines Q1A–Q1F play a particularly important role. The WHO (World Health Organization) and ICH work together to harmonize varying requirements in the different climate zones, which include the temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also publishes its own stability testing guidelines based on the ICH requirements—for example, its “Guidance for Industry. Q1A(R2) Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products.”
To ensure that stability tests are conducted in compliance with applicable guidelines, certain specifications must be met. The challenge here is to design a self-contained testing environment that is capable of accurately simulating the parameters defined for a given climate zone.
Humidity test chamber – A cost-efficient solution
The environmental conditions found in each climate zone can be reproduced extremely accurately in the lab. It doesn’t even take much space to do so when testing active substances, pharmaceutical products or cosmetics. Humidity test chambers from BINDER are equipped with programmable temperature controls, humidifier devices, and light sources. The product under evaluation can be tested over a defined period of time with little effort and at a reasonable cost, eliminating the need to purchase a more expensive climate chamber.
Accuracy is the key requirement for ensuring product safety. Humidity test chambers from BINDER are perfectly equipped for a wide range of different applications. Each series is available in multiple sizes. One unique feature that comes standard on all chambers is the versatile water supply. That and the sturdy dual swivel casters that include a brake on larger systems make flexible setup in the lab simple and easy. In addition, a preheating chamber technology ensures that set climate parameters remain constant, even over longer periods of time. All humidity test chambers have been engineered to maintain the uniformity and consistency of the set climate conditions (temperature, humidity, light).
BINDER technology you can grow with
With 5 different series of humidity test chambers to choose from, BINDER does more than cover the broad spectrum of requirements for each customer’s individual climate parameters: Every single constant climate chamber can also be expanded to include a host of different accessories, such as a data logger, LED strip lights, illumination cassettes, additional racks, and more. This gives customers plenty of freedom to design their very own high-quality unit. The system hardware and software complement one another perfectly, and the interfaces provided allow users to record stability data, control processes, and monitor operation. This provides an optimal solution for documenting the results of the stability test.
Additional information and an overview of our constant climate chambers are available in this video.
For stability tests involving a simulation of the dynamic conditions found in some climates—such as material tests performed in the automotive industry —our dynamic climate chambers offer an ideal solution.


Does drinking water contains metal in united states
| Robin Collins
In the past few years in the United States, the drinking water crisis has brought heavy metals in the drinking water to the forefront of many people’s minds.
Now, people all across the US have started expressing their concern about the presence of heavy metals in drinking water and looking for different ways to make the water safe & clean.
This why, we have come up with a guide about heavy drinking water, where they come from, health issues associated with heavy metals, and different ways to remove them – so stay connected till the end.
Also, read our latest guide about Symptoms of Bad Tap Water
What are heavy metals?
Heavy metals are defined as metals of relatively top-density and of high-relative atomic weight and are of specific concern from the point of view of human health.
Additionally, examples of heavy metals include Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium, Thallium, Lead, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, and Selenium as well.
So, these metallic elements are considered systemic toxicants and are called to be capable of including multiple Organ damage, even at the lower level of exposure and they are classified as human carcinogens.
Your body still does have a need for trace quantities of certain metals like Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, Iron, and Calcium too. But, plenty of metals that are required for health at trace level can cause toxicity in higher concentrations.
What are the health issues connected with heavy metals in drinking water?
One of the major problems with heavy metals is their tendency to bioaccumulation in the human body that’s that they accumulate at a faster rate than the human body is able to remove them.
However, this is a process that may take place in food sauces, where the metals are more concentrated the higher-up food chain they reach, and Mercury in salmon is a fine example.
Heavy metal poising, however seldom consequences from large-one-off doses, but more often from regular small-quantity which produce an immediate effect. In addition, heavy metal contamination is of particular concern for young, pregnant women, and nursing women too.
Such symptoms of heavy metals poising may include, so take a look.
· General feeling of sick
· Pains in the abdominal region
· Difficulty in breathing
· High B.P
· Changes in vision
Of course, there can be plenty of causes of the above symptoms and this may lead to heavy metal contamination being unseen as a contributor.
Where heavy metals do come from?
While certain amounts of heavy metals may naturally occur in soil nowadays, agricultural and pharmaceutical processes offer an increased opportunity for contamination of surface water. Additionally, landfill websites and sewage disposals may contribute to higher levels of heavy metal contamination.
Pollution is very famous in point source areas like mining, foundries, smelters, and many other metal-based industrial operations where rainfall can wash the heavy metal which contains waste products into the water table and where release into the atmosphere can enter the water sources respectively.
Another ordinary source of heavy metal contamination is lead water piping, still there In some older properties and a lot of vaccines still contain mercury and also contain aluminum in their ingredients.
Different Ways To Remove Heavy Metals From Water
There are many ways to remove heavy metals from water, but some are more effective than others. Heavy metals can come from a variety of sources, including industry, agriculture, and even natural sources. Regardless of the source, it is important to remove these metals from water to protect human health and the environment.
Reverse osmosis is a process that forces water through a very fine membrane, which removes impurities like heavy metals. This is a very effective way to remove heavy metals from water, but it can be expensive and require a lot of water to operate.
Ion exchange is a process that uses charged ions to remove impurities from water. This is a very effective way to remove heavy metals from water, but it can be expensive.
This type of carbon has been treated to make it very porous. This makes it great at adsorbing impurities like heavy metals. Activated carbon is a very effective way to remove heavy metals from water, but it can be expensive.
Distillation is a process that involves boiling water and then condensing the steam back into the water. This leaves impurities behind, including heavy metals. Distillation is a very effective way to remove heavy metals from water, but it can be time-consuming.
Filtration is a process that uses a filter to remove impurities from water. This is a very effective way to remove heavy metals from water, but it can be expensive.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the most common metals found in drinking water?
The most common metals found in drinking water are iron, manganese, and zinc. These metals are naturally occurring and are not added to water during the treatment process. They can enter the water supply through runoff from mines or industrial facilities, or from leaching from pipes and other infrastructure.
What are the health effects of drinking water with elevated levels of metals?
The health effects of drinking water with elevated levels of metals will depend on the type and concentration of metal present. Generally, consuming high levels of metals can lead to gastrointestinal distress, kidney damage, or other health problems. Some metals, such as lead, can also have neurological effects.
Is there anything I can do to remove metals from my drinking water?
If you are concerned about the presence of metals in your drinking water, there are a few things you can do. First, you can have your water tested by a certified laboratory to determine the concentration of metals present.
Second, you can install a water filtration system designed to remove metals from water. Finally, you can contact your local water utility to inquire about treatment options for metals in the water supply.
Drinking water that contains metals is generally safe, but it is important to be aware of the potential risks. Elevated levels of certain metals can be harmful if consumed over long periods of time.
If you are concerned about the presence of metals in your drinking water, you can have it tested or install a water filtration system.


