Mining Engineering | Briefly And with Carrier Options
Mining Engineering | Briefly And with Carrier Options
Mining engineering is a discipline that involves the extraction and processing of minerals from the earth. It is a multidisciplinary field that combines knowledge of geology, materials science, and engineering to safely and efficiently extract valuable resources from the earth.
The first step in mining engineering is exploration, which involves identifying and assessing potential mining sites. This can include conducting geological surveys, drilling for core samples, and using remote sensing technology to map the area.
Once a site has been identified as suitable for mining, the next step is to develop a mine plan. This plan outlines the specific methods that will be used to extract the minerals, as well as the equipment and personnel that will be required.
One of the most important aspects of mining engineering is the design and construction of underground and surface mines. This includes the development of ventilation systems to ensure the safety of workers, as well as the design of support systems to prevent cave-ins and other hazards. Mining engineers also play a key role in the selection and maintenance of mining equipment, including drills, trucks, and excavators.
In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainable mining practices. This includes the use of renewable energy sources, the implementation of reclamation and restoration plans, and the reduction of waste and emissions. Mining engineers are also working to develop new technologies that can help to improve the efficiency and safety of mining operations.
Another important aspect of mining engineering is the processing of extracted materials. This can include crushing, grinding, and separating minerals from the surrounding rock and soil. The extracted minerals are then transported to processing plants where they are further refined and processed into usable products.
Mining engineering also includes the management of mine sites. This includes the supervision of workers, the maintenance of equipment, and the management of resources such as water and electricity.
A career in mining engineering can be both challenging and rewarding. It offers a unique combination of technical and managerial skills, and the opportunity to work in a variety of environments and locations around the world. The mining industry is also a major contributor to the global economy and provides many job opportunities for mining engineers.
In summary, Mining Engineering is a multidisciplinary field that involves the extraction, processing and management of minerals from the earth. It’s a field that require knowledge in geology, materials science and engineering to safely and efficiently extract valuable resources from the earth.
It’s also a field that has been evolving to include sustainable practices and the development of new technologies to improve efficiency and safety of mining operations.
Carrier Options after Doing Mining Engineering
After completing a degree in mining engineering, there are a wide variety of career options available to graduates. Some of the most common career paths include:
- Mining Operations: Many mining engineers start their careers working directly in mining operations. This can include roles such as mine manager, shift supervisor, or production engineer. These positions involve overseeing the day-to-day operations of a mine, including managing workers, equipment, and resources.
- Mining Consultancy: Mining engineers with experience can also work as consultants, providing expert advice to mining companies and government agencies on a variety of topics such as mine design, ventilation, and environmental impact assessments.
- Research and Development: Mining engineers can also work in research and development, developing new technologies and techniques for the mining industry. This can include work on automation and robotics, as well as research into sustainable mining practices.
- Sales and Marketing: Mining engineers with strong communication and business skills can also work in sales and marketing, promoting mining equipment and services to clients.
- Government and Regulation: Mining engineers can also work in government roles, such as regulators or policymakers, developing and enforcing regulations to ensure the safety and sustainability of mining operations.
- Teaching and Education: Mining engineers can also pursue a career in teaching and education, passing on their knowledge and experience to the next generation of mining engineers.
- Project management: Mining engineers can also work as project managers, overseeing the construction and development of new mines or mine expansions.
- Environmental Management: Mining engineers with an interest in environmental issues can work in environmental management, developing and implementing plans to minimize the impact of mining operations on the surrounding environment.
- Geotechnical Engineering: Mining engineers with a focus on geology can also work in geotechnical engineering, analyzing and designing the support systems that keep mines stable and safe.
- Mineral Processing: Mining engineers with an interest in the chemical and physical properties of minerals can work in mineral processing, developing and optimizing methods to extract and process valuable resources.
Overall, the career options available to mining engineers are diverse and varied. Graduates can expect to have the opportunity to work in a variety of roles and industries, both in the domestic and international market. This is because the mining industry is a major contributor to the global economy and provides many job opportunities for mining engineers.
In conclusion, mining engineering is a diverse field that offers many different career paths. Graduates can work directly in mining operations, or in consulting, research and development, sales and marketing, government and regulation, teaching and education, project management, environmental management, geotechnical engineering, and mineral processing. The field is diverse and in-demand, with many opportunities for growth and advancement.


What are the Steps in Producing Zinc?Comments Off on What are the Steps in Producing Zinc?
Much progress has been made in the extraction of mined resources during the course of extraction civilization and up to modern processes. Mining machines that are heavily loaded, sturdy, and modular have improved the value and efficacy of our mining operations. As an outcome, waste and hazardous chemicals have been reduced in the energy sector.
Conventional blasting, hauling and drilling processes are used to extract zinc ores from deep mines, which must then be processed. Zinc sulphide (also known as sphalerite), zinc silicate (calamine), zinc carbonate (smithsonite), and manganese and iron compounds (franklinite) are all found in the ores. Eighty percent of zinc mining sites are below ground, eight percent are open pit, and the rest are a mix of both.
To extract the ore, it is smashed first and then powdered to provide for the best separation of the minerals. A zinc concentrate typically includes around 55% zinc, along with some copper, iron, and lead.
The most typical zinc concentrate, zinc sulphide, is transformed into refined zinc during the smelting process by extracting sphalerite using the froth flotation method.
Froth Flotation Method –
Processing the zinc ore to a powder form, blending it with water, pine oil, and flotation chemicals, and then stirring the solution to “float” the zinc to the top is how this method works.
Zinc sulphide is also used to treat secondary (recycled) zinc compounds, such as zinc oxide. Recycled zinc accounts for about 30% of total zinc production.
The Pyrometallurgical Method and the Hydrometallurgical Method are two ways for smelting zinc. The first step is the same for both: roasting.
Roasting is the process of transforming zinc sulphide concentrates into an unrefined zinc oxide called “Zinc Calcine” by oxidising them at high temps. Multiple-hearth, fluidized-bed, and suspension roasters are the three different types of roasters that could be used for roasting. During the process, the following chemical reactions occur:
2 ZnS +302 → 2 ZnO +2 SO2
2 SO2 + O2 + 2 SO3
Electrolysis is a fascinating process that takes about 22 hours to complete. Electrowinning, a specific form of electrolysis, is used to extract zinc from the purified zinc sulphate solution. Leaching, electrolysis, purification, and melting and casting are the four steps in the electrolysis process.
This process is driven by the following chemical formula:
ZnO + SO3 → ZnSO4
The cementation technique is used in the purification process to filter the zinc far more. Copper, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel, which then would interact with the process of electrolysis, are removed using zinc dirt particles and steam.
Pure zinc is placed on aluminium plates using a lot of voltage. The plates containing pure zinc are lifted from the cells.
The zinc is stripped away by machines, and the vacant plates are restored to the cells, where the process takes place again.
Melting and Casting
Zinc is melted down and formed into ready for sale zinc cubes weighing between 25 and 2500 kg.
Aside from that, special zinc casting alloys are cast by combining a number of different alloying components. Many pyrometallurgical processes include reducing zinc oxide with carbon and then extracting metallic zinc from the resultant solution in a carbon monoxide setting.
The Final Word!
The produced zinc can be used in a variety of applications, including building, transportation, machine parts, networking, electronics, and basic goods.
Zinc is mostly used to preserve steel against corrosion around the world. One of the most eco-friendly ways to extend the lifespan of a steel material by nearly 12 times is to apply a thin coating of zinc.


