Geo- and Biosciences
With half of its landmass covered by forests and dotted with 1,521 islands, Estonia possesses incredible biodiversity. Add large wetlands and Europe’s largest oil-shale and rock phosphate deposits and it is easy to see that environmental researchers have their hands full. Geo- and biosciences bring together all those who monitor and address any environmental and ecological problems out there.
Featuring field: Ecological sciences in Estonia
Bio- and georepositories
From fossils to live cells, these repositories hold a range of specimens that are actively used as bases for new research. Which is exactly why NATARC, the joint science roadmap for Estonian biologists and geologists, is coordinating the development of collections and digital archives. One, PlutoF, is a cloud database and computing service for taxonomic, ecologic and phylogenetic research. Another, SARV, is an information system for geological data.
Development of modern satellite and airborn remote sensing technology for monitoring vegetation, landscape and aquatic environment is done is close cooperation of Tartu Observatory, Marine system Institute at Tallinn Technical University, Estonian Marine institute at the University of Tartu and Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences at the Estonian University of Life Sciences.
There are three main hubs for ecological research in Estonia: the Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences at the University of Tartu, the Institute of Ecology at Tallinn University, and the Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences at the Estonian University of Life Sciences. The National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics rounds up the list with toxicology research into nanoparticles.
Marine and inland water studies
Estonia offers little to desert researchers. The country’s coastline is 3,794 kilometers long and Lake Peipus is the fourth-largest in Europe. Which is why marine and lake research has roots some two centuries deep. For example, sea-level measurements in Pärnu began in 1824 and Lake Peipus was one of the first places in the world where scientists began studying the impact of overfishing.
Inland water research is the domain of the Centre for Limnology at the Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Estonia has three main institutions for marine studies:
- Estonian Marine Institute at the University of Tartu is the country’s largest such organisation. Its research ranges from seawater physics to biology and from microscopic scale to full ecosystems. As can be expected, the Institute’s primary focus is on the ecosystem and functioning of the Baltic Sea.
- The Marine Systems Institute at the Tallinn University of Technology conducts basic and applied research of physical and biogeochemical processes in the Baltic Sea. It also models these processes in the context of atmospheric, land and human impacts, and develops marine information systems, analysis and forecast methods.
- The Institute of Cybernetics at the Tallinn University of Technology has many research directions. In the marine space, it studies complex and nonlinear phenomena in wave dynamics and coastal engineering, and applies mathematical methods to wave research.


1. “Philadelphia” is a movie that gives an alternative perspective to the level of discrimination against HIV and prevalence of the disease in the early 1990s. The film gives a clear picture of a HIV positive man who is treated negatively by society and their portrayal of him. The main character, Andrew Beckett is a sharp, intelligent lawyer who works for a Philadelphia law firm. When he is diagnosed with AIDS, he does not inform his supervisors of the illness or his homosexuality. When the senior partners become aware of his sickness and sexual orientation, he is fired and dropped from an ongoing case. Issues of moral and ethical nature in relation to AIDS and connection to homosexuality are addressed.
Legal issues play a central role in the movie. When Becket realizes what has been done to him is unjust, he fights for his rights through the court system. He hires lawyer Joe Miller to represent him (who is also familiar with discrimination being an African American) in his case against his former employer. The justice approach in the aspects of procedure and organization gives focus to procedures, their fairness and the determination of a particular ethical decision. Each party is given a voice and opportunity to present their case and evidence.
Ethical issues such as discrimination at the workplace and social areas are a key theme in the movie. Andrew Beckett is discriminated at the workplace because of his sexual orientation. Though he is an intelligent and efficient lawyer, in the process of an important case, his seniors fire him after they realize he is a homosexual and HIV positive. Social injustice is also seen when Beckett faces discrimination in the library by the librarian. Joe is caught in a dilemma whether to act or not. Lack of morals among the employers is shown when instead of showing empathy to the victim they treat him with a lot of stigmatization.
2. The 1980s and 90swere marred by a looming epidemic of AIDS. Fourteen million patients were recorded worldwide in 1993. These statistics caused an upsurge and fear among many. In the movie, AIDS was seen as a crime against oneself and society in general. They associated AIDS with promiscuous misconduct and saw punishment as the only solution for the disease. Society therefore, discriminated against people with the disease and others were secluded. Ills associated with contracting the disease included homosexuality and addiction to drugs.
People would not associate themselves or touch any infected person. This shows the level of ignorance and fear the disease had sparked. Lately, the disease has seen many changes especially in diagnosis, treatment, medical management, prognosis and public acceptance. HIV is diagnosed using blood tests with three main types of test. In the early 1990s, there was no clear and suitable test for identifying the disease. However, there has not been a cure for the disease. Medications such as Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are used to extend and maintain a person’s life (Demme et al., 2004).
They help the immune system recover and in the fighting of infections. These drugs do not eliminate the disease. Previously, people only lived for a few years but research and medicine has contributed to increased survival rates of the patients. With proper treatment, an infected person can live for decades. Causes of transmission of the disease are mainly through exchange of body fluids and demystifying its association to sin and sexual orientation in earlier years. People have become more aware of the disease and there are fewer stigmas associated with the disease. Many people who contract the disease receive support from family and the society.
Demme, J., Hanks, T., Washington, D., Robards, J., Steenburgen, M., Banderas, A., Fujimoto, T., Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment (Firm). (2004). Philadelphia. Culver City, Calif: Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment.
Copyright 2018 - Coaching WordPress Theme.


Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
Located three miles from Drogheda, Co. Louth, Diocese of Armagh, it was the first Cistercian monastery established in Ireland. In the year 1140, St. Malachy, en route for Rome, visited St. Bernard at Clairvaux, and was so edified that he resolved to establish a similar monastery in his own diocese of Armagh. He therefore left several of his companions at Clairvaux, to make their novitiate under the direction of St. Bernard. In 1142 they returned to found Mellifont under Christian O'Conarchy, who had been Archdeacon of Down and who became the first abbot. A French monk, Father Robert, an able architect, directed the construction of the monastic buildings according to the plans of the Abbey of Clairvaux. The consecration of the church in 1157 was the occasion of great religious celebrations. So numerous were the postulants that six important monasteries were founded during the first ten years: Bective (1146); Boyle (1148); Monasternenagh (1148); Baltinglas (1148); Schrule (1150); Newry (1153). In 1150 the venerable Abbot Christian was appointed Bishop of Lismore, and Pope Eugene III, who had been his fellow-novice at Clairvaux, named him legate for Ireland. Soon after his death (1186) his name was inscribed in the calendar of the saints, and he has long been venerated as one of the most powerful protectors of his country. His brother Malchus, equally illustrious for his science and sanctity, succeeded him. For sixty years Mellifont rejoiced in great prosperity, and when the English invaded Ireland there were already twenty-five great Cistercian abbeys. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the rivalries between the English and Irish exerted a baneful influence, peace gave way to discord, and in more than one case the general chapter, and even the sovereign pontiff, were forced to intervene. Not until the fifteenth century did Mellifont regain its ancient prestige, which was maintained until its suppression by Henry VIII on 23 July, 1539, when one hundred and fifty monks were compelled to leave with Richard Contour, the last Abbot of Mellifont. The king seized the treasures of the abbey, and the annals were either lost or destroyed, and with them the names of many remarkable men. Several religious continued to live in the environs, which explains why, in 1623, the title of Abbot of Mellifont was granted, by Apostolic Brief, to Patrick Barnewall, and again in 1648 to John Devreux when the title disappears. In 1566 the abbey, with its dependencies, was given to Edward Moore, chief of the family Drogheda, and passed, in 1727, to Balfour of Townley Hall, during whose term of ownership all fell to the speedy decay and desolate ruin of the present day.
HENNESSEY, Mellifont Abbey, Its Ruins and Associations (Dublin, 1897); HAVTRY (1640), Triumphalia Chronologica Monasterii Sanctæ Crucis, ed. MURPHY (Dublin, 1891); De Cistercium Hibernorum Viris Illustribus (Dublin, 1895); JONGELINUS, Notitiæ Abbatianum O. Cist. (Cologne, 1840); JANAUSCHEK, Originum Cisterciensium (Vienna, 1877); MANRIQUE, Annales Cistercienses (Lyons, 1642); DUGDALE, Monasticon Anglicanum, VI, part 2 (London, 1830); ARCHDALL, Monasticum Hibernicum (London, 1786).
APA citation. (1911). Abbey of Mellifont. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10168a.htm
MLA citation. "Abbey of Mellifont." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10168a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


A cannon can shoot whatever cannons shoot at different angles to the horizon, but with the same initial velocity. At what angle does the cannon shoot to a maximal distance? What would be that angle on the moon?
- d is the total horizontal distance travelled by the projectile.
- v is the velocity at which the projectile is launched
- g is the gravity
- θ is the angle at which the projectile is launched
- y0 is the initial height of the projectile
The Attempt at a Solution
The maximum angle would be pi/4 (I am assuming), however if the projectile velocity was great enough to break the moon's escape velocity then the maximum distance could be given at an angle of pi/2. Thoughts?


New Completely Revised Sixth Edition!
National Association of the Deaf
This new 6th edition explains United States statutes that prohibit discrimination against deaf and hard of hearing people, the core laws and their amendments, such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and new legislation such as the Twenty-First Century Communications Video and Accessibility Act.
A Novel of a Deaf Boy’s Checkered Life
Howard L. Terry
The ninth volume in the Gallaudet Classics in Deaf Studies series, this novel was written between 1917 and 1919, a rollicking tale of a young deaf boy and how he learned to survive and thrive at the advent of the 20th century.
Deaf Space in Adamorobe
An Ethnographic Study in a Village in Ghana
This ethnographic study reveals how deaf people in Adamorobe do not live in a social paradise and how they created their own “Deaf Space” by seeking each other out to form a society of their own.
Learning American Sign Language in High School
Motivation, Strategies, and Achievement
Russell S. Rosen
This new book offers high school ASL teachers and program administrators concrete information on why students take ASL for foreign language credit, how they learn new signs and grammar, and how different learning techniques determines their achievement in ASL.
Citizenship, Politics, Difference
Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Signed Language
Audrey C. Cooper and
This collection centers upon examining sub-Saharan African deaf people’s perspectives on citizenship, politics, and difference, and analyzing Sub-Saharan Signed Language practices in relation to sociopolitical histories and social change interests.
Interpreter Education in the Digital Age
Innovation, Access, and Change
Suzanne Ehrlich and
The eighth volume in the Interpreter Education series, this international collection brings together innovative approaches for using digital technology in interpreter education, ranging from on-demand interpreting using iPad technology to preparing interpreting students for interactions in social media forums.


