Some People We Fear
( Originally Published Early 1900's )
"The man who, outside of pure mathematics, pronounces the word impossible, lacks prudence."— Arago.
ONE Universe there is, essentially the same in all its parts — of the essence of Mind.
To the Universe observed objectively we give the name, matter.
To the Universe observed subjectively we give the name, mind-self.
If the objective Universe is essentially Mind, it knows itself as mind only.
If the human self expresses in body, it knows itself as psycho-physical.
Matter to itself, then, is expressed Mind.
The self-mind is existing and expressing mind.
To the human self the Mind-Universe is objectively expressed as matter, and subjectively in the psychic factor.
All expression, in either case, is conducted by signs — marks, traits, or the like, which are susceptible of interpretation by knowing mind. Both the Universal Mind and the human mind-self can only know either mind and the self through the signs of mind-activities. The discovery and interpretation of such signs bulks so large in the mental life that it has only one other rival, the using of such interpretation in the interest of the completest personal being.
THE UNIVERSE A SYSTEM OF SIGNS.
The world we live in, including all other humans besides your self, constitutes, as expressed in external form, a vast and complex system of individual and more or less definitive signs, since that world is a vast and complex expression of mental reality. Nature is like a huge manuscript written by an Unseen Hand, some of the letters of which move about from place to place, while others appear to remain in a stationary position. As the characters on a written page are signs which we have learned to understand, so the world of things consists of signs which suggest or induce in us certain mental activities by way of interpretation. In becoming acquainted with Nature, your mind, your knowing self, does not go out to objects external, nor do the latter pass into the self. Disregarding the body, it is to be understood that nothing goes out of the self or into the self in the act of knowing the external world. The world of objects exists and remains outside the knowing self, exists in the objects as signs which induce or suggest innumerable thoughts and feelings in the observer. What we know of these signs is simply our interpretation of them: it is what we conclude they are and mean.
The successful human life, then, involves, for example, three questions: What are the facts about us—the signs or realities as they actually are? What attitude toward such signs or objects or facts and their sure meanings is best for individual welfare? How shall we successfully apply that attitude?
Personal unfoldment consists in trying to answer these questions in such a practical way as to "make good" for the most truly successful life.
Let us now ask what these object-signs are in the world of Nature.
NATURE AND HUMANITY ARE MOVEMENT-SIGNS.
Our first study concerns movement, one of the things hardest to be explained in the whole Universe. The world seems to consist, as science informs us from its necessary point of view, of matter and force. But the word "matter" is merely a sign, written, printed, thought, spoken, for a certain other sign, the external "matter itself"— which also is to the human mind none other than just a sign of some reality objectively observed. The first sign is, a word; the word-sign stands for the something-sign. We understand the word-sign; we form some notions about the something-sign; but the essence of the' latter sign no one knows, or ever will know, since the sign is of mind-reality, and mind to itself is essentially unknowable save as a system of activities. Nevertheless, we all agree that the something actually exists, for otherwise we should not have the word-sign and the thought-sign at all.
The word "force" is also a sign, and it stands for—simply an idea. Force can no more be explained than can motion. Force in itself is always an inference from observed activity, but no one has discovered the essence of what is called force. Matter and force are inferences,, but movement is beyond doubt, whatever its origin.
The thinkers of the ages, discovering perfectly evident motion everywhere, began thousands of years ago to surmise that things which are apparently inert were nevertheless incessantly active. The birth of chemistry confirmed these surmises, and led to the modern conclusion, which is a scientific re-statement of old Greek guessing, that all things involve absolutely ceaseless movement within themselves. When we run this conclusion down, it is seen that it is only true for science, since in a Universe which is essentially all mind there can really be neither space nor motion, but only conditions and changes in the Universal Mind's Thoughts. For practical purposes, however, the conclusion must be accepted. On examination, the conclusion assumes two forms: the metaphysical, that all things are in a state of flux, are forever be-coming and forever ceasing; and the physical or chemical, that all things are what they are because of molecular activity. Thus the world of material Nature and physical man is simply a huge system of movement.
MATTER AND ETHER.
Formerly we were told that matter is composed of molecules, which in turn consisted of atoms, the smallest divisible particles of matter, and that the molecules were active or moved in grosser matter, or among themselves, while the atoms performed similarly within the molecules. To-day such molecules and atoms are regarded as very "lumpish" affairs, for we now believe that the atom itself is an assemblage of "corpuscles." Yet here also, incessant activity prevails, for the final constituents are forever engaged in movement of inconceivable rapidity, at the rate of from 10,000 miles to 90,000 miles a second.
When we ask science what the corpuscles are, one of the latest answers refers us to electricity. "Any mass of matter is x-molecules, a molecule is y-atom, an atom is z-corpuscles surrounded by positive electricity, and a corpuscle consists of a unit of negative electricity." Matter, then, consists of a certain definite number of established or more or less permanent modes of motion, and the innumerable objects of Nature, so far as concerns their material, are thus seen to be simply varieties or individual specimens of etheric movement.
Nothing exists save as it acts, and it is action that constitutes things themselves. Nature, including man, is a vast complex of movements which, as observed by us, become movement-signs. These movement-signs we investigate and interpret, and with the interpretation, corresponding in a way, and thus varying, with everything that exists, we build our thought and the whole philosophy of life.
If, now, any material object is simply a kind of established motion of the ether within the ether, the human body is precisely the same. And what-ever may be said as to the nature of life, it is also exactly this, so it would seem: a mode of motion within material molecules (since we know it only in connection with matter), and motion of the ether within the ether (since molecules themselves are such modes of motion). Whatever, again, may be said as to the nature of conscious thought, since it takes place within the material brain, it is, as well, precisely a mode of motion involving ether within ether.
The law of inertia forbids that we refer the origin of that motion to the ether itself, for such reference would require that we conceive some original ether without motion, which is inconceivable under the law that a medium not in motion cannot begin motion without the agency of some external force; the original motionless ether can stir "neither hand nor foot" until moved upon by reality apart from itself. Even if life be indeed a mode of motion, the specific character of that motion may differ from other forms of motion, say, gravitation, or heat. We may not affirm that life, a movement within ether, is identical with molecular action, a movement within the ether, simply because we do not know. But we may say, that life, whatever the character of it, emerges in motion of the ether with-in itself. Similarly, the exact kind of etheric movement involved in consciousness and thought would not necessarily, even if we knew it, resolve itself into a motion identical with that represented by molecular action in the brain, for the one movement, though associated with the other, may stand for a very different reality. Our personality involves innumerable etheric movements, but it cannot be set down, offhand as the same in origin and nature with the movements which constitute physical nature. To say that because matter is always associated with life, matter is life, or life is an expression of matter, is equivalent to saying that because houses are associated with men, men are houses, or houses are men, or men are expressions of houses. The conclusion may be true, but it is not demanded by the association, and the reverse may be true as well.
YOUR SELF AND THE ETHER.
We are justified, therefore, in affirming only: that the human personality consists of a complex system of activities or movements which take place within the material body, so that all such movements are fundamentally activities of the ether within itself, it may be occurring laterally, or in undulations, or in rings, etc., and that of these movements some are induced by the outside world, some by life acting in the body-realm, some by the psychic self.
As we may think of a tree as a system of etheric motions or activities located in one general place, or of a bird as a similar system capable of transfer in toto from place to place, so may we think of human beings as moving systems or centres of activity occurring in the ether and capable of voluntary transfer therein. Personality is a definite, though never clearly limited, sphere of such activities, in which the physical and psychic factors play mutual parts. Be the psychic factor what it may, it dominates more or less, and ought to dominate entirely, the physical. Inasmuch as flesh, bones, nerves and blood are merely forms of etheric action established as forms, the general state of activity in the body influences the surrounding mass of the medium, for a centre of force immersed in a medium of which itself is a part, must disturb that medium by its activities. Personality, then, really involves a complex of motions beyond its constituent ether, setting up many varieties of movement in its immediate surrounding neighborhood by way of transmitted and transformed motion, in straight lines, vibrations, vortices, and so on. Your personal sphere of unseen activities is larger than the bodily outlines, some movements which you originate running "the diameter of the Universe," most of them, how-ever, being condensed, so to speak, within a comparatively small area, and all springing up throughout the physical structure incessantly during life.
In the purely physical functions of the body, as, say, the circulatory system, heart, lungs, stomach, nerves, etc., the activities involving the ether are more or less regular, and are conducted without conscions effort. The movements which indicate volition, thought and feeling, however, while regular in their larger phases because they are the products of psychic habits, are nevertheless incessantly varied and to a degree confused.
The average person, then, represents a system of very complex ether-movements, some of which are automatically regular, some of which are volitionally regular, and very many of which are exceedingly irregular and constantly modified and changed in all sorts of ways under the varying conditions of life.
It is at this point that the difficulties pertaining to personal relations appear.
RIGHT LIVING INVOLVES RIGHT ETHERIC ADJUSTMENTS
If you will imagine a sphere several feet in diameter consisting of complex movements of some perfectly transparent jelly-like medium, and if you will suppose yourself occupying that sphere and causing such movements, and then remember that you are surrounded by thousands of other spheres (personalities) each a dweller within a similar sphere and constituting the activities and characteristics of that sphere, you will see that we are all not only causing disturbances in the Universal Medium, but also receiving into our own sphere movements induced by others.