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This GrindabilityTestorBondBallMill Work Index Procedureis used to determine theBond Work Indexof minus six mesh or finer feed ore samples. These equation application methods are used to process <1/2″ ore samples in a BallMillusing a standard ball charge. Below describes in general terms theBond Work Index Procedureused by a Professional MetallurgicalTestingLaboratory. If you ...
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Roll crusher is a crushing machine researched and manufactured by our company for coarse crushing.
The convery belt is mainly composed by the expansion cylinder on both ends and the closed belts tightly knotted on them.
It is a 'locked cycle'testconducted in closed circuit with a laboratory screen. Sample Requirements: A minimum of 20 kg of material crushed to nominally minus 19 mm is preferred. JKTech would stage crush the sample to minus 12.5 mm, as required for theBond Rod Mill Work Index testfeed.Online Chat
Commentary on the apparatus of theBond rod mill Work Indexby Alex Doll December, 2015 [email protected] TheBond“Third Theory” of comminution was originally divided into three size classes reflecting the varieties of comminution equipment common during the time period whenBond(and his collaborators) were gathering the information to calibrate comminution models. The middle …Online Chat
Bond Rod MillGrindabilityTest. Thetestdetermines theBond Rod Mill Work Indexwhich is used withBond’s Third Theory of Comminution to calculate net power requirements when sizing ballmills*. Various correction factors may have to be applied. Thetestis a closed-circuit dry grindabilitytestperformed in a standardrod mill.Online Chat
Jan 01, 2013· To calculate theBond work index(W i) in a standard laboratory scalerod-mill,Bondderived the following equation: (1) W i = 62 P i 0.23 G i 0.625 10 P-10 F kw h sh t where F is 80% passing size of original feed, P is 80% passing size of circuit product and P i is thetest-sieve size in μm .Online Chat
Why is theBondBallMillGrindabilityTestdone the - ejmpep ... SAGMILL TESTING- AN OVERVIEW OF THETEST.PROCEDURESAVAILABLE TO CHARACTERIZE OREwork indexseries (ballmill rod milland. MacPherson .Rod Mill. Pilot-scale HPGR. SPT. Lab-scale HPGR. HPGR. AG Pilot Plant. ... Dec 14 2015 LABORATORYPROCEDURE BONDBALLMILL WORK INDEXClick ...Online Chat
Bond rod mill work indexresults from Australian laboratories with smooth liners should not be used in the SAGMILLING.COM models. Thetestis a 'locked-cycle'testwhere ground product is removed fromtestcycles and replaced by fresh feed. Thetestmust achieve a steady-state before completion.Online Chat
Bond Rod MillGrindabilityTest. Grinding Solutions can carry outBond Rod Mill Work Indextests to determine the energy requirements for milling ore in arod mill. Thetestrequires a minimum of 20kg of -12.5mm material. Closing screen sizes typically range from 4.75mm to 212µm. AbrasionIndex Test. The AbrasionIndexis a recognised ...Online Chat
Using theBond Index test proceduresit is possible to calculate crushing / abrasion behavior of mineral samples. ... At least 15 to 20 kg sample material is required to simulate a closed grinding circuit in a ball orrod mill. TheRod Mill Work Index(RWI) is used for particle size determination in a size range from 25 mm down to 2.1 mm ...Online Chat
StandardBondBallMillGrindabilityTestMethod . 2017-3-19 Here is the old Allis-ChalmersBond Work IndexGrindabilityTest Procedure. The standard feed is prepared by stage crushing to all passing a 6 mesh sieve, but finer feed can be used when necessary.Online Chat
Therod mill work indexlaboratorytestis conducted by grinding an ore sample prepared to 80% passing 12.7 mm (½ inch, the originaltestbeing developed in imperial units) to a product size of approximately 1 mm (in the original and still the standard, 14 mesh; see Chapter 4 for definition of mesh), thus determining therod mill work index...Online Chat
TheBondAbrasionTestdetermines the AbrasionIndex, which is used to determine steel media and liner wear in crushers,rod mills, and ballmills.Bonddeveloped the following correlations based on the wear rate in pounds of metal wear/kWh of energy used in the comminution process.Online Chat
Thistestdetermines theBond Rod Mill Work Index, which can be used withBond’s Third Theory of Comminution to calculate net power requirements of sizingrod mills. Thetestis a closed-circuit, dry grindabilitytest, is run in a standardrod mill, and can be performed at sizes ranging from 4.76 mm to …Online Chat
Procedurefor determination of ballBond work index. 2009-1-1 ABondBallMill Work Index testis a standardtestfor determining the ballmill work indexof a sample of ore. It was developed by FredBondin 1952 and modified in 1961 (JKMRC CO., 2006).Online Chat
TheBond work indexis a measure of ore resistance to crushing and grinding and is determined using theBondgrindabilitytest. Its value constitutes ore characteristic and is used for industrial ...Online Chat
TheBondcrushingwork index test(sometimes called the "impactwork index"test) is noisy, and the difference you observed is perfectly reasonable. The stone by Angove & Dunne (1997) reports a standard deviation in crushingwork indextests across laboratories as 4.5.Online Chat
Generally,Bond work indexis a common method for selecting comminution equipment as well as estimation of grinding efficiency and calculating required power. In the current research, a simple, fast and accurateprocedureis introduced to find theOnline Chat
Key words: Comminution,Bond work index, Grinding, Crushing, Ballmills,Rod Mills. Theoretical efficiency In their book Process Engineering of Size Reduction - Ball Milling, Austin, Klimpel and Luckie (1984) stated that, "We have tried throughout this book to avoid the use of the term grinding efficiency because the degree of conversion of ...Online Chat


