Precious metals have a fundamental problem the world over.
For thousands of years, humans have sought the ores and minerals needed to extract materials that have been useful to them. These range from sand, through oil, to gold, aluminum, iron, and various other metals.
Now man has reached the point where finding natural resources has become much more complicated – all the low-hanging fruit has been picked.
Nowhere has this been more obvious than in the field of precious metals.
The scarcer the metal, the more the cost of recovering it goes up. By definition, the extraction of gold from a goldmine in the middle of a jungle or desert will be more expensive than a mine situated in a more manageable environment.
Cost is crucial in mining because there are four phases to any operation – only one of which will make a profit for the company:
- The exploration phase
- The extraction phase
- The distributive and monetization phase
- The clean-up and restoration of the environment after the mining phase
The exploration phase can take years and involve extensive research and development.
This starts with finding gold deposits – this is where specialized geologists will use strata maps to predict where large-scale deposits might be hidden. There are well-known rock formations that lend themselves to a high probability of a gold find.
The mining company then start test drilling in the areas that they geologists have recommended. Geophysics, geochemistry and remote sensing with sonar, laser, and seismic analysis help identify exact locations.
Rock and samples discovered are examined by mining engineers and geologists to estimate the quality of gold and the extent of the deposits. This is crucial because it determines whether mining will be viable or not.
At this point, the mining engineers will work on the logistics of the mine. The key factors are the type of mine proposed, any dangers or obstructions likely to be encountered, the impact of the mine on the local surroundings, and the feasibility of transporting the metals after extraction.
The ultimate key to all of these considerations is the gold price. This determines the viability of the mine given the actual costs of mining materials, specialized equipment, reagents and chemicals, the infrastructure, and the skilled labor necessary on-site, together with accommodation costs and facilities.
The higher the gold price, the more a mine can recover the expenses associated with sifting through larger quantities of lower grade ore. These processes can make or break a mining venture.
The more “free” gold lying around – “placer” gold, as it is known – the less it has to be separated from the crushed ore. This is the most expensive and time-consuming part of the mining operation, so reducing costs improves the profit curve.
Where local government and federal resources come in is during the next stage. This is when a proposed mine can make a local economy thrive. Infrastructure like roads, rail hubs and processing units, housing blocks, storage areas for equipment, and other facilities need to be built.
Done right, mining projects can provide jobs, taxes and boost local and national economies. The downside is that these things take time and money before the ground has even been struck.
Assuming the mine goes ahead, the engineers then steer the processing techniques according to the ore they find. They analyze the metallurgy of the finds then adapt the methods of extraction to local conditions and restrictions.
Ore is usually crushed and sorted, and graded. High-grade ore actually needs more processing than low-grade ore.
This processed ore ships to a refinery where any impurities are removed by melting away the gold, adding chloride, and “floating off” any unwanted substances like other metals or compounds in the mix.
The aim is to refine the gold to 99.5% bullion.
This molten gold is then electrolyzed to remove the last contaminants in an electrolytic cell – this results in 99.99% pure gold – and it is then poured into bars.
This whole process continues until the mine is “exhausted,” – which means it has no gold-bearing ore left to process.
At this point, the mine is decommissioned and, where once it would have merely lain abandoned and forgotten, these days – environmental concerns top the agenda – and the land returned to as near its previous natural state as possible.
This is an expensive but vital step in the evolution of mining. It is one of the most significant considerations by governments and local authorities when granting mining companies licenses.
Mining, by nature, is hugely capital intensive and carries high financial and technical risks. These factors prevent mining companies from committing to projects without help from governments. Developing countries mostly have limited funds and budgets, along with underdeveloped banking, treasury, and regulatory services.
This chart we put together shows the cost/viability of mining operations since 1999.
The horizontal gold lines show the all-in cost of mining one ounce of gold. This is just for illustration purposes so these cost figures should not be taken as being exact – it is not a hard and fast rule – costs can vary significantly from country-to-country, and from company-to-company.
In general though, the all-in cost of mining in developed countries is more than that in advanced economies; but it is not always the case.This is mostly because of the existing infrastructure being in place to transport equipment and the refined product, as well as having water supplies and grid electricity on tap in the developed world.
Depending on the location of the proposed mine, companies can see at a glance whether the venture is profitable once the costs have been worked out and compared with the projected gold price.
A high or increasing gold price is essential to the long-term viability of any proposed mining operation.
This is why government support for mining sites and projects is essential for jobs and revenue.
A report by the World Gold Council estimated that over 70% of gold mining companies’ total expenditure stayed in the host country.
The same report noted that globally, the mining industry contributed over $171.3 billion to the world economy.
To put this in perspective, here are the market caps of the world’s largest gold producers:
- Newmont = $50 Billion – based in Colorado, has been established since 1916.
- Barrick Gold = $49.5 Billion – a Canadian company that recently hit the news when it was revealed that Warren Buffett had bought a stake in the company.
- AngloGold Ashanti = $10 Billion – a consortium of international mining companies in Ghana, Australia, and South Africa, amongst others, and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
- Kinross Gold = $11 Billion – is Canadian and based in Toronto; it was established in 1993.
- Newcrest Mining = $18 Billion – is Australia’s leading mining company, based in Sydney; it was established in 1966.
= $138.5 Billion
In the US, the Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement, of the US Department of the Interior deals with all aspects of proposed new mining operations.
Currently, precious metal mines are found in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, and South Dakota.
This is a recent chart showing examples of the all-in costs of these mining operations in the US.
Mining companies in states like Nevada, with massive mining concerns, have good working relations with the government agencies to promote mining and its associated industries.
Decent work provides great livelihoods and financial security.
In a post-COVID world, industries like mining must be supported and encouraged by national and local governments as a means of producing long-term prosperity from a product that has ensured the economic well-being of humankind for thousands of years.
Let’s make sure this continues.


Minister Paul Kirby's Office
In a significant boost for the NT economy and prospects for local jobs, the Territory Labor Government has granted final approval to Core Lithium Ltd to commence development of its new lithium mine in the Top End.
The Finniss Lithium Project is a proposed open cut lithium mine located along the Cox Peninsula Road, approximately 35km west of Berry Springs.
It is the first ever lithium mine to be approved outside of Western Australia, and is the first new mine of significant scale to be approved in the NT since 2013.
The project estimates approximately two million tonnes of lithium-bearing ore will be mined over the predicted three to four year life of the mine, and will provide around 200 jobs to local Territorians. With the mine only an hour’s drive from Darwin and 35km from Berry Springs, the entire workforce will drive to and from the site each day and no camp will be required.
Lithium is considered a critical mineral that is strategic to the global economy, particularly for new and emerging technologies such as batteries, electric vehicles, mobile phones, high-definition screen displays, solar panels, medical equipment and military technology.
The development of the Finniss Lithium Project has the potential to position the NT as a strategically important jurisdiction for the production, processing and manufacturing of critical minerals to the global market.
Access to the power station, rail and gas facilities, and one hour via sealed road to a local workforce and the Darwin Port position the project to efficiently supply key Asian lithium markets, and provide scope for further processing potential within Darwin itself.
Minister for Primary Industry and Resources, Paul Kirby, has approved the project’s Mining Management Plan (MMP) and issued an Authorisation to Core Lithium Ltd to commence development of the project.
Quotes from Minister for Primary Industry and Resources, Paul Kirby:
“The Territory Labor Government knows that local jobs and economic recovery have never been more important. The resources sector is going to play a huge role in our recovery from the COVID-19 crisis, and the milestone achieved by the Finniss Lithium Project is very good news for Territorians.
“The first three years of this project are expected to inject over half a billion dollars into the NT economy and create around 200 jobs for Territorians within an hour of Darwin.
“We will get through this crisis, and the Territory Labor Government is working hard to kick-start our economic recovery, including creating local jobs for Territorians.”
Quotes from Core Lithium’s Managing Director, Stephen Biggins:
"The Finniss Lithium Project will create more than 200 direct full-time jobs in the Northern Territory, with potential to inject more than half a billion dollars during its first three years of operation into the local economy.
"Core Lithium would like to thank the Minister for Primary Industry and Resources, Paul Kirby and Northern Territory Government for their engagement during the MMP approval process. By working together with the Territory Government the Finniss Lithium Project opens the door for the Territory to be a key supplier of high-quality lithium for batteries to power the growing global electric vehicle market.
“The Territory has the opportunity to play a crucial role in supporting the world's response to reducing emissions and managing climate change risk.”
Media Contact: Tom Ryan 0436 951 084


