Minerals: Earth's Building Blocks
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and ordered atomic structure. They form through geological processes and are the fundamental components of rocks.
Mineral Formation and Types
Minerals form in various ways: crystallization from magma, precipitation from water, or changes in pressure and temperature. There are over 5,000 recognized minerals, categorized into silicates, oxides, sulfates, and more.
Unique Mineral Properties
Each mineral has unique properties like hardness, cleavage, and crystal form. The Mohs hardness scale ranks minerals from talc (softest) to diamond (hardest). These properties aid mineral identification and usage.
Rare Mineral Wonders
Painite was once considered the world's rarest mineral. Discovered in Myanmar in 1950, for decades, only a few crystals were known. Rarity in minerals often equals high value in the market.
Biominerals: Life's Architects
Not all minerals are abiotic. Biominerals are produced by organisms, like the calcium carbonate in seashells or the magnetite some bacteria create to navigate using Earth's magnetic fields.
Minerals and Technology
Modern technology relies on minerals. Smartphones contain over 30 including gold, copper, and rare earth elements. The innovative use of minerals is integral to advancements in technology.
Conservation of Mineral Resources
Mineral resources are finite. Over-extraction can lead to scarcity and environmental issues. Sustainable mining practices and recycling of minerals are crucial for conserving these precious resources for future generations.


11. What is underground mining?
Mineral deposits which cannot be economically extracted by surface mining techniques may be mined by underground methods.
Underground (U/G) mining can be applied to orebodies of any description, from tabular to massive and pipes, from relatively shallow depth to ultra-deep. The deepest operating mines today, in South Africa, are exploiting gold reefs some 4,000m below surface.
U/G mining has two primary activities: Development and Stoping.
Development is the collective name for all the tunnels in a mine, used to reach an orebody and prepare it for stoping.
“Development” is used to describe both the process of mining tunnels, and also the actual tunnels created in the process.
Individual tunnels, while they are being mined, are called development ends and also development headings.
The end of a tunnel, whether it is still being developed or has stopped, is called the face.
The floor & roof of a tunnel are often called the footwall & hangingwall.
Stoping is the process of bulk extraction of the orebody which has been accessed and made available by development. The resulting excavations are called stopes.
Mechanized mining is underground mining in which mobile equipment is used, e.g. self-propelled machines (machines with an engine).
Mechanized mining may be trackless or semi-trackless.
In trackless mining, no vehicles which run on rails are used to move rock. In these mines, rock is moved by U/G dump trucks or, sometimes, conveyors.
In semi-trackless mining, mobile equipment is used which may include hydraulic drill rigs, loaders & other machines. However, close to the production areas the rock is tipped down orepasses and waste passes to a haulage level where it is trammed in locomotive-drawn cars running on tracks. This method combines mobile machines with rail-mounted cars.


Premier Horgan Discusses Guardian Program Goals & Acknowledges Dave Porter
Research Confirms: Indigenous Guardians Deliver Economic, Social & Environmental Success
July 29th 2020 Indigenous Guardian programs deliver proven benefits for First Nations peoples and non-Indigenous Canadians across the country, according to a new report by the University of Victoria Environmental Law Centre and the First Nations Energy and Mining...
FNEMC Releases Report: Using Financial Assurance To Reduce The Risk of Mine Non-Remediation
Click Here To View Report
FNLC Sends Letter to BC Re: Imperial Metals Giant Copper Mine
To view letter please visit https://fnemc.ca/?portfolio=fnlc-letter-to-bc-re-imperial-metals-giant-copper-mine
First Nations Energy and Mining Council Releases Tailings Pond Report
First Nations resource tool to assist communities to understand the risks associated with tailings dams in central and northern BC Stresses need for caution, careful planning, consultation to safeguard 48 watersheds Vancouver (Coast Salish Traditional Territory....
B.C. mine tailings ponds pose serious risk to water sources: report
JUSTINE HUNTER VICTORIA — The Globe and Mail Published Wednesday, Jun. 03, 2015 12:00AM EDT Last updated Wednesday, Jun. 03, 2015 12:00AM EDT Thousands of kilometres of salmon-rich waterways and the drinking water of hundreds of communities in central and Northern...
BC First Nations Energy and Mining Council Calls for Mining Reform
BC First Nations Energy and Mining Council Calls for Mining Reform FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Coast Salish Traditional Territory (North Vancouver). In the wake of the Mount Polley Mine tailings breach in the Shushwap Nation territory, the BC First Nations Energy and Mining...
Landmark Yukon Free-Entry Mining Court Ruling a Serious Wake-up Call for BC
VANCOUVER, Jan. 14, 2013 /CNW/ - The BC government and mining industry have been given a blaring wake-up call in the form of a precedent-setting court ruling against the existing free-entry claims process, says the BC First Nations Energy and Mining Council. The...


02 Jul Gold Mining in Zimbabwe
Gold mining in Zimbabwe goes back to the second millenia with traces of gold and stories of mining traced back to Mapungubwe in South africa and to Great Zimbabwe. It is an established fact that the early Zimbabweans traded gold with the Arabic slave traders and then with the early Portuguese settlers in Mozambique in the 1500’s.
There has always been formal mining, however in recent years there has been an upsurge in informal mining. the images in this gallery portray the resurgence in basic mining in the Goromonzi area. Miners dig shafts and follow the rich seams of gold. They descend down narrow shafts using rickety ladders constructed from local tree materials. their lighting provided by head lights using modern braai lights. The work is dangerous but only the rich seams of ore are mined and then crushed using trditional stamp mills. All processing is left to the miners who are them obliged to sell the gold to official channels.
This mine has now ceased operations as the ore has been exhausted.


Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections
News in the gas, oil and affiliated industries.
Canadian Mining News
Newsletter geared to large and small mining and exploration companies.
CDC: Mining Safety and Health Research
Features news, articles, reports, and graphs.
Engineering and Mining Journal (E&MJ)
A monthly trade magazine serving the mining industry Provides technical and economic articles to professionals in the metal and non-metallic mining industry.
News and information concerning all aspects of worldwide mining and mineral exploration.
Mining news, conferences, and directory of Iranian mining businesses and associations.
Iranian Mining & Mineral Processing
News and directory for mining and mineral engineers. Includes membership information, articles and newsletter.
Guide to the mining industry, providing sponsored news, investment profiles and gossip.
Mining Industry News - Topix.net
News on the mining industry continually updated from thousands of sources around the net.
Portal featuring news, metal prices, buyers' guide, technical reference, and mine database.
Provides mining industry news and information to miners, suppliers, industry investors and others. Information resources of Australia's Mining Monthly, Australia's Longwalls and Resource Stocks. Delivers news and analysis covering national and international mining and exploration.
Project Underground: Drillbits and Tailings
Online monthly on the mining and oil industries and the environment.
The Australian Journal of Mining
Covers surface and underground mining. Includes subscription information.
The Mining Journal Group
Publishes a number of magazines, books and electronic products and provides research services for the international mining and construction sectors.
News about the mining industry, collected from various sources on the web.


Download Terramin Product Catalogue
The Terramin Product Catalogue provides in-depth information about each of our products, in addition to our range of underground mining services.
As we strive to keep pace with developments when it comes to mining in South Africa and mining in Africa, we are continually updating our products, and adjusting them to customer needs and specifications.
Furthermore, our variety products and services reflect years of hands-on international site visits and research.
As a result of this, we have formed many successful collaborations with companies around the world. Therefore, we can safely say that we are one of the most established mining companies in Gauteng.
Download this product catalogue to find out more about:
- Underground Ventilation
- Ventilation Repair/Sealing
- Safety and PPE
- De-watering Pumps
- Underground Accessories
If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to contact one of our staff members for more information. Regardless of what your unique requirements are, we will be able to help!
For video demonstrations of our products, please visit our YouTube channel.


