Samuel Plimsoll and the development of vessel Load Line legislation
Samuel Plimsoll and the development of vessel Load Line legislation.
Have you ever looked at a ship hull and wondered what the lines were called? David McNeil a retired merchant seaman can answer this question
The marks halfway along the hull indicate how much load the vessel can carry, it may come as some surprise that the man who had the idea faced lawsuits from shipowners anxious to stop him because they were convinced he would put them out of business or leave them facing financial ruin.
The enormous loss of life sustained by the seafaring fraternity of years ago was not, it seems, at the forefront of their minds.
A stone bust of Samuel Plimsoll stands on one side of the river in Bristol, gazing with petrified authority upon the graving dock where the SS Great Britain sits in its state-of-the-art preservation dock on the other side. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the SS Great Britain does not have any load-line markings on the hull.
Samuel Plimsoll was active in this area during the transition from wooden hulls to steel. The full transition is wood to composite, composite to iron, iron to steel. Reproductions of drawings of the Cutty Sark in my possession show a vessel built in 1869 with tonnage marks in the form of the first Plimsoll line on the hull. These appear in the forerunner of the general arrangement drawing that became standard in vessel design. To anyone looking at them now the lines of the vessel can be clearly discerned along with the dimensions that can be calculated from the scales drawn out.
Before I go any further I think it right to identify some of the lines appearing either side of the original, circular, plimsoll mark. They are as follows.
- Tropical Fresh.
- Salt Water.
- North Atlantic.
WNA. Winter North Atlantic.
The letters that sit on the line either side of the circle denote the Classification Society that originally assigned the Freeboard. Freeboards may, from time to time, need to be re-assigned. Here are some instances where this may be necessary.
- Vessel lengthening.
- Change of vessel type.
- Change of trade from Coastal to Foreign-Going and vice versa.
You will clearly see that the vessel will float at different draughts in different water types and temperatures. In Plimsoll’s time this was not widely understood.
Samuel Plimsoll’s career as an MP stands out as an example of the sort of thing that statesmen politicians ought to do. Engage in the development of workable legislation that improves the lot of the greater number of working men and women.
In the same way that the first Factory Act sought to improve the working conditions of apprentices (Children; slaves had been liberated by this time) Plimsoll’s work sought to increase the chances of survival of the seafarers who either transported the wealth of the nation to client states or the resources to be transformed into that wealth. Both the Factory Act and the Merchant Shipping Act had small beginnings. They both grew to encompass huge numbers of sections with the passage of time. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Britain became more dependent upon sea trade and the families with shipyards in their inventory sought to make a killing.
Plimsoll’s primary concern was with the vessels that carried timber as deck cargo. That the holds were full of the same material was neither here nor there to the shipowners of the time. The timber became wet in transit, vessels capsized and went down. It may have looked perfectly in order on departure.
Without too much detail, the timber became heavier when wet and this caused a reduction of the transverse metacentric height. This leads to instability. Roll too far in one direction and……..oblivion.
In a purely academic sense, it could be argued that if all it took to cause the loss of the vessel was a deck cargo getting damp, the metacentric height may have been too small when the cargo was loaded dry in the first instance.
At one point in the uninformed social arguments about the Herald of Free Enterprise loss in 1987, it was said that the quantity of water on the car deck was purely academic. Its presence in any depth may have been sufficient to cause the calamity.
The arguments thrown at Samuel Plimsoll by the shipowners centred upon one premise.
“How do YOU know,” they said “just WHERE that line should be?”
Samuel Plimsoll had NO idea at all.
The fixing of load lines at this time was purely arbitrary. Calculations that could establish, either by mathematical evidence or deduction, where it should be were conspicuous by their absence.
The loss of any vessel, for the ship owner, was not of any great consequence. The insurance paid out.
At this point we should all make a cry of lamentation, great wailing and gnashing of teeth in support of this self-serving, self-interested club the while wearing sack cloth and ashes.
Lloyd’s of London had what some might describe as dodgy beginnings. It was a coffee house in London which served the new and fashionable beverage that had caused so much trouble in Europe after the Moors abandoned the siege of Vienna leaving sacks of beans behind them. The Viennese picked them up, sniffed them, ground them and stewed them. Bach composed a Cantata drawing attention to the slightly narcotic properties. The Coffee Cantata is worth a listen, has a wonderful musical resolution to the counterpoint in the best of Baroque styles without the froth.
The coffee in Lloyd’s was stewed to oblivion and served to men in powdered wigs smoking clay pipes while discussing the insurance risks on vessels trading in and out of London. They had classifications which, in altered guise, still hold true today. They were Good, Middling and Bad. These were assigned according to information received, known or suspected. It could be anything from the vessel’s observed condition to the quantity of liquor loaded for the Master’s consumption before the voyage.
One event that did concentrate minds was the transitions I mentioned earlier. The transition to iron hulls was marked with an increased number of losses. Wooden vessels would creak and make other noises which could be heard and this was a sure way of knowing whether to lower sail. Ship handler vocabulary was peppered with all manner of adjectives that described how the ship sounded in a seaway.
Iron vessels just cracked and that was it. They went down almost without warning. Plimsoll saw these transitions and events with mounting alarm.
As the new materials became more common it became clear that iron and steel used in ship construction was subject to something called stress and while metal fatigue was a condition yet to be better understood, vessel designers and builders had to design new ways of putting strength into their products and vessel framing began to be adopted.
Plimsoll’s activity led to the first Merchant Shipping Act of 1876. This made a load line compulsory on all foreign going ships. This was a circle with a diameter drawn horizontally and extended outside the circle as illustrated. The idea was that the water, when loaded, would simply not reach this line.
From one book in my possession, here is the original wording.
“That the centre of the disc shall indicate the maximum load line in salt water to which the owner intends to load that vessel for that voyage.”
Two points emerge from this. The Owner is now legally liable. The second is that the load line makes no allowance for a change of the water during the voyage.
At this time, rules were not in existence to determine the ‘right and safe’ position for the load line at a defined position as prescribed by government rules. In other words, the new Act made no mention of HOW the load line position was to be calculated. Simply that there had to be one on either side. But…….where?
It is worth quoting the lines from my book on Load Line calculations, published in 1945 and used by my Father from 1950.
“To restore to life the dead bones of history from the valley of despair would only still further confuse the mind of the reader whose business brings him into contact with Government Regulations.”
Who said books on topics as dry as this were not entertaining?
This is a tacit admission that the history of Load Lines is tortuous so, we will keep the story as simple as it can be made.
Then comes an astonishing admission.
“The Load Line Regulations have no claim to be based upon scientific investigations.”
And this is a statement made against a backdrop of increasing use of mathematical analysis for the solution of many problems, even in the 19thcentury?
Initially, there were Freeboard Tables drawn up in 1886. The requirements for the load line, as rules in some form, did not become compulsory until 1890. In other words, guidance was available before the rules. These rules were later to be incorporated into an International Load Line Convention.
The term “Freeboard” is the distance at longitudinal ‘midships from the Freeboard Deck to the water line. This is the first mention of a datum, in any form, about which Plimsoll could not be clear.
By this time, Lloyds Register of Shipping had clear ideas about the dimensions to be used. Even here, this is still a huge assumption.
“The Freeboard tables originally introduced in 1886 were formulated on the assumption that the ship was strong enough for the freeboards assigned, and that the scantlings used were in accordance with the 1885 Rules of Lloyd’s Register for the 100A, spar or awning Class, as the case might be.”
The term “Scantling” is a curious word which is still used in this context and means the dimensions of principal constructional features. The word origin is possibly Norse. Not even my huge Chambers Dictionary lists it.
Two points come from the quote above. The assumption is that the vessel is strong enough and not “scant” in its constructional features. The second is that the vessel has been built to a set of Scantlings that has been established over many years of experience. By now you may have some idea how all of this came about. The scantlings used are the first indication of what we now understand to be the Construction Rules for a vessel. Every vessel type has them. Even Cross Channel Ferries.
You may imagine then, the difference between these rules for a passenger liner and a bulk carrier of a similar tonnage. This was why the then Board of Trade wound up with egg all over its face in connection with the Titanic. The Clearance Certificate for the vessel did not properly reflect the vessel type and, as such, the vessel was found wanting with respect to Lifeboat provision.
By now it is clear that the business of load line assignment was acquiring a vocabulary all of its own that was never heard in Plimsoll’s time. Out of it comes one term for which he must have been clutching during his arguments with Ship owners, anxious to stop him.
The Freeboard Deck is the deck from which the load line is measured when assigned.
From my text, here is how Freeboard Deck is defined.
“It is the deck from which freeboard is measured. If the deck is continuous, it can be identified as a freeboard deck. If not, it must have permanent means of closure for all openings where the deck is exposed to weather. This includes all such openings as hatches, water tight doors that open outwards, that would permit persons to enter parts of the vessel from exposed decks.”
In summary, the work of Plimsoll not only formed the first legislation on Merchant Ships in respect of safety but it also led to the first Construction Rules for vessel types to which designers had to conform. It also led to the first considerations on vessel stability and ensuring that guidance was in place that would prevent the vessel leaving port in an unstable condition or reaching that condition at some point in the voyage. This is called the angle of vanishing stability which is the angle of heel at which the Righting Moment, the lever that restores the vessel to upright, vanishes totally.
So we have one Member of Parliament with a conscience and a bunch of men in powdered wigs to thank for the increase in Maritime Safety. Not bad really.
This does not alter the fact that we still lose ships and the last time I looked a Bulk carrier was lost at the rate of one per month with all hands. Ferries remain, the world over, among the most likely vessels to capsize or sink for one reason or another.
Written by David McNeil


