15. Iran's zinc mine output in 2020: 140,000 tons
Iran is the 15th largest zinc producer in the world with reserves of 11,000 tonnes. The country produced a strong 140,000 tonnes in 2020, making it an integral part of the world's zinc supply chain. The Mehdiabad project is one of the largest zinc reserves in the world and has been operating since the 1950s.
14. Portugal's zinc mine production in 2020: 160,000 tons
Portugal ranks 14th among the world's largest zinc producers, with production reaching 160,000 tonnes in 2020. The country's proven reserves are approximately 30,000 tonnes, and the Neves-Corvo mine is an important part of this achievement. Advanced mining technology and responsible practices signal Portugal's commitment to sustainable mining and strengthen its position in the global zinc industry.
13. Zinc mine output in South Africa in 2020: 160,000 tons
In 2020, South Africa's zinc reserves reached 193,8000 tons, and the reserves were as high as 161,000 tons. The Gamsberg mine is a key resource in making South Australia the 13th largest zinc producer as it demonstrates the resourcefulness and sustainability of its mining practices.
12. Brazil's zinc mine output in 2020: 170,000 tons
In 2020, Brazil added 173,000 tons of zinc to the global market, making it the 12th largest zinc producer in the world. Aripuana, a zinc-lead-silver-gold mine under development in Brazil, is expected to produce 20,000 tonnes of zinc equivalent per annum within 13 years. Brazil also has 2,464,000 tons of zinc reserves that can influence future trends in the global zinc industry.
11. Kazakhstan's zinc mine output in 2022: 200,000 tons
As of 2022, Kazakhstan is the 11th largest zinc producer with a production of up to 200,000 tons. The Central Asian giant's zinc reserves, estimated at 7,400,000 tons, are bound to boost the global metals economy. The Priorskoye mine, the largest zinc mine in Kazakhstan, has meticulously maintained infrastructure conducive to zinc extraction and adheres to strict safety protocols.
10. Sweden's zinc mine output in 2022: 240,000 tons
Sweden is the tenth largest zinc producer in the world and contributes generously to global zinc supply. In 2022, Swedish mines produced 240,000 tonnes of zinc. Its reserves are estimated at 4 million tons, ensuring its continued presence in the industry.
9. Canada's zinc mine production in 2022: 250,000 tons
Canada is one of the largest zinc producers, with output set to reach 250,000 tonnes by 2022. Canada's zinc reserves are estimated at 18 million tonnes, confirming its long-term production potential. Canada, in particular, needs credit for smart mine management, as it exports significant zinc production to reduce supply-demand deficits.
8. Zinc mine output in Russia in 2022: 280,000 tons
Russia is the eighth largest zinc producer in the world. By 2022, 280,000 tonnes of zinc will be mined in the country. With its staggering 22 million tons of zinc reserves, Russia occupies a strategic position in the global market, underpinning its sustainable future. Russia is the 33rd largest exporter of zinc and has contributed significantly to the development of zinc-dependent industries.
7. Bolivia's zinc mine output in 2022: 520,000 tons
Bolivia maintains its firm position as the seventh-largest zinc producer with 520,000 tonnes in 2022. While the USGS report we consulted did not reveal the country's zinc reserves, the South American country's commitment to mining and exporting this versatile metal has certainly boosted the global zinc supply chain.
6. Mexico's zinc mine output in 2022: 740,000 tons
Mexico is the sixth-largest zinc producer, with production as high as 740,000 tonnes in 2022. With strong reserves estimated at 12 million tonnes, Mexico is Latin America's zinc mining powerhouse. This capacity highlights Mexico's potential for stable production and authority in international zinc supply for the foreseeable future.
5. U.S. zinc mine output in 2022: 770,000 tons
As an authority on mineral production, the United States is the fifth largest zinc producer in the world. The country's zinc mine production is set to reach 770,000 tonnes by 2022. The United States' vast geological resources host abundant zinc reserves of 7.3 million tons, reflecting the underlying strength of the US mining industry. These rich reserves are designed to drive economic development and drive innovation in industries that rely on this versatile metal.
4. India's zinc mine output in 2022: 830,000 tons
India's diverse geology hosts the planet's largest deposits of mineral metals, including zinc. Statistics from the US Geological Survey in 2022 show that India is among the top 5 zinc producers in the world. The South Asian giant has a respectable 2022 output of 830,000 tonnes (significantly higher than its 2021 throughput of 777,000 tonnes). Moreover, India's zinc reserves of 9.6 million tons provide a solid basis for continued production. India's proficiency in extracting this key industrial metal, combined with its abundant zinc reserves, has made it a leader in the zinc market.
3. Australia's zinc mine output in 2022: 1.3 million tons
Australia has a strong position as the world's third largest zinc producer, with 1.3 million tonnes of zinc mined by 2022. Australia's vast mineral wealth is evident in its reserves of 66 million tonnes of this precious base metal. The country has the world's largest zinc reserves, highlighting the long-term potential for continued production.
2. Peru's zinc mine output in 2022: 1.4 million tons
Peru claims to be a geological powerhouse, and rightfully so. It is the world's second-largest zinc producer, with mines producing 1.4 million tonnes of zinc in 2022. Peru's zinc reserves are estimated at 17 million tonnes, ensuring its leading position in international zinc demand and supply. Peru's advanced mining technology and rich geological resources contributed to the development of world industry by providing zinc for galvanized steel, brass and die-cast alloys.
1. China's zinc mine output in 2022: 4.2 million tons
According to the latest data released by the US Geological Survey for 2022, China is the world's leading zinc producer. The company has amassed 4.2 million tonnes of zinc by 2022 and continues to improve its mining footprint. In fact, the country's zinc reserves of up to 31 million tons underscore its dominance in the sector. This throughput capacity is based on its rich mineral resources, which allow China to play a key role in meeting international zinc demand. China's management of zinc production reflects its strategic mining practices and forms an important part of the zinc-consuming nation.


Gold mining is the largest source of mercury (Hg) pollution worldwide. The discharge of mercury in the environment bears direct human health risks and is likely to increase cascading effects throughout local food chains. In the Peruvian Amazon the mining process consists of slashing and burning trees, followed by extraction of gold-bearing sediment, amalgamation with Hg and gold recovery, leading each year to the degradation of 6,000-10,000 ha and the release of 180 metric tons of Hg per year to the enviroment. The purpose of this study was to determine soil Hg levels in soils of abandoned alluvial gold mine spoils and undisturbed forest in the Madre de Dios region, the epicenter of alluvial gold mining in Peru. We selected gold mine spoils of the two most important technologies locally applied for gold extraction, i.e., Minimally Mechanized Mining (MMM) and Highly Mechanized Mining (HMM), in the native communities of Laberinto and Kotzimba, respectively. We collected 127 and 35 soil samples (0-20cm depth) from potentially contaminated sites and undisturbed forest, respectively. Physicochemical analysis and determination of Hg levels were determined for all soil samples. None of the samples had Hg concentrations above Peruvian, Canadian and British Environmental Quality Standards for Agricultural Soil (6.6mg/kg). Hg levels in MMM and HMM were not significantly different between the two areas. The main variables explaining variation of soil Hg concentrations were the vegetation cover, soil organic matter, soil pH and clay particle content, which explained up to 80% of data set variation. Surprisingly, highest Hg concentrations were found in untouched old-growth forest bordering the mine spoils, but there was also a trend of increasing Hg concentrations with the regenerating vegetation. Our findings suggest that Hg concentrations in old mine spoils are low and shouldn't stand in the way of efforts to restore soil conditions and develop sustainable land uses. However, it is urgent to end the use of Hg in mining operation to decrease human and environmental risks.


tungkam co. ltd.
22 Nov 2014
The military summoned Loei anti-mine village activists about links with five anti-junta Khon Kaen students arrested earlier this week while some soldiers allegedly plan to enter the mining area in conflict to transport ore deposits.
18 Sep 2014
Since September 2013, the tension between villagers and Tungkum Co. Ltd., the mine operator, flared up when the villagers barricaded the mine entrance, blocking trucks, each of which normally carries 15 tons of cyanide waste, from passing through the villages. The villagers from six villages of Khao Luang district of the northeastern province of Loei claims that throughout 12 years of mining operations, they have suffered numerous environmental problems allegedly caused by the mine.


The demand for lithium has significantly increased in recent years, mainly due to the growth of the electric vehicle market and the demand for renewable energy storage. This has resulted in the lithium market becoming an attractive option for investors who want to capitalize on this trend. Therefore, in this article, we will explore some of the factors that investors should consider when investing in the lithium market and examine the stock trends.
One of the critical factors that investors should consider is the demand for lithium. As we previously mentioned, the demand for lithium is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. Thus, companies involved in the lithium market, including mining and production companies, are expected to see significant growth in their revenues and profits.
Another essential factor is the supply of lithium. Lithium is mainly mined from brine deposits, which are limited to certain regions globally. This has led to concerns about the supply of lithium and the potential for shortages if demand continues to grow at its current pace. However, companies with access to high-quality lithium deposits or those developing new technologies to extract lithium from alternative sources may benefit from the growing demand for lithium.
A1 Lithium has emerged as a strong player in the lithium market. Our team has access to high-quality domestic lithium deposits and innovative process partners, giving it a competitive advantage in the market. Moreover, the company’s experienced management team, with decades of experience in the mining industry, has helped it navigate the challenges of the lithium market and position itself for growth in the coming years.
Investors should also consider the competitive landscape in the lithium market. As the demand for lithium grows, more companies are likely to enter the market, increasing competition and potentially putting pressure on prices. Thus, companies that have established themselves as leaders in the industry, have strong production capabilities or have developed proprietary technologies may be better positioned to weather any potential downturns in the market.
Additionally, investors should consider the regulatory environment in the countries where the companies they are investing in operate. Lithium mining and production can have significant environmental impacts, including water scarcity and contamination. Therefore, companies that operate in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner may avoid regulatory scrutiny and maintain the trust of their customers and investors.
Investing in the lithium market stocks can be a lucrative option for investors looking to capitalize on the growing demand for lithium. However, it’s essential to consider the factors outlined in this post, including the demand for lithium, the supply of lithium, the competitive landscape, and the regulatory environment. By considering these factors, investors can make informed decisions about which companies to invest in and how to manage their risk in this rapidly growing sector.
A1 Lithium is well-positioned to benefit from the growing demand for lithium. The company’s high-quality lithium deposits, strong sustainability practices, and experienced management team make it a strong investment opportunity in the lithium market. As demand for lithium-ion batteries continues to grow, A1 Lithium is poised to capitalize on this trend and generate strong returns for its investors.