Best Gold Stocks To Own Right Now: First Majestic Silver Corp.(AG)
First Majestic Silver Corp. engages in the production, development, exploration, and acquisition of mineral properties with a focus on silver in Mexico. The company owns interests in La Encantada Silver Mine comprising 4,076 hectares of mining rights and 1,343 hectares of surface land located in Coahuila; La Parrilla Silver Mine consisting of mining concessions covering an area of 69,867 hectares; and San Martin Silver Mine comprising approximately 7,841 hectares of mineral rights and approximately 1,300 hectares of surface land rights located in Jalisco. It also holds interests in Del Toro Silver Mine consisting of 393 contiguous hectares of mining claims and an additional 129 hectares of surface rights located in Zacatecas; Real de Catorce Silver Project comprising 22 mining concessions covering 6,327 hectares located in San Luis Potosi state; and Jalisco Group of Properties consisting of mining claims totalling 5,240 hectares located in Jalisco. The company was founded in 1979 and is headquartered in Vancouver, Canada.Advisors' Opinion:
- [By Zacks]
Originally posted here...Most Popular Earnings Expectations For The Week Of July 14: Big Banks, Tech Giants And More GT Advanced Technologies Down Sharply On iPhone Production Concerns UPDATE: Barclays Upgrades Apple, Has High Expectations For Near Term Perrigo Rumored To Be On Block; 'Market Source' Sees 25% Premium 9 IPOs To Watch For This Week
- [By Lisa Levin] Related AG Morning Market Losers First Majestic Silver! (AG) in Focus: Stock Rises 5.9% - Tale of the Tape Related ARCI Top 4 Stocks In The Electronics Stores Industry With The Highest ROE Morning Market Movers
The Dow jumped 0.77% to 17,074.40, while the NASDAQ composite index rose 0.47% to 4,436.25. The broader Standard & Poor's 500 index gained 0.53% to 1,978.08.
- [By Monica Gerson]
First Majestic Silver (NYSE: AG) is estimated to post its Q1 earnings at $0.10 per share on revenue of $63.35 million.
Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (NYSE: RDY) is expected to report its Q4 earnings at $0.52 per share.
- [By Laura Brodbeck]
TuesdayEarnings Expected: Fossil Group (NASDAQ: FOSL), CST Brands (NYSE: CST), First Majestic Silver (NYSE: AG) Economic Releases Expected: US retail sales, US redbook, German ZEW economic sentiment, Chinese retail sales, Chinese industrial production
source from Top Stocks For 2015:http://www.topstocksblog.com/best-gold-stocks-to-own-right-now-3.html


Our collection of resources based on what we have learned on the ground
The Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Bill, promulgated in May of 2015 allows for the e-auction of coal blocks. Whoever wins the bid at these e-auctions, is given the title, rights, and interest over the land, and mining infrastructure that is in place. The goal of the Coal Mines Bill is to develop the resource-rich eastern territories of India. While these auctions currently take place solely in the public sector, it is expected that in time the government will allow private companies to mine commercially.
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VMN gives itself over to the production of crushers and mills, which can be used in aggregate crushing, industrial milling and ore processing fields, such as sand making machine, portable crusher plant, vibrating screen and Raymond mill, If you are engaged in these industries, why not choose VMN?
VMN set up a local branch office in Chile, which is one of the most important sales markets of VMN in South America. Each year, a large number of clients purchased crushing and powder-making machineries produced by VMN, and we have won trust from our clients because of the high-quality products and after-sales services.…Read More
Hydrocyclone has been extensively used for closed circuit grinding and classification system , thickening, desliming, dewatering , tailings filling, damming, recovery processes in ferrous, nonferrous metal and nonmetal mine industries, and is deeply popular with customers due to high classification efficiency, simple structure, large throughput, and small occupied area.…Read More
As kind of important raw mineral materials, clay mine’s crushing and grinding is extremely important in the whole clay mining processing plant. There will be both stationary crushing screening plant and mobile or portable plant provided for your mining.With the ability to maximize product output, our machineries feature high production rates, low operating costs and simplified state of the art mainframe.…Read More


After receiving their Mining and Exploration License, AFCAN Holdings began acquiring a number of properties in the Kono region of Sierra Leone. In early 2007 a sampling program of its properties near the town of Begbema commenced. AFCAN Holdings then expanded its operation by purchasing earth moving equipment including mineral processing plants with a 100 tonne per/hr material processing capacity. Since that time AFCAN Holdings has been aggressively acquiring additional mining plots through out the Kono region. AFCAN Holdings is also in negotiations with the Government of Sierra Leone in acquiring Dredging Licenses in Kono.
In February of 2011, AFCAN Holdings negotiated a joint mining venture with Savanna Eng to exploit its Bagbema and Bongema properties. In 2012, Savannah Eng shipped additional mineral processing equipment which will be put into operations in early 2013.
Afcan Properties currently in production
Bagbema AFCAN Holdings is currently mining properties in the town of Begbema and has increased its processing capabilities.Bongema AFCAN Holdings has acquired more than 30 mining plots with options for additional plots in areas whose potential is proven. Sampling programs began in early 2010, in 2011 AFCAN Holdings entered into a Joint venture with Savanna Eng, Operations will begin in January 2013. Properties in Development Diamond Mining Projects Yamandu Sites, Sandor Chiefdom, Kono District Sandia Sites, Nimiyima Chiefdom, Kono District Njala-Kunukoro Sites, Nimiyama Chiefdom, Kono District Gold Mining Projects Mabonto, Kafe-Simiria Chiefdom, Tonkolili District Sanduru, Penguya Chiefdom, Kailahun District Sowa Chiefdom, Kono District Gbane
© 2020 Afcan Holdings Limited . All rights reserved .


Description:Address: 3650 E Ave G, Hutchinson, KS 67501, USA
Strataca, also known as Kansas Underground Salt Museum, is built within one of the world’s largest deposits of rock salt. It provides the opportunity to go 650 feet beneath the Earth’s surface. It is a unique destination attraction for exploring an amazing environs carved from salt deposits formed 275 million years ago. The museum is located in the Hutchinson Salt Company mine which began operation in 1923 as Carey Salt Company. There are 14 other salt mines in the United States, but none of which are accessible to tourists.
The machine was installed her in 11/08
CommentsUpdated Strataca - thegillion
Copper Dropper added to system.


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HAUL ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Haul roads and haul trucks are the lifeline of the mining and forestry industries. When a haul truck stops moving or can’t get through due to washouts, rutting or sinking, production as well as revenue can grind to a halt. Every minute of downtime in a plant or project site caused by delayed or unreliable access to a remote or difficult job site location means dollars lost. However, the payload can keep rolling when geotechnically engineered solutions are used to stabilize and reinforce the base layers of an access road, lease road, light haul or heavy haul road.
When remote, isolated locations and soft, impassable soil conditions make access to a job site a significant challenge, the use of geosynthetics in heavy haul road construction can provide a practical and sustainable solution. NPA geocells afford an increased bearing capacity over soft subgrades to support even the heaviest haul trucks. NPA geocells used in the base layer of a haul road or heavy haul road create a beam effect which increases the load capacity and distributes vertical pressure horizontally across the width of the road.
When conventional road construction methods cannot adequately address these specialized needs, geosynthetic solutions such as NPA-based cellular confinement systems can be used to lock soils and aggregates in place, providing superior soil stabilization as well as reducing fugitive dust. NPA geocell-reinforced haul roads will resist cuts, impacts, rutting and subsurface degradation. The result is less wear and tear to tires, vehicles and equipment, and reliable, safe routes for transportation, forestry, mine and other natural resource extraction operations.
In the case of some mining haul roads, soft soil is not the issue. Mining operations can produce steep slope conditions which are subject to landslides, rock falls and soil erosion. Stratum Logics applies their unmatched expertise in geotechnical engineering design using geosynthetics as well as other methods such as erosion control blankets, soil anchors, and soil nail walls to solve regionally and operationally unique haul road and heavy haul road construction challenges.
Stratum’s innovative soil reinforcement solutions can also be applied to railways, pipe yards, storage yards and work pads and to stabilize slopes, embankments, containment ponds, taillings and settling ponds, channels and mine waste heaps. They will provide soil erosion control during operations and can assist in mine rehabilitation, with the added benefit of supporting strong plant re-growth when the site has completed its life cycle and/or must be returned to its natural state.


