White milky mushroom (Calocybe indica)
Milky mushroom (Calocybe indica) can be grown on wide range of substrates as in case of oyster mushroom. It can be
grown on substrates containing lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Substrate should be fresh and dry. Substrates exposed to rain or harvested premature (green color) are prone to various weed
moulds which may result in failure of the crop. It can be grown on straw of paddy, wheat, ragi, maize/bajra/cotton stalks and leaves, sugarcane bagasse, cotton and jute wastes, dehulled maize cobs,
tea/coffee waste etc., However cereal straw (paddy/wheat) easily available in abundance, is being widely used.
Straw is chopped in small pieces (2-4cm size) and soaked in fresh water for 8-16 hours. This period can be reduced when
pasteurization is to be done by steam. Main purpose of soaking is to saturate the substrate with water. It is easier to soak if straw is filled in gunny bag and dipped in water.
The purpose of pasteurization is to kill harmful microbes. This can be achieved in two ways.
Hot water treatment
Water is boiled in wide mouth container and chopped wet straw filled in gunny bag is submersed in hot water for 40
minutes at 80-900C to achieve pasteurization. This is very popular method particularly with small growers.
Wet straw is filled inside insulated room either in perforated shelves or in wooden trays. Steam is released under
pressure from a boiler and temperature in side substrate is raised to 650C and maintained for 5-6 hours. Air inside the room should be circulated to have uniform temperature in the substrate.
Substrate is filled in polypropylene bags (35x45cm, holding 2-3 kg wet substrate) and sterilized at 15 lb psi for 1
hour. Once pasteurization/sterilization is over straw is shifted to spawning room for cooling, bag filling and spawning.
Casing means covering the top surface of bags after spawn run is over, with pasteurized casing material in thickness of
about 2-3cm. Casing provides physical support, moisture and allows gases to escape from the substrate. Casing material (soil 75% + sand 25%) with pH adjusted to 7.8-7.9 with chalk powder is
pasteurized in autoclave at 151b psi for one our or chemically treated with formaldehyde soln (4%) about a week in advance of casing. Solution should be enough to saturate the soil. It is covered
with polythene sheet to avoid escape of chemical and at a interval of 2 days soil is turned so that at the time of casing soil is free from formalin fumes. Bag’s top is made uniform by ruffling
top surface of the substrate and sprayed with solution of carbendazim (0.1%) + formaldehyde (0.5%). Casing material is spread in uniform layer of 2-3 cm thickness and sprayed with solution of
carbendazim and formaldehyde to saturation level. Temperature 30-350C and R.H. 80-90% are maintained.
It takes about 10 days for mycelium to reach on top of casing layer when fresh air is introduced while
maintaining temperature and R.H. as above. Light should be provided in long time. The changes thus made in environment, result in the initiation of fruiting bodies with in 3-5 days in the form of
needle shape which mature in about a week. Mushrooms 7-8cm diam. are harvested by twisting, cleaned and packed in perforated polythene / polypropylene bags for marketing. Mushrooms can also be
wrapped in kiln film for longer storage.


“The universe is a pretty big place. If it’s just us, seems like an awful waste of space.”
– Carl Sagan (1934-1996)
For thousands of years, people thought of themselves as the center of the universe. People believed that they were the most sophisticated animal and assumed that Earth was the only planet to house life, let alone intelligent life.
Religions encouraged such beliefs. The story of Genesis made humans the pinnacle of God’s creation and center of His plan, as the master of all other life forms. As late as the early 17th century, when Galileo posited that the Earth rotated around the sun, not the other way ’round’, the Catholic Church called him a heretic, banned his books and sentenced him to prison.
Religion appeared vain, anchored in self-absorption, and in opposition to science.
As science became widely accepted over the following hundreds of years, people came to appreciate how small the Earth is in a remote edge of the galaxy. Mankind shifted from writing mythology about Gods in the stars, to scripting stories of alien life traversing the universe. Man seemingly embraced science and eschewed religion.
But people remained equally as arrogant.
Beyond the wave of science fiction books and movies over the past sixty years, sci-“fact” shows like the new “UFO” documentary have considered that aliens from other planets have come to Earth. The guise of awe for the unidentified flying objects at first conveyed humbleness in considering that humans are neither alone nor the center of the universe. Yet that premise fell completely flat. What kind of unbridled arrogance must someone have to believe that in the vastness of space, an alien managed to find earth and visit that one special person. Such remarkable conceit!
A profound faith in either religion or science could mask the same egotism with a different veneer of humility.
Carl Sagan, an astronomer and popular author about space strongly believed in science and of life on other worlds, and also believed in religion. He once said that “Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality.” Despite the appreciation for both belief and science, he nevertheless acknowledged the issue with fundamentalism in his book ‘Contact‘ and how religion and science could be at odds for those with profound faith.
At its worst, profound religion acts as a cudgel, enabling those who believe they speak with divine authority to dictate demands. Deep faith facilitates massacres like the Christian and Muslim crusades as well as the Inquisition.
This stands in sharp contrast in humble faith. Humble religion serves as a guide for people to act towards one another with kindness. The belief in a powerful God who judges people’s seen and unseen actions is designed to shepherd society with humbleness as a check on power.
Faith can act as rein or a weapon. It depends on whether it is embraced with humility or conceit.
Jews have often been accused of arrogance as they believe that much of the bible is particular and not universal. Yet it is a unique monotheistic religion in believing that all people can ascend to heaven: Jews need to follow 613 commandments while non-Jews only need to follow the seven Noahide Laws related to universal morality. That is why Judaism does not try to convert people as their souls do not require “saving.”
Judaism encourages a humble faith in God and science, pursuing both knowledge and coexistence.
The notion that there is a dichotomy between religion and science is widely touted and deeply false. The divide is between profound faith and humble faith. The latter will serve to the betterment of all mankind.
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If you are unfamiliar with the design capabilities and processes of prototype PCBs, it can be overwhelming and confusing to learn, at least without detailed information. Prototype circuit boards are a necessary tool in the design of many industries. The prototype PCBs allows you to design a product and then implement that idea. You achieve this by changing minor aspects of the prototype and adding updates and changes. If you have an idea that you would like to build, pay attention to the following decisions and design processes you will want to take.
Understanding the types of circuit boards
Apr 27 2017


Cucumbers can be a real treat during the summer months thanks to their refreshing taste and high amount of water they contain. Moreover, they are also very good of your health and you should try to include them more in your diet.
These refreshing veggies contain almost zero calories but plenty of nutrients which give them their medicinal properties. Cucumbers belong to the Cucurbita family, a vine, alongside pumpkins, melons, zucchinis and the likes and originate in Northern India’s Himalayans plains.
They may have originated in India but their popularity grew rapidly, spreading all around the globe in no time. They come in a variety of shapes and colors but the most commonly used ones are dark green in color with a crunchy flesh with small edible seeds inside. As the cucumber grows its skin gets harder, the plant bigger and the seeds become yellow – a sign that it’s no longer edible.
Cucumbers should be a part of every healthy diet plan for a number of reasons and we’re listing the most important ones:
High in minerals
They contain a high amount of minerals like magnesium, potassium and silicon, all vital for a number of important bodily functions.
Great for toxins elimination
They also have a high water content which is good for flushing out toxins and even kidney stones, completely painlessly.
Excellent for diabetics, people with high cholesterol and blood pressure problems
They are rich in fiber, potassium and magnesium, compounds that are known to regulate your blood pressure. Cucumber juice, on the other hand, contains a hormone pancreatic cells need to secrete insulin.
Abundant in vitamins
If you want to stack up on vitamins make sure you munch on a cucumber because they have all the vitamins your body needs, including vitamin B, C and A, which give you energy and stimulate your immune system.
Moisturize the body
Did you know that a cucumber is made of 90% water? No wonder it’s so refreshing, hydrating and moisturizing for your skin.
Improve your joints
We mentioned that they abound in silicon which strengthens your joints and connective tissues. Moreover, if you combine it with carrots you get a powerful anti-gout and arthritis remedy
Support kidneys health
Cucumbers lower the uric acid amount in the body thus preserving your kidneys health.
Digestion and weight loss
Since they contain very low calorie count but have high water content they’re a great addition to every diet.
Fresh breath and healthy gums
When you chew on a cucumber you refresh you gums and treat possible inflammations. They also contain phytochemicals that fight against the bacteria in your mouth that causes bad breath.
Improved hair and nails quality
They are rich in silicon and sulfur which are important nutrients for good and healthy hair and nails. They also stimulate their growth.
Fight solar damage
Consuming cucumbers balances out your skin’s acidity, so you can use them against sunburns.
Great against hangover
Since they abound in vitamin B, electrolytes and sugar they can help with headaches and hangovers. If you feel like you’ve had one drink too many eat a few slices of cucumber before you go to bed.
Say goodbye to dark circles
Cucumbers have potent anti-inflammatory properties which are effective in the elimination of dark circles and under eye bags.
Aside from being super healthy they’re extra delicious and refreshing as well. Prepare them however you like and enjoy them all summer long.
HERE’S AN EXCELLENT LOW-CALORIE CUCUMBER RECIPE:
- 2 cups cucumber (peeled and chopped)
- 1/4 cup red onions (chopped)
- 2 tbsp. fresh parsley (nicely chopped)
- 1/2 cup tomato (chopped into small cubes)
- 4 ½ tsp. cilantro (fresh and chopped)
- 1 chili pepper (chopped and without seeds)
- 1 garlic clove (chopped)
- 1/4 cup Greek yogurt (cottage cheese/ricotta)
- 1 ½ tsp. lime juice
- 1 ½ tsp. lemon juice
- 1/4 tsp. sea salt
- 1/4 tsp. cumin powdered
Mix everything until it’s nicely combined and serve on a slice of whole grain bread. Bon appetite!
What are your thoughts? I’d be very thankful if you’d help it spread by sharing it on Pinterest. Don’t keep this to yourself, please share this post on your Pinterest Board.