in search of hidden values in Stocks, ADR's and ETF's
[article:20100407] – Outline on the development and Policies of China Rare Earth industry
April 4, 2011Posted by on
Outline on the development and Policies of China Rare Earth industry
April 7, 2010, Beijing China
by Dr. Chen Zhanheng
Deputy Director, Office of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths
No. 76, Xue Yuan Nan Lu, Zip Code 100081 Beijing China
Remark: I noticed that there were misunderstandings on China rare earth industry. You can find the real situation here. you can find the figures by click.
China Rare Earth Industry started in 1950’s, after 50 years of development and construction, remarkable achievements in resource utilization and science & technology have been made. China has become the largest country of rare-earth deposits, producer, consumer and exporter.
Up to now, China is still the largest country of rare-earth deposits. Rare earth mines distributed widely in China and about 88% of rare earth deposits concentrated in Baotou, Sichuan, and Jiangxi. Figure 1 shows rare earth proportion in different region.
Figure 1 shows that Rare earth mines distribute widely in China, from the north to the south. About 88% of rare earth deposits concentrated in Baotou, Sichuan, and Jiangxi.
we can find that about 83% located in Baiyunebo, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 8% in Shandong province, 3% in Sichuan province, featured as light rare earth deposits(La, Ce, Pr, Nd Sm, Eu,). 3% of the deposits located in the south of China, represented by Jiangxi province, featured as middle and heavy rare earth deposits(Middle: Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Heavy: Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc, Y).
According to related data, in 2005, the proved reserves in China are 67.80 million tons, namely 55% of the world total rare earth reserves. But in my opinion, with the discovery of new rare earth deposits worldwide and consumption of the proved rare earth reserves in China, this ratio is declining, is estimated as 35%, and will continue to decline.
Fig. 2 shows proportion change of China rare earth reserves against the whole world.
Most of the rare earth enterprises locate around the large rare earth mines, such as Baotou city, Sichuan province and Ganzhou city. There are about 24 enterprises for rare earth concentrate production, and 100 rare earth enterprises for smelting separation production in China. Conservative estimate, the rare earth production capacity has reached 170 thousand tons per year, and might surpass 200 thousand tons per year.
Surrounding rare earth deposits, three major producing areas formed, and characterized as the North and the South production systems.
The three major producing areas:
A. North producing area based on raw materials from Baotou, with separation capacity of 80 thousand tons.
B. Middle and heavy rare earth producing area with separation capacity of 60 thousand tons based on raw materials from the seven provinces in the south of China, mainly in Jiangxi province, Ganzhou city.
C. The refined bastnaesite concentrates producing area with separation capacity of 30 thousand tons.
Two producing systems of light and heavy rare earths are:
The north technical system, characterized as light rare earth products, the main products are rare earth concentrates, alloys, mixed rare earth compounds, metals and single rare earth compounds, and other extension products，such as polishing powder, permanent magnetic materials and hydrogen storage alloys.
The south technical system, characterized as heavy rare earth products, the main products are all kinds of high purity single rare earth compounds and metals, concentrates, mixed metals and alloys.
2.1 Product Structure：
Fig.3, Fig4, Fig.5, Fig.6 shows outputs of rare earth concentrates, smelting separation products, metals, and oxides respectively. It can be noticed that before 2006, the outputs of all kinds of rare earth products increased steadily in general. But a sharp decrease occurred in 2007 in all kinds of rare earth products. Compared with 2006, the outputs of concentrates and smelting and extracting products in 2007 decreased 8.8% and 19.8 % respectively. This should be attributed to the implement of mandatory planning of rare earth production for total quantity control.
Figure 7 shows the consumption from 1988 to 2008. It can be noticed that the consumption of rare earths in China increased rapidly since 2004. During the 29 years from 1978 to 2007, China annual consumption increased from 1 thousand tons to 72.6 thousand tons, it was a tremendous increase of 72.6 times. The consumption was 67.68 thousand tons in 2008, a slight decrease compared with that in 2007.
Figure 8 shows consumption comparison between China and the world. From 2005 on, the consumption of China surpassed 50% of the world total consumption.
Figure 9 shows consumption structure of China from 1988 to 2008. In China, rare earths were mainly consumed in traditional areas of metallurgy, machinery, petroleum industry，chemical industry，light industry, textile industry, agriculture, in new materials like magnets, phosphors, hydrogen storage, catalysts for automobile exhaust and polishing powder. There was a dramatic change in the consumption structure, the consumption of rare earths in new materials increased very fast since 2004. In 1987, the consumption of rare earths in new materials was only 1%, but in 2007, it was 53%. In 2008, it was claimed that about 60% of rare earths was consumed in new materials in China.
By the year of 2015, it is estimated that the demand of rare earths is expected to reach 210 thousand tons; China’s domestic demand will be 138,000 tons. By 2020, china’s domestic demand is expected to reach 190,000 tons, including 130,000 tons consumed in high-tech fields, account for 68% of global total consumption. It can be concluded that Rare Earth New Materials has become a major growth point of China rare earth industry.
Figure 10 and figure 11 showed the gross volume and gross value of exports from 1979 to 2008 respectively. It indicated that the gross volume of exports had been in a growth trend and reached a record of 57,400 tons in 2006, and then declined in 2007 and 2008. Although China began to control exports of rare earth products with quota administration since 1999, the total exports did not decrease generally until 2007.
Figure 12 shows the average prices from 1979 to 2008. From 1998 to 2005, the annual average of gross value for exports was about 420 million US$, the annual average of gross volume for exports was about 46946.63 tons, namely 8.98 US$/Kg, isn’t it underpriced? In 2007, the price was about 16.8324 US$/Kg, this price might be reasonable.
3. Tendency and activities of China rare earth industry.
In recent two years, there was a tendency of regional integration. Through asset restructuring, merger and integration, there will be 20 rare earth enterprises left after 2015. The strategy of regional integration will improve the situation of scatter, disorder, and small scale of China rare earth enterprises in the past. It will play an important role in keeping a steady production, balancing the demand and the supply, and protecting the environment.
The regional integration represented by the establishment of some larger scale companies:
A. In Baotou: Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare Earth International Trade Co., Ltd. established in December 2008. It is based on Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare-Earth Hi-Tech Co., Ltd, and some other rare earth enterprises using raw materials from Baotou. It has been given government approval to build a strategic reserve for those surplus products of rare earths.
B. In Jiangxi: China Minmetals Rare Earth Co. Ltd. established in October 2008. It will invest 2 billion RMB in the next 5 years to reorganize enterprises in Ganzhou city, Jiangxi province.
C. Early in December 2004, Ganzhou Rare Earth Mineral Industry Co. Ltd. was established to reunite the original 88 enterprises of rare earth mining company.
D. In Sichuan: In 2009, Jiangxi Copper Co., Ltd. established a joint venture with Sichuan Province Mining Investment Group Co., Ltd. to develop Sichuan rare earth deposits.
E. In Guangdong: Guangdong Rising Nonferrous Metals Group Co. Ltd. restructuring rare earth mines and enterprises in Guangdong province and is the only legal mining company in Guangdong Province.
F. Establishment of China Rare Earth Industry Association. Despite China’s rare earth industry occupies an important position in the world, but there is no association with rare earth enterprises as the core members until now. Preparation has been made to establish China Rare Earth Industry Association in 2009. Its main role should be to regulate the market activities, to keep the market in order, to monitor the rare-earth industrial economic operation, and to create a fair competitive environment for all enterprises, to promote enterprises in self-restraint and self-management, to develop international cooperation and exchange, to protect the common interests of its members.
We all pay many attentions on China rare earth industrial policies. I will present a brief introduction here. I must declare that what I am talking here is just for your reference, all information is not official one, but a compiled one according to public information on the Medias. If you want to know the official one, please attend China Rare Earth Summit to be held in August in Beijing.
In order to standardize the management of rare earth enterprises and promote the healthy development of rare earth industry in China, a series policies and regulations have been or will be released. The upcoming Policy covers rare earth mining, smelting separation, new materials, and industrial applications. It is aimed at effectively developing China’s rare earth resources, enhancing the concentration of rare earth industry, protecting the environment, and promoting the application of rare earths in high-tech fields.
The new policies lie in 7 aspects mainly:
A. License for mining: All mining enterprises must have Rare Earth Mining Permit conferred by the government; the outputs of rare earth products must obey the mandatory plan, and the plan will be adjusted according to market changing; the investment of rare earth resources out of China are encouraged for China enterprises.
B. Access conditions: before 2015, no project on rare earth smelting separation could be approved, and no production capacity could be increased. A higher requirement on production scale, equipment, environment protection, technical and economic indicators, consumption indicators of resources and energy will be obliged. All present rare earth enterprises must increase investment in research, development, technique and equipments so as to improve product quality and to achieve cleaner production. Applications of rare earth products in high-tech are encouraged, especially application in information technology, environmental protection, energy, and rare earth recycling economy should be developed.
C. Exportation: It is known to all that exports of rare earth products are controlled by quotas. Besides, all kinds of rare-earth minerals, mixed rare earth salts, such as mixed rare earth chlorides, mixed rare earth carbonates are prohibited to export. In early 2009, there was news on the internet to claim that china will prohibit the export of terbium and dysprosium metals, soon after an officer from China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (CMIIT) announced that China won’t prohibit but will limit the export of terbium and dysprosium metals.
D. Importation: rare earth products complied with the relevant provisions could be imported, all radioactive or polluting rare-earth minerals and rare earth scrap materials are prohibited to import.
E. Tax policy on rare earth export: In 1985, China began to implement the export tax rebate policy for rare earth products.
from January 1, 2004, export tax rebate for rare earth metals was adjusted from 13% to zero, the export tax rebate rate for yttrium metal, scandium metal and its compounds, inorganic or organic compounds was adjusted from 17%, 13% to 5%.
From May 1, 2005, the export tax rebates for rare earth metals, rare earth oxides, rare earth salts were abolished
On November 1, 2006, the regulation of imposing export tariffs on rare earth products was released and would implement by June 1, 2007, the tax rate was 10%.
F. Foreign Investment: Prohibiting foreign investment in rare-earth mine, allowing foreign joint ventures, cooperation, investments of rare earth smelting and separation projects, encouraging foreign capitals to invest projects of intensive processing, new materials and applications of rare earths.
G. Environmental protection: Environmental problems are critical problems facing all countries of the world. The government of China attaches great importance to the protection of the environment. It is also a serious problem facing China rare earth enterprises. In some areas of China, the rare earth mining led to the destruction of vegetation, water loss and soil erosion. During Rare earth smelting, extraction process, a large number of chemical raw materials, such as acid and alkali, extraction agent were used, producing a large amount of waste (exhaust) gas.., waste water, and waste residue. For most of the rare earth enterprises, there were no sufficient treatment facilities; as to some small rare earth smelting separation factories, there were even no facilities for environmental protection. The three kinds of wastes led to a tremendous problem, heavy pollution of the atmosphere, water and land. In order to protect the environment, the government of China has formulated more stringent (strict) emission standards for rare earth industry. The implement of new standards will force rare earth production enterprises to upgrade its technology, to increase costs, and might lead to the closure of some small and medium rare earth enterprises. Its main purpose is to protect the environment, to prohibit production behaviors of polluting the environment. The government will support projects on energy saving, environmental protection, low consumption and pollution free technique.
In this section, some immature ideas on the future of rare earths were described.
The tightening of China Rare Earth export policy is bound to stimulate the change of the world’s rare earth industry. It is time to invest projects on rare earths world. But there are some kinds of risks.
Considering China’s huge production capacity of rare earth products, the investment in rare-earth projects outside of China must bear considerable risks.
The costs are the main problem. The prices of rare earth products from China is really too cheap to buy. How could they? Anyone knows that it is mainly because of the low costs of labor force and environmental protection. With the implement of new environmental standards on rare earth smelting separation production from China government, with the enhancement of technique and equipments requirement, the costs for rare earth production will surely increase, the investment risks will gradually decline. But it will be a long time to form a stable supply worldwide.
Whenever there are profits, there is greed. Illegal mining and smuggling are the two main kinds of risks facing all investment of rare earths.
Illegal mining will always undermine not only China rare earth industry, but also the development of world rare earth industry; illegal mining will put all investment on rare earths into a very dangerous situation.
Smuggling is another threat to for rare earth investment. It is estimated that there were about 30 to 40 thousand tons of rare earth products smuggled from China every year.
In order to ensure the effects of the new policy, the government will have to struggle with illegal mining and smuggling hardly and continuously. The government is trying to curb illegal mining and smuggling.
Two sides to any coin, in an age of the global economic integration, or say globalization economy. Any regional changes may have a significant impact on the world. Considering the dependence of modern high-tech on the rare earths, I think the Government of China will give serious consideration to the rare earth export policy. The main purpose of China Rare Earth Industry Policy is to protect the environment, to change the situation of scatter, disorder, and small scale of China rare earth enterprises, so as to elevate the prices of rare earth products to a reasonable range.
As to exportation, I think China will moderately control but will not prohibit the export of rare earth products, China will also take care of the demand for rare earths worldwide by adjusting the quotas of rare earth supply to an appropriate range. Though consumption of rare earth products in China has reached 60% of her total production, the development of China’s rare earth industry will still rely on the international market to a large extent.
In my opinion, from the view of humanity, rare earth elements are treasures given to all human beings by nature, wherever they are located, we all have the responsibilities to protect them, to develop them reasonably, to make them benefit the peaceful development of the world.
Why rare earths are paid so many attentions? It is because rare earth elements are critical to develop modern green energy technologies, high-tech and defense systems, such as electric cars, wind generators, lighting and displays, hard disk drives, mobile communication , missile guidance, smart bombs. No technically viable alternatives to these Rare Earth materials are currently known for these applications. Rare earths have been the indispensable strategy materials for developing high-tech, defense and renovation of traditional industry.
We always claim that China is abundant with rare earth deposits, and has been the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of rare earth products. China has contributed too much rare earth products to the world. But with rare earth deposits lower than 40%, how can China support a demand of 95% of the world continually?
In fact，China is not definitely the only supplier of rare earth products. There are abundant rare earth deposits besides China（Figure 13）, such as the United States, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and India, all are very rich in rare earth resources. Vietnam has discovered a large rare earth deposits in recent years. In addition, other countries and regions, such as South Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, North Korea, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Norway, Greenland, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Egypt found to have a certain quantity of rare earth deposits.
The discovery and development of those large or super large rare earth deposits will be candidates of rare earth sources.
1. Australia Weld Hill carbonatite weathering crust, the monazite sand deposits lies in the East and the west coast of Australia;
2. The carbonatite and Bastnaesite deposits in Mountain Pass, California mine of the US;
3. Rare earth deposits of the carbonatite weathering crust in Araxa, Pitinga Mine, and another place of Brazil;
4. Russia Tomtor rare earth deposits of carbonatite weathering crust;
5.Mau Xe North and South and Dong Pao deposits located in the Fan Si Pan Mountains in Vietnam;
6. Rare earth deposits in Thor Lake and Hoidas Lake in Canada;
7. Rare earth deposits in Kazakhstan
All of the above deposits are worthy to concern. The reserves of any of them surpass 1 million tons; some of them reach 10 million tons, or even more than 100 million tons. These rare earth deposits might be the expected sources in the future.
5. A brief induction of the upcoming events of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths:
The 6th International Conference on Rare Earth Development and Application and China Rare Earth Summit will be held in this coming August 2-6. All attendees are warmly welcome to attend. For detail information, please visit the conference website at http://www.cs-re.org.cn/icre2010.
Dr. ChEN Zhanheng
April 7, 2010, Beijing China
The Chinese Society of Rare Earth, 中國稀土學會