Doe Run’s SEMO Division Reaches Record 2.5M Safe Hours
12 Aug 2013
ST. LOUIS (Aug. 12, 2013) – For the first time in its 50 years of operation, The Doe Run Company’s (Doe Run) Southeast Missouri Mining & Milling Division (SEMO) in Viburnum, Mo., reached 2.5 million safe work hours without a lost-time injury. Prior to this accomplishment, SEMO’s highest achievement on record was 1.25 million safe hours.
More than 870 people work within SEMO’s six mines and four mills in Missouri, and are responsible for 70 percent of the United States’ primary lead supply.
“Achieving 2.5 million hours without a lost-time injury requires a full commitment from every member of our team to start each work shift with safety in mind,” said Steve Batts, general manager at SEMO. “Our employees take the extra time on the job to make sure we perform tasks correctly. We’re proud of our safety record because, at the end of the day, nothing matters more than the safety of our people.”
SEMO employees receive 40 hours of in-depth training on Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) guidelines upon hire with continued safety training throughout their careers. Companywide, Doe Run employees completed more than 18,000 hours of safety training in 2012.
“Every day, SEMO employees practice safe work procedures that protect themselves and their team members,” said Karonica Brice, safety manager at SEMO. “Inspecting our work areas for hazards and reporting them, inspecting our mobile equipment before operating them, watching out for our fellow co-workers, and never compromising safety for any reason are a few of our safety processes that help protect employees.”
In addition to its safety preparedness programs, Doe Run employs award-winning mine rescue teams in the event of a real mine emergency at the SEMO division. These volunteers train at least eight hours every month to handle potential mine emergencies, and test their skills at a number of regional and national mine rescue competitions each year. This diligence and commitment to safety has earned SEMO’s six underground lead mines the National Mining Association’s (NMA) prestigious Sentinels of Safety Award a combined 25 times since 1971.
Doe Run’s track record of safety extends throughout the company. Previously, SEMO reached the one million safe hours milestone in 1989, 1996 and 2012. Another Doe Run division, the Buick Resource Recycling Division in Boss, Mo., reached 1.25 million safe hours in August 2012. In addition, Doe Run’s Fabricated Products Inc. facility in Casa Grande, Ariz., surpassed 13 years without a lost-time accident in 2012. The facility has received a “Perfect Record Award” from the National Safety Council each year from 2000 through 2012.
About The Doe Run Company
Based in St. Louis, The Doe Run Company is a privately held natural resources company and the largest integrated lead producer in the Western Hemisphere. Dedicated to environmentally responsible mineral and metal production, Doe Run operates one of the world’s largest, single-site lead recycling facilities, located in Boss, Mo. The Doe Run Company and its subsidiary deliver products and services necessary to provide power, protection and convenience. Doe Run has operations in Missouri, Washington and Arizona. For more information, visit http://doerundev.com or sustainability.doerun.com.


The Egyptian Ministry of Oil has signed two gold exploration contracts within the jap desert with two Canadian and British corporations, the British firm Akh Gold and the Canadian Aton Assets.
The ministry stated in an announcement on Wednesday that the primary discipline with Akh Gold includes gold exploration over an space of roughly 350 sq. kilometers within the areas of Bir Asl and Jabal al-Mit within the Japanese Desert in Egypt.
The British firm Foz, owned by Egyptian billionaire Naguib Sawiris, received the worldwide tender for gold prospecting in its first spherical final yr 2023.
The ministry additionally signed a gold exploration contract within the Abu Marwat area, within the jap desert, with the Canadian firm Aton Assets.
Subsequently, after confirming that the Canadian firm has commercially confirmed its intention to go to the West Wurdin space, situated within the Abu Marwat concession, with an space of as much as 58 sq. kilometers, in line with the assertion.
Egyptian Gold Offers
Egypt launched the primary spherical of its first gold prospecting mission in 2019, after Egypt’s mineral legislation was amended to stipulate the gathering of taxes and rental charges as a substitute of taking part in manufacturing.
Final yr, ultimately, 4 corporations from England, Canada and Egypt utilized for the second spherical of the primary gold prospecting mission in eight areas of the Egyptian Japanese Desert, and the British firm “Ach Gold” was among the many winners.
In November final yr, a gold exploration funding occurred with Canadian firm Lotus Gold with investments amounting to roughly $2.5 million.
The federal government has stated there’s a want to extend the contribution to the nation’s nationwide dredging efforts from the present 1% to five% by 2030.


Magma Copper Company
perspective on a decommissioned mine
Back to Bill Caid's Home Page
Back in the "stone age" I
used to work in an underground mine. Not by choice, mind
you, but the pay was too good to pass up. Being in college
at the time, money was in short supply and I already had a job
working as an EMT at a local ambulance company. Despite
requiring skills and certifications, the pay was, well,
shit. It did, however, offer the ability to work around my
class schedule, and sometimes I even got to study and/or sleep on
the job. But, lots of hours for little pay, schedule
One of the local copper mines came to the engineering college at
the University of Arizona looking for part-time employees from the
engineering student body. The pay was 3 times what I was
getting for doing manual labor. The deal was 2+ shifts a
week and because I needed the cash, I did both the ambulance and
the mine, with the inevitable impact on my physical and mental
well-being. But, at least I could buy beer. In total,
I worked there for a couple of years in two capacities. The
first gig was on the track maintenance crew and the second as a
production "chute tapper". Track maintenance usually
involved repairing rails that had been damaged during a derailment
and the second involved swinging a 15 lb sledge hammer known as a
"double jack". Both were hard, dirty, thankless work and
neither were fun. But it did pay well.
The mine was known to the locals as "San Manuel" for the nearby
village. Formally it was Magma Copper Company, San
Manuel Division. Unlike most of the other copper
mines in this area of southern Arizona which are "open pit", this
mine was underground, also known as a "hard-rock mine". One
of my good friends from college also worked there at the mine, as
did his father, and they obtained an informational brochure on the
mine. Those pages are scanned and included below.
The mine used a technique called block caving where the ore body
was undercut and pulled out from below. The ground
subsequently collapsed into the hole, with cactus, trees and other
vegetation coming along for the ride. The result was a huge,
ugly scar and steep, dangerous cliffs. The mining was done
well below the local water table and without any other actions,
the mine would fill with water. During normal operations,
water was pumped from the lowest levels of the mine and discharged
at ground level. Eventually, the mining operations depleted
the ground water causing a ruckus with the local ranchers.
Mining is big business in Arizona, so you can guess how that story
ended. Magma also ran a smelter in the San Pedro river
valley a few miles from the mine. The smelter produced
plenty of sulphur-based noxious gasses which eventually killed a
large number of a sahauro cactus in the valley. In 2003
after an acquisition, the mine was permanently closed. Above
ground equipment for the mine and the smelter was sold and
eventually relocated to Chile. For
additional information on the mine, see Wikipedia. After the mine was closed, the tunnels and
shafts flooded with ground water and the site was abandoned.
The mine had its own concrete plant for use in underground
reinforcement of the tunnels. Concrete was manufactured on
the surface and then dropped down special pipe and re-mixed at the
destination level of the mine. The concrete management
techniques are described below.
When I worked there, the mine had 6 levels: 2015 (feet below the "collar" at the surface),
2075, 2315 , 2375, 2615, and 2675. Note that to get to the
work area, you had to descend in the "cage" almost half a
mile. The deepest shaft descends to a depth of 3680
feet. I worked on each of these levels at one time or
another and the lower levels are hot-as-hell and very humid.
In the end, only about half of the available ore was
recovered. The ore body was split by a vertical fault
so the upper body was mined first. The second part was
overcome by a combination of environmental and financial issues
and remains in place today.
The photos below are
scanned from the informational brochure, complete with coffee
stains and creases. The publication date of this material
was not stated in the document. Enjoy.
This photo must have been taken early during the mine's
operation. Note the subsidence zone in the left-of-center
area of the photo above. The production headframes used to
hoist ore-bearing muck to the surface are at the upper left.
Magma produced lots and
lots of ore over the years and employed many local miners and
support personnel. In the end, the mine was purchased by BHP
and then shut down. The surface structures were dismantled
and sold or scrapped. The smelter was dismantled, the smoke
stacks were dynamited and the area reclaimed. My cousin Jim
was part of the reclamation and restoration effort and was on-site
when the smelter stacks were blown, see photos below.
And just like that, an era came to a close.
In addition to the still photos, Jim also captured video, see
this link for the video of the stack collapse.
A variety of Youtube videos are available on Magma including the
"definitive history" by Onofre Tafoya, one of the old
this link for more videos.
Working at the mine was hot, dirty, dangerous, thankless work that
paid the bills. I had a number of close calls there, but was
never seriously hurt. That said, I am glad that I became an
engineer and never had to work underground again. I did
return to the mine, but as part of a tour run by a school
classmate that worked there. It was an exciting tour, but
brought back some unpleasant memories.
Back to Bill Caid's Home Page
Copyright Bill Caid 2020. All