IF you are able to spot the tiny ant hiding on the elephant’t body you could have a high IQ and 20/20 vision.
Get ready for a challenge and try finding the little creature in just 11 seconds.
And this challenge is not to be taken lightly, with even the most experienced puzzle solvers left scratching their heads.
However, if you can spot the ant hiding in plain sight, you will be one of the select few to succeed.
The image might look simple to solve, as it’s just an elephant in a fairly plain background – not too many elements to distract you.
Try more optical illusions
The problem is that the little ant is almost perfectly camouflaged.
Have you spotted it already?
The key to solving this brainteaser is to pay attention to every single detail.
The time limit can add pressure, but try remain calm and focused as you go.
How about now? Did you find the tiny ant hiding on the elephant’s body? Keep going if not!
If you’re still struggling, don’t worry as there will be a solution at the bottom.
This is a classic example of an optical illusion, and is a great way to test your brainpower and improve your IQ skills.
Experts at FreshersLive named several benefits of solving brainteasers like this one.
These include mental stimulation, improved memory, enhanced problem-solving skills, reduced stress, improved mood, and increased productivity.
Overall, brain teasers are a great way to keep your mind sharp and engaged, and they can provide a variety of mental and emotional benefits.
Want to give a go at another challenge? Try spotting a prehistoric dinosaur among the flock of birds in under nine seconds.
In the image provided by Freshers Live, we can see a huge flock of birds flying in the sky.
With the sunset in the background, only the dark outlines of the birds can be seen in front of what remains of the blue sky.
However, somewhere within them is a flying dinosaur known as a Pterosaur.
This extinct flying reptile once had a wingspan of up to 36 feet, making it a true beast of the skies.
But in this photo, it is suspected to be much smaller than that – making it harder to spot.
If you are struggling to spot the flying dinosaur, then one clue that might help you is the size of its beak.
If you can find it then congratulations, you deserve a pat on the back.
But if you did so in nine seconds or less, then you have the eyesight of a dinosaur expert.
Juliana Cruz Lima


In a forthcoming paper, John Schellenberg forwards the following argument: anatomically humans have been around 200,000 years. That’s a very short span of time for any species, and only in the past few thousand years ago have we been reflecting on the world around us. If we our species survives even as long as Homo erectus did, we’ve only completed a very small part of a potentially long future of thinking about religion, metaphysics and other matters.
At present, philosophy of religion in the analytic tradition is quite narrowly focused:
“in the west – and I expect I am writing mainly for western readers – philosophy of religion has been largely preoccupied with one religious idea, that of theism, and it looks to be moving into a narrower and deeper version of this preoccupation, one focused on specifically Christian ideas, rather than broadening out and coming to grips with its full task.”(p. 3).
Theism, in a generic, omni-property sort of way, is one position that philosophers of religion commonly defend. The other is scientific naturalism. These seem to be the only games in town:
“most naturalists too assume that theistic God-centered religion must succeed if any does. Naturalism or theism. These seem to be the only options that many see. The harshest critics of religion, including philosophers such as Daniel Dennett, seem to think their job is done when they have, to their own satisfaction, criticized personalistic, agential conceptions of a divine reality.” (pp. 3-4).
At the end of 2013, I conducted a qualitative survey (summary here, but I am writing up the paper presently) among philosophers of religion. Next to a series of open questions, there was a question for open feedback. I was quite surprised to see so many philosophers of religion openly lament the lack of subject diversity in their discipline. Just a few choice examples written by anonymous respondents:
the ‘rigour’ and analytical ‘skills’ in this branch of philosophy has kept its (Christian) philosophers isolated and distant from the social, ethical and political changes taking place in other branches of analytic philosophy. Insularity has allowed the field to protect and to encourage narrow-mindedness and overconfidence in the thinking of the best known (and best funded) philosophers of religion in the world – female full professor, UK.
The mainstream of philosophy of religion betrays a bias towards the analysis and assessment of religious beliefs (as opposed to other religious phenomena), and this may well be due to the high profile of Christianity, and Protestant Christianity at that, in locations where the philosophical subfield has developed… the field may be hindered in this effort so long as it employs models of religiosity that have been derived from philosophical debates within Western Christianity – non-tenure track male professor, China, private liberal arts college.
Philosophy of religion is increasingly out of touch with the actual practice of religion in Europe and the Americas. It needs to be revitalized by making contact with the rich religious pluralism now evolving in Europe and the Americas. We need to see articles by analytic philosophers on Mormonism, Santeria, Umbanda, Wicca, goddess religion, religious naturalism, new pantheistic movements, and on and on” – male full professor, US, state university.
Recently, the public announcement of Eugene Park to leave philosophy has stirred new debate about the lack of diversity in western philosophy, not just a lack of diversity in the demographics (few women, ethnic minorities, people with disability, openly gay or other gender orientation), but a lack of diversity in subject matter. Do western philosophers eschew non-western philosophical views because they think they are inferior, lacking in rigor? Or is it mainly a matter of ignorance?
Is philosophy of religion worse than other areas of philosophy? Or are the criticisms laid at its doorstep too harsh? After all, the lack of diversity is also a problem in many other fields of philosophy, epistemology, metaphysics etc. To give but one example, the philosophy of testimony has only recently branched out to more diverse topics; early epistemology of testimony tended to center around discussions about whether testimony is a source of knowledge like perception or memory, or whether questions about justification of testimony are reducible to other domains of knowledge acquisition (see here for a beautiful summary). While several epistemologists are aware of the rich Indian tradition on work on testimony, it remains at present poorly integrated in analytic epistemology.
Even if the narrowness of scope is not unique to philosophy of religion, it seems to me that philosophers of religion have better resources to address the diversity problem than philosophers in other disciplines. They have a rich subject matter to draw from, after all, religious traditions across cultures that present their adherents with a (to some extent) coherent systems of knowledge. To rule out alternatives to thin theism without seriously considering them, and to only take thin theism as a philosophically respectable position without engaging in serious philosophical study of these alternatives strikes me as a form of hubris.
To give just one example, Mormonism has a rich theology and some academic work has appeared in Mormon theology, but at present Mormonism is more the study of sociologists than of theologians, the question being: How did Mormonism become so successful in America?. That is of course an interesting question, but also of interest is: What resources does the Mormon view on God, the afterlife etc. offer for philosophers? Mormonism is hardly the subject matter of serious philosophical discussion in philosophy of religion journals like Faith and Philosophy, International Journal for the Philosophy of Religion, and Religious Studies. With its ideas of an embodied Heavenly Father and people all working towards becoming gods, it has unique resources and challenges. What can Mormons respond to the problem of evil? To what extent does the problem of divine hiddenness apply to Mormonism?
The problem of divine hiddenness, a topic of special interest to Schellenberg, gets a whole new twist in Mormonism. For Mormons don’t only have a Father but also a Mother in heaven, a heavenly couple from which we spirit children are assumed to emerge. Here is an excerpt of a poem by Lisa Bolin Hawkins on the hiddenness of “heavenly mother”
Why are you silent, Mother? How can I
Become a goddess when the patterns here
Are those of gods? I struggle, and I try
To mold my womanself to something near
Their goodness. I need you, who gave me birth
In your own image, to reveal your ways
Philosophers of religion could start to engage with these topics more seriously right now, using their toolbox of analytic philosophy.