The Really Useful Primary Design and Technology Book brings together essential subject knowledge and pedagogy to support and inspire those planning to teach D&T in the primary school. Offering comprehensive coverage of the 2014 National Curriculum, as well as exciting ideas to extend beyond it, the book is packed full of everything the busy teacher needs to be able to develop children’s key skills and techniques, and a range of big and small projects to put them into practice.
With crucial subject knowledge explained in detail, useful ‘How To’ guides at the end of each chapter reinforce the skills and technology covered with instructions for making a variety of models. Sets of lesson plans include information on the resources needed to support both more and less able children, and assessment guidance, ‘Top Tips’ and ‘Things to Consider’ provide extra help and inspiration.
Key topics covered include:
- cooking and nutrition
- textiles and the design cycle
- IT control and monitoring
- electronic systems
- the roles and responsibilities of the DT leader
- assessment of D&T.
The Really Useful Primary Design and Technology Book provides all the information a new teacher needs to be able to teach D&T confidently, and with valuable cross-curricular links and photocopiable templates, even experienced teachers and subject leaders will find fresh inspiration for their lessons.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 2. The Design Cycle 3. Cooking and Nutrition 4. Structures 5. Textiles 6. Mechanisms 7. Electronic systems 8. IT Control and Monitoring 9. Assessment 10. DT Leader: Roles and Responsibilities Glossary Index
Elizabeth Flinn is Lecturer in Primary Science and D&T at Middlesex University, UK.
Sarah Patel is Senior Lecturer in Primary Computing and D&T at Middlesex University, UK.


How to Measure Your Feet
There are lots of different ways of doing this and you can make this into a game and have some fun with it! Here are some of our recommended methods.
Using our HLS Foot Measuring Device
The easiest way to measure your childs feet is using our new measuring device following the instructions below. This will give you an accurate centimetre measurement for the length of your childs feet.
If you don't have one of our foot measuring devices then why not try one of the methods below?
PDF Size Guide
As well as our new foot measurer we also have a handy PDF Size Guide which you can print out at home. Please note if you do use this method make sure you check the scale of the print out before you measure your childs feet!
Against a vertical surface
Stand on a piece of card (a shoe box lid is ideal!) and either fold up the card by their heel, stand them against a wall or mark with a pencil where the longest toe comes to. Measure with a ruler the distance to the toe mark. Do this for both feet as one is often longer than the other. Be careful to ensure that they are standing up straight and not leaning on anything and that their feet are as far back as possible against the surface.
Drawing around your feet
You can also draw around their feet and measure from heel to longest toe. The key marks are around the heel and around the longest toe. Measure with a ruler the distance between the heel mark and the toe mark. You will find that you are measuring on a slight diagonal and this is correct and most accurate. Do this for both feet as one is often longer than the other.
For particularly wriggly children, try making a game out of drawing around each others' feet and make some foot pictures or art work to encourage them!
If they are really not cooperating then try doing some foot print paintings to get them used to playing with their feet; you might find that whilst they are making the print you can take your chance to pop a couple of pencil marks at either end of their feet. Measuring the foot print will give some indication, although will be a bit small as it won’t pick up the heel profile.
Even getting them to walk with wet feet on a patio can help give an indication of length if all else fails!


Olympus Mons is an extinct volcano on Mars. It’s the tallest mountain in the Solar System. This picture of the mountain was taken recently by the Indian Space Research Organization’s Mars Orbiter from an altitude of 8,387 km. The arrow indicates the summit which rises about 21 km above the mean surface level, so high that it’s effectively above the atmosphere. The white area around the mountain is a cloud formation.
Image Credit: ISRO


Museum visitors learn about brewing history in Japan while sampling the wares
The Sapporo Beer Museum
Ever since man raised himself from his animal-like state of existence and achieved conscious rational awareness, he has used his thought process to devise various and illicit ways of removing this burden of consciousness and returning to his former state. One of the earliest relievers of this burden was the divine elixir known as beer. Beer brewing can be traced back over 6,000 years ago to the resourceful Sumerians. The Sumerians were so taken by this brew they dedicated hymns praising their gods for this divine drink. They even had a goddess of beer brewing.
Old Beer Bottles from the turn of the century
Beer came late to Japan -- about 6,000 years later. The Japanese, however, were not slack in the "altering of consciousness through liquid means" department. They had been brewing their rice wine for countless generations before beer found its way over. Beer was first tentatively introduced to the Japanese during the nation's seclusionary Edo Period (1615-1867) by Dutch traders. It did not catch hold at the time.
The perfect combination: Geisha and beer
In the Meiji Period (1867-1912), Japan opened its borders to foreigners and allowed its own citizens to travel abroad. Seibei Nakagawa went to Germany where he earned a Beer Brewery Engineering License. With the discovery of hops in the northern island of Hokkaido, a beer brewery was planned with Nakagawa as its first brewmaster. In 1876, the first Sapporo Beer was sold in Japan.
A display showing that Sapporo Beer is apparently made by magical gnome-like creatures.
Over the following decades, beer drinking increased in popularity and became an established pastime. These days it's hard to imagine a Japan without beer, as it has become so firmly entrenched into the Japanese lifestyle. What helped is the fact that a good percentage of Japanese food, from sushi to yaki-tori (chicken skewers), simply goes great with beer.
The Sapporo Beer Museum in Sapporo is a good place for beer lovers to go to learn more about the history of beer brewing in Japan. The Museum has a collection of beer bottles and cans that date back to the late 19th Century. Visitors can also watch beer commercials that span several decades. There are two small bars where one can -- for a small fee -- sample the wares. Two of the beers -- Kaitakushi and Sapporo Classic -- are only available in Hokkaido.
Commemorative Beer for the 1972 Winter Olympics which were held in Sapporo
The taste of Sapporo beer, which its admirers harp on about, comes from unique hops that are only produced in certain areas around the world -- areas known for their exceptional beers. Sapporo Brewery prides itself in its quality ingredients and the skill of its brewers. Sapporo beer can be seen as a delicious result of German brewing practices and Japanese attention to detail.
Samples for the studious beer connoisseur
At first, visitors to the Sapporo Beer Museum may be a bit shocked to find a red star emblazoned on its building, and suddenly worry that Communist China has gained a foothold in the Hokkaido Island as a precursor to invasion of the mainland. The red star actually represents the North Star, which was the symbol of the early pioneers in the 19th Century. The red star logo was later changed to a gold star, no doubt to avoid any confusion that Sapporo Beer might be a communist brewski.
Jingisukan (Genghis Khan): a sizzling plate-grill of lamb meat
Visitors shouldn't try to get too involved in their study of Sapporo's finest brew at the Museum's bar, however. Attached to the museum is the Sapporo Beer Garten, where for just under 4,000 Yen a person can help themselves to all the beer they can drink for 100 minutes. Accompanying the beer are strips of lamb meat cooked on a grill at the customer's table by the customer themselves. This dish is named after the famous Mongol conqueror: Genghis Khan. After 100 minutes of incessant beer guzzling and lamb chomping, the only kingdom you'll be interested in sacking will be the one with the porcelain throne.
All's Well in Magical Beerland


The Saxo-Norman Overlap sounds like a patent galosh but is the term used by architectural historians for churches built in the short period after 1066 when Saxons were doing the work but Normans were giving the orders. At this point, churches were still built with the big, box-like proportions the Saxons liked, but details such as arches became bigger and more ornate to cater to the Romanesque tastes of the new overlords.
The process is seen at work particularly vividly at Bosham and Stoughton, ironically as both places were owned by King Harold until his death at Hastings.
St Mary at Stoughton is a complete late 11th century church, with no aisles but transepts to the north and south. The proportions are tall and the walls are thin at only 2ft 5in, indicating an originally Saxon design, but the chancel arch is early Norman with its triple columns and roll mouldings.
The chancel used to be almost as tall as the nave but in the 14th century somebody decided to give it a wagon roof rather than the original beam and low-pitched rafters still evident in the nave.
At the same time, the chancel windows were enlarged and embellished with attached columns, but the new lower roof meant there was no space for the arched tops of the north and south windows, so they were simply chopped off. The original shape can still be seen in the east window. The Victoria County History says that it is quite possible the builder simply did not realise that the new roof would cut off the tops of the windows and truncated effect is the result.
The church contains very few monuments, which adds to the open, uncluttered feel of the tall open rooms.
There is a simple brass plate to Philip Harwood Francis, vicar from 1957 to 1997, who is described as an “athlete teacher mathematician author eccentric and master of the short sermon.”
In the north transept there is a particularly attractive basin for washing the communion vessels, called a piscina. It was made in the middle-13th century. The trefoil arch has dog-tooth ornament running round underneath and a lovely little head, full of life, at either end.


The example Use steganography to hide one picture inside another in C# explains how you can hide one image inside another. This example uses the same tools to hide a large image inside another large image so you can get a better view of the results. Switch back and forth between the images to see how much they changed when you store each image with a different number of pixels.
The images used here are 600 x 700 pixels = 420,000 pixels in total, so they contain 3 * 420,000 = 1,260,000 color component values. If you use 4 bits to store hidden information, which seems to be about the most you can reasonably get away with without noticeably altering the visible image, then you can store 4 * 1,260,000 bits or 630,000 bytes of hidden information.