Crusher plants can be named stone crusher plants, rock crusher plants, stone crushing line, rock crusher line used widely in mining, road construction, water conservancy projects, railway ballast screening plant, artificial sand process industry, aggregate crushing plants, concrete crushing plants, slag crushing industry, silica sand crushing plants etc. Crushing plants or crusher plants feature low wearing cost, perfect shape, easy maintaining, low operating cost and so on, specially in the process of crushing high rigidity stones like granite, basalt, marble, artificial sand, concrete, aggregate etc.
SBM is a professional manufacturer of stone crusher plants and ore grinder machines taking the first place in stone crushing industry in China. We can supply you more than 100 models of crusher plants or ore crushers shown on the right navigation.
SBM Crusher Plants Sales Range
Shanghai Shibang Machinery Co., Ltd. has independent import-export right with a special international market department to deal with exporting affair. We have a professional after-sale service faculty to provide considerate and all-around-way service for the customers. Our products have taken up a considerable place in the world market. They have been exported to America, Italy, Turkey, Australia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, Iran, India, Chile, Venezuela, Libya, Ethiopia, United Arab Emirates, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan and receive high popularity.
Market demand is the drive and basis of our endless innovation. Rich technical experience and the application of high technology make our products rank a leading place in the industry in technology content, performance, reliability and maintenance cost, etc. We expect your choice and prepare to provide you with heartfelt service at any time.
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Mining equipments list
Roller mill and roller mill manufacturer | limestone powder plant|Iron ore grading equipment and screening equipment | India mine processing machinery|Large jaw crusher


|Volcanic Tuff||Rocks composed of volcanic ejecta, such as broken pieces of volcanic glass, phenocrysts, rock fragments, etc.|
|Nepheline Syenite||A plutonic rock resembling syenite but containing nepheline and lacking quartz|
|Lava||Solid rock resulting from cooling of hot molten or semi-fluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure|
|Kimberlite||A rare, blue-tinged, coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock sometimes containing diamonds, found in South Africa and Siberia|
|Foyaite||The foyaites found in the Pilanesberg have different names due to their different mineral compositions.
Four varieties of foyaite are identified in Pilansberg and are called White Foyaite (a coarse-grained rock which crystallised slowly from molten magma inside the earth; it is rich in minerals), Red Foyaite (created when ultra-heated water altered the color & composition of rock), Green Foyaite (nepheline in this rock dissolves and results in a pitted surface) and Ledig Foyaite (also called "Green nepheline syenite").
|Red Syenite||There many varieties of syenite. Red syenite makes good polished facing stone.|
|Florite||Signs of the mining of purple floride can be found in the Reserve. The minerals in these rocks are also a result of ultra-heated water soaked up by the rocks.|
|Uranium-bearing Tuff||Rocks that are mildly radioactive due to its uranium content. The minerals in these rocks are also a result of water soaking into the rocks at the end of the active life of the volcano.|
|Geological sites (indicated on maps of the Reserve) contain some cut and polished rock surfaces.|


The Bureau of Land Management is seeking public comments on a proposed expansion of the Hard Rock Main Pit aggregate mine south of Salida.
Hard Rock Paving and Redi-mix is requesting to expand the boundaries of their current mine operation, which is currently on private and BLM lands.
The proposal would permit Hard Rock to expand its operation east and south onto approximately 50 additional acres of BLM land, extending the life of the mine for another 38 years. The expansion would provide access of up to 50,000 tons of gravel annually and would realign the mine access road for safety.
Comments can be submitted at go.usa.gov/xf5TN or mailed to “Hard Rock Mine Expansion,” 3028 E Main Street, Canon City, Co 81212 and must be received by September 9.
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Dear Shri Narendra Modi ji:
You probably already know the comprehensive threat posed to India by communist China’s aggressive rise as an imperial power. I attempt to bring to your notice a relatively obscure issue, the issue of China’s almost complete monopoly of rare earth minerals. For this article, I am deeply indebted to Shri Jayadeva Ranade and I quote extensively from his book ‘China unveiled: Insights into Chinese strategic thinking’.
Chinese communist leadership had determined to ensure a captive, uninterrupted source of supply of rare earth metals. China declared rare earths a secret national top priority in the mid-1980s and in 1997, Deng Xiaoping observed that ‘China would be for rare earth metals what the Middle East is to oil’. This was adopted as the guiding principle. By 2012, China has acquired virtually monopolistic control over the supply of rare earth metals to the world’s market. Though about 42 % of rare earth resources are elsewhere in the world, China is virtually the only country with a significant refinery capacity.
These rare earth metals include Tertium, Dysprosium, Yttrium, Thulium, Intetium, Noedymicum, Europium, Eerium and Lanthanum. These rare earth metals and especially the group of 17 ‘Lanthanide’ elements, are critical for the hi-technology and ‘green’ industry. The metals are irreplaceable and are used in hundreds of technologies ranging from mobile phones, iPods and BlackBerrys to low-light energy bulbs, lasers and aviation. They are integral to the manufacture of wind turbines, electric motors of hybrid cars, superconductors, microscopes and missile guidance systems. Numerous US scientific organizations including the National Minerals Advisory Board and National Academy of Science have determined rare earths as crucial to US national security. Neodymium iron boron magnets (neo magnets), for example, are the world’s strongest permanent magnets and are used in various hi-tech devices from guidance systems of smart bombs to computer hard drives. Other rare earth metals like Lanthanum, Samarium and Praseodymium are critical to hybrid-electric battery production and nuclear submarine technology. Anti-missile systems, jet engines and satellite communications systems are some of the other technologies that use rare earth metals.
Causing serious concern to Japan and other countries is the recent proposal of China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology calling for a total ban on rare earth exports like Tertium, Dysprosium, Yttrium, Thulium and Lutetium. Exports of other rare earth metals like Neodymium, Europium, Eerium and Lanthanum will be restricted to 35,000 metrics tonnes a year. This is far below global needs with Japan’s requirements alone exceeding 38,000 metric tonnes a year. Japan, which was victim in 2010 of China’s policy of using economic levers to achieve strategic or foreign policy objectives, has accused China of treating rare earth metal exports as ’21st century economic weapon’. It is now looking for supplies from Vietnam and Malaysia. US senators have also expressed concern at the potential scarcity of rare earth metals.
India’s future is closely linked with Information and Communication technologies (ICT) and ‘Green’ technologies. India must stop China from using monopoly on rare earth minerals as a strategic weapon. We request your government pay urgent attention to this grave risk.
Vande Mataram! Jai Hind!
Thanks and regards,
an ordinary Indian.