Australia: Vietnam's biggest steelmaker set to import iron ore from its new mine in the Northern Territory
More royalties for the WA government. And these royalties should resist fluctuations in the price of ore. Because the ore is going to a dedicated user, the price will not be subject to market prices
And many secure jobs for Australian workers will be created. Long live the Hoa Phat company!
Hoa Phat Group received approval from Australia's Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) to buy the Roper Valley iron ore project last year and has now started trucking ore more than 500 kilometres to the Darwin Port for export.
The Acting CEO of Darwin Port, Peter Dummett, said the company's first shipment was due out later this month.
"This mine was initially developed by Sherwin Iron and Hoa Phat have now purchased that mine, which included about 300,000 tonnes of ore already stockpiled there," he said.
"So we've got a number of trucks coming in each day with the product and it's good to see it coming in.
"Hoa Phat is the largest steel producer in Vietnam, so this product is going to its steel mills — it's not for on-selling."
Mr Dummett said the company was aiming to export the 300,000-tonne stockpile by the end of this year.
"Hoa Phat have their own vessels and will probably move this in five shipments," he said.
Mr Dummett said the ore was currently being transported entirely by road to the port, but the company's long-term plan was to use the rail line to Darwin.
The ABC understands the company is still working through the necessary approvals to restart mining.
The company said it was looking to buy more Australian mines to supply raw materials to its mills in Vietnam.
"Hoa Phat Group is continuing to research to invest in purchasing some other new iron mines in Australia to ensure a long-term supply of at least 50 per cent of its iron ore demand — equivalent to 10 million tonnes a year," it said.
"The group is also studying to buy some Australian coking coal mines in the future to gradually become self-sufficient in this important production material."
The company said it produced 780,000 tonnes of crude steel in May this year, which was up 16 per cent over the same period last year.


Magnetic Drum Separators made by steel stainless 304 and rare earth magnet.
It remove ferrous contaminants from the product stream in wide
range of applications.
Application: They are used in the food, chemical, plastics, pharmaceutical,
foundry, mining, and many other industries to remove ferrous fines,
as well as large fragments of tramp iron, from granular materials,
rock products ore, aggregates, and other abrasive product flows.
Increase Product Purity and Productivity：
Magnetic Drum Separators can dramatically reduce interrupted
production runs, maintenance, and costly wear and tear on
production machinery. They are designed for use with products that
carry a high percentage of ferrous contaminants and that require a
continuous self-cleaning separator.
Magnetic Drum Separators are engineered for easy installation and
maintenance in your gravity processing lines, where they--
REDUCE CONTAMINATION REJECTS
PREVENT EQUIPMENT DAMAGE
RECLAIM FERROUS MATERIAL
REDUCE TRAMP METAL HAZARDS


ADJATECH started its operations in 2003 and has since been selling various brands of process belt conveyors.
Today, the company serves a very diverse customer base in various industrial sectors, including cement, lime and gypsum production, the foundry industry, steel processing and other metallurgical and automotive industries.
– ability to operate at high temperatures
– impact resistance
– long service life
– does not require lubrication
– low noise level
– environmental protection
– easy to operate and service
– low operating costs
Belt conveyors on offer:
– transporting castings
– sorting castings
The primary use of the conveyor is the transport and segregation of castings after the casting process. Through the use of high-quality materials, the temperature of the castings does not affect the durability.
In cooperation with the SUPERBELT transporter, Magaldi offers a special system for cooling MCC castings.
Through the modern ECOBELT system, it is possible to transport hot sand or other consumables. An additional advantage is that materials can be transported at an angle of up to 450 degrees.
As a mobile work table, the SUPERBELT PR conveyor is ideal for removing and sorting gating systems and castings. The flat surface ensures that the operator can easily search through the different types of castings mixed in the chute.
A single conveyor can also be used to transport castings to the blasters or to move castings during shotblasting.
Knocked-out casting moulds need to be transported to the shaker. The conveying equipment encounters hard and hot material that causes rapid wear and tear on the parts, but under these conditions the ConvTec conveyor is reliable.
The conveyors can operate on an incline with a gradient of up to 350 degrees and can be loaded with a load of up to 30 tonnes. This enables the convoy to be used for loading gating system crushers as well as casting furnaces. An additional advantage is that the conveyor speed can be adjusted as required, which eliminates excessive load accumulation at the inlet of the crusher or furnace and allows maximum utilisation of the machine’s processing capacity.
You are also invited to visit www.filtracja.adjatech.pl


This mine has apparently had several incarnations over time. The ore body was first staked in 1930 by L.O. Hedlund. Several organizations obtained options to the property over the next few years, but did little with it, and let their options lapse.
In 1936, the property was acquired by Tyranite Gold Mines Limited. After that, a 3-compartment shaft was sunk to a depth of 1,151 feet over 7 levels. According to a document entitled A Chronology of Minerals Development in Canada, production started here in 1939, but was suspended in 1942, presumably due to the war. During this time, the mine produced 31,352 ounces of gold and 4,860 ounces of silver from 223,810 tons of ore.
When we arrived here, I have to admit to being somewhat taken aback. I knew of the location, but not whether or not we were going to find anything. To find what we did, was a very pleasant surprise.
As we walked around the site, we began to get the impression that it had been worked before its latest incarnation. Some parts of it just seemed out of place with others, and I soon suspected that they were leftovers from previous operations there. The history of the mine would bear out that theory.
Each building, and every corner seemed to offer something interesting. We probably could have stayed another couple of hours, but we had other sites we wanted to investigate, and daylight doesn't stick around long this time of year.
Update July 1, 2018:
We stopped by for a quick visit on a very hot day. I was curious to see if any further development had been done here, or if the site had just continued to fall into disrepair.
It appeared some work had been done at some point. A couple of buildings had been removed, and another's roof had been reshingled. Aside from that, there was little eveidence of anything that had changed. I took a few photos, shown here, before continuing on with our day.


Steel is a highly used material in society today and was developed in the Industrial Revolution as an improvement to iron. Due to its low production cost, steel now represents 90% of the metals consumed by industries.
As one can imagine, steel is a part of everyone’s daily lives, both in homes and offices and in the infrastructure of cities such as buildings, bridges, highways, among others.
Its production happens when iron oxide is mixed with fine sand and coal. This charcoal can be of mineral or vegetable source. So, for the steel to be produced, equipment called a blast furnace is used, where the chemical reaction takes place to separate the iron from its ore. For this to happen, coke is used, which is a reducing agent and comes from mineral coal.
It is important to understand that the coal used in the integrated coking steel industry is called coking coke. In other words, an essential substance in the reduction of iron ore to metallic ore. Thus, the coke will be obtained from the distillation of mineral coal in ovens, without oxygen, and during a certain time.
In this industrial process, coke oven gas, tar, and other chemical products are formed.
Types of steel industrial plants
The plants are classified according to the type of production process, which can be integrated, semi-integrated, and non-integrated.
In these plants, there are three basic phases: reduction, refining, and rolling. These factories have the entire steel production process.
In this type of plant, on the other hand, there are two phases: refining and rolling. So, pig iron, sponge iron, or metallic suction are used, which will be transformed into steel. These raw materials are obtained from third parties to then carry out the steel production process.
Unlike the other two types of plants, non-integrated ones only operate the processing stage. This step can be either lamination or reduction.
Steel production process
Using the example of an integrated plant, which carries out the complete production process, there are some steps that must be respected. These are load preparation, reduction, refining, and rolling.
To start the production process, the load is prepared, which is to make an agglomerate of iron ore using lime and coke fines. This step will result in sinter and coke. Coke is produced when the coal used is processed in the coke oven.
Next, the raw materials are loaded into the blast furnace, which will separate the iron from its ore.
Thus, the reduction of iron ore into liquid metal results in a product called pig iron. In pig iron there is a high content of carbon, which must be refined for steel production to take place.
The next step is the refining of pig iron, where part of the carbon content and other impurities contained in it are removed.
Finally, the rolling of steel takes place in a mechanical forming step. As a result of this step, the steel gains a new profile, reducing its thickness and increasing its length and width.
The transformation of coal into industrial coke
The coke plant is part of the steel industry that is responsible for producing coke. This product is the biggest heat supplier for the blast furnace, being indispensable in the production of steel.
Coke is a material similar to a porous rock, about the size of a fist. It is the carbon source for steel and also influences the blast furnace’s performance.
This coal coking process was what allowed ironmaking to be improved. Consequently, resulting in steel that is produced using coke in steel industries.
Coke oven production process
The coke plant is an essential step in the production of steel, as it is where the coke to be used as fuel and reducing agent in the steel production process is produced.
The first step in the production of coke takes place during the heating of the coal to up to 350 ºC. Thus, there is vaporization of moisture and the beginning of devolatilization.
Then, in the second stage, also known as the plastic phase, the temperature rises and stays between 350 and 500 ºC. Under these conditions, coal decomposes into tar and gases, which are diluted by the liquid formed.
Finally, the third stage consists of a temperature that starts at 500 ºC and reaches 1000 ºC at the end of the production process. It is in this solidification stage that the slurry formed loses even more volatile material, consequently starting to crack to form semi-coke and then coke.
In this transition from semi-coke to coke, the gases generated are characterized by the increase of hydrogen and the reduction of methane, with semi-coke turning into coke only when the temperature gets to a range from 950 to 1000 ºC.
Once formed, the coke remains in the oven until the temperature of the product is homogenized and the physical and metallurgical properties are regulated as well.
It is only after all this process that the coke is ready to be used in steel production, making the final material more interesting and competitive.
Use of coke in the reduction step
During the steel production process, as mentioned above, coke is used as fuel and reducing agent. Considering the second application, coke is the reducing agent precisely in the reduction stage.
And it is at this point in the process that pig iron is produced. Like steel, pig iron is an alloy composed of iron and carbon. However, there are other elements present such as manganese, silicon, and sulfur, in addition to a higher concentration of carbon in pig iron.
Pig iron production is very important for the steel industry, as it accounts for a large part of the cost of steel production.
Thus, it is possible to understand that the use of coke in the steel production process is important and essential to obtain a higher quality product.