There is no doubt that some individuals, such as Steve Jobs, make enormous contributions to their fields that dwarf the efforts of peers in terms of practical consequences, intellectual advancement, creative achievement, and so forth. Such achievement is partly due to environmental factors. Otherwise, which individuals rise to the top is due either to genius talent or unusual dedication.
Why are Jobs and his ilk so remarkable? Many people are fond of claiming that they are geniuses, that their superior ability was present at birth, and that such latent superiority blossomed when given a favorable environment. The role of genetics is limited, however, accounting for only about a quarter of differences in scores on creativity tests, with family environment being more important (1).
The favorable environment proviso is well supported by the fact that when creative accomplishments are analyzed as a function of place and time, they are clustered in space and time. Whether it was Aristotle’s Athens, Michelangelo’s Florence, Shakespeare’s London, Picasso’s Paris, or Jobs’s Silicon Valley, great achievers have always been concentrated in time and space as Charles Murray has documented in exhaustive detail (2). Such concentration provides compelling evidence that creativity flourishes in some environments but not in others and highly talented persons are drawn to such centers like moths to a flame.
Why the genius concept does not stand up
People of great accomplishment tend to be highly intelligent. Yet, the view that creative geniuses accomplish more on account of their inherent ability does not stand up. When intellectually gifted children were followed up in middle age, their creative achievements were astonishingly small according to a celebrated study by Lewis Terman (3). High intelligence may be necessary for creative accomplishment but it is clearly not sufficient.
Also arguing against the genius concept, achievement in most creative fields calls for a lot of work and effort. Mastery requires many years of single-minded pursuit. Music and performance arts are something of an exception where child stars emerge much more quickly thanks, presumably, to specialized talents with which they may indeed be born given that musical ability runs in families.
For most other endeavors, achievement is 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration. Nevertheless, we like to attribute great leaps of achievement to individuals of superior talent or insight. Take Charles Darwin, author of the theory of evolution by natural selection that influences all contemporary research in biology, the social sciences, and various other fields.
It is true that without the insight of evolution by natural selection biology would be very different today. On the other hand, this insight would have existed without Darwin. Indeed it was independently developed by Alfred Russell Wallace, albeit some 20 years later.
Yet, few people think of Wallace as a transformative creative genius, if they think about him at all. The main reason seems to be that Darwin worked much harder than Wallace to apply the theory in his empirical research winning the genius accolade through sheer perspiration.
Why the genius concept is so popular
So why are people so willing to ascribe great achievement to inherent genius? It may be less psychologically threatening than the alternative. As we account for our own humble accomplishments compared with genius-level achievements, there are two compelling possibilities. Either Jobs, or Einstein, or Galileo, or Napoleon, or Mozart, or Tolstoy, made better use of their time and opportunity than we have. Or else each had inborn genius in their chosen field that propelled them to greatness. Attributing their accomplishments to genius rather than effort lets us off the hook in the effort department.
Genius may be a comforting fiction. For it helps explain why most of us do not achieve at the highest level in our chosen field: we are not geniuses. The trouble is that there is little compelling evidence in psychology for any such latent superiority. The concept of the genius may be comforting to the rest of us. Yet, it remains a fiction.
1. Waller, N. G., Bouchard, T. J. Jr., Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A., and Blacker, M. (1993). Creativity, heritability, familiality: Which word does not belong? Psychological Inquiry, 4, 235-237.
2. Murray, C. (2003). Human accomplishment: The pursuit of excellence in the arts and sciences. New York: Harper Collins.
3. Terman, L. M., and Oden, M. H. (1959). The gifted group at mid-life, thirty-five years follow-up of the superior child. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
by Nigel Barber, Ph.D. in The Human Beast


One of the hidden treasures of neo-Latin prose is the Historiarum Indicarum libri XVI (1588) by the Italian Jesuit Giovanni Pietro Maffei (1536–1604, Latin name Maffeius). It tells the story of the Portuguese voyages of conquest and discovery in the sixteenth century around the coast of Africa, to the Malabar Coast of India, on to Malacca, China, and Japan. While Maffeius himself did not travel to the East, he spent eight years collecting material and writing in the royal archives in Portugal, and his work is based on a variety of documents, including letters from Jesuit missionaries, some of which are now lost. The full-scale ethnography of China in Book 6 is of particular importance as a shaper of European images of China in this period. First published in Florence, it went through eight separate editions by 1600, was included in a two-volume edition of all of Maffei’s Latin writings in 1747, and was last printed in Vienna in 1752. There has so far been no modern Latin edition or English translation.
The text merits renewed attention on three main grounds. First is the quality of the Latin. Maffei was a superb linguist (with enough Japanese to publish translations of Japanese texts and to act as an interpreter), a celebrated writer in both Tuscan and Latin, and a famously meticulous Latin stylist. After his early education in his home city of Bergamo and an apprenticeship in Rome under the head of the Vatican Library, Maffei gained the chair of rhetoric in Genoa on the recommendation of Paulus Manutius. While in Genoa in 1565 he submitted his name to the Jesuits, and shortly thereafter returned to Rome and became professor of rhetoric at the Collegium Romanum. He gained fame all over Europe in 1570 on the publication of his Latin translations of Acosta’s history of the early Portuguese voyages to the Indies and associated Jesuit letters. On the strength of this work he was invited by the learned Prince (and Cardinal, later King) Henry of Portugal to tell the whole story in a style worthy of the subject matter. After Henry’s death in 1580 the work was finished under the auspices of Philip, king of the now united Spain and Portugal, to whom the book is dedicated.
Contemporaries compared him to Caesar and Tacitus, but he is no slavish imitator, nor is his Latin as mannered as that of the other great Latin historian of the era, Paolo Giovio. His hallmarks are clarity, elegance, and variety. In the words of fellow historian Famiano Strada, “nothing anywhere unkempt or careless; indeed, elegant perfection from beginning to end—unless his only fault is that he has no faults.” At one of the debates held at the literary salon sponsored by Christina Queen of Sweden at the Palazzo Farnese in the 1650s the question was posed which two authors one should want preserved if all the others should perish, choosing one pro antiquitate, another pro Latino idiomate. The consensus was that, among ancient authors, they would keep Plutarch, among works prized for Latin style, those of Maffeius.
The second reason to turn to Maffeius now is that the text deserves to be better known to historians of the early modern period and the age of exploration. For most of the 20th century, when the dominant geo-political force was the north Atlantic alliance, scholars naturally tended to focus on the early period of contact between Europe and the Americas. The resurgence of China and other Asian powers has created renewed interest in the early history of European colonialism in the Indian Ocean and Pacific areas as well. The importance of the 16th century Latin sources to Atlantic studies has long been recognized, and led to modern editions and studies of authors such as Peter Martyr. But Latin in Asia is still “the great terra incognita of Renaissance literary history.” Sanjay Subrahmanyam’s excellent new study on Europeans’ early contacts with India, for example, neglects the Latin sources in favor of the undeniably important vernacular ones, and does not mention Maffeius. The only substantial discussions of Maffei by historians known to me are by Donald Lach and, more recently, Stefano Andretta. A readable Latin text, combined with English and Portuguese translations, will make the work better known.
The third reason to make Maffeius better known is to foster the study of Latin in the areas that Maffeius discussed, particularly China. As witnessed by numerous recent conferences and publications, the study of ancient Greek and Latin is blooming in China and Japan. Maffei’s Historiae Indicae would be of interest both to historians from those countries who study European colonialism from their own perspectives, and to students who want to learn to read Latin with a text of direct relevance to the history of their own countries. In particular I hope to edit Book 6, on China, in collaboration with a Chinese scholar, with notes to the Latin in Chinese, and comparison with what the Chinese sources to check the accuracy of and contextualize Maffeius’ and other European observers’ assertions about China in the later Ming period. As the study of the Latin and Greek classics becomes globalized, neo-Latin about Asia and Maffeius in particular can play an important role in both scholarship and pedagogy. Study of such European neo-Latin texts should be coupled with the study of the Latin versions of the Chinese classics, and the wider use of Latin in Asia in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
 Ioannis Petri Maffeii Bergomatis e Societate Iesu historiarum indicarum libri XVI. Selectarum item ex India epistolarum eodem interprete libri IV. Accessit Ignatii Loiolae vita postremo recognita, et in opera singula copiosus index. Florence: Filippo Giunta, 1588. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zOibVyJgfdoC
 Ioannis Petri Maffeii Bergomatis e Societate Iesu historiarum indicarum libri XVI. Vienna: Trattner, 1752. http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11197028-0
 From Prolusiones Academicae (1619) II.iii, quoted by Félix Sánchez Vallejo, “Quartus imminet dies saecularis a morte insignis cultoris Latinitatis, Ioannis Petri Maffei,” Latinitas 51 (2003), 50–55, at p. 53.
 Pierantonio Serassi, Vita Maffei, in Jo. Petri Maffeji Bergomatis e Societate Jesu opera omnia Latine scripta, nunc primum in unum corpus collecta, variisque illustrationibus exornata, vol. 1 (Bergamo: Petrus Lancellottus, 1747), xxi. https://goo.gl/ubqaM6
 Andrew Laird, “North America,” in Sarah Night and Stefan Tilg, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 525–540.
 Zweder von Martels, “Asia,” in Philip Ford et al., eds., Brill’s Encyclopaedia of the Neo-Latin World: Macropaedia (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 849.
 Europe’s India: Words, People, Empires 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017), 63.
 Donald F. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. 1: The Century of Discovery (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 803–805. Stefano Andretta, “Modelli di santità nelle Historiae indicae di Giovanni Pietro Maffei,” Monaci, ebrei, santi: studi per Sofia Boesch Gajano: atti delle Giornate di studio “Sophia kai historia,” Roma, 17-19 febbraio 2005 (Rome: Viella, 2008), 451–470.
 Kathleen Coleman, “Nondum Arabes Seresque Rogant: Classics Looks East.” Society for Classical Studies Blog, October 16, 2016. https://classicalstudies.org/scs-blog/kcoleman/blog-nondum-arabes-seresque-rogant-classics-looks-east
 Lach, op. cit., p. 745.
 See Noël Golvers, “Asia,” in Sarah Night and Stefan Tilg, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 557–574.