Date of this Version
Previous research has shown that seasonal factors provide one of the most important ways to improve forecast accuracy. For example, in forecasts over an 18-month horizon for 68 monthly economic series from the M-Competition, Makridakis et al. (1984, Table 14) found that seasonal adjustments reduced the MAPE from 23.0 to 17.7 percent, an error reduction of 23%. On the other hand, research has also shown that seasonal factors sometimes increase forecast errors (e.g., Nelson, 1972).
So, when forecasting with a data series measured in intervals that represent part of a year, should one use seasonal factors or not? Statistical tests have been devised to answer this question, and they have been quite useful. However, some people might say that the question is not fair. Why does it have to be either/or? Shouldn’t the question be "to what extent should seasonal factors be used for a given series?"
Date Posted: 14 June 2007
This document has been peer reviewed.


Absolutely. Air pollution concentration can be up to 100 times greater inside than outdoors. The American Lung Association estimates that the majority of people spend 90% of their time inside, making it essential for homeowners to be knowledgeable about indoor air quality (IAQ) in Jacksonville.
Many regular household things cause poor indoor air quality, including:
- Chemicals found in carpet, furniture, upholstery and drapes
- Cleaning chemicals
- Personal care cosmetics
The secure construction of new homes also contributes greatly to inferior IAQ. Enhancements like weather stripping and storm doors are installed to save on utility bills. However, they also stop adequate ventilation by keeping indoor air in and outside air out. The result could be an increase of fumes within your residence.
Inferior IAQ can be a direct or indirect source of several health issues. Medical experts report that up to half of all ailments are caused or aggravated by indoor air pollution.
Chemicals within your house can lead to flu-like symptoms including headaches, nausea and respiratory sensitivity. It can also aggravate allergies and asthma.
Proper ventilation also is an important part of bettering indoor air quality, as it reduces the amount of indoor pollutants.


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Coefficient of variation (CV) is used to obtain the reliability of estimates.
Allocation of sample size for a particular sample survey among ultimate strata is made using Proportional allocation methodology.
The different estimation formulas are used for computation of sample size at desired level of confidence with certain margin of errors. Consequently, sample size is fixed keeping in view the available resources and time constraints.
Two stage stratified sampling technique is used.
Updation of new sampling frame is in progress.
The “Quick Count” is the process of counting structures, households, dwellings, establishments, industries, within a demarcated block by going around without undertaking listing.
The “Listing” is the process of (Getting started from North West corner or some prominent point/landmark, moving clockwise, the closing point of the sector will coincide with starting point) listing structures, households, dwellings, establishments, industries, within a demarcated block by “asking” from door to door.
The lists of enumeration blocks were updated during Economics Census 2003 - 2004 and the lists of villages/mouzas/dehs published by Population Census Organization as a result of 1998 Population Census have been taken as sampling frame.
All the urban areas comprising cities/towns have been divided into small areas known as Enumeration blocks. EB usually have 200-250 households on the average, with well-defined boundaries and maps.
In both Rural and Urban domains the enumeration blocks are taken as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs).
The listed households of sample PSUs are considered Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs).
Primary Sampling unit is a geographical urban/rural area containing 200-250 households on the average.
An eligible member for which the required information is collected is called the sampling unit. Whereas the aggregate of the sampling units comprises the sample size.


Research is a form of problem solving, and the first step in problem solving is always identify the problem. In other words, what question do you hope to answer with your research?
You will work from general to specific to decide on a topic.
1. Pick your subject area
- It’s important to choose something that will hold your interest.
- Explore reference materials and quality web sites for background on your topic.
- If you’re stuck, try mind-mapping. This is a visual, “right-brained” method of brainstorming.
2. Zero in on one particular topic
You narrow down a topic by adding concepts. Each concept you add focuses it.
Click through the mini-slideshow below to learn how to narrow a research topic by adding concepts. To enlarge it, click the menu icon in the lower-left corner of the box and select “view full screen.”
Here’s a video that you may find helpful:


|Contents:||Main||Chapter||See Also:||Getting Started Manual||Advanced User Manual|
The Filegram process consists of the following three components:
You, as a programmer, will find that the only routines necessary to process a Filegram are the installer and the generator routines.
The key variables DUZ, DUZ(0), and DT must be present in addition to the required variables described below.
In order to create (or generate) a Filegram, D EN^DIFGG with the key variables just above and the required input variables listed below. DUZ should refer to a valid user. The optional input variables can be used to customize the Filegram.
(Required) This variable must equal the internal entry number in the PRINT template file of the FILEGRAM template that defines the data to be sent.
(Required) This variable must equal the internal number in the base file of the entry to be sent.
(Required) This variable must equal A, M, L, or D. The meanings of these codes, which indicate the mode of the Filegram, are:
|A||ADD (force an add)|
(Optional) Set this variable equal to the root of the global or local array in which the Filegram will be built. The default is ^UTILITY("DIFG",$J, if this variable is not defined.
(Optional) One fewer than the first subscript to generate. Default=0.
(Optional) Initial indentation level for Filegram text.
This output variable is defined if an error has occurred. Its possible values are:
Reviewed/Updated: March 10, 2007


Water is our most valuable resource and it’s one we’ve historically taken for granted. Today, as our water supplies become more scarce, there is a growing demand for people to be trained in water management.
This professional program, the Master of Engineering Leadership in Integrated Water Management, is the first of its kind in Canada and has been designed to meet the need for professionals in this area. It combines business skill development with technical courses in chemical, biological and civil engineering. This combination of classes will be of interest to many, and the program will attract students involved in all aspects of water management in a wide range of industries — from those working in municipal government on drinking water or wastewater treatment to those in industries such as mining, oil and gas, agriculture and forestry.
I am a co-director of the program and will be teaching one of the core courses in the design of chemical and biological industrial water treatment. I am a chemical engineer who became very interested in biology. My work focuses on biological water treatment, primarily the bioremediation of contaminated areas such as mine sites. I also work in the agriculture and forestry industries. The problems I’m tackling with companies are site-specific and complex, and involve designing and implementing engineering solutions that are customized for each site.
This program will enable students to interact with faculty from many different disciplines and to choose from electives that will enrich their technical background in a specific area. As an integrated program, the courses fit together to give students opportunities that would be hard to find elsewhere and could certainly not be found in a single department. Water issues are not specific to a particular discipline, and water management professionals must work collaboratively with people from many different backgrounds and fields of study. Our graduates will have the knowledge and skills to launch or enhance their career in this exciting and continually evolving area.
Dr. Susan Baldwin is a professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of British Columbia. She spent the early part of her career working in the mining and energy industries before returning to university to study her two passions: mathematics and biology. Dr. Baldwin found synthesis of her training and interests in the fields of biomonitoring and bioremediation. She now does research on using biology to solve engineering problems, such as in the mitigation of anthropogenic effects on the environment. Examples of her recent studies include bioremediation of mine waste and monitoring of marine ecosystem health with mussels. Her laboratory has adopted genomics techniques for studying microbial communities in bioremediation and to develop biomarkers for ecosystem health.
Integrated Water Management
Apply your technical and leadership skills in developing sustainable water management solutions.Read More


