Proposed regulations south of the Canadian border could have positive impacts on the burgeoning lithium industry in Alberta.
On April 12, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced they were proposing more rigorous standards to reduce air pollutant emissions from light-duty and medium vehicles. If passed, the move would have an economic and regulatory impact in Canada, according to the Pembina Institute.
“This could be a golden egg for the economy — the rapid increase in demand for critical minerals both in the U.S. and elsewhere is a potential windfall for the Canadian mining industry,” said Adam Thorn, Transportation Director at the Pembina Institute in a statement.
The American regulations would phase in over model years 2027 through 2032, and according to the Pembina Institute, would see that as much as 67 per cent of new passenger vehicles sold in the U.S. would be electric vehicles by 2032.
“This will pose a significant challenge to automakers; electric passenger vehicles currently make up 5.8 per cent of the new cars and trucks sold in the U.S. every year,” a statement from the Pembina Institute said.
Thorn said American automakers will need to “ramp up their production of electric vehicles.”
“That will certainly have an impact on the Canadian economy given how intertwined our automotive markets are. More than half of the vehicles produced here are sold in the U.S.,” he said.
Robin Boschman director of external affairs for E3 Lithium said overall it’s exciting and there has been much support to develop the electrical vehicle supply chain.
“Which comes down to the batteries required for EVs and the critical components required for those batteries, which includes lithium and other critical minerals as well. There’s just a ton of opportunity,” she said.
According to Natural Resources Canada, lithium is a highly reactive metal that is used to make energy-dense rechargeable batteries for electronics which include the electric vehicles that are set to replace gas cars as countries transition to net-zero emissions.
The demand for resources, such as lithium has increased substantially in recent years, encouraging development of critical mineral resources in Canada and beyond.
On April 11, E3 Lithium announced they had been approved by the Alberta Energy Regulator for a pilot project that will see the company test out technology they have developed to extract the lithium ion from brine.
The project, dubbed the Clearwater Project Area, is located east of Olds. E3 lithium has 16 million tonnes measured indicated lithium carbonate equivalent in their resource which is called the Leduc aquifer, said Boschman.
“According to Natural Resources Canada, this is Canada’s largest measured and indicated lithium resource. So right here at home in Alberta, we have Canada’s largest measured and indicated lithium resource,” she said.
The company will use conventional oil and gas equipment to drill the “about 2.5 km underneath the ground” to extract the brine.
Once the brine is at the surface lithium ion will be extracted from the brine using direct lithium extraction technology.
“So, that technology E3 has been developing its own proprietary technology since its inception… We have been developing and testing our technology for years in a lab environment we have great results and now we will be testing in the field in real-world operating conditions, which is critical to moving up to commercialization,” said Boschman.
The pilot project is expected to run for three months and Boschman said the company hopes to prove their technology works in the field.
“We’re aiming to produce first commercial lithium in 2026. And being able to prove that our technology works in the field is a critical milestone to be able to do so,” she said.
Boschman said the supply demand crunch for lithium that is being driven by the push to accelerate electric vehicle usage is expected to persist into the 2030s.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in May 2022, lithium prices increased seven times prices in early 2021 due to “unprecedented battery demand.”
In a report, the IEA said lithium supplies would need to rise by a third to meet demand in Announced Pledges Scenarios (APS) to meet climate targets.
“Demand for lithium – the commodity with the largest projected demand-supply gap – is projected to increase sixfold to 500 kilotonnes by 2030 in the APS, requiring the equivalent of 50 new average-sized mines,” the report by IEA read.
When it comes to world reserves of lithium Canada ranks sixth, according to Natural Resources Canada, with three per cent of world total reserves.
Boschman said E3 sees themselves and Alberta as playing a huge role in the transition to EVs “by providing one of the critical battery minerals which is lithium in a sustainable way.”
“We were built on a very sophisticated energy industry with a very sophisticated workforce that’s able to transition into the production of this critical mineral. So we have an incredible opportunity in Alberta and we would like to see ourselves paving the way,” she said.
By Jessica Nelson, Local Journalism Initiative Reporter
Original Published on Apr 24, 2023
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Analysis of the Reserve of Iron Ore using the Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) Method, cilt.7, sa.11, ss.170-176, 2020 (Diğer Kurumların Hakemli Dergileri)
As is known, the separation of regional and residual areas is an important issue in gravity and magnetic prospection methods. The aim is to determine the real structures and properties of the objects at the depth of study with the least error. In this study, with the CNN method, we can purify the structures at the desired depth from noise and view the residual structures. Here, the magnetic anomaly map obtained from the magnetic study of the Bingöl region Heylantepe location right above the iron deposit was distinguished by using the CNN method and the Residual anomaly map was obtained. The underground iron ore was modeled from the section taken from the residual anomaly map.


Iron ore is the basic input of steel production.´
It is estimated that, in 2015, 2.1 billion tons of iron ore were produced around the world. Of this total, approximately two thirds were sold at the seaborne market. Australia, Brazil and South Africa are the largest exporters, accounting together for more than 85% of the global seaborne volume.
On the demand side, China is the largest importer. After starting the past decade with a share of less than 20%, China now accounts for 70% of the seaborne imports of iron ore. This transformation was driven by strong economic growth, which stimulated investments in infrastructure and construction, boosting the local production of steel.
With a large steel capacity, Japan, South Korea and Europe are considered mature markets, where lower growth rates are offset by a consistent demand pattern. Altogether, these markets represent 20% of international trade of raw materials.
CSN Mining is the sixth largest exporter of iron ore in the world, serving customers in Asia, Europe, North America and Brazil (for more information, click here).


|Peter Tegart, P.Geo., (President & CEO, Director)|
Mr. Tegart is a geologist with 50 years' experience in exploration and mining having discovered, built and operated numerous mines throughout his career. He was responsible for the purchasing, feasibility study and commissioning of the Lawyers Mine in BC (Cheni Gold Mines), and the Morris Mine in Mexico (Manhattan Minerals). Mr. Tegart was also responsible for the purchase of Tambo Grande property in Peru for Manhattan where he discovered and defined three large massive sulphide deposits. He has served as President and Chief Executive Officer for numerous successful junior companies and is currently director of Findlay Minerals, Nortec Minerals and Midas Gold Inc.
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Mr. Driver serves as a CFO and director of several TSX Venture companies and is considered an expert in finance and taxation. He is a partner of Davidson & Co LLP having merged his wholly owned accounting firm with them in 2002.
|Dr. Antony Harwood, PhD Economic Geology, (Director)|
Dr. Harwood is Executive Chairman of Universal Coal and a director of Montero Mining and Exploration. He was President and CEO of Africo Resources and previously Vice‐President of Generative Exploration for Placer Dome.
|Scott McLean, P.Geo., HBSc. Geology, (Director)|
Mr. McLean is President and CEO of Transition Metals and a founder of HTX Minerals Corp. He spent 24 years with Falconbridge Limited in exploration and management resulting in the discovery of the 15Mt Nickel Rim South Mine in Sudbury, Ontario for which he was named PDAC Prospector of the Year in 2004. Mr. McLean helped found and has acted as President of the Association of Professional Geoscientists of Ontario.
|John Gray BSc., (COO)|
John Gray is CEO of Verde Resources Inc a private copper exploration company. Previously he was CEO of African Aura Resources, an iron & gold exploration company which successfully debuted on the TSX-V in 2008, and which merged with another west African iron & gold development company in 2009. Prior to that, he was involved in junior exploration start-ups targeting copper-gold porphyry deposits in Serbia and Spain, and base metal targets in Sweden. He gained much of his practical experience as a project geologist then as a freelance geologist in copper and gold exploration in Canada, South America and eastern Europe for Homestake, Noranda, Rayrock and several junior explorers.


Rio Tinto cut its forecast for iron ore shipments this year, citing labor restrictions in its main Australian production region.
The company expects shipments from the Pilbara, a major iron ore producing region in the state of Western Australia, to now be in the range of 320 million to 325 million tonnes by 2021. That is the lower limit of the previous guidance for 325 million to 340 million tons. announced from Melbourne on Friday.
The Anglo-Australian miner said the failure was the result of “modest delays” in the completion of several mining sites caused by the “tight labor market” in Western Australia.
“It has been another difficult quarter from an operational standpoint and, despite improving compared to the previous quarter, we recognize the opportunity to improve our performance,” said Jakob Stausholm, CEO, in a statement accompanying the results of the company’s third-quarter production.
In the three months to the end of September, Pilbara shipments from Rio totaled 83.4 million tons, on a 100% ownership basis, representing a 9% increase over the June quarter and an increase in 2% compared to the previous year. However, the region’s total production during the September quarter, of 83.3 million tonnes, was down 4% from 12 months earlier.