One of the most ubiquitous arachnids we have in NZ are pseudoscorpions (we have a lot of species). Despite their wide distribution, most people will never see one. The reason is two fold. First, they’re very small. Most have a body-length less than 2mm. The second is they’re quite cryptic. While they’re adept predators they also dislike being in the light. You can find them in leaf litter, bird’s nests, under rocks, sometimes even on native birds (where they hunt parasites). There are also some species that are phoresic. They hitch a ride on another arthropod for dispersal.
This is where I spotted this adult female. She was hanging on to the leg of a house fly. The species is Thallosocherens tairensis and is one of out most widely seen. Even so, its still very very small.
To take this shot I needed a microscope adapter (24x). This left a depth-of-field that was razor thin, so it took a few shots to get the front edge of the carapace in focus. What you get to see here is greatly magnified.


As the earliest surviving self-portrait, painted from memory when the artist was forty-seven years old, Self-Portrait, 1956 is a key work within Francis Bacon’s oeuvre. In this painting, Bacon depicts himself with the classic psychological impact that has come to characterize his portraits. He is isolated and hunched over, with asymmetrical features—the right side of his face is harshly raised by comparison with the left side, and the right eye is reduced to a crude circle. Bacon sits precariously on the edge of what might be a bed or couch, indicated by a single yellow right-angled line behind his head. This simple formal device works to stabilize the subject and focus the viewer’s attention on the figure, which is centrally anchored within the otherwise vast space of the canvas.


Teacher: Faye Burnell
We visited the Estorick Gallery to explore how movement is represented in art. We looked at the artwork and discussed how the artists showed action. We had a go at using simple lines to draw movements made by our partner and made our own pictures showing people and objects in motion - some examples include cars, flowers and even a drummer!
Our topic in Autumn 1 was Get Physical. Pipits put together and performed a piece about Jesse Owens' life, why exercise is good for us and how our bodies move. We learned a dance with Jo and impressed our audience (including our parents) with our amazing moves!
In Science, we wrote our own hypotheses on whether people with longer legs would jump further. We created an experiment and tested our hypothesis. We recorded our results and made bar charts to show them. We are super scientists!


Why do humans need a complex circulatory system while an amoeba does not?
Humans have many cells, *all* of which need to be fed and oxygenation, and need to have waste products taken away. A circulatory system is an effective way to reach every cell on a regular, cyclic basis. An amoeba is one-celled. All of the contact with medium for nutrition and waste removal happens by diffusion and transport directly through the cell membrane.


|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is the last word Robert says in the play?
(b) "Play fair."
(c) "The truth."
2. Whose mind is described as "sinking back into that spent calm beyond the further troubling of any hope"?
(b) Uncle Dick's.
3. What does Robert hear calling him from the horizon at the end of the play?
(a) The sheep.
(b) Mrs. Atkins.
(c) His neighbor.
(d) The old voices.
4. What is Robert sitting on while he's on the hilltop with Mary, gazing at the horizon?
5. Where does Andrew suggest they should bring Robert to get cured?
6. What does Andrew say to Ruth about his feelings for Robert in Act 3, Scene 1?
(a) He is jealous.
(b) He loves Robert more than anyone in the world.
(c) He's mad at him.
(d) He feels resentful.
7. Why does Ruth tremble in fright when she steps inside Robert's bedroom?
(a) He is gone.
(b) He is unconscious.
(c) He is breaking things in the room.
(d) He is dead.
8. What does Andrew do immediately after Robert has died?
(c) Bends down on one knee besides the body.
(d) Calls 911.
9. What does Andrew say that Argentina has?
(a) Beautiful beaches.
(b) Good food.
(c) Excellent wines.
10. Who is the last person to leave the stage at the end of Act 2, Scene 2?
11. Who says he won't come back with "empty hands next time?"
(a) Captain Scott.
(b) Uncle Dick.
12. Who told Robert to go to the "far-off places" to be cured?
(b) The specialist.
(d) Mrs. Atkins.
13. What does Andrew's rage change to at the end of the play when he is speaking to Ruth?
14. What does Ruth cover her face with after Robert dies?
(b) Andrew's coat.
(d) Her hands.
15. Who says "It's a free beginning--the start of my voyage?"
(a) Uncle Dick.
Short Answer Questions
1. What time of day is it at the beginning of Act 3, Scene 2?
2. What doesn't Ruth want to tell Robert at the end of the play?
3. What is the medical specialist's name?
4. What is the setting of the last scene in the play?
5. What does Andrew look like at the beginning of Act 2, Scene 2?
This section contains 408 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)


Q. How do I get my hydrangea flowers to turn blue?
Some hydrangea species can have blue or pink flowers depending on soil conditions. Hydrangeas that naturally have white or cream flowers cannot be persuaded to provide blue flowers.
To change the color from pink to blue, two conditions are necessary: aluminum in the soil and a low pH (which makes the aluminum available to the plant). For plants that are at least 2-3 years old, add 1/2 oz. of aluminum sulfate per gallon of water, throughout the growing season. That will add the necessary aluminum and also lower the pH somewhat. To further lower the pH, you can add organic matter such as coffee grounds, fruit and vegetable peels, and grass clippings to the soil.
The choice of fertilizer will also affect the color change. It is also helpful to add a fertilizer low in phosphorus and high in potassium. (25/5/30 is good--potassium is the last number). Superphosphates and bone meal should be avoided when trying to produce blue. It may be difficult to keep a flower bed constantly acidic and aluminum-rich. This problem can be avoided by growing the shrubs in containers, where the conditions can be more easily controlled.
For tips on a variety of gardening topics, see our Plant Information Guides.
- Courtesy of NYBG Plant Information Service