The History of Digital photography The background of digital photography traces its roots back to 1822 when Joseph Niepce produced the very first photograph on a photo plate covered in silver salts. Niepce produced the initial photo by enabling an image to be generated on the plate while the camera was put inside of a cam obscura. Niepce let home plate and also video camera sit for several hrs, which resulted in a much longer exposure, leading to darker areas of home plate. This very first picture was called a daguerreotype, and also it was Louis Daguerre that developed a comparable procedure in 1837. Photography owes its imaginative impact to the way in which images are made. The procedure of producing photos is akin to paint. The photographer needs to regulate the vantage point of the shot and also the precise moment when the image is exposed. The picture must record the important top qualities of the subject, interpreting them to his/her taste. Digital photography has been called the most important creation considering that the printing press due to its ability to record as well as distribute info about humankind. In the early nineteenth century, shade pictures began to become preferred. Eastman Kodak invented the Kodachrome film, and many digital photographers began making use of the brand-new technique. Nonetheless, a small number of photographers established specialized techniques for catching shade pictures. In fact, some of the earliest color pictures were recorded by researchers, magicians, and innovators. This was the genesis of modern-day digital photography. With this new strategy, digital photographers might generate photographs without making use of costly chemicals. Although cam setups are no longer as crucial as the innovative facet of a photograph, they are still essential, and understanding them is an useful skill to find out. In the adhering to chapters, we will certainly talk about shutter rate, aperture, ISO, and make-up. Once you have actually grasped the essentials, you’ll have the ability to make decisions concerning these elements and also capture fantastic photos. And keep in mind, practice makes excellent. If you intend to prevent foolish errors, it is best to practice! So, experiment with different electronic camera setups, angles, as well as illumination sets to grasp brand-new strategies. Today, photographs are common. We can see them in practically every aspect of our lives, from publications and newspapers to television, posters, and also web. Also our tickets and also ID cards are covered with pictures. And they play a crucial function in our residential lives. Snapshots and also digital video cameras are the resource of the majority of pictures. And, as we’ve discovered, digital photography is an art kind that can be shown others. This can be done via websites like Facebook as well as Instagram. Photographic procedures vary from tool to tool, and also a photo can be made with any one of them. The very first modern “essential tripack” film was created by Kodak in 1935. The procedure catches three color components on a multi-layer solution. One layer is delicate to the red portion of the range, while an additional is animated to the eco-friendly and blue parts of the spectrum. The resulting photos are after that chemically “established” right into a noticeable photo.
This post topic: Advertising & Marketing


Agile Methodology is a practice which helps promote iteration of development throughout the development life cycle of the particular project. When compared to waterfall model, agile testing is concurrent in both development and testing abilities.
Agile testing is all about changes and making differences in requirements even in the future with later on better development phases. It is very important to understand the basics of Agile methodology.
The main objective of Agile testing is to deliver the product with minimal functionalities to the client itself. These only happen when you have adapted to agile development fully.
Agile testing is a continuous process normally and is done in multiple phases. With every new delivery adds more features ,smoother functions and more capabilities added on to the product. This method results in higher customer satisfaction.
When a testing team uses Agile methodology the test does not finish in just one phase it is done in various intervals. Testing it earlier ensured minimal damage and risk in the end application.
Applications with minimal functionalities are ready faster and hence satisfying the customer/client.
The process of testing is conducted by the entire team and not by testers.
Instead of test documentation there are lightweight documents and checklist suffices.
The developers and testers only consider the application complete once the tests are implemented and tested.
With advantages come disadvantages. There are some of the disadvantages which you shouldn’t over look.
The whole test team may not work on developing a consistent and powerful test system that can be maintained for years.
Bug fixes and releases happen more often and more of the number in regression bugs increase.
The team need to turn around quickly and hence robbing some time k to work on detailed documentation like test strategies.
Agile testing methodology poses some of the challenges. Testers should possess full functionality and in-depth knowledge of the application which is under test. Agile method proposes an incremental and iteration approach to software designing. With the help of Agile testing, errors can be fixed even in the middle of the ongoing project. At the end every sprint, user acceptance is performed. Agile testing enables all the testers’ ad developers to work together and hence boosting that performance. This requires close communication with the developers and together they can analyses all the requirements and planning of the particular project allotted to them.
Ever since the Agile methodology came up with its founder willing to do with laborious realities of the traditional waterfall model.
Automation tool selection plays a very big role in agile testing. The selection of relevant automation tools are very potentially important factor. Licensed tools are very important. For example it imposes strict security access to different types and standards users, especially when it comes to accessing various resources.
The primary attention of the process should be on ensuring whether the order obtains the quality delivery of automation test scripts within the given time and as afforded by agile methodology.
Important metrics that can be obtained for usage of Agile are:
Efforts in hours which cannot contribute to a goal
Drag factor can be improved by reducing the number of resources shared and by reducing through amount of work
Estimates can be increased by percentage of drag factor
Amount of backlog can be converted to shippable functionality of sprint.
Number of units’ tests are added.
Time taken to complete the particular build allotted.
Various types of bugs which are detected in iteration or maybe in the previous ones.
In contrast the Agile methodology emphasis upon the open collaboration and open ended interaction between team members thus restrictive policies which affects users and can have negative impact on the overall cohesion within the team and hence results in a very bad environment within the work space.
One of the main objective of the process should be to ensure that in order to maintain the quality delivery of the test scripts it should be automated in a more standard and disciplinary way.
About Author: Sangram is a tech enthusiast, presently working as a Content Expert with Crestech software systems. Tech blogging is his passion, through which he intends to explore the world of software Testing. He doesn’t just write for tech-savvy people, but also for those who find the world of technology intriguing.
She is having admin profile


Burdur Gölü is a large lake of tectonic origin situated in a closed basin and fed by several streams, most prominent of which is the Bozçay. To the northeast and southwest lie extensive alluvial flats, a small delta formed by the Bozçay river with some remnants of drained reedbeds and marshes.
The lake’s health and importance to migratory waterfowl is threatened by a combination of urban/industrial expansion and associated impacts on habitat and water quality. An increase in irrigation of agricultural land using waters from the lake’s catchment has taken its toll on the balance and healthy functioning of the ecosystem. These activities around Lake Burdur are partially being enabled by a low level of environmental awareness among the local population who view such concerns as barriers to economic development and progress.
“The Conserving Lake Burdur Project is about empowering young people, connecting them to nature and instilling a sense of lifelong stewardship!” - Lale Aktay, Project Manager.
In response and through funding from WOW, Doğa Derneği - the BirdLife Partner in Turkey – implemented the ‘Conserving Lake Burdur Project,’ aimed at nurturing environmental education, leadership and community capacity in order to raise the profile of Lake Burdur and its conservation needs. A special education programme tailored for children had also been developed. Initially rolled-out as a pilot in four elementary schools, the education programme was quickly gaining momentum in the wider Burdur area, and included a multitude of activities to foster an appreciation of wetland habitats and wetland-dependent species.
ADDITIONAL PROJECT INFORMATION:
LOCAL IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES
Doğa Derneği is a leading NGO in conservation and embraces several key people who are most experienced in the field of nature conservation in Turkey.
Fore more information please see:
OTHER PROJECT PARTNERS


