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Impactor breaker also has mobile type which is called mobile stone crusher machine, and the mobile impact crusher can be used in many industries.
The major types of MININGcone crushers include Rock cone crusher, Hydraulic cone crusher, Rock cone crusher and Secondary cone crusher. All of these have their own unique applied ranges.
Raymond mill (also can be called Raymond Grinder) is used for grinding materials in the fields of building materials, mining, metallurgy and chemical industry.
Ball mill gear ring and pinion adopts automatic spray lubrication, pneumatic pump through a pipeline in the oil tank lubricating grease by the nozzle timing is uniformly sprayed to balls mill gear ring and pinion gear surface, keep good lubrication.
Fly ash dryer produced by Mining Machinery is commonly used for drying fly ash, phosphor gypsum, industrial dust and waste slag. It has several features such as reliable operation, excellent drying effect, high thermal efficiency and large capacity.
Briquetting plant is usually composed of feeder, crusher, biaxial horizontal mixer, briquette machine, vertical dryer, belt conveyor, central electronic control equipment, etc.
Our Hot Products--Have been exported to more than 150 countries and well recognized as money-maker for mining and mineral industries.
Ceramsite production line or ceramsite sand production line belongs to building material equipment. The raw materials of ceramsite sand are mainly some solid wastes like bauxite, shale, city waste, gangue, biological sludge, river sediment and fly ash etc.
Magnetic separation makes use of magnetic differences between minerals to separate material, which occupies a very important position in iron ore separation field.
Flotation plant is widely used in various fields of ore dressing industry. For example, the separating of gold ore, silver, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, molybdenite, pyrite, nickel sulfide mineral,
Manganese ore beneficiation plant is also called manganese ore processing plant, which can separate manganese ore from mines to improve the grade of manganese ore.
Harmo contributes its own strength to sustainable development, and is committed to the development and manufacturing of environmentally friendly, safe and intelligent equipment.
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Creating value for your company
The Centre for Operations Excellence (COE) partners with leading organizations to solve operational problems using operations research (OR) methodologies and produce solutions that lead to enhanced business value. Along with many existing industry partners, in 2016 the COE is working with Silver Standard Resources for the ﬁrst time.
New COE industry partner: Silver Standard
Silver Standard Resources Inc. is a Vancouver-based mining company focused on the operation, development, exploration and acquisition of precious metal projects. It owns and operates the Marigold mine in Nevada, U.S., the Seabee Gold Operation in Saskatchewan, Canada, and the Pirquitas mine in Argentina. Silver Standard also has two wholly-owned feasibility stage projects, Pitarrilla in Mexico and San Luis in Peru.
The focus of the UBC COE project involves improving the mining production rate at the Marigold mine. The Marigold mine has been in continuous operation since 1988. It achieved record production of 207,006 ounces of gold in 2015 and is expected to produce between 200,000 and 210,000 ounces of gold in 2016.
The objective of the UBC COE project is to increase the amount of material moved per year by 2 million tonnes through optimized synchronization of loading and hauling operations without any additional cost of capital. The value UBC COE brings to Silver Standard is its data analytics capability, which is needed to process a very big set of data from a variety of sources. This then leads to uncovering where the constraints are in the complex mining operation, and what the optimum set points should be to de-bottleneck the processes.
About COE industry projects
A COE project combines the enthusiasm of hard-working graduate students with the knowledge and expertise of the Operations and Logistics Division of the Sauder School of Business, UBC. An outstanding project team comprised of students, faculty and staff will work with you to discuss desired outcomes and develop an engagement plan tailored to your needs. Since its inception in 1998, the COE has published a number of research articles and completed over 136 industry projects with major corporations and organizations in nearly every business sector. Some of these projects have been featured in the national media and have won best practice awards at OR conferences.
The COE team has done an excellent job of putting together a simulation model of the preboard screening process at Vancouver International Airport. This is a very powerful tool that allows you to do ‘what-if’ scenarios. This has also allowed us to develop service standards, and given a great deal of benefit to the Airport, now and in the future. It’s something that will be around for many years.


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Are you looking to ensure the safety of your mining operations with the right equipment? Look no further!
With the ever-evolving technology and techniques in the mining industry, it is crucial to choose the proper safety equipment for your specific Operation.
From underground mines to open-pit operations, each mine has its unique challenges and requirements.
But with so many available options, how do you determine which equipment best fits your operations?
Discover how to choose the right mining safety equipment for your specific Operation. So, let’s dive in.
1. Understanding the Hazards and Risks Involved in the Operation
This involves assessing the location, materials being mined, and potential risks. This includes such as explosions, collapses, or exposure to harmful chemicals.
By comprehensively understanding these hazards and risks, mining companies can select the appropriate safety equipment.
This includes the following:
- protective gear
- ventilation systems
- and emergency response tools
This proactive approach can reduce the likelihood of accidents. Plus, it will protect the well-being of those working in the mining industry.
2. Knowing the Specific Safety Requirements of the Site
This means understanding the unique hazards and risks of the site’s location, geology, and mining methods.
By having this knowledge, mining companies can select equipment that is designed to protect their workers and prevent accidents. One effective way to gain this knowledge is to invest in underground mining online training.
This type of mine training offers comprehensive education on safety practices, regulations, and equipment specific to underground mining operations.
By taking this step, companies can ensure they are choosing the most suitable safety equipment for their specific Operation. This, in turn, keeps their workers safe and the site productive.
3. Evaluating the Durability and Reliability of the Equipment
By evaluating the durability and reliability of the equipment, you can ensure that it can withstand the harsh environments and demands of the mining industry. This includes the following:
- assessing the materials used
- the construction of the equipment
- any past track record of reliability
Investing in durable and reliable equipment can enhance the safety and efficiency of your mining operation.
4. Considering the Budget and Cost of the Equipment
When choosing the right mining safety equipment for your specific operation, it is important to consider the budget and cost of the equipment. Mining operations can be costly. So, investing in the proper safety equipment is essential.
This will help you ensure the safety and well-being of workers. By considering the budget and cost of the equipment, you can ensure that you are making a sound financial decision. Plus, this will ensure that you are not overspending on unnecessary features.
It is also important to factor in the long-term costs of maintenance and replacement parts when assessing the budget.
By considering the budget and cost of the equipment, you can make an informed decision that balances safety companies and affordability for your mining operation.
Prioritize Worker Protection by Selecting the Right Mining Safety Equipment
Ensuring the safety of your mining operation is crucial for the success of your business and the well-being of your employees.
Following the tips outlined in this guide, you can choose the right mining safety equipment for your specific needs. Protect your Operation and invest in quality safety equipment today.
Are you looking for more tips and advice? You’re in the right place! Make sure to bookmark our page and come back to check out more exciting articles.


Arskar Ltd., a company solely owned by Anastas Arsenyan, brother of Armenian MP Ashot Arsenyan, plans to operate an open-pit sand and gravel mine a mere 2.5 kilometers from the resort/spa town of Jermouk.
The company has already received an extracting license.
A draft evaluation of the mine’s impact on the surrounding environment has been presented to Armenia’s Ministry of Nature Protection.
While the draft notes that more than 220 animal species found in the area are listed in Armenia’s Red Book, the mine will not adversely affect the environment.
The draft also states that the open-pit mine falls outside the boundaries of the Jermouk Hydrological Reserve and thus will not endanger the town’s hot springs and mineral water.
A public hearing on the mine will be held at the Jermouk Municipality on June 24.


While coming back down from some mines way up north, Paul and I stopped at the abandoned Admiral Aaron Ward Mine and walked down its 4100-foot inclined entry tunnel into the subterranean workings. Once we reached the bottom, we found wide tunnels branching off in all directions in this former silver, copper, and zinc mine. During our five-hour exploration, we found one stope that was unbelievably huge and utterly mind-blowing! We also found deep, flooded areas and bottomless shafts. Various colorful mineral growths and crystal growths appear throughout the mine's tunnels, too. The miners' workshop was still full of spare parts, tools, and other artifacts. Another interesting find was the miners' refuge chamber. A freshwater spring deep in the mine provided us with some of the cleanest and best-tasting water I've ever drank! After five hours of exploring, we decided to call it quits and began the long, arduous hike back up the 4100-foot, inclined entry tunnel to the surface.