Kohtla-Nõmme Mining Museum, Show all 56 places in ESTONIA » ESTONIA56
- Jaama 100, Kohtla-Nõmme 30503 Ida-Virumaa Estonia
- Working hours*:
June - August
Thursday - Saturday 11:00-18:00
Last group enters the underground mine by latest 17:00
Monday - closed
September - May
Thursday - Saturday
11:00 - 17:00
Sunday -Monday available only for pre-booked groups
- * - opening and closing times as well as entrance prices, are subject to alterations without notice. Visitors are advised to check before visiting.
- Visitors to the underground mine must book in advance
- 59.3500250, 27.1740360 Copy to clipboard Copy
The underground museum is the most attractive and exciting sight at the Estonian Mining Museum, consisting of former mining gears with a total length of 1 kilometre.
During the guided tour, visitors become miners as they put on helmets and miner lights and descend to mining gears up to 8 m under the ground. They are offered a unique chance to walk in the footsteps of real miners, experience their daily work in moist and dusky conditions, which helps to understand the background and the development of oil shale mining and the functioning of the industry.
During the underground tour, guests visit miners’ various underground work places as well as the explosives storage, travel on a real underground train for miners, and get the view of various underground technical equipment and mining technology.
In addition to that, visitors can order a delicious miner’s lunch and enjoy it in the underground miner canteen.
Besides the exciting adventure under the ground, the Estonian Mining Museum offers various interesting tours both on the territory of the mining area and farther.
Visiting the oil shale sorting premises and the watchtower.
Looking for fossils present in oil shale and limestone layers on the gangue hill.
A hike or a cycling trip to and on the hiking and learning tracks in the re-cultivated areas of the Aidu quarry.
Viewing the cross section of oil shale layers and how the “moonscape” of processed areas are re-cultivated in the Vanaküla oil shale quarry.
The underground museum consists of former mining gears with a total length of 1 kilometre. At the museum, equipped with miner’s helmet, lamp and clothing, it is possible to take a look at miner’s work places, the former underground mining technology, the miner’s train and the explosive storage as well as listen to the amazing stories and facts that the tour guides are telling about the exposition.


Dolaucothi Gold Mines
The Dolaucothi Gold Mines are owned by the National Trust. The gold mines were in use from Roman times to the 20th century. These unique gold mines are set amid wooded hillsides overlooking the beautiful Cothi Valley. 2,000 years ago, the powerful Romans left behind a glimpse of gold-mining methods. The harsh mining environment continued in the 19th and 20th centuries, ending in 1938.
Guided tours take you back to experience the conditions of the Roman, Victorian and 1930s underground workings. You can see and hear the 1930s mine and mine machinery, have a go at gold panning and take the opportunity to experience the frustrations of searching for real gold.
Remember your National Trust card. The Dolaucothi Gold Mines are a 1 hour drive from the penthouse.


The Physiotherapists at Precision Health Care have extensive experience in the prevention and treatment of injuries within the mining sector. We act as the preferred provider for several mines in the local area and have provided weekly on-site services to mines in the Western Area since 2012.
This has allowed our Physiotherapists to developed a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the specific tasks and requirements of workers in the mining sector.
Specific to the mining sector our Physiotherapists can provide:
Workplace Injury Management
Graded Return to Work Plans
Mining Role Physical Requirements Reports
Manual Handling Training
For further information, please phone Precision Health Care on 02 6885 1188.


When you’re working in mining, there are many outside factors that can affect your overhead and your bottom line. Changing commodity prices, fuel costs, overseas markets and many other issues can influence the final profit your company makes. One way that many mining companies protect their investment is by purchasing used mining equipment in their daily operation. But what kind of equipment is available and in what situations does it best work? Here are some types of mining equipment to put into use at your operation.
How to Hit Pay Dirt with Different Types of Used Mining Equipment
- Earth moving machinery can include loaders, excavators, bulldozers and skid steers. Though this type of equipment is most commonly found in open pit and strip mining operations, they also have some utility in shaft and drift mining operations where the ground is fairly solid in the work area.
- Blasting equipment is used to improve access to the mined mineral or remove waste rock from a desired seam. Blasting is used in all mining types, including shaft and drift, open pit and strip mining. Because it’s one of the most dangerous jobs in mining, automating these tasks is a great way to prevent worker injury and liability cases. Remote drill rigs are deployed to pre-drill the holes for the explosives to ensure precision in the depth and bore of the hole.
- Drilling machinery is a vital part of any mining operation, mainly due to the high level of different types of work that is undertaken with this type of machinery. From drilling to create the access shafts and drifts to smaller machinery that bores holes for explosives that frees up the material being mined for transport, drilling machinery is a core machinery requirement for all forms of mining.
- Crushing machinery is used to further separate the waste rock from the minerals that are specifically being mined. After blasting a rock formation, the material is removed to a crushing assembly using feeding equipment, at which point the material it is reduced into smaller pieces suitable for moving along the production process via the conveying equipment.
- Screening equipment is put into use to separate sufficiently small material from larger pieces that need to be fed back through the crushing machinery until it has reached a suitable size for further processing.
- Feeding and conveying equipment is used to move mined material along the production line in a variety of ways. Feeding equipment moves larger pieces of rock into the crushing machinery, ensuring that a regular flow of material is maintained. Once the material has been crushed into more manageable piece, it’s moved by conveying equipment to be analyzed or processed.
- Elemental analysis equipment includes machinery that helps separate and analyze the minerals coming out of the process. This equipment may separate material by floating, milling or leaching the desired minerals. It can also analyze the minerals for purity, quantity and similar concerns. These types of machinery can also be used to maintain blend quality and automated sampling of the material.
How will this used mining equipment help your company get ahead? Though you are the best person to decide which used machinery for sale is the best for your needs, you’ll find that many mining enterprises use online auctions to improve the selection they have available to get the best possible tools for the job.


