Competition for the 140-year-old America`s Cup goes beyond national pride, prowess with helm and winch, or the exhilaration of knifing a sleek sailing machine across a stiff breeze on a rolling sea.
Technological advances made in the America`s Cup competition will influence the design and material composition of boats, airplanes and all other modes of transportation that must take into account weight, strength and wind resistance.
''Clearly what we learn in construction and materials technology will flow to the rest of the sport,'' said John Marshall, general manager of the Partnership for America`s Cup Technology, or PACT, a technological resource pool supporting United States syndicates competing for the cup.
''The America`s Cup is such an intense research environment that everything that affects boat speed gets worked on,'' Marshall said.
''Unlike other sporting events, the America`s Cup is a technology test, which happens to take place in sailboats,'' said Tom Ehman, general manager of the America`s Cup Organizing Committee. ''It is a question of which country can marshal the designers and engineers to design a vessel to get around the course in ever-changing conditions in the shortest period of time.''
The upcoming America`s Cup will feature a new class of sailboat, appropriately dubbed the International America`s Cup Class sailboat, or IACC. The IACC will make its racing debut next week in the waters off San Diego.
The International America`s Cup Class World Championships begin Saturday. The ''Worlds'' will include five days of fleet racing with nine boats from six countries competing. It will be the first regatta in the new class of boat.
After a free day, there will be a day of match racing, one-on-one competition between the top four contenders, then match race finals to determine the world champion.
The 28th America`s Cup competition begins in February 1992 with a series of races off San Diego to determine the foreign challenger and the U.S. defender. The actual race will be in May 1992.
The IACC sailboats will replace the 12-meters that had been used from 1958 through 1987.
The straightforward name for the new boats may signal an attempt by the sailing powers that be to simplify what has become an increasingly complex sport.
One would think that on a 12-meter boat, something would be 12 meters high, or wide, or long. Not so. The number ''12'' must be the result of a mathematical formula.
Similarly, the new boat has to meet a formula; using the logic that gave rise to the name ''12-meter,'' the new design could be called a ''42-meter''
For those with a fetish for detail, here is the formula:
Take the length of the boat in meters and add 1.25. Multiply that by the square root of the sail area (in square meters), then subtract 9.8 and multiply the result by the cube root of the displacement (the weight of the water displaced by the craft`s hull). Then divide the result by .388. The result must equal 42.
Got that? If not, just keep in mind that the real story behind the new design formula is more power and speed.
The IACC racer will be about 75 feet long, with a beam, or width, of 18 feet and a mast height of 110 feet. The crew of 16 is an increase over the 12- meter, which carried 11 people. The additional crew will be needed, given the increased size of the sails and the new and more complex race course.
''We are developing design tools and computer programs. We are interacting with the aerospace industry and the Navy on applying the tools and methods that are used in designing aircraft, submarines and surface ships,''
said Marshall, who is an Olympic bronze medalist in sailing.
''To apply what is learned in the America`s Cup to commercial fields, we are tapping into the technology, the software and hardware, of the computer,'' Marshall said.
''In sail racing you are looking to the last fraction of 1 percent of speed,'' he said. ''As we work with the people, we find they are very interested in applying their computer codes and tools in an environment where they are going to be tested very hard and subjected to some real analysis and validation.
''In sail racing, you find out quickly if you are right or wrong,''
Marshall noted. ''You go out there and either win or lose.''
The major corporate sponsors of PACT are high-tech companies such as Science Applications International Corp., Boeing Aircraft and International Business Machines Corp. They work closely with the design team to provide technical assistance as well as funding.
The group, Marshall said, is using computer technology normally used to design wings of airplanes to design keels and rudders of the sailboats.
''Certainly technology does not get invented for our sport, but those existing technologies are often in their infancy,'' said Ehman of the America`s Cup Organizing Committee. ''People get involved in this fun sport, in a game, and they become more familiar with the technology and figure out more creative uses, not only in the marine industry, but in our day-to-day lives.''
For example, Ehman said, the aerospace industry benefits as America`s Cup research promotes continued miniaturization of computers, advanced navigational systems and ever-lighter but stronger materials.
There is much in common between flying and sailing. An aircraft wing is shaped to make the air passing over it travel a longer distance. As the air accelerates, it reduces pressure on top of the wing and creates lift, which allows the aircraft to fly.
The mast and sails of a boat act like a wing. They are shaped to create a low-pressure area, and the lift created by the sail is translated into forward motion by the shape of the keel, the weighted projection on the bottom of the craft that keeps it from capsizing or slipping sideways.
The America`s Cup boats will rely on design work from computer predictions, but will be backed up with wind tunnel experiments.
The process helps the companies in PACT, too.
''The experiments will validate computer predictions, and you find out exactly how good the computer programs are,'' Marshall said.
''A computer program is a simplification from nature, but does not include all the features of the real situation,'' he said. ''It is something that can be very useful, but is something you have to be skeptical about. By doing what we do in the America`s Cup, we can feed back into a company like Boeing a better understanding of the limitations of their design tools.''
As a result, Marshall added, ''What we learn will feed back to improve their understanding of how wings work on miltary and commercial aircraft.''
New materials also are getting close study. ''This is the first time that carbon fiber construction will be the basic construction material,'' Marshall said. ''The 12-meters were aluminum boats.''
The IACC boats have a composite construction consisting of a core of lightweight material covered with an inner and outer skin of very strong carbon fiber.
''We see military aircraft with substantial use of composites-the Stealth planes are almost entirely composite,'' Marshall said. ''Most sailboats are made of fiberglass, but we are going to see carbon fiber and Kevlar used more broadly because of its high strength-to-weight ratio.''
Pound for pound, Kevlar is stronger than steel, although it`s much lighter; the material is used to make bullet-proof vests.
''In terms of the rig, the big and obvious change is that the masts and spars are going to be carbon fiber. I see that having direct application in cruising boats very soon,'' said Marshall, who also is executive vice president of Hinkley Co. in Maine, which makes large cruising sailboats.
''With carbon fiber you can get the same strength for half the weight; it is about twice as strong for its weight as aluminum,'' he said.
Carbon fiber masts will help reduce weight high on the boat; the result will be a more stable sailboat, because the center of balance will be lower.
''Sailboat design and construction in general benefits from the experimentation and knowledge gained from applying the new technology,'' said Bruce Nelson, a designer for Team Dennis Conner, one of two American syndicates hoping to defend the Cup next year. ''It has been a traditional role of the America`s Cup to advance yacht designs.''
Developments in areas such as hardware are less glamorous than the winged keels developed in the early 1980s, Nelson noted.
''If we go back a number of years, the development of the coffee-grinder winch systems was done in America`s Cup boats,'' Marshall said. ''We now see link systems to put six or eight people grinding to pull in the same sail. The new boats will be using a system where you have a number of winches that can be driven off the same set of pedestals.''
Ehman added, ''Technologies that have been used for some time on America`s Cup boats are now finding their ways, not only to the recreational boating market, but into things like the onboard computer and navigational systems they are talking about putting into personal automobiles. It is the same technology that down the road will be showing up in wrist watches for backpackers and in your personal automobile.''
All the design, equipment and materials receive their ultimate tests on the water, where a new racecourse will provide a real proving ground for seamanship.
The 26-mile race course has eight legs and includes an ''S'' lap, a hairpin turn and a downwind finish, with the wind coming from behind. The first leg of the race is 4.25 miles straight into the wind; this is called a beat as the sailboats aim as close as possible to the direction of the wind without heading straight into it, which would cause the boat to stop.
The boats round the first mark and head straight downwind, on what is called a run, back toward the starting point. Here the craft hit their top speeds, nearing 20 miles an hour, and use their largest sail, the colorful 4,500 square-foot spinnaker.
Back at the starting point, the third leg is a shorter 3.5-mile beat.
The fourth, fifth and sixth legs each are relatively short and combine to form a large S-shaped track just over seven miles in length. At the end of the S, the boats must execute a 240-degree hairpin turn, then head upwind for a final 3.5-mile beat.
The last leg is a downwind run and, with spinnakers flying, should make for a colorful finish.