Esper Satellite Imagery and KorrAI announce strategic partnership for commercialising hyperspectral imagery for the mining sector
Posted by Shoaib IqbalThursday, 10 Nov '22
Critical minerals are integral to the green energy transition. Lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, uranium, and rare earths will see a 40X increase in demand this decade, and the mining industry urgently needs ways to find and extract these deposits faster while reinforcing their environmentally accountability. Emerging technologies such as geospatial AI, smart field data collection, and digitalized geological interpretation will play a significant role in providing the industry with a competitive advantage in meeting mineral production demand over the next decade.
High resolution Earth Observation (EO) data is an important piece of the puzzle for accelerating early mineral exploration by mapping deposits, as well as monitoring mining activities during the production and closure phases of the mining lifecycle.
KorrAI is developing a holistic solution by combining field-level internet of things (IoT) and remote EO data to de-risk mining operations and accelerate the digital transformation of mining technologies.
“Through the partnership, Esper would provide the raw multispectral and hyper spectral imagery to KorrAI, which will integrate associated critical mineral signatures with subsurface seismic modelling and artificial intelligence to further refine mineral targets, “says Rahul Anand, CEO of KorrAI
During mining operations and closure, KorrAI will use Esper data to streamline ESG reporting for project stakeholders and communities, enabling more accurate monitoring of biodiversity, geotechnical and environmental risk factors.
Esper’s hyperspectral EO sensors go beyond current solutions by providing a very high spectral resolution with a broader frequency range. Data captured using Esper’s spectral processing technology aims to fulfil data gaps in the industry. This further increases the quality of results delivered through Esper’s and KorrAI’s technology.
“The mining industry has been a part of humanity’s critical infrastructure but has also been an industry with significant environmental impact. We’re looking to work with our partners at KorrAI to utilise our imagery data and sensor infrastructure to reduce these impacts while aiding in the delivery of minerals needed to further our transition to greener technologies.”, says Shoaib Iqbal, CEO of Esper Satellite Imagery.
Founded in Halifax in 2021, KorrAI is a YC-backed startup that develops digital technologies for the global natural resources sector. We integrate satellite data, on-site measurements, IoT, and AI to help companies’ de-risk their operations, improve efficiency, and provide transparent environmental reporting.
Esper, founded in 2019, is a Melbourne-based startup building space-based hyperspectral sensors for earth observation to track climate metrics such as carbon emissions and carbon sinks for Oil and Gas, Agriculture, Mining and many other industries utilising their proprietary sensor technology. Esper, with a mission to track 5B tons of carbon emissions annually, will launch their first pair of sensors in May of 2023. Dubbed as 'Over The Rainbow' mission, it will be followed by a larger sensor network of 18 sensors in orbit. You can read more about Esper here.


CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- Federal regulators have cited the West Virginia coal mines where 14 miners died last month with a total of seven alleged safety violations in recent weeks, records show.
The US Mine Safety and Health Administration cited the Sago Mine in Upshur County for three alleged violations on Jan. 19 and Feb. 6.
Two allege that mine owner International Coal Group Inc. failed to comply with requirements for testing and maintaining electrical equipment and did not notify MSHA within 30 days of a change in the legal entity operating the mine. Details of the third citation were unavailable yesterday on MSHA's website.
The Ashland, Ky.-based company plans to contest two of the citations, said Roger L. Nicholson, ICG senior vice president and general counsel. He said the alleged infractions were unrelated to the Jan. 2 explosion that killed 12 workers. Survivor Randal McCloy Jr. is recovering at a rehabilitation hospital.
Twelve miners died at Sago after a Jan. 2 explosion. Survivor Randal McCloy Jr., in a coma for weeks, is recovering at a rehabilitation hospital.
ICG officials have said their company inherited many of the mine's safety problems and have been working to correct the violations. ICG formally took control of the former Anker Energy mine in November, but had been a management consultant there since June.
MSHA inspectors also issued four citations at
The citations, issued Feb. 2 and 9, alleged violations of rules concerning ventilation and explosives used in underground mines.
The Alma No. 1 mine received more than 90 citations in 2005.
The Sago Mine had 208 alleged violations of federal mine rules last year, including 18 orders shutting down parts of the mine until the alleged violations were corrected. None was serious enough to close the entire operation.