Goa Mining: First preference to existing workers on auctioned leases
Panaji, July 13 (IANS) After the Opposition raised the issue of retrenchment notices served to mining workers, Goa Chief Minister Pramod Sawant said on Tuesday that the government will ask mining companies winning the auction to retain the existing workforce working on those mining leases.
Sawant was replying to an attention motion moved by Congress MLA Michael Lobo on the need to protect mining workers. Lobo raised the concern as mining companies have started the process to retrench the workers.
The mining issue has been hanging in fire in Goa ever since the apex court banned extraction and transportation of iron ore from 88 mining leases in March 2018, while also directing the state government to re-issue mining leases.
"The Directorate of Mining and Geology will ask these companies (who win the auction) to employ the existing workforce," Sawant said.
Lobo said that many people are directly and indirectly dependent on mining, hence there is a need to resume mining.
"After auctioning the leases, what are going to be conditions (to be set by the government for the companies), will they respect the local people? Will the contractors engage the local workforce? How many Goans will be employed? Will they engage Goan trucks or will they bring trucks from other states," Lobo asked.
He said that the government should make it mandatory that locals get the first preference.
"One company has given retrenchment notice to the workers, while the other companies have also kept their notices ready. If they don't win the auction, they will sack the workers. Around 5,000 workers will be affected," Lobo said.
Sawant in his reply said that in order to restart mining activity in the state, the government is gearing up for auctioning the mining blocks on priority.
"As the first round of the auction process is proposed to be completed in the next 3-4 months, the experienced workforce available in Goa is expected to get employment once the mining activity resumes in the state. The state will explore the possibility of giving preference to the existing workforce after the auction process is completed and mining activity is resumed," Sawant said.
He said that in order to auction the mining blocks expeditiously, the state has entered into an MoU with the Mineral Exploration Consultancy Limited (MECL), a Government of India enterprise, for providing geological reports.


Global Iron Ore Supply Faces Looming Crunch as Goldman Sachs Predicts Deficit: Reduced Production and Low Inventories Cause Concern
The global iron ore supply is facing a potential crisis as investment heavyweight Goldman Sachs predicts a looming deficit. This revelation comes as inventories decrease and production levels decline, raising concerns about the future availability of this crucial commodity.
Goldman Sachs recently released a report stating that rather than expecting a surplus in the iron ore market this year, a clear deficit is now anticipated. Key factors contributing to this deficit include reduced supplies from major producers in Australia and Brazil.
The forecast for global iron ore supply in 2023 has been revised down by Goldman Sachs, from 1.557 billion tonnes to 1.536 billion tonnes. This revision reflects underperformance in supplies, particularly from Brazil’s Vale, which experienced setbacks due to a conveyor belt failure at the S11D mine and reduced output in the Southern System.
In addition to reduced production, low inventory levels in China, the world’s largest iron ore consumer, have further worsened the situation. With the Chinese New Year approaching, there is an increasing risk of potential shortages in the market.
However, Goldman Sachs analysts also pointed out that there may be a positive indicator of domestic growth sentiment. Beijing has recently increased fiscal expenditure, which is expected to bolster the construction industry. This, in turn, could drive up demand for iron ore, as it is a critical component in steel manufacturing.
Despite the potential for increased steel demand resulting from the surge in fiscal expenditure, Goldman Sachs remains cautious due to the ongoing property crisis in China. This crisis poses a significant obstacle to achieving a stable economic recovery.
This expected shortage of iron ore marks a significant reversal from Goldman Sachs’ earlier projections of a surplus. As a result, the firm has raised its iron ore price forecast, expecting the average price for benchmark 62%-grade iron ore to increase from $101 per tonne to $117 in 2023. The forecast for 2024 anticipates a 22% increase, raising the predicted price from $90 per tonne to $110.
In conclusion, the global iron ore supply is facing a looming crunch as reduced production and low inventories cause concern. With supply deficits projected and dwindling inventories, the availability of iron ore may become an issue in the near future. However, increased fiscal expenditure by Beijing could potentially boost the demand for iron ore and stimulate the construction industry. Nonetheless, the ongoing property crisis in China remains a significant obstacle to a stable economic recovery. Overall, it will be important to monitor the iron ore market and its future developments closely.
Photo credit: Shutterstock


1 edition of China"s monopoly on rare earths found in the catalog.
China"s monopoly on rare earths
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific
|LC Classifications||KF27 .F638 2011b|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||iii, 80 p. :|
|Number of Pages||80|
|LC Control Number||2011508090|
Today, China enjoys a monopoly in the rare earths market. It is estimated that in , more than 80 percent of rare earth elements produced in the world were excavated in China. monopoly of rare earths may impact U.S. economic and security interests because it makes many U.S. commercial and defense industries vulnerable to supply shortages and higher prices as a result of future Chinese restrictions that could occur for economic, as well as political, reasons.
The most recent Government Accounting Office (GAO) report called China’s monopoly on rare earths a “bedrock national security issue,” and back in , the GAO warned Congress that it. China's rare earth monopoly challenged In their first joint submission, The European Union, United States and Japan have asked the World Trade Organization to .
Why the US buys all its rare earth metals from China. Kai Victoria Bruce is author of a new book on that topic called Because China has a monopoly, you say, on rare earths. What does it. Some observers such as the Global Times, a nationalist tabloid, have suggested that China could use its virtual monopoly in rare earth elements and the fact that the U.S. depends greatly on rare earth imports from China to effectively respond to Trump’s trade war and particularly to .
The fair promise
KAM theory and semiclassical approximations to eigenfunctions
Individualism and social ethics
Public Service 2000
The New middle classes
The instant experts guide to the IBM PCjr
A central Alberta bibliography
Report on the Benchmark Dose Peer Consultation Workshop
Three plays by David Garrick
Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan.
Water-quality data from a landfill-leachate treatment and disposal site, Pinellas County, Florida, January 1979-August 1980
The College of Engineering and Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois.
Rare earths: a false monopoly. Despite the international hair-pulling over the constrained supplies, the rare earth quota crisis and its resolution has laid bare the vulnerability of China’s rare earths ‘monopoly’, as many have described it.
Although deposits of Rare Earths are globally dispersed, over 90% of global demand has been provided by Chinese mines since the late s, leading to a situation where China has a virtual monopoly.
This book surveys the Rare Earths mining industry, discusses the extent to which Rare Earths really are scarce elsewhere in the world and assesses Author: Roland Howanietz. The rare earth industry in China is a large industry that is important to Chinese internal earths are a group of elements on the periodic table with similar properties.
Rare earth metals are used to manufacture everything from electric or hybrid vehicles, wind turbines, consumer electronics and other clean energy technologies. The elements are also important to national. Undermining China's Monopoly on Rare Earth Elements Worldwide demand for rare earth elements wastons in and is expected to rise to Author: Katherine Bourzac.
China’s Monopoly on Rare Earth Elements Tightens With Purchase of US Mine Rare earths are critical to dozens of high-tech industries, from solar panels and electric vehicles to Author: Dave Roos. The concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) production in China raises the vital issue of supply susceptibility.
Until recently, the global dependency on China for rare earths was a well-kept. First, rare earths are divided into light and heavy varieties: Australia and U.S. mining activities only deal with the light kind so a Chinese monopoly may still persist.9 Second, it is unclear whether these new mines will actually prove economically sustainable.
Although deposits of Rare Earths are globally dispersed, over 90% of global demand has been provided by Chinese mines since the late s, leading to a situation where China has a virtual monopoly. This book surveys the Rare Earths mining industry, discusses the extent to which Rare Earths really are scarce elsewhere in the world and assesses.
The reason is that one country has a virtual monopoly - roughly 90 percent -- of the mining, refining and processing of rare earths -- China. And init used that power to disrupt the world's.
Despite years of concern in the United States and around the world, China still holds a monopoly on rare earth elements (REEs) that are critical to a number of advanced weapons systems, mobile. The problem is that China currently controls 97% of the world’s rare earths, producing abouttons per year.
But last year, it reduced its export quotas. And this past December, it Author: David Fessler. Rare earth metals are integral to a lot of modern technology, and China controls the vast majority of the world’s supply.
But is this really a problem. A new discovery of rare earth materials by. With its low wages, minimal environmental regulations, and keen understanding of the vital role natural resources play, China has obtained a near monopoly on rare earths.
(1). Get this from a library. China's virtual monopoly of rare earth elements: economic, technological and strategic implications.
[Roland Howanietz] -- Rare Earth Elements are a group of 17 metals which have a central role in modern industry, increasingly used in the fields of green technologies, high technological consumer goods, industrial and.
Regardless of the facts or outcome of this particular situation, the bare fact remains: China has a virtual monopoly on the mining and production of the 17 Author: Alexis C.
Madrigal. China presently produces more than 95% of all rare earth materials that are vital in the creation of a big variety of electronic technologies.
It is time to end that Chinese monopoly control of Author: Larry Bell. We can begin by revealing what everyone already seems to know: Rare earths are not really rare.
All 17 rare earth elements are more abundant in the earth's crust than gold, and some of. How can investors benefit from the rare earths shortage and china’s monopoly of rare earth elements. The 17 rare earth elements are hard to find. Rare earth metals are a collection of 17 chemical elements that are key to the production of a long list of modern-day technologies.
Despite their name, the elements are relatively plentiful in. So I think there’s a lot of numbers out there and different people have different calculations, but in the rare earths space, China controls some. Introduction --Introduction to rare earth metals --Assessment of rare earths scarcity --The optimal extraction path of rare earth metals for China --Adjustments in the regulatory framework of the Chinese rare earths sector --Conclusions.
Series Title: Routledge contemporary China series. Responsibility: Roland Howanietz. Despite years of concern in the U.S. and around the world, China still controls a monopoly on Rare Earth Elements (REEs) that are critical to a number of.
The discovery of a massive trove of rare earth metals at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean last week triggered a fleeting hope that China's monopoly on .