The Lake Windermere Management Plan (LWMP) was initiated by the Regional District of East Kootenay (RDEK) in November 2008 to address lake‐related issues following the adoption of the Lake Windermere Official Community Plan (OCP). The District of Invermere was a partner in the process.
The LWMP contains information on the biophysical and social characteristics of Lake Windermere and its surroundings. The lake is highly valued by the public for its healthy environment, clean water, diverse year‐round recreation opportunities, sense of community, spiritual values, and as a primary economic driver for the region. Some of the major concerns about the lake include: habitat loss, water quality deterioration, motorized uses affecting human enjoyment and the environment, lack of public access to the lake, and the challenges of lake management.
The Lake Windermere Management Plan was adopted in February 2011. The RDEK and District of Invermere are currently working jointly on the implementation of the Plan. Please click here to visit the LWMP Implementation page.
Last edited: Thu, September 17, 2015 - 10:17:04


Phylogenetic tree of B 12 -elements. The names of the proximal genes of the regulated B 12 operons are given. With the abbreviations of the genome elements, without the BII part are set in bold and shaded gray. Genome specific groups B 12 -elements are surrounded by dotted lines.
Although B 12 is not the only nutrient that may contribute to the occurrence of the symptoms listed below, lack of it should always be considered as a possible underlying factor.
What factors can contribute to a B 12 deficiency ?
Stomach problems can contribute to B deficiency 12 .
One way is that when the stomach is irritated and / or inflamed, the stomach cells do not function properly and thus they do not produce the Intrinsic Factor. Without FI a B 12 cannot be absorbed.
AB 12 and Vegetarianism:
There are two divergent schools of thought.
One school emphasizes the fact that most animals, including humans, are capable of storing long-term B 12 supplies . In humans, these deposits can last up to twenty years or more. Given this storage potential, a daily requirement of B 12 is considered highly unlikely.
A second school of thought, however, points to unreliability in plants as sources of B 12 .
For all vegetarians, who don't eat any animal products whatsoever, a lack of confidence can be a problem. Since no plant is capable of producing B-12, the amount of B 12 in plant food depends on the plant's relationship to soil and root microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, yeasts) which create the vitamin. Cultivated and fermented soy-based products such as tofu, tempe, miso, tamari and shoyu may or may not contain significant amounts of B 12 , depending on the bacteria and fungi used to produce them.
The B 12 index in sea vegetables also varies according to the distribution of microorganisms in the surrounding environment to the sea.
Unfortunately, reliable nutrient analyzes are often not available to consumers of these products. And the retention of vitamin B 12 in plant foods made from soybean fermentation has not been well researched until then.
In general, tofus, temps, and sea vegetables tend to be more consistent sources of B 12 than misos, tamaris, and shoyus. Depending on the medium in which they are produced or where the algae grow.
Drugs that can decrease the body 's vitamin B 12 stores include:
Normally vitamin B 12 is secreted in the small intestine along with bile and other secretions and is reabsorbed, but this does not increase the body's vitamin B 12 supply . Since a small amount of the vitamin is not reabsorbed, it is possible that the vitamin B 12 stock will eventually run out.
Bacteria in the human intestinal tract make vitamin B 12 . Most of these bacteria are in the large intestine. Apparently vitamin B 12 is not absorbed in the large intestine.
Some small intestinal bacteria produce vitamin B 12 . The amount of vitamin B 12 produced does not appear to be adequate to prevent vitamin deficiency.
Long-time vegans, babies, children, and pregnant or lactating women (because of the higher intake) should take special care to get enough vitamin B 12 .
Nonvegetarians have no difficulty in consuming B 12 since animals, one of their food sources, ingest microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, exclusive producers of vitamin B 12 .
Great sources of vitamin B 12 are shrimps, salmon.
Also yogurt and eggs have a good amount of B 12 .
Seaweed, the nutritious yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is a yeast grown in molasses solution, sold in the form of flakes or yellow bread. Its taste resembles that of cheese. Nutritious yeast is different from brewer's yeast and dry yeast.
Despite the difficulty of taking vitamin B 12 in the required doses daily, the vegetarian diet has great benefits for those who wish to have a healthy life. According to Dr. Eric Slywitch, a reference in vegetarianism studies, people who abstain from meat, whether white or red, have a lower risk of heart attack and disease, have a lower incidence of cancer, their chances of getting diabetes are 50. Minor% concern about obesity is practically nil.
Recommended Dietary Doses (RDAs) for vitamin B 12 were adjusted in 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences.
About Spirulina (seaweed used as a dietary supplement):
Research has shown that B 12 is found in Spirulina in the high range .However, it is believed that this is due to the presence of structural similar compounds B 12 , known as the "Analog B 12 " .These can not be used to satisfy the dietary requirements.
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Definition of Therapy, external beam radiation
Therapy, external beam radiation: Radiation focused from a source outside the body on the affected area (a cancer) within the body. It's much like getting a diagnostic x-ray, but using a more potent x-ray beam and giving it over a longer period of time per dose with usually multiple doses given over multiple days.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012
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What Does Project HSE Review (PHSER) Mean?
A Project Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) Review (PHSER) is a form of structured hazard-risk audit used within the process industries. The PHSER provides a review of existing occupational health and safety programs to ensure that all HSE issues have been identified and assessed.
As they are applied in industries in which HSE issues can change as a project moves through its lifecycle, PHSERs also ensure that HSE issues have been reviewed and updated throughout the progression of the project.
Safeopedia Explains Project HSE Review (PHSER)
The PHSER process is applied as a review of each individual stage of the project. In addition to identifying risks associated with HSE issues, the PHSER also assesses whether appropriate controls have been implemented to reduce risk associated with the project to a level that is as low as reasonably possible. Because PHSERs provide owners and operators with information about whether a project’s risks are controlled sufficiently enough for the project to move to its next stage of operation, the PHSER can be considered a form of due diligence for maintaining safety throughout the project lifecycle.
Unlike other forms of risk assessment, such as a Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), a key aspect of project HSE reviews is that they are not risk-reduction tools in and of themselves. Rather, they provide a qualitative overview of a firm’s existing HSE procedures. As such, the observations made by PHSERs are typically general in scope. They do not audit the specific details of the policies and assessments that are implemented under the auspices of the HSE programs being considered by the PHSER. Instead, they review the entirety of the project’s HSE standards to ensure that these policies and assessments exist and have been appropriately implemented.
PHSERs are typically provided as a six-stage review process that aligns with the various stages of a project’s progression, such as the following:
Project conceptual design
Front-end engineering design
Detailed engineering design
The post-commissioning stage may be less rigorously structured than the other stages, as it focuses on ensuring previous recommendations have been adequately implemented and also on learning what can be useful for future projects. This process allows the employer to determine that all HSE hazards have been accounted for under existing HSE programs at all points throughout the project lifecycle. If the PHSER identifies any gaps within the existing HSE framework, such as specialist hazard assessments, these must be reported back to the project manager for action.
The entire PHSER process is undertaken by a dedicated team independent of the project itself. This independence allows the team to issue recommendations and alerts regarding the health and safety process without facing a conflict of interest related to timetables, budgets, or other issues that could constrain interest in facilitating adequate safety programs.