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- What is the meaning of gyro compass?
- What is the meaning of compass?
- Can a compass point south?
- How was the compass made?
- What does gyro mean?
- What metals affect a compass?
- Who first made paper?
- Who invented the magnetic compass in China?
- How did the compass affect world history?
- Why is it called Compass Rose?
- What problem did the ancient Chinese compass solve?
- What person invented the compass?
- What is the main advantage of gyro compass?
- What has China invented?
- Who invented silk?
What is the meaning of gyro compass?
A Gyro compass is a form of gyroscope, used widely on ships employing an electrically powered, fast-spinning gyroscope wheel and frictional forces among other factors utilising the basic physical laws, influences of gravity and the Earth’s rotation to find the true north..
What is the meaning of compass?
compass noun [C] (DIRECTION) a device for finding direction with a thin pointed metal part that turns to always point north.
Can a compass point south?
According to the United States Geological Survey, at very high latitudes , a compass needle can even point south. By using charts of declination or local calibrations, compass users can compensate for these differences and point themselves in the right direction.
How was the compass made?
Very early compasses were made of a magnetized needle attached to a piece of wood or cork that floated freely in a dish of water. As the needle would settle, the marked end would point toward magnetic north.
What does gyro mean?
noun Greek Cooking. meat, usually lamb, roasted on a vertical spit, then thinly sliced, topped with onions, and usually served in a sandwich of pita bread.
What metals affect a compass?
A. The compass accuracy is effected by hard iron (material that can become magnetized like Iron and Nickel) and soft iron (material that can distort magnetic fields but not before being magnetized).
Who first made paper?
Who invented the magnetic compass in China?
As early as 2,000 years ago, Chinese scientists may have understood that rubbing an iron bar with a natural magnet, called a lodestone, would magnetise the needle to point towards the north and south directions. Around 200 BCE, the Han dynasty in China produced the first-ever compass.
How did the compass affect world history?
The magnetic compass was an important advance in navigation because it allowed mariners to determine their direction even if clouds obscured their usual astronomical cues such as the North Star. It uses a magnetic needle that can turn freely so that it always points to the north pole of the Earth’s magnetic field.
Why is it called Compass Rose?
Origins of the Compass Rose. The compass rose has appeared on charts and maps since the 1300’s when the portolan charts first made their appearance. The term “rose” comes from the figure’s compass points resembling the petals of the well-known flower. … Naming them all off perfectly was known as “boxing the compass”.
What problem did the ancient Chinese compass solve?
Soon after its invention, China’s compass technology passed to the rest of the world through nautical contact. The compass drastically increased sea trade and contact between cultures, ushering in the Age of Discovery. Without the compass, who knows how long it would have been before ships could have been widely used?
What person invented the compass?
William Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinCompass/Inventors
What is the main advantage of gyro compass?
Gyrocompasses are widely used for navigation on ships, because they have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses: they find true north as determined by the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than, magnetic north, and.
What has China invented?
China has been the source of many innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions. This includes the Four Great Inventions: papermaking, the compass, gunpowder, and printing (both woodblock and movable type).
Who invented silk?
According to Chinese myth, sericulture and the weaving of silk cloth was invented by Lady Hsi-Ling-Shih, the wife of the mythical Yellow Emperor who is said to have ruled China in about 3,000 BC. Hsi-Ling-Shi is credited with both introducing sericulture and inventing the loom upon which silk is woven.