Feldspar is commonly used to make dinnerware and tiles, but crafters also use Feldspar as a flux for glass production and ceramics. Feldspar works well as a flux material to lower the melting temperature of another material. In 2022, the Feldspar mining market is expected to each up to two billion dollars due to the growing demand for mining, improving technologies, and emerging markets. However, the production of Feldspar does face obstacles such as worker safety and industry regulations.
What Is Feldspar?
Feldspar is actually a group of minerals containing alumina and silica, including aluminum silicates of lime, soda, or potassium. Feldspar is the single most abundant mineral group on Earth, accounting for approximately 60% of soils, clays, and exposed rocks, and makes up principal components in rock classification schemes.
History Of Feldspar Mining
Mining history for Feldspar dates back to 1874, when General George Armstrong Custer led an expedition into the Dakota Territory. In the Black Hills, General Custer and the 7th Calvary discovered gold as they were camping next to a small stream. Here the mining town of Custer, South Dakota, began, and in 1928 the first Feldspar milling operation opened for business. Now, high-quality Feldspar is still being produced from the rich ore deposits and pegmatite of the Black Hills mines and many states across the country.
How Feldspar Is Mined
Feldspar is mined from massive bodies of granite, sands, and pegmatites. Pegmatites are formed during the final fluid stages of crystallizing granite. The granite becomes concentrated in small vapor-rich pockets and liquid that promote the growth of very large crystals.
Because Feldspar is a significant component of the Earth's crust, its supply is more than adequate to meet demand. Hard-rock mining of Feldspars is primarily done by open-pit methods by contractors and mine owners. Once the Feldspar ore is drilled and blasted, it undergoes a secondary breakage with a conventional drop ball. The ore is then loaded onto trucks using hydraulic shovels and hauled to a crushing plant that is usually located next to the flotation plant.
Substitutes For Feldspar
Even though Feldspar is a primary material used in high-end glass making and ceramics, it can be substituted with alternative sources. Minerals that can be replaced for Feldspar include clays, pyrophyllite, talc, and quartz mixtures. However, the abundance of Feldspar makes substitutions unnecessary for crafters for the foreseeable future. When working with pottery and glass, Feldspar is still one of the best choices of materials.
Jim writes most of the dribble for our Banter. Sometimes it's serious, but often not...then, neither is Jim


ACCOMMODATION IN SPRINGBOK
If you are interested in matters geological, you’ll love Springbok. The Blue Mine, close to the town, was the first mine in South Africa to become fully commercialised, shipping 11 tons of copper ore from the nearby Hondeklip Bay in 1852. This is just one of many copper deposits in the area that have been worked for hundreds of years by the local Nama people. Near the small town of Concordia is a unique outcrop of orbicular granite – a particularly beautiful stone, and worth a detour. The landmark Springbok Lodge has a fascinating collection of mineral specimens. Springbok is close to Goegap Nature Reserve, and is a good stopover on the N7.


Lithium has been gaining a lot of interest from investors in recent times as the world is set to witness higher adoption of electric vehicles in the coming years. Lithium is a major component of electric vehicle batteries and also has uses in many other industries.
The global lithium market size is expected to grow at an 8.1 percent CAGR (compound annual growth rate) between 2021 to 2027, according to the latest research by Valities Reports.
The report adds that the global lithium market size is expected to reach 6187.8 million US dollars by 2027, from the 2020 market size of about 3483.5 million US dollars.
Amid this boom in the electric vehicle space, let’s analyze investment opportunities within the two FTSE-listed lithium stocks, which have given a return of between 75 and 205 percent in the past year:
- Zinnwald Lithium PLC (Color: ZNWD)
Zinnwald Lithium is a development company focused on lithium. It is a component of the FTSE AIM All-Share Index.
The group had recently raised around £5.8m (before expenses) from its retail offering in December 2021. About 13.2m shares were placed with institutional and professional investors.
The retail offering raised around £1.8 million in total revenue, with retail investors subscribing around 11.7 million retail shares.
The fundraising is expected to aid the group’s progress for the Zinnwald Lithium project.
Image source: Refinitiv
The group’s shares closed at GBX 19.00, down 8.43 per cent on January 6, 2022. The market capitalization is £60.88 million to date.
It gave shareholders a 62.53 percent return last year, as of Jan. 6.
Related reading: 4 Stocks of lithium and FTSE batteries to increase the strength of your wallet
- Caudal Minerals plc (LON: code)
Another company included in the FTSE AIM All-Share Index, Kodal Minerals, is a lithium exploration and development company.
In its most recent interim results, the group said it had secured a mining license for the Bocconi lithium project. Also, it reported the final examination results for its Nielle Gold project located in Ivory Coast, where one of its 12 meter junctions was at 3.14 g/ton of gold from the 21 meter drilling hole NLRC038.
Image source: Refinitiv
The group’s shares closed at GBX 0.32, an increase of 3.87 per cent on January 6, 2022. The market capitalization is £49.08 million to date.
It gave shareholders a return of 203.77 percent in one year, as of January 6.