An essay about abortion access donated by Stephanie Chen
Abortion is one of the most controversial and complicated topics of our day. People take a stance in their views on abortion through applying their morals, views, and ethics. Within the controversy of abortion is the complex debate over when 'personhood' begins. The abortion debate houses two opposing sides, the pro-life and the pro-choice. Those who are advocates of the pro-life movement believe that personhood begins at conception, when the sperm meets the egg. As a result, those who are pro-life believe the government should abolish a woman’s right to an abortion. Those on the opposing side, the pro-choice movement, believe a woman should have the right to an abortion, and hold various beliefs as to when personhood begins. Their notion of personhood varies from when the heart begins to beat, to at birth. In my personal opinion, personhood takes a period of time to establish; beginning during the second trimester, and finally establishing itself by the third.
Many people gain their principles through their religion, thus basing their opinions off of religion. Religion is a good way to seek inspiration and set guidelines. However, oftentimes, those who base their opinions from religion are pro-life, believing that personhood begins at conception. While the Bible’s purpose is to set guidelines for those who follow the Christian faith, the Bible cannot be interpreted in a literal sense. By reading the Bible in a literal sense, readers often come off as close-minded and unable to respond to different situations in life. The Christian Answers Network uses an excerpt from the Bible in which they use as evidence that personhood begins at conception:
"…and Rebekah his wife conceived. And the children struggled together within her…"
Through interpreting this passage in a literal sense, the Christian Answers Network claims personhood is begins at conception because the unborn babies are referred to as, 'children', which is generally a term used for children after birth (Sarfati). This however cannot be a valid reason because our society has branded the term 'baby' for a synonym of a zygote, embryo, and fetus. Another reason the Bible also cannot be read literally because there ways to incorrectly interpret a passage. For example:
"While he was going up on the way, some small boys came out of the city and jeered at him, saying, ‘Go away, baldhead! Go away, baldhead!’ When he turned round and saw them, he cursed them in the name of the Lord. Then two she-bears came out of the woods and mauled forty-two of the boys (The Bible)."
This passage can be interpreted as God killing 42 children, just for teasing a bald man who was in favor of God. It is not often that God is associated with rage and backfire. From interpreting this passage for what it is exactly, it can be interpreted that God is cruel. However, in another interpretation by Dr. Elizabeth Mitchell, she states,
"They were old enough to know better, and they were challenging the credibility of God’s prophet, the only man who was there to stand up for God’s truth, bringing the word of life to a corrupt nation that had turned its back on God" (Mitchell). 2
One final reason why the Bible should not be interpreted literally is because it does not match up to scientific fact. Throughout our time, our scientific knowledge has improved greatly. While the Bible tells stories varying from the origin of people, and the beginning of the world, these stories cannot be interpreted literally because there is countless evidence for the theory of evolution and the big bang.
Oftentimes those who are pro-life view conception as the start of personhood simply because they confuse the definition of personhood with the definition human life. Human life inarguably begins at conception. Human life is defined as, "any living cell or collection of living cells that contains DNA from the species homo sapiens" (Abortion Access). 1 This definition includes a zygote, a fetus, a newborn, a teen, adult, as well a living hair follicle and a skin cancer cell. Human life should not be confused with personhood. Just as a zygote is a form of human life, a hair is also a human life. It can be implied that a human hair is as human as a zygote; however no one would ever step up to defend a human hair. It is scientifically proven that 'life' begins at conception, when the sperm and the egg meet the form a zygote. While the zygote contains the necessary DNA for a human person, it is merely only a potential person. Personhood can be defined as, "the quality or condition of being an individual person". While a baby fetus is still living off the mother, it cannot be considered an individual living being.
In order to be a person, one must have a sense of awareness. In this case, a zygote or a fetus in the first few weeks of the second trimester does not have a sense of awareness. At this point along the pregnancy, the baby is still fully dependent on the mother. Without the mother’s life-giving nutrients and oxygen, the baby would die. Many pro-life advocates claim that self-dependency cannot be used to justify personhood, because after birth and for many years following, the baby is still dependent on the mother. While this may be true, this type of dependency is not physical dependency, but social dependency. The baby requires help from those around itself to feed, clothe, teach, etc. After the third trimester, it is possible for the woman to give birth, and have her baby survive outside the womb. As a result, after the third trimester abortion should be, and is illegal. Thus, personhood is clearly established.
By the third trimester the fetus is considered a person. While it may not be specifically living on it’s own, it has the ability to live on it’s own outside the women’s body. It is not rare for women to have premature births well before their due dates. While personhood is clearly established by the third trimester, it seems as though personhood begins during the second trimester. The second trimester occurs from the 12th to the 26th weeks of pregnancy. During the second trimester an ultrasound can reveal the sex of the fetus to the mother. Around the 15th week, the fetus has developed taste buds, and may even be able to savor the mother’s meals. Around the 18th week the baby can begin to hear noises such as the mother’s heartbeat or voice. The fetus can also make facial expressions such as frowning or squinting. After 23 weeks, the fetus has the proportions of a newborn (without the baby fat). Finally at 25 weeks, a fetal brain scan shows how a fetus is responsive to touch (Watson). These human characteristics make the reality of a person all the more tangible.
Abortion is a difficult and complicated topic to discuss because of internal issues it houses. Based off their opinions off of their morals, values, and ethics, the opinion of each individual varies from person to person. Oftentimes, these principals are derived from religious belief. By aborting her baby, she is helping not only her life, but her baby’s life. While personhood begins during the later half of the second trimester, it is not fully established until the third trimester. While pro-choice and pro-life advocated will never reach an agreement, one thing is for certain-- by choosing abortion, the mother, who has well established her own life, is making the most ethical choice if she knows she cannot be a good mother. Those who are pro-choice hope for those who are pro-life to see that pro-choice does not necessarily mean pro-abortion, but an advocate of the option for a woman to choose abortion.
- "Abortion Access." Ontario Consultants on Religous Tolerance. N.p., 10 Mar. 2010. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. at: http://www.religioustolerance.org
Mitchell, Elizabeth, Dr. "Feedback: Elisha, Little Children, and the Bears." Answers in
Genesis. N.p., 12 Nov. 2010. Web. 12 Dec. 2010, at: http://www.an swersingenesis.org
- Sarfati, Jonathan. "Life Before Birth ." Christian Answers Network. Ed. Paul Taylor.
N.p., 2002.Web. 13 Dec. 2010, at: http://www.christiananswers.net
- The Bible. N.p.: n.p., 1989. New Revised Standard Version Bible. Oremus Bible Browser. Web. 12 Dec. 2010, at: http://www.devotions.net
Watson, Stephanie. "Second Trimester: The Kicking Fetus." Discovery Health. N.p., n.d.
Web. 12 Dec. 2010. at: http://health.howstuffworks.com
Author: Stephanie Chen