Resources and Reserves
How Much Copper is There?
Copper is a naturally occurring element. It is present in the earth’s crust, in oceans, lakes and rivers – from minute trace amounts to rich mine deposits. Copper is an essential element meaning that all plants, fish and animals need copper to function properly. Copper is naturally present in the Earth’s crust, at a concentration of about 67 parts per million. While most mines operate with copper concentrations of between 0.2 and 0.8 %, some of the richest ore bodies, located in central to southern Africa, can contain 5 – 6% copper.
According to the US Geological Survey, since 1950, reports have regularly shown that there have always been, on average, 40 years of copper reserves and over 200 years of resources available. According to the latest data (USGS, 2013), known reserves of copper are around 680 million tonnes. Resources are much higher and short term supply limitations, which often result in upward price trends, act as a spur to the exploration of new deposits.
Reserves are deposits that have been discovered, evaluated and assessed to be profitable. Resources are far larger and include reserves, discovered and potentially profitable deposits, plus undiscovered deposits predicted from preliminary geological surveys. Copper resources are estimated to exceed 3,000 million tonnes (USGS, 2013), which does not include vast copper deposits found in deep sea nodules and submarine massive sulphides.
While current and future exploration will increase both reserves and resources, we must not forget that supplies will also be sourced from the substantial amount of copper that is already in use today. The recovery of end of life products, so-called “urban mining”, is one of the reasons why, today, 41% of the EU27’s copper demand is sourced recycling.
Within Europe, the largest known deposits are in Russia and Poland. Economic mines are also operating in Bulgaria, Finland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. In 2010, EU mine production totalled 855,316 tonnes of copper (source: BGS), around 5.3% of world production.
Europe Leads the World in Copper Recycling
Recycling plays an important role in copper availability since today’s primary copper is tomorrow’s recycled material. Throughout the last decade, about 41% of the EU’s annual copper use came from recycled sources. Future innovative policies and technologies should continue to contribute to resource efficiency in both the mining of ‘primary’ copper and the recycling of ‘secondary’ copper.
Mine Production is Vital to Meet Future Demand
Since the mid-1960s, the global demand for refined copper has increased by over 250% (from 5 to 20 million tonnes). Ensuring that sufficient copper will be available to meet society’s future needs will require increased levels of recovery and recycling, as well as substantial investments in primary (mine) production.
Investing in Tomorrow: Innovations in Mining and Recycling
Technology has a key role to play in addressing many of the challenges needed to add new copper production. Innovation led by the copper industry will:
- increase the success rate of exploration both deeper underground as well as in less accessible regions of the world
- create safer conditions to operate in more challenging environments
- reduce both energy and water consumption
- enable the processing of more complex (multiple metallic and non-metallic constituents) ores.
Reserves are deposits that have been discovered, evaluated and assessed to be economically profitable. Resources are far greater and include reserves, discovered deposits which are potentially profitable and undiscovered deposits that are predicted based on preliminary geological surveys.
It is highly improbable. Historically (USGS data), there has always been, on average, 40 years of reserves and 200 years of resources left since 1950. In addition, recycling, innovation and mining exploration continue to contribute to the long-term availability of copper.
It is estimated that two-thirds of the 550 million tonnes of copper produced since 1900 are still in productive use, according to global copper stocks and flows model developed by Fraunhofer Institute (Glöser, 2013).
The International Copper Study Group (ICSG) is an intergovernmental organistion of copper producing and using countries that serves to increase copper market transparency and promote international discussions and cooperation on issues related to copper.


Bauxite is the raw material of aluminium. 90% of aluminium production is made from bauxite ore. Its most common use is aluminium production. As production of aluminium oxide and liquid aluminium, bauxite production differs from region to region. Bauxite is also used in the production of elements such as vanadium and gallium.
Aluminium made from bauxite ore is the raw material of countless products. Across the world, thousands of tons of aluminium produced from bauxite ores have a wide range of uses from packaging to spacecraft. Aluminium oxide is a white powder produced by refining red bauxite, as it contains nearly 30–40% iron. Aluminium metal is produced from mainly gibbsite and boehmite bauxite ore.
Bauxite is a material used to make cement. It is one of the materials, such as iron ore, sand and limestone, among others, used in clinker production, which is used to make cement. If there is not enough Al2O3 and Fe2O3, bauxite is added. It acts as regulator as it is a binding and cementitious material.
Bauxite is the raw material of aluminate cement. It is obtained by firing bauxite and limestone until they melt. Its compound is Cao 40%, Al2O3 40% and a small proportion of Fe2O3 and SiO2. It is very resistant to sulphated water.
Bauxite is used in all furnaces used in the iron-steel industry, power plants, coke and gas production facilities, metalworking, and the ceramics, glass, and cement industries.
The diaspore in bauxite is sometimes used in emery stone, and corundum is used in the production of abradant and cutting materials due to its high level of hardness.


First Quantum Minerals Ltd is a global metals and mining company producing mainly copper, gold and zinc. The company’s assets are in Zambia, Spain, Mauritania, Australia, Finland, Turkey, Panama, Argentina and Peru. In 2018, First Quantum produced 605,853 tonnes of copper, 185,414 ounces of gold and 26,807 tonnes of zinc. In Zambia FQM has invested US$6.4 billion in its Kansanshi mine – the largest copper mine in Africa by production – and smelter, and the Sentinel and Enterprise mines in Kalumbila. The company is Zambia’s largest taxpayer, and in addition to the US$3.85 billion paid by the mine in taxes, and employment of 9,000 staff, the company has spent over US$100 million since 2010 on sustainability programmes in the communities in which it works. This has included health programmes, conservation farming, education, scholarships and skills training programmes, infrastructure development and gender equality programmes.


