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STAVANGER, Norway, Sept. 4 (UPI) -- Norwegian oil company Statoil said it received an apology from a broadcaster for using incorrect images of tar sands operations in a report.
Statoil said a May broadcast by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corp., known by its Norwegian initials NRK, used images of opencast mining in a feature on the company's operations in Canadian oil sands fields.
The company said the issue was "particularly serious" because corporate logos were edited in with images of open mining operations, giving the impression that activity was part of Statoil's operations in Canada. The broadcaster, said Statoil, was "obviously negligent."
The company announced it received an on-air apology from the broadcaster.
"Statoil does not produce oil sands through mining and using these images in such a context was therefore incorrect and contrary to NRK's code of ethics, based, e.g., on the principle of caution," the on-air statement read. "NRK apologizes."
Statoil said the apology settles the issue. The company began working in oil sands operations in Canada in 2011.


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Rewold has a comprehensive health and safety program with which all employees, subcontractors, and workers are required to comply. A Site-specific Safety Plan is developed for every project, and all on-site personnel are advised of our policies and procedures prior to beginning work. The plan is a living document and may be amended mid-project to address potential site safety concerns.
The Rewold site superintendent, project manager, and executive team enforce these requirements. Failure or refusal to comply with the Site Specific Safety Plan can result in removal from the jobsite.
Rewold subcontractors are required to attend weekly “tool box” meetings to review various safety topics relevant to the project demands. Records of these meetings are reviewed by the site superintendent and maintained in project files at the jobsite for the duration of the project.
Our excellent safety record is evidenced, in part, by our very favorable Worker’s Compensation Experience Modification Rate (EMR) and several safety awards we have received from the Associated General Contractors and Construction Association of Michigan.


Copper Mermaid Set
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DescriptionMulti-strand green and copper beads with agate; woven copper wire bail and verdigris copper mermaid. Handworked copper hook closure; matching copper hook earrings with tribal copper beads, natural turquoise, and agate.
MaterialsFireline, glass beads, agate beads, copper wire, mermaid charm, turquoiseRequest custom work based on this piece


By Alexandra Sifferlin
May 12, 2015
The reasons why girls are less often diagnosed may be both biological and social.
Autism, already a mysterious disorder, is even more puzzling when it comes to gender differences. For every girl diagnosed with autism, four boys are diagnosed, a disparity researchers don’t yet fully understand.
In a new study published in the journal Molecular Autism, researchers from the U.C. Davis MIND Institute tried to figure out a reason why. They looked at 112 boys and 27 girls with autism between ages 3 and 5 years old, as well as a control sample of 53 boys and 29 girls without autism.
Using a process called diffusion-tensor imaging, the researchers looked at the corpus callosum — the largest neural fiber bundle in the brain — in the young kids. Prior research has shown differences in that area of the brain among people with autism.
They found that the organization of these fibers was different in boys compared with girls, especially in the frontal lobes, which play a role in executive functions.
|Diffusion-Tensor Image of the Corpus Callosum|
“The sample size is still limited, but this work adds to growing body of work suggesting boys and girls with autism have different underlying neuroanatomical differences,” said study author Christine Wu Nordahl, an assistant professor in the U.C. Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, in an email.
In other preliminary research presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research, or IMFAR, in Salt Lake City, the study authors showed that when girls and boys with autism are compared with typically developing boys and girls, the behavioral differences between girls with autism and the female controls are greater than the differences among the boys. Nordahl says this suggests that girls can be more severely affected than boys.
A study earlier this year by a separate group found notable differences in symptoms between autistic boys and girls, which could be one of the reasons autism in girls sometimes goes unnoticed or is diagnosed late. Girls generally display less obvious behavioral symptoms at a young age compared with boys, the researchers found.
One of the reasons females with autism are less understood than males is that most research studies do not have equal numbers of boys and girls, says Nordahl. “This is not surprising, given that there are so many more males with autism than females,” she says.
“We need to do a better job of trying to recruit females with autism into our studies so that we can fully explore differences between males and females with autism.”
Nordahl says understanding gender differences in autism affects how kids are diagnosed, as well as how they are treated. Understanding what biological differences may be at work can untions forltimately lead to a better understanding of autism and the best interve treatment.


We all want to eat, and live, organically. But we don’t not always. Even the best of us cuts corners every once in a while.
Bearing this in mind, various scientist and activist groups have taken to publishing top-10 lists, ranking the worst foods for pesticide residues. The higher the levels of pesticide residues on a food, the more important for us to eat it organic, or not at all. So we’re warned off of conventionally grown strawberries and raspberries, peaches, spinach, carrots, grapes (and raisins), winter squash (especially in baby food), and more. Not only are government regulations often inadequate to limit pesticide residues; often, when these foods are tested, residues are found to exceed even the lax government guidelines. It’s shocking how often this is allowed to happen. (And I wonder once again why the vitamin industry alone gets labeled as “unregulated.”)
Anyways, the top-10 lists are certainly useful. Here, however, I want to focus on three crops that rarely, if ever, make the lists crops where the vast impact of pesticides is hidden at the grocery store but which are still crucial to avoid. In no particular order:
1. Cotton never makes it onto the top-10 lists because it’s not a food. Besides, cotton goes through such rigorous processing that most residual pesticides are washed out by the time they hit store shelves. So your non-organic jeans, cotton swabs, and tampons are all going to be relatively clean at least by the time you finally encounter them.
But on an environmental level, conventional cotton farming is a disaster.
Cotton is not a food crop; it is exempt from many of the regulations that govern food. According to the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, a square mile of cotton is sprayed with as much as 3988 pounds of herbicides, and 2849 pounds of insecticides, three to five times more than corn gets. The USGS also affirms that in the eleven states which compose the “cotton belt,” the ten most common cotton pesticides account for the majority of pesticides used, and that, with only a single exception, “no detailed studies of these compounds have been conducted at the field or basin scale.”
Acre for acre, cotton might very well be the biggest ecological disaster in global agriculture.
Now welcome back to the real world: I sit here writing this in an organic cotton t-shirt, true, but also a decidedly non-organic pair of jeans: it’s nearly impossible to live your life in only organic fibers. But clothing that treads lightly on the planet be it cotton, hemp, wool, etc. is something we must seek out more and more, advocate for more, and yes, be willing to pay more for.
2. Potatoes sometimes do, sometimes don’t, make the top-ten lists. Usually they don’t. Thick-skinned potatoes don’t soak up pesticides like more delicate, thin-skinned fruits. And sturdy spuds can be washed more forcefully, so most of the pesticides at the level of the field don’t appear in the supermarket.
In his excellent The Botany of Desire, author Michael Pollan draws parallels between four crops and four “fundamental human desires.” So the spread of the apple across the American frontier parallels our desire for sweetness; the fascination with tulips in 17th century Holland parallels our desire for beauty; growers and breeders of marijuana inform us of our desire for intoxication; and the potato, in present day American agriculture, epitomizes our desire for absolute control over nature.
Nothing, says Pollan, absolutely nothing is allowed to live on a potato field but potatoes. No weeds, no birds, no bees, no potato rootworms, no earthworms. Chemicals assure us of this. Even farmers themselves will not set foot on their own fields for 4-5 days after sprayings, some of which are applied by robot sprayers. Potato fields in Idaho are sprayed on average fourteen times a year. And since potatoes grow underground, and many of their pests live underground, chemical management of these pests means finding ways to sink these chemicals deep into the soil itself.
3. Ethanol, our latest alternative to conserving fuel by driving less and buying locally-grown may actually save petroleum sort of. But this “corn gas” doesn’t just spring forth golden-green from the Earth, solar-powered and happy. Ethanol is made from commodity corn, and commodity corn is a pesticide- and fertilizer-intensive crop. (Recent attempts in Brazil to convert sugarcane waste to ethanol leave me decidedly more optimistic).
First of all, let’s not forget that the fertilizers and pesticides we use to grow the corn, which is made into ethanol, which ostensibly saves us petroleum, are made from petroleum. And let’s not forget that the energy needed to power the factories that make corn into ethanol are also fossil fuel- dependent. In fact, some estimates have it that three calories of fossil fuel go in for every four calories of ethanol that come out. Still a net savings, no? Well, we also mustn’t forget that we’re sacrificing a potential food crop here. And finally, let’s not forget that while ethanol burns cleaner, it grows dirtier. I’m not necessarily saying that regular gas is better than ethanol. I really don’t know. But ethanol, as it currently stands, is far from the guilt-free, “green” technology we want it to be.
… Adam Stark