UNWTO systematically gathers tourism statistics from countries and territories around the world into a vast database that constitutes the most comprehensive statistical information available on the tourism sector. The database, updated regularly, is composed by the following sets of data:
Statistical information on tourism’s multiple facets is pivotal in advancing knowledge of the sector, monitoring progress, promoting results-focused management, and highlighting strategic issues for policy decisions. The Compendium provides statistical data and indicators on inbound, outbound and domestic tourism, as well as on the number and types of tourism industries, the number of employees by tourism industries, and macroeconomic indicators related to international tourism.
The Compendium of Tourism Statistics is a reference guide for the measurement and analysis of the tourism sector. Together with the Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, they constitute UNWTO's main datasets and publications on annual tourism statistics.
These concern, on the one hand, an expansion in the number of countries and territories (over 200) regularly providing data and, on the other hand, a more extensive set of collected statistical data and indicators that are in line with current international methodological standards.
UNWTO compiles figures from national and international institutions such as national tourism administrations, national statistical offices, central banks, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and have undergone various checks from UNWTO that guarantee data reliability. The 2020 edition presents data for 203 countries from 2014 to 2018, with methodological notes in English, French and Spanish.
Understanding, for each country, where its inbound tourism is generated is essential for analyzing international tourism flows and devising marketing strategies, such as those related to the positioning of national markets abroad. The Yearbook focuses on data related to inbound tourism (total arrivals and overnight stays), broken down by country of origin.
Together with the Compendium of Tourism Statistics, it constitutes UNWTO's main dataset and publication on annual tourism statistics.
Quick overview of contents:
Jordan intends to open the Red Sea resort of Aqaba for international tourism. On what conditions it will be possible for tourists to enter, and whether Russian flights will be able to fly to this destination, read our material.
As a reminder, Jordan resumed international flights from September 8th. Foreigners can enter the country through Amman International Airport. Depending on the scale of the COVID-19 outbreak in other countries, Jordan has divided them into three “color” groups: “red” (high incidence of coronavirus), “yellow” (medium) and “green” (minimum).
Regardless of the category of the group, all foreign travelers must present a negative test for COVID-19 at the entrance (valid for no more than 72 hours) and pass another test upon arrival, as well as fulfill a number of other mandatory conditions. Russia as of the end of October was in the "red" group of countries. Russians will face the toughest conditions: institutional quarantine at the observatory (7 days) and home quarantine (another 7 days), but with the obligatory wearing of an electronic bracelet with a tracking function.
But on the eve of the start of the winter season, Jordan developed a scheme for the return of foreign tourists to the Aqaba resort on the Red Sea. The details of this at WTM-2020 were presented to foreign partners by the Director of Tourism of Jordan Abed Al Razzak Arabiyat. According to him, a pilot project for restarting inbound tourism to a popular resort involves changing the entry protocols for foreign citizens.
To revive tourism in the resort of Aqaba, the country's authorities are ready to cancel mandatory quarantine for foreigners, while maintaining double testing.
The traveler will have to undergo a PCR test within 72 hours before flying to Aqaba, followed by another PCR test upon arrival in Jordan. The screening results will be sent to the tourist's place of residence. The first to test such a pilot scheme on tourists who arrive on charter flights.
As the Jordanian tourism representative explained, since these will only be flights of charter tour operators, the country's authorities will have an understanding of where tourists will live and what excursions they will go on. This format will allow you to track the movement of vacationers. As in other countries, in the Aqaba resort, local hotels will also allocate quarantine rooms, where tourists will be transferred if they find COVID-19.
According to Mr. Arabiyat, the ambition to reopen Aqaba to foreign travelers is based on the results of other destinations that are once again welcoming guests from overseas.
“The study showed that in Dubai and Turkey there is no correlation between the opening of airports and the number of cases of coronavirus infection,” he said. “This gives us a strong argument that we can offer the government. We believe we can allow charter flights to arrive in Jordan and reduce the risk of importation to almost zero thanks to pre-departure and on-arrival PCR protocols. ”
According to Arabiyat, the Jordanian Tourism Authority is awaiting government approval within the next two weeks.
On Wednesday, November 11, Jordan reported 81 deaths and 5,419 new cases of coronavirus, bringing the total since the start of the pandemic to 126,401. Most of the cases are in Amman. COVID-19 statistics in Aqaba during November - no more than 200 new cases per day.
Oman has reopened to international tourism. The state in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula is ready to receive tourists from more than 100 countries, including Russia, without visas for up to 10 days. We will tell you on what conditions Russians can enter Oman.
Oman's borders officially opened to foreign tourists from December 10, 2020.
According to the country's Royal Police, citizens of 103 countries entering for up to 10 days will be exempted from entry visas to the Sultanate in accordance with control measures and conditions, including confirmed hotel reservations, medical insurance valid for 1 month covering COVID-19 and a return ticket.
Travelers must complete a Traveler Registration Form (TRF) prior to arriving in Oman, in which they agree to take and pay for a PCR test upon arrival at Muscat International Airport.
The cost of a test in Oman is 25 Omani rials (about US $ 65), which can be paid through the Tarassud + app prior to arriving in Oman.
After payment, a QR code will be generated in it, which can be shown at the checkpoint to speed up the check on arrival. Also, the PCR test on arrival can be booked in advance at . mushrif. m. Children under 15 are exempted from compulsory PCR testing.
While waiting for the PCR test results (usually 12 to 24 hours), all travelers must self-isolate at their hotel.
Conditions of stay in Oman vary depending on the duration of the trip. For example, those who arrive for a period of no more than 7 days have more freedom of movement compared to those who arrive for a period of up to 10 days.
So, foreigners who come for up to 7 days can stop self-isolation immediately after receiving a negative PCR test done at the airport and can move freely around the Sultanate.
At the same time, those who are scheduled to stay for 10 days, regardless of the result of the PCR test upon arrival, must spend 7 full days in self-isolation, and for this period they will be put on a tracker-bracelet that tracks their movements. The service will be paid ($ 16).
Israel expects that mass vaccination of the population against coronavirus will allow the borders to be fully opened in mid-2021. This opens up the prospect of the return of tours to Israel on the Russian market in the winter season 2021/22.
According to the Department of the Ministry of Tourism of Israel in the Russian Federation and the CIS, Israel will resume international tourism from March 2021. Thus, Israelis who have passed two stages of vaccination and received a "green passport" will be able to travel without the need to go through quarantine and pass a PCR test for COVID-19 before departure and after landing.
The country's authorities are preparing to restart inbound tourism based on the success of the national vaccination against COVID-19. According to the director of the department of the Ministry of Tourism of Israel in the Russian Federation and the CIS, Vladimir Shklyar, as of February 4, about 37% of all citizens of the country received the first dose of the coronavirus vaccine, the second dose - about 21%.
At the first stage, Israel will launch overseas travel in the format of "tourist corridors". These will be countries ready to receive tourists vaccinated against COVID-19 without special conditions.
According to preliminary data, Israel will open to international travelers this summer.
“We are optimistic about the future and expect the full opening of the borders in mid-2021,” emphasizes Mr. Shklyar.
In the department of the Ministry of Tourism of Israel in the Russian Federation and the CIS, Vestnik ATOR was told that there are expectations that citizens of the Russian Federation will also be allowed to enter the country. Under what conditions is not clear yet. It is also not known whether there will be any preferences for Russians vaccinated against coronavirus.
Perhaps these conditions will be formed based on the experience of receiving tourists within the "tourist corridors".
More than 10 continental countries of Latin America are open for the entry of Russian citizens. Now Chile is on this list. We will tell you what the requirements are for arriving tourists and how to get to the directions of the Western Hemisphere.
Chile reopens to international tourism after 8 months. From November 23, the international airport in Santiago will be operational again, which will receive tourists from all countries, regardless of the situation with the coronavirus.
The main requirement for arrivals is a negative PCR test for COVID-19, made no later than 72 hours before arrival in the country. In the absence of a PCR test or in the manifestation of external symptoms of the coronavirus, the traveler will be in quarantine for 14 days.
In addition, foreigners will have to fill out a health control form, install a special application to track movements and contacts. It is recommended that you have medical insurance covering COVID-19 treatment.
Restarting international tourism in Chile will revive and help restart and cruise expeditions to Antarctica. There are several ways to get to the South Pole, but there are not many of them now, as the borders of Australia, New Zealand and Argentina are closed.
According to the Chilean media, several international carriers have already announced their plans to resume flights to the country. In December, flights from Madrid, Amsterdam, New York, Miami, Panama, Guayaquil, Lima, Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires are expected at Santiago airport.
There has never been a direct flight between Russia and Chile. I had to fly with connections, the most convenient of which were in Madrid.
According to ticket aggregators, the cost of air tickets from Moscow to Santiago in December for one passenger with transfers in Istanbul and Bogota varies from 80,198 rubles. (together with transfers the path will take almost 44 hours) up to 187 560 r. (with transfers 29 hours).
There is also the possibility of transit in London (Heathrow), from where there is an 11 hour flight to Sao Paulo (Brazil), and then another 4 hours flight to Santiago. Such a difficult route will cost from 110 thousand rubles. for one.
Vacation season is in full swing, but Kavminvod hotels are still closed for vacationers. As well as public pump rooms in most resort cities. The situation was studied by "AiF-SK".


The terms grammar and punctuation are often used interchangeably. While we use both grammar and punctuation to clearly explicate our ideas for our readers, they are not the same.
Punctuation marks are the symbols we use to clarify meaning, question marks, exclamation points, periods, etc.
Grammar is the structure of language. You can think of it as word order and choice. How we order our language is part of what determines meaning.
While grammar and punctuation are very complex topics, I have simplified the meanings here for one main reason, to remind us that differentiating between grammar and punctuation when we grade student writing will help students better be able to correct their mistakes the next time. When we simply say, “work on your grammar and punctuation,” it all gets grouped together in the student’s mind, and it makes it difficult for students to ask for specific help when they come to tutoring. It is not necessary to point out every grammar error on student papers. However, writing something such as “This paper has many subject verb agreement issues,” and then highlighting one or two examples within the paper can really help students learn to be better writers.
One More Thought. . .
It can also help to further define grammar by discussing descriptive and prescriptive grammar. Descriptive grammar is how we use language every day, with all of its dialects and cultural differences. Prescriptive grammar is a list of rules that define how grammar is used in certain settings (i.e. school). When students are writing for school, they are learning to negotiate between the expectations of a school and professional language and what may seem culturally or historically accurate (what comes naturally).
For further thinking. . . See Michael Swan’s “What is Grammar?”


Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts.
Poe released his first book, a collection of poetry called Tamerlane and Other Poems, in 1827. It was credited to "a Bostonian".
Poe married his first cousin, Virginia Eliza Clemm in 1835. He was 27, she was 13.
Virginia died from tuberculosis in 1847 at the age of 24. Her illness and death are believed to have influenced Poe's poetry and pose, including Annabel Lee and The Raven.