Andrew Jones | Exploration on GPP Mining asset
Andrew Jones has more than 20 years’ experience as a geologist in the resources sector and has worked throughout Australia, in West Africa, Southern Africa and South America. He has experience in a range of mineral commodities and has been involved in the discovery of new mineral deposits, extensions to known mineral resources at operating mine sites and has been involved in several feasibility studies for commodities including gold, copper and nickel-cobalt. Mr Jones has a geology degree from RMIT University in Melbourne and has also completed postgraduate studies in both geology and finance. He is a member of both the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) and the Australian Institute of Geoscientists (AIG).
Andrew Mounas | Fertiliser Business Commercialisation
Andrew Mounas is an experienced Executive with substantial experience in the start-up and commercialisation of new businesses across a number of industries. Mr Mounas has held senior and executive roles in ‘blue-chip’ organisations such as BHP, WMC Resources, Asciano, Brookfield and Visy/Pratt Industries. He was the founding secretary of BHP’s Group Investment Committee after the merger of BHP with Billiton. In addition, Andrew has been an Executive Director of a lamb technology / stockfeed business and has been involved through WMC, in the development of the MAP/DAP fertiliser facility near Mount Isa (now owned by Incitec Pivot).
David Peterson | Company Secretary
David has over 25 years experience as a company secretary in the mining and exploration industry in Western Australia and Queensland. For 12 years to December 2011, David was company secretary and executive general manager at Kagara Ltd, an ASX listed base metals producer. Prior to that was company secretary and administration manager at Forrestania Gold NL, a gold producer listed on the ASX, for 10 years until taken over in 1997. Since January 2012 David has been providing company secretarial, corporate and related consultancy services to listed and publicly unlisted companies.


The commonly used concrete aggregate are sand, crushed stone, gravel, crushed blast furnace slag and rarely or experimentally waste from demolition and construction. Here we will discuss about fine and coarse aggregate. We have already learnt that 4.75mm size is demarcation line between coarse and fine aggregate.
Gravel is formed by disintegration of rock by weathering; it is used as coarse aggregate for concrete. There have another importance of gravel in embankment and dam construction; it is very much important element of granular filter.
Sand is the most common fine aggregate in concrete industry. It is formed from the natural weathering of rock or crushing stone. We have discussed about recycled sand like crushed glass sand. This fine aggregate (glass sand) have adverse impact on concrete hydration generating alkali-aggregate reaction which may be controlled by pozzolana or other supplementary cement aggregate.
Crushed stone is generally produced by industrial crushing of
It is very popular coarse aggregate in concrete industry.
Some by-products of industry are also now using in concrete advantageously. Blast-furnace slag is a by-product in iron industry which is crushed to form aggregate. The blast furnace slag is solidified under slow cooling in normal atmospheric conditions before crushing.
Aggregate derive from demolition waste and also from construction includes-recycled concrete, stone rubbles or bricks.


Rare earth elements, vital in the construction of computers, gadgets, and other technical parts, are pretty commonly found around the world; the "rare" part of their name comes from the fact that they're hard to find in dense enough concentrations to be economically viable to extract. In the '80s, California was one of the worlds leading producers of rare earth elements but officials there let production slip in the face of environmental regulation and slipping prices. In 2002, the state's largest rare earth elements mine, Mountain Pass, shut down entirely.
China got into the rare earth elements game in the mid '80s and quickly ramped up production. Today that country controls more than 97 percent of the world's supply.
Higher prices and the recognition that it's probably not a good idea to let China control the markets of such vital raw materials have lead to a sharp jump in the number of rare earth elements mines coming online. The owners of the Mountain Pass mine in California are expected to restart operations this year, and numerous other ventures are popping up in places like Australia, Cananda and Vietnam.
This is good news. Rare earth elements are too important to our society to allow any one country to control them.


Subsurface Resource Exploration & Development
Geologists need to develop an understanding of the geology of the Earth from the surface down to explore, understand, and develop natural resources, such as groundwater, oil & gas, and other precious minerals. Important geological skills & tools needed include:
Hydrodynamics has found that selecting the right geological tools is critical to successfully meeting our clients’ resource exploration and development goals. We start with designing an exploration program that defines our clients’ resource needs and expectations, the limitations of the resource, physical and environmental constraints of the project area, and project economics. It is during this initial task that we work with our clients to choose the right geological tools and expertise needed to meet exploration and development goals.
Hydrodynamics applies our geological exploration experience to working in remote wilderness areas. We have worked in extreme weather conditions for drilling programs from 130˚ F in Death Valley to subzero temperatures in Midwest winters.
Subsurface Resource Exploration & Development Case Studies


Mark Strauss, Ph.D.
Biography: Mark Strauss is passionate about creating extractive metallurgical innovations to advance sustainability, clean energy technology, and materials independence. He is currently developing innovative recycling strategies to separate and purity lithium batteries into saleable lithium, cobalt and nickel.
His research experience involves the primary and secondary production critical materials using hydrometallurgical techniques. His undergraduate research involved by-product recovery of rare earths from copper leach solutions at University of Arizona. His master’s research entailed recycling fluorescent lights at Colorado School of Mines. In addition, his PhD graduate research continued to study the separation and purification rare earths from waste fluorescent lights. Strauss graduated in 2018 with a PhD from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
PhD, Materials Science and Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
MS, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
BS, Mining and Geological Engineering, University of Arizona


The company is safety accredited and audited to meet the requirements of all major mining companies and its fleet of 300 busses is custom-designed to mine site specifications.
Experienced managers work with clients to design transport solutions to meet their needs with the ability to mobilise vehicles from seven depots across WA including Bunbury, Perth, Newman, Port Hedland, Kalgoorlie, Mandurah and Albany.
Services include mine site transfers and shuttle services, rental coaches from 12 to 68 seats, site tour and charter operations, bus leasing solutions and maintenance service.
Go West Tours’ professional logistics team specialises in transporting workforces of all sizes, safely and reliably across regional and remote sites and is backed by expert mechanical crews at each location.
Drivers are selected for their excellent skills, professional and safe attitude and exceptional service to clients.
All vehicles are fitted with modern GPS tracking, providing real time data on speed, location and journey times, allowing the company and clients to access vehicle information at any time.
Tyre wear monitoring technology tracks the distance each tyre has travelled to establish change-out schedules, reduce tyre failure and increase road safety.
Clients can choose from a wide range of vehicles including WA’s largest 4×4 truck bus fleet, which is designed to transport workforces to remote sites and across harsh environments.
Go West Tours is the company of choice for efficient, reliable service and a first-class safety record.