means a white or colourless mineral of the feldspar group.
means the chemical and mineralogical changes in rocks caused by addition or removal of materials through the medium of hydrothermal fluids, e.g. silicification.
means a fold that is convex upward, or had such an attitude at some at some stage of development.
means a broad, regional structural belt consisting of a major anticline containing small anticlines and synclines.
means a corrosive, fuming, volatile mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, used for testing metals and dissolving platinum and gold. Also called nitrohydrochloric acid.
means a rock that is less indurated than shale and more indurated than mudstone, claystone.
means a tin-white mineral (FeAsS) — arsenic sulphide.
means an analysis to determine the presence, absence or quantity of one or more chemical components.
means a common analytical method for trace or ultratrace (ppm or ppb level) determination of elements, particularly metals.
means dark-colored fine-grained extrusive igneous rock composed largely of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. Similar in composition to gabbro. Basalt is thought to be one of the main components of oceanic crust
means a large, discordant irregular mass of coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock, usually granite, with an exposed surface of more than 100 square kilometres which has intruded the country rock.
means quartz-sericite-albite-pyrite alteration of intrusive rocks; usually associated with quartz veining and gold mineralization.
means a white, crystalline, brittle, highly diamagnetic metallic element used in alloys to form sharp castings for objects sensitive to high temperatures and in various low-melting alloys for fire-safety devices.
means a golden-yellow mineral, found in veins associated with igneous rocks, which is the main ore of copper.
means a sample taken across the face of foundation or a vein to provide an average value.
means the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
means a coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock composed of rounded fragments.
means the final period of the Mesozoic era.
means a method of obtaining a cylindrical core of rock by drilling with a diamond impregnated bit.
means a plutonic rock, intermediate in composition.
means the angle that a structural surface such as a bedding plane or fault surface deviates from the horizontal, measured perpendicular to the strike and in the vertical plane.
means an exploration technique whereby cores of rock are acquired for documentation and analysis.
means a tabular, near vertical, sheet of intrusive rock that cuts across horizontal to gently dipping planar structures in the surrounding rock.
means a geophysical measure of the electrical properties of the rocks.
means an exploration technique whereby the electrical and physical properties of the rocks are measured.
means any group of hard crystalline minerals that consist of aluminum silicates of potassium or sodium or calcium or barium.
means containing a group of light-coloured silicate minerals that occur in igneous rocks.
means an assay technique for precious metals where the sample is fused in a furnace to release the metal.
means a planar feature, such as a bedding plane, that has been strongly warped presumably by deformation from compressive forces.
means the line that maps the apex of an anticline or the trough of a syncline.
means a black, coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock, composed of calcium-rich feldspars, pyroxene and sometimes olivine.
means a gray metallic mineral (PbS), lead sulphide.
means a fine-grained intrusive silicic porphyritic granite or quartz porphyry with an intergrowth texture of alkali feldspar and quartz.
means a granular rock which has a composition part way between a granite and a diorite.
means a metamorphic facies which includes the product of low-grade regional metamorphism.
means grams per tonne.
means the upper wall of inclined vein, or that which hangs over the miner’s head when working in the vein.
means a fine-grained metamorphic rock composed of quartz, feldspar, mica and other minerals, formed by the action of intrusive rock upon sedimentary rock, especially shale.
means a hot fluid, largely water, presumed to have been released from a magma.
means rock formed by the crystallization of magma or lava.
means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics, can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed the reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, working and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed.
means a geophysical exploration method based on the phenomenon that metallic minerals can store an electric charge that is gradually released when the energizing current is removed.
means that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes.
means pertaining to igneous rocks or features formed by the emplacement of magma in pre-existing rock; igneous rocks that crystallize below Earth’s surface.
means a fold which has parallel limbs.
is the Joint Ore Reserve Committee of the Australasian Institute of Mining and
means the second period of the Mesozoic era.
means the study and description of rocks, including their mineral composition and texture. Also used in reference to the compositional and textural characteristics of a rock.
means an unusually large vein or set of veins containing ore minerals.
means generally a dark-coloured igneous rock with significant amounts of one or more ferromagnesian minerals (more than 50 percent), such as amphibole, pyroxene and olivine (e.g. basalt, gabbro).
means the process of melting of rocks deep in the Earth.
means the science and technology of extraction of metals from their ores and the refining of metals.
means a sedimentary rock that shows evidence of having been subjected to metamorphism.
means the process by which the chemical composition of a rock is changed by interaction with fluids; replacement of one mineral by another without melting.
means the presence of metallic minerals in rocks.
means pure gold, as opposed to comprising part of a gold bearing mineral. It is usually free milling (i.e. can be recovered by gravity techniques).
means an interval of geologic time of the Tertiary period, late Tertiary.
means surficial mining, in which the valuable rock is exposed by removal of overlying rock or soil.
means a natural aggregate of one or more minerals which, at a specified time and place, may be mined and sold at a profit or from which some part may be profitably separated.
means the process of mountain formation, especially by a folding and faulting of the Earth’s crust.
means of or belonging to the geologic time, system of rocks, or sedimentary deposits of the seventh and last period of the Paleozoic Era, characterized by the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea, the rise of conifers and the diversification of reptiles and ending with the largest known mass extinction in the history of life.
means a location where gold is obtained from washing, usually an alluvial or glacial deposit that contains particles of gold or other valuable minerals.
means an epoch of the Quaternary period.
means texture of igneous rock that contains large crystals in fine-grained ground mass.
means a mineralized showing on which exploration work has been performed.
means a yellow mineral (FeS2), iron sulphide.
means a brownish-bronze iron sulfide mineral (FeS) characterized by weak magnetic properties and used as an iron ore and in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
means one of the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust; has a chemical composition of SiO2 and a hardness of seven. Occurs in sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks.
means a granitic rock in which quartz comprises 10-50% of the felsic constituents.
means an exploration technique whereby the natural radioactivity of the underlying rocks is measured.
means the fine-grained equivalent of granite.
means a detrital clastic sedimentary rock composed of sand-size grains from 1/16 to 2 millimeters in diameter, dominated in most sandstones by quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments, bound together by a cement of silica, carbonate, or other minerals or a matrix of clay minerals.
means any of various medium-grained to coarse-grained metamorphic rocks composed of laminated, often flaky parallel layers of chiefly micaceous minerals.
means rock formed from the accumulation and consolidation of sediment, usually in layered deposits.
means white, fine-grained potassium mica.
means a sedimentary rock consisting wholly of clay particles.
means planar zone of weakness, similar to a fault, but consisting of several parallel displacement zones, usually over a greater width than a single fault.
means a set of parallel veins or veinlets.
means a mineralized area of small to intermediate size, situated within the boundaries of a Prospect.
means silica dioxide (SiO2) crystalline quartz.
means a tabular sheet of igneous rock intrusion that parallels the bedding planes of the surrounding sedimentary rock.
means a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed mostly of silt-size particles.
means an exploration technique whereby samples of soil are analyzed for metal content.
means a yellow, brown or black mineral [(Zn,Fe)S], zinc sulphide.
means a small, roughly circular intrusion of igneous rock (batholith), usually less than 100 square kilometres.
means a mineral deposited as a network of tiny veins spread throughout the country rock.
means an ore deposit which occurs within a specific stratigraphic bed or horizon, but which does not comprise the entire bed.
means the study of sedimentary rock units, including their geographic extent, age, classification, characteristics and formation.
means an exploration technique whereby samples of stream sediments are analyzed for metal content.
means the angle/compass direction between true North and the horizontal line contained in any planar feature (i.e. an inclined bed, dyke, fault surface, bedding plane); also the geographic direction of this horizontal line. Strike is perpendicular to dip direction.
means the geological features consisting of faults, folds and shears.
means a fold that is convex downward, where the youngest strata area in the centre or that had such an attitude at some stage in its development.
means a broad, regional structural belt consisting of a major syncline containing small anticlines and synclines.
means a fold whose limbs close downward, in a convex manner, in strata for which the stratigraphic sequence is unknown.
means a geologic process or event occurring during a period of orogenic activity, or a rock or feature so formed.
means regional structural events related to mountain building.
means derived from the land, especially by erosive action. Used primarily of sediments.
means a metric ton consisting of 1,000 kilograms.
means an exploration technique whereby trenches are dug to expose potential ore for geological examination.
means the first period of the Mesozoic era.
means small veins.
means a rock formed by volcanic activity.
means volcanic ash beds.
means an assay technique whereby aqua regia digestion of a 30 gram sample of pulp is taken into solution and analyzed by atomic absorption.