The New Musicology is a term applied to a wide body of musicology since the 1970s with a focus upon the cultural study, aesthetics, and criticism of music. It is a reaction against traditional positivist musicology (meaning primary research) of the early 20th century and postwar era. New musicology is a non-integrated movement in the musicology field, and it often draws influences from feminism, gender studies, queer theory, and postcolonial studies.
Definitions and history
New musicology seeks to question the research methods of traditional musicology by displacing positivism, working in partnership with outside disciplines, including the humanities and social sciences, and by questioning accepted musical knowledge. New musicology scholars seek ways to apply anthropology, sociology, cultural studies, gender studies, feminism, and history to the study of music. The study of new musicology does not follow a consistent methodology and definitions of new musicology vary widely.
In 1980 Joseph Kerman published the article "How We Got into analysis, and How to Get Out," calling for a change in musicology. He asked for "a new breadth and flexibility in academic music criticism [musicology]" (Kerman, 1994, 30) that would extend to musical discourse, critical theory and analysis. In the words of Rose Rosengard Subotnik: "For me...the notion of an intimate relationship between music and society functions not as a distant goal but as a starting point of great immediacy...the goal of which is to articulate something essential about why any particular music is the way it is in particular, that is, to achieve insight into the character of its identity."
Susan McClary suggests that New Musicology defines music as: "a medium that participates in social formation by influencing the ways we perceive our feelings, our bodies, our desires, our very subjectivities—even if it does so surreptitiously, without most of us knowing how." (Brett, 1994).
New Musicology focuses more on cultural studies through analysis and criticism of music, and it accords more weight to the sociology of musicians and institutions and to non-canonical genres of music including jazz and popular music than traditional musicology. This has caused many musicologists to question the previously held views of authenticity and make assessments based on critical musicology, which is "concerned with finding some kind of synthesis between analysis and a consideration of social meaning" (Beard and Gloag, 2005, 38).
New Musicologists question the processes of canonization. Gary Tomlinson suggests that meaning be searched out in a 'series of interrelated historical narratives that surround the musical subject' (Beard and Gloag, 2005, 123) – a "web of culture" (Tomlinson, 1984). For example, the work of Beethoven has been examined from a new perspective by studying his reception and influence in terms of masculine hegemony. This is seen as an essential contrast with the works of Schubert (especially with reference to the latter's supposed homosexuality).
Relationship to Music Sociology
New Musicology is distinct from German music sociology in the work of Adorno, Max Weber and Ernst Bloch. Although some new musicologists claim some allegiance to Theodor Adorno, their work has little in common with the wider field of Adorno studies, especially in Germany. Adorno's own radical comments on gender, ethnicity and sexuality are rarely taken into account. New Musicologists frequently exhibit strong anti-German tendencies, especially in regard to nineteenth-century German music theorists including Adolf Bernhard Marx and Eduard Hanslick, also the twentieth-century figures Heinrich Schenker and Carl Dahlhaus.
A fundamental distinction has to do with attitudes towards modernism and popular culture. Influential, oft-cited essays such as McClary 1989 and McClary 2006 are highly dismissive of modernist music. German music sociologists tend to be more favorable towards modernism (though by no means uncritically) and severely critical of popular music as inextricably tied to the aesthetics of distraction as demanded by the culture industry. Metzger describes 'a fascistic element' in the music of the Rolling Stones. New Musicology, on the other hand, often overlaps with postmodern aesthetics; various New Musicologists are highly sympathetic towards musical minimalism (see McClary 1990 and 2000 and Fink 2005).
Criticisms of New Musicology
Vincent Duckles writes, "As musicology has grown more pluralistic, its practitioners have increasingly adopted methods and theories deemed by observers to mark the academy as irrelevant, out of touch with 'mainstream values', unwelcoming of Western canonic traditions or simply incomprehensible. Paradoxically, such approaches have distanced music scholarship from a broad public at the very moment they have encouraged scholars to scrutinize the popular musics that form the backbone of modern mass musical culture."
Critics of the New Musicology include Pieter van den Toorn and to a lesser extent Charles Rosen. In response to an early essay of McClary (McClary 1987), Rosen says that "she sets up, like so many of the 'new musicologists', a straw man to knock down, the dogma that music has no meaning, and no political or social significance. (I doubt that anyone, except perhaps the nineteenth-century critic Hanslick, has ever really believed that, although some musicians have been goaded into proclaiming it by the sillier interpretations of music with which we are often assailed.)" (Rosen 2000).
- Agawu, Kofi (2003). Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions. Taylor & Francis.
- Beard, David and Kenneth Gloag (2005). Musicology: The Key Concepts. Routledge.
- Carter, Tim (2002). "An American In," review-article of McClary Conventional Wisdom, in Music and Letters, Vol. 83 No. 2, pp. 274–279.
- Vincent Duckles, et al. "Musicology." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 4 Oct. 2011 <http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/46710pg3>.
- Feldman, Morton, Earle Brown and Heinz-Klaus Metzger (1972). Morton Feldman, Earle Brown and Heinz-Klaus Metzger in Discussion
- Heile, Björn (2004). "Darmstadt as Other: British and American Responses to Musical Modernism" in twentieth-century music, Vol. 1 Issue 02, pp. 161–178.
- Hisama, Ellie M. (2001). Gendering Musical Modernism: The Music of Ruth Crawford, Marion Bauer, and Miriam Gideon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64030-X.
- McClary, Susan (1987). "The blasphemy of talking politics during Bach Year," in McClary and Leppert, Richard, eds. Music and Society: The politics of composition, performance and reception. Cambridge University Press.
- McClary, Susan (1989). "Terminal Prestige: The Case of Avant-Garde Music Composition" in Cultural Critique 12 (1989), pp. 57–81.
- McClary, Susan (2000). "Women and Music on the Verge of the New Millennium," in Signs Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 1283–1286.
- McClary, Susan (2006). "The World According to Taruskin," in Music and Letters Vol. 87 No. 3, pp. 408–415.
- O'Neill, Maggie, ed. (1999). Adorno, Culture and Feminism. Sage Publications.
- Rosen, Charles (2000). "The New Musicology," in Critical Entertainments: Music Old and New, pp. 255–272. Harvard University Press.
- Ross, Alex (2003). 'Ghost Sonata: Adorno and German Music'
- Rycenga, Jennifer (2002). "Queerly Amiss: Sexuality and the Logic of Adorno's Dialectics," in Gibson, Nigel and Rubin, Andrew, eds. Adorno: A Critical Reader. Blackwell.
- Subotnik, Rose Rosengard (1991). Developing Variations: Style and Ideology in Western Music. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1873-9.
- Taruskin, Richard (2005). "Speed Bumps," in 19th-Century Music, Vol. 29 No.2, pp. 185–207.
- Watson, Ben (1995). "McClary and Postmodernism" in Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play. Quartet Books.
- Kerman, Joseph (1985). Contemplating Music: Challenges to Musicology. UK edition: Musicology.
- McClary, Susan and Leppert, Richard, eds. (1987). Music and Society: The politics of composition, performance and reception.
- Kramer, Lawrence (1990). Music as Cultural Practice, 1800-1900.
- McClary, Susan (1991). Feminine Endings.
- Subotnik, Rose Rosengard (1991). Developing Variations: Style and Ideology in Western Music.
- Solie, Ruth, ed. (1993). Musicology and Difference.
- Tomlinson, Gary (1993). Music in Renaissance Magic: Toward a Historiography of Others.
- Citron, Marcia (1993). Gender and the Musical Canon.
- Brett, Philip, Wood, Elizabeth and Thomas, Gary C., eds. (1994). Queering the Pitch: The New Gay and Lesbian Musicology.
- Kramer, Lawrence (1995). Classical Music and Postmodern Knowledge.
- Subotnik, Rose Rosengard (1996). Deconstructive Variations: Music and Reason in Western Society.
- Van den Toorn, Pieter C. (1996). Music, Politics and the Academy.
- DeNora, Tia (1996). Beethoven and the Construction of Genius: Musical Politics in Vienna, 1792-1803.
- Schwarz, David (1997). Listening Subjects: Music Psychoanalysis, Culture.
- Kramer, Lawrence (1997). After the Lovedeath: Sexual Violence and the Making of Culture. University of California Press.
- Bellman, Jonathan, ed. (1998). The Exotic in Western Music.
- Fink, Robert. (1998) Elvis Everywhere: Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon.
- Cook, Nicholas and Everist, Mark, ed. (1999). Rethinking Music.
- McClary, Susan (2000). Conventional Wisdom.
- Born, Georgina and Hesmondhalgh, David (2000). Western Music and Its Others: Difference, Representation, and Appropriation in Music.
- Pederson, Sanna (2000). 'Beethoven and Masculinity', in Burnham, Scott and Steinberg, Michael P. (eds), Beethoven and his World, pp. 313–331.
- Williams, Alistair (2001). Constructing Musicology. Ashgate.
- Kramer, Lawrence (2003). Franz Schubert: Sexuality, Subjectivity, Song. Cambridge University Press.
- Taruskin, Richard (2005). The Oxford History of Western Music (six volumes).
- Fink, Robert (2005). Repeating Ourselves: American Minimal Music as Cultural Practice.
- Davidović, Dalibor (2006). Identität und Musik: Zwischen Kritik und Technik (Identity and Music: Between Criticism and Technique), Vienna: Mille Tre.
- Ross, Alex (2007). The Rest is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Szendy, Peter (2007). Listen, A History of Our Ears. Fordham University Press.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: New musicology|
- Contemporary Music Theory and the New Musicology: An Introduction
- The New York Review of Books: MUSIC À LA MODE by Lawrence Kramer, reply by Charles Rosen, Volume 41, Number 15 · September 22, 1994
- GregSandow.com: Beethoven Howls Village Voice, December 17, 1985
- GregSandow.com The Secret of the Silver Ticket Village Voice, April 1, 1986, see deconstruction
- The comeback of systematic musicology
- Original version of article for New Grove on 'Lesbian and Gay Music', by Philip Brett and Elizabeth Wood


We worked out missing numbers from sentences by reordering them e.g.
__ + 14= 21
can be written as 21-14=_____ Use a number line to count down in jumps.
We worked out how to identify numbers that are in the 2s, 5s and 10 x table- can you remember the rules?
Play this game to practice adding and subtracting money.


Version: v1, Published online: 2019
Retrieved December 07, 2019, from https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/empathy/v-1
Empathy is a vicarious psychological reaction to the situation or psychological state of another. It may involve any, or all of, emotional contagion, sympathy, perspective taking (simulation), or affective empathy. Philosophers usually use ‘empathy’ to refer to an emotional reaction to another person’s emotion or situation that matches, more or less, what the other person feels or is expected to feel, and that has as its object the other person. In principle, one can empathise with any emotion, although empathic sadness and distress are the most commonly discussed in the literature. Empathy includes awareness that one experiences an emotion for another, whereas emotional contagion involves feeling an emotion another feels but without any such awareness. Emotional contagion is only documented in personal encounters when one is in the presence of another. By contrast to empathy and emotional contagion, sympathy is an emotion directed towards another’s welfare, but is rarely similar to the emotion the person feels. According to the psychological literature, sympathy (or empathic concern) either involves or causes altruistic motivation to help those in need. Perspective taking, sometimes called ‘cognitive empathy’, primarily describes an epistemic or cognitive state as opposed to an emotional or affective state. Sometimes people use ‘cognitive empathy’ to describe any type of understanding one might have of another. But more often, it is used to describe the act of putting oneself in another person’s situation. The knowledge gained from such a perspective shift is thought to be significantly different from that which one might gain from one’s own point of view.
Empathy, 2019, doi:10.4324/9780415249126-L154-1. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor and Francis, https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/empathy/v-1.
Copyright © 1998-2019 Routledge.


From the Trenches World Report
Enforce our Bill of Rights
John Adams openly wanted to be a King.
Most people of the time hated that parchment called the Constitution.
Rhode Island put the vote to the people and it was soundly defeated.
Most others States passed it though committees and not open vote.
Still it could not be passed without a promise of a ‘Bill of Rights”.
The Constitution was nearly a carbon copy of the British Constitution.
Yes. Briton has and did have a Constitution. The Convention was comprised of Lawyers and Bankers. Only 2 or 3 of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were at the CC. Read the writings of Lysander Spooner and
A book called ‘American Aurora’. The Aurora was a paper in Philadelphia during the time of the Adams administration. Adams used his executive power to destroy the owner of that paper, and attack his other political enemies. He was acting a lot like O’bozo.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.