Pig Iron Specification
The conventional shape of the molds used for pig iron ingots is a branching construction fashioned in sand, with many individual ingots at right angles to a central channel or “runner”, resembling a litter of piglets being nursed by a sow. When the metallic had cooled and hardened, the smaller ingots (the “pigs”) were simply damaged from the runner (the “sow”), hence the name “pig iron”. As pig iron is intended for remelting, the uneven size of the ingots and the inclusion of small amounts of sand brought on solely insignificant problems contemplating the benefit of casting and handling them.
This is achieved by remelting pig iron, often along with substantial portions of metal and scrap iron, removing undesirable contaminants, adding alloys, and adjusting the carbon content. Some pig iron grades are suitable for producing ductile iron. These are excessive purity pig irons and relying on the grade of ductile iron being produced these pig irons could also be low in the parts silicon, manganese, sulfur and phosphorus. These forms of pig iron are used to dilute all the elements in a ductile iron cost which may be harmful to the ductile iron process. iron tapped from a blast furnace and cast into pigs in preparation for conversion into steel, cast iron, or wrought iron.
Instance Sentences From The Online For Pig Iron
It was the first to introduce low phosphorous foundry-grade pig iron in India. The Company additionally commissioned an 800,000 tones’ sintering facility that might enable the PID to partially meet its iron ore requirement with sintered iron ore fines, resulting in vital price financial savings and growing efficiencies. Pig iron is produced by smelting or iron ore in blast furnaces or by smelting ilmenite in electrical furnaces. Pig iron, crude iron obtained directly from the blast furnace and forged in molds.
We are long-time period suppliers to a number of the world brands & OEMs from automobile trade and a few of the most reputed steel mills and foundries. Since coal fires required a different type of cookware, investment poured into brass and iron, hastening the event of pig iron—hastening, that is, the onset of the Industrial Revolution. The IIMA is devoted to these concerned in the ore-based mostly metallics value chain – raw materials provide, manufacturing and transformation, trading and distribution, transportation and logistics, expertise and gear.
Origin Of Pig Iron
The hot metallic was then poured into a steelmaking vessel to produce metal, sometimes an electrical arc furnace, induction furnace or primary oxygen furnace, the place the excess carbon is burned off and the alloy composition managed. Earlier processes for this included the finery forge, the puddling furnace, the Bessemer course of, and the open fireside furnace. Traditionally, pig iron was labored into wrought iron in finery forges, later puddling furnaces, and extra lately, into metal. In these processes, pig iron is melted and a strong current of air is directed over it while it is stirred or agitated. This causes the dissolved impurities to be thoroughly oxidized. An intermediate product of puddling is called refined pig iron, finers metal, or refined iron.
These liquid products are drained from the furnace at regular intervals. The sizzling air that was blown into the bottom of the furnace ascends to the top in 6 to 8 seconds after going through numerous chemical reactions. Once a blast furnace is began it’ll constantly run for 4 to 10 years with solely brief stops to perform deliberate maintenance.
The First Identified Use Of Pig Iron Was
A manufacturing of pig iron has been performed from crushing plant waste. The means of making ready pig iron was utilizing sizzling blast cupola furnace which was injected with charcoal powder to improve temperature course of and discount zone within the furnace. The course of was started by washing process and magnetic separation of uncooked material as an effort to enhance iron content diploma from crushing plant waste. The subsequent process was making ready the composite pellet with the particle size of −eighty+100 mesh and with the composition of 80% iron ore, 15% wooden charcoal, and 5% bentonite. The experiment was continued to cut back pellet composite in the HBC furnace. The pig iron produced from this course of contained of 93.62%Fe, 3.5%C, 1.55%Si, 0.87%Mn, zero.05%P, and 0.087%S.With this result, the pig iron produced already fulfill the metallurgical specification for use in smelting business.


Benedikt Sobotka retains the situation of CEO of Eurasian Assets Group (ERG), a leading mining and smelting firm and one particular of the biggest employers in the mining and metallurgical industries.
Benedikt Sobotka holds the position of CEO of Eurasian Assets Team (ERG), a leading mining and smelting business and a single of the largest employers in the mining and metallurgical industries.
Benedikt was born in 1980 in Germany, He has numerous years of experience in consulting and management in the mining and vitality industries. Operating for Boston Consulting Team (BCG), he suggested a amount of businesses from various nations and areas of the planet and held a amount of senior positions. Aside from that, Benedikt invests in high-tech startups, which contains Mineral Values Support (MVS) bought Platts/Dow Jones in 2015.
Mr. Sobotka graduated from the WHU-Otto Beisheim University of Management with a master’s degree in administration. He also researched in Europe, Russia and China. Aside from German, he is fluent in English, French, Russian, and a bit of Chinese.
Eurasian Methods Group
In 2014, the Firm modified its inner framework getting introduced a new corporate governance plan. At this time, Benedikt Sobotka was appointed its CEO.
Benedikt facilitated ERG’s strategic partnership with the Planet Economic Forum and the institution of the World-wide Battery Alliance at the WEF system. Eurasian Resources Group is a founding companion and co-chair of the Alliance.


Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer
3 December 2007 - 27 June 2013
Foreign Investment Decision
Today I approve the application by Minmetals Resources Limited (Minmetals Resources) to acquire Album Resources Private Limited (Album) and thereby its Australian mining assets that were in turn acquired in 2009 by China Minmetals Non-ferrous Metals Co Ltd (CMN) from the then financially troubled OZ Minerals Limited. This approval is subject to legally enforceable conditions.
The 2009 acquisition of the OZ Minerals assets was conditional on legally enforceable conditions and undertakings. As this transaction transfers these assets from one CMN subsidiary (Album Enterprises Limited) to another CMN subsidiary (All Glorious Limited), the 2009 conditions are also being transferred.
In summary, Minmetals Resources has undertaken to:
- Maintain the operation of the former OZ Minerals assets as a separate business with commercial objectives, including the maximisation of product prices;
- Maintain the operation of the mines using companies incorporated, headquartered and managed in Australia under a predominantly Australian management team;
- Sell all minerals produced on arms-length terms by a sales team headquartered in Australia, with reference to international observable benchmarks in line with market practice;
- Maintain or increase production and employment at the Century (Qld), Rosebery (Tas) and Golden Grove (Qld) mines, pursue growth of the Century and Rosebery mines, reopen the Avebury (Tas) mine and develop the Dugald River (Qld) mining project, subject to project feasibility and economic conditions;
- Comply with Australian industrial relations laws and honour employee commitments; and
- Maintain and where possible increase levels of Indigenous employment in its local operations and honour agreements with Indigenous Australian communities.
19 December 2010
MMR Undertakings to the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia
For so long as Minmetals Resources Limited (MMR) owns (directly or indirectly) the MMG Australian Assets (as defined below), MMR undertakes to the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia:
- to operate the MMG Australian Assets as a separate business unit according to commercial objectives, including the maximisation of product prices, margins and long-term profitability and the creation of long-term value to shareholders of MMR;
- to have the MMG Australian Assets owned by, and publicly acknowledged to be owned by, companies incorporated, headquartered and managed in Australia (Australian Operating Entities) under a predominantly Australian management team, with:
- the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Australian operations having their principal place of residence in Australia;
- the boards of the Australian Operating Entities each having at least two directors whose principal place of residence is in Australia;
- the majority of all regularly scheduled meetings of the boards of the Australian Operating Entities in any calendar year being held in Australia; and
- an annual financial report in accordance with section 295 of the Corporations Act 2001, together with an annual director's report that includes a review of the operations and principal activities of the group including product sales, employees, community relationships, environmental performance and any matter or circumstance that may significantly affect its operations, results or state of affairs in future years being lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and being made accessible to the Australian public on the Group's Australian website.
- that products produced by the MMG Australian Assets will be sold on an arms‑length basis by the Australian Group's sales team headquartered in Australia, with base and precious metals prices being determined by reference to international observable benchmarks (e.g. LME and COMEX) in line with market practice;
- continue to operate the Century, Rosebery and Golden Grove mines at current or increased production and employment levels;
- pursue the growth of the following projects:
- the Century mine in Queensland, by the continuation of exploration activities for ore and/or the conversion or later sale of the plant so that it can produce a phosphate concentrate;
- the Rosebery mine in Tasmania, which with further exploration and development work, could continue to operate well beyond current mine life or at levels beyond current production rates; and
- reopen Avebury (nickel) in Tasmania and develop Dugald River (zinc) in Queensland,
subject in each case to project feasibility and economic fundamentals permitting;
- to comply with Australian industrial relations laws and to honour employee entitlements; and
- to support Indigenous Australian communities, by honouring agreements with Indigenous Australians and maintaining and seeking to increase levels of Indigenous employment in its local operations.
For the purpose of the above undertakings, the MMG Australian Assets include:
- the Century zinc/lead/silver mine located in Queensland, Australia;
- the Golden Grove copper/zinc/lead/precious metals mine located in Western Australia, Australia;
- the Rosebery lead/zinc/copper/precious metal mine located in Tasmania, Australia;
- the Dugald River zinc project located in Queensland, Australia;
- the Avebury nickel project located in Tasmania, Australia; and
- the portfolio of exploration assets in Australia currently owned by the Australian subsidiaries of Album Resources Private Limited.


The Mežica Show Mine
CAN DWARFS SWIM?
Hundreds of kilometres of mine tunnels have been dug in the southern Petzen since the 17th century. And I feel like one of the miners when the mine railway takes me into the tunnels 600 metres underground.
Deep into the abandoned mine where 19 million tonnes of lead and zinc ore were extracted from the mountain in the course of its eventful history. What’s more, special minerals could also be found here. In the 18th century, wulfenite, a yellow to red semi-opaque mineral was discovered here in the Karawanken Mountains.
The Mežica lead and zinc mine was one of the last of its kind in Europe and was still being worked in the late 20th century. It was not closed until 1994. The pumps that protected the tunnel system from rising groundwater were switched off and the lower tunnels were flooded, leaving behind impressive underground rivers and lakes.
How lucky I am that I can still explore this fascinating scenery today. I travel along the watery veins of the abandoned pit in a kayak. We can continue on foot. Or even on a mountain bike. A helmet with headlamp is of course obligatory.
At every stop here in the mine and also in the adjacent museum I remember those who laboured here in the depths of the mountain, here amidst - and together with the rock. For more than 350 years.
Geopark Karawanken/Karavanke – an amazing cross-border discovery


The Washington County mining operation near Morrow is a state of the art operation.
Operated by a crew of six this facility is able to supply the crushed limestone needs of the Road Department all year by operating only a few months of the year
The quarry and mining operation which is owned by Washington County is still regulated by the Department of Labor (MSHA), and must abide by their rules and regulations along with unscheduled inspections.
By owning this facility the County has eliminated the need to purchase materials from outside sources by as much as 90 %.
This operation will continue to supply material to improve our gravel roads and will provide substantial savings to the citizens of Washington County .


Savannah Reports Extended Lithium Discovery in Portugal
A total of 181 holes for 15,345m have now been drilled to date across three primary targets of Grandao, Reservatorio and NOA.
Savannah Resources (LSE:SAV,SWB:SAV) has released further encouraging results from the ongoing reverse circulation (âRCâ) and diamond drill (âDDâ) programme at the Mina do Barroso lithium project, located in Portugal. A total of 181 holes for 15,345m have now been drilled to date across three primary targets of Grandao, Reservatorio and NOA.
Savannah is a diversified resources group with a portfolio of energy metals projects including lithium; copper and gold.
As quoted from the press release:
â¢ Ongoing RC and DD at both the Grandao and Reservatorio deposits has intersected lithium mineralization over significant widths
â¢ Drilling continues to expand the boundaries of the known mineralized pegmatites demonstrating the projectâs potential for further increases in the existing 14Mt at 1.1% LiâO mineral resource estimate
â¢ Key results include:
Grandao and Grandao Extended
â" 25m at 1.56 percent Li2O from 56m in 18GRARC52 diamond tail
â" 22m at 1.4 percent Li2O from 54m in 18GRARC51 diamond tail
â" 15m at 1.32 percent Li2O from 96m in 18GRARC79
â" 25m at 1.05 percent Li2O from 13m in 18GRARC93
â" 25m at 1.02 percent Li2O from 21m in 18GRARC99
â" 49m at 1.09 percent Li2O from 35m in 18GRARC100
â" 20m at 1.42 percent Li2O from 125m in 18GRARC103
â" 22m at 1.05 percent Li2O from 19m in 18GRADD01
â" 23.7m at 0.99 percent Li2O from 17.2m in 18GRADD02
â" 48.9m at 1.33 percent Li2O from 6.9m and 21m at 1.22 percent Li2O from 129m in 18GRADD006
â" 32m at 1.18 percent Li2O from 36m in 18RESDD02
â" Diamond drilling was completed primarily to obtain lithium bearing pegmatite for the metallurgical test work programme
â¢ Phase 3 of the metallurgical test work programme continues to progress well
â¢ A second diamond drill rig is due to arrive on site shortly to commence geotechnical drilling to support the fast-tracked feasibility study
âThe drill programme continues to deliver encouraging results, which will go towards further increasing what is already the largest spodumene lithium mineral resource Estimate in Western Europe. We are upping the drilling tempo with the addition of a third rig and drilling, which commenced a little under one year ago, now totals over 15km in length and constitutes one of the most intensive drill programmes undertaken in Portugal in recent years,âSavannahâs CEO, David Archer said.
Click here to read the full press release