We will make better decisions on all the great issues of the day and for the century to come, if we better understand the past. – Gough Whitlam
The celebration of the “Queen’s birthday” in Australia is a perfect reflection of a fading, remnant, relationship. Commemorated in the Australian states as a public holiday on three different days – none of which is her birthday – and honouring an event of dubious significance, the “Queen’s birthday” reminds us that, despite our national independence, the symbolic ties of colonial deference remain.
The “Queen’s birthday” may seem a fitting if absurd genuflection to a powerless relic of a former time, and in itself confirmation that the Queen no longer has a role in post-dominion matters. But things are not always as they seem.
Neither sovereignty nor national independence flowed neatly from federation. The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act created Australia as a federation of the former colonies and a constitutional monarchy, with all the tension inherent in that term – between a democratic government chosen by the people and a monarchical head of state whose ultimate constitutional power stemmed solely from inherited aristocratic assumption and unchallenged legal privilege.
The gradual devolution of Australian autonomy appeared assured at the Imperial Conference of 1926. This affirmed the relationship between Great Britain and its dominions as being that of:
… autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown.
The critical qualifier in this proclamation of an imperial gift of national autonomy, equality and independence is this: “though united by a common allegiance to the Crown”.
The imperial assertion of continued dominion allegiance to the Crown was a stark counterpoint to the proclaimed national autonomy. Indeed, it undermined the very autonomy and equality of nations the conference so proudly affirmed.
Five years after the Imperial Conference, the Statute of Westminster gave statutory expression to the principles of equality established at the Imperial Conference and vested full legislative authority and independence in the “dominions”.
Nevertheless, it remained the case that some bills would continue to require the Queen’s assent to be passed into law. The Statute of Westminster also granted dominion ministers the right of direct access to the sovereign. This access had previously been available only indirectly through UK ministers and reflected their then incomplete post-colonial status.
A fight for independence
Yet, in reality, neither of these critical junctures in the evolving British–Australian relationship created the clear-cut path to national independence that these paternalistic statements of ceded imperial power might suggest.
Although the dominions were entitled to separate representation at the League of Nations and subsequently the United Nations, as made clear at the Imperial Conference, the cultural expectation of continued British primacy and Australian dominion subservience remained.
It can be seen in the British attitude toward the efforts of Australia’s minister for external affairs, H.V. Evatt, to champion the role of the smaller nations against the Great Powers at the San Francisco conference in 1945 that established the ground rules for the UN.
Evatt’s insistence that Australia would take its own independent position as an autonomous nation in these high-level international negotiations infuriated the British representatives at the fledgling discussions over the UN.
At a preliminary meeting of Commonwealth nations in London, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had bemoaned Evatt’s defiant independent stance.
Describing the Commonwealth as “the third of the Great Powers”, Churchill argued that the Commonwealth could only maintain its influence by ensuring unity among members and speaking with one voice – and that one voice of course would be Britain’s, not Australia’s.
These expectations of British administrative, legal and political authority, based more in the established imperial mindset, behaviours and networks than an exercise of formal political control, remained powerful resistors to change throughout the 20th century.
The undercurrent of lasting imperial privilege and hierarchy proved to be a major obstacle in ending the complex web of residual colonial ties across legal, constitutional and political domains.
In particular, continued allegiance to the British Crown as the imperial condition of dominion nationhood was a political oxymoron. It cast an impossible constraint on the form of national autonomy, while Australian allegiance to the British Crown was superimposed on the representative model of parliamentary democracy.
The fundamental contradiction this established at the heart of the Australian polity remained largely dormant during the long years under the avowed Anglophile prime minister Sir Robert Menzies, until inevitably rupturing along the faultlines of divided allegiance – to the British Crown on the one hand and to Australian democratic governance on the other – with the 1972 election of the Whitlam Labor government.
Whitlam tries to loosen the ties
Gough Whitlam came to office with a core policy agenda of ending the residual colonial ties between Australia and Britain.
Although largely seen as ceremonial and symbolic, these colonial links were to be immensely significant in the trajectory of the Whitlam government and its dismissal threeyears later.
Whitlam moved rapidly on some of these. He ended the British honours system and introduced Australian honours, introduced an Australian national anthem to replace God Save the Queen, changed the Queen’s title by removing arcane references to God and Empire, and, in 1974, removed the words “God save the Queen” from the official proclamation dissolving parliament.
Eighteen months after his second election victory in the double dissolution of May 1974, Whitlam was peremptorily removed from office by the Queen’s representative in Australia, Governor-General Sir John Kerr, without warning and despite Whitlam maintaining a clear majority in the House of Representatives at all times.
Concerns were immediately raised over the possible role of Buckingham Palace and British authorities in this unprecedented vice-regal action. The suspicion that the Queen knew more about Kerr’s intentions than has ever been publicly acknowledged has grown in recent years with the Queen’s embargo of her correspondence with Kerr at the time of Whitlam’s dismissal.
Of all the residual colonial ties, the one that Whitlam found particularly abhorrent, and was determined to sever, was the right of appeal from some state supreme courts to the Privy Council. In his view:
No people with an ounce of self-respect would allow decisions made by their own judges … to be overruled by judges sitting in another country.
Whitlam described this as an “absurd” and “ludicrous” situation. Yet his efforts to end remaining state Privy Council appeals were stymied at every point.
Whitlam’s attorney-general, Lionel Murphy, reported he had struck nothing but intransigence, non-co-operation and obstruction from the British authorities in the government’s moves to implement this core policy.
Returning from his first visit to England as prime minister in 1973, Whitlam was clearly frustrated by the UK’s reluctance to end colonial ties when he told reporters, more in hope than confidence:
We are a separate country from Britain. We are an entirely independent country.
A tense meeting with Edward Heath, the British Conservative prime minister, the following year saw little change. An exasperated Whitlam again declared that:
All these colonial relics are incompatible with the position of Australia as a separate, sovereign country.
When the Whitlam government was removed from office by Kerr, three years later, these state-based appeals to the Privy Council remained, unchanged.
What we know about the Palace’s role
The archival records of the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) covering these official visits are at once illuminating and disturbing. They show a troubling lack of respect for such a significant engagement with a senior member of a new Australian government.
Murphy’s visit was, after all, the first official visit by any of Whitlam’s cabinet to England. And yet, even before his arrival, the FCO files show that British authorities viewed Murphy, and indeed the Whitlam government itself, as a troublesome interloper whose presence they barely tolerated and whose policy concerns they did not share.
More than mere intransigence, or even simply a refusal to accept the legitimacy of the Whitlam government, these archival records disclose profound breaches of confidence, secrecy and even deception of Whitlam by the FCO, the British High Commission in Canberra, and the Queen’s private secretary Sir Martin Charteris. They show a partisan pattern of disrespect for and undermining of the new Labor government.
Most significantly, far from any equality of national status, “in no way subordinate one to another” professed at the Imperial Conference, these files reveal the FCO’s brazen presumption – “our right as the colonial power” – to deceive the prime minister, to liaise in secret with the conservative states and, ultimately, to intervene in Australian politics to prevent the government holding a half-Senate election to resolve a stalemate in the Senate over the passage of supply bills.