This course is aimed at helping those who wish to read and interpret the financial statements of mining companies. It assumes the reader has no formal training or background in accounting but does have a general interest in business with a leaning towards mining. Furthermore, this course assumes a managerial or investor approach rather than that of accountant or bookkeeper. We look at financial statements for their organization, information content and limitations. In short, you will not learn any bookkeeping or debits and credits but rather you will see numerical data and narrative-based descriptions prepared by mining companies.
You will learn to use various analytical tools. Simplified fictional examples and actual published reports are used to illustrate various concepts. A brief glossary and a source of further information appear in an Appendix.
The course has six primary topics as follows, separated into three parts.
This course was formerly entitled Understanding Financial Statements of Mining Companies Under IASB and FASB Regulations.
Introduction to Accounting and Financial Reports
The Statement of Financial Position
The Statement of Income
The Cash Flow Statement
The Statement of Changes in Equity
Notes and Analytical Tools
Financial reporting today is governed by essentially two sets of accounting regulations—those of the United States, through its Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), and those of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). In this course, both sets of regulations are treated as one agreed-upon set of concepts, principles and guidelines where appropriate. Differences are highlighted wherever they occur. Where there is agreement or the differences are minimal, the common term GAAP is used, which stands for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.
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The course comprises 10 viewing sessions of 30–60 minutes each, plus three reviews of multiple choice questions and supporting documents and appendices. Estimated course duration is equivalent to approximately 8 hours of learning content.
Identify and interpret the financial statements of a mining company in terms of its organization, information content and limitations.
Recognize differences between the accounting regulations of the United States, through its Financial Accounting Standards Board, and those of the International Accounting Standards Board.
A working knowledge of basic accounting principles and familiarity with the mining process.
By completing/passing this course, you will attain the certificate Edumine Certification
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The History behind the masking of the Mardi Gras Indians is an extremely rich one. "If I had a heart attack at 92, I'd still mask. In New Orleans, you don't need a reason to do what you do, you do it because that's the way it is!"
- Larry Bannock, President, New Orleans Mardi Gras Indian Council
When we first talked to Larry Bannock about the traditions of the Mardi Gras Indians, we didn't realize how fascinating it would be. We would like to thank Larry for opening up his world and his home to us as he shares this long-held but little-known Mardi Gras and St. Joseph Day tradition with us. Most importantly, we have learned a lot about character.
Mardi Gras Indian Masking means designing /creating a new costume each year. Larry Bannock wears a hand-beaded and feathered suit of original design that weighs between 100 and 150 pounds. He wears this suit as he marches throughout the city on Mardi Gras Day, meeting the other chiefs along the way (see history). At times, he removes the heavier part of the suit, replacing it as he approaches another Indian Chief.
"Downtown Indians use sequins, feathers; Uptown Indians use beads, rhinestones, feathers. The only time Downtown and Uptown Indians come together is to parade on St. Joseph's day." - Larry Bannock
There are distinct design differences between the costumes of the Downtown Indians and the Uptown Indians. When these tribes meet, each Indian is so proud of the costume he has created...and a silent comparison of their beauty takes place. To honor the Italians, the Indians again suit up and meet on the evening of St. Joseph's day in and around their neighborhoods. However, all of the Mardi Gras Indians come together to celebrate what they call "Super Sunday" with a parade. It is a beautiful sight and occurs during the day on a Sunday near St. Joseph's Day.
"Making an Indian suit comes from your heart; the Indian suit for next year is in my mind. You have to feel something about the patch. It has to mean something to you--the eagle, the buffalo--every patch I do is a spirit. You have to be on fire." - Larry Bannock
Making a new suit is time-consuming and must be planned carefully. An Indian's costume may take up to a year to complete, starting with the conception of an idea for next year's suit. Ordering material, designing layout, sewing and beadwork follow. Larry, an uptown Indian Chief and President of the Mardi Gras Indian Council, had the design picked out for his '97 suit before Mardi Gras of '96.
After an artist friend draws the image upon the canvas, Larry decides upon the colored beads he will use to create a patch for his costume. The beadwork is done entirely by hand...and he does all of it himself. This bead art and the plumage selected each year make a glorious combination of color and texture that render his costumes such extraordinary works of art that some are now on display in museums throughout the country.
"Masking as a Mardi Gras Indian...it's dying, because it costs...over $1,000 for rhinestones, $320.00 for velvet, hundreds for beads, hundreds more for the feathers...it costs, yeah. People with families to support find it difficult." - Larry Bannock
One of the reasons there is so much interest in the Mardi Gras Indians is because it seems to be a dying tradition. When the costumes were made from whatever material could be found, there were many Indians. However, the designs of the costumes have become so elaborate that it is very difficult for many to afford the expense. Larry is able to afford to make his costume due to the generosity of some of his friends who contribute their skills and hard work. He is also asked to speak to others around the country about the rich history of the Mardi Gras Indian, and whatever he makes helps finance his next year's costume. However, it is often a struggle.
"Rex has designers; its King has no say on his costume. My suit is ME! I do the patchwork and rhinestones. I have people helping me hook up now, but there's only two patches I didn't do: a rattlesnake and a hatchet-- given to me by two older Indians. I'll always wear those patches." - Larry Bannock
Typical of Mardi Gras tradition, rarely will anyone outside of the immediate family and close friends have an opportunity to witness a suit's creation before Mardi Gras. National Geographic and 48 Hours, however, were lucky enough to go behind the scenes while doing a special on this tradition. The television crews even pitched in during the last hectic days before Mardi Gras.
It is all worthwhile for Larry when he steps out of his home, on Mardi Gras morning, into his waiting neighborhood in all of his glory.
His Mardi Gras Indian costume often surpasses the quality, intricacy and artistry seen in the costumes of many Mardi Gras Kings and Queens. Seeing the Indians in their suits marching, singing and dancing is to watch art come alive.
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At least 50 percent of all students enrolled in a U.S. college or university participate in binge drinking or some other form of seriously risky alcohol consumption. As a rule, drinking is so common in college environments because the social norms established by students make alcohol intake an acceptable activity. In a study published in December 2013 in the journal Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, researchers from the University of Washington sought to determine exactly which types of social relationships have the strongest impact on producing pro-drinking norms among college students.
People use social media to make plans, reconnect after a long separation, raise awareness and share thoughts on breaking news. Now it’s being mined for insight into how illnesses spread and how social media use may predict mental health symptoms.
A recent study of four-year college students found that those who frequently binged had significantly lower capacity for critical thinking.
The craziness of youth may cost teens more than they bargain for, and for a longer time.
Young people don’t always see the bigger picture. Probably because they simply have not lived long enough to witness long-term results firsthand. That inability can be harmful when it comes to making decisions about alcohol and drinking.
Parents often imagine worst-case-scenarios when they send their college freshman off to campus for the first time. They may wonder if their child is going to try drugs as they transition to an unprecedented level of independence and freedom, and then wonder what level of experimentation is going to result in major problems.
The relationship between academic performance, social activities and choices related to alcohol and other substances is one that keeps many parents awake at night. Trying to determine what factors in their kids’ lives may point to making a mistake in other areas can lead to a chicken-and-egg internal argument about how to keep kids from going astray.
Drinking and college go together like chocolate and roses. It doesn’t stop with alcohol though, drug use on campuses is on the rise and a new addiction is rearing its ugly head. Compulsive use of the internet and social media is another addiction to which college students are susceptible, especially new students. If you already struggle with addiction, to any substance, how are you to survive the college lifestyle? Temptations may abound at every turn and staying on the straight and narrow may seem impossible. Start off on the right foot by choosing a college that will help you avoid substance abuse and will minimize your chances of a relapse.
Following new warnings surrounding alcoholic beverages that include caffeine (which are often marketed as “energy” drinks that will increase alertness and stamina), a new study has found that adding caffeine to alcohol has no effect on enhancing driving performance. The researchers said there seems to be little or no benefit from adding caffeine to alcohol in terms of performing activities that require sustained attention and prompt reactions, such as driving.
It is probably irresponsible to party during finals week. A student might work hard all semester, doing well on all other tests, and then walk into the final after a night of drinking and blow the whole semester when he sits down to the final exam and draws a blank on the first essay question.