Address: Industry Two Road, Chaobaihe Industrial Zone, Dachang, Langfang City, China
Address: No 3 Fengcheng, Fengcheng Three Road, Xi’an, China
Mud control system has been successfully shipped to drilling customers in Chinese oil fields,the mud solid control system we delivered this time consists of two parts, mud and water separation unit and centrifugal separation unit.Among them, the mud-water separation unit is composed of 1 KANS50-30 mud-water separation equipment and 1 KA50yZ40-10 subliquid slurry pump.The centrifugal separation unit is composed of 1 KALW452 centrifuge, 1 KAG20-055 screw pump, 1 mud tank and other accessories.Its advantage is on the basis of the separation of mud and water with the use of centrifuge, mud particle separation more fine, more simple and convenient operation, fully meet the customer‘s strict requirements for separation indicators
KES professional production of sludge treatment equipment, various types of vibrating screen, including single vibrating screen, dual vibrating screen, sanlian vibrating screen and good quality of our products technology, trusted by customers from all over the world, we also produce a variety of sludge treatment centrifuge, we all kinds of centrifuge, including the horizontal spiral centrifuge, horizontal sedimentation centrifuge, horizontal spiral discharge centrifuge, our centrifuge is divided into medium-speed centrifuge, high-speed centrifuge, high-speed frequency conversion centrifuges, constant speed centrifuge, our centrifuge have been exported to many countries and regions
The mud solid control system produced by KES not only serves oil, natural gas, coal bed methane, shale gas drilling, trenchless industry, HDD, directional crossing, shield, pipe jacking, river dredging and other fields, but also can be used for mud and water separation, sediment treatment of mine pool, etc.
Through years of development, we already have the perfect equipment production system, we can produce including the equipment, a variety of centrifuge, vibrating screen, sludge treatment equipment, drilling mud agitator, chip centrifuge, solid, vacuum pump oil drill solids control equipment, oil slurry separator, dehydration centrifuge, mud separation device, mud cleaning equipment, vacuum degasser, spiral centrifuge, solid-liquid separation equipment, dry equipment, the mud tank, desanding equipment, desilting equipment, liquid gas separation equipment, sand pump, screw pump, slurry pump, screw big push device, cyclone device
With yeas of successful project to global customers,KES got so many customers and praise,We will definitely use better products and services to give back to the society and provide the society with more advanced and improved mud and water separation equipment, centrifuges and vibrating screens,etc
kes has invested heavily in research and development for many years. At present, kes has 15 product utility model patents, providing numerous customers with comprehensive integration and physical solutions.For more technical solutions of mud solid control system,please contact email@example.com


2895 items found for manganese dioxide. Low-grade manganese ore prices have clawed back some losses after three consecutive weeks of decline, with some miners holding firm on offers amid increased demand. Clear filter. Nov 27, 2019 | 12:22 PM | London | Jon Stibbs Tags manganese ore, manganese news, pricing notice Fastmarkets is extending by one week - to Wednesday December 4 - its proposal to increase the frequency of the normalization price data for its seaborne manganese ore indices to monthly from quarterly and to change the payment terms. natural manganese dioxide 1 x 20 ref 24.000 m.t. About Manganese; Manganese weighs 7.43 gram per cubic centimeter or 7 430 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e. The price of manganese is between US$25 and US$45 per tonne due to the rampant illegal supply on the market. Show more like this Show less like this. Sell (55) Buy (11) Product Origin ... 5000 tonnes of Manganese Ore per month 45-52% pure. Silico Manganese. 10,100 ~ 10,200 The composition of manganese ore mixture in percent weight to produce ferromanganese was 100â0, 75â25, 50â50, 25â75, and 0â100 for medium-grade and low-grade manganese oreâ¦ Manganese Prices and Manganese Price Charts - InvestmentMine. Professional & reliable reports outline the latest trends and developments, keen & precise price analysis keeps you at the cutting edge of the market, and exclusive statistics on both imports & exports as well as production and marketing provide the tools to take your business to the next level. Price History of Tungsten Piece of Tungsten. Manufacturers and bulk suppliers of goods: manganese ore price on Global Trade Metal Portal. Although it is not widely known, manganese is extensively used â¦ Save Compare 0. 41. The price of this metal depends on several factors, but essentially you can boil it down to two crucial considerations. Get â¦ Read about company. manganese dioxide price solutions are extremely important for distinct industries to serve a variety of multiple purposes. 27 Oct, 19:49 IST. manganese ore mines was 12,465 in 2016-17 as against 12,990 in the previous year . Manganese Ore. Chinese Yuan. Show more like this Show less like this. Metal Price Charts Copper Nickel Zinc Lead Aluminum Iron. Jan 6, 2021 @ 10:24 ... Manganese prices. MOIL slashes manganese ore prices by 15% as imported ore available for lesser. By January of 2009 the price had crashed to less than $1,000. Total 2,270 "Zambia Manganese Ore Price" related results on FerroAlloyNet.com Advanced search for "zambia manganese ore price" Page 1 of 227 [13ms] Worldwide Manganese Ore Prices » More: 1:08 AM South Africa manganese ore spot price on 6 Januar... 1:08 AM Gabon manganese ore spot price on 6 January 2021. India: Silico manganese prices remain under pressure on dull demand and falling manganese ore prices. May 05 International manganese ore price chart on April 2015; May 05 China's imported manganese ore price chart in April 2015; May 05 China's imported manganese ore price chart in Jan- Apr 2015; May 04 China rich-manganous slags price chart in April 2015; May 04 China rich-manganous slags price chart in Jan -Apr 2015; Apr 24 China manganese ore spot price chart during April 20-24, 2015 Price Range. Currency: Unit: Data Points: Prices for PA0020443. Shri Enterprises - Offering High Grade Manganese Ore Lumps, Packaging Size: 50 Kg at Rs 30/kilogram in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Date. Maharashtra1. The prices per metric tonne for Manganese concentrates are largely determined by the London Metal Exchange (LME), and depending on what the LME price is at any point, the profit margins youâd earn is greatly dependent on how much you were able to procure the Manganese Concentrate from the mine. $250 Add to Cart. It is not found as a free element in nature; [not verified in body] it is often found in minerals in combination with iron.Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.. In the form of anthracite, price per carbon contained, assuming 90% carbon content.There is a wide variation of price of carbon depending on its form. Asian Metal provides comprehensive coverage and analysis of the global manganese ore industry. Avg. Widgets & â¦ 1 Aug, 10:52 IST. First you need to look at the supply, and that basically means monitoring Chinese policies regarding its production and exportation. Alibaba.com features the purest and top-class manganese dioxide price solutions from leading sellers who excel in delivering high-quality products worth your money. Manganese was under pressure in 2019, with prices declining faster than many expected. density of manganese is equal to 7 430 kg/m³; at 25°C (77°F or 298.15K) at standard atmospheric pressure.In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density is equal to 463.84 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 4.295 ounce per cubic inch [oz/inch³] . MOIL slashes manganese ore prices by up to 15 per cent 01 Feb, 2017, 11.44 AM IST. MANGANESE ORE ANALYTICS: January 4, 2021. Manganese ore 44-46% Mn cif China prices USD/dmtu; Manganese ore 44-46% Mn cif China prices USD/dmtu. 70%, £28.50 to £29.00 per kg Nb contained - William Rowland Ferro Tungsten £26.50 to £27.50 per kgW - William Rowland Ferro Chromium High Carbon £1,050.00 to £1,100.00 per tonne - William Rowland Ferro Phosphorus £580.00 to £625.00 per tonne - William Rowland Electrolytic Manganese Price notice: Consultation on Mn ore brands. ... Ferro-vanadium 78% V min, fob China, $/kg V MB-FEV-0003 Weekly Manganese ore 44% Mn, cif Tianjin, $/dmtu MB-MNO-0001 Weekly Manganese ore 37% Mn, fob Port Elizabeth, $/dmtu MB-MNO-0002 Weekly Mn Ore (Mn46%) -South (RMB/mtu) 40-42. Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. Lower ranks of coal can be less expensive, for example sub-bituminous coal can cost around 0.038 USD/kg carbon. Dimac Organics Private Limited - Offering Manganese Ore Powder, à¤®à¥à¤à¤à¤¨à¥à¤à¤¼ à¤à¤° à¤«à¤¾à¤à¤¨, Industrial Minerals in Cuncolim , Goa, Goa. MOIL has fixed/revised prices of different grades of Manganese Ore for 1st Quarter 2018-19 (April-June'2018) effective from 01 April 2018 as follows:- (1) The prices of Ferro Grade, SMGR (Mn30% & Mn25%) and Fines have been increased by about 12.5 % on the existing price â¦ Buy / Sell. India: Silico manganese prices soften on dull demand. Ore and alloys prices are driving impactful decisions within your organization. Homepage / manganese price per ton Select Region ? Price description. Read about company. Mn Ore (Mn32% Fe20%) -South ... (including, but not limited to, single prices, graphs or news content) in any form or for any purpose whatsoever without the prior written consent of the publisher. MOIL slashes manganese ore prices by up to 15 per cent 01 Feb, 2017, 11.44 AM IST The prices have been brought down with effect from 1.2.2017 by 15 per cent on all grades of fines on the prevailing prices since January 1, 2017, it said. Comparing manganese dioxide prices, you can buy quality manganese dioxide at factory price / low price in China. Save Compare 0. Bhandara 2. Manganese Ore. India: Seaborne manganese ore prices lowest in 2020; expected to fall further. Manganese Price Forecasts Energy & Metals Consensus Forecastsâ¢ is the result of a comprehensive monthly survey of over 40 of the worldâs most prominent commodity forecasters covering over 30 individual commodity price forecasts including manganese. The prices have been brought down with effect from 1.2.2017 by 15 per cent on all grades of fines on the prevailing prices since January 1, 2017, it said. Gold Silver Platinum Palladium. 21 Jul, 17:37 IST. âPrices on the local market are currently low owing partly to global demand and supply fundamentals in key markets such as China and mostly due to the supply of the ore by illegal sources to the buyers on the market. Show more like this Show less like this. of n-65 natural manganese dioxide manganese ore autlan n65 from jig process packaging 480 bags per 50 kgs (24 bags per â¦ 0. Graphite flakes can cost around 0.9 USD/kg carbon. Show more like this Show less like this. Jan 05, 2021. View larger currency charts. In 2019, manganese ore prices experienced a gradual softening over the first three quarters of the year, followed by an accelerated decline in prices that bottomed out â¦ Get â¦ Manganese My prices My saved comparison The current pricing data is only available to subscribers, please login to see the data or take a trial. Fastmarketsâ 37% manganese ore index, fob Port Eizabeth , climbed 12 cents per dry metric tonne unit to $5.11 per dmtu on Friday January 25 a week after dropping below $5 per dmtu for the first time in nearly 14 months. 12:56 AM Manganese-rich slag spot price in China on 6 Janu... 12:56 AM Brazil manganese ore spot price on 6 January 2021. Change. In June of 2008 the price of rhodium reached a record high of nearly $10,000 USD per ounce! 3 Nov, 19:26 IST. $250 Add to Cart. Currency: Unit: Data Points: Prices for PA0020441. Table â 2 : Principal Pr oducers of Manganese Ore, 2016-17 Location of mine Name & address of Producer State District MOIL Ltd, MOIL Bhavan, Madhya Balaghat 1A, Katol Road, Chhaoni,Pradesh Nagpur- 440 013. ... 08/17/2020 5000 tonnes of Manganese Ore per month 45-52% pure The pricing will be. Manganese Dioxide Price - Select 2021 high quality Manganese Dioxide Price products in best price from certified Chinese Lithium Manganese Dioxide Battery manufacturers, Lithium Manganese Dioxide suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China.com Electrolytic Manganese (â¥99.7%,Major Areas) Nov.16. Prices & data - Manganese; Manganese ore 36-38% Mn cif China prices USD/dmtu; Manganese ore 36-38% Mn cif China prices USD/dmtu.