- In most respects the environmental aspects of a uranium mine are the same as those of other metalliferous mining.
- Most uranium mines in Australia and Canada have ISO 14001 certification.
- Radioactivity associated with the uranium ore requires some special management in addition to the general environmental controls of any mine.
- The uranium itself has a very low level of radioactivity, comparable with granite. Virtually all the radioactive material from the associated minerals in the ore processed ends up in the tailings dam.
In many respects uranium mining is much the same as any other mining. Projects must have environmental approvals prior to commencing, and must comply with all environmental, safety and occupational health conditions applicable. Increasingly, these are governed by international standards, with external audits.
Once approved, open pits or shafts and drives are dug, waste rock and overburden is placed in engineered dumps. Tailings from the ore processing must be placed in engineered dams or underground. Finally the whole site must be rehabilitated at the end of the project. Meanwhile air and water pollution must be avoided.
These processes are common to all metalliferous mining, and are well recognised and understood.
In the case of in situ leach (ISL) mining, there is much less disturbance – simply multiple boreholes, and rehabilitation is simpler.
An important international conference in 2009 presented a best practice guide to ISL mining.
In 2014 the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency published a 140-page report: Managing Environmental and Health Impacts of Uranium Mining. “Uranium mining and milling has evolved significantly over the years. By comparing currently leading approaches with outdated practices, this report demonstrates how uranium mining can be conducted in a way that protects workers, the public and the environment. Innovative, modern mining practices combined with strictly-enforced regulatory standards are geared towards avoiding past mistakes committed primarily during the early history of the industry when maximising uranium production was the principal operating consideration.”
Uranium itself is radioactive, though with the major isotope U-238 having a half-life equal to the age of the earth, it is certainly not strongly radioactive. U-235 has a half-life one-sixth of this and emits gamma rays as well as alpha particles. Hence a lump of pure uranium would give off some gamma rays, but less than those from a lump of granite. Its alpha radioactivity in practical terms depends on whether it is as a lump (or in rock as ore), or as a dry powder. In the latter case the alpha radioactivity is a potential, though not major, hazard. It is also toxic chemically, being comparable with lead. Uranium metal is commonly handled with gloves as a sufficient precaution. Uranium concentrate is handled and contained so as to ensure that people do not inhale or ingest it.
The gamma radiation detected by exploration geologists looking for uranium actually comes from associated elements such as radium and bismuth, which over geological time have resulted from the radioactive decay of uranium.
At an early stage of the feasibility study, environmental studies of the site begin. These escalate in detail and progressively focus on issues of concern in relation to the proposal, in consultation with state authorities (who in Australia generally operate under an agreement with the Commonwealth to ensure that its concerns are addressed).
Depending on the government jurisdiction, an environmental effects or impact statement is published and made available for public comment. After consideration of comments and in the light of judgements by a wide range of state authorities, approval may then be given by the state government for the project to proceed.
International standards and certification
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has published a guide for both technical and non-technical aspects of environmental matters in uranium mining (and other mining involving radioactive materials): Lessons Learned from Environmental Remediation Programmes, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series, 2014.
The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), based in Geneva, has developed a number of world standards for quality management (9000 series) and for environmental management (14000 series). The latter relate to minimising harmful effects and achieving continual improvement through a formal environmental management system (EMS) which is subject to external audit.
ISO 14001 is the world's most recognised EMS framework, enabling organisations to demonstrate sound environmental management. Many mining companies have been certified as conforming to its requirements. In Australia and Canada, major uranium mining companies either have or are close to having ISO 14001 certification. This is also the basis of other ISO certification, such as for audits, reporting and life cycle assessment.
ERA's Ranger mine for instance is audited every six months by an accredited external body and undergoes full re-certification every three years.
The basic EMS under ISO 14001 is under four linked headings: Plan-Do-Check-Act. It must take into account both routine hazards and abnormal situations.
Wastes from mining & milling
In most respects, conventional mining of uranium is the same as mining any other metalliferous ore, and well-established environmental constraints apply in order to avoid any off-site pollution.
From open cut mining, there are substantial volumes of barren rock and overburden waste. These are placed near the pit and either used in rehabilitation or shaped and revegetated where they are. At Ranger mine, the development of the first orebody involved a waste to ore ratio of slightly over 2:1.
However, uranium minerals are always associated with more radioactive elements such as radium and radon in the ore which arise from the radioactive decay of uranium over hundreds of millions of years. Therefore, although uranium itself is not very radioactive, the ore which is mined, especially if it is very high-grade such as in some Canadian mines, is handled with some care, for occupational health and safety reasons.
Mining methods, tailings and run-off management and land rehabilitation are subject to Government regulation and inspection. For instance in Australia the Code of Practice and Safety Guide: Radiation Protection and Radioactive Waste Management in Mining and Mineral Processing was published in 2005. It is simpler than its two predecessors (on health & wastes) and moves away from undue prescription to performance-based and audited regulatory approach.
Mining operations are undertaken under relevant national health and radiation protection codes of practice. These set strict health standards for exposure to gamma radiation and radon gas. Standards apply to both workers and members of the public. See associated paper: Occupational Safety in Uranium Mining.
Tailings & radon
Solid waste products from the milling operation are tailings. They comprise most of the original ore and they contain most of the radioactivity in it. In particular they contain all the radium present in the original ore. At an underground mine they may be first cycloned to separate the coarse fraction which is used for underground fill. The balance is pumped as a slurry to a tailings dam, which may be a worked-out pit as at Ranger and McClean Lake.
When radium undergoes natural radioactive decay one of the products is radon gas. Because radon and its decay products (daughters) are radioactive and because the tailings are now on the surface, measures are taken to minimise the emission of radon gas. During the operational life of a mine the material in the tailings dam is often kept covered by water to reduce surface radioactivity and radon emission (though with lower-grade ores neither pose a hazard at these levels).
On completion of the mining operation, it is normal for the tailings dam to be covered with some two metres of clay and topsoil to reduce radiation levels to near those normally experienced in the region of the orebody, and for a vegetation cover to be established. At Ranger and Jabiluka in North Australia, tailings will be returned underground, as was done at the now-rehabilitated Nabarlek mine. In Canada, ore treatment is often remote from the mine that the new ore comes from, and tailings are emplaced in mined out pits wherever possible, and engineered dams otherwise.
The radon gas emanates from the rock and tailings as the radium or thorium decays. It then decays itself to (solid) radon daughters, which are significantly alpha radioactive.*
* The uranium orebody contains both U-235 and (mostly) U-238. About 95% of the radioactivity in the ore is from the U-238 decay series. This has 14 radioactive isotopes in secular equilibrium, thus each represents 7% of the total. (In the case of Ranger ore – with 0.3% U308 – it has about 450 kBq/kg, so irrespective of the mass proportion, 32 kBq/kg per nuclide in that decay series.) When the ore is processed, the U-238 and the very much smaller masses of U-234 (and the U-235) are removed. The balance becomes tailings, and at this point has about 86% of its original intrinsic radioactivity. However, with the removal of most U-238, the following two short-lived decay products (Th-234 & Pa-234) soon disappear, leaving the tailings with a little over 70% of the radio-activity of the original ore after several months. The controlling long-lived isotope then becomes Th-230 which decays with a half life of 77,000 years to radium-226 followed by radon-222.
Radon occurs in most rocks and traces of it are in the air we all breathe. However, at high concentrations it is a health hazard.
A 1998 paper looks at the long-term population dose due to radon from uranium mining and shows that it is insignificant.
Run-off from the mine stockpiles and waste liquors from the milling operation are collected in secure retention ponds for isolation and recovery of any heavy metals or other contaminants. The liquid portion is disposed of either by natural evaporation or recirculation to the milling operation. Most Australian and many other mines adopt a "zero discharge" policy for any pollutants.
Process water discharged from the mill contains traces of radium and some other metals which would be undesirable in biological systems downstream. This water is evaporated and the contained metals are retained in secure storage. During the operational phase, such water may be used to cover the tailings while they are accumulating.
With in situ leach (ISL) operations, the orebody stays in the ground, in a contained aquifer, and uranium is recovered by circulating oxygenated and acidified groundwater through it, using injection and recovery wells. The saline quality of this groundwater in Australian ISL mines makes it far from potable in the first place, and after the uranium is recovered, oxygen input and circulation are discontinued, leaving the groundwater much as it was.
The main environmental consideration with ISL is avoiding pollution of any groundwater away from the orebody, and leaving the immediate groundwater no less useful than it was initially.
Descriptions of how environmental management is undertaken at Australia's three uranium mines, Ranger, Olympic Dam, and Beverley are under the Environmental Management headings of Australia's Uranium Mines, in the sections on the respective mines.
In relation to Ranger, the Office of the Supervising Scientist was established by the Commonwealth Government in 1979 to oversee environmental protection at uranium mines in the Alligator Rivers region of the Northern Territory.
Apart from tailings, other solid wastes at a mine include equipment which is not able to be sold at the end of the operation. This is usually buried with the tailings.
At the conclusion of mining, tailings are covered permanently with enough clay and soil to reduce both gamma radiation levels and radon emanation rates to levels near those naturally occurring in the region, and enough rock to resist erosion. A vegetation cover is then established.
Mary Kathleen in Queensland was the site of Australia's first major rehabilitation project of a uranium mine. It involved the plant site, a 28 hectare tailings dam, and a 60 ha evaporation pond area. All this has now returned to being a cattle station, with unrestricted access. The rehabilitation project was completed at the end of 1985 at a cost of some $19 million, and won an award for engineering excellence.
The Nabarlek uranium mine in the Northern Territory, c 270 km east of Darwin, was the first of the "new generation" of uranium mines to commence operations and the first to be rehabilitated. Environmental protection was stressed at Nabarlek since before mining commenced, and everything proceeded with eventual rehabilitation very much in mind. During the life of the operation the company worked together with government agencies, the Northern Land Council (NLC) and Aboriginal land owners to ensure a high standard of environmental management, culminating in its decommissioning and successful rehabilitation.
At Ranger the planning of final restoration is well-established, and each year the company prepares a full-costed plan which assumes that mining could cease that year. All rehabilitation objectives must be achieved, including ecosystem viability, radiological safety, and landform stability (re erosion). This plan has been used as the basis for calculating the financial provision required for eventual closure at the end of mine life. In 2013 the net present value of the closure model for the Ranger project area and surrounds was estimated at A$640 million, fully provided for in the balance sheet.
A simpler model which can be applied is for the basic estimated cost of rehabilitation upon closure to be a bond held by the government, and such bonds are a routine requirement for any mines today. In the case of Ranger, ERA is obliged to secure funds for certain costs of rehabilitation in case of any need for premature closure. An annually amended plan is submitted to government outlining this provision, which is reviewed by an independent auditor. Money for this purpose is partly in a trust fund administered by the Commonwealth government and partly covered by bank guarantee.