Shelekhov organized commercial trips of the merchant ships to the Kuril Islands and the Aleutian Islands starting from 1775. In 1783–1786, he led an expedition to the shores of Russian America, during which they founded the first permanent Russian settlements in North America. Shelekhov's voyage was done under the auspices of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company, the other owner of which was Ivan Larionovich Golikov. This company would later form the basis on which the Russian-American Company was founded 1799.
In 1784, Shelekhov arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island with two ships, the Three Hierarchs, Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom and the St. Simon. The indigenous Koniaga, an Alutiiq nation of Alaska Natives, defended themselves from the Russian party and Shelekhov responded by massacring hundreds and taking hostages to threaten the safety of the other Native Americans. Having established his authority on Kodiak Island, Shelekhov founded the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska on the island's Three Saints Bay (Unalaska had existed long before, but it was never considered the permanent base for Russians until Shelekhov’s time).
In 1790, Shelekhov, back in Russia, hired Alexandr Baranov to manage his fur enterprise in Russian America.
A gulf in the Sea of Okhotsk, a strait between Alaska and Kodiak Island, and a town in Irkutsk Oblast in Russia bear Shelekhov's name. Shelekhov actually travelled via Shelekhov Bay in the Sea of Okhotsk in December 1786-January 1787, after he had been left behind at Bol’shereck in Kamchatka as the winds tore the Three Hierarcs from her anchors and carried her out to sea. There is a statue of Shelekhov in his native Rylsk.
- Piotr A. Tikhmenev: A History of the Russian-American Company (1978: 48–59) (the original Russian work is from 1861).
- "Alaska History Timeline". Retrieved on August 31, 2005.
- Richard Pierce in his introduction to Shelekhov’s A Voyage to America 1783–1786.
- Matthews, Owen (2013). Glorious misadventures : Nikolai Rezanov and the dream of a Russian America (First U.S. edition. ed.). London [u.a.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62040-239-9.
|Governor of Shelikhov-Golikov Company
1784–22 May 1786
Konstantin Alekseevich Samoilov
|This Russian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This article about an explorer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


How Stuff Works The Gears Turning in Your Life
Gears are used to get things moving. Gears are one of the oldest tools around for transmitting motion. They are, in fact, behind most of your favorite moving items : trains, cars, watches, etc. American cartoonist Charles Schultz once said, “Life is like a ten speed bicycle. Most of us have gears we never use.” So get familiar with the gears that be and explore the possibilities!
A bevel gear is the kind of thing you might find in a hand drill. Spiral bevel gears have curved teeth and are usually set to meet eachother at a 90* angle. This way, a bevel gear and actually change the direction of movement by 90* just by changing directions. A bevel gear is usually shaped like a cone so that it can easily change directions. There is no need for splined shafts and hubs within the inter workings of a bevel gear.
You’ll find an example of a worm gear in an old pencil sharpener. Worm and gear sets make high torque and rotational speed. So, items that need to go in a circle are great for worm gear design. Worm gears are also used to tune instruments like the guitar. In this case, a worm gear is used in conjunction with a spur gear to get the right torque.
Now back to the basics : a spur gear. Spur gears are the simplest kind of gear and are also known as straight cut gears. A spur gear turns a piece that makes the splined shafts and hubs turn. Spur gears can be found in a watch, for example.
Gear manufacturing companies product all kinds of products that keep the world going. Imagine, a gear generally creates energy from its own motion rather than from a power source. This kind of efficient, industrious energy is a beauty to behold.


Technical stuff sometimes about programming.
Thursday, June 12, 2003
Someone told me that if there are 20 people in a room, there's a 50/50 chance that two of them will have the same birthday. How can that be?
"When you put 20 people in a room, however, the thing that changes is the fact that each of the 20 people is now asking each of the other 19 people about their birthdays. Each individual person only has a small (less than 5%) chance of success, but each person is trying it 19 times. That increases the probability dramatically." A use for this is in
which has a fairly impractical problem with key exchange.
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Très bien encore. Ces deux sont mes favorites.
Only difference is, some restaurant owners can kick people out of the restaurant, or think they can set their own price. Good government requires an affordable restaurant in a competitive environment, such that the restaurant is motivated to include everyone as a customer, while also keeping them happy.
I love ambiguous state-of-being verbs like "is". When the video says "Democracy is a restaurant with qualities X, Y, Z," this can and does mean a number of thing at the same time. Some of the meanings can even contradict each other. The meanings might include:
- Those governments accepted to be democracies have qualities X, Y, and Z.
- A government can be called a democracy if and only if it has qualities X, Y, and Z.
- If someone implements a democracy, they will achieve X, Y, and Z.
- Democracies have X, Y, and Z more than other forms of government.


The Eighteenth Century
The attitudes towards women of the three novelists with whom we shall be most concerned in this chapter may usefully be summarized at the outset. Defoe thought that men and women were alike, except that women had livelier minds and potentially better abilities. Richardson also regarded men and women as ‘brothers and sisters’, as he put it, akin but for circumstances and education. He however relished certain social and sexual roles which through his genius he so powerfully reinforced that the results of his influence can be felt to the present day. Fielding’s attitude might be described as one of disappointed chivalry. He seems to have believed that men should be able to look to women for moral guidance, but that they rarely could because many women either aped men or exploited their own positions for selfish purposes.
KeywordsEighteenth Century Feminine Trait Moral Guidance Narrative Literature Moral Superiority
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Notes and References
- 1.See James T. Boulton (ed.), Daniel Defoe (Batsford, 1965) p. 32. Compare Dr Johnson’s remark: ‘Men know that women are an overmatch for them, and therefore they choose the weakest or most ignorant. If they did not think so, they could never be afraid of women knowing as much as themselves.’ R. W. Chapman (ed.), Johnson’s Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland and Boswell’s Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson LLD (Oxford University Press, 1970) p. 311.Google Scholar
- 4.Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel (Chatto & Windus, 1957) p. 115.Google Scholar
- 6.Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders (Oxford University Press, 1971) pp. 273f.Google Scholar
- 7.Daniel Defoe, Roxana, the Fortunate Mistress (Oxford University Press, 1964) pp. 147f.Google Scholar
- 8.Samuel Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison (Oxford University Press, 1972) vol. 1, letter 37, p. 189.Google Scholar
- 9.Quoted in Morris Golden, Richardson’s Characters (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963) p. 3.Google Scholar
- 10.Quoted in T. Duncan Eaves and Ben D. Kimpel, Samuel Richardson: A Biography (Oxford University Press, 1971) p. 200.Google Scholar
- 13.Samuel Richardson, Pamela (Everyman Edition, J. M. Dent, 1974) vol. 1, letter 8.Google Scholar
- 14.Samuel Richardson, Clarissa (Everyman Edition, J. M. Dent, 1968) vol. 2, letter 37, p. 134. Richardson’s attitude to power is convincingly analysed in Morris Golden’s Richardson’s Characters.Google Scholar
- 17.Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones (Everyman Edition, J. M. Dent, 1962) bk XVIII, ch. 12.Google Scholar
- 18.Henry Fielding, Amelia (Everyman Edition, J. M. Dent, 1959) bk IX, ch. 5.Google Scholar


GDP - per capita (PPP): $11,500 (2017 est.)
$11,500 (2016 est.)
$11,600 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
Definition: This entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year.
Source: CIA World Factbook - This page was last updated on January 20, 2018See Also
- GDP - per capita (PPP) by year chart
- GDP - per capita (PPP) rank chart
- GDP - per capita (PPP) - comparative map
- GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - thematic map - World Bank indicator
- GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - country comparison - World Bank indicator
- GDP (purchasing power parity)
- GDP - real growth rate
- GDP - composition by sector
- GDP (official exchange rate)
Related Data From the International Monetary Fund
Variable: Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP
Note: Expressed in GDP in PPP dollars per person. Data are derived by dividing GDP in PPP dollars by total population. These data form the basis for the country weights used to generate the World Economic Outlook country group composites for the domestic economy. The IMF is not a primary source for purchasing power parity (PPP) data. WEO weights have been created from primary sources and are used solely for purposes of generating country group composites. For primary source information, please refer to one of the following sources: the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Bank, or the Penn World Tables. For further information see Box A2 in the April 2004 World Economic Outlook, Box 1.2 in the September 2003 World Economic Outlook for a discussion on the measurement of global growth and Box A.1 in the May 2000 World Economic Outlook for a summary of the revised PPP-based weights, and Annex IV of the May 1993 World Economic Outlook. See also Anne Marie Gulde and Marianne Schulze-Ghattas, Purchasing Power Parity Based Weights for the World Economic Outlook, in Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook (Washington: IMF, December 1993), pp. 106-23.
Units: Current international dollar
Country-specific Note: See notes for: Gross domestic product, current prices (National currency) Population (Persons).
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015
|Year||Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP||Percent Change|