Australian iron ore mining industry review
Iron-ore pellet producer cleveland-cliffs has reached the final step in the implementation of its us iron-ore-centric strategy with the announcement on tuesday that it would sell its australian . Target business opportunities and risks in australia's mining sector through our reviews of latest mining industry trends, table: australia - new iron ore . The mining boom is over and the industry is employing australia’s ‘five pillar economy’: mining particularly for iron ore, oil and coal australia’s mining sector is also moving . Australian companies have been at the forefront of implementing technologies of scale in both coal and iron ore operations, driving down cost and improving productivity, important attributes to keep australian mining operations cost competitive and suppliers of the world’s mineral commodities.
The australian mining review - 2017-08-01 - contents - elizabeth fabri “we met guidance for the year and posted the 17th consecu tive anual produc tion record in wa iron ore , which was the resul t of our teams steping up to sustainably increase utilisation of our instaled capacity”. Bhp has hit an iron ore production record in the 2018 financial year, improving its output by 3 per cent in the company’s 2018 operational review, said australian mining continues to . Australian iron ore industry during the recent boom and evaluate the extent to which they leading to over 20 years of stagnation in the global iron ore mining .
Latest statistics release home the position of western australian mining tenements and petroleum contributors to industry value with iron ore sales up 14 . Review: a partnership in and registration is open to all australian mining and mineral s iron ore production, also representin g about 30% of world trade . Mining iron ore jun 18 2016 at 12:15 am industry divided over the role of magnetite in australia's iron ore future as the industry matures, the sino iron project will pave the way for . Iron ore mining in western australia, in the financial year 2008-09, accounted for 47 percent of the total value of the state's resources, with a value of a$3356 billion the overall value of the mineral and petroleum industry in western australia was a$713 billion in 2008-09, a 19 percent increase compared to the previous financial year. Mining equipment, technology and services mineral royalty review the department publishes a statistical profile of the iron ore industry in western australia .
The review was conducted by a committee under the chairmanship of lord fatal accidents in the western australian mining industry 2000-12 – report 3 the . Chris ellisons mineral resources has signed a deal with west australian iron ore junior brockman mining to take a stake in and develop the marillana deposit, in a move that brings mineral . Steel industry - prime consumer of iron ore a quick review steel industry - a statistical snapshot (australia) hainan mining co, ltd (china) hancock prospecting pty ltd . Bhp billiton says an inquiry into the australian iron ore industry is unnecessary speaking on abc radio this morning, bhp billiton ceo, andrew mackenzie said an inquiry would send the wrong signal to international customers about the country’s commitment to free trade on monday australian prime . Home frydenberg speeches mining and the australian economy: the of australia’s mining industry world’s largest exporter of iron ore, accounting for .
Australian iron ore mining industry review
Australian iron ore mining industry review essay iron ore is australia’s highest valued and most successful commodity export (see figure 1) throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, this mining industry played a key role in both australia’s and the global economy. The australasian mining review magazine is an independent voice for mining and energy across australia and asia primary navigation ore sale agreement executed . Australia's mining operations secured continued economic growth and western australia itself benefited strongly from mining iron ore and gold from the 1960s and 1970s which fueled the rise of suburbanisation and consumerism in perth, the capital and most populous city of western australia, as well as other regional centres.
- Eighth biggest operation is hope downs mine in western australia, operated by the hope downs joint venture, a 50 / 50 joint venture between hope downs iron ore, led by australia's richest person .
- 2 mining in rapid-growth economies drilling down and polishing up, the australian financial review, london mining marampa iron ore.
- Two iron ore projects in australia demonstrate what's happening as the world's biggest mining mining has never been an industry which welcomed women despite its patron saint being saint .
Ibisworld analysts also discuss how external factors such as world price of iron ore and us dollars per australian dollar in the iron ore mining industry impact industry performance shopping_cart purchase options. Rio tinto, the worlds second largest listed mining company, is exploring a public listing of its iron ore company of canada business, banking and industry sources say, as it focuses on boosting . Mining giants bhp and rio tinto have warned of rising inflation in the australian iron ore industry, adding to the growing pressure on the sector from a mixed outlook for china and increased . Iron ore is australia’s highest valued and most successful commodity export (see figure 1) throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, this mining industry played a key role in both australia’s and the global economy the change in the industry was brought about, particularly, by the many operations .


Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-07-13 Origin: Site
The Thanks Note from the Customer-China Coal Group with 4G Integrated Personnel Positioning System Mining Project
Dear Genew Technologies Co. Ltd.,
Wang Wei, an engineer dispatched by your company to China Coal Group (Pingshuo Jinggong No. 1 Mine, its annual output is 10 million tons), cooperated with the mine personnel in place during the implementation of the precise personnel positioning project. He has a strong technical and business level and a strong sense of work responsibility, timely and effectively solved various problems encountered in the mine's precise personnel positioning, installation and commissioning. Wang Wei has strong communication and coordination skills, strong sense of responsibility, hard work and actively cooperates with the installation and commissioning work of our mine, which fully reflects your company's good corporate image and professional service level, and the technical staff dare to fight hard in work.


brand Ц0А, Zn – 99.98%
brand Ц0, Zn – 99.975%
roasting the sulfide zinc concentrates in fluid-bed furnaces;
leaching the zinc cinders and oxides with obtaining the zinc solutions and zinc cake;
rotary-kiln operation for zinc cakes with producing the zinc oxides;
clarification of zinc solutions;
electrolysis of neutral clarified zinc solutions;
re-melting the cathode zinc to obtain ingots.
Galvanic coating, medicine, production of zinc-bearing alloy, production of paint and varnish items, machine building, construction, etc.
Form and packing:
Ingots having a mass of about 25 kg, packed as piles with a mass of not more than 1000 kg and not higher than 500 mm, tied up with a steel tape.
The metal zinc is made as per the GOST 3640 requirements, Ц0А and Ц0 brands.


Sodium Tungstate Indicator
Sodium tungstate indicator refers to sodium tungstate as discriminating indicator, generally used in the experiment of determining iron content, such as potassium dichromate volumetric method for the determination of iron content. Currently, the most widely used of capacity method measuring iron is by the reduction of titanium trichloride, and odium tungstate as the reducing discrimination indicator, copper ion catalysis and oxidation of excess titanium (Ⅲ) ion, then titrated through the conventional method. Part of amendment program about the standard mercury-free measuring iron is also using sodium tungstate as reduction indicator.
Sodium tungstate as the indicator to determining iron content is according to the valence change to produce tungsten blue, and then the solution will turn blue to intuitive showing completion of response. Some scholars have proposed a method of measuring metallic iron and ferrous content in titanium and vanadium ore, using iodine-ethanol EDTA to dissolve metal iron, and improve the selective dissolution of metallic iron, eliminate the interference of low valence titanium, thus to improve the accuracy of the analysis; while sodium tungstate is taken as an indicator in the determination of ferrous, then trivalent titanium will reduce hexavalent tungsten to get tungsten blue, then titrated with potassium dichromate until the blue disappeared, and eliminate the interference of low price titanium. Meanwhile, sodium tungstate indicator can also be used in the iron content measurement experiments of vanadium-titanium magnetite, boron and magnesium ore and other minerals which contain iron.
If you have any interest in sodium tungstate, please feel free to contact us by email: email@example.com or by telephone:+86 592 5129696.


Study of heat release rates of mining vehicles in underground hard rock mines
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A unique study on fire safety in hard rock underground mines with focus on heat release rates of mining vehicles is presented. A literature inventory was conducted with respect to fires in underground hard rock mines, which revealed that the most common fire cause in underground mines was flammable liquid sprayed onto hot surface and the most common fire object was a vehicle. A major concern was the lack of documented fire experiments in mining vehicles and heat release rate curves. It also revealed the limited research carried out on fire safety and fire development on vehicles found in hard rock underground mines.