Apart from groundwater considerations discussed above, rehabilitation of ISL mines is very straightforward, making this a technique with remarkably low environmental impact. Upon decommissioning, wells are sealed or capped, pipes and process facilities removed, any evaporation pond revegetated, and the land can readily be returned to its previous uses.
Experience at many mine sites is networked throughout the industry and available to present and future operators.
Health of workers
In Australia all uranium mining and milling operations are undertaken under the Code of Practice and Safety Guide:Radiation Protection and Radioactive Waste Management in Mining and Mineral Processing, which sets strict health standards for radiation and radon gas exposure, for both workers and members of the public.
In Canada the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission is responsible for regulating uranium mining as well as other aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle. In Saskatchewan, provincial regulations also apply concurrently, and set strict health standards for both miners and local people. Similar standards are set in other countries.
While uranium itself is only slightly radioactive, radon, a radioactive inert gas, is released to the atmosphere in very small quantities when the ore is mined and crushed. Radon is one of the decay products of uranium and radium, and occurs naturally in most rocks – minute traces of it are present in the air which we all breathe.
Australian uranium mines have mostly been open cut and therefore naturally well ventilated. The Olympic Dam and Canadian underground mines are ventilated with powerful fans. Radon levels are kept at a very low and certainly safe level in uranium mines. (Radon in non-uranium mines also may need control by ventilation.)
Gamma radiation may also be a hazard to those working close to high-grade ores. It comes principally from radium in the ore, so exposure to this is regulated as required. In particular, dust is suppressed, since this represents the main potential exposure to alpha radiation as well as a gamma radiation hazard.
At the concentrations associated with uranium (and some mineral sands) mining, radon is a potential health hazard, as is dust. Precautions taken during the mining and milling of uranium ores to protect the health of the workers include:
- Good forced ventilation systems in underground mines to ensure that exposure to radon gas and its radioactive daughter products is as low as possible and does not exceed established safety levels.
- Efficient dust control, because the dust may contain radioactive constituents and emit radon gas.
- Limiting the radiation exposure of workers in mine, mill and tailings areas so that it is as low as possible, and in any event does not exceed the allowable dose limits set by the authorities. In Canada this means that mining in very high-grade ore is undertaken solely by remote control techniques and by fully containing the high-grade ore where practicable.
- The use of radiation detection equipment in all mines and plants.
- Imposition of strict personal hygiene standards for workers handling uranium oxide concentrate.
At any mine, designated employees (those likely to be exposed to radiation or radioactive materials) are monitored for alpha radiation contamination and personal dosimeters are worn to measure exposure to gamma radiation. Routine monitoring of air, dust and surface contamination is undertaken.
Canadian mine and mill facilities are designed to handle safely ore grades of up to 26% U.
If uranium oxide is ingested it has a chemical toxicity similar to that of lead oxide. Similar hygiene precautions to those in a lead smelter are therefore taken when handling it in the drying and packing areas of the mill.
The usual radiation safeguards are applied at an ISL mining operation, despite the fact that most of the orebody? radioactivity remains well underground and there is hence minimal increase in radon release and no ore dust.
See also WNA information paper on Occupational Safety in Uranium Mining.
Environmental Management at Australian Uranium Mines
Ranger Mine (ERA)
ERA has been recognised for its world-class environmental management, achieving ISO 14001 certification in 2003.
Until 1996 tailings from the treatment plant were emplaced in an engineered dam on the lease, but they are now being deposited into the worked out pits. No process or other contaminated water is released from the site.
The Ranger mine is on a 7860 hectare lease which is surrounded by the World Heritage listed Kakadu National Park of 1.98 million hectares. About 500 hectares is actually disturbed by the mining and milling activities (0.025% of the total area). Rainfall is monsoonal, with 700-2200 mm (average 1540 mm) falling in the wet season. The vegetation at Ranger is tropical open eucalypt forest, similar to much of the National Park.
The project area is leased from the Aboriginal traditional owners, title to the land being held by the Kakadu Land Trust. The Company contributes 4.25% of its gross sales revenue (the major part of its royalties of 5.5%) to NT aboriginal groups plus an annual rental of $200 000 for the use of the land. Ranger has paid a total of $226 million in nominal terms in royalties since the project began in 1980. The money is paid to the Commonwealth Government and then distributed to Northern Territory-based Aboriginal groups, including 30% to the Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation (representing Traditional Owners), under the 1979 terms of the Commonwealth's Aboriginal Land Rights (NT) Act of 1976. Additional payments of over $7 million are on account of Jabiluka. The balance of royalty (1.25% of revenue) is paid to the NT government by the Commonwealth Government.
The Company has a substantial environmental division, employing about 30 people and with an annual budget of nearly $3 million. Part of this environmental effort is directed to land management issues of relevance not simply to Ranger, but to the surrounding National Park and World Heritage area. These include maintenance of biodiversity, fire management including control burning (which is very important and contentious in the region), terrestrial and aquatic weed control, feral animal control, mycorrhizal establishment, and rehabilitation of disturbed areas (including rock waste dumps, etc). Ranger is possibly the first mining operation deliberately to burn its own revegetated areas to assist the development of an appropriate vegetation community (Eucalypts and Grevilleas instead of Acacia dominance). Related issues being studied include artificial wetland filters, soil formation from waste rock, and hydrology. Among Ranger's long term research priorities are projects which are relevant to eventual use of the land by its aboriginal owners.
Olympic Dam Mine (BHP Billiton)
The mine lease of 18,000 hectares is managed by BHP Billiton Olympic Dam. The mine, smelter and infrastructure occupy about 7.5% of the lease area. Environmental management activities account for approximately one third of expenditure from the overall environmental budget, which is in excess of A$ 2 million. In February 2005, Olympic Dam was successful in obtaining ISO14001 certification for the site Environmental Management System.
The mine lease and the adjacent 11,000 hectare municipal lease have been destocked (of sheep and cattle) since 1986. Following the release of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), rabbit numbers in the region dropped significantly, and are currently at approximately 40 per square kilometre, compared with plague numbers of up to 600 /km 2 in the late 1980s. Red Kangaroo numbers on the mine lease are about 20 per square kilometre, which is slightly higher than surrounding areas because of the access to water. In order to discourage wildlife from entering the tailings storage facility, alternative waterholes have been provided and deterrents installed on the dams and ponds. The evaporation ponds have been fenced with fine mesh to exclude small mammals and reptiles. Foxes and cats are controlled on the lease by shooting and trapping.
BHP Billiton Olympic Dam manages four pastoral stations in the area surrounding the mine and municipal leases with a total area of 1,136,000 hectares. These properties are conservatively stocked to maximise protection of sites of environmental or cultural significance.
The Arid Recovery project, which covers an area of 8,600 hectares, is situated largely on the mine lease and BHP Billiton-operated pastoral stations, with the remaining area (6 hectares) donated by local pastoralists. Arid Recovery is an ecosystem restoration initiative working to restore Australia's arid lands. The program is a partnership between BHP Billiton, the South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage, the University of Adelaide and the community group Friends of Arid Recovery. The reserve is surrounded by a unique cat, rabbit and fox-proof fence. Five locally extinct species have been reintroduced into the reserve.
Before clearing is undertaken for any development work or exploration on the mine and municipal leases, an Environmental/Indigenous Heritage Clearance Permit is required. During this process, all significant slow-growing trees and shrubs and areas of cultural significance are identified. Efforts are made to minimise disturbance caused by operational activity on the leases, and rehabilitation is undertaken afterwards where practical. Considerable attention has been given to rehabilitation of the hundreds of drill pads, some dating from initial exploration, so that many are now scarcely visible even on aerial photos.
Rock waste and the coarse fraction of tailings are used as mine backfill. Fine tailings material, still containing potentially valuable minerals (rare earths etc.) is emplaced in tailings dams on the lease covering about 400 hectares.
During 1994 seepage of contaminated water from the tailings dams was identified. This was of concern to the company, the regulators and the public because of the perceived threat to the quality of groundwater immediately below the tailings dams. Studies undertaken demonstrated that the pollutants in the seepage were quickly adsorbed on to clays and limestone in the soil and rock under the tailings dams, and, due to the low permeability and transmissivity of the rock, that there was no potential harm to the groundwater resource. The level of the groundwater under the tailings dams is monitored and modelled on a quarterly basis.
BHP Billiton Olympic Dam submits an Environmental Management and Monitoring report annually to the Department of Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) and the Environment Protection Authority (EPA). This comprehensive report covers all areas of potential environmental impact, including air emissions, site groundwater management, water supply and management of the Great Artesian Basin, flora and fauna monitoring and annual radiation dose to members of the public. Reporting on progress with action items identified in the Environmental Management Program is provided, as well as involvement with community activities.
The annual Sustainability Report is on the Internet:
Olympic Dam has a Rehabilitation and Closure Plan covering cost estimate basis, summary of closure requirements (for the metallurgical facilities, pilot plant, mine, tailings dams, wellfields, exploration areas, town facilities, power line corridor and miscellaneous facilities), community consultation requirements, closure strategy (including post operational land use objective and completion criteria) and closure plan review requirements. The plan provides a breakdown for each area to be decommissioned, including engineering works required (ie demolition and cleaning), environmental works (removal of contaminated material and rehabilitation), specific closure obligations for each area of plant, final land use objectives, closure assumptions, closure material sources, waste disposal sites, cost saving opportunities and liabilities/risks/hazards.
Demolition costs are budgeted based on quotations from a specialist demolition contractor and rehabilitation costs are estimated based on a quotation from a mining contractor with extensive rehabilitation experience. Progressive closure costs have been estimated for each year until actual closure of the site. The financial provision – A$ 244 million at mid 2006 – is calculated in line with BHP Billiton Accounting Standards.
Beverley Mine (Heathgate Resources)
An Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) has been developed with the regulating authorities, who determined the requirements of it, including those for radiation protection. The Plan provides for ongoing management of every aspect of the operation. Monitoring to detect possible horizontal excursions from the mining zone or any vertical leakage into other aquifers is a fundamental facet of mine operations.
In contrast to the main ISL operations in USA extracting uranium from aquifers with potable water, the groundwater quality at Beverley is very low, being fairly saline and orders of magnitude too high in radionuclides for any permitted use. Fluids from mined areas are progressively moved to new mining areas, thus reducing the overall effect on the aquifer. After completion of mining, when oxygen input and leaching are discontinued, the groundwater reverts to about pH 4.5, and eventually to its original condition at about pH 7.
Heathgate bought the 2350 sq km Wooltana pastoral lease, from which the 13.5 sq km project area is fenced off and destocked. This area, mainly Mitchell grass plain, will be allowed to rehabilitate naturally to guide later revegetation of mined areas.
Upon decommissioning a wellfield, wells are sealed and capped, pipes are removed and the surface revegetated progressively. At the end of the mine's life, process facilities will be removed and after discussion with the stakeholders the land can revert to its previous uses. Heathgate has provided financial guarantees to the state government in respect to ongoing mine site rehabilitation up to the final completion of mining.
Environmental Management and Rehabilitation of the Nabarlek Uranium Mine, UIC mines paper # 5
Mary Kathleen Uranium Ltd, Review Report: Rehabilitation of the Mary Kathleen Mine, 1986.
Code of Practice and Safety Guide: Radiation Protection and Radioactive Waste Management in Mining and Mineral Processing (2005)
IAEA 2014, Lessons Learned from Environmental Remediation Programmes, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series NW-T-3.6.
NEA 2014, Managing Environmental and Health Impacts of Uranium Mining, OECD/NEA 7062.