Jan 30, 2019 of reclamation and clean-safe mining The students will all have the same materials but a varied open pit to mine. Depending on age of the students provide 15-20 minutes for mining, 3 minutes for reclamation and 3 minutes to total up there ore value based on the point system and colors obtained. TIME 30-40 Minutes MATERIALS Candy Corn
a. Open-pit Mining scoop out a hole using the plastic spoon to recover sand from the large deposit. b. Strip Mining drag the knife along the surface of the plasticine to uncover the thin layer of sand below. c. Underground Mining use a thick drinking straw to create a shaft or
open-pit mining. e. Relate processes used to extract primary mineral resources in Saskatchewan e.g., open-pit mining, underground mining, and solution mining to the location, type, and depth of the resource MS7.2 Investigate methods of separating the components of
This book was designed to assist mining operations who are regulated by MSHAs Part 46 regulations. This book provides regulations, policy, and frequently asked questions and answers. It includes a blank training plan, sample lesson plans, and training records.
environmental issues e.g., managing mine tailings and pollutants, reclaiming open pit mining sites, ecological impact of pipelines, resource depletion and maintaining water quality related to the extraction of geological resources in Saskatchewan. Practical and Applied Arts Energy and Mines 102030 Module 4 Sustainability SOCIAL STUDIES
open pit mine Card 5 Movement drawing of immigrants coming to Arizona or map of major highways 2. On the other side of each card, write about the pictures and the information you learned. You should also include the person who is to receive the card and hisher address. All of your group should have the same name and address. Dear Ben,
WOODLAND HILLS HIGH SCHOOL LESSON PLAN. SAS and Understanding By Design Template. Name Mr. Dan Schuller Date 1114 111810 Length of Lesson 8 days . Content Area Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Unit 3
MULTIGRADE LESSON PLAN IN SCIENCE AND HEALTH GRADES V AND VI Lesson 16 GRADE V GRADE VI I. OBJECTIVES 1. Describe characteristics of flowering and non- flowering plants 2. Classify plants into flowering and non- flowering I. OBJECTIVE Infer the effects of overgrowing, mining and intensive farming to the ecosystem II. SUBJECT MATTER Topic Flowering and Non-Flowering Plants
MEC Mining uses a combination of consultants to tailor the course content to meet the specific needs of the candidate. Drawing on a base lesson plan and massive resource pool to ensure examples are kept relevant and applicable, facilitators apply a continuous improvement model to the provision of training and mentoring services.
Apr 23, 2017 And the mine operated since 1917, and it had an open pit and underground mine, so it had large waste rock piles from the open pit. The company has retrofitted its mine with a reclamation plan ...
Open Pit Mining. Open pit mining, also known as strip mining, is the removal of surficial soils and uneconomic rock to get at the ore below. Ore grades are normally less than 0.5. This is type of mining is only possible if the uranium ore is near the surface normally less than 400 ft.
Surface mining. 4 Main Types of Surface Mining. Strip Mining. Removal of large strips of overlying rock and soil to reveal coal. Open-Pit Mining. Removal of rock and soil creating a vast pit where coal can be extracted. Mountaintop Removal Mining. Removal of mountain tops with explosives. Land made flat after reclamation. Highwall Mining
Jan 30, 2019 One type of strip mining is contour mining, where extraction activities occur on a hillside. Another method, area mining, occurs on relatively flat terrain. Contour strip mining accounted for more than half of the surface mine closures between 2008 and 2017. Open-pit coal mining is a combination of contour and area mining methods and is used to ...
Geraldton Western Australian Museum GeraeGldtlonLlte The Unearthed Mining Stories from the Midwest includes links to the curriculum, student activities, and a selection of website sources. The range of activities has been designed for Years 6 -9 however teachers will find them
AG IN THE CLASSROOM ONLINE LESSON PLAN i ... Today, coal is still produced in Colorado, primarily from open pit and underground mines in the west - ern part of the state. ... AG IN THE CLASSROOM ONLINE LESSON PLAN each student to purchase one mining property a cookie from three separate brands available.
The Chuquicamata mine in northern Chile is the largest open pit copper mine by excavated volume on the planet. It opened in 1882, is still operational today, and has expanded significantly over the last decades. In this lesson, you are interested in monitoring the expansion of the Chuquicamata mining area so you can analyze the impact on ...
In open-pit mining machines dig holes and remove ores of metals such as iron, copper, and gold, sand, gravel, and stone such as limestone and marble. ore Removal of native vegetation trees being cut downremoved pit extends below the ground water table which could result in water contamination erosion possible air pollution due to ...
There are four main mining methods underground, open surface pit, placer, and in-situ mining. Underground mines are more expensive and are often used to reach deeper deposits. Surface mines are typically used for more shallow and less valuable deposits. Placer mining is used to sift out valuable metals from sediments in river channels, beach sands, or other environments.
Utah is rich in many minerals including copper, gold, silver, uranium, iron, lead, zinc, molybdenum, phosphate, salt, potash, beryllium, and gilsonite. The worlds largest known beryllium resource is in Juab County, and the worlds largest open-pit copper mine is at Bingham Canyon just southwest of Salt Lake City Utah Mining Association.
Float nurse job interview questions Efl lesson plan job interview New york city housing authority job opportunities Kane county roe job vacancies Sapulpa oklahoma job openings Open pit mining jobs uk
The Chino mine is the largest porphyry copper deposit in New Mexico. The pit is currently 1.75 miles across and 1,350 feet deep. The Apaches were the first to notice native copper lying on the ground in a valley northwest of Santa Rita Mountain. The open-pit mining operation began in 1910. The mine became part of Freeport-McMoRan in 2007.
Jun 22, 2021 We feel that our mine plan that we are going to present is unique to the situation were in, said Peter Doyle, head of Montem Resources, which hopes to build a new open-pit mine in ...
Dec 23, 2018 Open-pit mining is either done with a fleet of haul trucks some now automated or an in-pit crushing and conveying system IPCC. ... The mine plan entails a
Two types of small scale mining 1. Surface Mining- Open-pit mining is the most common mining technique, when it comes to new 1. Land dredging- involves miners mines. using a generator to dig a large hole in the ground 2. Underground mining-Underground hard 2.
and how we can get it out of the ground underground mining and surface or open-pit mining. 2. Show the two different cookies. These represent different land sites. Show the mining equipment toothpicks 3. Explain how to mine the cookie directions are on the worksheet provided. Emphasize that students may not use their hands to mine.
Compare and contrast underground mining and open pit mining. State standards Standard 2 Information Systems. Key Idea 1 Key Idea 3 Standard 6 Interconnectedness Common Themes Key Idea 5 Key Idea 6 . Standard 7 Interdisciplinary Solving Problems Connections. Key Idea 1 LESSON PLAN OUTLINE. oOo. UNIT 2 Rocks amp Minerals
Longwall mining A form of underground coal mining where a long wall of coal is mined in a single slice and placed onto a conveyor belt. Open-pit mining Surface mining of coal in which overlying rocks are removed to expose coal for extraction. Permeability The measure of
188.8.131.52 Open-pit mining Open-pit mining is a type of strip mining in which the ore deposit extends very deep in the ground, necessitating the removal of layer upon layer of overburden and ore. In many cases, logging of trees and clear-cutting or burning of vegetation above the ore deposit may precede removal of the overburden. The
AMIT 129 Lesson 1 Intro AMIT 129 Lesson 2 Open Pit and PPE AMIT 129 Lesson 3 Mine Entering AMIT 129 Lesson 4 Clean Housekeeping AMIT 129 Lesson 5 Hazard Recognition AMIT 129 Lesson 6 Conveyor System AMIT 129 Lesson 7 Mine Explosives and Blasting AMIT 129 Lesson 8 Mine Maps, Emergency Evacuation, Barricading
The Mined Land Reclamation Program approves or rejects mine reclamation plans and financial assurance mechanisms submitted by all metalliferous mining units, aggregate mine operations, and exploration operations with surface disturbances greater than five acres. Beginning January 2007, aggregate mining operators were required to submit reclamation
Open pit mining, Pittsburg, Kansas. Dates Between 1920 and 1929. A photograph showing miners posed by a large steam shovel in an open pit mine owned by J. J. Stephenson Coal Company, Pittsburg, Kansas. Horse drawn coal cars and tracks are also visible.
identify and describe a cause-and-effect relationship between the environment and the economy in a province or territory e.g., overfishing on the Grand Banks changes to landscape resulting from open-pit mining or clear-cut logging Learning Goals. By the end of this lesson, students will be able to
This training outline for shovel operators, one in a series of eight outlines, is designed primarily for company training foremen or supervisors and for trainers to use as an industry-wide guideline for heavy equipment operator training in open pit mining in British Columbia. Intended as a guide for preparation of lesson plans both for classroom and on-the-job training activities, this outline ...
Other photos of open pit mines. The year is 2125. After being mined for nearly 200 years the ore in an open pit iron mine has been depleted and the mine is no longer profitable The land is near a national park and so an investor has purchased the mine and is now deciding how to best make use of the land.
May 07, 2018 Lesson Plans for Ages 13 to 15 Building an Open Pit Mine Cross-Section Model of an Underground Mine Environmental Monitoring pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen Mining Careers Mine Safety and Mining Accidents Lesson Plans for Ages 15 to 18 Building an Open Pit Mine Building a 3-Dimensional Underground Mine Designing a Mine