US 3150395 A
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Sept. 29, 1964 P. L. LUCKY BOWLING ALLEY BUFFER 3 Sheets-Shee'c 1 Filed Deo. ll, 1961 Sept. 29, 1964 P; LQ LUCKY 3,150,395
BOWLING ALLEY BUFFER Filed Dec. ll, 1961 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 5' UML J E o o |e /n lo i 2 9 l5 i i, ,g e INVENTOR. A
'5 L 90 PHIL l.. LUCKY n BY ATTORNEY sept 29, 1954 P. L. LUCKY 3,150,395
BOWLING ALLEY BUFFER Filed D66. ll, 1961 3 Shee's-Sheet 3 SOL. VALVE /TO 7|@ A m RELAY 70 TRAVEL MOTOR 76 START SWlTCH 70 BUFFER MoToR 82g 8 3/ 4s 44 INVENToR.
PHIL L. LUCKY ATTORNEY United States Patent O 3,150,395 BQWLlNG ALLEY BUFFER Phil L. Lucky, Gregori City, Greg., assigner to Max Ashahr, @regen City, Greg. Filed Dec. 11, 1961, Ser. No. 153,335 8 Claims. (Cl. 15-98) This invention relates to a fully automatic machine for cleaning and bufring the lanes of bowling alleys.
Good bowlers can malte consistently better scores on lanes that are kept in first class condition. One of the most important requisites for the condition of a bowling lane that will most improve the consistency of the scores of the best bowlers is the absolute uniformity of the surface of the lane over which the ball travels before it strikes the pins. Foremost among the factors establishing a uniform condition of such surface is the uniformity of the cleaning and polishing of the surface, assuming that the floor itself is of good quality and is true and level and otherwise in good condition.
Bowling lanes have heretofore been cleaned and polished with the same kind of equipment used on other floors such as dance floors, gymnasium floors and the like. It is found, however, that the use of such equipment on bowling lanes does not achieve the degree of uniformity that is desired by the best bowlers. It is found that much of the erratic performance which has heretofore been charged to the bowler himself has, in fact, resulted from the non-uniform condition of the surfaces of the lanes.
Conventional cleaning and polishing appliances introduce certain variables into the operation which produce noticeable variations in the condition of the floor surface from point to point along and across the lane. This causes an erratic break in a hook ball which is the delivery used by most high score bowlers. In the final analysis, there is probably involved slight variations in the coefficient of friction between the ball and the floor from lane to lane and from place to place in a single lane. This is understandable considering the nature of conventional floor cleaning and polishing equipment.
When a solution is applied by hand tools and bued by hand tools, a multitude of variables are introduced by the average operator involving variations in the quantity of solution, the application of pressure and the rubbing time on each local area. Conventional machine equipment has the same variables built into the mechanism in addition to the variables introduced by the operator. With conventional equipment it is diiicult even for a skilled and conscientious operator to apply and distribute the solution uniformly, conventional cylindrical brushes are not uniform from end to end and they may not be advanced at uniform velocity over all areas. Conventional disc bui-fers may be tilted, causing greater pressure on one side than on the other. When moved longitudinally' of the lane, the velocity of the disc relative to the floor is dierent on opposite sides of the disc and the disc may be caused to linger longer in certain spots than others. The result in all cases is lach of uniformity in the condition or, more specifically, the coeflicient of friction between the lane surface and the bowling ball.
The primary object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a buffer for bowling lanes which will achieve greater uniformity in the polish imparted lto the surface than has heretofore been attainable either manually or by machine.
Another object is to provide an automatic buiiing machine which will start at the foul line of a bowling lane, clean or polish the lane for a predetermined distance, stop and reverse itself, travel back to the foul line and shut itself off.
Another object is to provide a buliing machine of the ice type described which is easily movable from lane to lane without dragging the burmnng element across the surface of tue floor between lanes.
Another object is to provide a machine that will lubricate the lanes uniformly against bowling ball burn.
Another object is to provide a machine of the type described having a cross buliing action.
Another object is to provide a machine of die type described which may be pre-set to automatically clean or polish any predetermined length of lane according to the wishes of the operator.
Other objects are to provide a machine of the type described which Will apply oil, wax or cleaning iiuid uniformly, which will `apply the buffmg pressure uniformly, which will buff mi areas of the lane-for substantially equal time intervals, and to provide a new and improved machine which is relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture, which is rugged and reliable in use and which will produce good results by a relatively inexperienced and unsln'lled operator.
The present machine is motor driven and automatically controlled to travel from the foul line and then stop at any p edetermined point short of the pit. After stopping the machine automatically reverses and travels baci: to the foul line where it shuts itself off and waits to be moved to the next lane. During its travel down and back along the lane, a buffrng carriage reciprocates transversely from ide to side across the frame of the machine, carrying a disc-type hurling head to cross buff the lane in a zigzag pattern. Liquid solution is fed through the hollow buffer shaft and is distributed by centrifugal force throughout the bufng cloth for uniform application to the floor as long as the machine is in motion. Preferably, the supply of solution is cut off when the macln'ne stops its forward movement, the return travel producing a dry buff.
The machine has a three-point suspension wherein two points of Contact with the floor are through traction wheels which propel the machine. The third point of support is the bufling disc itself whereby the pressure applied to the iioor is always uniform and cannot accidentally be varied or misadjusted by the operator. One side of the machine is provided with casters so that it can be tipped up and moved from one lane to another on the casters without either the traction wheels or the buing pad touching the floor when the machine is not in operation.
Although the machine is referred to generally as a buffing machine, it is also equally capable of waxing, oiling, polishing and cleaning, depending upon the type of solution supplied to its tank.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages will become apparent and the invention will be better understood from the following description of a preferred embodiment of machine illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Various changes may be made, however, in the construction and arrangement of parts and certain features may be used without others. All such modifications within the scope of the appended claims are ineluded in the invention.
In the drawings:
FIGURE l is a top plan view of a machine embodying the principles of the invention;
FGURE 2 is a sectional view taken on the line 2-2 of FIGURE l;
IGUREL 3 is a sectional view taken on the line 3-3 of FIGURE l;
FiGURE 4 is a fragmentary sectional view taken on the line 4 4 of FIGURE l;
FIGURE 5 is a fragmentary sectional view taken on the line 5--5 of FIGURE l;
FIGURE 6 is a sectional view taken on the line 6 5 of FIGURE l;
FIGURE 7 is a sectional view taken on the line 7-7 of FIGURE i; with parts broken away;
FIGURE 8 is a fragmentary bottom plan View of the buiiing disc; y
FIGURE 9 is a fragmentary View taken on the line 9 9 of FEGURE l;
FIGURE l is a diagram of the dressing pattern on a bowling lane with a seventeen inch disc;
FIGURE ll is a diagram of the cleaning pattern on a bowling lane using a twenty-four inch disc; and
FIGURE 12 is a wiring diagram of the electrical control system.
Referring first to FIGURE l, the machine has a rectangnlar frame 1Q which has three point support on a pair of drive wheels 11 and a builing disc 12 when the machine is in operation. On the upright forward side of the frame are mounted four caster wheels 13 for moving the machine about by hand in a tipped up position when it is not in oaeration. By lifting the rear side of the frame, the machine will stand on edge on the wheels 13 with the drive wheels 11 and huing disc 12 elevated above the licor. When the machine is in operation the wheels 11 roll on the lane surface adjacent to the ball gutters and the machine is kept from wandering by four guide wheels 14 which are spaced more widely apart than the wheels 11 and are mounted in a lower position to engage the vertical edges of the ball gutters.
The wheels 11 are keyed to a shaft 1S which is mounted in bearings in the ends of bracket arms 16 attached to the frame. One endof the shaft is equipped with a gear 17 which is driven by a worm 1S on a shaft 19. Shaft 19 is driven by a motor 2t) through a chain 21 to the sprocket wheel 22, as shown in FIGURE 2.
Extending across the frame 19 is a pair of parallel rods 24 supporting a reciprocating carriage 25. The carriage is reciprocatedy on rods 24 by means of a pin and roller 26 on endless chains 27 on the front and rear sides of the frame. Each roller 26 is confined in a vertical slot 2S in a slot plate 29 on the side of the carriage. The chains 27 are trained around sprocket wheels 3@ and 31 on stub shafts mounted on the frame 11i. The sprocket wheels 39 are connected with sprocket wheels 32 which are driven byV chains 33 fromV sprocket wheels 34 on the shaft 19, as shown in FIGURE 7. Operation of the motor 2@ rotates the drive wheels 11 and reciprocates carriage 12 a distance equal to the length of the path of travel of roller 26 on the endless chain 27.
Mounted on the carriage 25 is a motor 4l) for driving the disc 12. A hollow shaft 41 is mounted in bearings 42 and d3 on the Ycarriage 25. T he lower end of the shaft is reducedV at 44 to tit loosely in a central hole in the disc. A shoulder' on the shaft at the upper end of the reduced portion supports the rear side of the machine on the disc. A flanged collar or hub 45 connected with the disc by screws 46 has a pair of internal recesses or pockets in its opposite sides to contain the blocks 47 with a loose fit. These blocks are pinned to the shaft by transverse pin 4S to drive the disc. Compression spring 49 bears against the upper intumed frange on collar 45 to hold the disc normally perpendicular to the shaft.
The loose iits in the connection between the shaft and disc provide a universal joint having suhicient freedom of relative movement to permit the disc to adjust itself to the plane of the iloor while it is rotating whereby the disc bears against the door with uniform pressure over the whole area of the disc at all times. Separation of the disc from the shaft is prevented by the upper inturned flange portions of collar 45 which overlie blocks 47 and coniine them loosely in the collar recesses. Shaft 41 is driven by belt 50. This belt may be of any suitable type such as rubber composition or a metal chain belt, or shaft 41 may be geared to the motor shaft if desired.
Mounted on the carriage 25 is a tank 51 for polishing or cleaning liquid. The tank has a filler opening 52 in one corner which is located so as to be on an upper side of the tank when the machine is resting on wheels 11 and disc 12 and, also, when the machine is tipped upright on its caster wheels 13. The tank feeds its liquid through a conduit 53 to a solenoid valve 5S andl thence to a manually adjustable meteringv valve 56. From valve 56 the liquid drips into hollow shaft 41 through a discharge tube 57. The electrical conductors for motor 4t! and Valve 55 are contained in a coiled spring cord 58 which will stretch and contract to accommodate the reciprocating movement of the carriage. The electrical conductors for solenoid valve 55 are contained in the conduit 54 in FIGURE 3 extending from motor 46 to the valve.
Cemented to the under side of the metal disc 12 is a rubber disc 61 having a central opening S9 and radial grooves 6h. The composite disc is then covered with a porous and absorbent material 62, such as toweling, which from whence it escapes into the absorbent cover 62. By
this manner of application the liquid is distributed uniformly on the il'oor surface directly by the polishing and buiiing element itself, it being remembered that in addition to its rotative movement the disc 12 also reciprocates from side to side with the carriage 25 as the machine travels down the lane.
FIGURE l0 shows the dressing pattern with a seventeen inch diameter disc. As the machine moves down the lane L, the revolving disc reciprocates from side to side without quite reaching the edges of the lane. This leaves along each edge a narrow undressed track 11a in which the wheels 11V travel.
FIGURE l2 shows the cleaning pattern using a twentyfour inch diax leter disc, the two discs being readily detachable from the end of shaft 41 by means of screws 46. The larger disc sweeps over the edges of the lane a surticient distance to insure thorough cleaning ofthe whole lane surface from gutter to gutter.
Control Syetem The electrical system is energized from a pair of alternating current supply wires 79 and 71 in FIGURE l2. These wires are embodied in a flexible cable 68' in FIG- URE l which is pulled behind the machine in one of the ball gutters without interference with the guide wheels 14. When the machine returns to the foul line, the cable doubles back and is pulled along by Vthe machine. The machine is equipped on its opposite'sides with electrical receptacles to receive the cord plug 69 so that the cord may be disposed in either the left or right gutter.
Supply wire 7G connects with one terminal of the coil in solenoid Valve 55 and also one terminal of a relay solenoid 72. Wire 76 also connects with one terminal of delay relay solenoid 73 and one terminal of the main contacter solenoid 74. Further, the wire 70 connects with a Contact 75 in the latter. Supply wire 71 connects with a make contact in push button start switch 76 and a contact 77 in the main contactor whichV is designated generally by the number 74. Y
The other terminals of valve solenoid 55 and relay solenoid 72 are connected through a branched wire 7S to the other make contact in start switch 76. The start switch also has a pair of break contacts connected, respectively, with wires 80 and 81.V This switch is spring actuated to the normal position shown. Wire Slis connected with one terminal of reverse relay solenoid 82, the other terminal being connected with a branched wire 83. Wire Y83 is in the power circuit for travel motor 2l)V and is energized from supply wire 70 through .the contact bar 84 in main contactor 74. Y
Another branch of wire 83 forms one side of the power circuit to buffer motor 40. These circuit connections Vare made through .Contact 8S when contactor solenoid V'i4 is energized. The other power circuit wire for buffer motor 4G is a wire 86 having several branches including a connection with a contact 87 in the main contactor 74. Contact har 88 bridges the contacts 77 and 87 when the contactor is energized. When solenoid 74 is deenergized the contact bars 84 and 8S are spring returned to open circuit position as shown.
The other terminal of contacter solenoid 74 is energized through a wire 89 and gutter limit switch 99 which is normally spring closed. This switch is opened by the actuating spring finger 90a in FIGURE 9 which depends into the left ball gutter. One terminal of gutter switch 90 is connected to a branch of wire S6. Another branch of wire 86 is connected to the armature contact bar 91 of the relay designated generally by the numeral 72. This contact bar normally engages a contact 92 connected with the wire 81 when solenoid 72 is deenergized.
Another branch of wire 86 is normally connected through contact bar 95 with a power circuit wire 96 for travel motor 2G. Contact bar 95 is lifted when the solenoid of delay relay 73 is energized. Reversing relay 82 is normally spring actuated to forward position. Energization of solenoid 82 reverses the travel motor.
The synchronous timer motor lll() is energized through branches of wires 70 and 78. This motor operates a pair of cam switches 101 and 102. One branch of wire 78 is connected through switch 101 to a wire 103. Wire 193 is connected to a Contact 164 which is engaged by the relay contact bar 91 when the relay solenoid 72 is energized. When timer switch 102 is closed it completes a circuit from wire 103 to a wire 1115 connected with one terminal of delay relay solenoid 73.
The timer mechanism is contained within the housing 110 in FIGURE 1. As shown in FIGURE 9, this mechanism has an instrument face with a scale 111 and two movable pointers 112 and 113. The pointer 112 is a stop or limit pointer connected with a setting knob 114 while the pointer 113 is a progress pointer driven by timing motor 100. Timing motor 100 is a synchronous motor and travel motor is a constant speed motor whereby the scale 111 may be cm'ibrated in units of travel distance instead of units of time.
Operation The operator sets the limit pointer 112 to the distance he wants the machine to run forward from the foul line toward the head pin position and thereafter the setting of pointer 112 remains xed and does not have to be readjusted until the operator wishes to change the distance. For example, in bufling he may wish the machine to run a distance of thirty or forty feet from the foul line while for cleaning he may want the machine to travel all the way to the pit. As will presently be described, the motordriven progress pointer 113 automatically resets itself counterclockwise to the position of manually adjustable limit pointer 112 after each operation and then as the machine travels forward from the foul line in the next operation, the pointer 113 moves clockwise back to zero on scale 111 at which point the machine is stopped and reversed to return to the foul line.
The machine can be started from the foul line or any point forward from the foul line where the flexible actuating nger 99a for gutter switch 96 will project into the gutter. As illustrated in the preferred embodiment, the drive wheels 11 and gutter switch linger 99a are on the leading side of the machine in its forward direction of travel whereby the switch linger projects into the left gutter. Switch 90 is normally closed and the other switches and relays are in the positions shown at FIGURE l2 when the machine is ready to start. All circuits are disconnected from supply line 71 at switch 76 and contact 77. Progress pointer 113 is in reset position coinciding with limit pointer 112.
The machine is started forward by momentarily depressing push button start switch 76. The back contacts in this switch first open the reverse relay circuit through wires 8l) and 81 so that reverse relay 82. cannot be momentarily actuated before the forward drive circuit is established. Further depression of push button switch 76 closes a circuit through the several branches of wire 73 to open solenoid valve 55, start timer motor 166, energize rela' solenoid '72 and energize relay contact 194 through wire 1tl3 and the closed switch 101.
Energization of relay 72 closes relay switch 91 on energized contact ldd to energize wire 85. This operation of the relay switch also opens the circuit to wire 81 to prevent energization of reversing relay 32 when start switch 7d is released to return to its original position shown.
Wire 86 energizes the main contact or solenoid 74 through closed switch and wire S9. The energization of the main contactor moves contact bars S4 and S3 to cornplete the power circuits to the motors 2@ and 46 and also establishes a holding circuit through contact bar 88 to wire 85 to maintain the energization of the circuits just described ater push button start switch 76 is released. As the machine moves forward away from the foul line, motorriven pointer 113 rotates clockwise away from the preset pointer 112 Vtoward the bottom zero position on scale 111, as shown in FIGURE 9. Since motor 104) runs at constant synchronous speed and motor 2lb also runs at constant speed, the result is the same as though the armature shaft of timer motor 1li@ were geared directly to the drive wheels 11 and pointer 113 indicates the distance travelled as well as the distance remaining to be travelled.
X75/hen pointer 113 reaches zero distance on scale 111, marking completion of the predetermined travel distance, cam switch 192 closes, energizing relay solenoid 73 to lift relay contact bar and break the power circuit through wire 96 `to travel motor 20. Bilder motor 40 continues to run. Three seconds time are allowed for the travel motor to decelerate to standstill and at this time the timer switch 1tl1 opens to deenergize and close solenoid valve SS, stop the timer motor and deenergize relay solenoid 72. The deenergization of relay 72 drops contact bar 91 back to contact 92 to energize reverse relay S2 through wn'res S6 and 81.
The deenergization of timer motor 10i? releases a spring reset, not shown, which returns pointer 113 countercloclrwise to the position of pre-set limit pointer 112 and returns cam switches 101 and 162 to the positions shown. The re-closing of switch 101 by this reset movement does not re-energize the timer motor because its circuit remains interrupted at contact 194 and push button switch 76. The re-opening of switch 192 drops relay contact bar 95 to start the travel motor in reverse. During the return travel the machine operates as a dry bud with the liquid supply shut oliE at solenoid valve 55. During the return travel only the main contacter 74, the reverse relay 82 and motors 26 and 4@ are energized.
It desired, liquid may be applied during the return travel as well as during the forward travel. Such change in the program is readily accomplished by merely connecting solenoid valve 55 to one of the motor circuits which remains energized during return travel.
When gutter switch finger 99a reaches the foul line end of the gutter, gutter limit switch 919 is opened, deenergizing the main contacter 74. This stops both motors and deenergizes the whole system, returning it to the condition illustrated in FIGURE l2.
The machine is now ready to recycle. It is upended by the operator and rolled on casters 13 to the next lane and placed in position to start. While it is upended the bufng cloth 62 may be replaced if necessary.
Thus, it will be observed that the synchronous timer control enables the operator to bud or clean the lanes to any desired distance away from the foul line. Once this distance is set by pointer 112, all the lanes will be buied the same distances without any further adjustment until it is desired to change the distance as previously eX- plained.
Having now described my invention and in what manner'the same may be used, what I claim as new and desire to protect by Letters Patent is:
1. A machine for cross Ybuing and polishing bowling lanes transversely of therdilection of ball travel along the lane, comprising a frame, driving wheels on said frame engageablewith the lane surface, a travel motor on said frame arranged to drive said wheels along the lane, guide wheels onV said frame engageable with the ball gutters of the lane, a carriage mounted in said frame for reciprocation relative to said frame and transversely of the lane, means for4 thusly reciprocatingY said carriage, a vertical shaft mounted in bearings on said carriage, a exibly mounted oor treatingdisc on the lower end of said shaft arrangedy to bear at against said lane surface, and a motor on said carriage driving said shaft.
2. A machine as defined in claim 1, said reciprocating Y means being driven by saidtravely motor in such ratio that said disc treats the lane surface `in an overlapping zigzag pattern'as the machine travels along the lane.
3. A machine as defined in claim l, said reciprocating means comprising an endless chain trained around sprockets on opposite sides of said frame, means for driving said chain, a pin on said chain, andv a slotV plate on said carriage having a slot engagingV said pin.
' 4. A machine as dened in claim l, wherein the wheels engageableV with the lane surface are positioned to track along pathsladjacent to the ball gutters at the side edges of the lane.
5. Arnachineras defined in claim 4, said disc being of a size to reciprocate over an area between the wheel tracks.
6. A machine as defined in claim l,V said. disc beingof a size to overlap the'side. margins Voi the lane in its reciprocating movements.
7. A machine as dened claim 1 including means to feed polishing liquid through said shaft to said disc.
8. A machine as dened in claim 1 includingan upright end on said frame, and caster- Wheels onsaid upright end for moving the machine from'lane to lane in` end-up position.
References Cited in` the lile of this patent-7 UNITED STATES PATENTS 924,443 Fischer June 8, 1909 1,432,994 Gart011f 00h24, 1922 1,547,115 Grant 111151.21, 1925 1,588,943- Clark June' l5, 1925 2,075,359y Stetler Mar. V30, 1937 `2,289,117 Harrison July 7, 1942 2,468,929' Holt-et al. May: 31, 1949 2,489,398 Bryan Nov. 29; 1949. 2,763,019 Huber .Sept'l 1:8, 1956 2,978,721 Simmons Apr. 11, 1961 3,083,390' Wroten Apr. 2, 1963 FOREIGN PATENTS- 260,822 Switzerland, Aug. l, 1949. 414,207
Germany May 26, 1925