Presentation on theme: "Mongolian Coal Resources Complement to China’s Inner Mongolia &"— Presentation transcript:
1 Mongolian Coal Resources Complement to China’s Inner Mongolia & Coaltrans China BeijingMongolian Coal Resources Complement to China’s Inner Mongolia &Rise of Inner Mongolia Energy BaseYijun ChangChairman, Shanxi Fenwei Energy Consulting Co., Ltd.April
2 Agenda 1. Coal Resources in Mongolia 2. Coal Resources in China’s Inner Mongolia3. Mongolian Coal Resources Complement to China’s IMAR & Their Comparison4. Interdependent Development of Mongolia and IMAR， and Rise of IMAR Energy Base5. IMAR will Replace Shanxi to Become the Largest Energy Base in China
3 Coaltrans China Beijing 1. Coal Resources in Mongolia
4 A. Coal-Forming Ages and Characteristics in Mongolia Sketch of Tectonic Structure in Mongolia and ChinaCoal formation in Mongolia was controlled by Siberia Plate. In Carboniferous Age, Mongolia was still in marine environment when coal was depositing in North China.At the beginning of Permian, Altai Mountain began to uplift and marine environment subsided from west to east.Later, good coal-forming environment was formed from west to east with coal bearing strata of Permian, Jurassic, Craterous and Paleogene in turn geographically.During Alpine Tectonic Movement (namely Himalayan Movement), Altai fold uplifted which made coal seams buried shallowly, thick, and stably distributed that are suitable for opencast mining.
5 A. Coal-Forming Ages and Characteristics in Mongolia 1. Resources up to 152 billion tonnes, ranking top 15 globally.2. Main coal formation ages: Carboniferous-Permian, Jurassic, Craterous and Tertiary.3. Thick coal seams formed in all ages, but lots of partings and sub-seams. That reflected a relative stable inland coal-forming environment.4. Generally shallow buried and good mining conditions; It is one of resourceful areas that are most suitable for surface mining.Coal-bearing Strata in Mongolia
6 B. Coal Type, Quality and Characteristics in Mongolia Mongolian coal type is primarily influenced by plutonic metamorphism. Degree of metamorphism depends on coal-forming ages. With regular distribution of coal-forming ages, coal types are also distributed regularly: coking coal in west and central south parts, steam coal in central part, and lignite in eastern part. Due to pile-up effect of dynamic metamorphism of Altai fold belt, the metamorphism of coal measure in same age is rising from east to west. For instance, Carboniferous coking coal is JM and 1/3JM in central south part but JM, SM, and PM in western part.Most coal is of low ash, low sulfur, and low phosphors. Most coking coal is easy to be washed and has great potential for future use. It is significant to complement and improve coking coal in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang.Distribution of Coal Type in Mongolia1. Rich coking coal resources, accounting ~35% of total coal resources in Mongolia. One of areas with most abundant coking coal reserves and full coking coal types2. Metamorphic degree becomes higher southwestwardly in same geological age3. Better washibility than IMAR’s coal. Most coal seams are featured by good washbility, low sulfur and low phosphor.Degree of Metamorphism Increasing
7 Coaltrans China Beijing 2. Coal Resource in China’s IMAR
8 A. Coal-Forming Ages and Characteristics in IMAR 1. Accumulative proven coal reserves reach billion tonnes, ranking first in China.2. Similar coal forming ages with Mongolia3. Few Carboniferous-Permian coal resources, large quantity of Jurassic and Craterous resources.4.. Similar coal-forming environment with Mongolia but thinner coal seams.IMAR is located at the boundary of Siberia and North China Plates. Marin environment lasted rather long in most IMAR. It uplifted to land in Triassic and marine environment gradually subsides eastwardly. Therefore, Faulted Basin Groups were formed in Tianshan-Yinshan structure zone and middle, north and east parts where Craterous and Triassic lignite dominated.Southern IMAR is located at plateau section in north of North China Plate. Carboniferous-Permian is at the edge of North China Coal-Bearing Region. During Jurassic, Ordos Basin was formed. Therefore, this area was reserved with few Carboniferous-Permian coal and rich Jurassic steam coal.
9 B. Coal Type, Quality and Characteristics in IMAR 1. IMAR is rich in coal resources but most of them are steam coal. Rich lignite is beneficial for coal gasification, liquefaction and development of related industrial chain. However, the shortage of coking coal resources will influence the comprehensive competitiveness of IMAR’s coal resources.2. Coking coal is the superimposed result of two factors: plutonic metamorphism and local structure. The typical characteristic is the metamorphism degree becomes lower as coal ages become newer. In Wuhai, the ground stress of Helanshan Fault Zone transformed to heat energy which caused high temperature and high pressure locally, and caused the metamorphism degree rising in surrounding areas and formed JM and even anthracite.3. Most coal in IMAR is difficult to be washed and its content of sulfur and phosphor are higher than that of Mongolian coal.
10 Coaltrans China Beijing 3. Mongolian Coal Resources Complement to IMAR and Comparison
11 A. Resources and Coal Types of Mongolia and IMAR IMAR’s proven coal reserves rank first in China. From the map below, we can see that Mongolian coal resource is bigger than IMAR’s. Mongolia and IMAR is one of the areas that are most abundant with coal resources in the world. Meanwhile, we can find that rich coking coal resources in Mongolia greatly complement to IMAR’s coal resource, which guarantee the strategic development and competitiveness of IMAR’s coking industry. It lays good foundation for IMAR and Mongolia to become the coking coal supply for China and even in the world.What degree is that Mongolian premium coking coal to improve the using value of IMAR’s coal?Let’s see following comparison of coal quality
12 B. Complement of Mongolian Coal to IMAR and Comparison 1. Mongolian premium coking coal complement to IMAR and greatly ascend value of IMAR’s coal.2. Guarantee strategic development and competitiveness of coking chains in IMAR.Mongolia coking coal provide strategic support and guarantee to China and even world.Comparison of coking coal resources in Mongolia and IMAR(billion tonnes)Coal ResourcesOf which:LigniteBituminous(Steam coal)Coking coalAnthraciteMongolia1523860.853.2IMAR701.6104.2577.817.52.1Note: Mongolian coal resources refer to those has been conducted geological survey. The resources by coal type are estimated based on coal-forming ages. Just for reference. The coal resources of IMAR are proven.
13 Make coke independently B. Complement of Mongolian Coal to IMAR and Comparison5. Comparison of quality of main coking coal in Mongolia and IMARAreaAsh %Volatile Matter %Sulfur %WashbilityMake coke independentlyIMARWuhaiDifficult to washGenerally hard to produce premium metallurgical coke above grade 1.Coke produced fail to satisfy modern large blast furnace.Baotou2526-480.1~0.9MongoliaCentral South11.2~20.424-380.4~0.7Mostly easy to washCan produce Grade 1 met coke or better coke or foundry coke.Coke produced can satisfy modern large blast furnace.West10.9~22.615.4~23.40.3~0.6Available product by rational blending8-1018-28<0.6
14 Coaltrans China Beijing 4. Interdependent Development of Mongolia and IMAR, and Rise of IMAR Energy Base
15 A. Politics and Economics China and Mongolia declared to develop good-neighbor trust partnership in 2003 and signed the Outline for Mid-Long Term Economic and Trading Cooperation between China and Mongolia in 2008.China invested USD1181 million in Mongolia in 2007, about 51.3% of total foreign investment in Mongolia and the largest investor in Mongolia.
16 B. Logistics1. StatusBoth road and railway infrastructures are poor in Mongolia. Only one trunk railway and four branch lines existing currently. Annual cargo capacity of railway is about 20mt.2. PlanMongolia intends to build a rail line from Tavan Tolgoi to Ganqimaodao.China plans to build more railways in IMAR.
17 Guarantee resource for IMAR Premium coking coal resources C. Interdependent Development Coal Industries in IMAR and MongoliaCHINAMONGOLIATechnologyEquipmentCoking coal demandSupport coal miningDrive coal productionWith decades of coal development, China is at or near the world level in coal mining, processing and utilization. China is competitive enough on aspects of technology, equipment, worker and organization. Plus its advantages in location, market and culture similarity, China will play an important role in Mongolian coal development. Without participation of China, Mongolian coal development and western investors are hard to obtain desired achievements.Guarantee resource for IMARPremium coking coal resourcesIMAR, as a channel for cooperation between China and Mongolia, will be the biggest beneficiary. The development of Mongolian coal industry will further improve IMAR’s coal products, industrial chain and competitiveness and greatly promote the strategic position of IMAR in Chinese energy development.Complementary resources and interactive development between Mongolia and China’s IMAR provide sufficient and necessary conditions for rise of IMAR energy base. In near future, we will see that IMAR will surpass Shanxi to become the most important energy base in China.
18 Rise of IMAR Energy Base D. Adequate Conditions for Rise of IMAR Energy BaseComplement of coal resourcesEconomic and politic promotionRise of IMAR Energy BaseImprovement of logisticsInterdependent development of coal industry and industrial chainsMongolian’s resources support China’s growing coal demand
19 Coaltrans China Beijing 5. IMAR to Replace Shanxi to Become Largest Energy Base in China
20 Why compare IMAR with Shanxi? 1. Shanxi is China’s traditional coal producing base and exporting province.2. Precondition for rise of IMAR coal base is the shrink of Shanxi coal base.Let’s compare IMAR and Shanxi in following aspects:Coal output and future trendCoke industrial chain and development trendCoal to oil industrial chainComprehensive competiveness
21 A. IMAR will Surpass Shanxi to Become Largest Coal Producer Comparison of coal productionIMARShanxiRapid and Large-scale Mine ConstructionNewly operated capacity is 30.9mt in 2009; newly built capacity is 63.5mt in Total production capacity of coal to reach 600mt in 2010.Closing Mines and Limiting Output to Rise PriceBasic policy is closing or consolidating local mines to reduce numbers. Actual coal output to be 500mt in 2010.Quickly Improved Construction RequirementsNew mine >1.2mtpa; opencast >3mtpa30% of coal has to be transferred locally for new minesNot approve projects of heavy pollution and big water consumptionHeavy Historical Problems50% coal production from local mines. Government’s consolidation measures are facing challenges in technology, law, and benefit conflicts.Active Government, Open PolicyActively encourage foreign or other provinces’ enterprises to take part in coal development. Enterprises are dominated by enterprises which is favorable for improving management level and safety conditions.Conservative Government and PolicyDiscourage foreign or other provinces’ enterprises to be involved in coal development in Shanxi. Enterprises are dominated by government. Without normal production order. Safety can’t be ensured in production.
22 Projection of Coal Production (million tonnes) A. IMAR will Surpass Shanxi to Become Largest Coal ProducerCAGR of Coal Productions ( )IMAR 20.4% reach 35% in recent yearsShanxi 10.4%Projection of Coal Production (million tonnes)IMAR ,000ShanxiIMAR will surpass Shanxi on coal output this year and on coal production capacity within three to five years, and will become the largest coal producer in China.
23 B. Rapid Growth of Coke Capacity to Change China’s Coke Industrial Layout Comparison of coke productions in IMAR and ShanxiIMARShanxiIncreasing Coke Plants, Swiftly Expanding Coke CapacityMost coke enterprises are in Wuhai where 7 new coke plants about 1mtpa will come on line in 2009.Coke production capacity has been increasing that will reach 20mt in 2009, up 53.8% over 2008Output Limited and Market Share Reduced by “Limiting Output to Rise Price” PolicyThe percentage of Shanxi coke production reduced from 32% in 2004 to 25% in Shanxi coking coal prices have been higher than that in surrounding areas which has affected the competitiveness and market share of Shanxi coke.Output and Quality Improvement Relies on Mongolia’s Coking CoalWith few coking coal resources and poor qualities, IMAR can rely on Mongolian abundant and premium coking coal resources to develop its coke industry and improve coke quality.Reducing coking coal supplyShanxi carries out “closing mines and limiting production to rise price” for years. Most coking coal supply is from local mines in Shanxi. However, lots of mines in such cities as Linfen have been closed in past two years or are hard to produce normally in next few years. It causes Shanxi coke enterprises hard to produce and also affects coking coal supply to other important coke base such as Hebei. Therefore, China’s coking coal import has been increasing month by month this year.
24 C. IMAR to be base for energy sources alternative to oil IMAR rich in lignite resources that is about 77.6% of China’s total lignite resources.With shallow buried depth and thick coal seam, coal production cost much lower than that in other provincesReliable coal liquefaction technology and competitive in coal to oilIndustrial production of coal to oil started up: Shenhua direct coal to oil (1mtpa) has tried production successfully; Shenhua indirect coal to oil (0.18mtpa) to try production in 2010; Yitai indirect coal to oil (0.16mtpa) has tried production successfully.IMAR expected to be the first to succeed technologically and economically and become producing base of oil alternative energy
25 D. Comparison of Competitiveness of Shanxi and IMAR Coal Industries ItemShanxiIMAR20082020ResourceAdvantages in coal typesReserve ranks first in ChinaBetterSameCapacityBig base, slow growthSmall base, rapid growthOutputBasic guideline is limiting output to rise priceQuick and large-scale mine constructionWorseTechnologyStrong backgroundDevelop rapidlyWaterComparatively adequateComparatively shortEnvironment HarmoniousnessLot of problemsEasy for high-level managementIndustrial ChainHigh ratio of local transferringGrow swiftly with big potentialProductExcellentHas to coordinate with MongoliaCostLow transport cost, high additional costLow production cost, accelerated improvement of transportationAdministrationOfficial responsibility-ascertained system replaces professional management which causes accidents and high costWith strong motive to develop, the government widely absorb all kinds of resources to develop its coal industryComprehensiveBy 2020, IMAR will surpass Shanxi on the comprehensive competitiveness of coal industry.SX:IMAR10 : 12 : 4
26 Thank YouOrganized in 1998, Fenwei is one of the premier energy consulting companies in China with a high degree of expertise and experience in China’s coal industry. The scope of services ranges from field investigations, evaluations of coal resources, feasibility and market studies, pilot plan and commercialization of technology, environmental impact and assessment.ADD: 8/F, Shanxi World Trade Tower A,111 Changzhi Road,Taiyuan, Shanxi ProvinceTel: Fax:


It is not enough to mine the metals and minerals needed by a modern world; beneficiation of these products is also necessary to grow the economy.
Traditionally, the South African economy has been based on mining. While its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) has slid in recent years, it is still responsible for a big slice of the pie.
By 2013, the sector is estimated to have contributed R280-billion, or 9.2%, directly to the GDP, and R28-billion to tax revenue. It employs over half-a-million people and, currently, mineral exports represent 30% of South Africa's merchandise export basket.
Over the first 20 years of democracy, the Industrial Development Corporation has played a significant role in mining capacity development. Like the country, it is not sitting back but is turning its attention to beneficiation.
Its Mining and Mineral Beneficiation Strategic Business Unit funds most types of mining activities, including onsite and offsite beneficiation. Its strategy in financing projects in the sector has encompassed large resource-based beneficiation transactions, and primary mining and mining services locally and in the rest of Africa.
IDC funding has been used to:
- Expand phosphate rock mining from 2.9 million to 4 million tons a year at Foskor;
- Expand chrome mining at Hernic Ferrochrome;
- Develop manganese mining at Majestic Silver Trading;
- Expand manganese ore mining to produce 3 million tons a year at Kalagadi Manganese; and,
- Complete a feasibility study at Lesego Platinum for a large-scale underground platinum mine and concentrator.
The corporation has also supported numerous mineral beneficiation projects in the past two decades. These include:
- Establishing a large carbon steel mill at Saldanha Steel;
- Establishing a ferrochrome smelter at Hernic Ferrochrome;
- Expanding stainless steel production capacity at Columbus Stainless Steel;
- Establishing a cold-rolled and galvanised steel products plant at Duferco Steel Processing;
- Expanding production capacity of semi-fabricated aluminium rolled products at Hulett Aluminium; and,
- Establishing a ferrochrome smelter at SA Chrome & Alloys.
Other companies supported by the IDC to enhance mineral beneficiation include International Ferro Metals, Merafe, Kalagadi Manganese, Exxaro, Hulamin, and Phalabora Mining.
In line with the strategies of a democratic government, the IDC has had an impact on transformation in the sector. It promotes black economic empowerment ownership and participation; attracting foreign partners; developing industrial parks; facilitating investment in under-developed regions; and stimulating local development and employment.


Gold use extends far beyond the reach of the jewelry industry, and it will continue to be mined heavily across the world. If gold is going to continue to be extracted we need to help make sure that the extraction process takes the laborers and the environment into consideration first. We are focusing on US Gold because State, Federal & EPA policies in the US are more stringent on gold extraction methods, procedures and reporting than the majority of internationally held mining policies. We have gone beyond just policy though, to address other considerations that provide for more ethical extraction - like the kinds of mines - the type of gold - the owners of the mines - the comfort of the employees and more. The initial mines we are pulling from are family owned, multi generational placer gold mines. Ethically speaking we are working with the greatest amount of integrity due to the aforementioned attributes in combination with the most considerate international extraction policies.
***The above map is a sketch of the worlds alluvial gold deposits.
We have talked about some of the other attributes of the mines that make them more considerate than others - however we have not addressed the kind of gold mining, placer, and the kind of gold that comes from those mines, alluvial, which is key to our process...
Alluvial Gold, found in nugget form, has been shaped and deposited by water movement. Eluvial gold is a result of the disintegration of rock at the origin site, with the end result being nuggets or chunks of gold much like alluvial gold. These two types of gold are essentially primary gold broken down by weathering and erosion and transported by gravity or water movement over many millenia of geological time. Primary gold is Reef or Lode gold where the gold is still deposited in its original host rock. This is where we see open pit mining - the most environmentally risky, degradative (and common) form of gold mining. Theories on the origin of gold deposits suggest that the majority of gold nuggets originate from Primary gold deposits, meaning their form has been created by a geological process more extensive than that of Primary gold. These Alluvial and Eluvial nuggets - with high gold densities and interesting inclusions are considered Gemstones.
Lode Gold (in Quartz)
THE US GOLD COLLECTIVE RAW GOLD - ETHICALLY EXTRACTED IN THE USA - TRANSPARENT IN THE PROCESS


Mining and Quarrying in Cumbria
by Tim Clarke
This subject is complex and highly technical, and a brief article such as this cannot do the subject justice. Those wishing for a more in depth understanding are strongly recommend to refer to the authors referred to under ‘sources'.
According to John Postlethwaite’s iconic book: ‘Mines and Mining in the English Lake District,’ first written in 1877, (revised three times), in his latest version of 1913 he states: 'there is good reason to believe that mining has been actively carried on in this district for about 2,000 years and much of the history of the lake country is associated with its mines.’
Today this statement is questioned due to the lack of any firm evidence of mining in Roman times. However, there are extensive remains of stone axe in the Langdale Greenstone Band that goes back as far as Neolithic times.
He continues: ‘since 1565, no less than seven smelt mills and two iron furnaces have been erected for the purpose of smelting the ores raised in the Lake District …with the exception of Greenside, all these works have fallen into disuse, owing chiefly to the desultory way in which most of the mines have been worked.’
Today it is not completely clear which smelters he was referring to – the oldest was at Brigham, which operated in the 16th century, but in the 18th Century they existed at Backbarrow, Newland, Cunsey etc. and in the 19th centuries others were opened in a range of locations: Stoneycroft, Hogget Gill and Greenside, and larger scale iron smelters at Workington, Millom, Askham and Barrow.
In fact, in the 16th Century, the copper smelting works built in Keswick was the largest and most extensive in England and probably in Europe. Not surprisingly, the money involved in mines created many interests … and conflicts. Queen Elizabeth 1st took a personal interest in mining, believing that it was in her kingdom's interest not to be dependent on imports from elsewhere. She created the Mines Royal Company and imposed levies that had to be paid to the Crown.
One of the oldest mines is Goldscope in the Derwent Fells which may have been first mined in the early part of the 13th century. But there are others of great antiquity too. It was the 16th Century which saw large scale sophisticated mining commence in the Lake District which depended upon labour and skills imported from elsewhere, notably Germany (now the Austrian Tyrol) and much later from Cornwall – since the 1800s).
Cumbria possesses some of the richest mineral resources in England, although Cornwall and Wales produced more copper and the Pennines produced more lead. Some were relatively small operations. Only 10-12 would be regarded as significant in size, and virtually all of these closed down in the late 19th Century, due to a combination of factors. Either ore seams were completely exhausted, or the economics of extraction had became unsustainable in the face of lower-cost competition from elsewhere in the world. Tourism was taking off.
The last operating mine was at Force Crag, Coledale, below Grisedale Pike that closed in 1990. It is now owned by the National Trust which occasionally opens the old processing mill as a visitor attraction. During the 20th Century, the largest lead mine in the UK was at Greenside, Glenridding. This mine operated for about 200 years before closing in 1962. It was designated an Ancient Scheduled Monument in 2003.
The main minerals that have attracted interest include copper, lead, silver, and to a lesser extent antimony, nickel, barium and tungsten. The sources of these minerals have tended to be located in wild mountainous country far from urban centres, necessitating often costly investments in basic infrastructure to process and transport the ore.
There has been coal mining since the 17th century in the area between Whitehaven and Workington, and Whitehaven's prosperity in the 18th century was largely the result of successful coal mining activity and commerce in the hands of the influential Lowther family.
Some minerals have become known by the regions from which they were extracted: Coniston Copper; Honister, Kirkstone and Tilberthwaite slate; Keswick pencils (graphite): Greenside lead: and Shap pink granite.
Significant quantities of iron ore were mined and processed on the west coast of Cumbria in the 19th and 20th centuries, producing some of the finest iron and steel in the world. There has been no gold worked commercially in Cumbria. Silver was associated with the lead veins and barytes was in great demand during the 20th century with the Tungsten from Carrock of great strategic value during both world wars as it is used for armour. Graphite from Borrowdale was also of major strategic and economic value. This is a unique mine and was worked from the 16th century and was world famous for much of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Slate mining was a big industry in The Lake District during the 18th and 19th centuries with large scale slate workings around Coniston, Tilberthwaite, Honister, Borrowdale and Langdale with smaller workings almost everywhere else. Whilst these were nowhere close to the scale of the Welsh slate industry they certainly were significant locally and there still are working slate quarries in Cumbria.
The cultural heritage of about 20 historic industrial mining sites has been formally recognised with the designation of Ancient Scheduled Monuments.
Not surprisingly perhaps, the buildings, walls, and other man-made infrastructure reflect the diversity of the underlying geology of the rocks in the landscape. The Penrith buildings are made from the local red sandstone, slate buildings are common around Keswick, in Kendal the buildings are made from the underlying Carboniferous limestone, and in Grasmere some of the buildings show traces of hematite staining. The land is pock-marked with local quarries opened up to provide stones for local farm building, walls, bridges and household construction.
Most of the minerals in the rocks were laid down in the Ordovician period (488-440 million years ago) when most of the Lake District was covered by marine waters. Some rocks date back even further to the Precambrian period (4.6 Billion to 540 million years ago). Borrowdale volcanic rocks and Skiddaw slates dominate.
Initial mining was done with hand tools and tended to focus on mineral veins that were visible from the surface. During the time of industrialisation in the 19th century there was a seemingly insatiable demand in urban areas for slates for roofs and rocks for building materials. Explosives were used to blast out quarries. Mining became increasingly sophisticated, with long tunnels – adits and levels - being dug into mountains following the lode-bearing mineral veins. At Greenside 12 miles of tunnels were dug deep into the rock. At the time of its closure there were over 22 levels pierced into the mountain a distance of over a mile, with vertical shafts to a depth of almost 900 metres. Fell walkers strolling over Sheffield Pike towards Greenside will be completely oblivious to the honeycomb of interconnecting channels stretching half a mile beneath their feet.
A visitor to the Lake District today day will see traces of quarry workings and mines wherever they go. They will see the buildings where the miners lived, and the gravestones in the cemeteries where miners and their families were laid to rest, the ages on the headstones telling their own story of the relentlessly tough lives that they had to live, working often in very harsh conditions.
by Tim Clarke
John Postlethwaite: Mines and Mining in the English Lake District (1877)
William Rollinson: The Lake District Landscape Heritage, Edited 1988, notably the chapter on the Industrial Landscape by Andrew Lowe
Alastair Cameron, Liz Withey, Ore Mining in the Lake District (2017)
Samuel Murphy: Grey Gold - Men, Mining and Metallurgy at the Greenside Lead Mine in Cumbria, England 1825 to 1962 (1996)
Ian Tylor, Greenside and the Mines of the Ullswater Valley (1998)
Lancaster University Connected Communities Research Laboratory Report 2018 – Greenside Mine Smart Tourism
Special thanks to Mark Hatton from CATHMS for his editorial help and for allowing us to use his rich photo collection to illustrate our articles