Recalling, now, the thought that Nature is a vast system of sign-objects, that is, of movement-signs, it is evident that, if we are to understand Nature and her objects, we must learn to discover the sure meaning of such signs. Precisely so is it with regard to human beings. A human being is to each of us simply a sign of some existence which we have learned to interpret as "man," or "woman," or "boy," or "girl," or "John," or "Mary,"— this or that kind of individual human. This learning how to interpret personal sign is one of the most important things in life, because it is the first step toward that right adjustment of self to others which insures greatest success in practical and ideal living. Thus we come to;
A PRELIMINARY PRACTICAL REGIME IN THE PRESENT WORK: Reading Personal Signs in General. You are now invited to engage in a study of the people whom you know, trying always to solve this question: What kind of sign is each man or woman I meet to me? A sign, for example, of dullness, brightness; slowness, quickness ; irritability, calmness; close, free-handed; morose, cheerful; tricky, honest; low, honorable; etc., etc. If you will proceed in this way, deciding always why you come to your conclusions, you will ere long develop a clean-cut understanding of the people you meet, so far as their external signs indicate; you will, that is, be able to interpret their personality-signs, and thus learn how the most effectively to adjust yourself to them in practical affairs. For detail methods of adjustment you are referred to the author's work, "Power For Success," which fully discusses this important subject.
The question, now presented a second time, What is the relation which the individual must come into with other people for his own greatest welfare? involves just this matter of interpretation of personality-signs which we have indicated. The truth is that we do not reach our highest attainments, because we do not adequately know the signs of men and women with whom we deal. But the completest relation involves not only correct interpretation, but also right adjustment to the persons whose signs we interpret. If we interpret them incorrectly, our adjustments will be false or misleading. If we interpret them correctly, we may, nevertheless, fail in the best adjustments. It comes out, then, that life is no matter of mere happy-go-lucky, hit-or-miss contact with people, but really a wonderful science requiring the very best in us properly to master. And, since no one is great enough to master the innumerable details of this science, we are left to acquire and practise the great trunk-line principles which human experience has proved to be the most surely calculated to make for development and success. These fundamental principle are the moral laws and the dictates of what we call common sense. And common sense has worked out this universal law: that if you desire to get on with people, you must find out what their personality means — must interpret their self-signs — and so adjust yourself to them as to secure some kind of harmony with them or to repel or control any of the etheric movements which may proceed from their personal spheres and enter or strive to enter your own.
These two phases of every human being's life-work, interpretation of personality-signs and adjustment to personal etheric spheres, either by harmony or control or repulsion, constitute the art of arts which is open to and possible by all who may read these pages.
Fear Means Surrender to Interpretation of Personality-Signs.
It is because you interpret the personality-signs erroneously, or, whether you interpret them incorrectly or correctly, yield to the interpretation, that fear or timidity and nervousness seize upon you in social or business contact. If you would say, in regard to such signs: " These signs may be intended to awaken fear, or they may be merely of a character suggestive of fear to the common run of people, but I refuse to so interpret them, and they do not mean fear to me; now, how shall I adjust myself to them in such a way as either to repel or control the etheric movements which they indicate as seeking to enter my personal sphere?"—if you would say thus, you would find your-self in time altogether free from the fears or nervousness which the signs usually induce. In other words, you have it in your power, first, to learn what personality-signs are; secondly, to repel them if they signify evil of any sort to yourself; and thirdly, to control and use them for your own good, if not of a hostile nature. This brings us to the practical work of the present chapter.
ADJUSTMENT TO FEAR-SUGGESTING PERSONALITY-SIGNS.
You are therefore invited to practise the following as long-continued regimes in your daily life.
The work now involved I indicate in two sections: The Golden Regimes of the Masterful Self, and, The Iron Regimes of the Self Striving for Mastery. Into the second work must always be carried the first, courageously and confidently.


Jesus’ opponents refused to accept his divine authority and claim to be the only Son from the Father. They demanded evidence for his Messianic claim and equality with God. Jesus answers their charges with the supporting evidence of witnesses. The Mosaic law had laid down the principle that the unsupported evidence of one person shall not prevail against a man for any crime or wrong in connection with any offence he committed (see Deuteronomy 17:6). At least two or three witnesses were needed. Jesus begins his defense by citing John the Baptist as a witness, since John publicly pointed to Jesus as the Messiah and had repeatedly borne witness to him (see John 1:19, 20, 26, 29, 35, 36). Jesus also asserts that a greater witness to his identity are the signs he performed. He cites his works, not to point to himself but to point to the power of God working in and through him. He cites God as his supreme witness.
Saint Augustine of Hippo says: “As Christians, our task is to make daily progress toward God. Our pilgrimage on earth is a school in which God is the only teacher, and it demands good students, not ones who play truant. In this school we learn something every day. We learn something from commandments, something from examples, and something from sacraments. These things are remedies for our wounds and materials for study.”


Coastal saltmarsh ecosystems occupy only a small percentage of Earth’s land surface, yet contribute a wide range of ecosystem services that have significant global economic and societal value. These environments currently face significant challenges associated with climate change, sea level rise, development and water quality deterioration and are consequently the focus of a range of management schemes. Increasingly, soft engineering techniques such as managed realignment (MR) are being employed to restore and recreate these environments, driven primarily by the need for habitat (re)creation and sustainable coastal flood defence. Such restoration schemes also have the potential to provide additional ecosystem services including climate regulation and waste processing. However, these sites have frequently been physically impacted by their previous land use and there is a lack of understanding of how this ‘disturbance’ impacts the delivery of ecosystem services or of the complex linkages between ecological, physical and biogeochemical processes in restored systems. Through the exploration of current data this paper determines that hydrological, geomorphological and hydrodynamic functioning of restored sites may be significantly impaired with respects to natural ‘undisturbed’ systems and that links between morphology, sediment structure, hydrology and solute transfer are poorly understood. This has consequences for the delivery of seeds, the provision of abiotic conditions suitable for plant growth, the development of microhabitats and the cycling of nutrients/contaminants and may impact the delivery of ecosystem services including biodiversity, climate regulation and waste processing. This calls for a change in our approach to research in these environments with a need for integrated, interdisciplinary studies over a range of spatial and temporal scales incorporating both intensive and extensive research design.


Chinua Achebe believes that Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness is racist based on Conrads descriptions of Africa and its people. Achebe, author of Things Fall Apart, stresses Conrads depiction of Africa as the antithesis of Europe and civilization, and the animal imagery present throughout the novella. Heart of Darkness, written in 1899 during the period of British Imperialism, concerns a British trading company and their expedition into the Congo for ivory.
The African natives are treated brutally by the Europeans, and despite Conrads casual condescension towards the Africans, one cannot help feeling resentment at the unnecessary cruelty they must endure. The novella stands as a document against the imperialist practices — Conrad was quite liberal for the time. The natives are referred to as savages several times throughout the story, but Conrad is not using any particularly strong words for the time.
The European audiences who would be reading would not find anything racist about it. By todays more sensitive standards, such deference is more serious, but turn-of-the-century England was sure to expect far harsher. Educated people reading Conrad’s novel should understand the differences between the past and the present, and be forgiving of his language. The deeper the expedition progressed into the center of the continent, the more isolation was felt by the crew.
In a sense, Central Africa IS the antithesis of Western Europe — it lacks not only the hectic urban structures but also the Social Darwinist attitudes of the time. It is in this remote environment that man must face his true self without any illusions, and the darkness of the human soul is apparent. The uncivilized environment may mock western civilizations refinement, but this is not derogatory towards the jungle, but rather an eye-opener to the European audience.
By exhibiting the deeds of the Europeans, their portrayal becomes so negative that they become the savages. Conrad clearly is sympathetic to the plight of the Africans, and any racial epithets, if not accepted by progressives of the time, are not meant as attacks directed at the natives. It should be obvious that Conrad is on their side — or is this “undermined by the mindlessness of its context and the pretty explicit animal imagery surrounding it”? I think not.
Conrad’s animal imagery is used as a metaphor for the human spiritual being, not as a comparison to the natives. Heart of Darkness is not intended to be a portrait of the African people at all. It is a story of what was inflicted upon them. It is a story of mans introspective into himself when there is nowhere else to turn. It is a story of an obsessed man named Kurtz and what he did for his own gain. It is a strikingly accurate account of a historical period past, and it should not be regarded today as a hateful spew of racism.


What was the core philosophy of the Confederate States of America, as explained by Alexander Stephens?
The answer to this question can be found in Stephens's famous "Cornerstone Speech," delivered in Savannah, Georgia in March of 1861. Essentially, the speech is an explanation and a defense of the Confederate Constitution. After outlining some of the main differences between the Confederate constitution and that of the United States, he claimed that its best feature was that it eliminated the possibility for further "agitation" about the issue of slavery, which of course, had led to the creation of the Confederacy in the first place. Stephens said that many of the Framers of the United States Constitution and other Founding Fathers had, even while allowing for slavery's existence (he was talking in particular about Thomas Jefferson) still believed that blacks and whites were fundamentally equal, the Confederate Constitution was based on the opposite principle:
Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner- stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition.
Only "a defect of reasoning" could possibly persuade someone that the races were equal, Stephens said. He went on to offer an expanded theory of racial inequality, claiming that this was the rational basis for slavery, and because the Southern states understood this truth, they would be successful in the long run.