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The ongoing changes to the Earth’s climate will have far reaching effects on the future availability of freshwater resources. Here are five ways climate change will affect the world’s freshwater resources.
Rising Sea Level
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, rising sea levels can turn coastal aquifers into saltwater and cause problems for the local water infrastructure (this is known as saltwater intrusion). An example is the Biscayne aquifer that supplies water to the Florida Keys. Rising sea levels would add saltwater to the Biscayne aquifer, making it saline.
According to NASA climate modeling, the increasing temperature will make a megadrought highly likely in the Southwest before the end of the century. The researchers estimate a 80% chance that there will be a drought spanning multiple decades in the Southwestern United States which would cause devastating shortages in freshwater supplies.
Changes in Snowfall/Rainfall
Increased temperatures result in decreased snowfall in the mountains which lead to less freshwater flow to rivers. The California snow pack is already at the lowest levels on record and this has put significant stress on the state’s reservoirs. Higher temperatures also lead to increased evaporation which means more water in the atmosphere and less rainfall in some areas. Climate models predict a strengthening of existing precipitation patterns, meaning dry areas will get drier.
Climate change is projected to increase major storms and flooding especially in the Midwest and Northeast. Flooding can damage the water infrastructure that treats and distributes freshwater. It can also overflow sewer systems and cause rivers to come in contact with pollutants, both which can contaminate freshwater resources.
Since glaciers provide a major source of freshwater, shrinking glaciers will reduce the availability to accessible freshwater. Scientists at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union said that glaciers in parts of the Canadian Rockies will shrink to 5 to 20 percent of their current size. Glaciers are like reservoirs that store water in the winter and release it in the summer. They currently store about 69% of the world’s freshwater. More than one-sixth of the world population relies on glaciers and seasonal snow packs for water resources. If all land ice melted, the sea level would rise 230 feet globally.


On the one hand, the signal isolator can solve differences of ground reference points when the ground loop and equipment are interconnected. On the other hand, it can effectively remove the infinite radio frequency and electromagnetic interference that the line may be subjected to during the transmission process.
When a signal isolator is connected to two or more receiving devices, any default in the circuit may lead to defection of the whole equipment and overwhelming load capacity of the transmitter so that this method is not advisable. The usual method is to connect a resistor in series in the loop and then connect the load in parallel to the resistor to obtain a voltage signal.
Connect to the output loop-powered signal isolator that is powered by the receiving device through the signal output line and output the active signal of the field 4-wire transmitter to the receiving device after isolation, which not only avoids power conflicts, but also isolates the signal.
The signal isolator has a signal conversion function, which can accept DC standard (or non-standard) signals, thermocouple signals, thermal resistance signals, potentiometer signals, and even AC signals and so on. It can output various signals required by users.


Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), an economically important vegetable, is widely grown around the world with leading tomato producing countries in China, the United States, Italy and Spain . Although most of tomatoes are field-grown, protected production systems (greenhouse) have increased significantly in recent years, including in North America . Pepino mosaic is one of several emerging viral diseases that seriously constrain the profitable production of tomatoes worldwide .
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) from the genus Potexvirus in the family Alphaflexiviridae was first reported to infect pepino (S. muricatum L.) in 1980 . This virus was not considered an issue until 20 years later when it was first reported to infect greenhouse tomatoes in the Netherlands . Since then, the disease has become widespread in Europe [6–14]. PepMV has also caused serious problems on greenhouse tomatoes in North America [15–18] and in South America [19–21]. Furthermore, this virus was detected in China , Syria , and South Africa . Thus, PepMV has become one of the most economically important viruses infecting greenhouse tomatoes worldwide [3, 25, 26]. The typical disease symptoms on tomatoes include mosaic, yellow patches, necrotic lesions and uneven ripening of fruits resulting in marbling or flaming in appearance on mature fruits. It was estimated that the poor quality of PepMV-infected fruits could reduce tomato market value by up to 36% .
Three major genotypes of PepMV (namely EU, US1 and CH2), which share only 78-82% genomic nucleotide sequence identity, have been reported [9, 10, 16, 21, 25, 26]. Even though a greater level of PepMV genetic diversity was initially recognized in the American continents [16, 21], further population genetic analysis in Canada and the U.S. showed a predominant EU genotype, with only a small fraction of field isolates in US1 and CH2 genotypes . However, several studies in Europe in recent years demonstrated that the prevalent PepMV genotype has shifted from a predominant EU [11, 28] to CH2 [14, 29–31]. Recent outbreaks of pepino disease in association with the CH2 genotype in broader geographic regions in the world, including the Middle East  and South Africa , raised concerns of possible seed transmission. Although PepMV on tomato is localized on seed coat (testa) and not in embryo, mechanical transmission from a contaminated seed could easily induce a new infection . A low rate (0.026%) of PepMV seed transmission in tomato has already been observed . These results on seed transmission demonstrated the importance of selecting and planting tomatoes from PepMV-tested negative seed lots. With intensive cultural practices, as required under a greenhouse tomato production system (i.e., grafting, de-leafing, inter-cropping and bumble bee pollination), even with a small number of PepMV-infected plants serving as sources of initial inocula could result in a serious disease epidemic. Thus, a timely detection and rapid genotype determination would be a prerequisite for deploying effective strategies in disease management.
Currently, several molecular-based methods have been developed to determine the genetic diversity of PepMV, including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) [34, 35], reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing [14, 17], real-time RT-PCR , and hybridization . All such molecular methods required some specialized instruments or sophisticated laboratory conditions, making it difficult to apply for field analysis. With recent trends in genotype shifting in Europe, growers in North America are concerned about their crop’s health status and would request additional sequencing to determine the specific genotype . Although this method is accurate, it is costly and time consuming. Thus, we were interested in developing a rather simple and quick reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for efficient identification of PepMV genotypes. In recent years, the RT-LAMP technology [37, 38] has been successfully applied for plant virus and viroid detection [39–47]. In an effort to understand the current genetic diversity and evolution of PepMV in North America, we established a surveillance system with assistance from participating growers in Canada, Mexico and the U.S.A. on sample collection. We developed and used LAMP to monitor the presence and distribution of PepMV genetic diversity in North America.


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The compatibility of anarchism and women’s liberation is clear: opposition to all hierarchy is a requirement of any movement demanding emancipation and equality. Despite this, everywhere that women joined the early anarchist movement they were forced to fight against the prejudices of their male comrades. Not only did they fight, they prevailed, becoming the spearhead of many revolutionary situations.
This pamphlet will give a biographical account of some lesser-known revolutionary women of the past.