|This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
In computer science, a preprocessor is a program that processes its input data to produce output that is used as input to another program. The output is said to be a preprocessed form of the input data, which is often used by some subsequent programs like compilers. The amount and kind of processing done depends on the nature of the preprocessor; some preprocessors are only capable of performing relatively simple textual substitutions and macro expansions, while others have the power of full-fledged programming languages.
A common example from computer programming is the processing performed on source code before the next step of compilation. In some computer languages (e.g., C and PL/I) there is a phase of translation known as preprocessing. It can also include macro processing, file inclusion, language extensions and rational preprocessing.
Lexical preprocessors are the lowest-level of preprocessors as they only require lexical analysis, that is, they operate on the source text, prior to any parsing, by performing simple substitution of tokenized character sequences for other tokenized character sequences, according to user-defined rules. They typically perform macro substitution, textual inclusion of other files, and conditional compilation or inclusion.
The most common example of this is the C preprocessor, which takes lines beginning with '#' as directives. Because it knows nothing about the underlying language, its use has been criticized and many of its features built directly into other languages. For example, macros replaced with aggressive inlining and templates, includes with compile-time imports (this requires the preservation of type information in the object code, making this feature impossible to retrofit into a language); conditional compilation is effectively accomplished with
if-then-else and dead code elimination in some languages. However, a key point to remember is that all preprocessor directives should start on a new line.
Other lexical preprocessors
Other lexical preprocessors include the general-purpose m4, most commonly used in cross-platform build systems such as autoconf, and GEMA, an open source macro processor which operates on patterns of context.
Syntactic preprocessors were introduced with the Lisp family of languages. Their role is to transform syntax trees according to a number of user-defined rules. For some programming languages, the rules are written in the same language as the program (compile-time reflection). This is the case with Lisp and OCaml. Some other languages rely on a fully external language to define the transformations, such as the XSLT preprocessor for XML, or its statically typed counterpart CDuce.
Syntactic preprocessors are typically used to customize the syntax of a language, extend a language by adding new primitives, or embed a domain-specific programming language (DSL) inside a general purpose language.
A good example of syntax customization is the existence of two different syntaxes in the Objective Caml programming language. Programs may be written indifferently using the "normal syntax" or the "revised syntax", and may be pretty-printed with either syntax on demand.
Similarly, a number of programs written in OCaml customize the syntax of the language by the addition of new operators.
Extending a language
The best examples of language extension through macros are found in the Lisp family of languages. While the languages, by themselves, are simple dynamically typed functional cores, the standard distributions of Scheme or Common Lisp permit imperative or object-oriented programming, as well as static typing. Almost all of these features are implemented by syntactic preprocessing, although it bears noting that the "macro expansion" phase of compilation is handled by the compiler in Lisp. This can still be considered a form of preprocessing, since it takes place before other phases of compilation.
Specializing a language
One of the unusual features of the Lisp family of languages is the possibility of using macros to create an internal DSL. Typically, in a large Lisp-based project, a module may be written in a variety of such minilanguages, one perhaps using a SQL-based dialect of Lisp, another written in a dialect specialized for GUIs or pretty-printing, etc. Common Lisp's standard library contains an example of this level of syntactic abstraction in the form of the LOOP macro, which implements an Algol-like minilanguage to describe complex iteration, while still enabling the use of standard Lisp operators.
The MetaOCaml preprocessor/language provides similar features for external DSLs. This preprocessor takes the description of the semantics of a language (i.e. an interpreter) and, by combining compile-time interpretation and code generation, turns that definition into a compiler to the OCaml programming language—and from that language, either to bytecode or to native code.
General purpose preprocessor
Most preprocessors are specific to a particular data processing task (e.g., compiling the C language). A preprocessor may be promoted as being general purpose, meaning that it is not aimed at a specific usage or programming language, and is intended to be used for a wide variety of text processing tasks.
M4 is probably the most well known example of such a general purpose preprocessor, although the C preprocessor is sometimes used in a non-C specific role. Examples:
- using C preprocessor for devicetree processing within the Linux kernel.
- using M4 (see on-article example) or C preprocessor as a template engine, to HTML generation.
- imake, a make interface using the C preprocessor, written for the X Window System but now deprecated in favour of automake.
- grompp, a preprocessor for simulation input files for GROMACS (a fast, free, open-source code for some problems in computational chemistry) which calls the system C preprocessor (or other preprocessor as determined by the simulation input file) to parse the topology, using mostly the #define and #include mechanisms to determine the effective topology at grompp run time.
- using GPP for preprocessing markdown files
- Directive (programming)
- Snippet management
- Template engine
- The C preprocessor
- The OCaml preprocessor-pretty-printer
- The PL/I preprocessor
- The Windows software trace preprocessor
- General-purpose macro processor
- The Revised syntax from The Caml language website
- Show how to use C-preprocessor as template engine. "Using a C preprocessor as an HTML authoring tool" by J. Korpela, 2000.
|Look up preprocessor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- DSL Design in Lisp
- Programming from the bottom up
- The Generic PreProcessor
- Gema, the General Purpose Macro Processor
- The PIKT piktc text, script, and configuration file preprocessor
- pyexpander, a python based general purpose macro processor
- minimac, a minimalist macro processor
- Java Comment Preprocessor


Architecture in the Family Way: Doctors, Houses and Women, 1870-1900, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996, $39.95, by Annmarie Adams, BA'81
Shortly after I received the commission from McGill News to review Annmarie Adams' Architecture in the Family Way, my husband and I announced our decision to buy a house, our first. This unleashed a deluge of admonition from colleagues and family. Is the insulation ureaformaldehyde? Is there lead paint on the walls? Asbestos in the walls? Radon under the floor? Allergens in the carpets? Being real estate virgins, we were (momentarily at least) flummoxed. What were we buying: a 1903 greystone, or the Irving Whale of Lower Westmount?
"Sick building syndrome" is a pervasive modern obsession, and Annmarie Adams puts her finger on the historical moment of its genesis: Great Britain, 1870-1900. But the ailing edifices of Victorian England were not hospitals or office buildings; rather, they were middle-class homes. Defining the home as a health issue, and determining what should be done about it, brought doctors and women together in a number of ways which proved significant for both medicine and feminism.
Architecture in the Family Way is structured as five essays, loosely linked in substance, but resonating with one another thematically. The first essay tours the International Health Exhibition of 1884. The highlight of London's hygiene Expo was a walk-in model of the "Insanitary Dwelling" and its counterpart, the "Sanitary Dwelling". To the naked eye the two could scarcely be distinguished. It was the unseen that made the difference: faulty drainage pipes, improperly positioned dustbins, poor ventilation, and toxic building materials. The list of ailments ascribed to the presence of arsenic in wallpaper has a familiar ring: bowel inflammation, diarrhoea, nausea, depression, asthma, headaches, and skin irritations. Significantly, this exhibition was conceived not by architects, but by physicians. Architects, castigated as mercenary and unscientific, were the villains; doctors and housewives became the crusaders who would save the British family from the baleful architectural practices.
How Victorian doctors colonized domestic architecture at the expense of architects is the theme of the second essay. The Domestic Sanitation Movement emerged from the larger public health crusade of the 19th century, and shared its vocabulary of fresh air, pure water, sunshine and soap. The intrusion of the medical profession imbued these ancient hygienic commonplaces with an aura of scientific rationality which strongly appealed to middle-class culture; at the same time, asserting expertise in the design of homes promoted the doctors' own quest for enhanced public recognition. Their closest allies were another group of people ambitious for respect: middle-class women. Chapter 3, "Female Regulation of the Healthy Home," argues that the so-called "separate sphere" of the Victorian housewife was, in fact, a highly permeable labyrinth of ventilation shafts and soil pipes. The angel of the hearth, more sanitary engineer than seraph, held a mandate from the medical pundits to conduct chemical tests for arsenic in the wallpaper, or single- handedly inspect the putty joints of her drains. Surprisingly, control over the physical fabric of her house led directly to more public roles. Pioneering women doctors argued that responsibility for the health of the home made women innately suitable for medicine, especially preventive medicine. Women carved out a niche in the burgeoning hygiene industry as domestic sanitation inspectors, and hung out their shingles as real estate agents, all on the grounds of expertise in the health of houses.
But the nexus of house, woman and doctor was not always liberating. The notion of a "sick building" implies that a building is a body, and historically, woman has also been defined primarily as a body. Equating house with body entails gendering the house as female, and vice versa. In her fourth essay, Adams traces the intensification of women's liability for disease in their houses. When she gave birth, a woman's own body became the most dangerous pathogen in her home, a living sewer of smell, noise, and sepsis. The design of the lying-in room in the Victorian middle-class house demonstrates the efforts of physicians to "quarantine" the birthing body and shield the house from its effluvia.
The final chapter, on domestic architecture and feminism, links movements for female education and liberation to the imprinting of feminine design elements on late-Victorian architecture. Women themselves began to practice as decorators and architects, and women activists patronized architects who promoted interior layouts, exterior styles, and forms of graphic presentation, like the perspective drawing, that spoke to the "feminine point of view".
Adams' study is innovative, intelligently illustrated, and seasoned with a dashing and witty style. Sometimes, however, her strokes are too broad: for example, the portrait of the late 19th century medical profession exaggerates its unity and conspiratorial confidence. The thematic unity of the book also occasionally unravels. The final chapter in particular abruptly abandons medical themes, and asserts that the central motifs of the study converge on the Queen Anne style. Adams also springs her conclusions on the reader with disconcerting suddenness. Somehow the year 1900 "marked the end rather than the beginning of a period when women enjoyed considerable control over the domestic spaces they inhabited." Doctors are inexplicably hustled off the scene, architects for no apparent reason exercise hegemony once more, and "English women returned to motherhood." But these are minor flaws in an otherwise engaging and original study. Annmarie Adams has enriched architectural history, medical history, and women's history by documenting an under-reported episode in the medicalization of the built environment, and by extending the definition of Victorian feminism far beyond votes for women. Above all, she has destabilized the notion of the "separate sphere" by showing how the Victorian private house became an intensely public space.
by Faith Wallis, BA'71, MA'74, MLS'76
Kiss Me, Porcupine's Quill, 1996, $14.95, by Andrew Pyper BA'91, MA'92
The back cover of Kiss Me claims Andrew Pyper has "professed admiration for the writing of Alice Munro," perhaps a dangerous acknowledgment to tie to a first collection of stories, since it begs for comparison. Having taken that bait, some might object that Pyper is no Alice Munro. Which would be true, of course, but unfair to Pyper, whose stories skillfully and quietly explore the lives of the under-thirty generation. His characters, however, are more thoughtful, vulnerable, and real creatures than those who bear that overworked media tattoo, Generation X (Pyper is no Douglas Coupland clone either, thankfully).
The title story profiles a burn victim unable to deal with his horrible disfigurement, alienating his caring girfriend and condemning himself to an apartment-ridden, Phantom-like life of embittered solitude. In "Call Roxanne," a mentally unstable young man hovers delicately between confronting his "mechanical problems", his relationship with a silent, circumspect father, and the fantasy refuge of a woman's name and phone number he has obtained from a bathroom stall.
There are wry, humourous stories in Kiss Me, too. "If You Lived Here You'd Be Home By Now" is the tale of a runaway fleeing his born-again father and joining a household of young Toronto intellectuals by pretending he's a writer, soon finding himself published in a counterculture pamphlet called Piss Pot.
Pyper's characters are lost, not a lost generation so much as individuals in limbo, in moody and uncertain transition. Their stories are the common yet often soul-shaking initiations of youth to the calamities of the adult world--personal tragedy, domestic violence, drug abuse, the departure of loved ones, and all those small yet emotionally thunderous, defining moments that occur between parents and children, lovers and friends. They are well-told, and Ms. Munro would likely approve.
by Andrew Mullins
The Price of a Dream, Simon & Shuster, 1996, $32.50, by David Bornstein, BCom'85
Ever since it declared independence from Pakistan in 1971, Bangladesh has been an icon of impoverishment. Yet it's there that western-taught economist Muhammad Yunus has created a minor economic miracle: the Grameen Bank, a micro-lending institution with a radical lending philosophy. Through loans of as little as $1 and no higher than a few hundred dollars, the Grameen ("Village") Bank has over two million borrowers - mostly poor village women - has disbursed about $2 billion since it was founded in 1976, and has a 97 percent payback rate. Its success has effectively reduced poverty throughout the region.
Yunus, who comes from an affluent Bangladeshi family, received a PhD then taught at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee. After returning home in 1972, he concluded that with just a few dollars many needy villagers would be able to sustain small businesses. With the help of an established bank, Yunus began lending money, with interest, while ensuring payback by setting up local groups and making borrowers accountable to others in their group.
David Bornstein, a graduate of McGill commerce and New York University journalism, spent four years in Bangladesh meeting the people behind the numbers. In The Price of a Dream he humanizes a potentially dry topic by focusing on many of the villagers whose lives the bank changed. For instance, he tells of Aleya Begum, who initially borrowed 2,000 takas ($70) to buy a cow and sell milk, soon earning enough to increase her loan to purchase more cows. She now owns and operates a small farm. Bornstein also convincingly presents Yunus's contention that the Grameen Bank's method to reduce poverty can be transported to settings throughout the world. It's a lesson which hopefully will be heeded.
Howard Bokser, BCom'82, BA'88