The spherical stylus (also called "conical") is the oldest stylus design for LP play. It is used extensively and it was the only shape available until the elliptical was invented and manufactured.
The spherical stylus is simply ball-pointed shaped at the tip end. Thus it is a sphere of typical radius= 18 micron (uM) or 0.7mil.
Example of a real spherical - Stanton DJ stylus
https://www.vinylengine.com/images/foru ... erical.jpg
Spherical sometimes come in different radii, typically less than 18uM. In this way the stylus can trace the unworn parts of the vinyl groove. A good idea.
The 25uM stylus is made for mono records play. 65uM for 78RPM records.
So, what is the problem with the spherical? It is perfectly explained in this excellent web page by Jim Lesurf:
But i will hijack some of the pictures to summarize what is explained on that page.
The problem with the spherical is this:
Left blue spot - 12uM spherical
Right one - 8x18uM elliptical
The diagram shows a 20KHz 0dB groove at the start of the LP side. A very high frequency at a very loud level. The modulation is horizontal (mono).
https://www.vinylengine.com/images/foru ... effect.gif
So, as you can see, the spherical stylus is too big to trace the 20KHz tone correctly. What will happen? The spherical will "jump" or ride the wave "vertically" and thus give "tracing distortion". Specifically we are showing what is called "the pinch effect".
Also note that the stylus on this diagram is of 12uM radius; usually they are bigger - 18uM being a typical value. But also note that 0dB is a very high (loud) recording level for a 20KHz tone!
The stylus at the right, 8x18uM (.3x.7mil) elliptical, fits much better and is not showing that problem. Thus you can see how the elliptical traces better.
In practice this problem does not appear (or it is not significant) at the beginning of the groove. It becomes a problem [mainly for sphericals] at the end of the groove, since the groove angular speed is much smaller and thus things are tighter!!
Here is a 20KHz 0dB at the end of the groove. Again, this is an extreme case; no sane cutting engineer would cut, at the end of the groove, such high levels at such high frequencies, though!!
https://www.vinylengine.com/images/foru ... iusend.gif
As you can see, the pinch effect would be extreme with a spherical and would even show with the elliptical, unless we use a narrower (smaller "r" radius) elliptical. Or a smaller spherical [not a good idea], or a more advanced stylus shape...
So what can be done to diminish this problem?? Alternatives for the cutting engineer:
(a) Tracing predistortion/ tracing compensation - while cutting the disk, a "tracing simulator" predicts the tracing distortion that will appear when the record is played, and adds, to the audio signal, the same distortion but in an inverse way so, when playing it with a spherical stylus of a specific radius , it will "cancel out".
Google "dynagroove". Tracing predistortion has been used in many records. If you have a clean, unworn record that sounds notoriously distorted with an elliptical, but sounds very well (undistorted) with a spherical stylus, you can bet it was cut with predistortion/tracing compensation. It will only sound good with a 0.7mil conical. Thus the importance of always having a spherical/conical stylus at hand.
(b) Introduce a strong cut-off (attenuation) of the high frequencies when approaching the end of the record and/or lower the cutting level significantly.
(c) Assume the listener will have a great tracking cartridge with an advanced stylus shape and be happy.
(d) I don't know. I'm not a mastering engineer.
However, again, this distortion will be much more evident:
- At the end of the record (inner grooves)
- At loud cutting levels
Returning to Jim Lesurf's article; he uses an estimate of the typical/max groove accelerations found on records (read his articles!) and makes the following graph:
https://www.vinylengine.com/images/foru ... radius.gif
The curves shows what the maximum tip radius can be to safely "read" groove accelerations of a certain "g" (gravities), at the end of the record (red curve) and at the beginning of the record (blue curve).
As you can see, the problem -as i said before- is at the end of the record. But what about gravities? Jim Lesurf writes:
So he marks around 1200g with a green dotted line. That would be loudest level on a typical record. For 1200g at the end of the record you need 5uM (0.2mil) of side radius (r). And, coincidentally, the smallest profiled ellipticals sold are 0.2x0.7 mil!! But those narrow ellipticals also are the styli with the smallest contact areas (not a good thing); narrow profile and great contact area belong to... advanced stylus shapes.Looking back at the results in last month’s article we found that the largest peak accelerations observed were around 1000g. By using these results we can now assess what the demands may be on a replay stylus.
Remember, a typical conical/spherical stylus is 18uM/0.7mil... Check out the graph and you will see that the typical conical will usually have a problem tracing the loudest parts at the end of the record, while performing fine at the beginning of the record.
That's why stylus comparisons should better be done using loud cuts at the end of the record!!
Again, this problem will be more or less noticeable depending on the cutting engineer choices at cutting the record. I have some records (usually from the start of the 60s) that perfectly OK at the inner grooves -- obviously because the cutting engineer knew everybody used spherical stylus (was there other choice before Grado's patent? :wink: ), and thus took care to significantly reduce cutting levels and high frequencies at the inner grooves.
Now, all this analysis has been with horizontal modulation (mono only). In stereo reproduction we have vertical and horizontal components, and things get more complex!