Livingston Surname Meaning, History & Origin
Livingston Surname Meaning
The origins of the Livingston surname in Scotland are from the place-name Livingston in West Lothian, first founded by a man named Leving in the 12th century.
Early Livingston spellings were various. Livingston and Livingstone are the main variants today. Livingston prevails in America. But Livingstone outnumbers Livingston in Scotland and elsewhere.
Livingston Surname Resources on
- Clan Livingstone.
Livingstone Lowland and Highland history.
- Clan Livingstone
Livingstone clan website.
- Livingstons of Callendar
Livingstons in Stirlingshire.
- David Livingstone’s Ancestry
Ancestry of the African explorer.
- The Livingston Family
Livingstons of New York.
Livingston and Livingstone Surname Ancestry
Scotland. Livingstons in Scotland divide into Lowland and Highland Livingstons. Both Lowland and Highland Livingstons have believed that there was some linkage between the two groups. But none has really been found.
Lowland. The line from Leving at Livingston in West Lothian descended:
- to Alexander Livingston, the first around 1250 to take the name of Livingston
- to his grandson William Livingston, the first of the Livingstons of Livingston
- and to Sir Bartholomew Livingston, the last of these Livingstons, who died at the Battle of Flodden Field in 1513.
However, another line had sprung from Sir William Livingston who had accompanied King David II on his expedition to England in 1346. Afterwards he acquired the barony of Callendar in Stirlingshire whose heiress he had married.
Sir James Livingston of Callendar was created Lord Livingston in 1458. His descendant Alexander was a guardian to the young Mary Queen of Scots a century later and his daughter Mary was one of the four Marys in her retinue.
A later Alexander Livingston became the Earl of Linlithgow in 1600, a title that was then forfeited when his descendant James Livingston came out on the Jacobite side in the Rising of 1715. This Livingston dynasty ended conclusively with the second Jacobite defeat in 1746. The family story was told in Edwin Livingston’s 1920 book The Livingstons of Callendar.
Subsidiary branches of the line were those at Kilsyth, Dunipace and Westquarter. One line led to the Rev. John Livingston at Jedbergh on the Scottish Borders and to his son Robert who founded the Livingston family in New York.
Highland. These Livingstons originated from the Isle of Lismore and the districts of Lorn and Appin in Argyllshire on the Scottish west coast. Their original Gaelic name was MacLeay from Mac an Leigh, meaning “son of the physician.”
In 1641 James Livingston of Stirling, Baron of Biel, was granted a lease of the lands and the rights of the bishopric of Argyll and the Isles. In this capacity he resided for a while at Achandu castle at Lismore. It was probably then that the MacLeays adopted the name of Livingston.
They became the hereditary keepers of the crozier of the Bishops of Lismore (from St. Moluag who had died in 592) and granted the title of the Baron of Bachuil. But they were never a clan of much wealth or power, being always dependent on more prosperous neighbors to lease or croft them land to farm or graze their cattle.
Of descendants, Donald Livingstone was one of a contingent of Livingstones guarding Charles Stewart, the Laird of Ardsheal, at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. He rescued the white banner of the Stewarts from the battlefield and successfully returned it to Appin. More noteworthy later was Dr. David Livingstone, the famed African explorer. There were many who emigrated.
Ireland. The Livingstons in Ireland were a Scottish implant. One family arrived in county Down from Ayrshire as early as 1607 as part of the Ulster plantation. Others came from Stirlingshire. The Rev. Henry Livingston was the long-serving minister of the Ballynahinch Presbyterian church.
“This Henry Livingston was the first stated minister of Ballynahinch after the year 1641. He supplied the congregations of Drumbo, Ballynahinch and Drumcaw. To this most laborious office he was ordained in the year 1655; and he discharged its duties for the space of forty two years with great diligence and fidelity.”
William Livingston was a Lisburn merchant in the late 1600’s and a ruling elder at Ballynahinch.
America. The Livingstons were one of the prominent families of early America.
New York. Robert Livingston from Scotland, exiled to Holland for religious reasons, set sail for New York in 1674 and – with his Dutch connections – soon established his presence in its business and political circles.
He was to be the forebear of the Livingston family that would remain pre-eminent in New York through the colonial era and beyond. His line ran:
- through his elder son Philip Livingston who inherited the family estate of Livingston Manor in Sullivan county. His descendants included a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a Governor of New Jersey, and a US Supreme Court Justice.
- through his younger son Robert Livingston who made his home at Clermont in nearby Columbia county. His descendants included the US Minister to France who negotiated the Louisiana Purchase and his son a Louisiana Senator.
- and though his nephew Robert Livingston the Younger who arrived in America in 1687 and later was the mayor of Albany. His son John was a Montreal merchant.
Elsewhere. There were of course other Livingstons in America.
John Livingston came to the Poropotank Creek area in Virginia from Scotland in 1651. Later Livingstones – brothers William, John and George – were plantation owners in King and Queen county in the 1750’s. Lucille Coone’s 1990 book The Livingstons of Virginia covered this line. There was another Virginia line of Livingstons from Botetourt county that migrated to Alabama in the early 1800’s.
Andrew Livingston was Scots Irish from county Down. He arrived in Pennsylvania sometime in the 1750’s. His son George settled in Fayette county and later Livingstons moved to Ohio. Adam Aaron Livingston was also Scots Irish. He came to Virginia in the 1760’s and was the forebear of the Livingstons of Greene county, Georgia. There are four different Livingston Bibles recording the 19th century descendants of this family.
Canada. Many of the Livingstons coming to Canada were Highland Livingstons from Argyllshire. Their main arrival point was Nova Scotia.
Nova Scotia. Daniel Livingston came there with the British army as early as 1757 and stayed. He was later to be found in Leeds county, Ontario where he was killed by a falling tree in 1793.
Angus Livingston was a pioneer settler in Cape Breton, at Big Bras D’Or on Boularderie island, in the early 1800’s. He was a boat-builder there. Eleven Livingstones – great grandsons of Angus – fought in World War One and have been commemorated in the local Presbyterian church. Their numbers included “Wild Bill” Livingston who was awarded the Military Cross twice.
Also at Cape Breton, in this case along the Mull river, were John and Catharine Livingston from Mull in Argyllshire. They had arrived there in the early 1820’s.
Elsewhere. There were some Livingstones in Canada who had or claimed a kinship with the explorer David Livingstone. The most definite connection was with David’s older brother John who had come to Lanark township, Ontario from Blantyre in the 1840’s. He later moved to Listowel in Perth county where he died in 1899.
Not related was James Livingston who grew up in East Kilbride near Blantyre in Lanarkshire, the son of a weaver. He departed for Waterloo county, Ontario in 1856. There he prospered in the flax industry. His former home in Wilmot township, Castle Kilbride, has been designated a Canadian National Historic Site.
Australia and New Zealand. A number of Livingstons had worked in the slate quarries of Balachuilish in western Argyllshire in the early/mid 1800’s. James Ban Livingston from Glencoe set off for Australia with his wife Isabelle on the Marco Polo in 1852. Charles Livingston emigrated to New Zealand with his wife Dorothy in 1860. They settled in Forest Hill, Southland.
Livingston Surname Miscellany
Livingston Origins. The source of the Livingston name is the place – a town in West Lothian near Edinburgh. The town’s name was derived from a man named (in Latin) Levingus who lived in the early 12th century and gave his name to Villa Leving or Leving’s Town.
Some believe that Leving was an Anglo-Saxon or continental European, possibly from Hungary, who came to Scotland with Queen Margaret after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. But the sound “Levin” can be a name in many languages.
More traditionally it was believed that Levingus had Gaelic Highland roots in the clan Donn Sleibhe (Dunsleeve, Don Levy, MacOnlea or MacLea). A diminutive form of the personal name Donn Sleibhe (brown of the hill), is Leibhin, pronounced levin, thus Leibhin’s Town.
The Gaelic name of Livingston now is Baile Dhun Leibhe (the town of Dunlevin). Many members of the clan Maclea eventually took the surname Livingstone up, as if it were an English translation of their Gaelic name.
Livingston and Livingstone. The early spellings were various. Turstanus Leuig was the son of Leving who had founded the town of Livingston (then spelt Leuiggestun) in West Lothian. Other early recordings included William Levestone who had witnessed a grant by the Earl of Levenax. In 1296 Sir Archibald de Levingestoune rendered homage to the English king in the Ragman’s Rolls. And it was James Leyffingstoun as spelt who was appointed the Great Chamberlain of Scotland in 1456.
By then Livingston was generally the main spelling, although Livingstone with the addition of the “e” was becoming evident by the 16th century. The Livingstone spelling preference became noticeable during the 19th century, thanks perhaps to the popularity of Dr. David Livingstone the famous African explorer.
|Scottish Census Numbers||Livingston||Livingstone||Total|
|1841||2,651 (85%)||483 (15%)||3,134|
|1881||2,268 (55%)||1,827 (45%)||4,095|
|1911||1,756 (35%)||3,266 (65%)||5,022|
Today the Livingstone numbers are larger, except in America.
Reader Feedback – Livingstone in Stirling. Anyone have info on my ancestor Margaret Livingstone who was born in 1623 at Saint Ninians in Stirling? She married Alexander Jaffray, born in 1619, in 1644 and farmed at Meikle Canglour, Stirling.
Rod Jeffery (firstname.lastname@example.org).
The End of the Livingston Dynasty at Callendar. In 1721 Lady Ann Livingston, daughter of the exiled James Livingston, had been allowed to rent the house and lands formerly held by her family. She had earlier married William Boyd, Earl of Kilmarnock, and he now took up residence at Callendar House.
Both she and her husband supported Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, when he arrived in Scotland in 1745. Things began well enough. Bonnie Prince Charlie passed the night in Callendar House in September of that year on his way to a triumph at Prestonpans and a rapturous reception in Edinburgh.
But the failed march south to Derby and the retreat back to Scotland signalled the beginning of the end of the Stewart cause. At Culloden in April came final defeat and with it the capture and execution of Lord Kilmarnock. Lady Ann left Falkirk and the Livingston dynasty there effectively came to an end.
David Livingstone’s Ancestry. David Livingstone was born in 1813 in the Lanarkshire mill town of Blantyre. At the age of ten he was working twelve-hour days with his brother John as a piecer in the cotton mill.
From these unpromising beginnings he was able to attend medical school and be accepted as a Christian missionary. He made his first visit to Africa in 1840 and was to spend the rest of his life there as a missionary and explorer. He was lost and then found by Henry Stanley in their famous meeting on the shores of Lake Tanganyika in 1871.
What were his origins? An 1891 letter from his older brother John Livingstone in Canada stated that their grandfather Neil Livingstone and his wife Mary Morrison left the island of Ulva with their family around 1792 and settled in Blantyre.
There is no information that survives regarding the grandfather Neil Livingston’s baptismal date, although there is an assumption by some that he was born about 1745. This is nothing more than an educated guess based upon the notion that Dr. Livingstone’s great grandfather Neil was killed in 1746 at the Battle of Culloden when his grandfather was a young child.
Another account has this Neil as the youngest son of the Baron of Bachuil who lived on the island of Lismore. He was said to have enlisted as a Jacobite soldier during the Rebellion, survived the Battle of Culloden, and then made his way back home. He was unable to safely return to Lismore, so he eventually ended up on Ulva.
Today the tradition continues in Mull that the old Livingstone family of Dr. Livingstone lived at a croft on the southern shores of Ulva. The sad reality of Ulva, as elsewhere in western Argyll, is that the island was subject to clearances in the early 1800’s. By the time Dr. Livingstone arrived by yacht in 1864 looking for relatives there were no traces of Livingstone kin to be found.
The Baron of Bachuil at Lismore. Niall Livingstone, Baron of Bachuil and the chief of Clan MacLea, is the only person other than the Queen whose passport and title (which precedes the kingdom of Scotland) are granted “by the Grace of God.” His family has lived on the island of Lismore in the Inner Hebrides for 1,500 years.
He is also the Abbot of Lismore and the holder of the oldest existing church office in Britain – as the keeper of the Bachuil Mor (St. Moluag’s staff) which is renowned for having miraculous powers.
But in 2017 the Baron put his home on the island, Bachuil House, up for sale, before later agreeing to a community buyout. The Baron said:
“If this becomes the first step to creating what I call the Lismore dream, it really could be the best thing to happen to the island since the arrival of St. Moluag in 562.“
Lismore has 185 residents today and a high proportion of older people. The Community Trust sees it as important to make improvements that would encourage more young families to live there.
The New York Livingston Family
Rev. John Livingston in Scotland (1603-1672) m. Janet Fleming
– Robert Livingston the Elder
(1654-1728), immigrated in 1674, m. Alida Schuyler
— Philip Livingston of Livingston Manor (1686-1749), merchant, m. Catharine Ten Brugh
— a. Robert Livingston of Livingston Manor (1708-1790) m. Mary Thong
—- Walter Livingston of Clermont (1740-1797), merchant and NY politician, m. Cornelia Schuyler
—– Henry Livingston (1768-1810), judge and NY politician, m. Mary Allen
—- John Livingston of Oak Hill (1750-1822) m. Mary Ann LeRoy
— b. Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710-1792), merchant, m. Mary Alexander
—- Philip Livingston (1740-1810), NY politician, m. Cornelia Van Horne
—- William Livingston (1757-1780), killed in a duel.
— c. Philip Livingston (1718-1801), signed the Declaration of Independence, m. Christina Ten Broeck
—- Philip Livingston (1741-1787) m. Sara Johnson
—– Edward Livingston of Clermont (1779-1843), Lieut. Governor of New York, m. Elizabeth Livingston
— d. William Livingston (1723-1790), Governor of New Jersey m. Susannah French
—- Henry Livingston (1757-1823), US Supreme Court
— Robert Livingston of Clermont (1688-1775) m. Margaret Howarden
— Judge Robert Livingston (1718-1775), NY politician, m. Margaret Beekman
—- Robert Livingston the Chancellor (1746-1813), US Minister to France, m. Mary Stevens
—- Edward Livingston (1764-1836), Louisiana Senator and US Secretary of State, m. Louise Davezac
– James Livingston (1646-1673)
— Robert Livingston the Younger (1663-1725), immigrated in 1687, mayor of Albany, m. Margarita Schuyler
— John Livingston (1709-1791), Montreal trader, m. Catharina Van Broeck
—- James Livingston (1747-1832), fought in Revolutionary War and afterwards NY politician, m. Elizabeth Simpson.
Robert Livingston of Clermont. His grandson Edward described Robert Livingston of Clermont in 1772 at the age of eighty four as follows:
“He was a gentleman – tall and somewhat bent, but not emaciated by age which had marked but not disfigured a face once remarkable for its regular beauty of features, and still beaming with the benevolence and intelligence that had always illuminated it.
He marked the epoch at which he retired from the world by preserving its costume: the flowing wool powered wig, the bright brown coat, with large cuffs and square shirts, the cut velvet waistcoat, with ample flaps and the breeches scarcely covering the knee, the silk stocking, rolled over them with embroidered clocks, and shining square-toed shoes, fastened near the ankle and small embossed gold buckles.
These were retained in his service, not to affect a singularity, but because he thought it ridiculous at his time of life to follow the quick succession of fashion.
He always rose at five and read until breakfast. The year before his death, he took up the study of German and spoke it fluently.
The patriarch of Clermont was in many ways the spoiled younger son of the self-made man. A failure in the law, in business, and in the eyes of his own parents, he nonetheless entered his final years with the satisfaction that he had not only maintained the estate passed on to him by his father, but had increased it 40-fold through his speculation in Catskill Mountain lands.”
Angus Livingstone on Cape Breton. Angus Livingstone was the progenitor of the Boularderie Livingstones on Cape Breton.
Born in Argyllshire around the year 1773, he had served in the Navy aboard the Royal George during the Napoleonic Wars. By his own account he arrived in Cape Breton in 1819 and made his first petition for land on the west side of Boularderie in 1820. The grant was named Kilninian, which was the name of the parish and the town on the isle of Mull from which Angus probably originated.
There is a family tradition that Angus was one of three brothers who emigrated together and landed at Pictou. In a search for better land, they built an open boat and set off from there. Malcolm settled at Cape George in Antigonish county (at a place now called Livingstone Cove), while Angus and George continued to Cape Breton. They had their boat hauled over the strip of land separating the Strait of Canso from the Bras d’Or Lakes at St. Peter’s. Angus chose to settle on the west side of Boularderie island and George sailed on to Low Point near present-day Victoria Mines at the mouth of Sydney Harbor.
While it might be nice to believe in the tale, its credibility is questioned by the petition for land at Low Point by John Livingstone (maybe Angus’s son) in 1817, in which he stated that he has been a resident of Cape Breton for ten years. This would have preceded by a considerable time Angus’s reported arrival date at Boularderie.
Another account does have Angus arriving much earlier at Pictou, in 1791. Donald Livingstone and his family from Mull came to Prince Edward Island in 1806 on the Rambler.
The claim that Angus was an uncle of the famous Dr. David Livingstone of Africa has not been supported by the evidence.
Reader Feedback – Livingstons from Argyllshire to Cape Breton. There is no doubt that John Livingston, born in the 1770’s in Argyllshire, was married in Kilninian parish, Mull in 1805 to Catharine Campbell of Teang.
Shortly after their marriage, a daughter Ann was born – not in Mull but in Morvern parish where John was recorded as working as a laborer. Then it appears that John and Catharine returned to Mull where they resided in a number of locations before leaving for Cape Breton.
While it was correct to state in later family accounts that John and Catharine came from Mull in the early 1820’s with their children and settled in Cape Breton at Mull River, their marriage record and eldest child’s birth record suggested that John Livingston was born in Morvern parish and not Mull.
Alexander Livingston (email@example.com).
- Alexander Livingston was the first of his line to assume the name of Livingston around the year 1250.
- Sir James Livingston of Callendar was appointed Great Chamberlain of Scotland in 1453.
- Robert Livingston from the Scottish Borders came to America in 1674 and was the forebear of a powerful New York family.
- David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa and one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th century.
- Ken Livingstone has been a prominent left-wing London leader, serving as its mayor from 2000 to 2008.
Livingston Numbers Today
- 10,000 in the UK (most numerous in Lanarkshire)
- 17,000 in America (most numerous in Florida)
- 11,000 elsewhere (most numerous in Canada)
Livingston and Like Surnames
These are surnames from the Scottish Lowlands. Some are clan names; some – like Gordon, Graham and Hamilton – have Anglo-Norman antecedents that crossed the border into Scotland; and some – like Douglas and Stewart – were very powerful in early Scottish history. Stewart in fact became the royal Stuart line.
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The School Communications committee works on our "Reveal what’s Real" campaign at Minnetonka High School, as well as additional, supporting communications. The campaign is based in the Positive Culture Framework and works off of Social Norms Theory which holds that people tend to behave in a way they believe is most typical of and accepted by their peers. If people believe that risky behaviors are typical, some individuals are more likely to engage in those behaviors. 2016 student survey data from MHS show that 64% of students misperceive how often their peers are drinking and 60% misperceive how often their peers are using marijuana. Most MHS students do not drink or use other drugs, and we work to grow that norm.
We implement Reveal what’s Real through messages on posters and our “Toilet Tribunes”.