Anaximander was born in Miletus in 610 B.C. He lived a long time at the time of Polícrates, who was a great tyrant in Samos during the years 538 to 522 B.C. He was a great Greek philosopher, geometrician and astronomer, disciple of Thales of Miletus, was also part of the school and he succeeded Thales when he could no longer represent, he was also Anaximenes' teacher. He was considered as the first scientist since he was in charge of using the experimental method through the demonstrative method. He discovered the obliquity of the ecliptic and also the plane of the celestial equator. He is considered to be the one who succeeded in introducing the sundial in Greece and is believed to be the creator and founder of cartography. His most important contribution has been his prose work related to the cosmos and the origins of life. He spoke of the sun, the moon and the stars, these being the innermost part.
Anaximander, a disciple of Thales of Miletus and a member of the Miletus school, was considered the first scientist in the world to use experimentation through the demonstrative method. He was a scientist who dedicated himself to searching the foundation of all things. Founder of cartography whose most important work was his prose related to the cosmos and the origins of life.
He devoted most of his life to find the primordial and basic element of all things, but he firmly thought that this element was not material, that it was of indefinite origin, so he decided to call it apeiron, and it was characterized by an eternal movement that had no end, which means that it never resembles anything, that it never gets old and that it encloses and governs everything around it. His thought theories were that the worlds were innumerable, that there was a cosmogony of its own, a single cosmology and then, the origin of man. He had the idea that the worlds were infinite, that they never ended and that when one reached the end, it was immediately succeeded by another and from this place heavens were born. He thought that the earth was always in a state of rest because it was unbalanced. He gave a mathematical basis to the world assuming it was ordered.
Anaximander postulated that opposites are united by means of the apeiron and that they separate when they need to form things leveled by domination cycles, for him, this was how the world was made, by separating the cold from the hot. He managed to observe empirically, a water lowering in several geographical areas and took his own ideas saying that the earth was getting dry, as a struggle between hot and dry versus wet and cold. It is very interesting to observe the way in which Anaximander succeeds in anticipating current events, especially when we refer to evolution theories. Today, Anaximander is considered to be the person who discovered the elliptic obliquity. But without a doubt, his most important contribution was the elaboration of the prose work related to the cosmos and the origins of life, in which he spoke about universe as concentric cylinders from which the outermost was the sun, the middle was the moon and the innermost was full of stars.
His Arché was the apeiron. He was referring to the indeterminate, what has no limit, which is precisely what we are looking for. The whole apeiron is eternal, it is always in continuous movement, and it was considered as something material, as the divine which gives origin to everything in the world. He also believed that the apeiron was the cause of the whole generation and was also responsible for all kinds of destruction. It was for this reason that Anaximander believed that the Arche should be indeterminate.
Among the main phrases that we can rescue from Anaximander we mention the following: Immortal and indestructible, it surrounds everything and destroys everything, water is the arché (principle) of the universe, the undefined is divine, because it is immortal and imperishable, nature is eternal and does not age, and one of the most important: The earth is cylindrical, three times as wide as its depth and only the top is inhabited. But the earth is isolated in space and the sky is a complete sphere in the center of which is, without any support, our cylinder, the earth, is located at the same distance from all points in the sky.
Among Anaximander’s outstanding works we can mention the measurement of the solstices and equinoxes. The distance and size of the stars, the determination principle of all reality and his philosophy book: his work was about Nature.
Briceño V., Gabriela. (2019). Anaximander. Recovered on 9 March, 2023, de Euston96: https://www.euston96.com/en/anaximander/


The origin of clothes and the modern fashion today
The history of jeans and denim from the early manufacturing in the 1890-1950 to modern clothes i design” (the fashion / history of fashion / history of jeans. The english that was spoken by william shakespeare is very different from the modern english spoken today by fashion photographer alexi origin and etymology. Renaissance fashion: (book of clothes), which is housed today in a small museum ulinka rublack teaches early modern european history at cambridge university. 70s clothing trends you can wear today clothing of the ‘70s recently experienced a revival in modern fashion they’re so very not in regard to true origin.
Costume history culture, fashion and costume history from antique to the 20th century extensive collection of rare illustrations & images menu skip to content. Clothing (also known as clothes and attire) the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved modern european fashion treats cloth much less. From fashion week coverage and the best dressed stars on the red carpet, to what's chic on the streets and trends to watch out for this season, the elle editors give. An illustrated history of the last 75 years of men's fashion from double-breasted suits to modern formal wear today's top stories 1. When did humans start wearing clothes to the constant change in fashion that we still see today the earliest modern humans started wearing clothes. Some women continued the tradition of qing trousers and clothes the modern chinese fashion includes mostly the it originally was at the origin.
Origin of costume names of famous fashion history jaeger shops selling quality men and women's clothes exist today in main washable garments to fit modern. The origin and the re-emergence of velvet a gentleman who wore the finest clothes indoors and still made of similar design even in today’s modern fashion. In more modern times seasonal clothes cameron, holly what kind of clothes are worn in germany travel tips - usa today. Psychology today home find a therapist find the psychology of fashion feminine clothes do not deplete our strength but add to it.
The military of the world have had an unmistakable impact on fashion the modern tie as a fashion fashion and lifestyle world today the blog. Japanese culture – culture of japan japanese culture including traditional culture like geisha, samurai plus modern culture such as modern japanese fashion. The biblical meaning of clothing it the bible doesn’t directly address fashion, which today refers to the rapid interplay of clothing in consumer societies.
Currently, modern slavery is linked to the hazy supply chains of many industries including electronics, agriculture and fashion this 30 billion dollar industry.
A history of bohemian style and its influence on hippie style and boho chic for 200 years, bohemian style has been the fashion for artists and intellectuals who. The history of fashion is a history of people during this past century, it was the couturiers and designers that laid the foundations of the modern fashion industry. Interestingly enough, a smoking jacket brings together two factors of society: fashion and smoking however, this tradition is now almost extinct smoking. Short history of womens fashion -1900 to 1969 14the modern age of fashion while outdoor clothes were strongly marked with the spirit of war. Jeans were a common fashion item in the 1960s hippie subculture and they may be the origin of the word jeans when levi strauss & co patented the modern.
The modern fashion show has a long and it is a format that is still effectively used by designers today charles frederick worth & the origin of the fashion. Clothing and fashion today, korea is home to many talented fashion designers who korean people today seem to prefer clothes inspired by modern western. Fashion itself is a hiring a young designer to give it a modern edge and splashing the without asking too many questions about the origin of the clothes. History of embroidery the origin of embroidery can be dated back to cro-magnon days or 30,000 bc today, embroidery thread is manufactured in cotton.


Fungal Infection of Bladder and/or Urethra in Cats
Fungi are usually found on the skin of cats and are also prevalent in the outer environment. These organisms are harmless most of the time, or the body is adept at fighting off any ill effects the fungus might have. Fungal infections are uncommon in cats. In some cases, however, some types of fungus may inhabit and infect the lower urinary tract, causing symptoms of infection. The fungus may also appear in the urine after being released from the kidneys. Infection is not apparent in all cases, and may be present for some time before becoming symptomatic.
Cats of any age, breed, or gender may be affected.
Symptoms and Types
Even when a fungal infection has become well established in the lower urinary tract, there are many cats that display no clinical symptoms. However, in others the following symptoms may be seen:
- Difficulty in passing urine
- Increased frequency of small amounts of urine
- Blood in urine (hematuria)
Following are the risk factors which may predispose your cat to a lower urinary tract fungal infection. Frequent access to the outdoors, in combination with any of these factors can increase the risk.
- Diabetes mellitus
- Placement of urinary catheters
- Concurrent lower urinary tract bacterial infections
- Excessive use of antibiotics
You will need to give your veterinarian a thorough history of your cat's health, including a description of the symptoms and the time of onset. After taking a detailed history, your veterinarian will conduct a complete physical examination on your dog. Laboratory tests will include a complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry profile, and urinalysis. The results of the complete blood count and biochemistry profile are often normal. However, if a fungal infection has spread to other body organs, the abnormalities in these tests will depend on which of the organs is being affected.
Urinalysis is important in the diagnosis of this disease as the fungus is often passed into the urine and the laboratory testing may confirm the presence of the fungus in urine. Your veterinarian will also recommend a urine culture test, which will allow for the growing and identification of the causative fungus. Various species of fungi can be identified on the basis of their different growth patterns and characteristics on culture. More specific tests are also available for the identification of the most common species of fungi that cause infections in animals. Your veterinarian will recommend these tests if the fungus that is involved in the infection could not be identified by the culture testing.
Fungal infections are uncommon in cats, usually occurring in the presence of other certain risk factors that are known to predispose a cat to fungal infections. Identifying and correcting these risk factors is important for the overall treatment of these infections. Antifungal drugs will be prescribed to eliminate the infection, with the duration of the treatment varying according to the individual animal. A urinary catheter may be used to infuse drugs directly in to the lower urinary tract, with repeat infusions given if required until the cat has completely recovered.
Living and Management
In some cats long-term treatment may be required for the complete resolution of clinical symptoms. During treatment, urine samples will again be collected and sent to the laboratory for culture testing. Usually two urine cultures are performed at a 10-14 day interval to see if the fungal infection has resolved or not. The fungal culture will be repeated two months after the cessation of therapy.
You’ll need to take care of your cat's diet and also adhere to your veterinarian's recommendations regarding treatment. Monitor the appearance of your cat's urine as much as possible for changes in the color of the fluid, and to note if the cat is having difficulty urinating. If anything appears out of the ordinary, consult your veterinarian so that adjustments to the treatment can be made.