Ascot Resources Limited (“Ascot”) is an ASX listed coal explorer and developer. It's major asset is its 90% JV interest in the Titiribi Coal Project located in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia. The region is known for its high quality Thermal Coal. With the Project site being located only 70km from State Capital Medellin, it is close to existing utilities and infrastructure. Following completion of a drilling Program and Feasibility Study in 2013 and should the Project prove economic, it is anticipated that operations potentially could commence in 2014, exporting coal primarily into the European coal market. It is Ascots intention to grow the Colombian business via asset acquisition and it will continually assess opportunities within Colombia.
Ascot also has two minor Projects in Australia. The McPhees Gold Project, Western Australia, which has an extensive history of historical exploration and mining. Ascot is currently reviewing the historical technical data pertaining to the project and developing a cost effective exploration strategy. The Quartz Hill Project, Northern Territory, is an early stage multi commodity exploration project consisting of two granted exploration licences and three exploration licence applications. The three exploration licence applications have been determined through a comprehensive project evaluation to be highly prospective for Uranium and Rare Earth Mineralisation.


Being one of the leading names in the industry, Ferrotech Solutions is involved in offering a wide range of industrial minerals that includes manganese ore, raw limestone lumps, white limestone lumps, iron ore lumps, Steatite soap stone etc. We are reckoned as reputed Exporters and Suppliers of these products in India. The entire range that we offer is procured from authentic vendors/mined with use of advanced technology, ensuring the best quality. Precise size, guaranteed chemical composition, ensuring quality are some of the main attributes of our products. Moreover, these products have huge industrial applications. One can avail these products in small as well as bulk quantities at the most affordable prices.Read more...
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HiEx Technologies Ltd. is a qualified firm with years of experience in the blasting and explosives industry. We provide quality products for blasting applications in mining, construction and logging.
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STAMICO eyes more prospecting licenses
State Mining Corporation (STAMICO), the state investing wing in mining, says it is eyeing more prospecting licenses to elevate the government stake in the mining sector.
Presently, the government is in the final stage of drafting a three-year corporate strategic plan that includes new management structure. This follows the completion of business analysis, an important document in writing a business plan.
The STAMICO Director of Mineral, Production and Marketing, Mr Lola Mwanga said in Dar es Salaam on Tuesday that apart from its current 15 licenses, the corporation wants to increase its mineral rights to maximise the country’s ownership in minerals.
”The corporation will acquire more mineral rights for various metals, including minerals and rare earth metals,” Mr Mwanga said at the on going exhibitions of the Ministry of Energy and Minerals and its institutions to mark the 50 years of the country’s independence.
STAMICO has managed to enter into joint venture with a Canadian firm TanZam 2000 which takes over the Buckreef Gold Mine under which STAMICO owns 45 per cent of the mine’s stake.
”The firm is now doing an investment study, which started at the end of last year and is scheduled to last two years,” Mr Mwanga said.
The mine’s previous owner IAM Gold of Canada decided to not continue with exploration due to limited funds after investing 40 million US dollar in 2006. Last month, again the government handled over the abandoned Buhemba Gold Mine to STAMICO in a bid to rejuvenate the mine by finding a strategic investor.
The Director named other projects which the corporation has entered into JV as Itetemia in Kahama with Canadian firm TanCan. The project has prospects of over 500,000 ounces of gold. The other project, Mahene Gold Mine, also in Kahama with TanZam 2000 is at exploration stage.
Others are Kabulwanyele Maganeses Prospects with a Republic of Korean firm and Uranium prospects in Mbeya and Dodoma with TanMin Mining Company, which is still at exploration stage.
Meanwhile, STAMICO and Elgin Engineering and Channel Construction of Durban South African have formed a joint Strategic Engineering Services Agency (SESA) to specialise in machine tools fabrication, foundry outfit for mining, petrochemicals, agro-business, marine and power generation.
SESA is set to serve mining firms, railways and heavy manufacturing companies such as cement firms and the like in fabricating machine spare parts and other related tools.
By ABDUEL ELINAZA, Tanzania Daily News
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Nestled within the heart of the southeastern United States lies a state rich in history, culture, and natural resources. South Carolina, known for its charming southern hospitality and picturesque landscapes, also boasts a lesser-known treasure trove beneath its surface: precious metals. From gold to silver, the Palmetto State holds a wealth of valuable minerals that have played a significant role in shaping its past and present.
The Gold Rush Legacy
One cannot delve into South Carolina’s precious metal story without acknowledging the profound impact of the gold rush. While California’s gold rush of 1849 often steals the spotlight, South Carolina experienced its own frenzied pursuit of gold decades earlier. In the early 19th century, prospectors flocked to the upstate region, particularly the areas around the present-day town of McCormick, in search of fortune.
The discovery of gold in South Carolina sparked a flurry of activity, leading to the establishment of numerous mining operations and settlements. The town of Goldville, aptly named for its golden aspirations, became a bustling hub of activity as miners poured in, hoping to strike it rich. The fervor of the gold rush left an indelible mark on South Carolina’s history, shaping its economy and culture for years to come.
Silver: A Hidden Gem
While gold may have taken center stage, South Carolina’s mineral wealth extends beyond the precious yellow metal. Silver, often overshadowed by its more glamorous counterpart, also holds a significant place in the state’s mining legacy. Historically, silver deposits have been found alongside gold in various locations across the state, adding to the allure of South Carolina’s mining industry.
In recent years, renewed interest in silver mining has emerged, driven by advancements in technology and increasing demand for precious metals. Modern mining techniques have made it possible to extract silver more efficiently and sustainably, leading to a resurgence of exploration and development in South Carolina’s silver-rich regions.
Challenges and Opportunities
Despite its rich mineral resources, South Carolina’s precious metals industry faces challenges on multiple fronts. Environmental concerns, regulatory hurdles, and fluctuating market conditions present obstacles to mining operations seeking to extract these valuable commodities. Additionally, the need to balance economic development with environmental conservation requires careful planning and responsible stewardship of natural resources.
However, amidst these challenges lie opportunities for innovation and growth. South Carolina’s diverse geology offers untapped potential for discovering new deposits and expanding existing mining operations. Moreover, the growing demand for precious metals in various industries, including technology, jewelry, and renewable energy, provides a compelling incentive for investment and development in the state’s mining sector.
Preserving the Legacy
As South Carolina navigates the complexities of modern mining, preserving its rich historical legacy remains paramount. Efforts to protect and commemorate the state’s mining heritage ensure that future generations will appreciate the role of precious metals in shaping South Carolina’s identity. Museums, historic sites, and educational programs serve as reminders of the perseverance and ingenuity of those who sought their fortunes in the hills and valleys of the Palmetto State.
In conclusion, South Carolina’s precious metals represent more than just mineral wealth—they embody a legacy of exploration, innovation, and resilience. From the gold rush days of yore to the modern era of sustainable mining practices, the story of South Carolina’s precious metals continues to evolve, offering a glimpse into the state’s past, present, and future. As the Palmetto State embraces new opportunities and confronts challenges, its mineral riches remain a testament to the enduring spirit of discovery that defines the American experience.
Here at South Carolina God Buying Company, we don’t just buy and sell—we’re your devoted partners in creating a future enhanced by the timeless worth of gold and silver. Let us guide you through the profitable world of investing in precious metals and show you the many chances it presents as a safe option for savings.