How does kant support gods existence essay
This argument for god’s existence, grounded on reason’s need for public religion, is not the only argument kant presents in religion that could be described as a “religious argument for the existence of god”. Kant's religious argument for the existence of god: the ultimate dependence of human destiny on divine assistance , see the collection of essays in kant and the . Professionally written essays on this topic: the existence of god analysis of god's existence in eight pages this research paper considers philosophical perspectives regarding god's existence and includes david hume's opposi.
What does kant mean by existence is not a predicate essential property of god kant meant that existence was similar to, say, location in the following . Sample college essays \ how does kant support god's kant also felt that god’s existence is beyond the experience of our five senses, and so we cannot ever know . The design argument for the existence of god outline of essay: i the analogical version of the design argument immanuel kant (1724-1804)—a strident . Descartes and his followers were convinced that a priori knowledge of the existence of god, as an infinitely perfect being, in essays immanuel kant, .
God must exist since all his premises are all in support of his conclusion that the first cause is god an atheist is likely to say that the big bang was the first cause, but aquinas's premises and conclusion will refute this theory, as we will view later. Two more works appeared the following year: attempt to introduce the concept of negative magnitudes into philosophy and the only possible argument in support of a demonstration of the existence of god. Free college essay the existence of god there are various forms of arguments for the existence of god st thomas aquinas and immanuel kant all believe in the . The ontological argument for the existence of god beginning of this essay so we know, at least, that god can exist kant, is that existence is a very .
Strictly speaking, kant’s argument is not an argument for god’s existence, but rather for justice in the afterlife for the sake of simplicity, though, here i have equated the two the argument’s structure is this:. Read this essay on the existence of god but science actually proves gods existence you can't destroy matter arguments that have been established in support . William paley’s argument for god’s existence this paper is on william paley’s argument for god’s existence you must support your conclusions, and not . Essay the existence of god for centuries, the idea of god has been a part of man's history past and present, there has always been a different integration consisting of the believers and the non-believers of god. Outline the four classic proofs for god's existence have been formulated in support of god's existence the best known kant challenged the idea that .
Philosophy and the proof of god's existence implicit in philosophy since kant if we view our existence through human categories, then our concept of god is . Here the cognition of pure reason is an “ideal,” which kant and see kant’s pre-critical essay the the ontological proof for the existence of god was . An argument for the existence of god essay length: 2339 words (67 say that this mutual understanding is proof of god's existence immanuel kant put forward this . Defining god’s existence essay there are two types of arguments to approach the existence of god a posteriori argument is defining things based on the premises of what is true by our own experiences. Support tweet browse papers / philosophy proof of gods existence essay proof of gods existence and over other 29,000+ free term papers, hume, and kant these .
How does kant support gods existence essay
Does descartes successfully prove the existence of god philosophy essay to kant, existence does not accommodate a certain object as much as it accommodates the . Does reason alone give proof god exists philosophy essay argument to support his answer to the existence of god yet he of this essay and no longer wish to . The moral argument for the existence of god kant did not put forward a moral argument and anyone who said he does is wrong more about essay on moral argument . We will write a custom essay sample on how does kant support how-does-kant-support-gods-existence-essay sample on how does kant support god’s existence .
We provide free model essays on philosophy, god existence reports, and term paper samples related to god existence services infodesk samples support essays . Kant's moral argument for the existence of god essay study guide by holly_haskins includes 17 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. Furthermore, kant argued vehemently in the first critique that the traditional arguments for god’s existence were worthless yet he will not rely on fideism either so where does he go]. The most prominent of facts that sum up the teleological argument about gods existence is based on intelligent design “arguments about god's existence essay .
This essay is an original work by an absolute truth does not exist: the first step towards the proof that god exists is to determine whether you actually .