Equipment needs are shifting
Jac Rijk’s forte is earthmoving, and it has acquired over 150 pieces of earth moving equipment spread across the globe.
“We are good at moving large quantities of dirt,” explains Rijk. “We work with large mining companies as well as with construction companies creating dykes, roads, and harbors, among other things. These activities require a lot of equipment.”
While around 80% of its equipment is purchased new, faced with extended delivery times and unknown pricing on new equipment Jac Rijk now regularly turns to used equipment channels to provide rapid solutions when equipment is needed urgently.
“Where we have projects that need to start quickly, we don’t have time to wait 12 to 18 months for new equipment to be delivered. This is where we turn to used equipment so that we can satisfy our customers' needs as fast and well as possible,” says Rijk.
Supplying the whole package – used equipment from DLL with tailored financing solutions
While this is not the first time Jac Rijk has done business with DLL, having previously purchased equipment through DLL’s remarketing channel on a cash basis, this is the first time Jac Rijk has financed equipment with DLL.
In this case, Jac Rijk required dump trucks for a mining reinstatement and recultivation project in Germany. Time was of the essence - and DLL had just acquired four Komatsu HM400 articulated dump trucks from a customer insolvency, which were advertised via DLL’s used equipment sales website.
“Delivery time and availability were the driving factors in selecting these particular trucks,” explains Rijk. “DLL had what we were looking for and could supply the trucks quickly. Because these are used trucks with low hours, we bought them just off the pictures. Then the financial deal was dealt with quickly and easily. The whole process went very fast.”
“We met with Jac Rijk to better understand its needs and challenges," explains DLL Account Manager, Heddi Khatib. “Thanks to our previous experience with similar customers, we are able to quickly facilitate finance from our credit and asset finance departments. Through close collaboration between DLL’s remarketing, credit, legal, risk, and asset finance teams we were able to facilitate a solution that kept Jac Rijk’s promise to its customers.”


|Title:||Chestnut Hill Iron Ore Co. letter|
|Dates:||1854 January 27|
|Quantity:||1.0 folder (1 letter)|
The Chestnut Hill Iron Ore Company was based in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and it was owned by the Grubb family. The family were descendants of Peter Grubb, better known for his founding of the still-standing Cornwall Furnace in Lebanon County in 1742. In 1851, the Chestnut Hill Iron Ore Company was incorporated and remained active until 1907.
A letter from Peyton Landon to C. L. Carroll, esq. addressing concerns about dividend on stock of Chestnut Hill Iron Ore Company.
Chestnut Hill Iron Ore Co. letter, ms 1273. Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, The University of Georgia Libraries.


Project Name: Detour Gold Truck Wash, Warehouse, & MSF Office Building
Location: Detour Lake, Ontario
Year Completed: 2012
Owner: Detour Gold
Project Value: $22 million
Construction of a new heavy equipment wash building designed to wash the largest rock trucks manufactured by Caterpillar (300 ton units) complete with 18 turbo pressure wash station nozzles and a greywater recycling plant. Construction of a new 80,000 sf maintenance/warehouse facility, required to maintain a fleet of the largest mining equipment available to date. Construction of the mine administration facility, complete with dry mine and staff support areas. This project was completed in a remote area, under a fast track scheduling method.


Mercury contamination from historical gold mines represents a potential risk to human health and the environment this fact sheet provides background information on the use of mercury in historical gold mining and processing operations in california, with emphasis on historical hydraulic mining . Ghost towns & mining camps of colorado during the late 19th century, gold fever roared through colorado like wildfire, and mining camps and towns were literally born overnight seeking their fortunes, thousands of men arrived in the centennial state in search of glittery minerals. Collier #167 hydraulic mining also known as booming back then is a mining method that uses hoses carrying high pressure water to spray the gravel deposits, which washes all but the largest rocks into the sluice boxes where most of the gold is recovered.
Mining techniques of the sierra nevada and gold country by snowy range reflections staff panning for gold panning was the oldest and simplest way to separate gold from surrounding rock. Gold mining is the resource extraction it was the worst mining disaster in ghanaian history in order to maximize gold adverse effects gold mining can . The effect of gold mining on the environment is more severe than you might think it destroys the homes of native people and the gold is sometimes mined by children even though it is very dangerous and toxic work.
Mining history and geology of the california gold rush what were the effects of the gold rush on california 1991, geology, gold deposits, and mining history . Gold mining in the 21st century and their effect on the body the effects of gold are mining eir oregon legal fundraiser history of gold join the new 49'ers . Production of gold has many negative environmental effects 157,000 tons of gold had been mined throughout history -- and that individuals were sitting on a whopping 104,000 tons of it, in the .
A usgs publication on the history of gold uses, gold mining, gold prospecting, assays and gold production fractures, and joints, and of the effects of heat and . Gold, copper, diamonds, and other precious metals and gemstones are important resources that are found in rainforests around the world extracting these natural resources is frequently a destructive activity that damages the rainforest ecosystem and causes problems for people living nearby and downstream from mining operations. The effects of hydraulic mining on the environment of california were from history 124b at university of california, berkeley. Mining in south africa plays an important role in the development and history of south africa gold mining impact of gold mining on gold prices effect . But james webster, the curator of mineral deposits at the american museum of natural history, says the story is not as dark and one-sided as some may spin it a clean gold mining industry is .
For example, a mining company located on gauteng’s west rand has bought rights to the waste deposits of historic gold mines in order to reclaim fragments of gold that remain in mine waste deposits while doing so, they rehabilitate the remaining land after reclamation and prepare it for re-development. On top of that, mercury is intertwined with gold mining, yet often miners mishandle the substance or simply disregard proper practices important “soils are being washed to extract gold,” said . Effects of gold mining in peru gold mining cannot advance in río negro - argentina wednesday, july 27, 2005 19:00 (gmt -0400) argentina's mining investors . The effects of mining in africa have left large-scale devastation when companies do not honour their responsibility because mining areas are left in an unsustainable condition, plant species and wildlife are threatened and these areas are at risk of becoming lifeless wastelands.
Explore the historical relationship between interest rate increases and the price of gold, and consider what effect a fed funds rate hike might have on gold the investopedia 100. Negative effects of gold mining the price of gold has skyrocketed people are digging into their jewelry box to find gold to sell and others are panning for gold, hoping to find that giant nugget. Each week we’ll be exploring current stories in international news, by examining the facts, providing historical context, and outlining the key players involved. By the mid-1880s, it is predictable that 11 million ounces of gold (worth around us$75 billion at mid-2006 prices) had been convalesced by hydraulic mining in the california gold rush environmental effects of hydraulic mining.
The summitville mine and its downstream effects initiated open pit mining of gold ore from rocks surrounding the historic underground workings, where gold . Gold mining is the extraction of gold from the formation of gold-rich process there are a variety of techniques can be mined from the formation of the gold , the most primitive way is gold , then after gold separation equipment sieving. The environmental impact of mining includes adverse mining effects on biodiversity depend a great extent on the nature environmental impact of gold mining. Together with its historic use up to 1952, the waihi mining operations have used cyanide since modern operations began in 1988 a substantial database spanning more than 20 years of modern use demonstrates that cyanide can be transported, stored, used and disposed of in a safe manner, with no significant adverse effects on the environment.