From October 16, 1975, opposition senators refused to vote on the government’s supply bills, which provided the annual funds for government expenditure. In the new political vernacular, supply was “blocked”.
Calling the half-Senate election, which was then due, had been Whitlam’s resolution to this unprecedented situation since the day supply was first blocked. The Labor caucus had voted unanimously in support of Whitlam calling the half-Senate election “at a time of his choosing”.
The FCO files document a rapid breakdown and reversion to imperial imbalance in the British-Australian administrative relationship that began with the election of the Whitlam government and ended with its dismissal. They reveal a deep suspicion of the new government that quickly led to secrecy, deception and to routine breaches of the highest levels of confidentiality by both the British prime minister’s office and the Palace throughout the terms of the Whitlam government.
Most alarming is that the FCO files also reveal overt British involvement in Australian politics in the weeks before the dismissal – specifically with the half-Senate election due at that time and which Whitlam was to call on November 11, 1975, to end the blocking of supply in the Senate.
Kerr’s papers in the National Archives of Australia provided the first glimpse of the Palace’s role in the dismissal.
Although there are some who continue to claim that the Palace was not involved, this has increasingly become more a matter of faith than fact. Revelations from Kerr’s papers, the Palace letters, and the FCO’s files have rendered that position untenable.
We now know that Charteris wrote to Kerr in October 1975 to discuss action the Palace would take if Whitlam became aware of Kerr’s plans to remove him from office and sought to recall him as governor-general. Charteris told Kerr that the Palace would, in that instance, “try to delay things”.
This communication between the Queen’s private secretary and the governor-general over the position of the governor-general himself is politically and constitutionally shocking. It reveals the Palace to be in deep intrigue with Kerr, to protect his tenure as governor-general, in the weeks before the dismissal – unknown to Whitlam.
It was also a breathtaking rupture of the vice-regal relationship. At the heart of this relationship in a constitutional monarchy is that the appointment of the governor-general is made by the Queen on the advice of the Australian prime minister alone. This has certainly been the case since 1930, when King George V accepted Labor prime minister James Scullin’s advice to appoint Sir Isaac Isaacs as governor-general.
Despite being vehemently opposed to Isaacs’ appointment, the King told Scullin:
… being a constitutional monarch I must, Mr Scullin, accept your advice.
For the Queen’s private secretary to intervene with Kerr himself on the question of the governor-general’s tenure was a staggering breach of that relationship.
From this point on, knowing that Kerr was considering dismissing Whitlam and concerned that Whitlam might then recall him, and having agreed to a course of action in order to protect Kerr’s position should Whitlam do so, the Palace was already involved in the dismissal.
The fight over the Palace letters
The letters between Charteris and Kerr are part of the so-called “Palace letters”. This is the secret correspondence between the governor-general and the Queen, her private secretary, and Prince Charles, in the weeks before the dismissal.
Although these letters are among Kerr’s papers and held by the National Archives in Canberra, they are closed to us. This is because the Palace letters are considered “personal” and not official “Commonwealth” records. This is despite Kerr’s own description of them as his “duty” as governor-general, and despite their obvious significance to our history.
The Palace letters are embargoed until 2027, “at her Majesty the Queen’s instructions”, with the Queen’s private secretary retaining an indefinite veto over their release even after this date. It is quite possible, then, that they will never be released.
The Palace letters are extraordinarily significant historical documents. They are contemporaneous real-time communications between the Queen and her representative in Australia, written at a time of great political drama, and are a vital part of our national historical record.
At the heart of this still-secret vice-regal correspondence was the prospect of the dismissal of the Whitlam government, which Kerr had already raised in September 1975 with Prince Charles and Charteris.
The designation of the Queen’s correspondence with her representative in Australia as “personal” means they do not come under Australia’s Archives Act, which relates only to official “Commonwealth records”.
And so, in a rather neat catch-22, the decision by the National Archives to deny access to the correspondence cannot be appealed to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
There is only one way to challenge this decision: through a Federal Court action, which is a complex, expensive and onerous proposition. This is clearly an area in need of legislative reform to ensure a viable appeal process is in place for records described as “personal” in this way.
In an effort to secure the release of the Palace letters, I launched an action against the National Archives in the Federal Court last year, with a legal team working on a pro-bono basis and supported by a crowdfunding campaign. This concluded in September 2017; the decision is anticipated within months.
At the heart of the case is this central question of just what constitutes “personal” as opposed to “Commonwealth” records. Lead barrister Antony Whitlam (Gough Whitlam’s eldest son) argued to the court that “personal records” would be records covering matters “unrelated to the performance of Sir John’s official duties”, and that this could not extend to correspondence between the Queen and her representative in Australia prior to the dismissal. He said:
It cannot seriously be suggested that there was a personal relationship between the Queen and Sir John Kerr.
It is difficult to see, from common sense alone, that the correspondence between the Queen and her representative in Australia could in any way be seen as “personal”. The precise legal points on which the question of Palace letters’ status will turn – whether as personal or Commonwealth records – will be a different matter.
The case itself has brought to light a significant amount of new historical and contemporary material on the relationship between the Queen and the governor-general and its implications for Australian national sovereignty.
One thing that can be said is that from the moment this case came before the court, the question of the release of the Palace letters changed irrevocably. Their status and their release will now be determined by an Australian court, according to Australian law – and not as a quasi-imperial grant of release by the Queen.
This alone is an historic and important outcome that ends one of the few remaining “colonial relics” that continue to deny us access to historical documents relating to the Queen about a historical episode also relating to the Queen.
The continued embargo by the Queen of the Palace letters and the revelations from the British archives of the FCO all point to the lingering imperial power that comes from an incomplete severance of colonial ties. They show above all that the residues of colonialism, the “imperial aftermath” in Whitlam’s words, can never be fully extinguished until Australia becomes a fully independent republic.
It is surely absurd that in the 21st century we can still see the Australian prime minister giving an Australian knighthood to the Queen’s consort, Prince Philip, and that the governor-general, the Queen’s representative in Australia, can still dismiss an elected government on the basis of claimed “reserve powers” derived from, and in the name of, the Queen.
As an independent autonomous nation, Australia has a right to know its own history, including and in particular the records pointing to British involvement in that history, if we are to ensure such a profound rupture in our political structures and denial of our national sovereignty cannot happen again.
This troubling time in our history and in the Australian–British relationship is also critical to our decisions as we recommence the debate over the inevitable move toward a republic.
The fundamental issues to be confronted in that debate will relate absolutely to the events surrounding the dismissal of the Whitlam government: how to protect the institutions of democratic parliamentary governance, how to secure the formation of government in the House of Representatives, and what the powers of the new, Australian, head of state should be.
Jenny Hocking is Emeritus Professor at Monash University
This article was first republished in the Conversation.
This piece is republished with permission from Commonwealth Now, the 59th edition of Griffith Review. Articles are a little longer than most published on The Conversation, presenting an in-depth analysis on the relevance of the Commonwealth of Nations in today’s geopolitical landscape.