Edward Said’s Orientalism: Trapped in Time
Thesis By Samantha Lori Glass
Edward Said developed his theory of Orientalism in 1978. His theory looked at how Western cultures have treated the East, which includes Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. There is differentiation on what parts of the Occident view the Orient, as the United States has become more tied with the Middle East. In contrast, Europe’s vast history of trade and colonization has connected them with Africa and Asia. The image that has been created has belittled cultures, taken away their meaning, and risks the people in the culture from abandoning it altogether. When power becomes a significant part of the cultural norms, those who are a part of the Orient want to assimilate. Said focuses on three main aspects. First, he looks at how the Orient can be studied for its culture and how it has been misconstrued. Then, Said understands the imaginary definition of the Orient, as the culture has been taken by artists of many mediums to establish the differences that exist in society. This has primarily been done by using the “Other,” as it usually creates false images around the culture as a whole. While the issue of making the culture different has mainly been seen through the Occident, there are still those in the Orient who “Other” their own culture because of the desire to assimilate to the West. Finally, he looks at how the East has been used for power and control.
Throughout history, treatment towards those of Asian descent have been negative, from inside and outside of their own culture. Film is one of the most excellent mediums that audiences can look back to understand how this treatment has improved or stayed the same throughout history. The Good Earth (1937), Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), Flower Drum Song (1961), and Crazy Rich Asians (2018) are from different times but represent the Asian culture in positive and negative ways. The imaginary definition of the East has been used to tell these stories through whitewashing. However, through these representations, which have positive and negative feedback, audiences can recognize the issues that exist, without having to disregard these films. Film is an important medium, and as it holds a lot of power, it can also do a lot of good. Current events of the COVID-19 pandemic may push back the positivity that has been attempted through xenophobic beliefs of the illness.


This is an excerpt from Amazon's popular line of Bossy Brocci Math and Big Science workbooks! [it's pronounced like "Brawsee"]
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1) Determine or Identify 4 Translations, given both Original & Image figures
2) Locate & Write Ordered Pair Coordinates of Original figure Vertices
3) Synthesize Translation verbal/sentence commands
4) Convert & Draw their Translation verbal commands into symbolic commands
5) Convert Translation verbal & symbolic commands into an Arithmetic command (e.g. ‘3 units Left & 5 units Up’ becomes ‘x – 3 & y + 5’)
6) Locate & Write Ordered Pair Coordinates for Image figure Vertices
7) Be compelled to show their work in a neat & orderly format
8) Be trained to identify Translations methodically & systematically
Printing should be done in Landscape and double-sided, with the flip being along the 'short' side
Math Geometry Transformation Transformations Properties of Transformations Coordinate Plane Translation Translations Properties of Translations Image Back-translating Translating Reflection Reflections Properties of Reflections Reflecting Reflecting across Horizontal y = 0 x-axis Vertical x = 0 y-axis Diagonal y = x Line of Reflection Rotation Rotations Properties of Rotations Rotating about Origin 90 180 degree rotations Determining Rotation Dilation Dilations Dilating Enlargement Enlargements Reduction Reductions Scale Factor Scale Factors Original Coordinates New Coordinates Image Coordinates Graphing Dilations Plotting Dilations Dilations and Area Dilation Trends Dilation and Percent Change Dilation Word Problems


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|Scope of criminal liability|
|Severity of offense|
|Offence against the person|
|Crimes against property|
|Crimes against justice|
|Crimes against animals|
|Defences to liability|
|Other common-law areas|
A misdemeanor (American English) or misdemeanour (British English) is any "lesser" criminal act in some common law legal systems. Misdemeanors are generally punished less severely than felonies, but theoretically more so than administrative infractions (also known as minor, petty, or summary offences) and regulatory offences. Many misdemeanors are punished with monetary fines.
Distinction between felonies and misdemeanors
In the United States, the federal government generally considers a crime punishable with incarceration for one year or less to be a misdemeanor. All other crimes are considered felonies. Many states also employ this distinction.
A misdemeanor is considered a crime of low seriousness, and a felony one of high seriousness. A principle of the rationale for the degree of punishment meted out is that the punishment should fit the crime. One standard for measurement is the degree to which a crime affects others or society. Measurements of the degree of seriousness of a crime have been developed.
The distinction between felonies and misdemeanors has been abolished by several common law jurisdictions (e.g. Australia). These jurisdictions have generally adopted some other classification: in the Commonwealth nations of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, the crimes are divided into summary offences and indictable offences. The Republic of Ireland, a former member of the Commonwealth, also uses these divisions.
When a misdemeanor becomes a felony
In the United States of America, the first time a person commits certain crimes, such as spousal assault, it is a misdemeanor, the second time it becomes a felony.
Typical misdemeanors and sentences
In some jurisdictions, those who are convicted of a misdemeanor are known as misdemeanants (as contrasted with those convicted of a felony who are known as felons). Depending on the jurisdiction, examples of misdemeanors may include: petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication, simple assault, disorderly conduct, trespass, vandalism, reckless driving, discharging a firearm within city limits, possession of cannabis and in some jurisdictions first-time possession of certain other drugs, and other similar crimes.
Punishments for misdemeanors
In the United States, misdemeanors are typically crimes with a maximum punishment of 12 months of incarceration, typically in a local jail as contrasted with felons, who are typically incarcerated in a prison. Jurisdictions such as Massachusetts are a notable exception where the maximum punishment of some misdemeanors is up to 2.5 years. People who are convicted of misdemeanors are often punished with probation, community service, short jail term, or part-time imprisonment; served on the weekends.
Misdemeanors usually do not result in the loss of civil rights, but may result in loss of privileges, such as professional licenses, public offices, or public employment. Such effects are known as the collateral consequences of criminal charges. This is more common when the misdemeanor is related to the privilege in question (such as the loss of a taxi driver's license after a conviction for reckless driving), or when the misdemeanor involves moral turpitude—and in general is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. One prominent example of this is found in the United States Constitution, which provides that the President may be impeached and subsequently removed from office if found guilty by Congress for "high crimes and misdemeanors". The definition of a "high crime" is left to the judgment of Congress.
In Singapore, misdemeanors generally are sentenced to months[clarification needed] of jail sentence but with individual crimes[clarification needed] suspects are sentenced to a harsher sentence. The penalty of vandalism is a fine not exceeding S$2,000 or imprisonment not exceeding three years, and also corporal punishment of not less than three strokes and not more than eight strokes of the cane.
Depending on the jurisdiction, several classes of misdemeanors may exist; the forms of punishment can vary widely between those classes. For example, the federal and state governments in the United States divide misdemeanors into several classes, with certain classes punishable by jail time and others carrying only a fine. In New York law, a Class A Misdemeanor carries a maximum sentence of one year of imprisonment, while a Class B Misdemeanor "shall not exceed three months".
In the United States, when a statute does not specify the class, it is referred to as an unclassified misdemeanor. Legislators usually enact such laws when they wish to impose penalties that fall outside the framework specified by each class. For instance, Virginia has four classes of misdemeanors, with Class 1 and Class 2 misdemeanors being punishable by twelve-month and six-month jail sentences, respectively, and Class 3 and Class 4 misdemeanors being non-jail offenses payable by fines. First-time cannabis possession is an unclassified misdemeanor in Virginia punishable by up to 30 days in jail rather than the normal fines and jail sentences of the four classes. New York has three classes of misdemanors: A, B, and Unclassified.
England and Wales
- Convicted felon
- Federal crime
- Indictable offence
- Misdemeanor murder
- Summary offence
- 18 U.S.C. § 3559
- Felonies, Misdemeanors, Infractions – Different Degrees of Crime Accessed May 11, 2015
- Doing Justice: The Choice of Punishments, A VONHIRSCH, 1976, p.220
- Criminology, Larry J. Siegel
- An Economic Analysis of the Criminal Law as Preference-Shaping Policy, Duke Law Journal, Feb 1990, Vol. 1, Kenneth Dau-Schmidt, JSTOR 1372651
- Offense Seriousness Scaling: An Alternative to Scenario Methods, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Volume 9, Number 3, 309-322, doi:10.1007/BF01064464 James P. Lynch and Mona J. E. Danner,
- Crimes Act 1958 (Vic., Australia) s. 332B(1), Crimes Act 1900 (NSW., Australia) s. 580E(1)
- Bergman, Paul, and Sara J. Berman-Barrett. The Criminal Law Handbook: Know Your Rights, Survive the System. Berkeley, CA: Nolo, 2011. Print.
- See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 3559
- N.Y. Penal L. § 70.15 (1), (2). Found at New York State Assembly website. Accessed August 6, 2013.
- § 18.2-11. Punishment for conviction of misdemeanor, Code of Virginia.
- § 18.2-250.1. Possession of marijuana unlawful, Code of Virginia.
- N.Y. Penal L. § 55.05 (2). Found at New York State Assembly website. Accessed August 6, 2013.
- O. Hood Phillips. A First Book of English Law. Sweet and Maxwell. Fourth Edition. 1960. Page 151.
- The dictionary definition of misdemeanor at Wiktionary