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The council's food services team investigates all infectious diseases that may be linked to food or water consumption. These diseases are primarily gastro-intestinal diseases of short duration but also include diseases such as Hepatitis A.
If you have been diagnosed as suffering from a communicable disease (usually following a request from your doctor to provide a faecal specimen or blood test) we will either telephone or visit you to try and find out where the infection has come from. The infection may have come from contaminated food, however many infectious diseases can be transmitted through non food routes such as environmental sources.
The purpose of our visit/telephone call is to try to identify potential sources of infection so that action can be taken to prevent similar cases occurring, we can also soon identify if a common event or food links more than one case together. Top of page
Food poisoning is an illness caused by eating food which hasn't been cooked, handled or stored properly. Food poisoning symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach cramps. For further advice advice on the treatment of food poisoning, you should visit your GP. The websites below have further advice and information about food poisoning:
NHS - food poisoning (external website)
Food Standards Agency - food poisoning (external website)
Health Protection Agency - Food Poisoning and Infectious Diseases (external website)
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If you believe a particular food premises or food which you have purchased has caused your illness, you should report suspected food poisoning online (opens in new window) with details of your symptoms including where, when and what you have eaten and if other people have similar symptoms. Alternatively you can call us on (01482) 396301.
Please note: you should visit your GP as soon as possible to be diagnosed, this will involve providing a faecal sample which will help identify the cause of illness. Top of page
What do I do if I still have the food that I think has made me ill?
Keep the food in the fridge and contact us on (01482) 396301 for more information. An officer from the team will contact you and may wish to sample the food for microbiological examination to try and identify whether the food was the cause of illness.
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Where can I find out more information about food poisoning investigations?
The food services team has produced an advice note which includes more information about food poisoning investigations:
ID advice note (pdf 183kb opens up new window)
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20 Simple Square in a Square Quilt Patterns
If you're a new quilter, then you'll love this collection of square in a square quilt tutorials!
If you're new to quilting, one of the basic quilt blocks that beginners should learn is the square in a square block pattern. An essential block in many larger quilt designs, the square in a square block is comprised of one small square inside another, and can sometimes be tricky to piece together as it requires some math. Take your beginner quilting skills to the next level with these simple square in a square quilt patterns!
FaveQuilts has included some beginner-friendly square in a square patterns for both quilt blocks and full quilt patterns, so that you have tons of options for your next project. We've also added some diamond in a square tutorials, so that you can flip the traditional square block on its head. Go back to basics with this simple quilting design.
If you're searching for other specific quilt patterns, be sure to check out all of our quilting collections here!
Table of Contents
What is a Square in a Square Quilt Block?
When it comes to basic quilt blocks, the square in a square block is one of the most popular blocks for new quilters to make. This block features a square contained within a larger square and is often used as the center block for larger quilts such as star quilts and storm at sea designs.
Square in a square blocks, also known as diamond in a square blocks, are traditionally made in three distinct ways. One way to make a square in a square is by fussy cutting a square of fabric and attaching strips of fabric to each side. You can also make square in a square blocks by using a connector corners technique or by paper piecing. The square in a square block is a great block for beginners as it lets you build your quilting skills, and helps you work on improving your piecing techniques.
If you're nervous about the math of creating a perfect square in a square, you're in luck! Catbird Quilt Studio has a handy cheat sheet for getting your measurements just right.
Square in a Square Quilt Block Designs
Learn how to make a simple square in a square quilt block with this list of quilt block tutorials. These quilting tutorials are beginner-friendly, and show you how to play with colors and prints in your next quilting project.
- Simple Square in a Square BlockThe classics never go out of style! This beginner quilt block tutorial shows you how to make one of the most beloved blocks in just three simple steps.
- No Math Vintage Photo Quilt BlocksInspired by vintage Polaroid pictures, these whimsical quilt blocks let you transform pretty fabric scraps into chic and modern quilt blocks that are super simple to make.
- Off Centered Square BlockBefore you start on more square quilt patterns, use the Off Centered Square Block tutorial to make some quirky quilt block patterns. It's a great alternative to the look of wonky blocks.
- Feminine Pink and Green Quilt BlockCreate an easy square in a square quilt block pattern for anyone from a little girl to a beloved grandmother when you make this gorgeous block design.
- Technicolor Twist BlockUse this contemporary quilt block pattern to add a bright color accent to another quilt or make a full sized technicolor twist quilt to bring a little summery color scheme to a bedroom or wall.
- Even if they're small, quilt block patterns don't have to be simple. Use your scrappy quilt leftovers to make an eye-catching square in a square quilt block.
Square in a Square Quilt Patterns
After you've learned to make a square in a square block, you can branch out into larger projects with these bed, baby, and lap quilt patterns. These free quilt patterns and tutorials show you how to take the basic square block to the next level.
- Bon Voyage Throw Quilt PatternJourney around the world with a throw quilt pattern that's incredibly beginner friendly. This free quilt pattern comes with a printable diagram and instructions for cutting and piecing together your quilt.
- Framed Squares Quilt PatternThis free quilt pattern can be printed off at home, and comes with step by step instructions for piecing your simple squares together. It's a great way to show off prints or fussy cut designs.
- Five and Dime Crib QuiltA great choice for using charm squares, this tutorial for how to make a crib quilt uses charming fabric inspired by vintage five and dime stores.
- Simply Stacked Squares QuiltFollow this guide to learn how to expertly arrange your jelly roll quilt patterns into the fun modern-looking block designs of this quilted sofa throw.
- Flavor of Summer Quilt TutorialThe tutorial will walk you through creating a fun quilt top using squares and strips. The finished product is so fun!
- Blue Bayou Bed QuiltUse beautiful batik fabrics to create a jaw-dropping bed quilt made of simple square blocks with this easy quilt tutorial.
- Steps to Tranquility QuiltThis tutorial makes a gorgeous, king size bed quilt which won't look out of place in any room. Its soft colors and simple design make it the perfect bed cover.
- Fast Filmstrip QuiltWith just this one pattern, you'll be able to use charm quilt fabrics and jelly roll quilt patterns to make a series of square in a square quilt block patterns that can pieced into a simple baby quilt pattern or a full sized lap quilt.
Diamond in a Square Quilt Patterns
If you're looking for a slight twist on the traditional square in a square block, then don't miss these ideas for diamond in a square quilt blocks. These diamond quilt blocks are great for fussy cutting fabric and can be made using paper piecing.
- Hamptons Getaway Quilt PatternLet this quilt pattern sweep you off to the halls of a sprawling beachfront manor. This printable quilt pattern is much easier to create than it looks, and you can use a straight-line stitch for this project.
- Diamond in a Square Quilt BlockThis project shows you a simple technique for making accurate and exact quilt block squares every time.
- Giant Economy Block PillowMade in beautiful and cheerful spring colors like peach and country blue, this quilted pillow tutorial comes with a free pattern hand-out that you can print out at home.
- Roasted Coffee Table Runner TutorialDrink in the beauty of this Roasted Coffee Table Runner Tutorial. Made using rich batik fabrics, this DIY table runner uses fabric cutters to achieve its precise look.
- Dutch Windmill Block PatternMade to resemble the famous windmills found in the Dutch countryside, this free block pattern is the perfect way to experiment with color or printed fabric.
Square or Triangle Quilts Patterns: Which do you prefer? Let us know below in the comments!
Read NextBlue Ribbon Block Pattern


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Copper and Economic Growth in Great Britain, 1729-1784
R O Roberts, National Library of Wales journal. 1957, Summer Volume X/1.
Extracted onto the pages of GENUKI with the kind permission of the National Library of Wales
This is a complete (apart from Table I and a graph) extract of this article by Gareth Hicks 2002
The history of the copper ore trade of Great Britain between 1785 and 1787 is characterized by its division between the Cornish Metal Company (a selling organisation for disposing of the Cornish produce) and the Anglesey mining interests. From 1787 until 1792 the history is interesting because the leading Anglesey entrepreneur, Thomas Williams of Llanidan, assumed control over the Cornish Metal Company, and ruled almost the whole British copper industry. Such monopolistic arrangements, however, were not new to that industry. For most of the period covered by Table I below (not extracted) the more important smelting firms named there had associated together to control the price of the produce of Cornish mines and to avoid competition in selling copper. Indeed, so close was their association between 1737 and 1779 that they acquired the collective name of 'The Old Company'. In the 1770's, however, more and more of the Anglesey ores became available and, for this and other reasons, in 1779 there broke out intense competition which continued until the sharing of the market between Cornwall and Anglesey in 1785. There were eleven smelting companies purchasing ore in Cornwall immediately before 1785---their names are given opposite the statistics for the 1780's in Table I---and in 1785 five of them entered into agreements to smelt on behalf of the Cornish Metal Company: three of the five were the Gnoll Company, Morris, Lockwood and Company and Freeman and Company which operated smelting works in South Wales.
Table I (which is based on N.L.W. MSS. 15101-117) gives the amounts of Cornish copper ore sold to various firms between 1729 and 1784. As far as is known this is the only account available which gives the scale and duration of purchases by individual firms in that period. (Information about such purchases in later decades may be found in the Basset Papers in possession of the Tehidy Minerals Company, Cambourne, Cornwall and in such publications as The Mining Journal and The Cambrian.) More important perhaps is the fact that the table gives fairly secure totals for almost all the copper ore purchased in Britain during a half century which is very important for the study of economic growth.