Science News reports that the Human Brain Could Be Replicated in 10 Years, Researcher Predicts. The researcher is Henry Markham, a neuroscientist at the Brain Mind Institute in Switzerland. "I absolutely believe it is technically and biologically possible. The only uncertainty is financial. It is an extremely expensive project and not all is yet secured."
100 years of neuroscience discovery has led to millions of fragments of data and knowledge that have never been brought together and exploited fully. "Actually no one even knows what we already understand about the brain," says Professor Markram. "A model would serve to bring this all together and then allow anyone to test whatever theory you want about the brain. The biggest challenge is to understand how electrical-magnetic-chemical patterns in the brain convert into our perception of reality. We think we see with our eyes, but in fact most of what we 'see' is generated as a projection by your brain. So what are we actually looking at when we look at something 'outside' of us?"


Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology (AJSAT)
Analysis of Genetic Variation among Different Banana CultivarsAuthor : H.Vignesh and R. Hema Kalai Rani
Volume 1 No.1 January-June 2012 pp 26-31
The banana (Musa spp.) is considered as an important crop plant due to its high economic value as good dietary source. Banana is the rich source of carbohydrates and vitamins, particularly vitamins B; it is also a good source of potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. Here, we analyzed the genetic relationship of four different banana varieties that are cultivated in south India. Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) fingerprinting of these banana varieties (Grand Naine, Nendran, Poovan and Red Banana) were carried out by five decamer primers (OP-5, OP-6, OP-7, OP-8,OP-11) led to DNA amplification. The distances in the dendrogram constructed by UPGMA (Unweighted pair group method Arithmetical Means) were compared with the genetic distances between genotypes pairs to calculate the cophenetic correlation. The genetic variation between Grand naine and Nendran was found to be 0.89 nucleotide. Similarly the Poovan is getting 0.94 nucleotide variation from the above one and Red is getting 0.97 nucleotide at the highest from all. The results presented here also contribute to narrowing the gaps in our current understanding of the migration path of bananas and the emergence of secondary centers of diversity. Cultivated bananas (Musa spp.) are mostly diploid or triploid cultivars with various combinations of the A and B genomes inherited from their diploid ancestors Musa acuminata Colla. and Musa balbisiana Colla. respectively.
Musa Spp, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs, Decamer Primers, UPGMA, Musa Acuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla


Big Cities around the world have many challenges in common, including over population, sustainable development, the mitigation of issues such as climate change, and so forth. But many of them can also be grouped as tough places to do business.
A recent report by Arizona State University investigated dozens of major American Cities across the United States, Canada and Mexico, comparing the time, costs and number of steps required to kick off a new business. Little Rock, Arkansas, ranked as the most difficult City since requiring entrepreneurs to complete at least 10 legal steps over 63 days on average to get their company off the ground. The timeline is 50% longer than San Francisco, which ranked second.
The research team explored other categories such as the ease of employing workers, getting electricity, paying taxes, getting credit, registering property and resolving insolvency. Considering both business start and operations, they identified Oklahoma City as the best in North America: it scored high in all measured categories, particularly when it came to business-friendly rules and requirements for employing workers, registering property and accessing electricity.
In their transition towards better governance models, Smart Cities could use their technology investments to boost local economy and engage innovative entrepreneurs and startups. How is that possible? When urban development strategies are based on interoperability and openness, Cities design and implement multipurpose network infrastructures – the premise for public-private partnerships and shared innovation.


The surgical removal of the adenoids for reasons which include impaired breathing through the nose, chronic infections, or recurrent earaches. The surgery is less commonly performed in adults in whom adenoids are considered vestigial and purposeless. Post-operative pain is generally minimal and reduced by icy or cold foods. Combining tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy may be needed in some cases. The recovery time is generally from several hours to few days. With aging, the recovery time also increases.
Patients of age less than 1 year do not undergo adenoidectomy as till this age, adenoid functions as immune system for the body.
What Is an Adenoidectomy (Adenoid Removal)?
Adenoid removal also called adenoidectomy, is a common surgery to remove the adenoids. The adenoids are glands located in the roof of the mouth, behind the soft palate where the nose connects to the throat.
The adenoids produce antibodies (white blood cells) that help fight infections. Typically, the adenoids shrink during adolescence and may disappear by adulthood.
Doctors often perform adenoid removals and tonsillectomies (removal of the tonsils) together. Chronic throat and respiratory infections often cause inflammation and infection in both glands.
Why the Adenoids Are Removed
Frequent throat infections can cause the adenoids to enlarge. Enlarged adenoids can obstruct breathing and block the Eustachian tubes, which connect your middle ear to the back of your nose. Clogged Eustachian tubes cause ear infections that can jeopardize your child’s hearing and respiratory health.
Symptoms of Enlarged Adenoids
Swollen adenoids block the airways and can cause the following symptoms:
- frequent ear infections
- sore throat
- difficulty swallowing
- difficulty breathing through the nose
- habitual mouth breathing
- obstructive sleep apnea, which involves periodic lapses in breathing during sleep
- Repeated middle ear infections due to swollen adenoids and clogged Eustachian tubes have serious implications, such as hearing loss, which can also lead to speech problems.Your child’s doctor may recommend an adenoid removal if your child has chronic ear or throat infections that:
- don’t respond to antibiotic treatments
- occur more than 5 or 6 times per year
- impede your child’s education due to frequent absence preparing for an Adenoidectomy
The mouth and throat bleed more readily than other areas of the body, so your doctor may request a blood test to find out whether your child’s blood clots correctly and if their white and red blood count is normal. Preoperative blood tests can help your child’s doctor ensure that there won’t be excessive bleeding during and after the procedure.
In the week before surgery, don’t give your child any medicine that can affect blood clottings, such as ibuprofen or aspirin. You may use acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain. If you’re in doubt about which medicines are appropriate, talk with your doctor.
The day before surgery, your child should have nothing to eat or drink after midnight. This includes water. If the doctor prescribes medicine to be taken before the surgery, give it to your child with a small sip of water.
How an Adenoidectomy Is Performed
A surgeon will perform an adenoidectomy under general anesthesia (a drug-induced deep sleep). This is usually done in an outpatient setting, which means that your child can go home on the day of the surgery.
The adenoids are usually removed through the mouth. The surgeon will insert a small instrument into your child’s mouth to prop it open. They’ll then remove the adenoids by making a small incision or by cauterizing, which involves sealing the area with a heated device.
Cauterizing and packing the area with absorbent material, such as gauze, will control bleeding during and after the procedure. Stitches aren’t usually necessary.
After the procedure, your child will stay in a recovery room until they wake up. You’ll receive medication to reduce pain and swelling. Patients will typically go home from the hospital on the same day as the surgery. Complete recovery from an adenoidectomy usually takes one to two weeks.
After an Adenoidectomy
A sore throat for two to three weeks after surgery is normal. It’s important to drink lots of fluids to avoid dehydration. Good hydration actually helps to alleviate pain. Don’t feed your child spicy or hot foods or foods that are hard and crunchy for the first couple of weeks. Cold liquids and desserts are soothing for your child’s throat.
While your child’s throat is sore, good diet and drink options include:
- fruit juice
- ice cream
- apple sauce
- warm chicken or beef broth
- soft-cooked meats and vegetables
An ice collar can help with pain and reduce swelling. You can make an ice collar by placing ice cubes in a zip-lock bag and wrapping the bag in a towel. Place the collar on the front of your child’s neck.
Your child should avoid strenuous activity for up to one week after surgery. Your child may return to school in three to five days if they feel up to it and have the surgeon’s approval.
Risks of an Adenoidectomy
Adenoid removal is usually a well-tolerated operation. Risks from any surgery include bleeding and infection at the surgery site. There are also risks associated with anesthesia, such as allergic reactions and breathing problems.
Be sure to tell the doctor if your child is allergic to any medication.
Adenoidectomies have a long history of excellent results. After surgery, most children:
have fewer and milder throat infections
have fewer ear infections
breathe easier through the nose.