Fiction literature, summary, persuasive - john updike's title length color rating : an analysis of john updike's a&p essay - interpretation of a&p this story takes place in 1961, in a small new england town's a&p grocery store. A & p, by john updike (analysis & interpretation) the chrysanthemums by john steinbeck (summary and review) the communist manifesto (analysis. The art of john updike's a & p by saldivar, toni read preview article excerpt art and literature--analysis botticelli, sandro--criticism and interpretation. Small town hero in his short story “a & p” john updike focuses on a 19-year-old immature teen to show us how a young boy gets one. A brief survey of the short story: john updike the longevity and prodigal output of this ‘conspicuously autobiographical writer’ give his complete works. For a&p: biography: john updike we provide a free source for literary analysis we offer an educational supplement for better understanding of classic and contemporary literature free study guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme. Essays from bookrags provide great ideas for a & p essays and 2 pages of analysis of a&p by john updike a&p by john updike: a brief plot summary from. Literary criticism for john updike a&p in john updike’s short story “a&p” the essay begins with a short summary of john updike a&p analysis.
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Analysis of john updike's a&p essay 1544 words | 7 pages john updike's story a&p talks about a 19-year old lad, sammy, who has a job at the local grocery store, the a&p sammy works at the register in the store and is always observing the people who walk in and out each day. An analysis of john updike's a&p essay - interpretation of a&p this story takes place in 1961, in a small new england town's a&p grocery store sammy, the narrator, is. In john updike’s “a &p” short story summary of “the a&p” by john updike literary analysis for john updike’s a&p.
Free essay: critical analysis of john updike's a&p john updike's a&p provides numerous perspectives for critical interpretation his descriptive. Home → sparknotes a&p john updike table of contents plot overview analysis first-person narration and the unreliable narrator conformity and rebellion.
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A&p and other stories study guide contains a biography of john updike, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. A&p study guide from litcharts a&p by john updike upgrade to a + in-depth summary and analysis of every section of a&p. Welcome to the litcharts study guide on john updike's a&p a&p: detailed summary & analysis in-depth summary and analysis of every section of a&p. John updike a&p analysis a&p- in john updikes a&p, choices and consequences are portrayed as a fundamental and recurring theme throughout the story. A p john updike pdf a p john 163 kbjohn updikes short story a p - an analysis this free synopsis covers all the crucial plot points of apcomplete summary of. A&p by john updike home / literature / a&p / analysis a&p / analysis shmoop premium summary shmoop premium shmoop premium a&p analysis literary devices in a.
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The article assumes two research objectives. The first research objective is to indicate communities that have the best development conditions for agricultural biogas plants. The second research objective is the theoretical evaluation of the biomass potential as a substrate in agricultural biogas plants. The research was conducted on both the rural and urban-rural municipalities. The municipalities determinants levels were determined using the synthetic indicator. The research was conducted on substrates such as: manure, corn silage, grass silage, beet leaf silage, agro - food industry wastes. The research results indicate that the best conditions for the development of agricultural biogas plants are in the north-western part of the region. It was estimated that the maximum quantities of energy can be obtained from organic fertilizers and corn silage. Whereas, the total energy resources potential in the region amounts to 638.7GWh and can meet 10% of electricity demands.


In 2009, the Campaign for the Farmed Environment (CFE) was launched in response to the abolition of compulsory set-aside through the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).
Amid concerns around the environmental impacts of the announcement of a 0% agricultural set-aside level for 2008, the NFU and the CLA put forward a proposal to establish CFE as a preferred alternative to compulsory set-aside in England.
The NFU and CLA felt that the government proposals, to introduce a mandatory scheme which would take 6% of arable land out of production and require additional management actions, were disproportionate and unlikely to deliver the environmental benefits sought.
They believed that evidence from research projects into botanical diversity, use by farmland birds and the importance of set-aside in protecting soil and water showed quite clearly that the benefits tended to be site specific, dependent on the management undertaken on them and also varied depending on where such areas of land were located.
As a result of strong evidence-based arguments, the then Secretary of State Hilary Benn agreed that an industry-led voluntary approach was a suitable alternative and the CFE was launched to replace the environmental benefits of set-aside on 5 November 2009 at the farm of NFU President at the time, Peter Kendall.
Former Defra Secretary of State Hilary Benn speaking at the launch of the Campaign for the Farmed Environment in 2009
In its original format, CFE introduced a range of 15 Campaign Voluntary Measures that farmers or growers could undertake outside of agri-environment schemes. These were designed to:
Every arable farmer in England was asked to engage with CFE by selecting some of the most beneficial options when they joined or renewed ELS, and by carrying out some of the voluntary measures the campaign developed in addition to ELS on their farm. CFE brought all the leading farming organisations together to encourage farmers and land managers to voluntarily adopt these important land management practises to benefit the environment.
As the project progressed, we developed guidance to support farmers in other aspects of environmental management.
Much of the CFE guidance was still relevant to arable farming, but we also produced guidance to support environmental measures on livestock farms and actions which can offer environmental benefits whatever the focus of the farm business.
We now work with our partner organisations to provide guidance to support farmers in delivering for the environment and celebrate the great work which many already do.
© NFU 2018


It is nerve-wracking -- but not unusual -- for young children to cry when parents leave them with a sitter or drop them at daycare. As infants develop a sense of object permanence -- or the realization that something or someone still exists even though it isn't in their sight -- they may begin to show signs of separation anxiety, says Kids Health. If your little one is struggling to separate when you drop her off at daycare, there are some strategies that you can use to help your child settle down.
Choose the least stressful time possible to start or change your child's daycare experience. When starting a new daycare, avoid dropping your young child off at the school or center when she is tired, sick or hungry. Take her in the morning after she is well-rested, at a time that doesn't conflict with her regular nap. Feed your child her normal breakfast meal before dropping her off to head off a hungry-related cranky start.
Take small amounts of time away from your child, leaving her with a babysitter or family member before she starts daycare. Children who have never been away from Mommy or Daddy may struggle with separation anxiety more than a child who is regularly in someone else's care. On the first day of daycare, remind her that this is just like the time when you went to the grocery store and she stayed with the babysitter.
Keep calm. Trying to get your child to settle down while you are crying won't work. While you might feel like sobbing, hold back your tears and keep a calm smile on your face to put your little one at ease. She may settle down sooner if she knows that you feel comfortable and confident.
Adopt a "settling down" routine that stays the same every morning. For example, walk your child into her daycare classroom, give her a kiss on both cheeks, hug her, wave good-bye and walk out in the same way every day. If she still resists your leaving, try a slightly more complex or relaxing routine. Ask the teacher if it is acceptable for you to stay and read a storybook to your child or draw a picture with her before you head out the door.
Give your child a lovey or favorite object to hold onto when you leave. Make it personal, giving her something that represents you, such as your scarf. Tell your child that you will come back to get her and the item in the afternoon.
Distract your child with a fun-filled activity or other kids. Have her teacher take her to the science area to play with a magnifying glass or the block center to build with the other children. Engaging the child in play will help her to settle in and redirect her attention elsewhere.
Talk to the teacher about your ideas on helping your child to settle down. Make sure that you are both on-board with the strategies that your plan on using.
Don't simply try to sneak away. Kids Health suggests that, while this may seem like an easy answer, it may actually result in your child developing even more anxiety.