No Consensus on Phasing Out Coal
Monday, July 26th, 2021
The U.S., UK and other countries want world governments to commit to a phaseout of the use and financing of coal-fired power generation, but officials who met at the G20 Environment Ministers Meeting summit in Naples, Italy, this past week ended their talks without an agreement on the future of the fuel.
The topic will come up again at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as COP26, in Glasgow, Scotland, later this year. The talks in Italy, which ended July 23, showed the difficulty among developed nations in reaching a consensus on carbon emissions, with coal-fired power still a dominant part of the energy mix in many countries.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) earlier this month reported that coal-fired generation is experiencing a resurgence this year after the pandemic-driven drop in 2020. The IEA has projects 3% growth in the construction of new coal-fired facilities in 2022. China is among the countries with several new coal plants either planned or under construction.
China, India Building New Coal-Fired Plants
The use of coal for power generation has been declining in the U.S. and across most of Europe for several years. But even as China, the world’s largest carbon emitter, and India increase their use of renewable energy resources, they continue to build new coal-fired generation—and work to keep existing plants running—as the countries continue to face increased demand for power.
According to “Yale Environment 360,” published by a group at Yale University, China put 38.4 GW of new coal-fired power generation into operation last year, more than three times the amount of new coal capacity that came online in the rest of the world.
The U.S. and Great Britain are driving efforts to stop construction of new coal plants in order to limit global warming. “It is frustrating that despite the progress made by some countries, there was no consensus in Naples to confine coal to history,” Alok Sharma, the British official who will lead the COP26 meeting in November, said in a statement.
Challenges to Paris Accord
Reports from last week’s summit said several countries, including India, China, and Russia, objected to the inclusion of language about ending the use of coal in the meeting’s communique. Climate scientists are mostly in agreement that the used of coal-fired power worldwide must be reduced in order to have any chance of meeting the goals of the 2015 Paris climate accord, which called for limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5C (2.7F) above pre-industrial levels.
The National Centers for Environmental Information, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in a recent report said the June 2021 average global surface temperature was the fifth-highest for June since global recordkeeping began in 1880. The group said North America had its “highest June temperature departure [from normal readings] on record,” with Asia’s June 2021 temperature departure tied with 2010 as the second-highest for the month on record.
The contiguous U.S. had its warmest June on record, as did Africa and New Zealand, while Europe had its second-warmest June on record.
“The most important thing is getting off of coal as fast as we can,” John Kerry, the U.S. special climate envoy, told the UK’s BBC News in the run-up to last week’s meeting. “There are countries that are still bringing coal online that could be building out greater renewable and alternative, sustainable energy possibilities.”
Substitutes for coal, with less environmental impact, are being introduced as a way to keep coal-fired power plants operating, while utilities continue to convert coal units to burn natural gas, both in the U.S. and Canada among other countries.
Climate Change Targets
The UK government in April set what it called “the world’s most ambitious climate change target,” a law designed to reduce emissions by 78% by 2035 compared to 1990 levels. The UK in a release after last week’s summit said the environment ministers did agree to “accelerate action” this decade on climate change initiatives and develop strategies to keep the targets of the Paris accord in reach.
UK officials also said they want nations to make new pledges to cut emissions ahead of the November meeting. The U.S. and European Union already have announced new targets; the Biden administration in April said it wanted to achieve at least a 50% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2030, compared to 2005 levels, across the economy.
China and India, though, are among the nations that have not revised their pledges under the Paris accord, according to the environment ministers.https://www.powermag.com/g20-environment-ministers-no-consensus-on-phasing-out-coal/


We all know the story of Thanksgiving. A hundred Pilgrims came over on the Mayflower, stepped out on Plymouth Rock with their bucked shoes and were greeted by Indians who proceeded to teach them to plant corn with fish. They had a big Thanksgiving dinner with turkey, cranberry sauce, and pumpkin pie with Cool Whip. Right?
A newspaper once noted that Thanksgiving is “a holiday that has no religious affiliation,” and that the whole tradition centers around food. School children are taught that it celebrates how nicely the Pilgrims and Indians got along.
But the Pilgrims’ faith in God is why we celebrate any of it.
John and Joan Tilley believed that the Church of England did not teach God’s word as they found it in their Bible. They were required to attend Anglican services, but they also met with other believers to study the Bible, which was against the law. So when their daughter Elizabeth was a toddler, they fled to Holland with other English Separatists.
Though the Dutch were tolerant, they were more bawdy and did not observe the Sabbath Day. And the English children, like Elizabeth Tilley, started speaking Dutch and becoming more like them.
So, after a dozen years in Holland, a band of Pilgrims decided to establish an English colony in the new world. Two ships set sail in early August of 1620, the Mayflower and the Speedwell. When the Speedwell began to leak. both ships put in at Dartmouth, where they lost eight days to repairs.
Setting sail again in mid-August, 300 miles out, the Speedwell began to leak again. They turned back to Plymouth where they abandoned the smaller ship.
Forty Separatists or “saints,” including Tilleys, and sixty-some “strangers,” recruited by London businessmen financing the trip, crowded onto the Mayflower, finally embarking September 20.
These pilgrims risked their lives to plant a colony for the “glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country” in the the new world, but during the 65-day trip, a storm tossed the ship. When the crowded conditions became unbearable, John Howland, an indentured servant, climbed to the deck for fresh air. He was washed overboard!
Howland got caught in the halyards and was rescued.
By the time the tired band finally spotted land, one person had died and a new baby had been born. One hundred two souls arrived. The Mayflower dropped anchor off Cape Cod, where 41 men, saints and strangers alike, signed “The Mayflower Compact”–the first agreement for self-government and rule of law in the new world.
Our nations foundations are undergirded by the faith of this handful of hardy believers.
That first winter about half their number died while they were anchored off Provincetown, Massachusetts. Both parents of thirteen-year-old Elizabeth Tilley died. So did her uncle, Edward Tilley, and his wife. Now an orphan, Elizabeth moved in with Governor and Mrs. Carver. Two other girls, one also an orphan, also lived with Carvers. But before summer arrived, Governor and Mrs. Carver had also died. No one knows who took in the girls.
When the Mayflower returned to England, just half the number of Pilgrims watched it disappear from sight.
Of the eighteen Pilgrim wives and mothers who left England, only five survived. By October, when the Pilgrims invited the Wampanoags to a harvest feast, four women and five teenaged girls (three of them the sole survivors of their families) cooked and served what we now think of as the first Pilgrim Thanksgiving.
When I was fourteen, my family of four drove a few miles of Iowa’s gravel roads to a clan Thanksgiving at my grandparents’–twelve grownups and thirteen cousins. My sole duties the Thanksgiving of 1958 were to help carry food in and help do dishes afterwards. The rest of the time was been spent in cousin-talk–about junior high, band, and basketball.
When Elizabeth Tilley was fourteen, she helped cook and serve a harvest feast–venison, wild fowl, turkeys, Indian corn, and other foods–for 48 Englishmen, plus 90 Wampanoag Indians.
What we call the first Thanksgiving feast in America lasted three days!
When she was about seventeen years old, Elizabeth married John Howland–the man who survived being washed overboard. He’d been indentured to Governor Carver, and it is thought that he may have inherited Carver’s estate and bought his freedom that way.
All the years I’d enjoyed the potluck and fellowship of thanksgivings with grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, I had no knowledge of our Mayflower connection. I later found Elizabeth Tilley on an old genealogy chart with her parents, married to the thirteenth signer of the Mayflower Compact.
John Howland was 28 when he embarked on the Mayflower. He and Elizabeth had ten children. Their descendants are scattered all over the globe.
Thanksgiving is still my favorite holiday. Among so many other things, I thank God for family–even our long-ago ancestor who helped serve that first Thanksgiving feast.
The First Thanksgiving Feast by Joan Anderson. Photographed at Plimoth Plantation, based on primary sources.
Of Plymouth Plantation:The Pilgrims in America by Gov. William Bradford.
One Small Candle: The Pilgrims’ First Year in America by Thomas J. Fleming.
The Pilgrims of Plymoth by Marcia Sewall. Quotes from original writings by Pilgrims themselves.
Saints and Strangers by George F. Willison
Picture book: Three Young Pilgrims by Cheryl Harness. A favorite, with compelling illustrations.
Biographical and Genealogical History of Wayne, Fayette, Union, and Franklin Counties, Indiana, 1899, Vol. 1.
Families of the Pilgrims: John Howland, complied by Hubert Kinney Shaw. (1955)
Hinshaw Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy.
Vital Records of Nantucket, Mass. to the Year 1850. (1926)