The DeLamar Mine is an inactive open pit gold mine. The 2,014-acre site is currently undergoing reclamation. In April 2010, an order was issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to the Kinross DeLamar Mining Company to pay a $35,000 fine for its failure to implement adequate stormwater controls at its DeLamar Mine. EPA inspectors observed a muddy discharge of water into Cabin Gulch from a clay borrow pit during an inspection in 2009. The water from Cabin Gulch eventually flows into the Owyhee River. The company failed to stabilize exposed areas of the borrow pit to protect against stormwater runoff at the Southwest Idaho mine. The company fixed the problem after the EPA inspection.
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Company “Dobryn” – a powerful production company embodies the “rich” resource base – own quarries gabbro and granite and well-equipped production platform – high stone-processing plant.
Ltd. “Dobryn” is engaged in the mining and sale of granite (including export with full customs clearance) of raw materials and granite products from our own quarries. We are the owners of granite quarries in the Bukinskiy (black) gabbro and Kishinskiy (rose) granite fields.
With recent advances in the mining and processing of granite, as well as modern diamond tools, production is carried out of the gentlest method that allows preserving the structure, to avoid fracture, reduce the time and improve the quality of our manufactured products.
Our production capacity:
Stone Factory: Ukraine, Zhytomyrskiy region, Malynskiy area, Chopovichi village.
Our factory is equipped with high-tech equipment that enables to produce a wide range of granite products, from standard tombstones to complex architectural forms, memorial complexes. Crosses and vases, bowls and balusters. Columns and fountains. Granite cobbles of different sizes and textures, which is used for paving roadways, and for pedestrian areas. Road, pavement and garden borders. Storm water drain. Facing (facade, ground) tiles. Slabs for paving with sawn, bush hammered or heat-treated surface. Granite window sills. Treads and risers.
All products are certified and comply with the first class of radiation safety standards, so you can use it without any restrictions.
We offer business partnership building and stone processing companies. We invite you to cooperate with companies interested in high-volume delivery and long-term cooperation with us, as well as businesspeople in other countries working in the field of sales of granite products.
You can see the full version of the document here.


Directs stakeholders to exercise due care,diligence in formulation of Mining plans
KATHUA, NOV 21 – Deputy Commissioner (DC) Kathua, Rahul Pandey today chaired a meeting of Mining Department and other stakeholder Departments here in the conference hall of DC office complex to review the formulation of District Mining Plan.
The District Mineral Officer Kathua informed the chair regarding the current status of mining blocks in the district and discussed at length the modalities for formulation of fresh Mining Plan.
The meeting also deliberated upon the issue of NOCs required from the concerned stakeholder departments viz Forests, RDD, Jal Shakti, PWD, Pollution Control Board etc. The DC directed them to go through the details mentioned in the draft Mining Plan concerning their department and seek clarification from the mining department in case of any query. The DC impressed upon the stakeholders to exercise diligence while issuing NOCs so as to negate any hindrances later on.
The DC directed members of the Committee to submit their objections, if any, regarding the Revised Mining Plans or issue NOCs within a week’s time so that the mining department can proceed further for e-auction of the mining blocks.
The DC further laid thrust on adhering to specified timelines for giving approval to new mining plans for different mining blocks of the district.
The meeting was attended by all members of the Mining Plan Approval Committee including Deputy Director (J) Geology and Mining Department (Member Secretary), Executive Engineer, Jal Shakti, PWD (R&B), PDD, District Mineral Officer, DFO Kathua, Billawar, ACD Kathua and Executive Engineer, Flood Control Kathua and other concerned officers.


SOME GENERAL PARAMETERS OF CONSTRUCTIONS & MOUNTING WORKS CARRIED OUT BY THE COMPANY
|Open earth and rock fill excavation mln.m3||121|
|Underground excavation mln. m3||9|
|Overall length of hydrotechnical tunnels km||108|
|Motorways and roads km||563|
|Transport tunnels km||71|
|Electric grid lines km||1040|
|Water waterways km||120|
|Gas pipelines km||10|
|Concrete and reinforced concrete structural elements mln.m3||12|
|Metal structural elements thsm3||178|
|Mechanical and equipment ths t||5000|
|Total area of the constructed industrial civil and public buildings ths m2/year|
Tunneling & Mining
SAKHYDRO is providing the best way of technical supports for tunneling and mining projects. These activities includes hard rock excavations, mining research services, expertise, rock mass enforcement by contact and consolidation grouting, underground reinforced concrete works, grout curtain, concrete and shotcrete linings and etc.
The company has developed number of tunneling projects such as water channel tunnels, pressure tunnels and highway tunnel
Investigations, Research and Expertise
SAKHYDRO is providing high level quality research, investigation and expertise support, with progress and final reporting. Adjustment International Standards to Georgian Standards.
Our services in these fields include: site investigations for geological conditions, drilling/coring, soil and rock mass evaluation, earthquake expertise and structural design reporting.


Home to half of the world’s lithium, Latin America is repeatedly touted as holding the keys to the green energy transition – a claim supported by skyrocketing investment in the region’s mining industry.
This growth is marred by the incessant issue of miner deaths in the region, from the copper mines of Chile to the iron pits of Brazil.
Mining is an inherently precarious industry, but Latin America has among the highest worker accident rates in the world.
With rising investment interest comes rising scrutiny over corporate responsibility for miner welfare.
Often overlooked within this growth is the rise of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in mining – and, more significantly, their potential to safeguard worker welfare.
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The total IoT market in mining is forecasted to be worth $7.8bn by 2027, according to GlobalData, following a CAGR of 16.1% from $3.7bn in 2022.
As global attention intensifies on Latin America’s rich abundance of critical minerals, the question remains: can IoT technologies solve the region’s miner safety woes?
Is IoT technology improving miner safety?
While adoption of IoT is increasing, its application by mining firms for worker safety remains mixed, says David Kurtz, Research and Analysis Director at GlobalData Mining.
“A GlobalData survey showed that 21% of mines have not invested at all in collision avoidance, while 22% have not invested in fatigue detection”, Kurtz tells Mining Technology. “This contrasts with 30% that have fully implemented collision avoidance – and 21% that have implemented fatigue detection.”
In Latin America, numerous mining companies and technology startups have branched into IoT for worker safety, but the frequency of fatal accidents has prompted government bodies to launch multiple investigations.
José Reyes, founder and CEO of Santiago-based IoT startup Vigalab, believes attitudes towards worker safety are improving.
“Big mining companies, in Chile at least, have a strong focus on safety,” says Reyes. “For example, Codelco had some miner casualties last year, and after that I had contact from them about IoT solutions to monitor the location or health status of their workers.”
Codelco faced overwhelming pressure to improve safety policies after three workers were killed at its mines in the space of a month in 2022, two at Chuquicamata – the world’s largest open pit copper mine.
Following in South African shoes
Vigalab’s work across Chile, Peru, Colombia and Mexico has led Reyes to the conclusion that, in Latin America, “there is a focus on safety, but the mining industry is a dangerous industry.”
But miner death statistics continue to paint a grim picture.
In the Mexican state of Coahuila, which mines 99% of Mexico’s coal, historical records kept by victims’ families show more than 3,100 miners have died since coal extraction began.
In 2022, ten miners died after excavation work caused a tunnel to collapse in Coahuila’s ‘El Pinabete’ mine. The owner Luis Rafael García Luna Acuña was subsequently arrested.
While there have also been numerous casualties in South Africa and Australia, mining companies in these mineral-rich countries are touted as industry leaders in IoT implementation for safety – and productivity – purposes.
“Mines in South Africa lead overall across fatigue detection, collision avoidance and wearable technology, while Australian mines led when it came to investing in drones,” Kurtz explains. “As Level 9 vehicle intervention for collision avoidance is now mandatory in South Africa for both surface and underground trackless equipment, we would expect South Africa to continue to lead in this area.”
Fatigue, collisions and mine collapses aside, IoT networks can also be used to monitor temperature, humidity, toxicity, light, gas leakage, fire detection and hazardous materials.
The potential to analyse such parameters is extensive for tackling longer-term health causes of miner deaths, such as pneumoconiosis and silicosis, but implementation remains minimal.
Miner safety – preventative or responsive?
For many mining firms, the productivity benefits of IoT technology hold greater allure than enhancing worker safety.
According to Martina Raveni, Thematic Analyst at GlobalData, the “main driver” of IoT adoption in mining is “maintaining high productivity in harsh, remote environments” like Chile’s Atacama Desert.
“There is high pressure on miners to stay productive, especially in the current economic landscape where mining companies face strong demand for raw materials amid the green transition”, Raveni tells Mining Technology. “IoT networks are usually successful in these scenarios, not only at monitoring miners’ productivity levels but also increasing the efficiency of ore extraction.”
IoT adoption to prevent miner injuries or deaths is less common.
Frequently, it has required the scrutiny and investigation of a worker death scandal to drive companies to invest in safety technology.
11 executives from Vale were arrested for murder – including then CEO Fabio Schvartzman.
Vale, ranked as an industry-leading company for IoT in mining by GlobalData alongside BHP, Rio Tinto, and Anglo American, has 15 operations in Brazil involving IoT, according to Claudia Mazzi, Vale’s Technology Infrastructure Director.
Alongside “environmental monitoring”, “vehicle telemetry” and “drowsiness detection”, Mazzi says that Vale has implemented “smart identification badges that monitor people’s access to risk areas, such as areas close to dams or confined spaces.”
These IoT safety programmes have reduced “high-potential incidents” by “around 70%”, Mazzi adds, principally by normalising remote inspections and reducing miners’ “risk exposure time”.
Vale has been involved in the mass IoT network rollout across Latin American mines by telecommunications giants Nokia and Telefónica, implementing IoT technology at the Carajás mine in northern Brazil.
Telefónica has also “deployed private networks in two mines in Peru” and “four more private networks in Chile”, according to Analyst Relations Specialist José Luis Vázquez Marín.
Such projects are a sign of the times. As the outside world eyes up Latin America’s vast reserves of critical minerals – a concept known regionally as ‘extractivismo’ – mining firms intending to benefit from the green energy transition will have to remain ahead of the IoT technological curve.
Lying in the balance is not only rising scrutiny over corporate responsibility but the welfare of some of Latin America’s most underappreciated workers.