Sollerön's particular prosperity during the Viking Age was created by the iron production that took place. The geological conditions meant that iron-rich material was collected in lumps in lakes and bogs. The iron lumps were mined, and, after a series of processes, malleable iron was extracted. The bog and lake iron ore were put into roasting furnaces together with fuel to remove water and organic substances from the ore. The ore was then put into blisters, a brick furnace with a stone slab at the bottom, filled with dry fuel and coal. The ore was smelted under high heat using bellows that supplied air. The bellows were trodden or pumped by hand. Later, the bladders were laid by watercourses and the bellows were driven by hydroelectric power.
The ore could then be forged by skilled craftsmen into weapons, tools and household items. Much of the iron was smelted into iron bars, which were then transported to the centre of the country at the time, i.e., Mälardalen with Birka as its capital.
Iron production still leaves its mark on nature today. The blasts left by-products in the form of slag. Almost all around the shores of Sollerön, smaller slag heaps can be seen where the blasts once stood. Centuries of vegetation hide most of the blasts, and it takes knowledge to find them. Mining in Bergslagen eventually outcompeted bog ore in quality and quantity.
At the folk museum Sollerö Hembygdsgård, the association Hembygdsföreningens Vikingagrupp has recreated a blast.


Maaden Jobs and Careers 2021: Saudi Arabian Mining Company, also known as MA’ADEN was founded on 23rd March 1997 for the purpose of economic development of Saudi Arabia through mineral resources. MA’ADEN is the largest mining company in Saudi Arabia. Corporate headquarters of MA’ADEN is situated in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Primary operations and other businesses include gold mining, base metals, mining and infrastructure industry. MA’ADEN is a Government company under the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with a manpower of more than 7,000 employees.
Maaden Mining Jobs in Saudi Arabia
Sadara Chemical Jobs Click Here
|Industry||Mining & Metals|
|Job Location||Saudi Arabia|
|Qualification||Diploma / Degree|
Maaden Saudi Arabia – Largest Mining Company
Major subsidiaries of the company in Jeddah are MA’ADEN Gold Company (Gold and Base metals) and MA’ADEN Industrial Minerals Company. The Ras Al-Khair complex includes Ma’aden Phosphate Company, Ma’aden Aluminum Company, Ma’aden Rolling Company, Ma’aden Smelter Company, Ma’aden Mining and Refinery Company. Others include Zinc and Copper, Magnesite Projects in Medina. Other site projects are AL Jalamid (Phosphate Project), Mahd ad Dahab (gold and base metals) and Ras Az-Zour (Phosphate and Aluminium).
How to Apply Jobs in Maaden Saudi Arabia
Following are the list of vacant jobs in Maaden Saudi Arabia. Fill in the important details along with an updated CV. The selection focuses on eligibility basis and experience. Maaden Saudi Arabia careers is awaiting bright and skilled candidates. Wishing you a Good Luck.
Updated Jobs in Maaden Saudi Arabia
|Coordinator, Maintenance||Ras Al Khair||Apply Now|
|Specialist, Operation||Ras Al Khair||Apply Now|
|Head, General Service Category||Riyadh||Apply Now|
|Shift Supervisor||Ras Al Khair||Apply Now|
|Operator – (Maaden Fertilizer Company)||Ras Al Khair||Apply Now|
|Operator DCS – (Maaden Fertilizer Company)||Ras Al Khair||Apply Now|


Our company specializes in various kinds of steel fabrication products/projects. We supply customized non-standard machines and spare parts, according to customers' drawings, including spiral welded pipe mill, straight welded pipe mill, mining equipments, mechanical parts for cold rolling mill / hot rolling mill / continuous casting machine & other metallurgical equipments, and any other type of steel frame/structure jobs.
The most successful projects we have done so far include:
· Spiral welded pipe mills for South African client (including hydraulic & electrical control system)
· Various kinds of spare mechanical/machining parts used in steel industry for German client
· Sand beneficiation machine (including hydraulic & electrical control system) for Australian client.
Landi company has been served and will always serve our clients with matter-of-fact attitude, mature technology, quality products, modern equipments, advanced management and well-deserved reputation.


QcX has an option to earn a 100% interest in the Fernet project. The Fernet property is 7,251 hectares and is located in the northern Abitibi region of Quebec, Canada. It is comprised of two blocks of claims contiguous with Wallbridge Mining’s Fenelon/Martiniere property with multiple high-priority structural intersections. Fernet is underlain by Archean volcanic rocks that are host to numerous gold, silver, and base metal occurrences along the Sunday Lake portion of the northern Abitibi Greenstone belt.
Contiguous with Wallbridge’s Detour Trend project, the Fernet lies 15 km northwest of Fenelon mine (bulk sample of 33,233 tonnes at 18.49 g/t Au – Wallbridge news May 15, 2019), 4 km north of the Martiniere gold deposit (open pit-constrained Indicated gold resource of 431,000 ounces at an average grade of 2.0 g/t and an Inferred gold resource of 11,000 ounces at an average grade of 2.5 g/t; an additional underground Indicated resource of 159,000 ounces at an average gold grade of 4.5 g/t and an Inferred resource of 43,000 ounces at an average gold grade of 5.8 g/t – Balmoral Resouces news March 27, 2018), and 55 km east of Detour Lake mine ( ~15.4 Moz mineral reserves including proven mineral reserves of 3.4 million ounces (85.2 million tonnes at an average grade of 1.24 grams per tonne) and probable mineral reserves of 12.1 million ounces (413.2 million tonnes at an average grade of 0.91 grams per tonne) as of December 31, 2018 – Detour Gold news dated March 7, 2019) ). Numerous mineral occurrences are present in the area.
QcX is currently targeting NW & NE trending fault intersections, similar to Wallbridge’s Fenelon & Martiniere gold deposits.