Gold Mining in Nevada
Historical Prices of Gold
Timeline of Events Leading to the Marietta Hill Gold Discovery
In 2007 geologist friend of Alan Chamberlain, Larry McMaster, discovered gold on the Marietta site when searching for copper.
There were little results for copper, but very promising results for gold in the tests from the laboratory.
The Gold discovery was reported by Larry to the current owner
But the current owner was only concerned with copper and ignored the findings of gold
Alan and Larry executed a purchase agreement for the mining rights to the land
They agreed upon a $500,000 purchase price with the current owner getting 1% of the extracted gold proceeds
Analysis of the samples from exploratory bore holes determines an estimated 30,000 ounces of gold
14 shallow bore holes were dug and upon examination of the samples it was estimated that there should be anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 ounces of gold. That's at least $53,490,000 at today's price per ounce of gold.


Clay City, Kentucky
Clay City is a Powell county town on the Red River about three miles west of Stanton. Iron ore was discovered in the area in 1786 and the first iron forge west of the Alleghenies was built here. The settlement was known as Collins Forge, for the Collins brothers who had discovered the ore and began the mining and refining operation. An iron furnace was built by 1805 and the area became known as the Red River Iron Works. The Clay City name may be for Henry Clay or for local clay deposits and an associated brick works.
Clay City was incorporated in 1880.
A Red River Iron Works post office opened in 1820. In 1889 it moved across the river and was renamed Waltersville. It closed in 1864. The Clay City post office opened in 1883.
The population in 2010 was 1,077.
SEARCH THE KENTUCKY ATLAS & GAZETTEER
© 2023 David C. Elbon


Ian Waldie | Bloomberg | Getty Images
A train loader fills train carriages with lump iron ore at Rio Tinto Group’s West Angelas iron ore mine in Pilbara. The miner’s plans to replace trains with driverless ones hit a delay in Q1.
Rio Tinto reported a rise in first-half profit for 2018 of 12 percent year-on-year, and announced an additional share buyback and dividend hike.
Underlying profit for the first six months of the year came in at $4.42 billion, up from $3.94 billion in the same period last year.
The mining giant announced plans to buy back an additional $ 1 billion in shares, aiming for completion by the end of February 2019. Rio Tinto also announced an interim dividend of $1.27 per share, up 15 percent on the year.
The Anglo-Australian multinational said it shipped 88.5 million tons of iron ore in the second quarter of the year, a jump of 14 percent compared to the second quarter of 2017, due to improved productivity and fewer adverse weather conditions. It expects the year’s shipments to be at the upper end of the current guidance range of 330 to 340 million tons.
Rio Tinto also delivered $0.3 billion in additional free cash flow in the first half from its mine-to-mine productivity program.


If you find any of the dividend record is wrong or duplicated, please contact me.
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The share price is in SGD. The dividends are paid in SGD
Address: 50 Raffles Place , #32-01 Singapore Land Tower, Singapore 048623
AsiaPhos is the first mineral resources company listed on the SGX-ST which is solely focused on exploring and mining phosphate in the PRC with the ability to manufacture and produce phosphate-based chemical products. To make full use of this valuable and non-renewable natural resource, AsiaPhos is adopting a vertically-integrated strategy which will comprise mining of its phosphate rocks and the production of phosphate-based chemical products. The Group currently owns exploration and mining rights to its two mines and has recently completed the construction of a P4 plant. As part of its future plans, the Group intends to construct more processing facilities.
© 2024 Dividends.sg / More Countries