If you like to understand how stuff works, then this article is for you, in this post, I will be explaining the different algorithms used in the crypto space, of course not all, but I will be able to cover the basic ones, enough to make you understand why some things are the way they are, and also helps your problem solving ability.
Disclaimer: This is not an exhaustive list and will be updated continuously.
Cryptographic Hash Functions
The first algorithm we will be looking at is the hash function, as this is the basis of the uniqueness of bitcoin addresses created.
A hash function is a mathematical function which takes an input (message) and returns a fixed sized alphanumeric string.
a hash function has the following characteristics:
- It is easy to compute a hash for any given input string
- It is extremely difficult to compute the exact string that has given the hashed output: This means that it should be impossible to reverse-engineer the hashed output to get the input string even if the algorithm that is used in developing the hash is known, for example:
if I have an input 2 + 2 +5 = 9, now given the output 9, for me to tell what numbers were added to arrive at 9, I will have to iterate over 9C1, which is still solvable considering the simplicity of the output, however, what happens when I have an output like 92830384059555686468684884784, its going to be extremely difficult to compute, and it is known that some of the best hash functions will take millions of years to decrypt even by a quantum computer.
- A hash function should be able to take an input string of any length and turn them into an output of fixed length: meaning that if I have an input of “Hello World” or “Hello this great looking awesome world” the output should have a fixed length for the two strings even though they are two different strings with different lengths
Bitcoin makes use of the SHA256 which stands for Secure Hash Algorithm 256bits, although this algorithm was originally developed by the NSA, it has been publicly vetted and verified.
Now, having understood what hash function is, you will need to apply that knowledge with Merkle Tree. The Merkle Tree is being used in cryptocurrencies to securely verify and validate transactions, with this cryptocurrency use it to ensure consistency and data integrity. because once any change is being made to one node in the tree, it affects all the nodes as the values changes.
How Merkle trees work
Merkle trees are created by repeatedly hashing pair of nodes until there is only one hash left, the one left is called the Merkle root, a node could contain any type of data, but here, let us take a node to contain transactions, the first step is to use our hash function (SHA 256) to hash each transaction, for example: if the raw transaction data looks like this:
the hashed functioned will look like this:
These hashes are then organized into what is now called the Merkle tree, so for each transaction done, the hashes are paired, concatenated and then hashed together, this is done for each output of our transactions until something like a tree below is formed
Using Merkle tree has significantly reduced the amount of data a trusted authority has to maintain to verify the authenticity of that data, so they can actually validate that a data is valid without actually having that data, don’t mistake this with the Zero Knowledge Proof tho.
Most of the time, when a user creates a password, different hashing functions (SHA-1, SHA-256, MD5 etc) are used to hash these passwords, and a hashed output is generated, which is then stored in the database, hashed passwords are still susceptible to some attacks like the rainbow table attack where the attacker reference a table of pre-hashed passwords and try them against the database.
Now in other the circumvent this, the hashing algorithm was optimized by concatenating a salt + a password and hashing them to generate an output key, however this output key can still be compromised with the rainbow table attack, so the algorithm was optimized even further by taking the password + a salt value + a number of specified iteration values and use these three parameters to generate a stronger password key.
By now, you would probably think the password is very strong and it will be almost impossible for an attacker to decrypt the password, Yes, you are right for the most part, except that this can still be attacked by a large number of parallel operations performed against the key, so we needed a new way to combat parallel attacks and this is where the Script PKBDF came about
How it works
Scrypt PBKDF was created by Dr. Collin Percival, it is a memory intensive algorithm that makes it very expensive to perform large scale attacks, it is currently used by popular cryptocurrencies like Litecoin and Dogecoin.
SPBKDF works by taking a passphrase + a salt value + a CPU cost parameter + a memory cost parameter + a parallelization parameter + an output length that is specified by the user known as the dkLen and use all of these parameters to generate an output key.
The parallelization factors help to fine tune the CPU costs, the dkLen gives the user the ability to determine the output length, the N & R parameter allows the user to set the CPU and memory cost. read this if you would like to know more about the Scrypt PBKDF
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)
Personally, this is one of my favorites of all cryptographic algorithms used in blockchain and cryptocurrency because I think its one of the most powerful algorithms out there, ECDSA is the algorithm behind the private and public keys being used in Bitcoin.
How it works
As you already know, I like talking about the problem that made the creators arrive at creating these algorithms first before I go on to explain how the algorithms works
Prior to the creation of the Elliptical Curve, the RSA was the most computationally impossible algorithm to decrypt at the time, its security lies on the fact that factoring is slow and multiplication is fast.
To put RSA in context: Everything we do on the internet from purchasing online, to accessing websites securely is protected using the RSA algorithm and the way RSA works is by taking two prime numbers and multiplying them together to get something called a semiprime number, what is really interesting about semiprime number is that it is really difficult to calculate the numbers that the numbers that could have been multiplied together to form them to get back to the original values. for example, if we multiply two prime numbers say 13 and 17, we get 221, but if we are given a number 221 and we are asked to determine what two numbers we multiply together to arrive at 221, now you might think for this number, its quite easy, but in a situation where we have a two prime number like 7208983630373 and 16390902739373 multiplied together, it will take a huge computation power and ages for us to determine the two numbers that were multiplied together to arrive at the calculated number, its more like trying to unfry an egg, it is impossible, or so we thought until algorithms like Quadratic Sieve and General Number Field Sieve were created to tackle the problem of prime factorization, these algorithms are faster and less computation intensive, and what this means is that RSA might not scale us long enough especially in a future where quantum computing is going to be readily available.
So researchers explored other ways to implement algorithms that could serve as a trapdoor function beyond factoring and that is how the elliptical curve algorithm came about
An elliptical curve is a set of points that satisfy a specific mathematical equation:
y2 = x3 + ax + b
representing the above equation in a graph leads to something like this:
there are several properties that makes the curve above a good fit for cryptography, and one of the property is its horizontal symmetry which implies that any point on the curve an be reflected over the x axis and it will remain the same as the original curve, another interesting property is that any other non-vertical line will intersect the curve in at most three places, like this
Any two points on the curve can be dotted together to get a new point just like the animation above represents, what this means is that, if you have two points, an initial point “dotted” with itself n times to arrive at a final point, finding out n when you don’t know the final point is hard, this is the basis with which elliptical curve was generated, to fully understand the elliptical curve, I will suggest you go through this article
Bitcoin uses the ECDSA for its digital signature
Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP)
In this age of data privacy concern, we have been two options when it comes to our privacy concerns, either we give all these companies unfettered access to our data in exchange to use their platform, or we decide not to use their platform, but its not that simple cos we don’t always have a choice, take, for example, if you want to seek for a loan from any financial institution, you just have to reveal all your financial details whether you like it or not. but what if you can actually prove to these financial institutions that you are able to return their money without them actually sniffing into your entire bank details? and not just financial institutions, what if you can provide anyone with the data they need to confirm anything about you without you actually giving them access to your data?
A zero-knowledge protocol is a method by which one party (the prover) can prove to another party (the verifier) that something is true, without revealing any information apart from the fact that this specific statement is true.
How does it work?
To explain this, I will simplify the illustration provided on Wikipedia,
Let us assume we have a blind person and two balls, one black and one white, and you would like to prove to the blind person that these balls are of different colors without revealing the individual colors of each ball.
For this, you asked the blind person to hide both balls under the table and bring one back for you to see, after that you instructed him to hide the balls under the table and then either show you the same ball or bring the other one. As a result, you can prove to the blind person that the colors are different by saying whether he changed the ball under the table or not.
In this case you can argue that its just a lucky guess and the blind person is not completely certain that the balls have different colors, this doubt is solved by repeating this process n-times, even at that it is known that the blind person cannot fully ascertain that you are lying to him, so it is agreed that you can get a probability that the person is lying to you which will be very small because of the number of iterations that have been performed, but then the probability can never be zero
Zero-Knowledge Proof is used to enable transfer of assets across a distributed, peer-to-peer blockchain network with complete privacy, ZCash is one of the popular cryptocurrency that uses this protocol.
Oh Well! I will stop here for now, as I said earlier, this list is not exhaustive and its subject to modification, if you also know any other algorithms that you would like me to explain here, please drop it in the comment section.