Police shot and injured a person at Barrick Gold Corp.'s (ABX) North Mara Gold Mine over the weekend as more than a hundred illegal miners invaded the premises, the communications officer of the mine, Edward Ibabila, told Dow Jones Newswires Monday.
Locals often try to break in when they learn that high-grade ores have been blasted, Ibabila said.
To bolster security, the mine's management took on around 25 paramilitary guards earlier this year. During Saturday's break-in, the guards were overpowered by the stone-throwing miners and it took the intervention of the Mara regional police to contain them.
Gerhard Hermann, production manager at North Mara, said the company may not be able to finish implementing the mine's current 10-year lifespan due to the number of break-ins.
The company had intended to put up an electric fence around the mine but the plan has been hampered by a lack of electricity because the mine isn't connected to the national grid and relies on expensive thermal power generators to run its operations.
According to activists, locals resent the mine because it displaced artisanal gold miners who used to operate in the area before North Mara was opened in 2002.


Better safety and operational continuity using Tangram’s automated detection feature
Escondida is the highest producing copper mine in the world. In its two open pits, the falling blocks are a constant risk that could affect the mine’s safety and operational continuity. When unstable blocks fall, the mine is forced to shut down its operations in order to remove the fallen blocks, which, on occasion, can lead to operational losses and pose a risk to human safety and equipment. These unplanned events affect the company’s ability to comply with its mining plan, which undermines the reliability of that plan and the mine’s productivity.
To decrease the probability of blocks falling, Escondida’s geotechnical team used TIMining’s Tangram software to analyze and detect instabilities on planned and built slopes in order to increase the predictability of these events and make mining plan development and execution more reliable. TIMining’s Tangram software identifies and recommends removal of unstable blocks. Using Tangram, the geotechnical team increased the operation’s safety and the short-term plan designs’ compliance. This resulted in:
- Early identification of nearly 40% of all the blocks based on the density mapping in current work zones.
- Identification of 4 unstable blocks per month on average.
“Since adding this tool to our processes, we have been able to reduce the risk of not complying with our short-term mining plan. By decreasing the number of geotechnical events, we have increased our operational continuity and plan reliability.”
– Cristian Roa, Senior Geotechnical Engineer, Escondida.
Escondida’s geotechnical team established exhaustive processes to analyze and detect instabilities on planned and built slopes in order to increase the predictability of these events and make mining plan development and execution more reliable.
The team relied on the TIMining Tangram software to support these processes. TIMining Tangram is a tool that allows companies to automatically geolocate instabilities by mapping structures at the mine site and on planned and built slopes. The Escondida team can now identify and predict when instabilities are forming on its short-term plan designs. The problem is solved by employing the methodology described below:
- All intermediate and major faults historically mapped on-site are uploaded.
- The mapped faults are then projected onto the lower benches of the slopes included in the short-term plan design.
- The software automatically detects instabilities present on design slopes and identifies which areas have a high potential for forming removable blocks in the short term.
- A Safety Factor and Failure Probability are calculated for each block detected by Tangram.
TIMining recommends removing all blocks with a Safety Factor equal to or less than 1.5 and/or a Failure Probability greater than 20% once the bench in question has been mined with a shovel. This will reduce the possibility of having blocks fall out of schedule and improve operational safety and compliance with the short-term plan.
The following is a sample of some of the results obtained from Tangram.
Topographic Surface of Design N°1
- Plane Fault (0.2 Kton), Safety Factor (0.98) and Failure Probability (24%)
- Plane Fault (1.7 Kton), Safety Factor (0.75) and Failure Probability (83%)
Topographic Surface of Design N°2
- Plane Fault (1.1 Kton), Safety Factor (0.45) and Failure Probability (99%)
- Plane Fault (1.7 Kton), Safety Factor (0.83) and Failure Probability (74%)
By identifying and predicting the formation of instabilities in short-term plan designs, the geotechnical team was able to:
- Identify early on close to 40% of all the blocks that were formed based on the density mapping in the current work zones.
- Identify 6 unstable blocks in the November 2019 plan and 4 unstable blocks on average each month.
- Include in the monthly planning the operational tasks required to control and manage on-site geotechnical risks faced by mine personnel.
- Recommend that operational personnel use shovels or other mechanized equipment to unload the blocks immediately after mining the benches. This makes for a more dynamic expansion of the mining process because you can prevent operational shutdowns, make strategic decisions that do not impact production, and ensure the operational continuity of the mining plan.
- Geotechnically, the process has provided the team with greater visibility for its risk management activities and to benefit in the short-term from the analysis efforts.
Reduce mine plan deviations by automating mine plan spatial compliance.
Minimise risks and dangers with integrated geotechnical monitoring and surveillance for pits, waste dumps, leaching pads, and dams.
Analyze, simulate, and optimise your fleet’s loading and hauling process.


Ravensworth Underground Mine
Ravensworth Underground Mine is committed to the goal of sustainable development. We balance social, environmental and economic considerations in how we manage our business.
We believe that operating to leading standards of health, safety and environmental management, contributing to the development of sustainable communities, and engaging with our stakeholders in two-way open dialogue, enhances our corporate reputation and is a source of competitive advantage.
A key focus for Xstrata Coal has always been ensuring the safety of the workforce. Xstrata continues to investigate and implement new safety systems and controls to minimise the risk to employees. SafeCoal is a new safety initiative. SafeCoal’s goal is for the production of coal with the certainty that there will be no fatalities or injuries to people working in or around our operations. SafeCoal is achieved when everybody at every level in our business fully applies themselves to the goal.


(searched for: doi:10.1080/01496395.2021.1891435)
Published: 14 May 2021
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry pp 1-14; https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1925262
The present work is concerned with the fractionations of 238U, 230Th, 226Ra,214Pb, 214Bi, 235U, 228Ac, 208Tl and 40K in sulphuric acid leaching and solvent extraction of uranium, in addition to, thiourea leaching of gold. The activity concentrations of the studied radionuclides indicate that uranium isotopes are highly leachable (89–90%) in sulphuric acid, while 230Th and 208Tl are leached with efficiency of about 76% and 71%, respectively. Less than 35% of 226Ra,214Pb, 214Bi and 228Ac are leached. In solvent extraction processes, uranium isotopes are selectively extracted and stripped. While 208Tl extraction was only 13%. Most of 230Th, 226Ra, 214Pb and 40K could not be extracted at such pH. The leachability of the studied radionuclides was significantly low using acidic thiourea. The dose rate and radium equivalent, in addition to the external and internal hazard indices values for the original sample and the uranium and gold tailings are higher than the recommended maximum values.


Geology of Pluton-Related Gold Mineralization at Battle Mountain, Nevada
This new publication, which includes three major chapters by a number of authors from the mining industry, presents a comprehensive overview of gold mineralization in one of the classic mining districts in the Basin and Range country of the western United States. The publication is the latest in a protracted and wide-ranging collaborative investigation that documents the behavior of gold in pluton-related systems in the Battle Mountain Mining District.
The monograph includes documentation of the three-dimensional relationship between distal-disseminated Ag-Au deposits and the skarn-related, porphyry Cu environment--including revised grade-tonnage distributions for the former--as well as documentation of a complex structural imbrication in the Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian Havallah sequence in the upper plate of the Golconda thrust and its role in the genesis of the gold deposits. It also contains a comprehensive examination of petrochemical evolution of submarine volcanic rocks in the Havallah basin. As a result, regional exploration criteria are developed for distal-disseminated Ag-Au environments and their coeval relations with Carlin-type gold deposits.
The book also includes three recently completed full-color geologic maps at 1:24,000 scale of the northern one-half of the Battle Mountain Mining District. These maps are of the Valmy, North Peak, and Snow Gulch 7 1/2 minute quadrangles.