Dr. A. H. John recently considered the net effect of wars on the economic activity in England and Wales immediately before the Industrial Revolution. 1 He argued that government demands in all wars tend to stimulate activity in 'the heavy metal industries, the allied manufacture of munitions, shipbuilding and ... certain sections of the textile industries'; that expansion in these directions more than offsets reduced activity in other directions; and, on the basis of 'admittedly crude indications of war-time economic movements', he 'submitted that war in the first half of the eighteenth century exerted, on the whole, a beneficial influence on the development of the Englisb economy'. In developing his theme Dr. John ..............
- 1.'War and the English economy, 1700-1763', Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., VII, No. 3 (1955)
- 2. Ibid., pp. 330. 343.
.................... discussed first the effect of belligerency on the copper industry, and he was undoubtedly correct in viewing the wars of 1689-1697 and 1702-1713 as a main cause of the application of the great technical improvements and of the expansion in copper production around 1700. These wars, however, were only one of the major reasons for the expansion. The abolition in 1689 and 1693 of the monopolistic rights of the Mines Royal Society and the discovery of new veins of copper ore in Cornwall (as a result of deeper mining for tin and the increased use of gunpowder) were also of great importance, and war seems to have had no great effect on them.
The figures of ore purchases given in Table I are a very good indication of the size of the British copper industry, for until the 1770's the overwhelming part of home-produced ores came from Cornwall and imports were relatively very small until the nineteenth century. After 1730, when they were one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight tons (and thus almost as large as the Cornish output), copper ore imports for decades remained less than a thousand tons a year. 1 For over half a century following the 1770's, however, the Cornish figures became unrepresentative of British ore output because of the large produce of Parys Mountain in Anglesey, and in the nineteenth century importation of copper ore became large. 2 Figures for copper exports in the eighteenth century show an expansion in periods of war due, as Dr. John shows, 3 to the increased share of international trade which Britain, as the leading naval power, was able to secure, but they are misleading if taken as an indication of the activity of the copper industry.
For the period of the War of Austrian Succession, 1739-1748, what Table I reveals is little more than a continuation of the rate of expansion of the previous years. Thereafter, following a fall in 1748-1749, the purchases of ore climbed until 1757 more steeply than in the earlier decades. Between 1757 and 1762, however, i.e. during the five middle years of the Seven Years War, total purchases remained relatively constant---and the trend, obtained from moving average figures, shows this comparative constancy for the whole war period. In the last year of the war purchases climbed to a new peak, which was to be followed by considerably higher peaks in the peace-time years of 1766, 1770 and 1784. The figures are unfortunately missing for all save the last two years of the War of American Independence, 1775-1781, but the fall over those two years and the magnitude of earlier figures indicates that those campaigns did not have a great expansionary effect on Cornish copper sales---though admittedly by that time Anglesey was rapidly increasing her output.
- 1. House of Commons, Report from the Committee ... [on the] Copper Trade, 1799, Appendix 37, p. 173. The imported copper ore came 'almost wholly' from Ireland.
- 2. Professor Walther Hoffman erred in basing his series for Britain's copper ore production for the whole period from 1727 to 1857 on the Cornish output and neglecting the large Anglesey produce between 1770 and 1820 ( British Industry 1700-1950, trans. W. O. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner, 1955, p. 232); and it was in South Wales, not in Cornwall as he says (ibid., p. 239), that 80 per cent., indeed 90 per cent., of Britain's output of copper was smelted in the middle of the nineteenth century.
- 3. op cit., p. 331.
These facts, which are presented more clearly in the accompanying graph (not extracted), suggest that the effects of wars on the activity of the copper industry in the middle decades of the eighteenth century can be exaggerated. That industry did not languish in the inter-war periods, and its rates of growth were not significantly greater in years of war than in times of peace. On the demand side its growth between 1729 and 1785 seems to have been due mainly to increased use of manufactured goods made from copper and brass for peaceful purposes, though these metals were utilised even in periods of peace for producing munitions. But the influence of the enterprises developed and of the crucial new techniques adopted under the great stimulus of the wars between 1689 and 1713 was considerable throughout the eighteenth century. 1
Table I is based on information in nine manuscript Account Books, which were kindly lent to me by the late Captain Hugh Vivian, of Bishopston, near Swansea, and which, along with other Vivian papers, have since been presented to the National Library of Wales. 2 (A large collection of Vivian business papers was also recently acquired by the Glamorgan Record Office, and there are others in the Library of the University College of Swansea and in the works of the Metals Division of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. at Landore, Swansea.) These notebooks mainly give details of copper ores received at Llangyfelach Copper Works and later at the Forest Works, near Swansea---their sources, by which ships they were carried, the estimated produce according to the assays---and they would be very valuable for the historians of copper mining in Cornwall. But in red ink there is given for almost every year from 1729 to 1758 an account of 'Copr Ore bought in Cornwall' and from 1759 until 1784 an account of 'The Ore sold publickly in Cornwall'. In 1729-1733 and 1741 there is added the phrase, or a variant of it, that the figures were given 'as far as we could procure accots thereof ' (1732); and in 1744 and 1745 the figures are given 'as p. accot kept in London' and 'as p.book kept in London'. The figures refer to the calendar year or, as stated for the 1740's, from Christmas to Christmas; thus the annual figures seem to have, in almost full measure, the 'uniformity in the dating of the year' which Professor T. S. Ashton has emphasised as being essential for such a series. 3
The figures of total ore purchases given in Table I apparently correspond to the totals for 'copper ores sold in Cornwall' in the period of 1729-1773 given in a rare, single sheet Synopsis of Mining from 1729-1833, published by H. Grylles, Redruth. 4 The total figures given in Table I however, do not agree very closely with the decennial figures of sales, according to 'buyers' books', given by W. Pryce in his Mineralogia Cornubiensis (1778) p. xv, and quoted also by J. A. Phillips and ..................
- 1. I am very grateful to Dr. John for his emphasis of this point and for other comments on this paper.
- 2. N.L.W. MSS. 15101-117.
- 3. 'Economic Fluctuations, 1790-1850', Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd Ser., VII, 3 (1955), p. 379.
- 4. Information kindly supplied by Mr. A. K. Hamilton Jenkin, the eminent historian of Cornish miners and mining. Incidentally Grylles's Annual Mining Sheet published in the middle of the nineteenth century by F. Symons, Bookseller, Redruth, gave statistics of the ticketing sales of copper ores in Cornwall and at Swansea (cf. the 'Preliminary Announcement, in 1848 of the proposed British Copper Smelting Association, in I.C.I. Metals Division Papers at the Landore Works near Swansea).
................. J. Darlington in their Annals of Mining and Metallurgy (1857), p. 30. Especially are the figures for the earlier years of the table (down to 1745) lower than the annual average obtained from Pryce's decennial figures. 1 This may be due to some extent to discrepancies in the matter of including or not including the amounts of ore obtained in Cornwall by companies which owned, wholly or in part, certain Cornish mines. Footnotes (f) and (g) for 1753 and 1754 in Table I show that ore thus obtained by at least one firm smelting outside Cornwall was omitted from the totals for those years. Again the movements shown on the graph based on Table I agree fairly well with those in the less detailed graph given by Professor Hoffman, plotting an index of copper ore output---apart from the much greater amplitude of the swings on his graph for the 1730's and 1740's, and some divergences also in the direction of the movements during the 1730's. 2
Eleven of the twenty-seven companies named in Table I operated in South Wales during the period 1729-1784, though not necessarily for all the years for which they bought Cornish ores. Those companies are listed in Table II in the order in which they appear in Table I and the place and date of their enterprises in South Wales is given and compared with the dates of their purchases of Cornish ores. Two of the other companies in Table I, the Brass Wire Co. of Bristol and Roe & Co. of Macclesfield, had smelting works in South Wales in a later period.
R. O. ROBERTS.
University College of Swansea.
- 1. Moreover, in a note on 'Cornish Statistical Material' in his Industrial Revolution in Cornwall (Liverpool University Press, 1953) Dr. J. Rowe states that even Pryce's figures, which 'may have been derived from ticketing records', do not include private sales of copper ore. Some of these private sales, however, may only represent transfers of ores from the smaller enterprises to the larger concerns which disposed of them publicly.
- 2. op. cit., p. 309.
TABLE I has not been extracted, it comprises 5 pages of data (amounts by weight) for each year from 1729-1784 in respect of 'the amount of copper bought in Cornwall by various firms' (not just those in Wales).
COMPANIES NAMED IN TABLE I WHICH OPERATED IN SOUTH WALES BETWEEN 1729 AND 1784
No. of Co. in Table I
Place and time of operation in South Wales
Dates of purchases of Cornish Ore (from Table I)
Lockwood and Co. (alias Morris, Lockwood and Co.)
Llangyfelach Works, Landore,Swansea, 1726-1748
Cambrian Works, Swansea, 1735-1745
Upper Forest, Morriston, 1748-c.1790
English Copper Co. (alias Governor and Co. of Copper Miners in England)
Melincryddan, Neath, 1742-1763
Taibach, Port Talbot, 1774-1838
Cwmavon, 1841-1848, 1852-1875
Co. of Mineral Manufactures
Melincryddan, Neath, 1713-1731
The Welsh Copper Co. (alias Governor and Co. of Copper Miners in the Principality of Wales)
Neath Abbey Works, 1721-1730-?