Definition - What does Ferromagnetic mean?
Ferromagnetic is a property of some materials, which works on the principle of ferromagnetism, the basic mechanism by which ferromagnetic materials such as ferrous alloys acquire the properties of magnets to form permanent magnets or are attracted toward a magnet. A material is said to be ferromagnetic only if all of its magnetic ions contribute to an increase in the net magnetization of the material.
The ferromagnetism characteristics exhibited by ferromagnetic materials have very important applications in industry and technology.
Corrosionpedia explains Ferromagnetic
Ferromagnetic materials are the basis of many electromechanical and electrical devices such as electric motors, electromagnets, magnetic storage devices, transformers and generators.
Ferromagnetic materials such as iron and other ferrous alloys contain unpaired electrons. Each electron has its own magnetic field that readily aligns itself whenever a magnetic field is encountered from an external magnetic field. This alignment tends to remain even when the external magnetic field is removed, so that the ferromagnetic material subsequently acquires the properties of a magnet. This behavior is known as hysteresis and is the principle of operation of synchronous electric motors and some other electrical devices.


FIRST Inspires is a non-profit that inspires the next generation of STEM innovators by challenging them in hands-on-learning through robotics competitions. Through these programs, students not only learn how to build and program a robot, but how to be a leader, work in a team, be confident in themselves, and more.
FIRST consists of 3 programs:
Students ages 4-16 compete in friendly competition where they are encouraged to explore real world challenges by developing a solution and build/program a LEGO robot to complete missions on a field.
Students ages 12-18 learn to design and build robots using electronics programmed with Android and Java-based programming. Teams compete in an alliance format against other teams and in the process, learn to think like engineers.
Thank you to our sponsors for supporting our team and helping us learn.


Stainless Steel Steam Hoses
Stainless Steel Steam Hoses by Hydraflex are a superior choice for applications demanding high-temperature capabilities and resistance to vibrations and pipework misalignments1. Engineered to the highest standards, these hoses cater to a broad spectrum of industrial and commercial uses, embodying both functionality and reliability.
Construction and Compliance
Constructed from high-quality Stainless Steel 316L, with a braid of Stainless Steel AISI 304/304L, these hoses exhibit exceptional durability and corrosion resistance. They are built to withstand temperature ranges from -269°C to +600°C. The hoses and braid are manufactured in accordance with ISO 10380:2012 and PED, ensuring top-tier quality and compliance with European standards. Every unit is 100% pressure tested to 1.5 times the design pressure, assuring safety and reliability in operation. Compliance certificates to PED 2014/68/EU and material certificates to EN 10204 are available for all sizes.
Hydraflex's Stainless Steel Steam Hoses find a myriad of applications including, but not limited to:
- Building Services
- HVAC-R Piping Lines
- Pump Connections
- Vibration Producing Systems
- Industrial Process & Applications
- Steam connections
- Chemical Process
- Gas Connections
- Ultra-High Vacuum applications
- Exhaust systems.
Benefits and Features
These hoses offer a robust solution for conveying steam, enduring high temperatures and absorbing vibrations, which is essential in maintaining the integrity of pipework in industrial settings. The variety in sizes ranging from ¼” NB to 16” NB allows for a versatile range of use. Moreover, the ability to customise the hose assemblies to specific requirements ensures that they meet the diverse needs across different sectors.
Availability and Customisation
Hydraflex provides a wide variety of hoses covering many applications. Stainless Steel Steam Hoses are available in bore sizes from ¼” up to 8”, with a choice of end connections, ensuring a tailored fit for various applications.


Can we improve complex systems research with rapidly prototyped robotics?
Skills: behavioral science reactive co-design with stakeholders, rapid manufacturing, code/electronics, novel sensing development
Client: Bristol Ant Lab @ University of Bristol
Awards: BAE Systems prize for best computer science project 2017
#complex systems #robotics #rapid prototyping
The Ant Lab at the University of Bristol had been carrying out leading research into the behavior of ant colonies during migration, but their experimental methods had been limited to the use of very basic artificial nests made from paper and glass.
This equipment made experiments slow, difficult, and imprecise; three things that can usually be helped with robotics.
So I tried to solve all their issues in one modular framework, and investigate the viability of rapidly prototyped lab equipment on the way.
The initial brief was to investigate robotic solutions to enable height and entrance width dimensions of an artificial ant nest to be changed on the fly. This would help with complex systems research done within the Ant Lab on colony behavior. However, I quickly expanded this project into a full modular framework of robotic systems that could be rapidly manufactured and assembled with tools available to the lab.
The final framework was a fully wireless device with two novel methods for detecting entrance and exit of small ants, involving capacitive sensing and IR(infrared) technology, as well as robotic control of internal nest dimensions and light intensity within the nest cavity.
The framework could be used to study the effect that changing the physical features of an ant's nest has on the behavior of ants on an individual and colony level, and how nest selection can be artificially influenced by humans.
Academic Poster Presented on 10/09/17 shortly before development had reached completion.


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Job Number: MC4990341117
Pay Rate: $80000-90000 / year
Immediate need for a Direct Hire Tool and Die Repair Leader. This company is a family-held, precision metal fabrication and stamping manufacturer that has built its business on quality product that exceeds customer expectations. The company prides itself on innovative metal solutions using equipment and technologies to help our customers achieve their product requirements.
Summary: Experienced in progressive Tool & Die repair with the ability to maintain and repair tooling and fixtures for continued operation of production orders. Ability to prioritize/manage workload of existing jobs in the tooling area and address an immediate request on the production floor. 2nd Shift with minimum of 40 hours per week and overtime available when needed. Reports directly to the Tool Room Manager. Overtime ranges 10-15 extra hours a week so candidate has potential to make between 80-90K a year on average based on overtime hours worked.
Rate will be based on quality of interview and experience targeting $30-38 per hour Start time is flexible between 3pm and 3:30pm.
Essential Duties and Responsibilities
Skills and Abilities Required
- Troubleshoot and/or repair tooling per schedule and/or in production. Modify tooling to orders when needed.
- Maintain all fixtures used for production, quality and/or tooling maintenance.
- Communicate with department manager on status of work.
- Ability to manage multiple tasks and meet deadlines in a dynamic environment
- Contributes to team effort by accomplishing related results as needed
LocationHQ in Mundelein, IL
- High School Diploma or equivalent
- Minimum of 4 years of Tool & Die Apprenticeship training
- Experience working in Manufacturing industry
- Knowledge of machine and/or equipment relating to tooling builds or repair
- Ability to follow procedures and instructions per ISO requirements
- Good written & verbal skills in English; Spanish Bilingual is a plus
- Ability and willingness to work overtime when necessary