Ken Kattner is a business attorney by day and an astrophotographer by night. Ken serves as a member of the board of directors and as treasurer for the International Dark Sky Association. From his Putman Mountain Observatory located in the Texas Hill Country, Ken has learned that preserving the beauty of our night skies is a significant natural resource important to each of us. That insight has led Ken to help a number of Hill Country cities design and implement lighting codes to promote more efficient, dark-sky-friendly outdoor lighting. Ken continues to work with cities, businesses, individuals, and advocacy organizations to preserve the dark skies in the Texas Hill Country.
What is “seeing” and why do we care?
In 2010, I built a remote observatory in the Texas Hill Country. The main telescope is an RC Optical Systems 16-inch carbon truss. The observatory is robotic and can be controlled over the internet, which has expanded my opportunity to image whenever the skies allow. I used to hope for clear moonless nights and would watch the clear-sky clock and weather forecasts. Some nights, although clear and bright, were dismal and disappointing – the images were fuzzy and stars were bloated. Although this occurred infrequently, I wondered why.
Before installing my telescope, I studied many articles about focal length, image scale and how to optimize those for efficient imaging, but now I was seeing those interactions for myself. My focal length is about 3620 mm, and my pixel size is 9-microns, yielding an image scale of approximately 0.50-arc seconds per pixel. I gained experience that some nights, although clear with no Moon, were no good for imaging.
I began consulting the clear-sky chart and jet-stream data for my location and discovered a correlation between the “seeing” predictions from those sources and what I was experiencing with my telescope. So, what is “seeing?”
Think about a penny at the bottom of a swimming pool. The penny is difficult to see clearly, because the water is refracting the image – the penny is wavy, shifts and moves, with short moments of clarity. Now look up into the night sky. The same thing is happening. The atmosphere is a turbulent mass of air that refracts the light from stars and deep-sky objects. This turbulence is primarily caused by temperature differences in the Earth’s atmosphere that create variations in the optical refractive index of the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is composed of cells of different temperatures that refract light differently. Although stars are point sources of light, viewing a star through our atmosphere will make it appear to jump around and even twinkle as the light is refracted through these different temperature cells. So, “seeing” describes how well you can discern astronomical objects through the Earth’s atmosphere as it refracts the light from those objects on a given night and location.
How do you measure “seeing?”
Although a star is a point source of light, the atmosphere will refract and blur the star making it appear like a disk with a real diameter. Your telescope does the same thing through refraction and yields the “Airy disk.” Measuring seeing means to ascertain the best possible angular diameter of that point source of light achieved by the specific telescope on a given night and location. Of course, when measuring angular diameters on the celestial sphere, we use measures of arc. Thus, when measuring the seeing, we use arc seconds to represent the angular size of the fuzzy blob of the star seen through the telescope. The best locations on Earth give a seeing disk diameter of 0.4 arc seconds. Average seeing conditions in North America can range from 1 arc second (or below) to 5 arc seconds
How does seeing affect viewing through telescopes of different focal lengths?
The ultimate resolution of a telescope is generally thought of as its diffraction-limited resolution and is inversely proportional to the diameter of the telescope. The more aperture you have, the greater the telescope’s theoretical resolution. If the telescope, however, has a resolution greater than the seeing in arc seconds, then some of that resolution is wasted. The seeing will limit the resolution. This is why large aperture telescopes don’t fare as well on nights of poor seeing – the larger aperture (and resolution) is wasted.
This was an important realization for me. If I could obtain an accurate measurement of the local seeing on a given night, I could make a more informed decision about whether to image that night. This was even more important to know if I intended to image remotely. I started to investigate what hardware/software systems were available to an amateur astronomer for measuring the seeing.
The Alcor Systems Cyclope Seeing Monitor
At the 2015 Advanced Imaging Conference (AIC) held in San Jose, California, I met Cyril Cavadore from Alcor Systems, which is based in France. Cyril, an engineer in Opto Electronics, obtained his PhD in CMOS image sensors and has been involved in astronomy instrumentation for more than 25 years. Alcor Systems’ products include all-sky cameras, direct drive mounts and seeing monitors, to name a few. As to software, they make the Prism astro-imaging/planetarium software package that can run all aspects of an observatory.
At AIC, Cyril was demonstrating Alcor Systems’ seeing monitor product, aptly named “Cyclope.” I was intrigued by the demonstration of the Cyclope system, because it is well built and employs a CMOS digital video camera system capable of very high frame rates, which improves accuracy in measuring the seeing and provides a real-time computation of the seeing.
Also, the system has weather monitoring and a heated front window for the camera. The Cyclope system can be ordered with either a USB or Ethernet interface. Each system is built to order, specifying the type of interface and length of cabling needed. Ultimately, I placed an order for an Ethernet version.
Theory/Principle of Operation
The video-camera housing is mounted in an altitude axis that can be adjusted depending on your latitude. The camera must be polar-aligned with the camera fixed on Polaris (Image 1). Polaris is moving around a circle with a radius of 0.75 degrees from true north. The Cyclope camera has a field of view of 3.6 x 2.5 degrees, and therefore, Polaris will remain within the camera’s field of view during a full 24-hour rotation of the Earth. This means, no tracking is necessary for the Cyclope system to continually monitor a star to determine the seeing.
Also, Polaris is bright enough at 2nd-magnitude to allow its position to be measured at 50 to 60 frames per second (1/125-second exposures), even through a green filter (550 nm). Using Polaris for seeing measurements is effective from latitudes ranging from 90 degrees North down to 25 degrees North (Image 2).
The tip-tilt motion of Polaris is measured 50 to 60 times per second, and the Cyclope software computes the seeing at the altitude of Polaris and also computes a zenith seeing condition based on these measurements. Due to the high frequency of these measurements and the small pixel size of the video camera, Alcor Systems maintains that the Cyclope system is much more accurate than other seeing monitors, especially in conditions where the seeing is 1.5 arc seconds, or lower.
The benefits of the Cyclope system mentioned by Alcor Systems include (1) robust, all weather-use construction, which limits vibrations that can impair seeing measurements, (2) better measurement accuracy, because the camera utilizes more pixels with a smaller pixel size, (3) high frame rates that allow the system to accurately measure very low seeing (below 1.5 arc seconds), (4) Ethernet or USB interfaces, and (5) automatic heating of front camera window to prevent dew or frost.
Alcor Systems has undertaken studies to compare the accuracy of the Cyclope system to a differential image motion monitor (DIMM). A DIMM system employs a dual-aperture mask over a telescope’s aperture. Images are recorded and the variance of the coordinates for the two images is used to compute the seeing using a turbulence model. Based on Alcor Systems’ study, the Cyclope System achieves seeing measurements nearly identical to a DIMM system. More information about the study can be found at this link: http://www.alcor-system.com/new/SeeingMon/Cyclope.html .
Installation Hardware and Software
Hardware and software installation was relatively easy and the manual had clear instructions for installing the software and polar aligning the camera.