Coster and Co.
Melincryddan, Neath 1732-1739
Jos. Percevall and Co. (became Freeman and Co. in 1764)
White Rock, Landore, Swansea, 1744-1870
C. Townsend and Co. (John Rotton and Co. from 1764)
Middle Bank, Landore, Swansea, 1755-1769
Upper Bank, Landore, Swansea, 1758-? 1777-?
Mines Royal Co. (alias Mines Royal Society)
Neath Abbey, 1757-1862-?
Rogerstone, Newport, 1772-?
Geo. Pengree and Co
Middle Bank, Landore, Swansea, 1769-1785-?
Gnoll Copper Co. (alias Gnoll Works Co.)
Melincryddan, Neath, I779-c.1790.
Fenton and Chacewater Co
Rose Copper Works, Landore, Swansea, 1780/81-1797


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Gardeners have long valued lavender plants thanks to their strong aroma, silvery leaves, toddy stems, and beautiful purple flowers. However, they are not always the easiest plants to maintain due to their large size and imposing disposition. With that in mind, have you considered growing a lavender tree instead?
Like all species of lavender, these trees need plenty of sunlight, scant water, and plenty of well-draining soil or nutrient-rich compost. If you already have experience growing lavender plants, there are a few additional points to brush up on when ‘upgrading’ to trees – but they are marvelously simple to maintain.
What exactly is a lavender tree?
Lavender trees, or topiaries, are technically plants trained into tree-like shapes and growths. They are called ‘trees’ thanks to their profile and stature, though when clipped and trained into this style, lavender will only grow to around three feet at its tallest.
Lavender trees are easy to cultivate indoors and outdoors, either in pots or directly in a well-draining medium. They will grow from one long woody stem, or trunk, and are pruned specifically to grow taller, with naked stems and bushy tops, making them look like small trees.
Regardless of where you place and/or plant a lavender tree, their tops can grow to be a maximum of two feet wide – making pruning an essential practice. Keeping these trees well cut will also help you keep them to a shape you find aesthetically pleasing. As with growing and caring for lavender in general, regular pruning will also ensure that your trees continue to bloom for the coming seasons.
Can I grow any species of lavender into a tree?
You can grow lavender trees from multiple species, but the two most commonly pruned into these topiary shapes are Spanish and English lavender – they propagate wildly in the US and are among the easiest to grow from scratch.
While similar in look and scent, English lavender is much hardier than its Spanish cousin – meaning choosing the English variety is likely prudent if you wish to grow and keep lavender trees outside.
How long do lavender trees live for?
Lavender trees will only last up to five years on average, blooming after the first year – as with most species of lavender at ‘plant level’. In its more natural, bush-like shape, lavender can easily last up to 15 years – meaning while aesthetically pleasing, a lavender tree is only ever going to be a temporary fixture in your garden.
This decreased longevity is thought to be a result of training and pruning – rather than letting your lavender plant grow wild and bushy. If you’d prefer to keep lavender in your garden for as long as possible, topiary may not be of much interest.
What are the benefits of growing a lavender tree?
Many gardeners prefer lavender trees as they provide the delightful sights and smells of the base plant without the potential for overgrowth – or intensive upkeep.
Lavender has many key benefits in general, from its sweet smell to its unique look and, of course, its ability to deter certain pests, such as mosquitoes. It’s also fantastic for attracting more beneficial wildlife such as bees, butterflies, and even hummingbirds.
However, in ideal conditions, lavender can become difficult to manage if left to propagate wildly. Most varieties will grow thick and fast, tall and wide. What’s more, growing some other species too close to lavender can even prove difficult, as it can quickly take over a bed or area if not well-maintained.
Lavender trees are considerably easier to maintain from a mobility standpoint, as they will grow to waist height or taller, therefore simpler to prune and manage at arms’ length. Despite their shorter longevity compared to the base plants, lavender trees are reportedly easier to manage in terms of temperature and feeding. For example, you can simply move less hardy specimens, if kept in pots, inside during intensively hot or cold periods.
Lavender trees are also highly popular with gardeners with little space to grow crops or flowers. You may find it simple to cultivate and prune a lavender tree on a balcony or as part of an indoor arrangement in a conservatory or greenhouse. Providing you are careful not to make your tree’s soil too moist, and offer it lots of daily sunlight, these growths will thrive well in the city as well as off the land.
Many gardeners will also find that lavender trees are surprisingly resistant against drought, despite the lavender plant’s sometimes infamous care demands.
Growing a lavender tree yourself – where to start
While you can purchase perennial lavender as trees outright, growing a lavender tree from scratch allows you to shape the plant as you wish – and it’s arguably a much more rewarding process.
A lavender tree is likely to fare best in USDA zones five up through nine in the direct sun outside – and you’ll need to try and keep your soil pH between 6.5 and 7.5 for the best growth and flowering results. Soil PH is easily managed by adding elements to the growth medium and by regularly checking levels with a testing strip. Regardless, if you live in a particularly dry and sunny area, you’re likely to be the perfect host for a lavender tree.
Ideally, start by investing in a small lavender plant and prune it as soon as it flowers. This equally applies if you’re growing your own lavender from seed. Prune the side stems of your lavender until the shape resembles that of a small tree, always leaving the strongest stem in the middle, as this will be the tree’s main trunk.
To maintain the strong, upright shape of the central stem, plant and tie a bamboo stick for added support.
If you plan on growing your tree in a pot, choose a pot at least two inches wider (in circumference) than the lavender root ball. This will help the moisture spread out and ensure that the tree has plenty of room as it grows. As with all lavender plants, drainage is a must – and your pot will need lots of drainage holes to allow water to leak through.
Plant the tree in well-draining soil or nutrient-rich compost, and place your pot in full sunlight. If it is too cold outside (e.g. during winter or spring frosts), you can feel free to keep your pot indoors. Ideally, the plant will need at least six hours of sunlight daily, so choose a bright spot in your home as the sun rises or falls.
Alternatively, if you wish to plant a lavender tree directly into the ground, wait until spring or towards the start of summer – as your plant will need warm, readily-draining soil to thrive outdoors. Choose a bright spot in your garden, ideally with minimal wind. If your tree’s at risk of weather damage, consider supporting it with a bamboo cane or shielding it with a parasol to offer shade if drying out.
Caring for your lavender tree – key points to remember
Caring for a lavender tree mainly revolves around keeping it finely pruned and shaped to your standards and ensuring it’s within full view of the sun. Much like in its plant form, a lavender tree isn’t likely to need much fertilization, but careful watering is necessary.
Watering your lavender tree
Once your lavender tree has been potted and placed (inside or out), give it a little water to help it settle. Ideally, you should water it whenever the top inch of soil becomes thoroughly dry. Lavender – even in tree form – struggles immensely with root rot and fungi, meaning excessive moisture is always likely to stunt its growth.
It’s also worth noting that while many trees have long, deep-reaching roots, lavender plants are infamously short-rooted – meaning they can’t drink from deep down into the soil.
Pruning and shaping your lavender tree
To maintain the shape of your lavender tree as it continues to grow, you will need to prune it regularly. Stems will continue to grow out of the sides of the central ‘trunk’ – you will need to cut them back a few times a year, sometimes even into the tree’s adulthood.
It’s best to check your tree stems every week during the growing season and to keep your lavender blooming after its first year in the soil, don’t be afraid to prune it twice. The first prune should occur after flowering, and the second should occur at the start of fall.
Lavender trees and temperature
If potting indoors, keep your lavender tree in a relatively dry part of your home. Ideal temperatures should be between 65˚ and 70˚ Fahrenheit at all times for most lavender trees to thrive. If your home’s unlikely to get this warm, it may be worth keeping your plants outside.
There should also be plenty of air circulation in your chosen room, so try to open a window or keep doors open as you move about during the day. Drafts can cause lavender plants and trees distress – they are easily shocked – so keep your growth away from any direct inlets of air or wind.
Managing your lavender tree during winter and spring
If your lavender tree usually lives outside but needs to overwinter indoors, it is important to bring it in gradually to avoid shocking and killing the plant.
Once the temperature outside falls below 60˚ Fahrenheit, start bringing your lavender tree in for a few hours per day. Always keep it in a sunny spot in your house, ideally near a window where it can get full sunlight. Every day, you can start bringing it in for longer periods, thus helping to acclimate your tree to its new surroundings steadily.
It is likely to take up to a week for an outdoor lavender tree to fully acclimatize to being indoors, after which point it can stay inside full-time until warmer weather returns.
During the winter, you will need to rotate your plant slightly every week. Even turning it by just a quarter-rotation each time will help to ensure that the whole plant gets plenty of sunlight.
Cut back on watering your lavender tree during this time – but don’t let the soil dry out completely, and always check the top layers before watering to avoid root rot.
When it’s time to return outside in the spring, repeat the process of moving your tree into its new scenario little by little. Start taking it out for a few hours daily, increasing the time every day for a week. You should keep it in a sunny spot, away from the wind.
Once this initial week has passed, you can generally expect to leave your lavender tree outside full-time until the cold weather returns!