YENEENA (100% Encounter)
Yeneena covers a 1,800km2 tenement package in the Paterson Province of WA located between the Nifty copper mine, the Woodie Woodie manganese mine, the Telfer gold-copper mine and the Kintyre uranium deposit (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Yeneena project leasing and target areas with major regional faults
The BM7 prospect is located at the intersection of the north-east trending Queen Fault and a NNW to NNE trending Windsor fault that splays off the regionally-extensive McKay Fault (Figure 1). A 6km long and up to 3km wide copper regolith anomaly outlines the BM7 system that is also coincident with a broad area of electrically resistive geology.
Diamond drilling at BM7 has been primarily focused on the western side of the regolith anomaly in the zone of most resistive geology. The broad spaced diamond drilling has defined a gently east-dipping sequence of interbedded carbonates and carbonaceous to calcareous shales.
All diamond holes drilled along this western margin have intersected zones of disseminated copper sulphide mineralisation. The strongest mineralisation to date has been intersected in the northern half of the BM7 system in EPT1719 (5.3m @ 2.5% Cu from 387.6m including 0.7m @ 10.7% Cu from 388.6m). (Reported pursuant to the 2004 Edition of the JORC Code - refer ASX announcement 22 October2013)
During the September 2014 quarter a single diamond hole was drilled at BM7, collared 400m north of EPT1719 (Figure 2). This hole, EPT2158, intersected an anomalously thick package of carbonate stratigraphy containing bands of carbonaceous shale. Copper sulphide mineralisation was noted over a broad interval downhole, with stronger mineralised zones occurring at the margins of the carbonate bodies, including a narrow vein of massive chalcopyrite mineralisation at ~250m (Photo 1 - refer ASX release 31 October 2014).
Figure 2: BM7 Diamond drilling status plan over interpreted geology
Photo 1: EPT 2158 - 250.4m to 250.7m assays 8.9% copper
The low grade copper sulphide mineralisation and phosphorous anomalism (proxy for apatite alteration) appear to strengthen from west to east in the northern half of BM7, in the area around drill holes EPT1717 and EPT2158. This alteration within the host carbonate stratigraphy provides a vector to the east towards an interpreted steep NW trending structure. It is interpreted that this NW trending structure is the primary fluid conduit to the BM7 system and is therefore likely to be more proximal to the high grade mineralisation.
Figure 3: Interpreted cross section 7539700mN through BM7
BM7 East Prospect
The BM7 East Prospect was identified in 2013 during wide-spaced aircore drilling east of the BM7 Prospect. An RC drill program over BM7 East was completed in September 2014.
Fe-Mg carbonate (siderite) and phosphorus alteration halos (apatite), that are proximal alteration signatures to the Nifty hypogene high grade mineralisation, are found in high concentrations at BM7 East. The alteration halos underlie the core of a laterally extensive copper oxide blanket found at BM7 East that extends over 2km in strike (see Figure 4).
RC drilling in the September 2014 quarter also identified primary copper sulphide (chalcopyrite) in one of the eastern RC holes (EPT1879) adding further support to the interpretation that the extensive regolith copper anomalism results from the direct weathering/oxidation of a body, or bodies of copper sulphide mineralisation.
Figure 4: Plan view of alteration and mineralisation through BM7 East - background image Ch40 VTEM
Figure 5: Interpreted section through BM7 East
The alteration and mineralisation intersected in the shallow drilling completed at BM7 East is similar to what is seen in the immediate hangingwall of the Nifty copper deposit.
BM6, located 3km NNE of BM1 Northern Area, was discovered during reconnaissance aircore drilling in 2011 which delineated an 800m long, 400m wide +0.1% copper regolith anomaly, adjacent to the Windsor fault (with grades up to 1.4% Cu). The regolith anomaly coincides with a VTEM conductor, which has been modelled to dip shallowly to the west (towards the Windsor Fault). Common pathfinder elements to sediment hosted copper mineralisation are elevated at BM6, with Bi assays up to 74 ppm and Mo assays up to 17 ppm (similar to levels seen at BM1 and BM7).
A two hole RC drill program drilled in 2013 defined a shallowing of the base of oxidation above a block of conductive shale. It is interpreted that this block of shale is more resistant to weathering as a result of localised silica alteration of the shale. The RC holes also intersected elevated copper anomalism and siderite alteration below the base of oxidation, which is considered highly anomalous.
The siderite alteration and phosphorous anomalism at BM6 sits below the base of oxidation within carbonaceous and dolomitic shales and can be traced over 2km of strike. The alteration halo is coincident with a broad and extensive hypogene Cu anomaly that was intersected in drill hole EPT1691 (178m @ 400ppm from 72m). This association is similar to the geochemical signature of the hangingwall shale at Nifty.
Additional RC drilling is required at BM6 to test the volume from 150m to 250m depth from the surface in order to delineate the extents of the copper and siderite alteration halos. The successful delineation of a strengthening alteration halo at BM6 will provide a vector toward primary high grade copper sulphides.
Figure 6: BM6 Prospect drill status plan over Ch35 VTEM image
The Millennium prospect is situated on the margin of an interpreted sedimentary sub-basin at the intersection with the regionally significant Tabletop Fault (see Figure 7). Encounter completed a program of shallow RC drilling across Millennium in September 2014 that confirmed extensive low grade zinc-lead sulphide mineralisation at the target, with many holes ending in mineralisation (see ASX announcement 15 October 2014).
Subsequently, four diamond holes (EPT2194, EPT2195, EPT2196 and EPT2198) were completed at Millennium in 2014 to test for mineralisation at depth and along key geological contacts. These holes were drilled on a single north-south section across the target. All four holes drilled intersected visible zinc sulphide mineralisation in the form of sphalerite (see ASX announcement 27 November 2014).
Diamond drilling at Millennium has identified two distinct styles of zinc sulphide mineralisation and has defined compelling follow up drill targets. The presence of multiple styles of zinc mineralisation and the large mineralisation footprint indicates a significant zinc mineralising event at Millennium.
Figure 7: Millennium prospect - Location, Interpreted structures and EM Plan
The initial three hole diamond drill program at Millennium in 2015 which was expanded to five holes has now been completed. The program demonstrated that the targeted zone has a significant thickness with continuous and consistent geometry (see Figure 10). Drill holes EPT2201 and EPT2203 (Figure 8) intersected broad zones of gossan with highly elevated zinc anomalism (see ASX Announcement 17 June 2015). These intersections included a number of voids and significant core loss. Assays have confirmed that highly anomalous zinc mineralisation is contained within these zones which supports the interpretation that they are likely to have formed by the oxidation of primary zinc sulphide mineralisation and that the targeted zone may transition at depth into a significant body of zinc sulphide mineralisation and that the targeted zone may transition at depth into a significant body of zinc sulphide mineralisation. Intersections from these holes include;
- EPT2203 - 91.8m @ 1.6% Zn from 344.4m incl.
- 26.3m @ 2.1% Zn from 345.1m
- EPT2201 - 38.7m @ 0.9% Zn from 255.8m incl.
- 8.6m @ 2.2% Zn from 285.9m
(see ASX announcement 9 July 2015).
The gossan zone intersected at Millennium has been preferentially oxidised down to a depth of approximately 400m from surface. EPT1854, located approximately 250 north-west and along strike of EPT2201 and EPT2203, intersected narrow zones of brecciated and laminated massive zinc sulphide mineralisation at a similar depth which returned assays of 0.7m @ 36.5% Zn and 37g/t silver (see ASX 13 announcement December 2013). The sulphide intersection in EPT1854 may be representative of the primary precursor zone to the gossan intersected in EPT2201 and 2203. Its occurrence at similar depths to that of the gossan in EPT2203 indicates the potential for accumulations of high-grade zinc sulphide within 500m of the surface at Millennium.
This interpretation is supported by the occurrence of transitional sulphides near the base of the gossan intersected in EPT2203, interpreted to be close to the sulphide interface. The boundary between oxide and sulphide mineralization is expected to vary along strike at Millennium. This variation ranges from significant sulphide mineralisation intersected within 200m from surface in the south-east of the prospect in EPT2198, to preferential weathering up to 400m from surface in EPT2203 in the north-west.
The final hole of the current program, EPT2206, was drilled 200m directly down dip of EPT2203 (Figure 10) to target a possible steep plunging continuation of the mineralised zone. This hole intersected a deformation zone / fluid conduit with alteration similar to that in EPT1854 but intersected only traces of disseminated zinc sulphides. Accordingly, it is interpreted that the mineralised shoot intersected in EPT2201 and EPT2203 has a shallow south-east plunge, and EPT2206 has drilled beneath the plunging shoot (see Figure 9 long section).
Following the receipt of the remaining chemical assays, completion of petrology reports and rock property testing from the five completed holes at Millennium, a follow up drill program will be designed.
Consideration is being given to various surface exploration technologies that may assist in the delineation of the depth of weathering and orientation of a mineralised shoot. It is possible in this environment that seismic imaging could map the mineralised unit to depth and along strike. In addition, we are assessing the use of a large capacity RC drill rig to complete a systematic drill test of the +3km long zinc system to define the extent of the mineralised shoots identified at Millennium.
Figure 8: Diamond drilling collar location - Millennium
Figure 9: Diamond drilling long section (B - B') - Millennium
Figure 10: Cross Section 389150mE (A-A') - Millennium
Fishhook Copper Project (E45/2658 and E45/2806 - Encounter 100%)
The success of the copper exploration program at the Yeneena project and the discovery of a large copper-cobalt mineral system at BM1-BM7 has encouraged Encounter to expand its activities over untested regional copper targets.
The Fishhook project covers an area of over 100km2 and located approximately 20km north of BM1-BM7 (see Figure 11). The project is predominantly sand covered (typically 2-10m) with limited outcrop. Beneath this sand cover lies the prospective Broadhurst Formation, the host to mineralisation at the BM1-BM7 prospects and the Nifty Copper Deposit, which is located 45km to the north of Fishhook.
Encounter conducted a systematic, broad spaced 7,500m regional AC drilling program over the Fishhook project. The AC program highlighted a number of areas of interest and two follow up diamond drill holes were subsequently completed for a total of 865m at the Moby Dick and Orca targets. Both drill holes, spaced 5km apart, intersected copper sulphides hosted within a sequence of highly-oxidised "red rock altered" sandstones and shales and zones of sericite altered shales/dolomites and exhibiting key elements of the sediment hosted copper model in a traditional Central-African copper belt setting. At Fishhook, the Broadhurst sediments are in close proximity to the underlying thickened sandstone sequence and have undergone extensive red-rock alteration. Mineralisation appears to be concentrated along more reduced horizons within the sequence which provides a focus for the copper mineralisation.
The results have positive implications for the Fishhook project and opens up the potential for further sediment hosted copper occurrences along the northern corridor.
Figure 11: Yeneena project leasing over Ch35 VTEM image
Figure 12: Fishhook Project - Moby Dick and Orca prospects
Lookout Rocks / Throssel Range Project
(E45/3768, E45/4091, E45/4408 and E45/4230 - 100% Encounter)
A 560 line km airborne VTEM survey covering the area NW of Fishhook was completed in April 2014. The interpretation indicates the prospective structures and Broadhurst lithologies extend a further 30km northwest from the Fishhook Project into ground that is now held 100% by Encounter.
Historical exploration along the project is limited to a shallow RAB drilling program completed in the 1980s that intersected anomalous copper oxide mineralisation at the Lookout Rocks prospect (see Figure 14). This virtually unexplored region has many characteristics of a region that could host a significant Central-African style Cu deposit. The proximity to both the Coolbro Sandstone (underlying the Broadhurst Formation) to the east, and the Pilbara Craton to the west indicates there are significant basin-forming structures and potential pathways for fluid migration. Importantly, NE-trending structures that extend SW from the Nifty copper deposit cross-cut the major basin-forming faults within the project (see Figure 13).