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Mount Polley mine workers began pumping water from Polley Lake down a discharge pipe to Quesnel Lake Sunday, after the water passed lab tests with no significant contamination.
The surge of water and mine tailings from the breach of the mine tailings pond Aug. 4 created an unstable plug of debris at the mouth of the smaller Polley Lake, raising its level even after the majority of the torrent scoured out Hazeltine Creek and poured down into Quesnel Lake.
Government and Cariboo Regional District officials approved the pumping in an effort to avoid another breach and uncontrolled release, to make the site safe for further water testing and reconstruction.
Water samples from the shore of Polley Lake Aug. 7 tested “very close to historical levels” where it was used for drinking water, the province said in a statement released Sunday afternoon. Water being pumped from the lake will continue to be tested daily.
Environment ministry water samples from six locations on the Quesnel River and Quesnel Lake also met federal and provincial drinking water guidelines for the third straight day. Water from portions of the river have been approved for drinking and bathing. The water use ban remains for Polley Lake as confirmation water testing continues, with results expected by Tuesday.
The CRD has established a restricted access order to the affected region as investigation continues to determine the cause of the dam breach.
Mount Polley Mine is an open-pit copper-gold mine that opened in 1997, owned by Imperial Metals. It had recently undergone expansion of the mine and tailings pond.
The mine ore body does not contain acid-producing minerals, so heavy metal and other contaminants in the ground rock of the mine tailings are not dissolved in water in high concentrations.
Imperial Metals president Brian Kynoch said the water in the tailings pond was routinely tested with rainbow trout and did not harm the fish.


Phase 5 Investigation of Cause EEMHelga2022-07-29T15:03:28-04:00
Phase 5 Investigation of Cause EEM Study (2016-2017)
Innovative arsenic and copper bioavailability study.
New Britannia Mine in Snow Lake, MB is a historical gold mining and processing site currently under care and maintenance. Arsenic and copper are elevated in the water column and sediment. The goal was to better understand whether previously observed statistical differences between reference and exposure populations was due to mine effluent, historical contamination or natural variability.
The study evaluated bioavailability and uptake from water and sediment into aquatic biota and, assessment of potential mine effluent related effects. Extensive water quality analyses and arsenic speciation in porewater, and benthic invertebrates living near the sediment water interface were analyzed. This was integrated with traditional benthic and fish community surveys, toxicity testing of site water and enzymatic work in fish.
Important results from this study showed that current effluent quality, nor historical arsenic or copper in the sediment appear to be causing observed effects. Minor differences observed in benthic invertebrates and, overall stimulatory effects on fish were due to increased nutrient resources in the exposure area.


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