As the spring arrives, so too should the spring pruning! Cut the stems back by at least one-third to promote healthy growth throughout the season. Never cut on the woody part of the stems, or they will not regrow in that area.
It is also a good idea to deadhead the flowers throughout the season. You can use the dead heads in your home or garden as potpourri or insect repellent. You can easily promote a second bloom during the season by deadheading them.
Is it worth growing a lavender tree?
Many people prefer growing lavender trees as they can trim and train their plants into ornamental shapes – while still adding that famous, heady scent to any garden or rockery. Lavender plants are popular with gardeners and homeowners who want to move their plants around a lot, and those who may not have too much space for a full flower bed.
Best of all, lavender is a proven pollinator marvel, is rich in nectar, and readily blooms every spring. Lavender is a popular herb used in cuisine and medicine – but it’s most famous as a charming visual complement to any wild garden. Lavender trees may not live as long as wild plant specimens, but they can still bring character – and wildlife – to your outdoor space.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
is a genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs, in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family Fabaceae
. The generic name is derived from the Greek word µ?µ?? (mimos), meaning "mimic."
There are two species in the genus that are notable. One is Mimosa pudica, because of the way it folds its leaves when touched or exposed to heat. It is native to southern Central and South America but is widely cultivated elsewhere for its curiosity value, both as a houseplant in temperate areas, and outdoors in the tropics. Outdoor cultivation has led to weedy invasion in some areas, notably Hawaii. The other is Mimosa tenuiflora, which is best known for its use in shamanic ayahuasca brews due to the psychedelic drug dimethyltryptamine found in its root bark.
The taxonomy of the genus Mimosa has had a tortuous history, having gone through periods of splitting and lumping, ultimately accumulating over 3,000 names, many of which have either been synonymized under other species or transferred to other genera. In part due to these changing circumscriptions, the name "Mimosa" has also been applied to several other related species with similar pinnate or bipinnate leaves, but are now classified in other genera, most commonly to Albizia julibrissin (silk tree) and Acacia dealbata (wattle).
Members of this genus are among the few plants capable of rapid movement; examples outside of Mimosa include the telegraph plant, and the venus flytrap. The leaves of the plant close quickly when touched. Some mimosas raise their leaves in day and lower them at night, and experiments done by Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan on mimosas in 1729 provided the first evidence of biological clocks. Mimosa can be distinguished from the large related genera, Acacia and Albizia, since its flowers have 10 or fewer stamens. Note that, botanically, what appears to be a single globular flower is actually a cluster of many individual ones. Mimosa contains some level of heptanoic acid.
There are about 400 species including:
Mimosa aculeaticarpa Ortega
Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera Ortega
Mimosa arenosa (Willd.) Poir.
Mimosa asperata L.
Mimosa borealis Gray
Mimosa casta L.
Mimosa ceratonia L.
Mimosa diplotricha C.Wright ex Sauvalle
Mimosa dysocarpa Benth.
Mimosa dysocarpa var. dysocarpa Benth.
Mimosa emoryana Benth.
Mimosa grahamii Gray
Mimosa grahamii var. grahamii Gray
Mimosa hystricina (Small ex Britt. et Rose) B.L.Turner
Mimosa latidens (Small) B.L. Turner
Mimosa laxiflora Benth.
Mimosa malacophylla Gray
Mimosa microphylla Dry.
Mimosa nuttallii (DC.) B.L. Turner
Mimosa pellita Kunth ex Willd.
Mimosa pigra L.
Mimosa pigra var. pigra L.
Mimosa pudica L. - La sensitive
Mimosa quadrivalvis L.
Mimosa quadrivalvis var. hystricina (Small) Barneby
Mimosa roemeriana Scheele
Mimosa rubicaulis Lam.
Mimosa rupertiana B.L. Turner
Mimosa scabrella Benth.
Mimosa schomburgkii Benth.
Mimosa strigillosa Torr. et Gray
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (= Mimosa hostilis)
Mimosa texana (Gray) Small
Mimosa turneri Barneby
Mimosa verrucosa Benth.


These bizarre artifacts, wagon-wheel sized, solid disks of bronze and jade, appearing as giant cymbals, each possessing intricately carved spokes and patterns of seemingly meaningless concentric circles and swirling spirals, have dumbfounded historians and sages for generations.
The wheels differ in size; ones anywhere from four to seven feet across have been found over the centuries. The strange designs differ slightly or more so from each wheel as well.
These items are relics from antiquity. That is agreed upon. No one to date however has surmised how these disks were once used or what they may have signified, much to anyone elses satisfaction. Most frustrating of all, they radiate a mild magic charge, yet no powers have yet been discovered by the few arcanalogists who have been able to examine one of these wheels at length.
In truth, they were merely the many discarded and buried ear spools of an antediluvian race of giants, who once eons ago, ruled the human lands, and whose civilization was wiped out long before the human races even kept track of history. These giants particular societal traditions and vanities included the wearing of ear-spools, not unlike some Amazonian or Central American native tribes of our world do to this day. Slits were cut into the lobes of the ears, and engraved and stylized bronze and jade plugs or disks were fitted into the holes, causing the lobes to stretch expand greatly over time.
As in the mentioned cultures, these antediluvian giants wore the disks as jewelry, often using them as symbols of societal status. It should be noted also that these were no hill or stone giants, but a progenitor race of behemoths, some towering eighty or even a hundred feet into the air. Their earlobes therefore stretched over many years, could indeed become obscenely large, and quite able to hold huge decorative objects in their fleshy grasps. Few human texts today if any, even mention these gargantuan beings, and they are almost forgotten to history, not to mention the knowledge of what might have passed for jewelry back in their day.
There are those convinced however, that the Wheels of Akh-Tzilmzil are something else entirely. And this is how in fact these mysterious objects acquired their modern names. Legends speak of this Akh-Tzilmzil, the Great Destroyer, a demonic being asleep for eons. It is written in foul texts, that Akh-Tzilmzil will return one day, when the sixty four wheels of his magical chariot are found. The chariot itself was long ago destroyed, but the same ancient, foul texts speak of it in awe, claiming that the juggernaut blotted out the sun as it rolled, and was drawn by sixteen dire bison, huge undead beasts, with matted, rotted fur clinging in grotesque clumps along their blackened spines. It is written in apocryphal scrolls that this great chariot, the Akh-Tzilmzil, was a machine of doom, and obliterated the great walled cities of men, as it crashed into them, leaving the inhabitants helpless to stop the ravenous hordes of the Sleeping Demons minions from descending upon them. It is believed by some erroneously, that the ear ornaments of the ancient giants are in fact the wheels of this erstwhile chariot, and that if the mighty thing was built once more, and the many wheels, scattered about the world re-assembled, no force could then withstand the rider of the Akh-Tzilmzil.
So there are those to this day, who search the globe for the sixty-four "wheels", at the behest of dark masters, and there are those who seek the materials to rebuild the fearsome weapon of destruction itself.
Maddeningly, (to sages and others), the wheels do radiate with slight magic vibration if detected for, however they possess no known powers.


Located in Allentown, Pennsylvania, the Lehigh Valley Heritage Museum is a 30,000-square-foot museum facility operated by the Lehigh County Historical Society, showcasing exhibits related to the social and cultural history of the Lehigh Valley region in the 20th and 21st centuries.
The Lehigh County Historical Society was founded in 1904 for the purposes of collecting and preserving artifacts and documents related to the social and cultural history of the Lehigh Valley region. The Society was the vision of Allentown citizen Charles Rhoades Roberts, who began the Society’s library and archive repository for preserving collection items. As one of the largest historical societies in the United States, the Society now holds a collection of more than three million historic documents and 75.000 archival photographs. In 1964, the Society was granted nonprofit organization status, and in 1976, it moved its collections into the Old Lehigh County Courthouse, which was constructed in 1817 and abandoned after the construction of a new courthouse facility in the early 1960s. In 2005, the Society moved its collections from the Old Lehigh County Courthouse to a new public museum facility on the city’s West Walnut Street.
Permanent Exhibits and Collections
Today, the Lehigh Valley Heritage Museum is one of the largest historical society museums in the United States, presenting six exhibit galleries within 13,000 square feet of exhibit space. The 30,000-square-foot museum facility serves as the headquarters for the Lehigh County Historical Society, which oversees all museum operations and collections. As a nonprofit organization, the Society is dedicated to the preservation of the region’s social and cultural history for future generations and offers a variety of public programming designed to foster civic engagement and historical consciousness attitudes in Lehigh Valley citizens.
The museum’s permanent Lehigh Valley History exhibit is housed within the National Penn Bank Historical Exhibit Gallery and explores the history of the Lehigh Valley region from its indigenous occupation to its present-day innovations. Exhibit areas are structured around major cultures and trades that have called the Lehigh Valley region home, from the Lenni Lenape indigenous tribe to the area’s settlement by Pennsylvania Germans and its role in 20th-century industries such as iron, cement, and silk. Major artifact collections on display include Lenape tools, Pennsylvania German folk art, and items related to the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the area’s participation in major 20th-century international conflicts. Exhibit artifacts are rotated on a continuing basis to provide new exhibit experiences for return visitors.