An Unbiased View of plumbing servicesAnd in contrast to metallic, plastic won’t corrode. So every time a metal drain leaks, often the smartest shift is to switch the complete assembly with plastic.
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A sanitary tee incorporates a curved Centre part. In drainage programs, it truly is mostly made use of to connect horizontal drains (together with fixture entice arms) to vertical drains. The middle relationship is generally to the pipe resulting in a lure (the lure arm).
I known as Rescue Rooter right after discovering a leak in equally our kitchen sink & shower. In one hour, Machen arrived. He was pleasant, proffesional, completely assessed the situation and gave us a reasonable quotation. Soon after 5 hrs of effort, he was capable to productively correct our trouble. I could not be much more content with his support.
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Most large metropolitan areas right now pipe solid wastes to sewage procedure plants as a way to separate and partially purify the drinking water, before emptying into streams or other bodies of drinking water.
Our repairs will include preventative tactics to be sure the problem doesn’t catch you off guard again!
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Precisely what to help Search to get Whenever Shopping with regard to a Portable Surroundings Compressor
The first factor you have to do is write down every 1 of the tools that are heading to be operated jointly. Up coming, you will require to function out the compressed air intake frequency and the quantity of compressed air the instruments will pull from the compressor storage tank. If this all appears extremely puzzling please don’t stress it is all unveiled within this article.
Locating the perfect air compressor which will offer with the type of positions that you will be enterprise is typically fairly a challenging method. Obtaining stated that, with some standard information with respect to the way air compressors operate, the terminology utilized in the compressor industry along with the variation between the types of compressors, it starts off to get a complete great deal simpler to select the prime compressor for ones distinct demands.
Being Acquainted With all of the compressor complex terminology is critical when creating your compressor obtain determination. Even with the simple fact that the quantity of compressor sorts is frequently mind-boggling, picking the correct unit can be manufactured straightforward by asking a few vital queries.
Matching an air tool or instruments Regular cubic feet for every minute and PSI calls for to an air compressors output capability is crucial. Normal cubic feet per minute or SCFM is the price of how a lot air the compressor can generate in just a moment. CDA Systems which are driven by making use of a compressor occur with a SCFM price this benefit will position out the air offer that is obligatory for optimum operation of the tool. Therefore, verify the common cubic toes for each moment at 90 psi when matching your air compressor SCFM rankings.
Typical regular cubic toes for each minute usage
Air Filter Cleaner: three
Air Hammer, light-weight: four
Air Hammer, hefty: 22
Air Hoist, one thousand lb: 5
Air Motor – .5 hp: six – 10
Air Motor – one hp: 12 – fifteen
The standard cubic ft for each minute usage of air equipment can range from device to instrument, a number of equipment only have to use 1 or two SCFM even though other individuals will need to have 10 – 14 common cubic ft for every minute.
If you think there is the possibility that you’ll run numerous instruments at the identical time, then it is evident that you’re likely to really want way far more energy. In these kinds of a case, establish the most affordable SCFM charge for your compressor by incorporating with each other the cumulative SCFM specs for the equipment you will be functioning simultaneously. To give a bit of a buffer to the calculations you will want to insert an additional fifty p.c on to the final number.
Air device one = 2. SCFM + Air resource two = 1. SCFM insert these with each other and the overall is three. SCFM, add the fifty% buffer and we have a complete of four.5 SCFM (normal Cubic Toes For each Minute), and as a outcome you would be striving to find a compressor with an SCFM score of more than four.5 SCFM.
The smallest SCFM compressor rating can be established by adding collectively the SCFM scores of any compressed air instruments which will be utilized at the same time. In the case when a one air instrument is to be operated by itself then you should go with the SCFM of the greatest rated air tool.
Electric powered operated compressors frequently are driven by a standard one hundred ten-120V energy offer. Even though, air compressors that have a motor device of far more than two HP might have to have a 220-240V energy provide. If you program to perform with your air compressor in a workshop, garage or any other confined location, you want an electric powered powered compressor.
Petrol operated air compressors do not depend upon electrical power so for that reason they are really cell. Though, there are numerous negatives with the gas powered compressors. The most critical downside is the fact that the petrol driven air compressors create damaging gases and as such should not be operate within or even in any sort of confined function area. One particular an additional draw back of these compressors is they want considerably more repairs and maintenance than their electric run counterparts.
Decibel Ranges of a common compressor:
Audio output is an important issue when buying an air compressor. Air compressors occur with a sound stages listing within the makers technical specs and if you are typically running the device within the property or in a small workshop you may possibly want to make a decision on a peaceful device as an alternative of risking damage to your hearing by making use of a deafening air compressor. So you should uncover out the noise stage before acquiring.
Pay a visit to our best air compressor internet site for far more info on selecting the proper compressor for your particular needs. We have entire product testimonials, content articles and discounted rates. There is also a facet by facet air compressor comparison of the most popular can make of transportable compressors.=


Pinball machines are masterpieces of electromechanical engineering, but their glory days are long gone. Arcades are all but dead, and the only place you’re likely to find real pinball machines today is tucked into a dark corner of a bar somewhere. Unfortunately for pinball lovers, buying a used pinball machine in working condition is going to set you back a lot of money — easily thousands of dollars. It’s possible to build your own, but that can also be very expensive and takes a lot of skill. An easier approach is to follow Smithsa3’s tutorial to make a virtual pinball machine in a full-size cabinet.
From a distance, this looks like any other pinball machine. But instead of real obstacles and flashing lights for the ball to bounce around, it has a screen to show all of that virtually. The two main benefits of this virtual pinball setup are the low cost and the ability to play multiple games. There are still physical controls, including a plunger for releasing the ball and a coin-op mechanism, so you’re not losing much of the classic pinball experience. This tutorial explains how to create the pinball cabinet from scratch, but it is also possible to use a vintage machine that is no longer functional.
If you do decide to construct the cabinet yourself, the process is similar to crafting a table and should be easy enough for experienced woodworkers to handle. The screen used to show the game is a used 37” LCD TV. You can find a used TV ike that for dirt cheap, particularly if it has a broken case that you won’t be using anyway. An additional pair of 17” LCD monitors are used to show the graphics on the back board. An old PC is used to run the games, which don’t require a whole lot of processing power or high-end video cards. A keyboard was modified to provide button input. There are different software options out there, but PinballX was used for this project. If you’ve been wanting your very own pinball machine, this is a relatively affordable way to build one.


We provide factory-level service for your Audi and Volkswagen that exceeds the quality of anyone in town. Our service includes maintenance and repair, which will help protect your vehicle from the environment and preserve the factory warranty.
When you bring your vehicle to Migeli’s Foreign Car Service, we recognize the tremendous trust you are placing in us – and we take this very seriously. You should expect us to provide prompt service and a courteous staff. We will make every effort to restore your car to top driving condition.