Announcer: Welcome to the How World War I changed America podcast series, sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation with host Dr. Libby O'Connell.
Libby O'Connell: Welcome everybody to our podcast on Red Summer. This is Dr. Libby O'Connell. We're very pleased today to have as our guest, Dr. Chris Capozzola, professor at MIT. Welcome, Chris. Thank you for joining us today.
Chris Cappozola: Thank you for having me with you.
Libby O'Connell: I heard you speak about Red Summer a few years ago and I thought this is the guy I really want to have back talking about it because it's just an amazing story that I think very few Americans know about. I wanted to just back up a little bit and frame it because Red Summer is in 1919 the summer after the end of World War I, but I want you to talk a little bit about, or just sort of broad brush strokes about race relations in America before World War I. Well how would you describe race relations in the United States from the end of the 19th century into the 20th century?


This is the topic of the film “Vaxxed”, which was originally scheduled to be shown at the Tribeca Film Festival, but was pulled from the lineup on March 26. While it’s true that, unlike the antivaccine crank blog Age of Autism, Mercola doesn’t limit his advocacy of quackery to just antivaccine quackery, he has recently teamed up with Barbara Loe Fisher, founder of the Orwellian-named National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) and the grande dame of the antivaccine movement. The article goes on to berate vaccine exemption options and parents who use personal belief exemptions to opt-out of vaccines for their children. What should have been an intelligent discussion that weighed the potential risks versus the potential benefits of vaccination — and highlighted the very real need for more research into their safety — turned into an over-heated, often irrational argument. Suzanne Humphries, author of Dissolving Illusions: Disease, Vaccines, and the Forgotten History, is a nephrologist who has committed the latter part of her medical career to exposing the truth of vaccinations. Consuming a balanced, whole food diet, getting enough high-quality sleep, including a well-rounded exercise routine in your daily schedule, and effectively managing your stress – all these can help you stay physically and mentally healthy. N.
“The research suggests that while the vaccine may keep people from getting sick, it doesn’t prevent them from spreading whooping cough — also known as pertussis — to others. Sometimes it’s easy to spot. As noted by Barbara Loe Fisher, president and co-founder of the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC), starting in January of 2015, Americans were slammed with what can only be described as mass hysteria surrounding the measles outbreak in Disneyland. In seniors, aged 65 and over, the US flu vaccines were only nine percent effective. These bacteria can infect the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the meninges), leading to symptoms like fever, headache and a stiff neck. In the first case, two former Merck virologists accuse their former employer of overstating the effectiveness of the mumps vaccine in Merck’s combination MMR shot, which may have cost the US government hundreds of millions of dollars over the past decadei. It is usually contracted by children and teens.
They especially seem to question the safety of new vaccines. But do they really? But even if $3 billion in federal vaccine injury compensation had not already been awarded to vaccine victims in America,32 and even if the Institute of Medicine had not published a series of reports confirming that vaccines can cause injury and death,33,34,35,36,37 everybody knows that people do not all respond the same way to pharmaceutical products38 like vaccines. Shiv Chopra, as a vaccine and drug regulator for Health Canada for nearly forty years, evaluated every red-hot topic in public health. But the clinic’s flyer contained a contradiction: my child’s chances of a serious adverse reaction to the DPT vaccine were one in 1750, while his chances of dying from pertussis were one in several million. This scarring can cause as much as 80 percent of the permanent damage caused by a heart attack or stroke. Biologics are drugs that contain an ingredient extracted from a “biological” source, such as cells from humans, animals, or microorganisms.
One of those doctors paid a lot of money by Big Pharma is Dr. She didn’t like what she read about the ingredients in vaccines – things like mercury, aluminum and bovine serum that she found “really disturbing”. It became apparent that the only medical justification for this vaccine had been the claimed mortalities. One of our doctors finally stopped asking when would we “catch up” on some of the shots my kids’ records were “missing.” After years of hearing me say politely, “Not today, thank you very much,” as brightly as I could while trying to change the subject, that particular doctor stopped asking. Other states report only regional or sporadic activity, meaning it’s not very contagious. It takes courage to follow your conscience. But is this really a strategy to protect children…
There’s Andy Wakefield, whose original article was withdrawn by the medical journal who published it, and who was stripped of his medical license because he perpetrated a fraud. Polio immunization was later introduced to prevent that dread disease. Although the paper is carefully worded and the results reported modestly, these findings are certain to receive intense scrutiny. I am grateful for the blessings that I have had in my life, including the hard times, when I learned that faith and hope can overcome fear and doubt. If you believe the experts only 60% of American adults have adequate immunization to ward off diphtheria infections and 72% are protected against tetanus. Introduction: Dr. If you listen to mainstream media news, you’ll be told that polio has now been eradicated in India – an accomplishment the Polio Global Eradication Initiative (PGEI), founded in 1988 by the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, UNICEF, and the U.S.


Classic Adventure Literature
Classic Adventure Literature is a half-unit course that allows students to explore several classic adventure novels: Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island, Jules Verne’s Around the World in Eighty Days, Jack London’s The Call of the Wild, and J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit. Emphasis is on the basic elements of a novel (plot, character, and setting), while students learn to read actively.
In completing this subject, students analyze the authors’ use of basic literary elements in the four novels by answering objective questions and providing written answers. In the process students discuss such topics as how the setting affects the plot, how the style affects the tone, and where the climax of a novel occurs. Students are expected to use graphic organizers and character maps in preparing their analyses.
There are 4 examinations in Classic Adventure Literature. London, The Call of the Wild, Dover; Tolkien, The Hobbit, Ballantine Books; Verne, Around the World in Eighty Days, Dover; Stevenson, Treasure Island, Dover.


Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) are wee freshwater fish that are frequently kept as pets in aquarium settings. These diminutive family Poeciliidae creatures are originally from Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Guyana and Barbados. Guppies are found all over the planet, not only as pets but also for management of populations of mosquitoes.
Guppies indeed are tiny fish, and usually grow to anywhere between 2 and 2.5 inches in length. The sexes of these diverse and intensely colorful fish are usually not difficult to tell apart, as the females tend to have shorter tails with more elaborate designs. The males are usually significantly smaller than the females, as well. Male guppies attain physical maturity when they're two months old, while the females take roughly a month longer. Out in nature, guppies exist in many types of settings, including canals, ditches, streams and ponds.
Guppies are in no way choosy about the foods they consume. If you offer guppies something, they'll probably eat it. However, it is crucially important to be careful about what you allow these little guys to eat. Tropical fish flakes and fish foods formulated specifically for guppies both make suitable components to guppy diets. They also enjoy munching on plants -- think water sprite and hornwort. Other additional items that work well for guppies are tubifex worms, zucchini, algae, brine shrimp and bloodworms. Talk to an aquatic veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns regarding feeding guppies healthy and balanced diets.
As omnivores, guppies in the wild take in a combination of animal and plant-based meals. They are especially fond of crustaceans and small bugs -- the latter being one of the primary reasons that guppies are associated so strongly with mosquito pest management. Bug larvae, detritus, zooplankton and benthic algae are all also typical elements in the wild guppy menu plan.
Lots of Feedings
Guppies in aquariums flourish when allowed to eat several times each day. Tiny pinches of food between two and three times daily generally are effective for these little ones. Never give guppies more food than they can take in within a span of a few short minutes. Since these tiny fish require lots of feedings, it also is important that their water is refreshed a lot as well. With so much food going in, it is easy for their water to get dirty -- not good.
- Hemera Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images


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|Posted on November 21, 2014 at 4:35 PM|
Autism is a spectrum disorder which encompasses a broad range of behavioral and cognitive issues. For parents, having a child with Autism presents unique and sometimes frustrating challenges. It can sometimes take a long time to have a child tested and diagnosed because the parent is in denial about the condition or unaware that associated behaviors are different than a typically developing child.
A diagnosis of autism can be a very difficult thing to cope with. If you have proper help, guidance and support, raising child with Autism can be an experience that can change the way you view the world.
Coping with Feelings
Many parents react to a diagnosis of Autism in their child with fear, anger and deep concern. Such feelings are not directed at their children, but at themselves. What will they do? How can they adjust their parenting? What if they do something wrong?
It is important to acknowledge and process these feelings. This is the first step in moving forward. Know that it is enough that you love your child, and the diagnosis is neither their fault nor yours.
As you process your feelings, work with your child’s psychologist to develop a plan of action and get going immediately. Stay focused and on task. The sooner you are able to act, the better off you and your child will be. Early diagnosis can help to give direction and point you towards education.
You should also plan for financial challenges ahead. Depending on the severity of the case, there could be significant treatment costs and not all may be covered by insurance.
Talk to your psychologist and seek education about the autism spectrum, with a focus of where on the spectrum your child falls. Every child with Autism is unique and requires a different approach. Some high-functioning chlidren with Autism go on to college and achieve doctorates. Others require assistance with basic social interactions.
There are many books, websites and other resources for parents coping with their child’s Autism diagnosis. Schools may have programs for children with special needs. Your psychologist can assist you with accessing resources. Remember, education is what arms you for the challenges ahead.
Love Is All You Need
As you begin the process of raising a child with Autism, remember that with love and patience you can persevere. Seek help when you need it, and cherish the successes. Adjust your perceptions to view the world through your child’s eyes. You may find that it is a rewarding experience to raise a child with such a unique perspective on life.
If you think your child may fall on the autism spectrum, you will want to find proper care for their needs. If you are looking for a child psychologist in Edmonton, ABC Psychological Services is here to help with advice, assessment and treatment. Give us a call for a consultation today!