St. Zosimus & Athanasius
Feastday: January 3
Zosimus and Athanasius (d.303) + Martyrs in Cilicia (modern Turkey). They were executed during the persecutions of Emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305). According to one account, Zosimus was tortured and Athanasius, a witness, was so moved that he converted to the faith. Both were then tortured but survived and died in peace after being released. They became hermits. Feast day: January 3.
Zosimus the Hermit was an ascetic who resided in the wilds of Cilicia in the third century AD.
Zosimus was tortured during the persecution of the Church under Roman Emperor Diocletian but persevered in his Christian faith. After being tortured he was supposedly left miraculously unharmed which led to the conversion of Zosimus' guard Athanasius who accepted the Christian faith and baptism.
Eventually both Zosimus and Athanasius were released and lived out the rest of their lives in a mountain hermitage far from human society.
Saint Zosimus the Hermit and Saint Athanasius his disciple are commemorated on 3 January by the Catholic Churches.
Athanasius the Superintendent of Prisoners
The Holy martyr Athanasius the Superintendent of Prisoners, also Athanasius Komentarisios (Greek: ο κομενταρήσιος), was a prison warden who became a convert to Christ during the time of the persecution of emperor Diocletian in the late third century. St. Athanasius is commemorated on January 3 with St. Zosimus.
Athanasius witnessed the torture of the monk Zosimus from Cilicia who had been seized and subjected to fierce torture for his Faith. Seeing him unharmed after the torture, Athanasius came to believe in Christ and was baptized. After Zosimus was released, Athanasius joined with him and traveled into the wilderness. There, they found a crevice in a mountain in Cilicia that became their shelter and where they lived as hermits until their deaths.


WATER AND MINERAL WATERS
Mineral water is an indispensable element for life, regulates body temperature, lubricates the tissues, enhances digestive processes.
Water is the most important beverage that we have available, able to satisfy the thirst and does not provide calories. It’important to ensure the body a proper water supply, in fact, without the right amount of water, also the gut is not working as it should.
The ideal is to drink at least a liter and a half/ two liters of water during the day and not only when you are thirsty. People who do sports, who sweat a lot, or who work in the heat should drink larger amounts of water. When we are hot you should never drink cold water to avoid the risk of congestion, the refreshing feeling of the fresh water is apparent,shortly after, by sweating reappears thirst should never drink too much water all at once, you have to drink in small sips several times and it is preferable to drink water at room temperature. It’s a good habit to drink one or two glasses of water after an overnight fast and one or two in the evening before going to bed. Drink before meals, if you follow a diet, it helps to fill the stomach and decrease appetite. You can drink water during meals, provided in anon-excessive (up to half a liter), so as not to slow digestion.
When we drink water we bring to our body elements such as calcium, sodium, iron, magnesium, sulfur, bicarbonate, potassium mineral waters that are on the market are not all equal. Their characteristics depend on the mineral salts that are dissolved in it, it is important to choose one that best suits our needs as well as to our tastes.
The waters that originate from an underground aquifer can define “mineral” when they are recognized as such by the Ministry of Health, through chemical and physical analysis and microbiological analysis (based on the composition, purity and quality) that determine the main characteristics of ‘water. Mineral waters must be bacteriologically pure and free of contaminants.


Hair-coat Characteristics of Cattle
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Hair and hair-coat properties are significant because they are inputs to heat and mass transfer models of animals. They work as an interface between animal and animal hair coat. Moreover, hair and hair-coat properties help us to select animal breed for different environment. Therefore, it is useful to identify heat tolerant cows. For hair and hair-coat properties, there are physical properties (hair length, hair diameter, density of hair coat, depth of hair coat, and weight of hair coat) and optical properties (absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity). There are many factors such as body location of hairs, climates, and breeds that affect physical properties of hair coat of cows. The optical properties of hair coat of cows are significantly affected by hair-coat color.
Hair-coat characteristics; Cow; Physical properties; Optical properties
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Shortwave radio is a radio transmission using shortwave frequencies, generally 1.6–30 MHz (187.4–10.0 m), just above the medium wave AM broadcast band. Many of SW’s properties are similar to AM like the ability for the signal to travel long distances.
Since the early 1900’s, there have been significant advances in radio. One of the biggest advances that has had the most impact on shortwave, is streaming on the internet and through internet enabled devices like smartphones and Internet radios. Many of the most popular shortwave broadcasts in the late 90’s and early 2000’s have almost disappeared from shortwave and switched to streaming. If stations are still broadcasting, they often no longer broadcast to the Americas or much of Europe.
At any one moment, there are literally hundreds of millions of signals now transmitted from a wide range of devices. Cell phones, garage door openers, AM and FM broadcast stations, police, fire, airlines, TV stations and even the AC power to your home all occupy a part of the frequency spectrum. Time, propagation and the ionosphere all have an impact on what you are able to receive. Because all signals are affected by these things, it is important to understand the basics of radio transmission.
If you really want to learn about shortwave, the best way to learn, is to listen to it. ShortwaveSchedule.com provides a list of all the signals currently broadcasting at the time of your search and is a great starting place for your shortwave listening quest.
Why Would I Listen to Shortwave?
- Governments often use shortwave “utility” bands. Utility bands are where the action is on shortwave and are used for reliable long range communication. Coast Guard Search and Rescue, coordination of US military aviation and spy networks all use this band. One reason it continues to be used, is it is very difficult to block these transmissions. Utility stations generally operate in upper sideband mode. Virtually none of these type of transmissions is on the Internet.
- During a big crisis, whether it be an earthquake or hurricane, your best source of real news can be shortwave. Ham operators do an excellent job of contacting emergency services and handling messages between people. You may have experienced “all circuits busy” situations or failed text messages in a large scale emergency situation due to cellular towers being down or overloaded. Amateur radio is the only communication that works well under all circumstances and for that reason, it will continue to be used for the foreseeable future.
- News from other countries will give you a new perspective on the world. Following shortwave closely over a few months will give you information that approximates the political information the President and staff have at their disposal to make global decisions. When you listen to shortwave you find out how difficult it is to make decisions with global consequences. The political bent of a country slips out providing you with an alternative point of view. There is a whole world of listening and very little of it may be found on the Internet.
- You might stumble across a Pirate Radio station
If you have the urge, you can even take to the air waves yourself by becoming a Ham operator through the American Radio Relay League (ARRL). You don’t even have to learn Morse code anymore unless you go for an advanced classification.
SWLING.com is probably one of the most comprehensive sites in regard to shortwave and advocating for it. This article on Does Shortwave Radio Have a Future really outlines what’s available and what’s not and why.
Share with us the most interesting shortwave broadcast you’ve heard.


Orion Test Vehicle
Preparation of Orion pulse test vehicle.
American nuclear pulse test vehicle. The original test article for Project Orion had a total mass of 133 kg including its bullet-shaped outer shell.
Six charges, each with 1.04 kg of C4 high explosive, were ejected from the rear of the pusher plate and exploded 866 mm behind the plate. An initial charge of 452 kg of gunpowder in a mortar-like launch cylinder got the craft going. The original article was too heavy to accelerate after running out of momentum from the original charge.
Gross mass: 133 kg (293 lb).
More... - Chronology...
Height: 1.20 m (3.90 ft).
Diameter: 1.00 m (3.20 ft).
Orion Nuclear-pulse drive launch vehicle seriously developed by General Atomics in the United States from 1955-1965. The design allowed vast payloads of hundreds of tons to be hurled to the planets. By 1958 the Orion team saw themselves in direct competition with Von Braun's chemical rockets. They hoped to a land a huge manned expedition on Mars by 1964 and tour the moons of Saturn by 1970. However politically NASA would not argue for the exception to the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty necessary to allow firing of nuclear explosions in space. More...
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