Jinjuyou carefully selects quality raw materials. Production cost and product quality will be strictly controlled. This enables us to produce plastic building blocks manufacturers which is more competitive than other products in the industry. It has advantages in internal performance, price, and quality.Compared with same kind of products in the industry, plastic building blocks manufacturers has the following highlights due to the better technical capability.
1. The mechanical parts of MNTL Mini Magnetic Building Blocks , mainly electrode current collector foils, tabs to take off the current, external terminals, the case, and seals, are specially designed to meet safety targets.
2. Products such as Mini Magnetic Building Blocks has been shown to have a long service life and other features like Mini Picasso magnetic tiles.
3. The offered product is in high demand in the national as well as the international market.
1. Hangzhou Jinjuyou Technology Company Limited now has many research and development institutions, nurturing a number of well-known brands such as MNTL.
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|Publication number||US5078531 A|
|Application number||US 07/615,350|
|Publication date||Jan 7, 1992|
|Filing date||Nov 19, 1990|
|Priority date||Dec 27, 1989|
|Also published as||DE4041939A1, DE4041939C2|
|Publication number||07615350, 615350, US 5078531 A, US 5078531A, US-A-5078531, US5078531 A, US5078531A|
|Inventors||Motohiro Sakai, Tsuneharu Wasada|
|Original Assignee||Trw Steering & Industrial Products (Japan) Co., Ltd.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (23), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to a ball joint.
Ball joints have hitherto been utilized for various machines. One known ball joint is shown in FIG. 6. The ball joint consists of, e.g., a socket a, a bearing b provided therein, a ball stud c accommodated in the bearing b and a metal plug d for preventing removal of the ball stud c. The plug d is placed on a stepped portion c shaped upwardly and inwardly of the socket a. An upper end of the socket a is thereafter caulked inwardly by means of a spinning roller or the like, thereby forming a caulked portion f. The plug d is thus enclosed between the caulked portion f and the bearing b.
FIG. 7 shows an arrangement in which the plug d is not provided. For example, the bearing b is incorporated into the socket a. The ball stud c is set in the bearing b. subsequent to this step, an upper part of the socket a is press-caulked spherically inwards, thus enclosing the bearing (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 25657/1976).
The known structure described above, however presents many defects as follows. To be specific, the plug d is indispensable for the ball joint shown in FIG. 6, as a result of which the number of parts increases and the number of assembling steps correspondingly increases. A step of machining the plug d with a given accuracy. It is also therefore required. As a result, manfacturing costs thereof are high. In relation to the ball joint of FIG. 7, there is a problem such that a scatter effect is caused between the socket and the bearing. This means the bearing presses against the spherical surface of the ball stud with excessive intensity, or the caulking strength is insufficient. In a great majority of cases, a press-contact state between the ball stud spherical surface and the bearing is unstable. In consequence, uniform performance of the ball joint cannot be obtained. When caulking the socket, the amount of a caulked portion of the socket is variable. This makes an unstable deformation of the bearing. Consequently, the ability of bearing to hold a ball stud is not constant, with the result that a large number of ball joints will be subject to deterioration.
It is a primary object of the present invention to obviate the problems inherent in the prior art ball joint shown in FIG. 6.
To this end, according to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a ball joint comprising: a socket; a bearing provided along an inner face of the socket; and a ball stud embraced by the bearing, characterized in that: the socket includes a stepped portion at an upper part and a rising portion rising integrally from an outer periphery of the stepped portion; and the bearing includes a flange portion at an upper part, the flange portion holding the ball stud and removal of the ball stud being prevented by caulking the stepped portion of the socket from upper and outer crosswise directions from the rising portion of the socket.
In accordance with the present invention, to eliminate especially the problems with relation to the ball joint of FIG. 6, as in the case of the ball joint shown in FIG. 7, a plug is not needed, and the bearing is retained by being caulked in the socket. This arrangement decreases the necessary nummber of components and enables manufacturing at low cost. Besides, according to the present invention, to obviate the problems of the ball joint shown in FIG. 7, the flange portion is formed on an outer face of the bearing on the caulking side. The socket is provided with the stepped portion for accommodating the flange portion, whereby only the flange portion of the bearing can be held by caulking the socket. No deformation is caused in the ball stud retaining face of the bearing. The spherical face of the ball stud can be held surely and stably by the predetermined preloads applied to the bearing.
According to the present invention, the socket includes the stepped portion and the rising portion rising integrally from the outer periphery of the stepped portion at its upper part. The bearing is provided at its upper part with a flange portion a diameter of which is expanded. The flange portion retains the ball stud by being incorporated so as to caulk the stepped portion of the socket from the upper and outer crosswise directions with the rising portion of the socket. This caulking process makes it impossible to remove the ball stud from the bearing. The gaps of absorbing vertical and crosswise deformations are formed between the bearing providing the preloads acting towards the center of the ball stud and the socket holding the outer periphery of the bearing.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent during the following discussion taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a view depicting a whole ball joint of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a partially enlarged view showing the ball joint of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a partially sectional view illustrating a bearing according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a view showing a relationship between the bearing and a socket according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a view showing another embodiment of the bearing; and
FIGS. 6 and 7 are views each showing an example of a known ball joint.
FIG. 1 illustrates a ball joint 10. The ball joint 10 includes a socket 12. A recess 13 is defined within the socket 12. The ball joint 10 includes a bearing 14 disposed within the recess 13 of the socket 12. The bearing 14 defines a spherical cavity 15. The ball joint 10 includes a ball stud 16. The ball stud 16 includes a ball portion 17. The ball portion 17 is disposed within the spherical cavity 15 in the bearing 14.
The socket 12 is typically made of a metal. Formed on an upper inner wall face of the socket 12 is a first annular cavity 19 which is partially defined by a stepped portion 18 a diameter of which is expanded outwards in the radial direction. A thin rising portion 20, as indicated by a broken line of FIG. 2, extends integrally from an outer part of the stepped portion 18. A second annular cavity 21 is formed on the inner wall of the recess and is partially defined by a second stepped portion 22 is shaped downwardly of the stepped portion 18 on the inner wall face of the socket 12. A middle member 26 extending from the second stepped portion 22 to a bottom 24 assumes a curved surface having a substantially constant radius.
The bearing 14 is, as illustrated in, e.g., FIG. 3, composed of an upper flange portion 28 having an expanded diameter, a lower thin member 30 and a middle connecting member 32 which defines a middle or second flange 29. The lower thin member 30 is adapted to the middle member 26 of the socket 12. The inside of the middle member 26 assumes a curved surface having, e.g., a diameter D passing through a center C of the ball stud accommodated in the socket 12. An outside diameter L of the upper flange portion 28 is larger than a value given by (1.15×D). A thickness T of the flange portion 28 is approximately (0.10-0.15)×D. An upper external end 34 of the flange portion 30 is chamfered.
The bearing 14 serving as a spherical face retaining member of this invention is generally made of a synthetic resin. The bearing 14 is desirably formed to generate preloads p, as depicted in FIG. 4, acting in the direction toward the center of the bearing.
Turning to FIG. 4 there is shown another embodiment of the bearing 14. In this embodiment, an outer surface of the thin member 30 assumes a spherical configuration, the thin member 30 originating from an upper part of a line H passing through the center C and orthogonal to a line V vertical to the center C of the ball stud 16 of the bearing 14 shown in FIG. 3. In contrast with this, an outer surface of a thin member 31 of FIG. 5 assume a conical configuration. This embodiment is suited to a case where the middle member 26 of the socket 12 is machined in the conical shape. The configuration of the outer surface of the thin bearing member adequately corresponds to a configuration of the middle socket member, thereby generating uniform preloads p (FIG. 4).
The spherical face of the ball stud 16 is retained by the bearing 14. The configuration and other elements of the ball stud 16 are the same as those known.
When forming the ball joint 10 of the invention, the ball stud 16 is at first fitted into the bearing 14 to provide a subassembly. Next, the subassembly is set in the socket 12. At this time, an outer peripheral face of the connecting member of the bearing is fitted to a middle face 19 for connecting the stepped portion 18 to the second stepped portion 22 of the socket having a diameter smaller than that of this outer peripheral face. The placement is effected so that a lower face of the flange portion 28 of the bearing 14 is positioned on the stepped portion 18 of the socket 12. When the flange portion 28 of the bearing 14 is disposed on the stepped portion 18 of the socket 12, there is formed slightly inwards a gap in the radial direction between the outer peripheral face of the flang portion 28 and the face of the socket 12. The stepped face under the connecting member 32 of the bearing 14 is spaced slightlty upwards away from the second stepped portion 22 of the socket 12.
Subsequently, the rising portion 20 of the socket 12 is caulked by a known means from a position indicated by a broken line to a position of a solid line in FIG. 2.
Initially, the flange portion 28 of the bearing 14 disposed in a position of a one-dotted line of FIG. 2 functions as follows. As the rising portion 20 of the socket 12 is caulked inwards, the member 20 is bent along the chamfered outer end 34 of the bearing 14. As a result, the upper part of the flange portion 28 is turned inwards to embrace the upper face fo the ball stud, thus making removal of the ball stud 16 impossible. The gap between the outer peripheral face of the flange portion 28 and the inner face of the socket 12 acts to absorb a crosswise deformation of the flange portion 28 of the bearing 14 which has been compressively deformed by caulking. As illustrated in FIG. 2, a gap 38 is formed between the second stepped portion 22 of the socket 12 and the lower face of the connecting member 32 of the bearing 14. The gap 38 is intended to completely absorb a vertical deformation when a spherical center error is created in a press-fitting direction of the ball stud 16.
Only the flange portion of the bearing is compressively deformed and held by the socket. Other parts of the bearing are simply press-fitted therein. The preloads given by the bearing serve to improve a holding property of the ball stud and to secure durability of the ball joint.
The ball joint of this invention exhibits the following advantages. Collapse caused by caulking of the bearing can be limited to the flange portion of the bearing. Hence, the function and performance of the ball joint can be sufficiently maintained. It is also feasible to provide the simply constructed ball joint at a low cost.
Besides, the caulking load does not cause any influences on the performance of the ball joint, and hence a mass production is attainable. A ball joint which permits an increase in the caulking strength and exhibits a high working strength can also be provided.
According to this invention, it is possible to provide an inexpensive ball joint ball joint by reducing the number of components and of machining steps.
There can be provided a ball joint which provides a reliable and stable performance and has sufficient durability as a result of its uniform preloads.
The ball joint of this invention is useful for general industrial machines, automobiles, stabilizers, control links and so on.
Although the illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to those embodiments. Various changes or modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from a scope or spirit of the invention.
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|US3560035 *||Jan 17, 1968||Feb 2, 1971||Lemfoerder Metallwaren Ag||Universal joint construction|
|US3677585 *||Sep 22, 1970||Jul 18, 1972||Ehrenreich & Cie A||Ball joint for vehicle linkages|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5284398 *||Feb 18, 1992||Feb 8, 1994||Trw Steering & Industrial Products (Japan) Co., Ltd.||Pillow ball joint and method of making the joint|
|US5609433 *||Aug 1, 1995||Mar 11, 1997||Maclean-Fogg Company||Ball joint link and method of producing same|
|US5615967 *||Jun 3, 1994||Apr 1, 1997||Maclean-Fogg Company||Ball joint link|
|US5713689 *||Apr 12, 1996||Feb 3, 1998||Maclean-Fogg Company||Ball joint link|
|US6287166||Apr 17, 2000||Sep 11, 2001||C. J. Associates, Limited||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US6328625||Apr 17, 2000||Dec 11, 2001||C. J. Associates, Ltd.||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US6363799 *||Aug 4, 2000||Apr 2, 2002||Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd.||Bearing device and method for measuring axial force|
|US6435938||Apr 17, 2000||Aug 20, 2002||C.J. Associates, Ltd.||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US6482068||May 3, 2002||Nov 19, 2002||C.J. Associates, Ltd.||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US6514119||Apr 17, 2000||Feb 4, 2003||C. J. Associates, Ltd.||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US6537130||Sep 7, 2000||Mar 25, 2003||C.J. Associates, Ltd.||Jointed support system and method of constructing same|
|US6607684||Sep 19, 2000||Aug 19, 2003||C. J. Associates, Ltd.||Method of making a jointed linkage support system|
|US6638136||Apr 17, 2000||Oct 28, 2003||C.J. Associates, Ltd.||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US6695521 *||Dec 31, 2002||Feb 24, 2004||American Axle & Manufacturing, Inc.||Isolation ball joint for steering and suspension|
|US6830497||Nov 24, 1999||Dec 14, 2004||C. J. Associates, Ltd.||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US6869331||Oct 24, 2003||Mar 22, 2005||C. J. Associates, Ltd.||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US6932669||Jun 11, 2003||Aug 23, 2005||C.J. Associates, Ltd.||Jointed linkage system|
|US8851785||Nov 17, 2009||Oct 7, 2014||Trw Automotive U.S. Llc||Ball joint|
|US20030205842 *||Jun 11, 2003||Nov 6, 2003||Lee James S. W.||System for molding a jointed linkage support system|
|US20040092203 *||Oct 24, 2003||May 13, 2004||C.J. Associates, Ltd.||Toy figure with articulating joints|
|US20060051160 *||Dec 28, 2004||Mar 9, 2006||Sun Prein Co., Ltd.||Ball joint assembly for gas spring|
|US20060140712 *||Jan 26, 2006||Jun 29, 2006||Sun Prein Co., Ltd.||Gas spring ball joint and method for manufacturing the same|
|US20160131182 *||May 29, 2014||May 12, 2016||Kabushiki Kaisha Somic Ishikawa||Ball joint and method of manufacturing the same|
|U.S. Classification||403/140, 403/133, 403/135|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T403/32721, Y10T403/32737, Y10T403/32778, F16C11/0623|
|Nov 19, 1990||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: TRW STEERING & INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS (JAPAN) CO., LT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SAKAI, MOTOHIRO;WASADA, TSUNEHARU;REEL/FRAME:005516/0203
Effective date: 19901105
|Jun 15, 1993||CC||Certificate of correction|
|Jun 22, 1995||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 28, 1999||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 27, 2003||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