The generation of a DTU - Diseconomy Traded Unit is characterized by the application of a rigorous Standard, together with its tools, guidelines, procedures and methodologies. DTUs are the result of activities that go beyond the baseline in terms of nature preservation and pollution reduction. The entire process is strictly scientific and ensures effective measurements and calculations.
Diseconomy Traded Units (DTUs) are of the following types: M-DTU (originating from PREMIN projects, that preserve ore reserves), B-DTU (originating from PREBIO projects, that preserve biodiversity), F-DTU (originating from PREFOR projects, that preserve forests), C-DTU (originating from PRECARB projects, that preserves hydrocarbon reserves), H-DTU (originating from PREHYDRO projects, that preserves water reserves) and N-DTU (originating from PRONER projects, that reduce negative emissions).
The DTUcoin (DTX) is a complimentary currency based on the reference values for the different types of DTUs.
The following DTU-types have their reference values established as follows:
Until the mark of 5 million units, DTUcoins (DTX) are backed by the value of gold and bitcoin, according to the following formula:
pAU = Euro price AM of one ounce of gold at the London Bullion Market;
pBC = Euro price of 1 Bitcoin;
Sf = Scaling factor for F-DTU;
DTU$ = Euro price for DTUcoin (DTX);
50%(pAU) + 50%(pBC)
DTU$ = ____________________
where Sf = 62,53208


👋🏻☀🌎Good Morning! As we finish up our tour of the regions of the United States, I hope you’ll make time to watch the videos and read-alouds to gain a stronger awareness of the unique features of each region in our country.🏜
Morning Work – Thanks for continuing our morning gratitude practice. Take a look at these pictures from our National Parks. They are from Bryce Canyon in Utah, Arches in Utah, Mount Rainier in Washington and The Badlands in South Dakota. Our country is stunning and grand. What will you add to your Gratitude Jar today?💗
Thank you for taking time to read each others blogs and leave a comment or two. Your compliments are an important part of staying connected!💕🙌🏼💐
Morning Meeting– In our Social Problem Solving practice we’re very good at naming our feelings and making “I statements.” Let’s practice the next part of the process ~ setting goals and brainstorming ideas by reflecting and wondering about others. What can we do differently to change upsetting or annoying situation?
To get started, listen to Horace and Morris, but Mostly Dolores. Do you know about peer pressure? It’s when you feel like you should or shouldn’t do something because it seems like everyone else your age is doing it. Horace and Morris do what boys have to do. Dolores does what a girl has to do, even though it makes them unhappy. Think about times when you’ve been excluded or ignored. Write a letter here to Horace and Morris or maybe Dolores ~ …Problem Solving Practice or in Google Classroom.
🏔🏕Social Studies and Reading🛶🐊
Choose a state from each region. Leave your choices and reasons in a comment. Now you have a list of four states ~ one from each region. What one do you think you’ll have most fun learning new things about? We’ll begin working on that tomorrow ~ just think for now.
Take a break, go outside, run around, sing, play a game, make some art.
📚Independent Reading – Keep reading each and every day! Find a nice quiet place to read and enjoy at least 30 minutes with a great book. If you’re wishing for some new book/reading options you can find some fabulous picture book recordings at Storyline Online and recorded books here at Audible. The Elementary selections look great. Enjoy!
At the end of reading, choose two or three things from the Book Talk Questions grid when you leave a comment about what you read today on the blog.📖
Go outside, have some lunch, play a game, practice your recorder. Relax.
✏Writer’s Workshop – If you’ve got a writing project to finish, please work on that. This week’s prompts are a random collection. Challenge yourself to write something different ~ a poem, a play, a song, a news article, a puppet show… Write as if you’re a sports announcer, or a meteorologist, a chicken or a pig…
If you’re ready for a new writing idea, here are today’s Quick Writes:📝
- Would you rather have a pet unicorn or a pet dragon? Why?
- When is it challenging to be a good friend? How do you handle those situations?
- Write a short story using the words pizza, kazoo, tree house, puppy, and bicycle
- Write about some of your favorite memories with your best friend.
- Other ~ write about any thing that you find interesting today.
Read the prompts, think for a minute or so, choose a topic and write for a full 10 minutes without stopping. At the end of 10 minutes you choose – are you done, do you have a different idea, do you want to keep going. It would be fun to see some of your writing on your blog this week.
🔢Math Workshop – Start by listening to The 329th Friend. Many of the worksheets and activities you will do are about the characters in this book and the story. If you don’t listen to it first, math will be confusing. Plus it’s a fun book. Poor Emery Raccoon!🦝
Emery had a lot of planning to do make sure there was enough table space for all his guests. He had to think about both area and perimeter. Did he have enough space in his yard for the tables? Was the perimeter around his table long enough for all his guest to find a seat?
Here’s what it would look like if he set a table up for four people. Emery wondered what it would be like if he put two tables together. He found that would make space for six people to sit. Next he wonder how he could make space for ten people and this is what he discovered.
He decided that groups of 18 might be nice. Emery had 6 square tables to use, but he wasn’t sure he would use them all. Each table seats 4, one on each side. Please help Emery find all the possible ways he can arrange his tables to seat 18 people.
Next, here are today’s problems to choose from. See if there are two that feel like just right challenges. You can solve them in your journal or on a piece of paper. It would be most helpful to put the color and the date the problem was posted. Thanks!
Landin had $25.00. She went to Target. She bought the new Shopkin Shopper Pack for $10.99.
She bought a bottle of pink nail polish for $3.00.
She bought a bottle of blue nail polish for $3.00
How much money did Landin spend altogether?
How much money did Landin have left after shopping?
Landon has 21,850 crayons. Holden has 17,039 crayons.
How many more crayons does Landon have than Holden has?
Vera has 2,258 more crayons than Landon has.
How many crayons does Vera have?
When Landon, Holden and Vera put their crayons altogether to donate them to kid who don’t have art supplies, how many crayons will they donate altogether?
Edward has 10,000 balloons. 2,126 of the balloon are blue. 3,486 are red. 2,029 are yellow. The rest of the balloons are different shades of green.
How many of the balloons are green?
675 of the green balloons are star shaped. The rest are round. How many round, green balloons does Edward have?
Brady’s family had a cookout.
They used five packages of hotdogs and three packages of hamburgers.
There were 12 hotdogs in each package. There were 6 hamburgers in each of those packages.
How many hotdogs did they use altogether?
How many hamburgers did they use altogether?
Van went for a walk. He collected food for the birds.
He found 135 acorns, 46 pinecones and 37 red berries.
How many things did Van collect altogether for the birds?
He put the food in a feeder at the edge of his yard. The birds ate half of the food in one day. How much food was left?
May baked 124 muffins.
Katherine baked 13 times as many. How many muffins did Katherine bake?
Katherine baked some blueberry muffins and some chocolate chip muffins.
If 826 of the muffins were blueberry, how many of them were chocolate chip?
If you’ve worked through that, it’s definitely time for a game here at ABCya. Find a way to keep practicing your math facts in all four operations.
UA’s for today…
Challenges and Phys. Ed. Here is the link to their website if you need some suggestions for how to stay active and fit.
🇺🇸🏕🏜I hope you had a great day. While you’re deciding, I suggest you choose a state you know only a little about, but that you’d like to learn more about. We’ll begin researching and collecting information for persuasive blog post. Convince us that we should visit your state first!🏔🛶🎆
👊🏻🙌🏼💕 Mrs. Eaves


What is driving ethics?
There are 4 answers
Answered on December 1, 2014 07:30
Driving ethics is a set of unwritten rules of behavior for drivers on the road, for violating which no one will punish, but following them greatly improves safety and simply improves the mood of all road users. Examples of such rules: follow the rows and do not take up too much space on the road, help to drive out of the side passages, when maneuvering, be clear to others, do not dazzle with high beams, help drivers who are in a difficult situation, restrain aggressive emotions and do not use offensive language to address other road users, do not throw garbage on the road, etc.
Answered on December 1, 2014 08:01
Observance of elementary rules of behavior in relation to other road users. Read more for yourself:
Answered on April 12, 19:13
Earnings from 20 000 rubles a day! - Do you need a ready, already customized method of earnings? - Without difficult courses that you can not figure out. - Without routine work. - Without cheating and that the money was worthy. - It is a ready-made income, and not a useless course! Details on site 726
Answered on May 1 01:42
Respect each other between drivers and a pedestrian as well.


| | Public
Chilworth Ring is the site of a small univallate Iron Age hillfort located in Hampshire. Partial excavations of the site were carried out in 1928. The site has now been developed into circle of detached houses lying within the ramparts, constructed sometime in the 1960s. The original bank can only be seen in the Eastern quadrant where it is followed by the road. The nearby Castle Hill earthwork to the west is thought to have been a cattle enclosure. The road serving the houses is called The Ring.
The site lies in the village of Chilworth, just inside the South-Eastern boundary of the Test Valley, in the county of Hampshire, bordering onto the city of Southampton. The site lies at a summit of 75m AOD.
Copyright: Creative Commons 3.0
Test Valley, United Kingdom
© 2006-2020 RouteYou - www.routeyou.com