|Project Name: MATSUDO
2 Exploration concessions: 8km2, 100% share
Target minerals: Cu, Mo, Au
Geology and Ore Deposit: The concessions are located in the Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene porphyry copper belt. The area including this concession is dominated by andesitic to dacitic lavas and tuff breccias with alteration zones extracted by the ASTER image analysis. Preliminary study executed by Nittetsu Mining suggests potential of Cu and Mo deposites.
 Satellite image analysis using ASTER data.
Future plan(2005- ): Preliminary geological and geochemical surveys will be conducted.
In this MATSUDO AREA, if you have any interest in JV exploration project with Nittetsu, please feel free to contact us .
<<< Result of the ASTER image analysis.
Copyrights(C)2002 Nittetsu Mining Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


State-owned miner Hindustan Copper Ltd was looking to ramp up its smelting capacity to 100,000 tonne per annum from the existing 70,000 tonnes, besides targeting a turnover of ₹2,000 crore by the end of this fiscal year. Further, the company also has an exploration plan to drill around 248,000 mt to explore deposits in its own mines at an estimated capital expenditure of Rs. 408 crore.
Why is this important?
Following the closure of Vedanta’s sterlite copper unit, there is going to be a deficit in supply of copper in domestic market. Hindustan copper has a redundant smelter facility of 30kt at Khetri in Rajasthan. The compnay is planning to encash this opportunity by renovating the non-operational smelter which will be ready by June 15. Further, HCL is also expecting its bottomline to grow by Rs. 50 crore from its secondary resources.
How this will impact the stock?
Resumption of production in Khemri smelter will add to company’s topline and bottomline without incurring any capital expenditure. The stock is likely to benefit from the same in long term.
Hindustan Copper (CMP 65.30, M Cap Rs. 6,018 crores, PE 75.58x FY18E)


, British Columbia – August 27, 2008 – Columbia Yukon Explorations Inc. (the “Company” or “Columbia Yukon”) is pleased to announce the initial assay results from its 2008 core drilling program on the Company’s “Storie” Molybdenum property deposit located near Cassiar in Northern British Columbia. The current drilling program is designed to significantly expand and further improve the confidence of the recently announced updated NI 43-101 Mineral Resource estimate of 98.3 million Indicated tonnes, grading 0.064% Mo at a cutoff grade of 0.030% Mo, with an additional 31 million Inferred tonnes, grading 0.059% Mo at the same cutoff grade of 0.030% (see News Release dated August 5, 2008). The updated NI 43-101 Report, as prepared by Watts, Griffis and McOuat Limited of Toronto, Ontario and Mintec, Inc. of Tuscon, Arizona, can be viewed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com
) and on the Company’s website at www.columbiayukon.com
“We are extremely pleased with the results to date from our 2008 drilling program which is continuing to indicate numerous and significant long intersections of excellent molybdenum mineralization outside the known resource area of the Storie property deposit”, said Ronald Coombes, President and CEO of Columbia Yukon.
By this news release, the Company is reporting assay result from the first 8 NQ drill core holes, which results are summarized as follows:
*conversion factor: 1% MoS2 = 0.5999% Mo
Drill holes ST08-99 through ST08-104 are all outside of the current NI 43-101 Indicated and/or Inferred resource area. The Company expects the results from these mineralized intersections to significantly expand the known indicated resource. Additionally, the Company completed two exploration core drill holes (ST08-97 and ST08-98) within the claim boundaries, but well outside of the known mineral resource area. Both holes intersected mineralization, but below the cutoff grade of 0.030% Mo. Nonetheless, the known mineralized zone still remains open in three directions.
As part of its 2008 drill program, the Company plans to drill between 20,000 to 25,000 metres of NQ diamond drilling, which is being laid out on 50m x 50m centres to delineate the deposit further to the west where there has only been very little (historic) drilling.
In addition, as referred to in the updated NI 43-101 Report, there is a higher grade zone that seems to be continuous through the center of the deposit. In the NI 43-101 Report, Mintec, Inc. specifically noted that if this zone can be better defined geologically or structurally with further drilling, the block grade smoothing that occurs from the interpolation can be minimized and the grade and confidence of the Mineral Resource estimates can be improved. As a result, the Company is currently core drilling several infill holes at 25 metre spacing in an effort to better define the higher grade zone.
All of the above holes were drilled using hydraulic drills producing NQ size core. The core was sawn in half by a diamond bit rock saw and half of the core was retained and stored in the core box for permanent record or later reference. The other half was bagged and sent to Loring Labs of Calgary, Alberta, where it was crushed and pulverized. A one gram sample was then split out and dissolved in a four acid complete dissolution and analyzed for molybdenum using an “AA” (atomic absorption) finish. In addition to both Loring Labs’ and Columbia Yukon's internal QA/QC, every 20th sample reject pulp is being sent to Acme Analytical Laboratories of Vancouver, B.C. for inter-laboratory analysis.
About Columbia Yukon Explorations Inc.:
Columbia Yukon is a Canadian mineral exploration company focused on the development of its Storie molybdenum property deposit. The Storie property is situated about 6 km southwest of Cassiar, British Columbia. Cassiar is located 15 km (by road) west of Highway 37 which provides access to Watson Lake, Yukon, to the north and Dease Lake and Stewart, British Columbia, to the south.
This news release has been reviewed and approved by John Kowalchuk, P.Geo., who is acting as Qualified Person for the Storie Property Project in accordance with regulations under NI 43-101.


Effect of Mill Speed on the Energy Input In this experiment the overall motion of the assembly of 62 balls of two different sizes was studied. The mill was rotated at 50, 62, 75 and 90 of the critical speed. Six lifter bars of rectangular crosssection were used at equal spacing. The overall motion of the balls at the end of five revolutions is shown in Figure 4. As can be seen from the
A Ball Mill Critical Speed actually ball, rod, AG or SAG is the speed at which the centrifugal forces equal gravitational forces at the mill shells inside surface and no balls will fall from its position onto the shell. The imagery below helps explain what goes on inside a mill as speed varies. Use our online formula The mill speed is typically defined as the percent of the Theoretical
Ball Mill Principle Critical Speed Ball Mill Principle Of. Impact Load Behavior between Different Charge and Lifter in MDPI. Jul 31, 2017 between 600 and 1400 N is at 7080 of critical speed. impact the particle, and the mill shell, grinding media, particle and lifter are contents of the grinding the power draws of ball mills can be calculated as follows.
The theoretical critical speed of a ball mill is the speed at which the et price ball mill operating speed mechanical operations solved problems ep 11, 2014 in a ball mill of diameter 2000 mm, 100 mm dia steel balls are being used for grindingalculations the critical speed of ball mill is given by,et price.
The operating speed of a ball mill should be _____ the critical speed. a Less than b Much more than c At least equal to d Slightly more than
The critical speed of the mill, c, is defined as the speed at which a single ball will just remain against the wall for a full cycle. At the top of the cycle =0 and Fc Fg 8.5 mp 2 cDm 2 mpg 8.6 c 2g Dm 1/2 8.7 The critical speed is usually expressed in terms of the number of revolutions per second Nc c 2 1 2 2g Dm 1/2 2×9.811/2
critical speed of ball mill. ball mill critical speed mineral processing metallurgyjun 20 2015 183 a ball mill critical speed actually ball rod ag or sag is the speed at which the centrifugal forces equal gravitational forces at the mill shells inside surface and no balls will fall from its position onto the shell the imagery below helps explain what goes on inside a mill as speed varies .
Apr 24, 2015 · Critical speed R radii of the mill r radii of the ball g acceleration due to gravity 10. Critical speed of ball millin rps= R=.45/2=.225m r=25/2=12.5m g=9.81m/s2 Nc=1.08rps=64.8 rpm
Mar 10, 2020 · For a ball mill to work, critical speed must be achieved. Critical speed refers to the speed at which the enclosed balls begin to rotate along the inner walls of the ball mill. If a ball mill fails to reach critical speed, the balls will remain stationary at the bottom where they have little or no impact on the material. Ball Mills vs
Oct 15, 2020 · Both mills will be driven by 2000 KW, low speed synchronous motors at 78 critical speed. The mills will be supported on 90inch diameter hydrodynamic trunnion bearings which will be interchangeable. The mill lube systems will be identical for both mills see Figure 1.
The critical speed of ball mill is given by, where R = radius of ball mill r = radius of ball. For R = 1000 mm and r = 50 mm, n c = 30.7 rpm. But the mill is operated at a speed of 15 rpm. Therefore, the mill is operated at 100 x 15/30.7 = 48.86 of critical speed.
The critical speed of the mill, c, is defined as the speed at which a single ball will mill speed on the power drawn by the mill is shown graphically in Figure 8.4. Read more Ball Mill Operating Speed Mechanical Operations Solved Problems
Mill Speed Critical Speed. Mill Speed . No matter how large or small a mill, ball mill, ceramic lined mill, pebble mill, jar mill or laboratory jar rolling mill, its rotational speed is important to proper and efficient mill operation. Too low a speed and little energy is imparted on the product.
by mill operating parameters. It is hoped that this work can be used as a precursor to the development of a model that can predict liberation given the various ranges of operating parameters. Mill speed, mill charge, ball size, and wet grinding are the parameters which have been selected for the present study. It is hoped that the analysis of the
The point where the milles a centrifuge is called the Critical Speed, and ball mills usually operate at 65 to 75 of the critical speed. Ball Mills are generally used to grind material 1/4 inch and finer, down to the particle size of 20 to 75 microns.
Mill Critical Speed Determination. The Critical Speed for a grinding mill is defined as the rotational speed where centrifugal forces equal gravitational forces at the mill shell's inside surface. This is the rotational speed where balls will not fall away from the mill's shell.
surface speed, or peripheral speed. In the tables below, the relationship of peripheral speed to the diameter of the tool, and the rotational speed of the machine spindle are explained. Inches per minute IPM is the standard for which feedmonly measured. Feed is calculated by the number of cutting teeth in the end mill,


Ensuring Mining Contributes to Sustainable Development.
Ghana’s mining history, particularly gold, dates back to the fifteenth century. The industry was very vibrant during the pre-independence period when mining policy was largely geared towards assisting and promoting the maximization of mineral production in the interests of the colonial powers. Therefore, for example, Ghana accounted for 36% of total world gold output (8,153,426 fine ounces) between 1493 and 1600 when there were more than thirty gold mines in operation. But its share of world mineral output dwindled subsequently due to variations associated with global supply and demand and the influence of the two (2) world wars.
Generally, the changes that occurred in Ghana’s mineral industry mirror trends in the industry globally. The period between 1965 and 1980 was characterised by the declaration of permanent sovereignty over natural resources by developing countries which empowered mineral resource endowed nations to nationalise and expropriate existing mining concessions based on grounds of public utility, security or the national interest
Ghana is well endowed with substantial mineral resources, the major ones being gold, diamonds, manganese and bauxite. Gold is the predominant mineral produced in the country accounting for over 90% of all mineral revenues annually over the past two decades.