Pumps upgrade significantly reduces plant shutdowns at Mungari Gold Mine
Close collaboration between Mungari and Metso Outotec results in new robust design, delivering longer pump wear and reduces shutdowns from three to one per year.
With a mixture of open pit and underground mining, the Mungari site presents considerable variability in the nature of the ore. While the ore from the underground mine is reasonably soft, the open pit ore is quite hard and high in extremely abrasive silica.
Client: Metso Outotec.


Tudor Gold is a significant explorer in British Columbia’s Golden Triangle, an area which hosts multiple past-producing mines and several large deposits that are approaching potential development. The Company has a 60% interest in both the Electrum and Treaty Creek properties and acts as an ‘Operator’ in both projects. Tudor Gold owns in addition a 100% interest in the Mackie, Eskay North, Orion, Fairweather, Delta and the High North properties, all of which are located in the Golden Triangle area. Walter Storm is the CEO of the company. Mr. Storm left his mark in Canada by startup financing Osisko Mining, a large gold mine operation near Quebec, through a German holding company (Eurasia) in which he held a majority ownership and acted as Chairman of the Supervisory Board. During Mr. Storm’s tenure, Eurasia not only funded the startup of Osisko Mining in 2004, but also helped the company to become a world class gold mine reaching market capitalization of ca. CAD 4.50 Billion. After being considered one of the most successful gold producers in Canada, Osisko was finally sold in 2014.
Tudor Gold is listed at the TSX Venture Exchange (TUD) and at the Frankfurt stock exchange (Ticker: TUC).
More information about Tudor Gold can be found at: http://www.tudor-gold.com


Weihai Zhongwei Rubber Co., Ltd. has achieved new results in the development of mining truck tires
Recently, Weihai Zhongwei Rubber Co., Ltd. independently developed 14.00-24-32 GK899E and 14.00-25-40 GK899A two mining truck tires.
Designed for mining wide-body dump trucks, these two tires feature solid carcass, anti-explosion, puncture resistance and superior load capacity. They are designed with wear resistance and low heat build-up, and have excellent cut resistance. With wear resistance; unique deep pattern and wide driving surface design, through the excellent performance. Mainly used in harsh working conditions such as mines.
The successful development of these two products marks Weihai Zhongwei Rubber Co., Ltd. has taken a solid step in meeting the individual needs of customers and improving the serialization of mining truck tires, and enhancing the company's core competitiveness in the field of off-high-speed tires. Has a positive meaning.


Rare earths producer Molycorp Inc(NYSE:MCP) is being investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission for issues related to transparency and disclosures, the company revealed in a regulatory filing recently.
Has MCP found The Rebound and Ready To Move Up? Find Out Here
Molycorp said that it was co-operating with investigation authorities and as not able to give a timeline for the length of the investigations or the depth of the probe.
The company, which mines, processes and sells rare earths, reported a third-quarter loss but came in above analyst expectations.
Rare earth companies like Molycorp were once favourites in the mining sector, especially from the point of view of the stock markets as top producer China clamped down on exports sending rare earth metal and oxide prices skyrocketing.
Prices of rare earths minerals have dropped since then and this has had an impact on the profitability of companies in this sector and on their share prices too.
Rare earths are a small but essential ingredient in high-tech items like smartphones, tablet computers and hybrid cars.
Molycorp is one of just a handful of rare earth producers outside of China. The company has nearly completed a major expansion at its Mountain Pass mine in California.
Shares of the company have fallen about 30% since the news.


TORONTO, ON – January 24, 2020 – Itafos (TSX VENTURE: IFOS) (the “Company”) today provided an update on the engineering and construction of Itafos Farim and announced the termination of the engineering, procurement and construction management (“EPCM”) agreement with Lycopodium Minerals Canada Limited (Toronto, Canada) (“Lycopodium”).
In July 2019, the Company announced an EPCM agreement with Lycopodium for services related to the development of Itafos Farim’s mine, which is expected to produce 1.3Mt per year of phosphate rock, and services related to the on land portion of Itafos Farim’s port, which is expected to load Itafos Farim’s mine production for global export. The EPCM agreement with Lycopodium contemplated two phases; phase one considered preparation of a definitive cost estimate and schedule and phase two considered additional detailed engineering, equipment procurement and construction. Given the revised project financing timeline of expected lender approval during the first half of 2020, Itafos Farim suspended the EPCM agreement following completion of phase one and did not provide notice to proceed for phase two. As a result, the EPCM agreement was terminated on January 17, 2020.
“The EPCM agreement with Lycopodium was structured in two phases to provide flexibility with respect to timing and not commit the Company ahead of project financing. We will look to enter into a new agreement to cover the expected phase two activities of detailed engineering, equipment procurement and construction that aligns the timing of and capital expenditures associated with such activities with the project financing timeline of Itafos Farim,” said Dr. Mhamed Ibnabdeljalil, CEO of the Company.
Also in July 2019, the Company provided an update on the engineering, procurement and construction administration agreement with W.F Baird and Associates Ltd. (Madison, USA) (“Baird”) for services related to the development of the marine portion of Itafos Farim’s port. To date, Baird has completed approximately 90% of its detailed design work. Following an extensive process, the Company has selected Stefanutti Stocks Coastal (Cape Town, South Africa), a division of Stefanutti Stocks (Pty) Ltd (“Stefanutti”), as contractor for the marine portion of Itafos Farim’s port. Baird is expected to manage Stefanutti for construction of the marine portion of Itafos Farim’s port with mobilization and construction expected to commence following completion of project financing.
The Company is a vertically integrated phosphate fertilizers and specialty products company with an attractive portfolio of long-term strategic businesses and projects located in key fertilizer markets worldwide.
The Company owns, operates and is developing the following businesses and projects:
- Itafos Conda – a vertically integrated phosphate mine and fertilizer business with production and sales capacity of approximately 550kt per year of monoammonium phosphate (“MAP”), MAP with micronutrients (“MAP+”), superphosphoric acid (“SPA”), merchant grade phosphoric acid (“MGA”) and specialty products including ammonium polyphosphate (“APP”) located in Idaho, US;
- Itafos Arraias – a phosphate fertilizer business with production and sales capacity of approximately 500kt per year of single superphosphate (“SSP”), SSP with micronutrients (“SSP+”), premium PK compounds and approximately 40kt per year of excess sulfuric acid located in Tocantins, Brazil;
- Itafos Farim – a high-grade phosphate mine project located in Farim, Guinea-Bissau;
- Itafos Paris Hills – a high-grade phosphate mine project located in Idaho, US;
- Itafos Santana – a vertically integrated high-grade phosphate mine and fertilizer plant project located in Pará, Brazil;
- Itafos Mantaro – a large phosphate mine project located in Junin, Peru; an
- Itafos Araxá – a vertically integrated rare earth elements and niobium mine and extraction plant project located in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
For more information, or to join the Company’s mailing list to receive notification of future news releases, please visit the Company’s website, www.itafos.com.
Forward Looking Information
Certain information contained in this news release constitutes forward looking information. All information other than information of historical fact is forward looking information. The use of any of the words “intend”, “anticipate”, “plan”, “continue”, “estimate”, “expect”, “may”, “will”, “project”, “should”, “would”, “believe”, “predict” and “potential” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward looking information. This information involves known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated in such forward looking information. No assurance can be given that this information will prove to be correct and such forward looking information included in this news release should not be unduly relied upon.
Forward looking information is subject to a number of risks and other factors that could cause actual results and events to vary materially from that anticipated by such forward looking information. Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from expected results described in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those risk factors set out in the Company’s Management Discussion and Analysis and other disclosure documents available under the Company’s profile at www.sedar.com. Readers are cautioned that the foregoing list of risks, uncertainties and assumptions are not exhaustive. The forward-looking information included in this news release is expressly qualified by this cautionary statement and is made as of the date of this news release. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking information except as required by applicable securities laws.
NEITHER THE TSX VENTURE EXCHANGE NOR ITS REGULATION SERVICES PROVIDER (AS THAT TERM IS DEFINED IN THE POLICIES OF THE TSX VENTURE EXCHANGE) ACCEPTS RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ADEQUACY OR ACCURACY OF THIS NEWS RELEASE.
For further information, please contact:


What do we do?
Polar Welding provides efficient and high quality welding and fabrication services for the mining and construction industries, custom-made fabrication, steel supply and mobile welding services and maintenance.
Why to choose us?
Our goal is to help the mining and construction industries to reduce their cost and improve their equipment availability by providing high quality and efficient works.
Our team has more than 60 years of combined experience and expertise in the welding and repair for the mining and construction industries.
We are constantly innovating to provides the best practices, innovation and works in the industry.
Bend cut build!
Bucket repair, hydraulic repairs for heavy machinery and equipment, component rebuilding and repair, pump rebuilding for the mining and construction industries.
Engineered Vent Doors and Engineered Escape Ways.
Mechanical Buckets, Hydraulic Face Shovel Buckets, Processing Circuits, Grizzlies, LHD Mechanical components and Wear Liner’s.
Drill replacement parts, Dewatering Pump Skids (Engineered) and Dewatering Pumps and Parts.
Structural and Abrasion Resistant grades.


White gold – rock salt from Sondershausen
Rock salt dates from the age when the first dinosaurs began to roam the earth some 230 million years ago. Deposits up to 120 m thick were left about 650 to 750 m below the town and region of Sondershausen. The rock salt extracted here today is remarkable for its extremely high purity.
The main rock salt product available from GSES is de-icing salt for winter road clearance (pursuant to DIN EN 16811-1:2016). But our rock salt is also used in industry and in animal feedstuffs.
All voids created when extracting the salt are backfilled again afterwards to prevent any damage being caused inside the mine or above ground. The process of extracting and processing the salt does not create any waste materials which would have to be dumped on the surface.
GSES has been a reliable supplier of de-icing salt for winter road clearance since 2008. There are enough deposits to last for several hundred more years at current volumes of production. We also have a few salt depots which guarantee supply security. Our distribution partner Salinity Deutschland GmbH supplies towns and municipalities, as well as road and motorway maintenance contractors.


Production Development Trainer
Bulyanhulu Gold Mine is seeking to recruit Production Development Trainer to join our team. The successful candidate for this position is expected to align to the Barrick DNA and drive a change within his team and the business and on a practical note will ensure activities in the mining department are effectively planned and undertaken in a safe and cost effective manner to achieve targets in accordance to BGML Mining Safety Standards, Policies and Procedures.
Reporting to: Production FFL
Work Schedule: 42 days on, 21 days off
Duration: 2 Years
- Conduct remote operation in open stope
- Discuss with Supervisor how to improve operating & cycle efficiency
- Monitor & control operating & cycle efficiency
- Monitor & control loading & cycle efficiency
- Coach and mentor trainees on LH307, LH410, LH514 Sandvik Loaders as well as Remote operation
- Assist with the training and skills development of trainees.
- To provide technical, practical and field support in various working areas of the mine focusing in increasing work effectiveness and productivity while lowering cost through improved good operational practices
- Collect drilling consumables & mining instructions
- Perform pre-use inspection
- Develop and train long hole operators in industry best practice.
- Develop and train long hole operators in Sandvik automation drilling
- Foster, mentor and develop current longhole operators improving overall safety and productivity metrics
- Conduct charging of Blast Holes
- Face preparation & marking off
- Installation of Ground Support – bolt, mesh, cablebolts
- Perform Drilling Activities
- Uncouple equipment & remove from workplace
- Ensure all Equipment are clean
- To Record & Report Drilling Performance
- Ordinary secondary education
- Trained and competent in operation of Sandvik Loaders, Production Drills and/or Jumbo
- Valid Driving Licence
- Minimum of 8 years’ experience in fully mechanized high speed mine
- Experience in operating machine in large underground mining operation
- Demonstrated ability to achieve high speed development (175m per month per jumbo)
- Ability to demonstrate >160dm per shift production drill
- Exposure to automation of both production drills and loaders
- Demonstrated ability in training operators in all facets of UG mechanized mining.
SKILLS / KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS:
- Excellent communication in English, both writing and verbal
- Hazard identification and Risk assessment
- Mine health &Safety Act awareness
WHAT WE CAN OFFER YOU:
- A comprehensive compensation package including bonuses, benefits, and where applicable.
- Ability to make a difference and lasting impact.
- Work in a dynamic, collaborative, progressive, and high-performing team.
- Opportunities to grow and learn with the industry colleagues are endless.
HOW TO APPLY:
Applicants are invited to submit their CV’s/Resume’s, careful read application guidelines
Rename your CV in this format CV – YOUR FULL NAME
Indicating the role title “PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT TRAINER” in the subject of your email
Send your application via e-mail to: email@example.com
If you are not contacted by Barrick – Bulyanhulu Gold Mine LTD within thirty (30) days after the closing date, you should consider your application as unsuccessful. Short listed candidates may be subjected to any of the following: security clearance; competency assessment; physical capability assessment, reference checking.
Please forward applications before 23rd December 2020


National ID: CPP60121 | State ID: BGJ0
Looking forward to a career in surveying?
Learn how to collect and analyse spatial data for complex engineering structures, roads, railways and surface and underground mining operations.
Throughout this course you'll learn about the operation of sophisticated surveying equipment and software (including GPS) and the processing of survey data to produce computer aided engineering drawings and mine plans, building on the skills gained in the Diploma of Surveying.
Gain these skills
- Conduct advanced GNSS control surveys
- Conduct complex engineering set-out surveys
- Conduct open pit and underground mine surveys
- Manage risk
- Monitor engineering structures
Your qualification prepares you for roles such as:
Surveying or Spatial Science Technician | GIS Technician
Further Study Option(s)
Graduates may be eligible for university entry.
- Not competitive
- No selection criteria
|Academic achievement and work history
Please contact the college to receive an indicative price for this course.


The Anderson Mill was run by two brothers. At the start of World War II all of the mines and mills that were not essential to the war effort were ordered closed. Anderson Mill and the mines supplying it were allowed to continue.
The Anderson Mill
The mill was for obtaining muscovite mica. As part of the mining of the granite pegmatites other minerals were at times selectively hand cobbed and shipped. The mica produced was used as electrical and heat insulation as well as in joint compound and paint.
The mill was last operated in 1951 and it is my understanding that it is on BLM’s list for destruction.
You can find Anderson Mill at 33° 57.508′ N – 112° 33.551′ W. It’s on San Domingo Wash on an old Jeep road.