An important requirement for the hardware installation is a mounting location that is very sturdy. If the Cyclope is mounted on a building or other location that is subject to movement from wind or vibration, then you will be measuring that movement instead of the seeing. I decided to make a metal pier and attach the pier to a concrete footing. I did this for several reasons. The metal pier provides a heavy and sturdy mount, the pier is adjustable in azimuth to aid in polar alignment, and the pier is relatively tall at 5.0 feet (152.4 cm) to get the Cyclope further away from ground level temperatures. Care was also taken in constructing the pier and footing to make sure the mounting bolts were aligned to true north to minimize the final azimuth and latitude adjustments after installation of the Cyclope on the pier (Image 3).
The Cyclope has three waterproof DIN connectors. The three connections provide power and serial line, an Ethernet connection and a final connection for a temperature and humidity sensor. The serial line provides data communication for the temperature and humidity sensors, as well as control for the heated front window. The Ethernet line connects the camera for control and image acquisition. The external temperature and humidity sensors are installed on a bracket that is mounted on the side of the camera.
The Cyclope system comes with a full suite of software, including video drivers, image capture software and the Cyclope control software. Using the software, I configured the camera with a fixed IP address and installed the Ethernet camera video drivers and the control software. Software installation was easy and painless. Once the software was connected to the camera, I waited for night fall to make the final polar alignment and initialization.
The Cyclope control software has a nice user interface to aid in fine tuning the polar alignment. Upon start-up, the control software starts the camera and shows a current video image with an adjustment overlay. The overlay is a circle with true north at the center. The circle around true north indicates the path of Polaris. The overlay also has a target reticle along the circumference of the circle and this is where Polaris should be centered (Image 4).
When I started up the camera for the first time, I could see the image of Polaris near the target reticle, which required an adjustment of the azimuth and latitude of the Cyclope camera on the pier until Polaris was centered in the reticle. Once done, I tightened up all the bolts on the pier and mount. This only has to be done once. The Cyclope manual has detailed instructions on how to make this fine polar alignment.
Once polar alignment is complete, there are a few other software settings that should be made, including your longitude and latitude, the gain of the camera and exposure interval and ftp upload server and password. Also, the number of tip-tilt measurements to be obtained prior to computing a valid seeing measurement can be set. If the camera is running at 50 frames per second, setting the number of tip-tilt measurements to 3000 will yield a computed seeing value every minute.
The manual gives suggestions and advice for these settings. I found the manual to be informative and sufficient for both the hardware and software installation
The Cyclope housing weighs 9.5 kilograms (20.9 pounds) and is very solidly constructed using high-grade, colorless anodized aluminum components and stainless-steel socket-head cap screws. The system is watertight and has watertight connectors, and is designed to operate continuously outdoors.
The control software has numerous features to aid in polar alignment and camera set up. Once the camera is polar aligned, measurements begin automatically each night. The Cyclope software has a main screen where the video exposure and gain can be adjusted, along with a current video showing the target star measurements and histogram.
The Cyclope software automatically begins seeing measurements when the sun is below the horizon and when the stars are visible. The system allows the user to set the number of degrees the Sun must be below the horizon for seeing measurements to begin automatically. In addition, the user can set the maximum seeing threshold and
measurements above which amount will be discarded.
The control software includes a status screen indicating the last measurement in arc seconds at the local Polaris position and the zenith, as well as a current video screen showing the live, rapid-fire measurements of the target star. Each zenith seeing measurement is stored in a data file that can be examined later and imported to a spreadsheet for further analysis (Image 5).
In addition, the status screen gives a computation of R0 or the Fried parameter, named after David L. Fried. The Fried parameter is a coherence length – or a diameter. For telescope apertures smaller than R0, the imaging resolution is determined primarily by the diffraction limit of the telescope. In other words, the seeing won’t interfere with the telescope achieving a resolution approaching its diffraction limit. Of course, with a telescope that has an aperture greater than the R0 parameter, atmospheric turbulence will prevent the telescope from achieving its diffraction limit.
The control software also includes a plot window that provides graphs showing the current night’s seeing over time, the prior night’s seeing over time, the last 3,000 tip-tilt measurements for the current seeing computation and star lux level. The star lux level is helpful to indicate clouds, if the lux level drops too low. Each of these graphs can be adjusted with respect to the time frame over which measurements are plotted. In addition, the ftp feature of the control software will upload these graphs to a web site for public display (Image 6).
The system has four temperature sensors and two humidity sensors to monitor internal and external temperature and humidity and to control heating of the camera window to prevent dew from forming. Control of camera window heating is user defined based on temperature and humidity thresholds that are relevant to the location of the camera. Once these thresholds are set, the system will monitor outside/inside temperature and humidity levels and control the camera window heating system automatically. The temperature and humidity readings are stored in a data file and the control software provides a graphing interface showing this information over time. Using the control software’s ftp upload feature, the temperature and humidity graphs can be uploaded to a web site for public display.
Operation and Monitoring Results
I have been running the Cyclope seeing monitor for about a year now and am quite pleased with its operation and the insight it provides about my local seeing conditions. Alcor Systems has been helpful in answering any questions I’ve had about set up and configuring the camera options.
My Cyclope seeing measurements closely correlate with predictions from my clear-sky chart and from plate solves with my telescope and camera, however, there are some nights when the Cyclope system indicates the seeing is appreciably better than what the clear-sky chart predicts. This is good news, so I don’t miss out on an imaging opportunity.
At my location, the seeing fluctuates depending on the season. For example, during the spring, the seeing is variable, but in the summer, it improves becoming very stable. This is due to high pressure systems sitting over Texas pushing the jet stream north. Seeing during the summer is excellent and sometimes drops below 1.0 are second. The average seeing during the summer is between 1.2 and 2.5 arc seconds.
With the Cyclope system, it is also interesting to watch the seeing change during the night. Some nights, the seeing will vary periodically in an up-and-down cycle, indicating waves of turbulent air that come and go every two or three hours. This insight is useful when examining individual sub frames later – it helps me understand whether there was an equipment or focus problem or simply deterioration in the seeing. I also like having last night’s seeing graph to compare to the current night.
Now that I can “see” the seeing, I watch it carefully, and it’s the first thing I do when preparing for a night of imaging. I always have great expectations when night falls to get those first few seeing measurements. If you want to see for yourself, you can view my seeing monitor web page with live updates every night: http://putmanmountainobservatory.com/seeing-monitor/