Crusher run goes by several different names. You may hear it referred to as quarry process (QP), dense grade aggregate (DGA) or road stone. The material differs from other crushed stone and gravel products in that it not only includes crushed rock, but also stone dust.
By definition crushed stone is a construction aggregate. It is created by mining a suitable rock formation and then using a crusher to break down the stone into different sizes. Crushed stone differs from gravel in that gravel has a more rounded shape and is made by
Crush and run gravel costs $24 to $34 per ton, about $50 per cubic yard, or $0.50 to $2.00 per square foot, which is one of the cheapest materials. This mixture combines limestone, trap rock, granite, crushed rock, sand, and stone dust. It's also known as crusher run, quarry process, #411 gravel, road stone, or dense grade aggregate.
CHOOSING THE RIGHT SIZE OF SYRACUSE CRUSHER RUN Crushed stone Rochester, NY, is availe in different sizes. The most popular sizes are ½”, ¾”, 1”, and 1 ½”. Used under cement or as a paver base, as a driveway gravel, or as a foundation or base, the size stone that you need is dependent on the use that you have planned for the stone.
Crusher Run is a extremely good compact-able material used for driveways and sub-bases, It is also good for back fill projects and laying under slaps and pavers. Material size can be 2" fines, "can also contain larger pieces up to 6".
Crusher run is a type of gravel that consists of angular, crushed rock ranging in size from 3/4-inch to silt. Several factors influence the success and longevity of a crusher run driveway, including an adequate base, crown and drainage.
Crusher run is crushed natural limestone, unlike crushed asphalt that is an oil product. Crusher run consists of 3/4" particles plus a specific blend of stone dust. The stone dust fills the voids between the rocks to ensure that they are interlocked tightly and will not move with the time.
Crushed stone is defined as construction aggregate. A suitable rock formation is mined, then the rock is broken down into various sizes with a crusher. Gravel differs from crushed stone due to the natural process of erosion and weathering, and the rounded shape.
Crusher run is a blended mix of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The combination of both crushed stone and stone dust creates a low void content (the amount of space or air between the pieces of rock in a mix) that is valuable in concrete construction for its compaction ability and drainage characteristics.
Crusher run is comprised of crushed stone and stone dust. Typically 2"-Fines, It can also be 1"-Fines or 3/8"-Fines. If you are needing a specific size then we suggest you ask for the size availe in your area. Crusher Run is a extremely good compact-able material used for driveways and sub-bases, It is also good for back fill projects and
Primary crushing reduces this run-of-mine rock to a more manageable size. The different types of primary crushers are: jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, impact Get P; Liberty® Jaw Crusher Superior Industries. Apr 25, 2019 patent-pending Liberty® Jaw Crusher processes aggregates in stone, concrete,The machine in manufactured in models with jaw crushing Get P; MBMMLLC: Jaw
When you buy crusher run by the ton, you will need to determine how much rock to buy. The standard weight that is used by cons for crushed stone is 2,700 pounds per cubic yard. You will multiply the number of cubic yards by 2,700 then divide that figure by 2,000. If that is all too much to process, feel free to use our online calculator for how much material you will need for your
All our crushed rock and stone meets British Standard requirements or better. It is sourced from a net of UK quarries, and can be delivered direct to site or collected by arrangement. Scout Moor Quarry in Lancashire provides crushed stone aggregates formed from a Namurian Mill Stone Grit deposit which meets MOT Type 1 compatible crush run
Crusher Run #1. from 30.00. Gray Slate 1 1/2" 2" 75.00. Aama Red Rock. 75.00. Gravel. Featured #4 Gravel 2" 3" from 33.00 #5 Gravel 1-1/4" from 33.00. Brown Pea Gravel. 75.00. The best landscape materials in the upstate. home about |products contact (864) 855-4259 [email protected] 1509 Gentry Memorial Highway Easley, SC 29640 . Earth Products
Crusher Run stone is a quarried material that is crushed to particular sizes. It has the fines, or dirt, left in it which causes the stones to bind together which makes it the perfect driveway gravel. Can also be used in building walkways, using under patio stones or a base for pavers. Limestone #4s #4 Lime rock, also known as limestone gravel, is composed of clean crushed limestone. It is
If you have been running around in circles looking for Pea Gravel, Crusher Run, Rock and Gravel Franklin, VA then all you need to do is give us a call. Rock and Gravel . Information on or rock and gravel products including 57 stone, crush and run, pea gravel, asphalt and crushed concrete. GET IN TOUCH 757 635 7911 [email protected] PRODUCTS. Sand. Topsoil, Compost & Soil Blends. Rock
Crusher Run 2. Sand, Gravel, Soil, Limestone, Decorative Stones, Mulches, Compost WE HAVE COMPLETED 15.000 ORDERS SINCE 2011 REQUEST YOUR FREE QUOTE NOW!
Most common foundation for driveway is Crush and Run stone. #5, #57 or #67 is normally used to cover Crush and Run which make the driveway more presentable than simple Crush and Run alone. The stone keeps it dry during the rain and is less likely to be overgrown with grass or weeds as this might be the case with dust rich ABC. 78 M Gravel / Stone Model: LMPBTN-78M. Just like #5 the 78M crushed
Quarry process stone—also known as crusher run—is another good option for the top level of a driveway or walkway. Composed of a blend of smaller crushed stone and stone dust, crusher run


Closed Mines of Chhindwara to be started again
Chhindwara. The closed mines of Vishnupuri and Moari of Chhindwara district will be started again. Assurance in this connection was given by the Union Minister for Coal Piyush Goyal during the Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan’s meeting with him at New Delhi. The union Minister said that Vishnupuri and Moari mines were closed due to the security reasons, these mines will be started again taking into account the strict security norms. Temporary workers of these mines and their families will be benefitted by this. Union Ministers for Narendra Singh Tomar and Thawarchand Gahlot were present on the occasion.
CM Chouhan informed that work is not going well at Jamuniya mine, which was started in 2015. He urged the union minister to accelerate the work speed of the mine. Moreover, Chouhan forwarded a demand to start work at Dhankasha mine at the earliest, the foundation of which was laid in 2013. Chouhan further mentioned that the temporary workers of these mines will not be transferred outside due to the fast work at the mines and the workers connected to the mines directly and indirectly will not face shortage of employment.


Standard Lithium is a leading pre-commercial lithium resource development company with a portfolio of projects under development. The Company’s flagship projects, the LANXESS Property Project and the South-West Arkansas Project, are located in southern Arkansas near the Louisiana state border.
The Company is focused on the evaluation and testing of commercial lithium extraction and purification from brine sourced from approximately 180,000 acres of unitized leases across these two projects. The Company operates a first-of-a-kind industrial-scale Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) Demonstration Plant at the LANXESS Property Project. The patented, scalable, environmentally friendly process eliminates the use of evaporation ponds, reduces processing time from months to hours and greatly increases the effective recovery of lithium
The Company is also pursuing the resource development of approximately 45,000 acres of mineral leases located in the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California.


By: Dr. Franyi Sarmiento, PhD., Inspenet, March 17, 2022.
The Australian Government will allocate $175 million for rare earth metals processing projects to reduce the country’s dependence on supplies from China, reports Bloomberg.
The four projects include a new center for nickel, manganese and cobalt battery production in the Kalgoorie region and a vanadium refinery project run by the Australian Vanadium company. This would have, according to EFE, the purpose of reducing its dependence on rare earths from China.
Australian Energy Minister Angus Taylor noted that China “currently commands between 70% and 80% of its production.” “China continues to consolidate in supply chains. This initiative is designed to address this domain,” he stated.
Similarly, he indicated that his country is the world’s leading producer of lithium and the second of zirconium. In addition, it has one of the largest reserves on the planet of critical minerals used in advanced technologies, such as the aerospace industry, defense or telecommunications.
Sources: Rumbo Minero – RT news in Spanish : https://www.rumbominero.com/peru/noticias/internacionales/australia-tierras-raras-no-depender-china/ – https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad /424219-australia-disburse-million-dollar-rare-earth-projects


Bali, Gianyar, Bedulu. Mining of sandstone is very hard work in this warm and humid climate.
- © Bjorn Grotting
- Image Size
- 3312x2208 / 4.1MB
Arenite, Asia, Asian, Bali, Balinese, Bedulu, Deposit, Fine, Geological, Geology, Gianyar, Grains, Granular, Green, Indonesia, Indonesian, Industrial Architecture, Lesser Sunda Islands, Mine, Miner, Minerals, Mining, Process, Residence, Residential Architecture, Rock, Rocks, Rocky, Sand, Sandstone, Sediment, Sedimentary rock, Sedimentation, Shelter, Silica, Small, Stone, Stones, Tent
- Contained in galleries


Mineral Processing Plants
In mineral beneficiation plants, the pulp obtained from the flotation process is sent to thickener tanks for solid-liquid separation. It is important that these operate optimally.
The customer required to work with very low clarification values in their tailings thickener to recover process water with better quality.
When turbidity measurements were taken in the overflow of the thickener, it was observed that the values were high.
The deficiencies we identified were:
- The flocculant used
- Poor preparation of the polymer
- Lack of control in the dosage of the reagent.
Solution and Results
- We proceeded to evaluate our medium, high and super high molecular weight anionic ASFLOC™ flocculants through laboratory tests. We found that our ASFLOC™ 034 MPM was the best performing reagent with turbidities of no more than 5 NTU.
- We supplied the customer with an ASFLOC™ model EPFCL25/50/304/440 Flocculant Preparation Equipment to guarantee the precise concentration and correct preparation of the polymer.
- We provided a 50 LPM ASFLOC™ model UDOS50/60 Dosing Equipment as well. The improvements were reviewed and now, 80% of the flocculant flow is added in the feed box and the remaining 20% in the center of the thickener.
Since then, our customer operates its tailings thickener with turbidities around 2 NTU and operates with a much lower consumption than before.
- Increased water recovery
- Correct preparation and dosing of flocculant, which also translates into lower polymer consumption
- Savings in operating costs