The Company's flagship project, Eskay Creek, contains open-pit reserves of 3.88 million ounces at 4.57 g/t AuEq in the Proven and Probable category. Skeena completed a Prefeasibility Study (PFS) in July 2021 on Eskay Creek which highlights an after-tax NPV5% of C$1.4B, 56% IRR and a 1.4-year payback at US$1,550/oz Au and US$22/oz Ag.
Discovered in 1988, the former Eskay Creek Mine was the highest-grade gold mine in the world when it was in production. Eskay produced 3.3 million ounces of gold and 160 million ounces of silver at average grades of 45 g/t gold and 2,224 g/t silver from 1994 -2008.
Skeena released a Prefeasibility Study in July 2021 which contains open-pit reserves of 3.88 million ounces at 4.57 g/t AuEq, an after-tax NPV5% of C$1.4B, 56% IRR and a 1.4-year payback at US$1,550/oz Au and US$22/oz Ag. Skeena is aggressively advancing Eskay Creek towards a Feasibility Study which is expected to be released in Q1 2022.See More Engage Here
Skeena sees environmental, social and governance (ESG) as the key components to a responsible resource sector. We strive to implement the highest ESG standards at Eskay Creek and in the communities in which we operate. Skeena is actively engaged in closure planning and low carbon mine design to establish a positive environmental legacy.
Skeena's COVID-19 Infection Prevention Control PlanSee More


Capital-invest is an independent, global gold mining company with a diverse, high-quality portfolio of operations, projects and exploration activities across nine countries on four continents.
While gold is our principal product, we also produce silver (Argentina) and sulphuric acid (Brazil) as by-products. In Colombia, one of the two projects underway, Quebradona, will produce both gold and copper.
Capital-invest core strategic focus is to generate sustainable cash flow improvements and returns over the long term by focusing on five key areas:
Our ability to create value depends on the use of and access to various capital inputs – this includes access to financial capital and economically viable orebodies, as well as to the necessary mining infrastructure, including utilities, plant and equipment, and a skilled and experienced workforce. Creating value entails optimising and balancing the use of these inputs, enhancing positive outcomes and impacts, minimising those that are negative, and delivering on our strategy.
Our primary business activity is the exploration for, development and operation of gold orebodies to transform these into economic and social value. To do this, we need:
Efficient conduct of our business relies on the development and maintenance of our mining operations and related infrastructure and equipment.


The Key to Successful Mining
WHAT IS OVERBURDEN REMOVAL?
Mining is a vital industry that provides raw materials for the infrastructure and technological advancements of modern society, but the process of removing the “overburden” can be difficult.
At SEMCOA, we understand the importance of overburden removal and how it impacts the efficiency and safety of mining operations. That’s why we offer comprehensive overburden removal services to help our clients extract minerals and resources more effectively.
Overburden removal involves clearing away the layer of soil, rock, and other materials that cover a valuable mineral deposit. This is a necessary step to ensure the safe and efficient extraction of minerals. Overburden removal can be challenging, especially when the layer is thick or the deposit is located in a remote or difficult-to-reach area.
Our Overburden Removal Services
At SEMCOA, we provide a comprehensive range of overburden removal services, including:
SEMCOA: Your Trusted Partner for Overburden Removal Services
If you’re in need of reliable and efficient overburden removal services for your mining operations, SEMCOA has the solution for you. With our team of experienced professionals and wealth of knowledge, we can safely and effectively remove overburden to help you achieve your mining goals. Contact us today to learn how we can assist you.


Mining is a vital industry that helps to extract valuable resources from the depths of the earth. However, mining operations also face unique challenges, particularly with regard to potentially dangerous gases that can accumulate in underground environments. To ensure that miners are able to work safely amidst these potential risks, the gas detectors play an integral role in mine safety management. Fixed and portable gas detectors have become two of the most important tools for mine safety, playing unique and critical roles in continuous monitoring and mobile monitoring respectively.
Fixed gas detectors can be installed throughout the mine to continuously monitor the environment for the presence of harmful gases such as Methane (CH4), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S). Fixed gas detection systems are equipped with an alarm function that is automatically triggered when harmful gas concentrations are detected above preset safety limits. For example, if an abnormal gas concentration is detected during a mining operation, an alarm is automatically raised and safety measures are initiated. In addition, fixed systems can remotely shut down an area, isolating the hazard and ensuring the safety of all personnel in an emergency.
Portable gas monitors have a small size and weight that miners can carry with them. These devices can detect in different locations in the mine, including tight and hard-to-reach areas. Before entering the working area of a mine, miners often use portable gas detectors to conduct tests. This can help them determine if there is a leak or build-up of hazardous gases. If the presence of hazardous gases is detected, miners can take the necessary precautions before entering the mine, such as ventilating or waiting for the gas concentration to decrease.
What are the Dangerous Gases in Mines?
- Methane (CH4): Methane is also known as gas, is one of the most common hazardous gases found in underground mines. It is a colorless, odorless gas that is highly flammable and explosive. Methane is usually released in coal and other mines and accumulates to a certain concentration where mixing with air may cause explosions and fires.
- Carbon Monoxide (CO): Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion. Carbon Monoxide may be produced in mines by explosions, engines and combustion equipment. It binds to hemoglobin, reducing the Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and posing a hazard to the human body.
- Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S): Hydrogen Sulphide is a pungent-smelling gas often described as "a rotten egg smell". It can be perceived even at low concentrations. High concentrations of Hydrogen Sulfide are harmful to the respiratory system and the central nervous system and can lead to poisoning, vomiting, headaches and coma.
- Nitrogen (N2): Nitrogen may accumulate in mines due to poor ventilation or other reasons, leading to hypoxia. Oxygen deprivation can cause breathing difficulties, dizziness and weakness.
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): The release and breakdown of organic substances to form VOCs can occur as a result of microbial decomposition, underground mining activities, the nature of the ore and groundwater, etc. These compounds sometimes accumulate in mines and may have health and safety implications for miners, including respiratory irritation and headaches.
Which Gas Detectors are Used in Mines?
Single Gas Monitors
- Methane (CH4) Gas Detector: It detects the build-up of Methane and sounds an alarm if the Methane concentration exceeds safe limits. Methane gas detectors help maintain CH4 concentrations within safe limits and reduce the risk of explosion.
- Carbon Monoxide (CO) Gas Detector: In underground mine operations, use a CO gas detector can monitor the concentration of Carbon Monoxide in a timely manner and raise an alarm once the concentration exceeds the safe limit, safeguarding the safety of miners.
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Gas Detector: Hydrogen Sulfide is a toxic gas that can affect miners' health even at low concentrations. Hydrogen Sulfide gas monitors can detect H2S in advance to ensure the safety of miners.
- Oxygen (O2) Gas Detector: In the mines, too low a concentration of Oxygen may lead to asphyxiation, while too high a concentration of Oxygen may cause a fire or explosion. Oxygen gas detectors can provide timely alarms and remind miners to take necessary measures.
Multi Gas Monitors
Multi gas detectors are very important safety tools in underground mines, helping miners and managers monitor gas conditions in real-time, ensure the safety of the mine environment and take the necessary measures to deal with potential gas risks. Multiple gas monitors are capable of simultaneously monitoring a wide range of hazardous gases such as Methane (CH4), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Oxygen (O2) and more. This integrated monitoring helps miners and managers obtain more comprehensive gas data to assess the safety of the mine environment.
In mines, using gas monitors is critical, whether fixed or portable gas detector equipment. Fixed gas detectors are typically used for long-term monitoring and control of gas concentrations in underground environments, whereas portable gas monitors provide a more flexible means of enabling miners to detect gases in real-time while on the move. Through the combined use of both instruments, mine workers are able to comprehensively monitor gas conditions in the mine environment, thereby reducing the risk of accidents and safeguarding the health and safety of miners.