In addition to permanent exhibits, the museum also offers a variety of temporary exhibits rotated on a periodic basis, typically opened in conjunction with a major holiday or museum special event. Past temporary exhibits have included the Native Americans: A Diverse and Evolving History exhibit, which explored the past, present, and future of the area’s indigenous tribes, and the Zinc Industry in Palmerton, Pennsylvania exhibit, which examined the natural and economic impact of the zinc industry on the region throughout the 20th century.The American Presidency showcased collections of items related to the campaigns and office terms of influential American presidents such as Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy, while The 1960s: A Decade that Transformed America explored the decade’s impact on popular culture and minority rights movements.
The Lehigh County Historical Society’s Library and Archives facility is one of the most significant historical archives in the state of Pennsylvania, offering research opportunities by appointment for students and scholars in a reading room setting supervised by museum staff. A museum gift store sells a wide variety of historically-inspired gifts, books, and multimedia items. Several living history museum sites within the Allentown region are also administered by the Lehigh County Historical Society, including the 1770 Trout Hall, the 1756 Troxell-Steckel Farm Museum, the 1893 Claussville School, the Historic Haines Mill, the Historic Lockridge Furnace Museum, and the Saylor Park Cement Kilms. Guided tours of the museum sites may be arranged for small groups and organizations by appointment.
Ongoing Programs and Education
Guided tours of the Lehigh Valley Heritage Museum may be arranged for small groups and organizations, including curriculum-incorporated tours for elementary and secondary school groups. All tour programs for students follow Pennsylvania State and Common Core academic standards. A speaker’s bureau program and historic reenactors are available for outreach programming in the classroom and at community and business events. Historic reenactments are also presented at the museum periodically on weekends in collaboration with current rotating exhibits and public special events. Annual special events include a Fabulous Flapper’s Mother’s Day Tea event and a holiday model train display.
432 Walnut St, Allentown, PA, website, Phone: 610-435-1074


What is the law of consistencies?
Kepler’s 3rd law often described as the law of consistencies compares the orbital duration and radius of orbit of a world to those of other worlds.
Hereof, what are Kepler’s 3 laws?
There are really 3, Kepler’s laws that is, of planetary movement: 1) every world’s orbit is an ellipse with the Sun at a focus; 2) a line signing up with the Sun and a world purges equivalent locations in equivalent times; and 3) the square of a world’s orbital duration is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its
One may likewise ask, what are Kepler’s 3 Laws Why are they crucial? Description: Kepler’s laws explain how worlds (and asteroids and comets) orbit the sun. They can likewise be utilized to explain how moons orbit around a world. However, they do not simply use to our planetary system they can be utilized to explain the orbits of any exoplanet around any star.
Herein, what is the equivalent location law?
General Astronomy/Kepler’s Laws Kepler’s 2nd Law, or The Law of Equal Locations in Equal Time The line in between a world and the sun purges equivalent locations in the aircraft of the world’s orbit over equivalent times.
What is Kepler’s second law called?
Kepler’s 2nd law of planetary movement explains the speed of a world taking a trip in an elliptical orbit around the sun. It specifies that a line in between the sun and the world sweeps equivalent locations in equivalent times. Hence, the speed of the world increases as it nears the sun and reduces as it declines from the sun.
Associated Concern Responses.
What are Kepler’s 3 Laws called?
Kepler’s 3 laws of planetary movement can be specified as follows: (1) All worlds move about the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the foci. (2) A radius vector signing up with any world to the Sun purges equivalent locations in equivalent lengths of time.
What is Kepler’s very first law?
Kepler’s laws of planetary movement In Kepler’s laws of planetary movement. … be specified as follows: (1) All worlds move about the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the foci. (2) A radius vector signing up with any world to the Sun purges equivalent locations in equivalent lengths of time.
What do you imply by Kepler’s law?
Meaning of Kepler’s law 1: a declaration in astronomy: the orbit of each world is an ellipse that has the sun at one focus. 2: a declaration in astronomy: the radius vector from the sun to each world creates equivalent orbital locations in equivalent times.
Do we still utilize Kepler’s laws?
While Newton’s laws generalize Kepler’s laws, a lot of issues connected to the durations of orbits are still finest fixed utilizing Kepler’s laws, given that they are easier. Worlds relocate elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. The line signing up with worlds to either focus purges equivalent locations in equivalent times.
The number of Newton laws exist?
What is Newton’s variation of Kepler’s 3rd law?
Newton established a more basic kind of what was called Kepler’s Third Law that might use to any 2 items orbiting a typical center of gravity. This is called Newton’s Variation of Kepler’s Third Law: M1 + M2 = A3/ P2. Unique systems should be utilized to make this formula work.
How precise are Kepler’s laws?
Yes, for items in orbit far enough from their host body so as not to be affected by variances from round balance (e.g., oblateness), moving at non-relativistic speeds, and not troubled considerably by other, more remote items, Kepler’s laws are precise
What is Kepler’s law of location?
The Law of Orbits: All worlds relocate elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focus. 2. The Law of Locations: A line that links a world to the sun purges equivalent locations in equivalent times. 3. The Law of Durations: The square of the duration of any world is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit.
What is the formula for Kepler’s second law?
Kepler’s Second Law Revisited. “Equal locations in equivalent times” suggests the rate at which location is purged on the orbit (dA/dt) is continuous. So Kepler’s Second Law Modified: The rate at which a world purges location on its orbit amounts to half its angular momentum divided by its mass (the particular angular momentum).
What is Kepler’s 3rd law?
3rd law of Kepler The square of the orbital duration of a world is straight proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. This catches the relationship in between the range of worlds from the Sun, and their orbital durations.
What is the relationship in between Newton’s 3 laws and Kepler’s 3 laws?
what is the relationship in between newtons 3 laws and Kepler’s 3 laws? newton’s laws are basic and use to any movement, while Kepler’s laws use just to planetary movement in the planetary system. made comprehensive measurements of the movements of the worlds in the sky.
What is Kepler’s 3rd law utilized for?
Kepler’s 3rd law of planetary movement states that the typical range of a world from the Sun cubed is straight proportional to the orbital duration squared. Because Newton’s law of gravity uses to any things with mass, Kepler’s laws can be utilized for any things orbiting another things.
Check Out Complete Short Article https://everythingwhat.com/what-is-the-law-of-harmonies .


Today’s Needull is a Youtube video from the always-so-awesome RocketJump Film School on the importance of the use of Black & White in Cinema. From the brief history of black & white movies to different forms of cinema developed due to limited technology to modern cinemas re-released in black & white, this narrative is an eye opener for anyone who thinks colours add life to movies.
Sometimes, it is the lack of them that does.
“Black and white” isn’t actually a genre of film. Rather, there are a multitude of different kinds of films that have all used black and white as a unique storytelling tool. Cinema’s history of black and white film is a rich one, filled with movies that have defined the very essence of cinema, that invite you to escape into new worlds, see things in new ways, experience the thrill and strangeness of fantasy, as well as the severity and truth of the real world. This video will explore how filmmakers have used black-and-white to the story’s advantage, and why it can be so beautiful and compelling.


Healthy people, healthy places
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The presence of arthritis was measured as the population aged 12 or older who reported that a health professional had diagnosed them as having arthritis. Prior to 2007 respondents were asked "Do you have arthritis or rheumatism, excluding fibromyalgia?" In 2007, the word "rheumatism" was removed from the question.
Arthritis is an important indicator of population health because it is a highly prevalent chronic condition that affects the daily life of many Canadians and places demands on the health care system.
Arthritis is a highly prevalent chronic condition that increases with age. This has implications for Canada's aging population1.
Arthritis is associated with mobility limitations and dependency in activities of daily living1.
Canadians who reported arthritis were more likely to use medications and be multiple medication users2.
Studies have found an association between arthritis and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Long-term HRT increases the risk of arthritis in middle-aged and older women3.
Men and women who were obese had higher odds of developing arthritis than did those who reported acceptable weight6.
Arthritis and/or rheumatism was the most commonly reported chronic condition among Métis adults; at 21% it was more prevalent among this population than for Canadians as a whole (13%)7.
- The age-standardized prevalence of arthritis in Canada remained relatively stable from 2000/2001 through 2008.
- Females were consistently more likely than males to report a diagnosis of arthritis.
Note: Age–standardized to 1991 Canada population, direct method. Prior to 2008 respondents were asked "Do you have arthritis or rheumatism, excluding fibromyalgia?" In 2008, the word "rheumatism" was removed from the question.
Age group and sex
- In 2008 15.3% of Canadians aged 12 or older reported a diagnosis of arthritis (4.3 million): 12.0% of males (1.7 million) and 18.5% of females (2.6 million).
- In every age group except the youngest (12 to 24), females were more likely than males to have arthritis. The differences were large at older ages: among people aged 65 or older, females were 50% more likely than males to report a diagnosis of arthritis.
- Arthritis is relatively uncommon at ages 12 to 24—just over 1 in 100 people reported a diagnosis of arthritis in 2008 (1. 1% of males and 1.2% of females).
- As in other countries8, arthritis in Canada becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age; approximately one in three (33.8%) senior males and one in two (50.6%) senior females reported arthritis in 2008.
- Although arthritis is associated with aging, a substantial number of Canadians in their prime working years report this condition. At ages 45 to 64, for example, 17.2% of males and 24.8% of females, representing more than 1.9 million people, reported a diagnosis of arthritis in 2008.