Tutorials on basic Concepts of chemistry, chemical bonding and molecular structure. Electrochemistry topics of electrolysis, Faraday's laws of electolysis and electrochemical cells. Thermodynamics topics of basic terms, zeroth law, first law, second law and enthalpy. Organic chemistry basics, stereo isomerism and structural isomerism. In the Biology section we have one tutorial on Glycolysis
A list of suggestions to students preparing for an exam. Some simple steps which will help reduce the pre-examination stress.
Copyright © Tutors4you.com


In addition we can say of the number 956 that it is even
956 is an even number, as it is divisible by 2 : 956/2 = 478
The factors for 956 are all the numbers between -956 and 956 , which divide 956 without leaving any remainder. Since 956 divided by -956 is an integer, -956 is a factor of 956 .
Since 956 divided by -956 is a whole number, -956 is a factor of 956
Since 956 divided by -478 is a whole number, -478 is a factor of 956
Since 956 divided by -239 is a whole number, -239 is a factor of 956
Since 956 divided by -4 is a whole number, -4 is a factor of 956
Since 956 divided by -2 is a whole number, -2 is a factor of 956
Since 956 divided by -1 is a whole number, -1 is a factor of 956
Multiples of 956 are all integers divisible by 956 , i.e. the remainder of the full division by 956 is zero. There are infinite multiples of 956. The smallest multiples of 956 are:
It is possible to determine using mathematical techniques whether an integer is prime or not.
for 956, the answer is: No, 956 is not a prime number.
To know the primality of an integer, we can use several algorithms. The most naive is to try all divisors below the number you want to know if it is prime (in our case 956). We can already eliminate even numbers bigger than 2 (then 4 , 6 , 8 ...). Besides, we can stop at the square root of the number in question (here 30.919 ). Historically, the Eratosthenes screen (which dates back to Antiquity) uses this technique relatively effectively.
More modern techniques include the Atkin screen, probabilistic tests, or the cyclotomic test.
Previous prime number: 953
Next prime number: 967


In this tutorial, we going to look at subsetting in R. R language is so important for data science and this tutorial is a helper for R. If you didn’t read Data Types In R, you can read to prepare.
What Is Subsetting?
Subsetting is a useful indexing function for accessing object elements. For example, we have a list and we want to access the first index in the list, we can use subsetting to access this object. I gave the example Pseudocode below. If you don’t know Pseudocode, you can read the documentation in Wikipedia for this, click the Pseudocode link.
List = [1 , 2 , 3 , 4] List # Access first index
If you don’t understand the above syntax don’t worry we going to examine a lot of examples.
Subsetting Basic Infos
In this part, we going to look at subsetting in vectors so we going to make a simple vector and we subsetting in this vector. If you don’t know vectors you should read Data Types In R, because if you don’t know data types you can’t work with vectors.
Above, firstly, we create a new vector after that we call the first index in the vector so, the value you write in square brackets pulls data from the section in the region you specify. For example, if we wrote the index as 3, we would get the result 3.
Sometimes we need to call multiple data, for this, we can use multi-index, let’s look at this multi-index.
Above, we create a new vector and we are calling indexes 1 to 4. Now, we going to learn to call index by value.
If you assign these indexes to a variable, it will be printed as a bool type, but if it is used as an index of the vector, it will return to its old value like the final output.
Subsetting – Lists And Matrix
Anymore, we know basic subsetting properties, now we going to learn subsetting with lists and matrix. If you don’t know Lists or Matrix you should read Data Types In R.
You can call index in a list with the above methods. Now, we going to look at these methods.
$ syntax -> Used to call variables in a set. (you can’t call normal index you can call variable from set)
X [[“variable”]] -> Used to call variables in a set (you can’t call normal index you can call variable from set)
Anymore we know how to use subsetting with a list, now, we going to pass Matrix subsetting. Before you start, try to create your own examples of past topics.


Private working lands (farms and forests) are natural engines that drive the economy while providing clean air and water, wildlife habitat, groundwater recharge and recreational areas. Yet, working lands are at risk from threats and pressures of extensive and often unplanned development. Landowners and citizens have witnessed North Carolina’s rapid population growth and the change in our rural landscape.
When farm and forests are kept intact and “working”, they maintain the quality of life that North Carolinians and visitors enjoy. Fields and forests are the visual backdrop where 18% of the State’s jobs originate — contributing $78 billion to the NC economy!
As North Carolina grows, the rural landscape faces the same threats and pressures related to land use changes in the urban core. Unplanned development, encroachment, and incompatible land uses threaten the health of working lands and natural systems — just as they threaten military training and readiness in NC. This includes the bases, the “away areas” and “corridors” that link military bases and airfields with remote training ranges. To proactively address this issue, the North Carolina Sentinel Landscapes Partnership seeks to create innovative strategies for sustaining and promote a healthy and valued landscape for three primary interests: private working lands, conservation, and national defense.
This Working Lands Conservation program is but one part of this effort. Included in this program are a training curriculum and training manual for agency and resource managers, as well as the award winning landowner handbook.
We hope you will take advantage of these resources to inform yourself, or farmers and landowners you know, on the steps to creating a flexible, workable, voluntary conservation plan for the future of your land.


Spain is about 6 times smaller than Argentina.
Argentina is approximately 2,780,400 sq km,
while Spain is approximately 505,370 sq km.
Meanwhile, the population of Argentina is ~44.3 million people
(4.7 million more people live in Spain).
This to-scale map shows a size comparison of Argentina compared to Spain.
For more details, see an in-depth
comparison of Spain vs. Argentina
using our country comparison tool.
Other popular comparisons:


- View Source
> geffylau_ 'sixteen horses'. It is true that _mil_ 'thousand' requirwesUntil we have actual examples of numbers as adjectives (a real text
> the _o_ + plural construction, but why would Sindarin follow Welsh
with _neldë coa/coar_ inside, for example), we can't provide a fruitful
theory about the plurality of that number-noun formula. The proper
nouns having a number can act differently.
Anyway, in many languages in which numbers manage nouns in indefinite
case (as in Basque, where we have _hiru etxe_ ("three-house-ind.") and
not **_hiru etxeak_ ("three-houses-pl.")), when numbers have noun
function, they act also as indefinite (for example, Basque genitive of
the numbers, _hiruren_, "three-ind.-of", and not **_hiruen_,
But Quenya number-pronouns act as plural; so, we have _Neldion_ (day
of the Three younger Gods), a clear plural genitive, and not *_Neldeo_,
as, in my opinion, we'd expect if numbers were indefinite.
"I amar prestar aen
Han mathon ne nen
Han mathon ne chae
A han nostron ned wilith"


Can You Compost Grass: A Comprehensive Guide
If you are an avid gardener or someone who is conscious about the environment, composting is likely a topic that interests you. Composting is not only a sustainable way to dispose of organic waste but also produces nutrient-rich soil for your garden. However, when it comes to composting grass, many people are unsure if it’s suitable or how to do it properly. In this blog post, we will answer the burning question: can you compost grass? Let’s dive in!
The Basics of Composting
Before exploring the specifics of composting grass, let us first understand the fundamentals of composting itself.
In simple terms, composting is a natural process where organic materials such as kitchen scraps and yard waste decompose over time with the help of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. The end product is called “compost,” which serves as an excellent soil amendment for plants.
Understanding Grass Clippings
Grass clippings refer to the cuttings from your lawn when mowing. They consist primarily of water and nutrients that were once absorbed by the living plant. These clippings contain valuable nitrogen compounds that can greatly benefit your garden when used properly.
The Pros and Cons of Composting Grass
- Nutrient-rich material: Grass clippings provide essential nitrogen along with other minerals needed for healthy plant growth.
- Faster decomposition: Due to their high moisture content, grass clippings break down relatively quickly compared to some other yard waste materials.
- Avoids landfill contribution: By composting grass instead of sending it to a landfill, you can help reduce methane emissions and contribute to a more sustainable environment.
- Potential odor issues: When not properly managed, grass clippings may produce an unpleasant smell during decomposition. However, with proper composting techniques, this issue can be easily avoided.
- Risk of matting and overheating: If grass clippings are added in large quantities all at once without proper aeration or mixing with other materials, they may form dense mats that hinder airflow and lead to overheating. This can result in anaerobic decomposition and unpleasant odors.
Tips for Composting Grass
To successfully compost your grass clippings while minimizing potential issues, consider following these tips:
1. Mix it up:
Mix your grass clippings with other yard waste or brown materials such as leaves or shredded paper. This helps create better airflow within the compost pile or bin and prevents matting.
2. Layer it right:
Aim for an ideal carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) of around 25-30:1 in your compost pile. Grass clippings are considered “green” or high nitrogen material, so balance them out by adding dry leaves or straw (“brown” materials) which are rich in carbon.
3. Avoid excessive amounts at once:
Avoid dumping large volumes of fresh grass clippings into the compost pile all at once; instead add them gradually along with other ingredients mentioned above to maintain proper moisture levels and promote efficient decomposition.
4. Aerate regularly:
To prevent matting and promote decomposition, turn your compost pile regularly to improve airflow. This can be done using a garden fork or by investing in a compost tumbler that simplifies the process.
5. Monitor moisture levels:
Aim for your compost pile to be slightly damp, resembling a wrung-out sponge. Grass clippings tend to have high moisture content, so monitor and adjust as necessary to prevent excessive wetness or dryness.
The Verdict: Yes, You Can Compost Grass!
In conclusion, grass clippings are indeed suitable for composting. By adhering to proper techniques such as mixing it with other materials, managing moisture levels, and ensuring adequate aeration of your compost pile, you can successfully transform grass into nutrient-rich organic matter that will benefit your garden immensely.
By choosing to compost grass rather than discarding it in landfills where it contributes negatively to our environment through methane emissions and wasted resources, you not only reduce waste but also contribute positively towards sustainable gardening practices. So go ahead and embrace the benefits of incorporating grass clippings into your composting routine!