Mining is an extremely important primary industry that supports our modern societies during development. Mining is the first step before building, expanding, and growing civilizations. It’s also the backbone of the modern global economy, since inventing new products is one of the main drivers of growth in our societies.
Very few materials are as strong and durable as metals. Biomass and plastics are worthy contenders – but they can’t match metals when it comes to ‘special properties’. Remarkable heat and/or electricity conductor characteristics, combined with low-density, make metals the favored material for plenty of modern products.
As our economies continue to seek growth and manufacture products at an ever-increasing rate, metal demand will undoubtedly increase. Additionally, the high-tech-dependent climate change targets set by countries around the world will require a considerable amount of metal. Green-tech like solar panels, wind turbines, or electric vehicles are made from many different metals, some of which are quite rare.
This upcoming ‘green revolution’ alone is projected to double clean tech’s current mineral demand by 2040 under our present policies – or up to 6 times our current demand by 2040 if the world aims for net-zero emissions in 2050.
Unfortunately, metal recycling won’t really help reduce primary supply that much, especially for high-tech devices [with our current technologies and waste management systems]. We’ll see why in detail in later sections, but the bottom line for now is that even with increased efforts and innovation in recycling processes worldwide – mining activity will still boom.
Procuring the metals required to transition to renewable technology will be difficult enough, but it doesn’t stop there. These technologies have the added challenge of ‘expiring’ every 20-40 years – so we can’t just complete the transition and stop mining [since recycling isn’t a perfect solution]. Note that the increasing digitalization of our societies is also increasing metal demand [e.g. sensors, IoT devices, servers, etc…].
A Few Clarifications
It’s important to be able to differentiate metals, minerals, ores, and rocks. Minerals are what’s being mined from rocks. They’re found in different concentrations [‘grades’] – where higher concentrations mean the mineral is abundantly present within the rock. Minerals are considered ‘ores’ when mining them becomes profitable. After extracting mineral ores, metals can be retrieved using different methods, but most are energy-intensive and polluting. Metals can then be mixed together to make alloys.
It’s also important to understand the difference between reserves and resources. A mineral reserve is the amount of mineral that we know exists and that we can mine for the current market price. In other words, reserves are the known profitable mining sites. A mineral resource, on the other hand, is the amount of mineral we know exists and could theoretically be mined in the future [i.e. there has to be a somewhat accessible mineral deposit]. Mineral resources are much larger than mineral reserves.
Typically, reserves are more profitable than resources [at any given point in time] because the minerals are found in higher grades. Hence, depleting reserves usually leads to the mining of lower grade mining sites.
Note that the same resource vs. reserve difference exists for metals, but requires the added step of estimating how much metal is contained in the mineral ore being mined.
Continuous Mining Cycles
Faced with an ever-increasing demand, the mining rate continues to grow. Since recycling doesn’t affect mining activity too much, we’re going through reserves at a furious pace. These reserves are depleting, meaning that some metals are becoming rarer – and are therefore becoming more valuable. As the price for these metals rises, mining companies can afford to mine other sites that have now just become profitable, because they can sell the metal at higher prices. With this system, it would seem that we won’t be running out of metals in the near future, since we can just tap into the extremely large resources every time reserves are depleted.
Unfortunately, that takes a toll. Mines pollute all along their life-cycle, contributing to both climate change and biodiversity loss. Between metal leaching, acid rock drainage, tailing dam failures, decreases in the local water table elevation, dust and noise pollution, and vibration caused by mining blasts – it’s clear that mines can pollute their environment in a number of ways. As for unregulated mines, and mines that end up exceeding their ‘close & clean-up’ budgets, it can get much worse.
While mineral extraction requires energy [often provided by fossil fuels], that usually isn’t the most energy-intensive step in the metal production process. That accolade goes to the refining plants, where metals are extracted from their mineral ores. These plants employ energy-intensive and/or chemical-heavy processes to separate the metals – so that’s not great. Additionally, there may be multiple steps required before being able to produce the final metal, which only increases energy consumption [as is the case for steel or aluminum].
High energy requirements mean high pollution levels, especially when fossil fuels dominate the industry’s energy mix. For example, the iron & steel industry accounted for roughly 5.8% of global CO2 emissions in 2018 [2.1 of 36.42 billion tonnes], with coal meeting 74% of the industry’s energy demand. Alas, many metals are even more polluting than iron & steel per unit weight produced– but fortunately their demands aren’t as high as iron & steel’s.
Back to It
Let’s get back to the ever-increasing metal production. The continuous opening/depletion cycle of mining sites works if metal prices increase – and if that doesn’t reduce demand too much [i.e. increasing a product’s cost so far that customers would no longer buy it]. As metals become more valuable, their minerals become profitable in lower-grade deposits and/or at less accessible sites. Unfortunately, extracting metals in those conditions increases energy-intensity, production costs, GHG emissions, and waste volumes – which all have significant impacts. And even if slight advances are made to mitigate metal production impacts, our rising material demand will still lead to increased pollution within the sector – for decades.
Alternatively, companies can try substituting the depleting resources with more common metals – but that’s not always an option. Modern day products are made from an insane number of different metals, all used for their specific properties. Some of these metals just aren’t substitutable, while others can be replaced – but the product then loses efficiency. That makes sense since we’ve been using the most cost-effective metals for the job, so switching to anything else now is usually worse.
It’s important to note that lowering efficiency can mean increasing mining rates. For example, we’d need far more low-efficiency solar panels than higher-efficiency ones to generate a given amount of electricity.
It’s also important to note that there is another option, which is hoping that we’ll innovate our way out of problems by finding more efficient materials at lower costs. Unfortunately, we’re too short on time to just cross our fingers and hope that innovation will save us. And besides, this type of solution isn’t sustainable forever either.
Switching from one finite resource to the next may have short-term benefits [e.g. switching to more abundant metals, reducing costs], but in the end the new reserves will deplete as well. And at that point, we’ll need to innovate an even better solution to avoid losing cost-effectiveness through substitutions or by mining lower grade deposits [which isn’t sustainable since infinite efficiency advances aren’t possible – on top of dealing with finite resources].
Renewables and High-Tech
Transitioning from fossil fuels to metal-intensive renewables will certainly shake things up. If countries follow through with their renewable energy targets, and the majority of the global energy mix shifts to renewables – then mining will soon become king [especially in an increasingly digital world due to high-tech devices]. And while reducing carbon emissions remains a priority, we need to consider the green revolution’s collateral damage.
Rare Earth Metals
Rare earth metals aren’t all that rare, but like many metals that are key to the green revolution – they’re rarely found in high concentrations [i.e. low-grade mineral ore and/or low metallic content within the ore]. And unfortunately, extracting lower-grade minerals and producing metals that have lower-metallic concentrations can have higher mining and refining impacts.
These rare earth metals are used in almost every high-tech product and renewable energy technology for their unique properties [often in very small amounts – yet play vital roles in our devices]. Unfortunately, just a few of them are substitutable, and alternatives are far less efficient. These rare metals are clearly indispensable for the green revolution – and consequently their demand is set to skyrocket as renewable technologies start their long journey to phase out fossil fuels.
The following graph shows how clean tech’s metal demand will increase in the next couple of decades.
Although transitioning to renewable-dominated energy mixes will definitely help reduce carbon emissions now – increased mining activity will increase the mining sector’s environmental impacts. Similarly, switching to renewable energy within the mining and refining sector would effectively reduce carbon emissions [e.g. with renewable-powered mining equipment]. However, that will require more mining – which will mean more renewable energy is required, and so on.
That’s a problem when dealing with finite resources like metals. Our increasingly consuming and metal-intensive societies will eventually face metal scarcity [either when the metals become too expensive for consumers or when extraction struggles to meet demand] in the absence of unrealistic circular economies. While it can take a few decades or even over a century to get to that point, it doesn’t make our current mining demand any more sustainable. And by increasing energy consumption year after year, the amount of time left before reaching metal scarcity continues to decrease. Time we could spend to voluntarily lower our dependence on energy – before we’re forced to anyway.
Without mentioning that increasing energy consumption will make our goals of phasing out fossil fuels much harder and lengthier.
Transitioning to renewable technologies remains the priority, but metals are finite resources. Governments that transition to renewables will therefore need to consider the sustainability of continued mining activity and take appropriate measures. Reducing energy and material consumption is one way to speed up the transition to renewables and ensure metal demand remains reasonable.
For reference, the chart below should help visualize which countries will play a large role in the world’s upcoming energy transition. Politics will be a determining factor in our global race for decarbonization and will ultimately decide if metal supply will be a problem in the near future or if our common interests will prevail.


In 2020, Geovale developed a 3D Geological Resource Model and Tentative Reserve Estimation for an India Client, having a tenement of Nickel in Uganda, East Central Africa.
Geovale provided the following services to meet the project scope:
- Processing of exploration and mining data in Surpac software
- Geological Database Preparation and Cross-Section digitization
- Valid 3D Solid Model formation
- Analysis of Geostatistical Parameter for all attributes
- Block Model preparation with all required attributes and constraints
- Variogram modelling
- Grade Estimation
- Resource Estimation with all relevant output
- Preparation of Slice Plan
- Basic Pit Designing based on pit design parameters
- Reserve Estimation
A Geological Resource and Reserve Estimation Report was communicated to the client. The project was delivered within a timeline of 3 weeks.