RELIGROW MINING SERVICES
Religrow Mining Services Private Limited is one of the trusted names in India when it comes to underground mining, fabrication and construction. We produce coal for coal India Limited, Steel Plant, Power plant and other private mining companies on a turnkey basis, with over industrial experiences spanning several decades; the company has continuously strived to offer turnkey solutions to its clients with 100% target achievement.
We have always focused on improving our work culture and quality with each project and it has helped us to attain some global benchmarks within diverse operational parameters.
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We have been striving to achieve optimum results in challenging underground mining environments. Our team works closely with clients to understand their requirements and strive to offer them cost-effective services. At Religrow Mining Services Private Limited, we have set specific goals and objectives -to place ourselves at the forefront of the mining industry, to improve our work processes, and for upholding the work values.
Religrow success is driven by its multi-disciplinary team of experts consisting of Mining Engineers, Mine planners, Shift in charge, Site Engineers.
Their combined expertise and vigilance in the vast operational experience provide the best practice method as well as innovative solutions and techniques.
Religrow has more than 350 workforce teams to further strengthen the team in underground mining, construction, and maintenance-related services. We work with local project partners on locally available resources for additional support and regional knowledge.
We have worked across India
RELIGROW LEADERSHIP TEAM
Mr. K.I Robi is the founder and Director of Religrow Mining Services Pvt. Ltd. He has been in the industry for more than 40 years.
He started his career in Steel Authority of India previously known as IISCO and over the years experienced the ups and downs in the industry.
Following the footstep of his father, Biju Robi began his career with Monnet ISPAT and Energy project in 2005. Passion toward the industry created Religrow. His key focus areas have been in management, technical, and finance.


A comprehensive exploration program across all MOD's project areas is currently underway in Botswana. The Company holds a dominant position in the Kalahari Copper Belt with prospective copper and silver licences at various stages of exploration.
Julian Hanna, Managing Director of MOD Resources, explains the major drilling campaign currently underway at the T3 Expansion Project (previously know as T3 Dome Complex).
T3 Expansion Project (MOD 70%)
The T3 Expansion Project forms part of a strategy to explore for potential resources which could be process at the planned T3 process plant and potentially add significant value to the project.
Drilling at the T3 Expansion Project commenced in the first half of 2018, testing previously undrilled Airborne EM anomalies along a >50km long section. These include large formational conductors and numerous discrete conductors.
Ten high priority targets were identified for the initial drilling phase which commenced with the A4 Dome.
A4 Dome, only 8kms from the planned T3 process plant, was the first of seven 'buried domes' to be drilled at the T3 Expansion Project. Outstanding intersections included hole MO-A4-003D of 52m @ 1.5% Cu and 14 g/t Ag from 232.2m downhole depth, including 15.5m @2.9% Cu and 42g/t Ag. This was followed up with a second, deeper copper zone in the same hole which intersected 31.2m @ 1.1% Cu and 11 g/t Ag from 560m downhole depth.
Localised mineralisation intersected in the upper part of the dome is high-grade vein style whilst the deeper mineralisation is associated with Ngwako Pan Formation (NPF) contact and may form a flat lying 'blanket' 450-500m below surface.
Drilling has scaled back at A4 Dome awaiting assays and interpretation of the results and is planned to increase in Q1 2019.
The second dome outside the T3 Copper Project to be drilled is the ~12km long A1 Dome, located 22km east of of the 60Mt T3 Copper Project. Following a reinterpretation of the electromagnetic (EM) data, A1 Dome now comprises the A1, A2, A3, A21 and A27 prospects. Immediate success was reported in November 2018 with exceptional downhole widths of disseminated copper intersected in the first two holes.
Drilling at the A1 Dome is now on hold while results are being interpreted and a high level conceptual underground mining study is being undertaken on the potential of the NPF contact.
T20 Exploration Project (MOD 70%)
In addition to the T3 Expansion Project, the T20 Exploration Project (~100km west along strike from the T3 Expansion Project) is a high priority target area. Widespread copper and zinc soil anomalies occur within an area extending ~60km east to west and up to 20km north to south along the eastern part of the T20 Exploration Project. These soil anomalies appear to merge with the T4 anticline to the north.
Due to the successful use of AEM to identify drilling targets along the T3 Expansion Project, Tshukudu has completed a substantial AEM survey at the T20 Exploration Project. The survey consisted of three blocks with a total area of ~787km2 covering areas of strong soil anomalism.
Drilling to test these AEM and soil anomalies is currently underway at the T23 Dome and soon to commence at T4.
T7 Dome (MOD 100%)
MOD holds a 100% interest in four licences with a combined area of ~2,500km2 at the T7 exploration area, ~50km south of Ghanzi.
T7 licences cover a number of domes and potentially prospective geological contacts interpreted from magnetics.
Widely spaced soil sampling identified anomalous copper soil results and preliminary RC drilling intersected favourable sediments, similar to the T3 sequence. A trial AEM survey across T7 was flown in the September 2018 quarter to identify possible conductors.


Everyone likes asteroids these days. The space agencies of Japan and the United States recently sent spacecraft investigate, pusheither bring samples of these falling space rocks, and then a difficult start, the space mining industry is once again on the rise. Companies like AstroForge, Trans Astronautica Corporation and Karman+ are preparing to test their technology in space before venturing to asteroids.
It’s getting so serious that economists published a series of articles on October 16 considering the growth of economic activity in space. For example, a study by Ian Lange of the Colorado School of Mines, considers the potential (and challenges) of a nascent industry that could reach significant scale in the coming decades, driven by demand for critical metals used in electronics, solar energy and wind, and electric car componentsparticularly batteries. While other companies are exploring the controversial idea of extracting cobalt, nickel and platinum from the seabed, some asteroids could host the same minerals in abundance, and they don’t have wildlife that could be harmed during its extraction.
Lange’s study, co-authored with an International Monetary Fund researcher, models the growth of space mining relative to terrestrial mining, depending on trends in the transition to clean energy, mineral prices, space launches and how much capital investment and R&D are growing. They find that within 30 to 40 years, the production of some metals from space could exceed their production on Earth. According to their assessment, metallic asteroids contain more than a thousand times more nickel than the Earth’s crust, in terms of grams per metric ton. Asteroids also have significant concentrations of cobalt, iron, platinum, and other metals. and thanks to reusable rockets developed by SpaceX, Rocket Lab and other companies, since 2005 payload launch costs have plummeted by a factor of 20 or so per kilogram, and could fall further.
One day, Robots can extract minerals. to be used in space, such as to build spaceships or astronaut habitats. But current refining methods, which extract useful metals from the earth, rely on fundamentals like gravity, Lange says. Maybe it would be better to try to find a way to bring those resources to Earth, he says, where there would also be a lot of demand for them.
While no one has ever attempted to put a price on an asteroid, markets revalue critical metals every day. Cobalt currently costs approximately $33,000 per ton, and nickel per $20,000 by Ton. Electric vehicles and their batteries require approximately six times more minerals than conventional cars, requiring nickel and cobalt in significant quantities. Nickel is also needed for solar panels and cobalt for wind turbines. Demand for cobalt could increase six-fold by 2050, eventually reaching one million tonnes per year, while demand for nickel could quadruple, according to the International Energy Agency, depending on how seriously governments and industries try to achieve a clean energy transition. The demand for platinum group metals is is expected to grow thus, both for catalytic converters and fuel cells.
Lange’s study also highlights the social and environmental costs of mining on Earth. The Democratic Republic of the Congo represents 70 percent of cobalt production, for example, while nickel comes mainly from Indonesia and the Philippines, and Russia and South Africa have most of the world’s supply of platinum group metals. Many mining sites in these nations have been reported to systematically use child labor, forced labor, and human rights abuses. especially for cobalt supply chainaccording to the International Energy Agency. Nickel mining operations in Indonesia have too been blamed for cutting down forests and contaminating the water supply.
While deep sea mining could represent the next frontier in extracting these metals on Earth, that implies Environmental risks such as the alteration of aquatic life, noise and light pollution and damage to ecosystems. Even the most arid area of the ocean floor is teeming with life compared to asteroids, which, as far as scientists know,They are lifeless rocks. Lange argues that asteroid mining will be a more publicly acceptable trade-off: “This (space) rock is not going to look the same as it has for the last X million or billion years,” he says, but few people will care. yes No wildlife at stake.


Around 1900, there were many coal faces in thin seams at small sized coal mines in the Chikuhoregion.
In these mines, the ceilings of the main drives as well as the coal seams were low.
Therefore, when coal skips were loaded with too much coal, they got stuck.
Miners’ wages were determined according to the amount of coal in a skip.
This amount was regulated: one heaping load of coal per skip.
If miners were unable to produce one heaping amount of coal, and only a flat, level amount of coal, their wageswere cut by 20 percent.
Miners working at these low ceilinged mines were out of luck when it came to fair wages.