by Dan Bourque
In ABCs of Coal, we learned a little about how coal is formed, now we’re going to look at coal where it meets the rails–at the tipple. I’m not going to go into depth about mining techniques, but here’s the basics. Coal is usually mined in two ways. The first is the traditional mine using a series of shafts and elevators to bring the excavated coal to the surface. The second is the strip mine where the ground on top of the coal is removed to expose the coal. Bulldozers, big buckets, and dump trucks then handle the coal and move it to where it needs to go. Many times, in a strip mine, the dump truck is the primary means of moving coal to the rails. In other strip mine operations, long conveyors bring the coal over hills and valleys to the loader. Let’s talk about the most traditional coal loader: the tipple.
The traditional tipple is usually situated near the mine, but it can be served by trucks or conveyors as well. In operation, the coal, in raw form, is brought into the tipple where it is cleaned and sorted. In the tipple, coal runs over various size screens starting with small openings and working down to the largest openings. The different sizes are typically stored separately and loaded over different tracks. The smallest is loaded on the track nearest the “top” of the tipple and each successive track loads larger and larger chunks of coal. In addition to sizing the coal, tipples would often wash the coal and treat it with oil to decrease the dustiness. In many cases, slack coal was stored in a silo rather than a bin to reduce the risks of flash fires.
The second type of coal loader is the truck dump. A truck dump is used when a mine is located some distance away from the rails. The simplest form of truck dump is a ramp which allows the truck to simply back-up onto a pier and empty its load into the waiting coal hopper (now outlawed due to a high number of accidents involving the truck or front-end loader falling into the hopper). Other truck dumps use bulldozers to load coal that has been dumped on the ground into a conveyor angled over the hopper car. More modern truck dumps have small crushers which make the coal more uniform and use conveyor-fed chutes for more efficient loading. Truck dumps typically load from 1 to 30 cars per day over one or two tracks. Truck dumps are most prevalent in Eastern Kentucky and Western Virginia and make up the majority of loading points in modern-day Appalachia.
The third type of coal loading operation is the more modern flood loader. A flood loader can load an entire train in a relatively short amount of time. Typically, a train is run underneath the loader very slowly while the coal is emptied via a specialized chute. Flood loaders are very popular as loading sources for unit trains and currently load the lion’s share of coal with huge operations capable of loading hundred car trains every day. Today’s flood loaders are also typically located closer to the mainline than their tipple cousins and are often served by miles of conveyors.
A unique form of coal loader is the transloader. In a transloader operation, coal is brought in from several mines via train. The transloader facility then blends the coal to create the best product for its customer. This coal is typically stored in huge concrete silos awaiting shipment. When a customer needs coal, the transloader typically uses a flood loader at the facility to load a unit train.
One thing is for sure, no two coal loaders are exactly alike! Loaders can be a mix of tipple and truck dump, transloader and flood loader, loaders may even get coal from both conveyors and an on-site mine. These descriptions are merely intended to simplify things a bit.
Coal Loader Evolution in a Nutshell
From the turn of the century into the 1950s, tipples dominated the loading scene. Sized coal was very common, and single car loadings were the norm. The typical coal hopper was a 50-55 ton twin car. In the ’50s, 70 ton triple and quad hoppers were quickly becoming the standard. As mines near the tipples dried-up, truck dumps began to increase in popularity. With a truck dump, you could mine several different seams of coal without having to move your loader. In the mid ’60s, coal hoppers were growing from 50 and 70 tons to 100 tons or more. As hoppers grew, so did loading facilities. Flood loaders began replacing dozens of tipples as strip mining became more popular. Huge conveyors, some miles long, brought coal in from across the ridges to these giants. Other operations used older hoppers as shuttle cars to ferry coal from smaller tipples and truck dumps to transloading facilities which mixed the coal and loaded from flood loaders. In the ’70s, during the energy crisis, the coal boom saw a big increase in the use of unit trains. Unit trains load the entire train at one point and deliver it to a single receiver–usually a power plant. Many new truck dumps were also constructed to handle the increase in traffic due to the energy crisis. By the 1980s, nearly all of the tipples were gone. 50 ton hoppers were rare, and even 70 ton hoppers were being rapidly retired. Today, the truck dumps are still around; but one-by-one, they are slowly shutting down as the need for single car loadings diminishes and the demand for western coal increases.


- Chamber of Mines extremely concerned about violent incidents in mining communities, conveyed concern to SAPS pdf
- Chamber of Mines submits application to High Court for Mining Charter review and setting aside pdf
- Chamber of Mines hosts the launch of the urban agriculture initiative pdf
- What does the mining industry contribute to the South African economy? pdf
The months since the last edition of Mining Matters have been eventful and challenging ones for South Africa’s mining industry. Not least has been the long-delayed gazetting of the DMR’s latest and contentious version of the Mining Charter. The Chamber of Mines is seeking an interdict to prevent the implementation of the Charter on the grounds of the damage it is likely to do to the mining industry as a whole.


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Dashiqiao Huashi Refractory Material Co., Ltd.
Contact: Mr. Chen
Panling Village, Guanlan Town, Dashiqiao City, Yingkou City, Liaoning Province
Siderite ore dressing process
Like limonite, siderite is also an iron ore with a lower iron grade and is less stable. The process used in the 97 fused magnesia siderite ore dressing plant has re-election and strong magnetic separation. Different siderites have different sorting methods. A single siderite with coarse grain size is suitable for single re-election, single strong magnetic separation and a combined process including the two. Iron ore, an efficient process including roasting magnetic separation, strong magnetic separation, flotation or maglev combined processes.
The siderite containing magnetite can be combined with weak magnetic separation and re-election, strong magnetic separation, or flotation, or a more complex process.
Limonite ore dressing process
Iron ore processing is huge, iron ore tailings account for about half of the total metal mine tailings. In recent years, due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection and tailings accidents, both from the perspective of comprehensive utilization of resources and from the perspective of environmental safety Iron ore tailings treatment is a problem that needs attention.
At present, the main treatment methods of iron ore tailings are tailings re-election, tailings dry rowing and full tailings cement filling method, avoiding resource waste and tailing accidents from the source.
Tailings re-election: effectively improve the recovery rate of the product and comprehensive utilization of iron ore resources.
Dry tailings of tailings: reduce the cost of tailings storage and reduce the hidden dangers of accidents.
Full tailings cement filling method: the use of tailings to protect the terrain is more environmentally friendly.


Only 90 minutes from Melbourne, the State Coal Mine is the only historic coal mine experience in the Southern Hemisphere,offering interactive fun and interest for the whole family.
Rising from its beginnings as a make shift 'Tent Town', Wonthaggi, 120 km SE of Melbourne quickly grew to the thriving town we know today.
Operating from 1909 to 1968, the State Coal Mine produced almost 17 million tonnes of coal for Victoria's industries and railways.
The mine remains just as it was in its working days.
My visit was on May 13 2012, which was a two-hour exploration around the Heritage Trail. I didn't go on the Underground Tour.
Click to see all of the Photos of my visit!


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Henan Kefan Machinery Company
Contact: EVA He
Add:Xushui Industrial Zone,Zhengzhou,Henan,China
Introduction of Mineral Slag Dryer:
Mineral slag dryer is widely applied in building material, metallurgy, and beneficiation, chemical engineering, and cement industries. slag dryer has been verified by the commercial plant lifting flights with optimal design make the head and mass transfer more complete,increase evaporation rate and productivity, the cylinder is flanged connection,with good alignment,convenient for transportation and installation.The drying machine can be used for drying of mineral slag, limestone, clay, river sand, quartz sand, carbide slag, and grain slag. The mineral slag dryer is applicable for many combustion furnace, such as high temperature fluidized bed furnace, coal dusting furnace and manual coal adding stove.
Working Principle concerning Mineral Slag Dryer:
1. The material is sent to hopper by belt conveyor or bucket elevator, and then enter into the feed end by the charging pipeline of the charger in hopper.
2. The charging pipeline gradient of fluorite dryer equipment should be bigger than the natural gradient of material so that the material can enter into the dryer smoothly.
3. The dryer cylinder is a spin cylinder of little tilt to the horizontal line. Material goes in from the higher end, the heat-carrying agent enters from the lower end contacting with the material in countercurrent way. The wet-material is heated directly or indirectly by the heat-carrying agent during its moving forward process in the fluorite dryer equipment, and thus it is dried.
4. Then it is sent out by belt conveyor or spiral conveyor on the discharge end.
5. There is shoveling plate on the fluorite dryer inner wall, lifting and dropping the materials to enlarge the contact surface of material and air current and speed up the drying process and promote the material moving forward. The heat-carrying agent can be divided into hot air and flue gas.
6. After the heat-carrying agent entering into the dryer, cyclone collector is needed to gather the material in the air. To further reduce the dust load in tail gas, the bag filter or dust washer is needed.
Mineral Slag Dryer Features & Charateristics:
This drying equipment makes great changes in the lift flitch devices, adopting new type multi-combination type which solves the wind tunnel phenomenon of the traditional dryer and is of high heat efficiency. The coal consumption decreased by 20%.
1. High thermal efficiency
2. Low temperature in outlets
3. Alloy steel plate or stainless steel plate
4. Convenient transportation
Mineral Slag Drying Production Line Equipment:
Mineral slag dryer production line consists of rotation barrel, induced air equipment, high speed scattering equipment, automatic cleaning device, transmission device, conveying device, blast heater, speed reducer, supporting device and sealing devices. The whole set drying equipment is of high output, low energy consumption, reasonable design, fine making, stable property, advanced technology, small floor area, and high mechanic degree.
Main Technical Parameters:


Australian Mines Are Running Out of Gold
Australian mines are running out of gold, according to a report by S&P Global Market Intelligence.
Analysts say Australia sits poised above a “production cliff.” The country could slip from the world’s second-largest gold producer to fourth by 2024.
The Australian gold mining industry faces the same problem as South Africa’s – aging mines.
S&P Global Market Intelligence research analyst Chris Galbraith said Australia’s biggest gold mines are getting older and not enough new discoveries are being made to replace them.
Those have been great mines, they’ve had excellent lives, but nevertheless all good things must eventually come to a close and they are running out of gold.”
South Africa gold production has been in a similar downward spiral for several years. Although the country still ranks eighth in the world in gold production, it continues to rapidly fall down the list of leading gold producers. South Africa once led the world in gold production, but the country may run out of gold within four decades, according to the Environmental Economic Accounts Compendium published by African Statistics Day. Analysts say that at current production levels, South Africa has only 39 years of accessible gold reserves remaining.
Galbraith projected global gold output will increase this year to approximately 109.6 million ounces (3425 tons), but Australia’s woes are part of a broader trend of slowing output. Gold production rose fractionally in 2018 by about 1% totaling 3,346.9 tons. It was the 10th year of increased production, but output appears to be plateauing.
According to a report by S&P Global Market Intelligence earlier this year, while gold production will increase marginally over the next three years, there are troubling signs on the horizon. In fact, some analysts project gold output in several key countries, could slump to “generational lows” in the midterm.
Over the last couple of years, several prominent gold mining executives have warned we have found most of the world’s minable gold. For instance, last year, Goldcorp chairman Ian Telfer said, “We’re right at peak gold here.” And during the Denver Gold Forum in September 2017, World Gold Council chairman Randall Oliphant said he thought the world may have already reached that point. Franco-Nevada chairman Pierre Lassonde has also indicated he expects a significant dip in gold production in the coming years.
Peak gold is the point where the amount of gold mined out of the earth will begin to shrink every year.
The biggest problem facing miners is the lack of new discoveries. Gold production has plateaued before, only to rebound and reach new peaks. Production has hit all-time highs and then gone into sharp decline at least four times in the past. The difference this time is that we’ve had a three-decade decline in the discovery of new gold deposits despite increases in exploration funding. CFRA Research analyst Matthew Miller told Deutsche Welle that gold miners are struggling to grow reserves in line with production.
The largest and most prolific reserves have already been found.”
Analysts say the quality of new deposits has also been in decline. Hardly any qualify as “world class,” defined as “large high-grade deposits with over 5 million ounces of gold reserves that can be turned into profitable mines capable of producing over 250,000 ounces of gold.”
Whether or not you think we’ve reached peak gold, you should never lose sight of the most basic fundamentals – supply and demand. Analysts say the gold industry may well be entering a long-term — and possibly irreversible — period of less available gold. As mining companies find it more difficult to pull gold out of the earth, it will mean less gold for refiners to produce for the consumer market. Remember, gold gets its value from its scarcity.
Get Peter Schiff’s most important Gold headlines once per week – click here – for a free subscription to his exclusive weekly email updates.
Interested in learning how to buy gold and buy silver?
Call 1-888-GOLD-160 and speak with a Precious Metals Specialist today!


As Independent Verifier and Technical Advisor for the rail connection and rail construction of the Ravensworth North Project and associated rail infrastructure, Lycopodium were contracted to verify the design and construction of the rail interfaces to the Hunter Valley Heavy Haul Freight Network, Australia.
The objective of the Ravensworth North Project was to develop a new open-cut coal mine in the Hunter Valley. The new mine was designed to produce 15 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) run-of-mine (ROM) coal.
The project comprised a number of open-cut pits of varying area and depth. The coal is crushed, processed and blended on-site before being transported by rail on the Australian Rail Track Corporation’s (ARTC) Hunter Valley rail network to the Port of Newcastle for export.
The Ravensworth Coal Terminal is located approximately 20km to the north west of Singleton. Rail access to Ravensworth Coal Terminal is via Newdell Junction.
The existing facility at Ravensworth previously operated with a single uni-directional arrival road (Down Ravensworth Branch) and a shared bi-directional departure road (Up and Down Branch). These tracks provided restricted access for arrival and departure trains for Newdell, Liddell and Hunter Valley Operations as well as departing Ravensworth trains. The construction of an additional arrival track in addition to construction of a new Ravensworth Junction off the ARTC mainline significantly improves reliability and capacity to and from the Xstrata Mine.
Engaging Lycopodium to act as Xstrata’s independent verifier for the project interface with the ARTC network ensured that the rail design and construction was undertaken in accordance with appropriate standards and in particular the ARTC Heavy Haul Guidelines.
“The Hunter Valley network is a complex high capacity rail system and our complete understanding of Heavy Haul rail operations, infrastructure and maintenance is our core strength”


Price Gold Philippines 0215.JPG
Mercury amalgam--a mixture of mercury and gold before being heated to vaporize the mercury...Processing gold with mercury: Processed gold ore is panned with mercury in a metal pan using a flattened stone. The process help mercury attract tiny gold flecks which eventually form an amalgam. The amalgam is forced through a sieve made from umbrella nylon to remove water and any loose mercury. The gold-mercury mix is then heated with a torch to vaporize the mercury which leaves pure gold...Story Summary:.Small-scale gold mining in the Philippines uses mercury and cyanide to extract elemental gold from ore extracted from mines and pits dug by hand. Very young children, some as young as four, are put to work at less dangerous but still rigorous tasks in the gold mining areas. These include panning in streams or rivers and hauling ore sacks that can weigh up to 60 pounds. Children often play near mechanized equipment and highly toxic mercury and cyanide. These chemicals, used to help extract elemental gold from ore, are leached into nearby watersheds where fish and other marine life, mainstays of the Philippine diet, are poisoned. The high price of gold and the poor economy in many developing countries has led to an increase in small-scale gold mining throughout the world.


Continuously complicating conditions of identification and evaluation of ore and precious metal deposits require constant improvement of geological exploration methods. Particularly relevant is the problem of prospecting in areas where numerous types of hypergenic anomalies are widely developed in different climatic landscapes, where the application of traditional geological and geophysical methods is not always effective.
Geochemical methods, in comparison with traditional geological and geophysical studies, make it possible to not only predict metallogenetic features of the sedimentary section on the structural-tectonic basis but also to rank the forecast sites for reserves and conduct a qualitative assessment of ores and buried precious metal placers.
The company uses highly effective geochemical methods of prospecting for ore and placer deposits of non-ferrous and precious metals. These methods are based on previously unknown patterns of migration of elements and their concentration on natural specific sorbents, which make it possible to ensure high reliability and transmission distance. Along with this, the methods used are express, economical, do not require special equipment, and are low-cost.
Bacterial-geochemical method is characterized by ultrahigh resolution (transmission distance), which allows predicting ore objects hidden or covered under allocations, as well as placers at any depths. It is also used for identification and delineation in closed landscapes of kimberlite pipes.
Mercury-salt lithogeochemical method for salt superimposed halos of highly mobile, including closed type ore elements.
The lithogeochemical method based on conducting prospecting for dispersion fluxes possesses high information capacity and reliability of the forecast.
The quartz-geochemical method is based on the features of the location of detrital fractions of vein-hydrothermal quartz in the hypergenic zone as the main mineral-forming component of gold ore formations.
The hydrogeochemical method is carried out in two options: along the river and slope waters.
The phytogeochemical method is used to prospect for noble metal deposits using plants as testing objects, which are the most widespread in natural landscapes.
The results of geochemical work allow, with a small number of appropriations, to reduce the level of risk in determining the location of ore-bearing and alluvial objects, relocation, and reduction of drilling and mining operations.