The well-being criteria given by the participants of the homogenous groups can be used to build surveys. The concept behind is to have a survey measuring the well-being levels of a population, with the questions coming from their own criteria of well-being.
In order to build the survey form, you must first arrange the criteria together in order to write questions which will summarise many of them. For this there are two steps: - Attribute a category of meaning to each criteria, dimension per dimension - Write for all the criteria having the same category a question to summarise them, which will be used in the survey
This page enables you to attribute a meaning category. To do this, we may either use the categories - which is a simplified version of the meaning code, when there are only few criteria to categorize. Or we may use the full meaning code to help sort huge quantities of criteria to build the questions. To see the list of the meaning code, please go there or to learn more about the codification please visit this page


Saccadic eye movements and how the brain avoids processing overload
News Jun 24, 2014
Research may have implications for understanding schizophrenia and attention deficit disorders
A Montana State University (MSU) assistant professor in neuroscience is part of a team that has made progress understanding how the brain processes visual information. In addition to adding to the basic understanding of brain function, the research may also have implications for understanding schizophrenia and attention deficit disorders.
MSU's Behrad Noudoost was a co-author with Marc Zirnsak and other neuroscientists from the Tirin Moore Lab at Stanford University in publishing a recent paper on the research in Nature.
Behrad Noudoost observes brain waves on monitors in his laboratory. Noudoost has linked how our eyes actually see the world to neurons in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Credit: Kelly Gorham.
Noudoost and the team studied saccadic eye movements—those movements where the eye jumps from one point of focus to another—in an effort to determine exactly how this happens without us being overcome by our brains processing too much visual information.
To introduce the study, Noudoost first gets his audience to think about eye movements at the most basic level. "Look in the mirror and stare at one eye," Noudoost said. "Then look at the other eye. We are essentially blind during eye movement as we cannot see our eyes move, even though we know they did."
According to Noudoost, scientists have been trying to learn exactly how the brain processes these visual stimuli during saccadic eye movement and this research offers new evidence that the prefrontal cortex of the brain is responsible for visual stability.
"Visual stability is what keeps our vision stable in spite of changing input. It is similar to the stabilizer button on a video camera," Noudoost said.
"We wanted to know what causes the brain to filter out un-necessary information when we shift our vision from one focal target to another," Noudoost said. "Without that filter the visual information would overwhelm us."
According to the scientists, the study offers evidence neurons in the prefrontal cortex of the brain start processing information in anticipation of where we are going to look before we ever do it, suggesting that selective processing might be the mechanism for visual stability.
Noudoost said this new information can help scientists better understand the underlying causes of problems such as dyslexia and attention deficit disorders.
According to Frances Lefcort, the head of the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, the team’s basic research may have implications for understanding a myriad of mental health issues.
"Schizophrenia and attention deficit disorders have been linked to visual stability, so the work Behrad is doing offers valuable knowledge to other scientists working in cognitive neuroscience," Lefcort said.
"Understanding how a healthy brain works is important in terms of knowing its impact on cognitive functions such as memory, learning and in this case attention," Noudoost said. "By exploring normal brain function, we can better understand what happens in someone with a mental illness."
Note: Material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.
Marc Zirnsak, Nicholas A. Steinmetz, Behrad Noudoost, Kitty Z. Xu, Tirin Moore. Visual space is compressed in prefrontal cortex before eye movements. nature, Published Online March 26 2014. doi: 10.1038/nature13149
All in a Droplet: Atomic Resolution of ALS Protein ResolvedNews
Researchers have described atom-by-atom changes in a family of proteins linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a group of brain disorders known as frontotemporal dementia and degenerative diseases of muscle and bone.READ MORE
Pupil Size Couples to Cortical States to Protect Deep Sleep StabilityNews
Researchers have found that mice pupil size fluctuates during sleep. They also show that pupil size is a reliable indicator of sleep states.READ MORE
A Place to Think: Persistent neuronal activity in human prefrontal cortex links perception and actionNews
Neuroscientists have tracked the progress of a thought through the brain, showing clearly how the prefrontal cortex at the front of the brain coordinates activity to help us act in response to a perception.READ MORE


Bullying is a form of verbal harassment, physical attack that is manifested by the usage of force to affect the others. It is mostly seen at schools, colleges and work place etc. Every year more than 4,400 deaths are recored with the main reason for deaths as bullying. Every day 160,000 students fail to attend school due to fear of bullying.
A survey forecasts that suicide is the third main cause of death in young people. The students may have 100 attempts before committing suicide and every 1 out of 20 high school students carry a gun or pistol with them.
For every 7 minutes, across the world a child is bullied and it is recored that 77% students are bullied verbally, mentally and physically. According to Florida professional development institute, 14% of high school students have committed suicide in the year 2012.


Singapore’s Changi Airport, voted the world’s best airport for the fourth consecutive year, already offers travelers a wide array of top-notch amenities, including a rooftop pool, 24-hour cinema, butterfly garden and multiple spas. But in 2018, the airport will unveil its newest attraction – the world’s tallest indoor waterfall called the Rain Vortex.
The nine-story waterfall, designed by WET architect Moshe Safdie, will be housed in a glass donut-shaped building and will use rain water collected from the airport’s rooftop.
To learn more about the complex engineering required to realize this design, WIRED Magazine interviewed UH Cullen College of Engineering associate professor Arturo Leon, a civil and environmental engineer who specializes in hydraulic engineering. Leon spoke to WIRED about the structure and design of weirs – barriers that look like miniature waterfalls commonly used to alter the flow of rivers.
“The hydraulics are very simple, but the architecture is very, very impressive,” said Leon. It’s the conceptual leap from small weirs to the massive Rain Vortex that makes the whole project interesting, writes WIRED’s Sarah Zhang.
Read the full WIRED article online at https://www.wired.com/2016/09/fit-worlds-biggest-indoor-waterfall-airport/
WIRED Magazine explores the impact of emerging technologies on business, culture, design, products, science, security and transportation. The magazine boasts a monthly circulation of nearly 1 million.


The Gregorian Modes, also known as church modes, are the eight structures of pitch organization that are used in the Gregorian Chants. Pope St. Gregory the Great is often associated with the various chants that were to become the ascendant variety during the medieval times in central and Western Europe by the Frankish cantors who reworked Roman ecclesiastical song in the Carolingian period. The theoretical structure of modes emerged later to illustrate the tonal framework of this chant repertory.
If you’re looking for some great chant, check here.
The system of categorizing the chant repertory into eight modes can trace its roots in the eight melodic types (“echoi”) of the Eastern Church’s Byzantine chant. In the Byzantine arrangement, a mode is basically an attribute or feature of a specific tune-family. The eight modes that categorize the Western chant were adapted from this. However, the Western repertory was there even before the eight-modes system of classification was applied to it. As a result, the eight modes served in the West largely as pre-existent scales to which the individual chants were assigned.
Officially, there are eight distinct Gregorian modes, but this doesn’t mean that the modalities of each chant can be described by one of the eight. Precisely, there are four pairs of the modes, with each pair sharing a similar “final”, which is somewhat comparable with the keynote of a minor or major scale. Each of the pairs has a final on D, E, F and G, and they can be played on white notes of the modern piano keyboard. It is worthwhile to stress the fact that the eight modes do not have fixed pitch like modern scales. In essence the eight tones are rather specific arrangements or orders of tones and semi-tones that can be sung at any pitch.
The two units of each pair can be distinguished on the basis of two principles.
1#: The first principle is which sets other notes apart from the final are fundamentally important in the melodies attached to the mode concerned.
2#: The second principle is the melodic bounds or spectrum of melodies that are attached to the mode.
A psalm tone is the most basic chant for demonstration. Gregorian psalmody is normally sung along with antiphons, which are short texts that are often obtained from text in the book of psalms. The antiphons can be sung before, as well as after reciting the psalm. The antiphon’s melody, its bounds, and its final will determine its attachment to a particular mode. In turn, the antiphon’s mode will determine the tone to which the corresponding psalm is recited.
The system of eight modes is usually associated with various terminologies. The most basic and most apparent is that used by Catholic Church in its contemporary official chant books, whereby the eight modes are typically numbered 1 to 8 in Roman digits. However, other classification, based on various medieval thinkers, is also encountered frequently. One example is first encountered in a late 8th to early 9th century tones which list four modes named protus, deuterus, tritus and tetrardus (Greek words for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th). Each of the four modes are further subdivided into two, whereby the first of each pair is designated authentic (“authentus”), while the second pair are designated plagis or plagal. See example below:
- Protus authentus
- Protus plagis
- Deuterus authentus
- Deuterus plagis
- Tritus authentus
- Tritus plagis
- Tetrardus authentus
- Tetrardus plagis
There is nothing that confirms more that the eight mode system was adapted from the church in the East than this. The terminology conspicuously resembles that of the Byzantine modes. Additionally, there are other more subtle elements of specific Western tones that employ the same formula.