Do the preparation exercise before you listen. Then do the other exercises to check your understanding.
Do this exercise before you listen.
Presenter 1: Today we are going to talk about names, particularly fashions in names, you know, the kind of names famous people use for their children. You’ve been looking into this recently, haven’t you Finn?
Presenter 2: I have indeed and it’s a fascinating topic. The US leads here with new names and we in Britain follow sometimes, but we tend to go for the more traditional names. So, the big trend is using nouns as names.
Presenter 1: Nouns, what sort of nouns?
Presenter 2: Well they can be abstract qualities like Honor or Passion. There’s a long tradition of this kind of name, like Faith or Charity, which used to be common names. A new name is Haven, that’s growing in popularity. And similar names like Shelter, Harbor and Bay also convey feelings of safety and warmth.
Presenter 1: Mmm. I suppose Passion is used to mean ‘extreme enthusiasm’ nowadays, and people use the word a lot, so maybe it’s a good choice for a modern name. Haven has a nice, safe feel to it.
Presenter 2: OK, then there are names which come from nature or animals, although with some of these it’s hard to know whether they come from nature or a surname – that’s another trend. Here we have Frost, Wolf, Fox, Bear, for boys, of course. And a new name: Ridge.
Presenter 1: Ridge, like a mountain ridge? The top of a mountain range?
Presenter 2: Yes, weird, huh? It’s seen as a tough, outdoorsy name for a boy. OK, then there are musical names. Harmony and Melody have been around for ages, but Lyric is a new one.
Presenter 1: Lyric, wow!
Presenter 2: Yes, it came in at number 325 in the US a couple of years ago. That doesn’t sound very popular, but there are so many different names being used at the moment that it means it isn’t so unusual. Other noun categories are months – May, June and April are common, but January is uncommon and November very unusual. And then you have colours. Beyoncé and Jay-Z called their daughter Blue Ivy – a very distinctive name, a colour plus the name of a plant. Blue is very popular for girls right now, and Red or Grey for boys.
Presenter 1: I’ve just thought of another category. Food names, like Olive or Clementine.
Presenter 2: Yes, that’s another one. Flower names are pretty common, but food names are unusual. Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin named their daughter Apple, of course.
Presenter 1: Yes, poor child.
Presenter 2: Actually, Apple is becoming more and more popular, although people think that’s because of the technology connection, not the fruit. New names always seem strange at first, but you quickly get used to them, like all the names from places or jobs. Chelsea and Brooklyn seem like normal names now; they were strange when they were first used. Taylor, Mason, Cooper are all first names from jobs.
Presenter 1: And they are also surnames, I think that’s how they started.
Presenter 2: You’re probably right there.
Presenter 1: What about the Beckhams’ daughter, Harper?
Presenter 2: She was named after Harper Lee, the American novelist who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird. That’s another trend, naming children after famous writers, musicians – the British band One Direction have had an effect on names – or fictional characters, like Bella or Edward from the Twilight series, or Hermione from Harry Potter.
Presenter 1: Sorry, can I just interrupt there. I’ve just has a message passed on by the producer. A listener has just phoned in with a very strange story about a family in Holland with six children. Their names are all anagrams of the letters: A, E, L and X.
Presenter 2: Ah yes, I’ve heard about this. This family are famous in the world of bloggers on names. Let me see if I remember the names … Alex and Axel … and Lexa – they’re the easy ones – Xela ('Zela') and Xael ('Zay-el') and the last one is Xeal ('Zeal') – I’m guessing about the pronunciations, by the way.
Presenter 1: You mean there are names X-E-L-A and X-A-E-L?
Presenter 2: Yes, but they are very unusual. I think the Dutch family are stopping at six children, but there are about eighteen more possible anagrams they could use.
Presenter 1: Nooo, you’re kidding!
Presenter 2: All seem horrible to me, but all are possible names. This is similar to another trend of giving children names all starting with the same letter, like the Kardashian family, all beginning with K, Kim, Kourtney and so on.
Presenter 1: The Kardashians have had enough publicity, let’s not talk about them. What about your name? Finn, that sounds like a good Irish name …
Do you have a common or an unusual name? Do you like your name?


Bush Blitz is a fantastic federal government and privately funded initiative that is now secure till at least 2017 and involves a large demographic of people all collecting and identifying flora and fauna across the country. Hundreds of new species have been identified recently through the Bush Blitz initiative (600+) and even a new Genus of spider has been found here in Tasmania. 75% of Australia's flora and fauna have not been identified. So its exciting work and rewarding to all. The process of identifying a new spider is via its genatalia. The males bits are cut off, coated in gold then scanning electron microscope. The female spider genitals are put in acid to make their genitals transparent. And then put under magnification. Its expensive equipment. But, its how you tell one spider from another type of spider.
Spider hunting is an unusual occupation.
Robert Beeton discovered a new spider
PHOTO: Robert Beeton has discovered a new genus of spider. (Supplied: Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre)
AUDIO: 12 year-old Robert Beeton has discovered a new genus of spider in Tasmania (ABC Rural)
But for one 12-year-old boy in north west Tasmania it has led to an incredible discovery.
Robert Beeton was taking part in Bush Blitz, a program aimed at discovering and naming animals all over Australia, when he stumbled upon a brand new genus.
"I've liked spiders since I was really little," he said.
"Gotta do what I do best."
He was on an Aboriginal youth camp, working with scientists and other enthusiasts to discover the undiscovered, when he came across what is now known as the paruwi spider.
Not only an undiscovered species, but an undiscovered genus, which he was then allowed to name.
"It was big and ugly, kind of dark, and it had tiger stripes," he said.
He was the one kid who was out the front, pulling up bark, looking underneath things.
Jo Harding, manager of Bush Blitz
"Paruwi is the north-west Tasmanian Aboriginal name for beetle, and I named it that because it was my dad's nickname."
The Bush Blitz program has announced a further $12 million in Commonwealth and private funding that will ensure its continuation until at least 2017.
Manager Jo Harding says in the last four years 700 new species have been discovered in Australia. "It's quite amazing to think that a country like Australia has about 75 per cent of its biodiversity unknown," she said. "I was down in Tasmania with Robert as we were walking around looking for bugs and spiders together, and he was the one kid who was out the front, pulling up bark, looking underneath things," she said.
She says scientist Robert Raven and the rest of the team were tired and ready to go home, until Robert pointed out the spectacular specimen under a piece of bark. "When Robert Raven saw what it was he just said 'Oh my God!'."Ms Harding says Bush Blitz aims to get land owners and managers involved.
"Bush Blitz supports a whole lot of different non-government organisations, as well as property owners," she said. "We don't just go and collect data that we want, we actually go onto these properties and collect data that's useful for the land managers too.
"That way they can better manage their properties, manage those species and continue to protect them.
"We have a saying at Bush Blitz: 'If you don't know what you've got, you can't protect it'."
http://blog.parksaustralia.gov.au/2014/ ... -tasmania/
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-22/n ... tz/5615440
Environment and sustainability in Tasmania
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As part of their Humanities topic, children in Year 6 were provided with two informative workshops on Tuesday to help them gain further insight into life during World War One. During the first workshop, Women of War, a young woman named Edith took the children on a journey through the long wars of 1914-18. Children learnt about how women’s lives changed dramatically through the course of the war and experienced, first hand, some of the jobs that were undertaken by women at the time.
The children also learnt about two groups of women – Suffragettes and Suffragists – who campaigned for women’s rights during the First World War. As part of their second workshop, A Soldier’s Tale, a soldier explained his recruitment and training process for the Great War, including a rather quick “eye test” from a supposedly trained doctor! The children took part in various drills, giving them an insight into life as a soldier and heard a few letters that soldiers would have sent home, recounting their time in war.
The day was a fantastic opportunity to bring the children’s learning alive with a wide range of replica artefacts to support the delivery of the workshops.