Similarly, What is a battery terminal used for?
The electrical connectors used to connect a load (your car or other gear) or a charger to the battery are known as battery terminals. Depending on the kind, they come in a range of styles, sizes, and functionalities.
Also, it is asked, What part is the battery terminal?
Any battery will have two terminals if you look at it closely. The positive terminal is denoted (+), whereas the negative terminal is marked (-). The terminals of standard flashlight batteries, such as AA, C, and D cells, are situated on the ends.
Secondly, Are all car battery terminals the same?
YES. This is a universal car battery terminal.
Also, What happens if car battery terminal loose?
The flow of power is hampered by a loose battery connector. The electrical systems are receiving less power, and the car will either not start or start slowly. A loose battery terminal may also cause the automobile’s electrical components, such as GPS, car lights, and audio, to fade or fail entirely.
People also ask, Which battery terminal do I connect first?
“First the positive, then the bad.” Disconnect the negative first, then the positive, when detaching the cords from the old battery. Connect the new battery in the opposite direction, positive first, then negative.”
Related Questions and Answers
How many terminals does a battery have?
When looking at a battery, there are usually two terminals. The positive terminal is denoted (+), whereas the negative terminal is marked (-). The terminals of an AA, C, or D cell (standard flashlight batteries) are the battery’s ends.
What size are battery terminals?
The 10mm ring is the most common battery terminal size. The automobile battery terminal sizes are 11mm and 13mm. The bolt has a diameter of 13mm at the terminal.
What happens if you connect the negative terminal first?
To answer our query, Always connect the positive terminal to the automobile battery first, then the negative, and finally the ground. If you connect the negative first, you risk short-circuiting.
How do you jump a car without a negative terminal?
Start by attaching the positive (red) clamp to the positive terminal of the dead battery when using jumper wires. The positive (red) clamp should then be connected to the positive terminal of the donor car’s battery.
When jumping a dead battery do you hook to the dead battery first or battery you are jumping it from?
Typical Car Jump-Start Procedures Clamp one end of the positive cable to the positive clamp on the dead battery. Now have a helper attach the other end of that line to the positive clamp on the second battery. Next, connect the negative cable to the good battery’s negative connector.
Are battery terminals Universal?
Lead battery terminals are ubiquitous due to its malleability; the same terminal may be used for both positive and negative battery posts.
What size is a battery lug?
Battery bolts may be found in a variety of sizes, according to specialists. This is what we learned from them. The most typical battery bolt has a nut that is roughly 10 millimeters or 0.4 inch in diameter, a bolt length of 1.24 inch, and a bolt thread size of 5/16 inch.
How do I know when my car battery needs replacing?
How to Tell If Your Car Battery Needs to Be Replaced 4 Signs It’s Time to Replace Your Battery 1) How Your Battery Deals with Seasonal Challenges 2) Your car has been parked for an excessive amount of time. 3) Your vehicle has difficulty starting. 4) Your battery is old and the dashboard light comes on.
How do I know if my alternator is bad?
7 Signs Your Alternator Is Failing Dim or very bright lighting Battery is dead. Accessories that are slow or broken. Starting problems or frequent stalling Noises of growling or whining Burning Rubber or Wires Smell Battery Alert Dash is lit up.
Can a battery drain with the negative cable disconnected?
Always unplug the negative first. As previously noted, disconnecting either terminal will halt drain. Another safe technique to maintain the battery is to use a battery tender.
Why do batteries have 2 terminals?
There are two terminals on every battery: When electrons are linked to a gadget, they flow toward the positive terminal. The sign ‘+’ and/or the color red are usually used to indicate this. When electrons are linked to a gadget, they flow from the negative terminal.
Why does a battery have two terminals?
A battery has two terminals: a positive (cathode) and a negative (anode) (anode). A circuit is constructed by connecting the two terminals with wire. A current of electricity is created when electrons move across the wire. A chemical process is taking place within the battery.
What size socket do I need to change my battery?
What are SAE battery terminals?
Car Terminal Adapters (SAE Adapters) are all-brass terminal adapters that make it simple to connect Antigravity Batteries to performance and racing automobiles through conventional car battery connections.
Which lugs use for battery terminal?
lugs of copper
Why does my battery spark when I try to jump it?
When the power source is shut off, the inductance may have folded, resulting in a hundred volt spark. If you receive a spark when trying to jump-start your automobile, carefully connect the red jumper wire to the positive terminal of the good battery and the other to the positive terminal of the defective battery.
Why does my battery spark when I connect it?
If the battery wires are put in the wrong sequence, they might ignite. Place the positive cable on first, followed by the ground cable when connecting the battery cables. While the wires are linked to the first battery, do not allow the free end not yet attached into another battery to contact.
Does it matter what order you take jumper cables off?
Remove the negative cable from the vehicle you jumped first, then the negative cable from the car with the good battery. Then remove the positive cable from the vehicle with the good battery (don’t let the clamp of the positive cable contact a grounded portion of either car).
Why do you not connect the negative terminal of dead battery?
Never connect the black wire to the dead battery’s negative (−) port. This is very risky and might result in an explosion.
Why do you ground the negative jumper cable?
The negative cable is connected to ground rather than the negative terminal of the dead battery to reduce the risk of a spark near the battery, which may contain potentially explosive gasses.
How long does it take to jump a car?
Answer supplied by Once you have the wires connected, jumpstarting your automobile should only take approximately 5 minutes. If it won’t start after 5 minutes of being connected, your battery is either dead or jumped incorrectly.
A battery terminal is the point where you can attach a car battery to your vehicle. It’s usually located on the engine block or near the engine head.
This Video Should Help:
A battery terminal is a device that allows for the connection of two electrical conductors, usually a positive and negative wire. The terminals are used to provide current from one conductor to another. Reference: battery terminals positive and negative.
- when connecting a battery which terminal first
- 12v battery terminal types
- types of battery terminals
- battery terminal negative
- car battery terminal types


PT-6 carbon potentiometer is for high-temperature Pb-free SMD production.
Features high-temperature plastics, flat suction areas for vacuum pipettes and a new pad design for automated placement on PCBs using reflow soldering. Options include stop positions (detents) that provide users tactile feedback on each position setting and selection. Detents add a click for each position and are advantageous in industrial, home automation and domestic power tool applications. Detent feature is for 6mm potentiometer lines. Detents include up to 10 equally spaced positions and have a spring feature incorporated into rotary action. Detents can be set at custom angles to suit specific requirements.
Piher Sensing Systems


Within the context of its development in the French market, Naïo Technologies gives great importance to surrounding itself with players in the field of agriculture who wish to offer innovative and farsighted solutions for the farmers in their region.
A look back on the interview with Jean-Baptiste JOOS, Head the Innovation and Precision Agriculture project for the Advitam Group, a new Naïo Technologies partner via its Verhaeghe machine subsidiary.
Can you tells us in a few words about the Advitam Group and its subsidiaries?
The Advitam Group is a co-operative group, a major player in agriculture in the Hauts-de-France region.
Set up by farmers within the Uneal Co-operative, the Advitam Group has diversified around new activities creating value for its subscribers, linked to its land:
- A retail outlet for general consumers specialising in products for the garden and animals (Prise Direct’, Gamm Vert);
- A wholesale division offering alternative services and advice for farmers who do not work within a co-operative;
- A feed division which structures and develops local production in the region;
- A machine division offering a full range of machines, tools and services responding to farmers’ needs. The hub now comprises three companies present in the Hauts-de-France region: Verhaeghe, Casa Service Machine and Mapp, covering the sale and maintenance of market leaders in the field of agricultural machinery and mechanised farming.
What is your role within Advitam?
I’m the Innovation and Precision Agriculture Project Leader. My role is to develop synergies within the Advitam Group in order to offer the farmers in our region innovative solutions in agricultural machines and precision agriculture to respond to their demand and the evolution of agricultural practice.
How does the partnership with Naïo fit into this?
The partnership with Naïo is within the context of the robotics project driven by the Group’s machinery pole, in synergy with the Uneal Co-operative and the wholesaler Ternoveo. By collaborating alongside Naïo Technologies, the aim is to develop skills regarding robotics in order to bring new solutions for the farmers in our region, forming a partner relationship with a major market player.
You’re launching an experiment campaign: can you tell us about the programme for 2021?
The 2021 programme is as follows:
- Experiencing the Naïo Technologies robotics solution on our farmers’ premises, combined with our technical, agronomic and machine expertise on our region’s crops;
- Assessing this experiment campaign in order to have quality feedback on the performances of the solution and on the interest of these robots for farms in the Hauts-de-France region.
What does this experiment consist of, practically?
This experiment is being carried out on two plots of sugar beet, each measuring one hectare. We have been over the land three times with the Dino robot. This has allowed us to take over from the first conventional pass by the farmer.
We have used various tools for this. At first, we fitted Dino with discs, L-knifes and hoe blades. Then, for the second pass, Dino worked the soil with the L-knifes and hoe blades. Finally, it carried out the third pass fitted with hoe blades and finger hoes.
In the coming weeks, we will continue our experiment using Dino on a parcel of green beans.