Below is an essay on determining percent copper and zinc in pennies from density from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Electrogravimetric analysis is an easy and accurate method for determining metal concentrations using electrochemistry the average percentage of copper was. Chemistry: gravimetric determination of copper in ore grams of pure copper for this ore, determine the percentage content by weight of copper and the percentage. Determination of copper in an ore note: since the range of the percentage of copper is relatively large, your instructor will give you a ballpark estimate of the % cu in your sample. Will determine the percentage of copper in 1p pieces using titrimetric analysis the determination takes place in three stages: stage 1 a weighed coin is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid.
Determining the concentration of copper (ii) sulfate passing through the sample as percent transmittance • calculate a standard curve from the test results. Calculate the percentage copper in malachite calculate the % of copper in malachite how do you calculate the percentage of copper in copper oxide. Determine the mass percent copper of the original sample (ke) write a balanced equation for the reaction of basic copper carbonate to give copper. Procedure for iodometric titration of copper general remarks iodometric determination of copper is based on the oxidation of iodides to iodine by copper (ii) ions, which get reduced to cu .
Calculate the percent yield bornite cufes 3 is a copper ore used in the from bed 01 at tshwane university of technology. Essay about analysis of copper the absorbance recorded for the sample being tested can be matched with a concentration using the graph generated by the standards ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy spectroscopy involves the measurement of light absorbed or emitted from a sample. If this was an incomplete reaction, there would be leftover solid zinc that would be weighed with the copper precipitate, and the zinc would increase the measured final mass of the copper and cause a significant difference between the initial and final masses of the copper. Extracting copper from ore (3 favorites) calculate your percent yield for this reaction the formula is: (actual yield) x 100% (theoretical yield) 4 calculate.
The average grade of copper ores in the 21st century is below 06 percent copper, with the proportion of ore minerals being less than 2 percent of the total volume of the ore rock do you want to. Percentage % element by mass to calculate the composition of a compound and other % composition calculations in copper sulphate, cuso 4 calculate the. Ap chemistry lab 4 2 using beer's law to determine the mass percent of copper in an alloy a more useful quantity is related to the amount of light absorbed, called absorbance, a. Free essay: determining the percent copper and zinc in pennies from density purpose: practicing determine the density of the solution determining the percent.
As in this experiment is to determine the mass percentage of copper in a copper ore sample, using a variety of analytical methods methods: electrolytic analysis of cu in an ore. Report on experiment determining the percentage of copper in the copper ore malachite essay by leakey , high school, 10th grade , a- , june 2003 download word file , 2 pages download word file , 2 pages 43 9 votes. Learning goals: -what is an ore deposit -what is a porphyry copper deposit -plot data from table to map -calculate ore grade of selected area and determine if it is economic.
The percentage yield of copper was 11081% suppose that the percentage yields was less than 100% suggest specific techniques or equipment that may account for a loss of product. Purpose-the purpose of this experiment is to examine the chemistry of copper and with the concept of percent yield /2 calculate the % yield of cu at the end of. Purpose:to find out the percent yield of copper in the reaction between copper sulfate (cuso4) and iron (fe)materials:balance100-ml beaker250-ml beakerbunsen burnercopper sulfate crystalsglass stirring rod100-ml graduated cylinderiron filingsring stan.
The basic reaction in the determination of copper using the iodometric method is represented by the equation: 2cu 2+ + 4i - 2cui(s) + i 2 this is a rapid, quantitative reaction in slightly acidic solutions, if there is a large excess of iodide ion present and if the copper is in the form of a simple ion rather than a complex one. Determining percentage of copper in brass would be the method to determine the percentage of copper in brass (by looking at the coefficients of the compounds in. The froth is skimmed off the surface and the enriched ore (mainly the copper calculate the % by mass of copper in each mineral (to the nearest whole percent) ore. However, in order to be as realistic as possible about this valuation, you can not assume that the complete ore body contains the same grade (ie 2% copper and 15 gram per tonne gold.
Copper ore yield percentage report on experiment determining the percentage of copper in determining the percentage of copper in a copper ore aim:. You're welcome to read lab report essay example copper is a chemical element naturally reddish-brown. Calculate percent copper using iodometric titration annex 1 titration method for determining salt iodate and determination of percentage copper by.


The long-term sustainability of nuclear power will depend on, among several factors, an adequate supply of uranium resources that can be delivered to the marketplace at competitive prices.
The purpose of the event is to analyse supply–demand scenarios and to present and discuss the latest developments and innovations in uranium geology, exploration, mining, processing and site decommissioning to ensure a sustainable supply of uranium for use as nuclear fuel. The presentations and discussions at URAM-2023 will:
- Lead to a better understanding of the adequacy of uranium supply to meet future demand;
- Provide information on geological models, new exploration concepts, knowledge and technologies that may potentially result in the discovery and development of new uranium resources;
- Describe new mining and processing technologies that have the potential to support a more efficient and sustainable development of uranium and related resources; and
- Consider the environmental compatibility of uranium production and the overall effectiveness of progressive waste management, decommissioning and remediation of production facilities.