This article provides information on how to upgrade RAM in your computer.
What is Memory?
RAM or Random Access Memory is a term used for memory modules installed in your computer. To improve the performance of a computer, sometimes a RAM upgrade is recommended. Upgrade could mean adding memory modules along with the existing ones or replacing the old ones with a set of new modules which has higher capacity.
Identify and Upgrade the Memory Capacity of your Computer
- Check your computer's current memory configuration and the maximum memory capacity
- Select the best memory upgrade
- Purchase new memory modules
- Install the modules in your computer
Steps to check Memory Configuration/Maximum Capacity and remove/add Modules
- Determine how much RAM your PC has and browse to the Dell Product Manuals ( for instructions on how to use the Product Manual refer to Step 4) to check the maximum supported capacity of RAM in your computer.
- Choose Dell Certified Memory to ensure that the memory module is compatible with your computer.
- When you are ready to upgrade browse to Dell Product Manuals for instructions to replace/add memory modules.
- When the Manuals page opens to the correct model of computer proceed to Step 3, when another product shows click Change Your Product.
- Under the Yes subheading enter your computer's Service Tag to get a concise list of documentation for your specific product model. Click Submit to continue.
- Click Owner's Manual, Setup Guide or User's Guide (depending on which one is available).
How Memory (RAM) Affects Computer Performance?
What is Memory (RAM)?


The troglobite will soon be a common mining word, or at least a swear word. Rio Tinto is seeking to expand iron ore mining near Pannawonica in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. They want to develop a new mine to replace the existing mine that will be worked out in the next decade or so. At the site of the new mine they have found troglobites. These are described as four millimeter subterranean creatures related to spiders. Apparently if this new mine does not go ahead, they local town will have to be deserted. So here we have to decide between:
- Extinction of a species
- Extinction of a town (should I call it a community or culture?).
How do we decide between destroying a town and destroying a species? Maybe we could ask the politicians:
- A Labor backbencher said the economic and social benefits of the Rio Tinto project were more important than saving species (she will remain a backbencher is my guess.)
- The opposition environment spokesman said that Rio Tinto should explore the surround 1,000 square miles, for he believes they will find lots more of the critters (ever hopeful—a good characteristic for the opposition.)
- The Premier said he had not been fully briefed (what else could he say?)
Maybe we should obey the law: don’t proceed with the mine and save the endangered species. But first consult a lawyer for whom law is elastic, not static. I am sure a good lawyer can prove an exception, find a loophole, or concoct a way around the situation. At the best/worst they can get the law changed. I read that Rio Tinto will appeal to a minister who can override the local EPA by taking social considerations into account. Seems they have done this before when rare parrots got in the way of a project.
Maybe we should consult the philosophers. Ask those who are loudest about sustainable development. Do we sustain the species or the town? Socrates would quail at that one. Does man take precedence over blind critters deep in the soil? Religion cannot even deal with that, I bet.
I consulted the bloggers. Here are two originals:
- YANK IN LONDON says: …if God had wanted this animal to survive She wouldn’t have hid them so close to iron ore.
- OBSCENE DESSERTS says: Not as cute as Knut, but formidable as all get out. Hail the might troglobite, which, despite being blind and a mere four millimeters long, has the power to stop a billion-dollar mining project in its tracks.
Maybe I will just head off for the weekend, join friends over many bottles of wine, and debate this. Maybe I will have a decent answer on Monday. Stay tuned, and help out by posting your perspective below.


There are two types of brain tumors. Primary brain tumors arise from the tissues which make up the brain and its coverings. Primary brain tumors may be malignant or benign. Secondary, or metastatic brain tumors, travel to the brain from cancerous tumors elsewhere in the body. Metastatic tumors are always malignant. The most common sources of metastatic tumors are cancers of the lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney and colon.
The treatment of malignant tumors to the brain is complex. Once a cancerous tumor spreads to the brain, there are several options for control or cure. These options include open surgery, whole brain radiation therapy, chemotherapy and radiosurgery. These options are often used in a combined approach to treatment.
Conventional whole brain radiation therapy has been used for more than 60 years to treat brain metastases. The entire brain is radiated using small doses of radiation, or fractions, each day for a number of weeks. This gradually builds up a dose large enough to effect tumor growth. Because the normal brain tissue is sensitive to radiation, the total dose given to the tumor is limited for whole brain radiation. Side effects are common: loss of hair, at one end of the spectrum of complications, and dementia and other brain injury at the other end of the spectrum of complications. Continued tumor growth and the development of new metastases are not unusual after whole brain radiation therapy because of dose limitations.
The concept and techniques of radiosurgery were developed by Professor Lars Leksell in Sweden many years ago. Dr. Leskell is the inventor of the Gamma Knife. Radiosurgery avoids many complications and limitations of whole brain radiation therapy. Radiosurgery is more effective and convenient. Instead of radiating the whole brain, radiosurgery is specifically targeted treatment of the metastatic tumor. This means only the tumor receives a therapeutic dose of radiation, while the surrounding normal brain receives little or no toxic radiation. This also means the dose given to the tumor can be much greater (and effective) than the dose of radiation possible with whole brain radiation. However some patients require whole binary radiation therapy. Your doctor will discuss with you whether you need whole binary radiation, gamma knife or both.
Radiosurgery is usually carried out in a single fraction on an out-patient basis. Patients can return to normal activities the day following Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Unlike whole brain radiation therapy, radiosurgery can be repeated should additional metastases appear or the original tumor continues to grow. We expect that 90% of metastatic tumors treated with radiosurgery will show no further growth, and many or most tumors will disappear. Radiosurgery can be performed by linear accelerator systems adapted to radiosurgery, proton beam systems, and the Leksell Gamma Knife. Dr. Leksell actually envisioned and developed all of these methods of treatment, but ultimately selected the Gamma Knife because of its accuracy, effectiveness, and ease of use. It is the only radiosurgical device solely dedicated to use for tumors of the brain. (Other systems are adaptations of machines used for conventional radiotherapy.) Its design of focused sources of gamma rays, and fixed frame-based radiation delivery define the standard for radiation accuracy. This is critical for small tumors near important neural structures.


What is a Lottery?
In a lottery, a prize is awarded to the winner through a process that relies on chance. It is a popular and easy to organize means of raising money. Lotteries have been around for centuries and have been used by a variety of groups to raise funds for various projects, including wall constructions, town fortifications, and the relief of poor people. The first recorded lotteries to offer tickets for prizes in the form of money were held in the Low Countries in the 15th century. They were a common fundraising tool in cities, with records of their use from Ghent, Utrecht, and Bruges.
Lottery rules typically require participants to select numbers on a printed playslip or equivalent paper. Some modern lotteries also allow players to choose the option of having a computer randomly pick their numbers for them. While the odds of selecting a particular number are the same for all tickets, some numbers appear more often than others. This is due to random chance and has nothing to do with the “rigging” of the results.
Many people who play the lottery do so with the understanding that they are unlikely to win. However, for some individuals, the entertainment value or other non-monetary benefits of winning may be sufficient to outweigh the expected monetary loss. Winning a large amount of money can make it difficult to manage financially, so it is important for new winners to meet with a qualified accountant to discuss how to best structure their winnings and plan for taxes.