- The age-standardized prevalence of arthritis varied considerably across the country.
- In 2008, Quebec residents were less likely than Canadians overall to report arthritis.
- The crude estimates of arthritis were significantly lower in Alberta and the territories than in Canada overall, but these differences disappeared once the younger age structures in these areas were taken into account.
- For Prince Edward Island, the crude estimate of arthritis was significantly higher than for Canada overall but once the older age structure in the province was taken into account, there was no significant difference.
- For the remaining Atlantic provinces, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, estimates of arthritis were higher than for Canada overall, even when differences in age structure were taken into account.
Note: Age–standardized, direct method to 1991 Canada population.
Millar WJ. Hip and knee replacement. Health Reports (Statistics Canada, Catalogue 82-003) 2002;14(1):37-50.
Wang PP, Badley EM. Consistent low prevalence of arthritis in Quebec: Findings from a provincial variation study in Canada based on several population health surveys. Journal of Rheumatology 2003; 30(1): 126-31.
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If we lived in Eastern Mexico or Central America where there is no frost, Mexican bush sage, salvia leucantha, would stay green all year and grow into a woody shrub.
In our zone seven climate, its summertime 2- to 4-foot tall growth and long flower clusters make it well worth growing anyway.
The white flowers extend from purple or lavender calyces in 6 to 10 inch long clusters. In fact, mostly what you see as rays of abundant flowers are actually calyces.
The rays of calyces and flowers can be used in cut flower arrangements and the calyces can be dried for fall decorating.
Said to prefer full sun, in our heat, Mexican sage can grow beautifully in part shade, as long as it gets six hours of sun. Otherwise it can become tall and skimpy, reaching for sunlight. Another way to keep the bush full is to prune it around June. The flowers should be removed after they fade.
Group Mexican sage with other moderate-moisture need plants such as thyme, butterfly bush, rosemary and other salvias.
It is pest, deer and disease resistant.
Bush sage can also be grown in a patio pot. The butterflies and hummingbirds will seek out the flowers in the fall no matter where it blooms.
The flowers that fill the plant from late-August to first frost will make you wonder how to keep it in the garden for next fall.
Sharon Owen, owner of Moonshadow Herb Farm in Muskogee, said that while you can take cuttings of Mexican bush sage for next year, an easier propagation method is to take root cuttings and grow new plants from emerging shoots in the spring.
Perennial salvia can also be rooted at the soil level. Bend an outer branch down and remove the leaves and branching where it will touch the ground. Cover the bare branch with soil to help it root over the winter. I usually cover the soil with a few layers of newspaper topped with a rock to hold it all in place.
Another way to help a zone eight to 10 plant survive the winter is to mulch the roots. After the first frost, put a wire cage around the plant and fill the cage with pine needles or loose straw. Avoid using leaves because they pack when they get wet, preventing air circulation.
Do not prune Mexican sage shrub until new growth emerges in the spring. This year’s branches and leaves will provide some additional winter protection.
• Mountain Valley Growers has all purple, www.mountainvalleygrowers.com.
• Plant Delights has the midnight variety www.plantdelights.com.
• Proven Winners has pink Santa Barbara Mexican bush sage, www.provenwinners.com.
• Sooner Plant Farm has dwarf Mexican bush sage Santa Barbara that grows 12 inches tall, www.soonerplantfarm. com.


A few things jump out of this map:
(1.) Tibet is important, real important. These rivers feed half the world and these are the population centres of what we mean by “Asia.”
(1a.) Continents ultimately are arbitrary political constructs; what geographic feature cuts off Europe from Asia (is it really the Urals)? This map represents “core Asia” and more than ever I can see why the Middle East has an entirely different orientation. If a world government did ever come about; for fairness sake there would have to be some redistribution in how the Asian super-continent is treated; Africa’s population is burgeoning but difficult to see how it can match this.
(2.) It’s interesting to see how all the South Asian rivers have a common source (the Ganges has another source); a poetic meditation on the unity of the Subcontinent.
(3.) invaders or not; foreign or alien what is admirable about the Aryans is the extent to which they co-opted local traditions. As most readers of this blog know, Mt. Kailash is known as the home of Shiva and it literally feeds the Subcontinent.
(3b) Each initial wave seemed to have weaker and weaker ties to the land. The AASI seemed to have settled in the mists of pre-history, the (Elamitic?) Dravidian farmers may have fused with them to found the Indus Valley Civ.
(3c) the best way to think of the Aryan invasion is the Mongol conquests. The demographics of Central Asia and Mesopotamia shifted (and collapsed) as they did not (only) because of the rapacity of the Mongols but because of the failure to maintain the qanat (complex irrigation systems). I know that for a fact in Greater Iran whereas I can’t be sure that they used qanats in Mesopotamia.
(3d) At any rate either the Aryans filled in an ecological collapse (which seems unlikely since they spread with a rapidity elsewhere meaning that they had some technical and military advantage) or they triggered it. The indigenous compounded Dravidian-Negrito/Australasian (sorry for the loaded terms but easier to use Arya/Dravid than the newfangled terms) collapses and the remainder population did a Latin America where Aryans males were polygamous and high status.
(3e) the Aryans were the last invaders to both fully merge and embrace India as their core civilisation. The Muslim (Turkic?) invaders were oriented West and the British even further West. Each succeeding invasion wave was invested in India by an order of magnitude less than the preceding wave. The English returned to their colonies, the Muslims created Pakistan and the Aryans kept Aryavarta while the Dravidians have their local politics that tie them (especially in TN; the heart of the Dravidian movement).
(3f) I know it’s contentious but I would imagine the AASI would be like the Negrito coastal population and a related equivalent further upriver in the Indus prior to the Dravidian farmer wave. Prehistory was probably pretty ugly and tragic we just don’t know about it as we don’t have records but think the New World repeated time and time again.
(4) a final point as to why Iran may not have had as much a genetic impact. The Iranian plateau is exactly that a plateau. As I was told in Tehran a couple of years ago by a geographic; the mountain is life, every city in Iran is based on hills and mountains the rest is all desert (fertile plains are in short supply). It’s probably why it’s difficult to effect population replace in Iran as it is in its neighbours (Turko-Mongols introversion in Central Asia, Arabs influx in Mesopotamia, Aryan “invasion” in the Indus).
That’s all I can think for now btw the title is a bit misleading since Aryans are always a good lede lol.


Authors: Mike Cantelon, Marc Harter, TJ Holowaychuk & Nathan Rajlich
Reviewer: Ian Elliot
Node.js has come from nowhere to almost global domination in what seems like a few months. It is a very simple idea that has lots of complex consequences.
This book attempts to cover a the wide range of things that you might use Node.js for by going over the difficulties of building an asynchronous server that starts off with just the bare facility to send an HTTP packet. To get from here to the sorts of facilities you find in a typical webserver you have to do a lot of work. Or rather, you don't because you simply make use of libraries to do the job.
Part 1 of this book starts off with a look at Node fundamentals. It goes fairly slowly though the idea of non-blocking code on the client side and then explains that its just the same on the server side. As someone else said "Node.js is just like onclick" - which is true enough.
After you have the basic idea that Node.js is mostly asynchronous, Chapter 2 takes you into a big application. If you don't like books that present you with ideas using big examples you aren't going to get along with this one. It takes its "in action" title fairly seriously. For me the big example of a chat room was difficult to follow; it uses ideas not really introduced at this point such as sockets, which are discussed in depth in Chapter 13.
More successful is Chapter 3, and I suggest you skip to it if the example in Chapter 2 doesn't work out for you. This discusses modules which are fairly easy to understand, and then dives into the central issue of using Node.js - managing asynchronous flow of control. It does a good job of explaining the low level problem, but then just passes the solution to the Nimble library without really explaining it or the alternatives. It would have been nice to read something about promises or similar approaches to asynchronous flow. A bigger omission is that it doesn't explain how to deal with iteration or conditional execution of asynchronous tasks and it ignores error handling.
Part 2 of the book is about web application development. Chapter 4 introduces the HTTP server object - which as a central Node.js object is a bit late, but the emphasis isn't on the basics but on issues such as using REST, forms and HTTPS. Next we move on to storing data - MySQL, Redis, MongoDB and Mogoose but only a few pages are devoted to each. The next two chapters are about using Connect middleware and the two following ones are on using the Express Framework. This is essentially where Node.js grows enough additional software to start to look a bit more like a web server.
Chapter 10 deals with testing Node and it is basically a general look at unit testing. The final chapter of the section is on templating using EJS, Mustache and Jade. All great as long as you want to use these frameworks.
Part 3 of the book is called "Going Further with Node". This consists of three chapters mostly about deploying and hosting Node applications. Chapter 12 is mostly about using Git, cluster and general configuration issues. Chapter 13 looks at alternative ways of handling web app communications - sockets, TCP/IP and interacting with the operating system. The final chapter is something general about the Node ecosystem - online resources, GitHub and npm repositories.
So is this a good book on Node?
As long as you want lots of code then it probably is. For me its approach was a bit too fragmented to present a clean "this is what you need to do" storyline. It was very difficult to see the bigger picture in among all the different libraries and approaches.
Overall the book got better as it progressed which suggests that it is better suited to the advanced user. If you already know Node.js then this might well be a good addition to your toolkit, but if you are a beginner trying to see what the fuss is about - probably not.