These principal minerals found in the country along with their estimated reserves/resources are given below:
The Total Resources of Bauxite as per United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC) in the country are placed at about 3,290 million tonnes as on 1.4.2005. These resources include 899 million tonnes of Reserves and 2,391 million tonnes of Remaining resources. Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Maharashtra are the principal states where bauxite deposits are located. Major deposits are concentrated in the East Coast Bauxite deposits of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
The total resources of Chromite in the country as per UNFC System as on 1.4.2005 are estimated at 213 million tonnes, comprising 66 million tonnes reserves (31%) and 147 million tonnes of remaining resources (69 per cent). In India 95 per cent resources are located in Orissa, mostly in the Sukinda valley in Cuttack and Jaipur districts and the remaining 5% resources are distributed in Manipur and Karnataka and meagre quantities in the states of Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
The total resources of copper ore as on 1.4.2005 as per UNFC system are placed at 1.39 billion tonnes with a metal content of 11,418 thousand tonnes. Of these 369.49 million tonnes with a total metal content of 4383.97 thousand tonnes fall under Reserves while balance 1.02 billion tonnes with a metal content of 7033.75 thousand tonnes are 'Remaining resources'. Rajasthan is credited with the largest resources of copper ore at 668.5 million tonnes with a metal content of 3982 thousand tonnes followed by Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand. Copper resources are also available in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
There are three important gold fields in the country, namely, Kolar Gold Field, Kolar district and Hatti Gold Field in Raichur district (both in Karnataka) and Ramgiri Gold Field in Anantpur district (Andhra Pradesh). As per UNFC as on 1.4.2005 the total resources of gold ore (primary) in the country were estimated at 390.29 million tonnes with a metal content of 490.81 tonnes. Out of these, 19.25 million tonnes with a metal content of 85.12 tonnes were placed under reserves category and the remaining 371.03 million tonnes with a metal content of 405.69 tonnes under Resources category. The resources include placer-type gold ore in Kerala estimated at 26.12 million tonnes containing 5.86 tonnes gold metal. Largest resources of gold ore (primary) are located in Bihar followed by Karanataka, Rajasthan, West Bangal, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, etc. While in terms of metal content. Karnataka remained on the top followed by Rajasthan, West Bengal, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.
Iron & Steel is the crux for industrial development in a country. The vitality of the iron & steel industry largely influences the economic status of a country Iron ore being the essential raw-material for Iron & Steel Industry, its mining arguably is the cynosure of all mining activities undertaken by any country. With the total resources of over 28.5 billion tonnes of hematite (Fe203) and magnetite (Fe304), India is one of the leading producers as well as exporters of iron ore in the world.
As per UNFC system, the total provisional resources of hematite as on 1.4.2010 are estimated at 17,882 million tonnes of which 8,093 million tonnes (45%) are under reserve' category and the balance 9,789 million tones (55%) are under 'remaining resources' category. By grades, lumps constitute about 56% followed by fines (21%), lumps with fines (13%) and the remaining 10% are black iron ore, others and not known grades. Major resources of hematite are located in Odisha-5,930 million tonnes (33%), Jharkhand-4,597 million tones (26%), Chhattisgarh-3,292 million tones (18%), Karnataka-2,159 million tonnes (12%) and Goa-927 mil lion tonnes (5%). The balance resources of hematite are spread in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Magnetite is another principal iron ore that also occurs in the form of oxide,* either in igneous or metamorphosed banded magnetite-silica formation, possibly of sedimentary origin. As per UNFC system, the total resources of magnetite as on 1.4.2010 provisional are estimated at 10,644 million tonnes of which 'reserves' constitute a mere 22 million tonnes while 10,622 million tonnes are placed under 'remaining resources'. Classification on the basis of grades show 21% resources of metallurgical grade while 77% resources belong to unclassified, not-known and other grades. The resources of coal washery and foundry grades constitute meagre proportions. India's 97% magnetite resources are located in its four states, namely, Karnataka-7812 million tonnes (73%) followed by Andhra Pradesh-1,464 million tonnes (14%), Rajasthan-527 million tonnes and Tamil Nadu-507 million tonnes (5% each). Assam, Bihar, Goa, Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Nagaland together account for the remaining 3% resources.
Lead-Zinc resources are located in Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya. The total resources of lead and zinc ores as on 1.4.2005 as per UNFC are estimated at 522.58 million tonnes with a metal content of 7207 thousand tonnes of lead metal and 24260 thousand tonnes of zinc metal. Of these, 125.75 million tonnes with a metal content of 2591 thousand tonnes of lead metal and 11093 thousand tonnes of zinc metal fall under 'Reserves' while balance 396.83 million tonnes are with a metal content of 4617 thousand tonnes lead metal and 13167 thousand tonnes of zinc metal classified as 'Remaining resources'.
The total resources of manganese ore in the country as on 01.04.2010 are placed at 430 million tonnes as per UNFC system. Out of these, 142 million tone are categorised as reserves and the balance 288 million tonnes are in the remaining resources category. Gradewise, ferro-manganese grade accounts for only 8%, medium grade 11%, BF grade 34% and the remaining 47% are of mixed, low, others, unclassified, and not-known grades including 0.35 million tonnes of battery/chemical grade. Statewise, Odisha tops the total resources with 44% share followed by Karnataka 22%, Madhya Pradesh 13%, Maharashtra 8%, Andhra Pradesh 4% and Jharkhand & Goa 3% each. Rajasthan, Gujarat and West Bengal together shared about 3% of the total resources.
Nickel, when added in small quantity to iron, increases its properties manifold and makes the product hard and stainless. The reason behind the demand of 66% primary nickel in the entire world is for the production of stainless steel. When it is used in plating, it makes the surface tarnish-resistant and provides polished appearance.
As per UNFC, as on 1.4.2010, the total provisional resources of nickel ore have been estimated at 189 million tonnes. About 92% resources;i.e., 175 million tonnes are in Odisha. The remaining 8% resources are distributed in Jharkhand (9 million tonnes), Nagaland (5 million tonnes) and Karnataka (0.23 million tonnes).
The total resources of tungsten ore in the country, as per UNFC system, as on 1.4.2010 have been estimated at 87.4 million tonnes containing 142,094 tonnes W03 content. All these resources are placed under remaining resources' category. Resources are mainly distributed in Karnataka (42%), Rajasthan (27%), Andhra Pradesh (17%) and Maharashtra (9%). Remaining 5% resources are in Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. At Degana, Rajasthan, W03 value in vein deposits varies from 0.25 to 0.54% while in gravel deposit, it is, on an average 0.04%. In Sirohi deposit, Rajasthan, W03 content ranges from 0.02 to 2.2%. In West Bengal, Bankura deposit, Rajasthan, W03 content ranges from 0.02 to 2.2%. In West Bengal, Bankura Deposit contains, on an average, 0.1% W03. In Kuhi-Khobana-Agargaon belt, GSI has identified seven mineralised zones in Sakoli basin in Bhandara and Nagpur districts, Maharashtra. The analysis showed 0.01 to 0.19% W03 in Kuhi block, 0.13 to 0.38% W03 in Khobana block and 0.48% W03 in Pardi Dahegaon-Pipalgaon block. The deposit contains 0.17% W03 on an average. Gold area at Mysore mine of BGML in Karnataka has been reckoned as a potential source of scheelite. The tailing dumps at Kolar Gold Fields contain about 0.035 to 0.18% W03.
The total resources of barytes in India as on 1.4.2005 as per UNFC system are placed at 74 million tonnes of which about 46% (34 million tonnes) are in 'Reserves' category and 54% (40 million tonnes) are in 'Remaining Resources' category. The Mangampet deposit in Cuddapah district (Andhra Pradesh) is the single largest barytes deposit in the world. Andhra Pradesh alone accounted for more than 94 per cent country's resources. Minor occurrences of barytes are located in Rajasthan, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Karnataka and Haryana.
Diamond deposits occur in three types of geological settings such as kimberlite pipes, conglomerate beds and alluvial gravels. The main diamond bearing areas in India are Panna belt in Madhya Pradesh, Munimadugu-Banganapalie conglomerate in Kurnool district, Wajrakarur kimberlite pipe in Anantapur district, the gravels of Krishna river basin in Andhra Pradesh and damondiferous kimberlite in Raipur, Bastar and Raigarh districts in Chhattisgarh. Reserves have been estimated in Panna belt, Madhya Pradesh;Krishna Gravels in Andhra Pradesh;and in Raipur district, Chhattisgarh. As per the UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 diamonds are placed at around 4582 thousand carats, out of which about 1206 thousand carats are under Reserve category and remaining 3376 thousand carats are under remaining Resources category.
Total resources of dolomite as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are placed at 7533 million tonnes, out of which Reserves are 985 million tonnes and the balance i.e. 6548 million tonnes are in the 'Remaining Resources'. Dolomite occurrences are widespread in almost all parts of the country The major share of about 90 per cent resources is distributed in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
Fireclay occurs as a bedded deposit, mostly associated with coal measures of Gondwana and Tertiary periods. Important deposits are associated with Jharia and Raniganj coalfields in Jharkhand and West Bengal, Korba coalfield in Chhattisgarh and Neyveli Lignite field in Tamil Nadu. Notable occurrences of fireclay not associated with coal measures are known in the state of Gujarat, Jabalpur region of Madhya Pradesh and Belpahar-Sundergarh areas of Orissa. The total resources of fireclay as per UNFC system as on 1 April 2005, are about 705 million tonnes in India out of which 59 million tonnes and under Reserve category and about 646 million tonnes are under remaining Resources category. It is necessary to assess the fireclay reserves on priority basis, especially those associated with coal measures in the leasehold areas. The reserves of fireclay are substantial but resources of high grade (non-plastic) fireclay containing more than 37 per cent alumina are limited.
The total resources of fluorite as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 were estimated at 20.16 million tonnes. Out of these, 9.21 million tonnes were placed under 'Reserves' category and the remaining 10.95 million tonnes under Remaining Resources category. Major deposits of Fluorspar are located in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
The total resources of mineral Gypsum as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 were estimated at 1,237 million tonnes. Of these 69 million tonnes have been placed under Reserve and 1,168 million tonnes under 'Remaining Resources' The main occurrences of gypsum are located in Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Rajasthan alone accounts for more than 80 per cent country resource. Minor occurrences of gypsum are in Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
As per the UNFC the total resources of graphite in the country as on 1.4.2005 are placed at about 168.77 million tonnes comprising 10.75 million tonnes in the Reserve category and remaining 158.02 million tonnes under Resources category. Out of total resources, Arunachal Pradesh accounts 43% followed by Jammu and Kashmir (37%), Jharkhand (6%), Tamil Nadu (5%) and Odisha (3%). However, in term of reserves, Tamil Nadu has major share of about 37%.
The resources of Ilmenite are 461.37 million tonnes as per Department of Atomic Energy. Ilmenite occurs mainly in beach sand deposits right from Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) to coast in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Orissa. The mineral is also found in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.
India possesses fairly large resources of china clay. The total resources as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are about 2596 million tonnes out of which, 222 million tonnes are placed in Reserves category. The occurrences of china clay are distributed in Kerala, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Odisha, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Gujarat Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
The total resources of limestone of all categories and grades as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are estimated at 175345 million tonnes. Of which 12715 million tonnes are under 'Reserves' category and 162630 million tonnes are under 'Remaining Resources' category. Karnataka is the leading state followed by Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Meghalaya, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra and Uttarakhand.
Important mica bearing pegmatite occurs in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Bihar and Rajasthan. The total resources of Mica in the country as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are estimated at 393855 tonnes, out of which only 68570 tonnes are placed under 'Reserves' category. 'Remaining resources' are placed at 325285 tonnes. Rajasthan accounts for about 51 per cent resources, followed by Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra and Bihar.
The total resources of magnesite as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are about 338 million tonnes, of which Reserves and Remaining resources are 76 million tonnes and 262 million tonnes, respectively. Substantial quantities of resources are established in Uttarkhand (68%) followed by Rajasthan (16%) and Tamil Nadu (13%). Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka and Kerala contribute for the balance.
The total resources of kyanite and sillimanite as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are 103 million tonnes and 74 million tonnes, respectively. Out of these the Reserves categories are 1.4 million tonnes for kyanite and 11 million tonnes for sillimanite. Kyanite deposits are located in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Sillimanite resources are located mainly in Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam and West Bengal with minor occurrences in Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Rajasthan.
Deposits of phosphorites are located in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Besides, apatite deposits of commercial importance are reported from Jharkhand, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. The total resources of apatite as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are placed at 26.86 million tonnes, out of which 6 million tonnes are under Reserves category and about 21 million tonnes are under Remaining resources category. Out of the total resources, the bulk 61% are located in West Bengal. The total resources of rock phosphate as per UNFC system as on 1.4.2005 are placed at 305 million tonnes, out of which 53 million tonnes are placed under reserves and 252 million tonnes under remaining resources category. Bulk of reserves are located in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
Source: India year book
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