WHAT IS “OLD WESTERN CULTURE”?
“Old Western Culture” is a literature curriculum named after a term coined by C.S. Lewis to describe the fabric of ideas that shaped Western Civilization. For centuries, a “Great Books” education lay at the heart of what it meant to be educated. It was the education of the Church Fathers, of the Medieval Church, of the Reformers, and of all the Founding Fathers of the Unites States.
– It is a CLASSICAL EDUCATION, based on the great books of western civilization.
– It is a CHRISTIAN EDUCATION, which sees the history and literature of the West through the eyes of the Bible and historic Christianity.
– It is an INTEGRATED HUMANITIES CURRICULUM, bringing together literature, history, philosophy, doctrine, geography, and art.
– It is a HOMESCHOOL oriented curriculum, made by homeschoolers with the needs of homeschooled in mind, including flexibility, affordability, and ease-of-use.
We bring a master-teacher into your home, and encourage parents to gain an overview of Western Civilization themselves by watching the video lessons with their children.
HOW DOES OLD WESTERN CULTURE WORK?
Old Western Culture is a video course. It is built around master teachers. This unit is taught by Wes Callihan. With decades of teaching experience, he guide students through the story of Western civilization. Poetry and Politics contains 12 video lessons (approx 30-45 min each).
Each lesson begins with a brief review before jumping into summary, commentary, analysis, and inter-disciplinary connections of the works covered. After each lesson, students complete the assigned readings, and answer comprehension questions in the Student Workbook or online workbook.
Poetry and Politics is 1/2 High School Credit in either literature or history. Each year of Old Western Culture is a double-credit Humanities course which is most commonly broken down into 1 Literature credit and 1 History credit. The double-credit assumes that the student will watch all the videos, read the required reading, answer the daily worksheets, and take 4 exams (one for each unit). This a robust course academically, and requires a fair bit of reading. Wesley Callihan coaches students on how to approach the reading in the video. Average daily reading load is 30-40 pages.
As an “integrated humanities” course, Old Western Culture will constantly be incorporating history, literature, theology, philosophy, art, and art history, all through the eyes of the Great Books.


Samarium-cobalt permanent magnets are used in generators that produce electricity for aircraft electrical systems. In addition, small high-powered rare-earth magnet actuators are employed in moving the flight control surfaces of aircraft, including flaps, rudder, and ailerons.
Yttria-stabilized zirconia, a high-temperature resistant ceramic coating, is used as a thermal barrier in the “hot” sections of jet engines to protect the metal alloys. Yttria keeps the zirconia from changing from a tetragonal to monoclinic structure, which would degrade the ceramic’s high-temperature stability and strength. The ceramic coating is used in the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 turbofan engine for the McDonnell Douglas Corp. F15 Eagle and the Lockheed Martin F16 Fighting Falcon fighter jets.
Color televisions and computer monitors are essential components in many defense system control panels to display and quickly communicate data, especially in avionic displays and vision enhancement screens. Rare earths have been used in color cathode ray tube (CRT) phosphors since the early 1960s. Europium-yttrium compounds have long been used as a red phosphor in CRT screens because of its sharp excitation color peak at 611 nanometers (nm). Color super video graphics array (SVGA) monitors typically use medium-to-short persistence phosphors. This enables faster SVGA image changes and eliminates ghosts. Cerium oxide is an additive in CRT glass to reduce “browning” from electron emissions and as a glass polishing compound for CRT faceplates. Recent technology uses liquid crystal digital (LCD) displays in flat panel displays (FPD) for computers, avionics, and weapon system monitors. FPDs typically use either twisted nematic/super-twisted nematic (TN/STN), thin film transistor (TFT) LCD technology, or plasma display panels (PDP). All of these FPDs have glass panels or substrates that are polished with cerium oxide. Avionic displays use terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide and lanthanum oxysulfide phosphors for high-luminescence. The rare-earth avionic phosphors emit yellow-green light at 542 nm and 545 nm wavelengths, respectively
Rare earths are used in several applications in radar systems. Rare-earth permanent magnets, typically samarium-cobalt, are used in the radar’s TWT to focus the microwave energy. Yttrium-iron garnets (YIG) and yttrium-gadolinium garnets (YGG) are used in phase shifters, tuners, and filters. These systems are used in the PATRIOT (Phased Array Tracking to Intercept of Target) air defense missile system’s guidance and radar control group. Samarium-cobalt magnets are used in both the missile’s and radar system’s TWT. YGG’s are used in the toroids in the PATRIOT’s phased array elements and in the radio frequency (RF) circulators in the radar and missile. RF circulators magnetically control the flow of electronic signals.
Samarium-cobalt permanent magnets are used to focus the electron beam of radar magnetron tubes. Magnetron tubes are used in ground-based systems for air traffic control and surveillance radar, search radar, and weapon fire-control radar. Defense radar also is used for anti-collision and avoidance, weather detection, and as a navigational aid in aircraft and naval applications. Cross field amplifiers (CFA) generate moderate bandwidth, moderate gain, and output signals in a smaller and lighter weight unit than traditional microwave tubes. CFA are used in ground based, airborne, and phased array radar applications. Output is typically focused with samarium cobalt magnets. CFA are used in the phased array system of the AN/SPY-1 radar in the Navy’s AEGIS system. The AEGIS radar and missile array is the most advanced shipboard system deployed for antiaircraft and antimissile defense. Yttria also is used in some electron-emitting cathodes in TWT, magnetrons, and other devices.
Gadolinium metal applied as paint or coating, was used as a defensive measure against neutron radiation. Gadolinium, which has the highest neutron capture cross section of all the elements, is the material of choice for absorbing high-energy neutrons. Examples: Satellite Housings, Alternative Energy Applications, Aerospace Applications, and Display Lighting.


Definition of recant in English:
Say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief, especially one considered heretical: heretics were burned if they would not recant [with object]: Galileo was forced to recant his assertion that the earth orbited the sun
More example sentences
- It reminds me a little bit of the Welsh side of my family who a generation back refused to learn Welsh or take Welsh culture seriously, and are now recanting.
- But not one of Jesus's early disciples who believed that they had met Jesus after the resurrection ever recanted.
- He initially backed them up but later recanted, telling prosecutors there was no agreement.
mid 16th century: from Latin recantare 'revoke', from re- (expressing reversal) + cantare 'sing, chant'.
- Example sentences
- That, of course, brings the number of recanters to three.
- Such recanters often retained a substantial element of Anabaptist thought and ethic.
- As for the recanters who have accused someone of sexual abuse and then said it wasn't true - each case must be evaluated separately and independently.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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The Green Elements, often seen as an appendage to periodic tables, have an ever-growing variety of applications in modern technology. The physical and chemical properties of the Rare Earth elements contribute essential functions to a range of uses that affect our daily lives. Consider the following:
The miniaturization of cell phones, PDA’s, other mobile devices, media players such as iPod®’s, computers and computing devices, “ear bud” speakers, microphones, and a host of other items is made possible by powerful, Neodymium-based magnets. You can find other Rare Earth elements in these devices as well, for example, in the battery powering some cell phones and in the display screen of your laptop.
Hard disk drives, CD and DVD players and speakers all use Neodymium magnets.


Ahimaaz in the Bible
1. Father-in-law of king Saul
- 1 Samuel 14:50 And the name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz: and the name of the captain of his host was Abner, the son of Ner, Saul's uncle.
⇒Bible Encyclopedia for AHIMAAZ.
2. Son of Zadok, the high priest. Loyal to David
- 2 Samuel 15:36 Behold, they have there with them their two sons, Ahimaaz Zadok's son, and Jonathan Abiathar's son; and by them ye shall send unto me every thing that ye can hear.
- 2 Samuel 17:17-20 Now Jonathan and Ahimaaz stayed by Enrogel; for they might not be seen to come into the city: and a wench went and told them; and they went and told king David. 18 Nevertheless a lad saw them, and told Absalom: but they went both of them away quickly, and came to a man's house in Bahurim, which had a well in his court; whither they went down. 19 And the woman took and spread a covering over the well's mouth, and spread ground corn thereon; and the thing was not known. 20 And when Absalom's servants came to the woman to the house, they said, Where is Ahimaaz and Jonathan? And the woman said unto them, They be gone over the brook of water. And when they had sought and could not find them, they returned to Jerusalem.
- 2 Samuel 18:19-33 Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok, Let me now run, and bear the king tidings, how that the LORD hath avenged him of his enemies. 20 And Joab said unto him, Thou shalt not bear tidings this day, but thou shalt bear tidings another day: but this day thou shalt bear no tidings, because the king's son is dead. 21 Then said Joab to Cushi, Go tell the king what thou hast seen. And Cushi bowed himself unto Joab, and ran. 22 Then said Ahimaaz the son of Zadok yet again to Joab, But howsoever, let me, I pray thee, also run after Cushi. And Joab said, Wherefore wilt thou run, my son, seeing that thou hast no tidings ready? ...
- 1 Chronicles 6:8-9 And Ahitub begat Zadok, and Zadok begat Ahimaaz, 9 And Ahimaaz begat Azariah, and Azariah begat Johanan,
- 1 Chronicles 6:53 Zadok his son, Ahimaaz his son.
⇒See also McClintock and Strong Cyclopedia for Ahimaiz.
3. Solomon's son-in-law
- 1 Kings 4:15 Ahimaaz was in Naphtali; he also took Basmath the daughter of Solomon to wife:


Nearly two and a half thousand years ago, the Athenian philosopher Socrates began to question radically the values taken for granted by the majority of people around him. He set about using reason to help him discover what it truly means to live a good life. This is a lightning introduction to the life and philosophy of Socrates, which will take you just over fifteen minutes to complete.
This course is suitable for everyone. If you want to quick introduction to Socrates, this is definitely the best place to start. You'll also get some surprise bonus resources including a new Socrates comic strip, famous quotes, recommended reading lists, a quick quiz to consolidate your learning, and other information to get your studies started.
I've deliberately made this as short and sweet as possible because it's a "crash course" – a starting point. I'll direct you toward other resources if you want to learn more, which I assume you probably will. Ready to begin? Just hit the enroll button above.
Hello and welcome to my course!
I first began reading the Socratic dialogues about thirty years ago, and they've been part of my life ever since. Socrates is one of the people I look to for inspiration in life. The Socratic Method of questioning has helped me to clarify my own values and thinking and his vision of the good life gave me a sense of direction when I needed it the most, as a young man. Years later, I found myself doing Socratic Questioning with clients in my work as a cognitive therapist and carrying out research on some of the psychological techniques derived from Socratic schools of philosophy.
People keep asking me for help "getting into" the philosophy of Socrates because the dialogues of Plato can be daunting if you're not an academic. However, these and other Socratic works have inspired countless seekers of wisdom, generation after generation, for over two thousand years. All you need is a gentle introduction to the subject and a few pointers in the right direction. So I've created this Crash Course on Socrates for people just like you. Please dive in and let me know what you think in the comments area of the course. I look forward to meeting you there!
Goal: To develop a basic understanding of Socrates' life and philosophy and how it can be helpful in modern life.
Duration: Just over 15 minutes for the main video, plus additional bonus resources.
Price: Completely free of charge. (Estimated value $49.)
Start: Enrolling now!
- To know who Socratic was, and some key details about his life
- To understand why his philosophy was important
- To be able to identify some of Socrates' main philosophical teachings and their relevance to daily life
You can preview the table of contents in the Class Curriculum section below.
Terms & Conditions: By enrolling on this course, you give us permission to send you our email newsletter with information on Stoicism and related subjects. You can opt-out at any time, if you want, by hitting the unsubscribe link.
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“Well-written. I teach a 'critical thinking' course... This would be a good supplement to that or to any introductory course in philosophy.” – Justin Kitchen
“Concise and enlightening resource. Socrates was such an important catalyst for western philosophical thinking.” – Andrew Cowan
“Brilliant. Wonderful content, clearly delivered. Thanks Donald.” – insearchoftheway
“Thank you Donald, for your dedication to uncovering truths from ancient philosophy that can be applied to any person in the 21st century. Your work on the history of CBT has literally saved me from myself and my quality of life has improved as a direct result of the wisdom that you have passed on to us. I will gladly recommend your work to anybody that I can.” – Dan Berrones
“Amazing and deeply inspiring lecture about my favorite philosopher. What a meaningful way to start a day, thank you so much, Mr. Robertson... I'm looking forward to any other lectures you make no matter the topics.” – Noemi Wasserbauer
“Thank you, Donald! Your presentation on Socrates was excellent as an introduction and it's well worth the short amount of time required to learn of the influences Socrates had on the ancient world, as well as modern societies in the West.” – Bill Hewitson
“Concise and easy to understand. Big thanks.” – Francis Chan
“Great crash course video. Thank you Donald!” – Thomas Colligan
Enroll for the full comic strip...
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Donald is a trainer and writer, with over twenty years’ experience. He’s a specialist in teaching evidence-based psychological skills, and known as an expert on the relationship between modern cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and and classical Greek and Roman philosophy. He was born in Scotland but worked as a psychotherapist for many years in London, England, where he ran a training school for therapists, before emigrating to Canada to focus on his writing and developing e-learning courses.
Donald is the author of six books on philosophy and psychotherapy, as well as having contributed chapters to four other book and published many articles in journals and magazines. His new book How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius is currently available for pre-order and due out in January 2019. You can contact him via his website.


Every child deserves the opportunity to grow and develop to their fullest potential, including children who have or are experiencing medical issues and subsequent needs.
These children may require unique care specialized to their individual medical needs. This care might go beyond the support we might typically provide during daily activities and routines. However, we must remember the importance of continually offering a variety of experiences to optimize a child’s development and relationships.
For example, if a child is receiving their primary nutrition from a feeding tube, they can still participate in the family meal. They can sit at the dinner table with others, explore various foods during the day and partake in food preparation when appropriate. Understanding how a child’s medical needs may change forms of care, and recognizing when they do not create restrictions on daily life, is paramount as a caregiver.
5 Ways to Support Children With Medical Needs
1. Offer a wide range of experiences. When appropriate and possible, provide experiences that you would offer a child without similar medical needs. Children with medical needs can often participate in many activities if only given the opportunity. Sometimes we don’t know if a child can participate in something until we try. To begin, identify the activity or experience and how your child might most safely participate (i.e., feeding themselves, swimming, going on an outdoor walk, getting dressed, etc.). Learn to recognize when modifications may be needed to make activities and routines more accessible.
Children with medical needs can often participate in many activities, if only given the opportunity. Sometimes we don’t know if a child can participate in something until we try.
Reaching out to professionals in the community who understand your child’s unique needs and have experience developing modifications can be incredibly valuable. These professionals might include a pediatrician, developmental pediatrician, occupational or physical therapist, speech-language pathologist, feeding specialist, dietitian, educator or infant and early childhood mental health therapist.
2. Offer plenty of time for thoughtful interactions. Too often, parents can become consumed with the essential medical needs of a child. This makes sense as this care is what most likely keeps a child alive and healthy! However, sometimes our interactions can become more of what we are “doing to” a child rather than what we are “doing with” them. Regular and frequent positive interactions are the primary way to best support their complete development. Furthermore, these positive and thoughtful interactions are a primary way caregivers can reduce the impact of challenges and stresses a child may experience.
No matter the routine or activity, providing it “with” the child, using thoughtful intent and warmth, is key to growing healthy and socially strong children.
- Talk to your child about the day or their favorite toy or book while providing their tube feeding.
- Calmly and respectfully share with your child why a medical procedure is necessary and what will happen next.
- Provide moments of gentle and loving physical touch that feel positive to your child before and during these procedures.
Check out additional parenting resources!
View our expanded list of recommended parenting websites, books and other resources organized by topic.
3. Give yourself time and space. Caregivers often give and give and give to others, including children, and forget to give back to themselves. Caregivers’ emotional tanks need continual replenishment to fill the emotional tanks of their children. Children with specialized medical needs can require a lot from caregivers.
Therefore, it’s vital for a caregiver to purposefully identify their own needs to refuel. This might include taking small moments throughout the day for a cup of coffee or time for your own nourishment, a quick walk outside or a shower. Additionally, tapping into external supports such as family, friends, respite care providers or other community organizations is encouraged.
4. Practice flexibility and patience. Learning how to best support a child with medical needs can sometimes be a process of trial and error. Finding that “just right” approach or modification may take ample amounts of creativity as well as the flexibility to truly see what is and is not quite working. Holding this in mind, creating space for changes and being open to necessary adjustments is essential.
5. Practice positivity. Maintaining a positive outlook can be a critical element in the journey of supporting a child with medically complex needs. This can be hard in challenging times. One way in which we can remain positive is by offering ourselves grace and kindness as caregivers. Every caregiver wants to do right by their child. Furthermore, every caregiver is doing their absolute best. Remembering these deeply essential thoughts and holding ourselves with a compassionate and positive lens is powerful — not only for ourselves but also for our children.
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All parents encounter challenges as their children grow up. And sometimes, issues may arise that leave you uncertain as to how best to respond. But not every issue requires therapy or counseling. The PACE program is here to help during those times.