NERC Centre for Doctoral Training – Mineral Resources for Energy Transition
Closing Date: 05/06/2023
Funding to deliver new NERC centres for doctoral training (CDTs) in mineral resources for the energy transition.
Through this Centre for Doctoral Training – Mineral Resources for Energy Transition, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is offering funding to deliver a new NERC centre for doctoral training (CDT) in mineral resources for the energy transition. The aim is to minimise the environmental impacts of responsibly securing the mineral resources that underpin all manufacturing and infrastructure development in the UK. They are essential to achieve the global energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy.
Each CDT will fund 24 notional studentships across three annual intakes. CDTs will train a community of interdisciplinary challenge-led researchers who will identify and deliver ‘real world’ integrated solutions across entire mineral value chains to address net zero challenges and deliver positive outcomes for business and the environment.
Many of the minerals required for clean energy technologies (eg lithium, cobalt and graphite in electric car batteries and rare earth elements in wind turbines) are designated critical. Global demand and international competition for technology-critical mineral resources is expected to quadruple by 2040. Current demand is already outstripping the rate of mineral production. There is a critical resource challenge in securing the supply and reducing the reliance on the minerals needed to achieve net zero and protect the future growth and resilience of the UK economy.
A CDT investment will enable the UK skills base to realise the required step-changes and provide the interdisciplinary solutions needed. This will support domestic mineral industries and UK companies operating around the world to responsibly source the mineral resources required for the global energy transition. There is a need to:
- Find, identify and characterise the mineral resources needed for the energy transition, including in sensitive and extreme environments, and further understanding of the processes which form concentrated mineral deposits.
- Extract required mineral resources using responsible methods with minimal environmental and social harm, including through the reduction of energy and water consumption across mineral value chains and the remediation of post-mine landscapes.
- Embed circular economy approaches within the minerals sector, including developing efficient processing and refining techniques, reducing or reusing waste, and designing products for end-of-life recovery.
- Increase transparency within global value chains to understand mineral flows and the impacts, vulnerabilities, and opportunities in the minerals sector in relation to trade, policy, security and environmental leadership, including the development of new regulations, standards and frameworks to achieve truly sustainable approaches to securing, recovering, recycling and reuse of mineral resources.
The CDT will foster a community of interdisciplinary challenge-led researchers who will identify and deliver ‘real world’ integrated solutions, based on the strongest evidence, that put an environmental approach at their core. The CDT model is designed to support a translational approach by encouraging academic and non-academic partners to unite around common challenges. It is strongly recommended that the CDT should integrate end-user involvement from across the mineral value chain in developing and delivering the training required.
Training provided by the CDT must be relevant to the ambitions to address environmental and net zero challenges. The training must also deliver positive outcomes for business and the environment that minimise the environmental impacts of consumption articulated within the NERC delivery plan and UKRI building a green future strategic theme. The CDT will focus training on developing, and strengthening, interdisciplinary approaches to deliver new understanding of how mining can be revolutionised.
|Funding body||Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)|
Engineering and Physical Sciences
|Fund or call||Fund|


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CCTEG BHEC Participated the “International Mining & Engineering, 2018” Exhibition in Indonesia
From 10th -16th Sep, 2018, BHEC and other 7 subsidiaries of CCTEG participated the exhibition of “International Mining & Engineering, 2018” in Jakarta, Indonesia. Mr. Lv Jianhong—Vice president of BHEC and Mr. Yan Guangbo, Executive deputy manager of BHEC International attended in this exhibition.
Indonesia as a traditional coal exporter has widely distribution of coal resources. There is great development potential for the reforming and upgrading of open pit coal mine to underground mining. BHEC has attached much importance to the overseas coal market for consecutive years. Contracts and cooperation agreements have also been signed with Indonesia clients in Feasibility study of underground mining, technological upgrading relate to Coal preparation plant and Power plant construction ever since the year of 2017.
BHEC prepared the specialized pamphlets for this exhibition, to promote company business in the sectors of underground mining, coal preparation, brown coal quality upgrading, Biomass boiler and so on. During the exhibition, more than 300 pamphlets were handed out, helped BHEC to start business contacts with several potential customers.
In the new era and under the background of implementing “Belt & Road” Initiative, BHEC will focus on the development of Indonesia coal market and try to provide professional and qualified services to potential customers for remarkable performances in undertaking overseas projects.


What are the employment opportunities like?
Current job opportunities are excellent in both the mining and mineral exploration sectors. Our recent graduates have generally been successful at finding jobs, or have gone on to complete a university degree. A recent minerals and metals sector study managed by the (MIHR) has concluded that the mining industry in Canada will face a shortfall of up to 81,000 employees over the next 10 years. That indicates that the opportunities for new graduates are good with potential for advancement within the industry.
Where will I find a job?
You may find a job at a mine site, in an exploration camp, at an office or lab. You may work in Vancouver, in BC, across Canada or around the world. Most students upon graduation work at mine sites or with exploration companies in BC or elsewhere in Canada. However, some will work abroad on temporary assignments or on more permanent projects. International work is more common once several years of experience have been obtained.
It is also worth noting that Vancouver is considered the world's largest centre for mineral exploration companies, and Canadian companies command the lions share of global exploration expenditures. Canadian trained mining technologists, geologists and mining engineers are considered among the world's best.
What type of job might I get?
Graduates are qualified for a variety of positions including:
- Mine Engineering technologist assisting engineers with the design and operation of the mine.
- Mine Surveyor
- Environmental technologist
- Mill technician
- Geological technician
- Quality assurance and quality control technologist (QA-QC)
- Engineering technologist involved with design and operation of the quarry.
- Sales and marketing of quarry product
- Exploration technologist responsible for QA-QC, sampling, prospecting, surveying, camp management, and geotechnical core logging.
- Field assistant
- Project design and management with supervision
- Computer applications
Service and support companies:
- Explosives companies
- Computer software companies
- Assay and mineral processing labs
- Engineering and environmental consulting firms
- Investor relations with exploration and mining companies
What is the pay like?
Pay in the mining and mineral exploration industry is excellent. In fact, the minerals industry is the second highest paying industry in Canada, after oil and gas. Recent graduates can expect to be paid between $40,000 and $55,000 per year. A technologist with many years' experience can expect to be paid more than $65,000.


Iron Ore exploitation In Oti Region Will Be Beneficial To Ghanaians – Lands Ministry
A Deputy Minister of Lands and Natural Resources, Mr Benito Owusu-Bio, says government is fully committed to ensuring that mineral deposits discovered in Oti Region are exploited and utilised for the benefit of the region and Ghanaians at large. The Deputy Minister made the remarks when answering questions on the floor of
Parliament in the Accra on Wednesday on behalf of the Sector Minister, Mr Samuel Abu Jinapor. Mr Owusu-Bio said the Ministry had taken steps to operationalise the mining of minerals discovered in commercial quantities in the Oti Region. The government is still at exploratory stage of the mining value chain of the iron ore
mineral. Currently, the Ghana Integrated Iron and Steel Development Corporation (GIISDEC), the statutory body responsible for the promotion and development of an integrated iron and steel industry in the country, is undertaking mineral resource estimation at one of the seven blocks in the Gyamurume and Wawaso areas, Mr
Owusu-Bio stated. He stated that the satellite scans had been completed, and mapping and geophysical surveys were underway and expected to be completed within 18 months. He said 10 people within the local community have been employed so far. He alluded that the Ghana Geological Survey Authority was carrying out geological
investigations into limestone deposits to define and quantify their economic potential for exploitation. He assured the House that before any serious mining activities begin in the region, the Ministry would ensure all the necessary measures are put in place to avert any irregularities or negative impact on the environment.


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2. Zubov V. P. Status and directions of improvement of development of coal seams on perspective Kuzbass coal mines. Zapiski Gornogo instituta. 2017. Vol. 225, pp. 292—297. [In Russ].
3. Galvin J. M. Ground Engineering — Principles and Practices for Underground Coal Mining. Springer International Publishing. 2016. 684 p.
4. Sengani F., Amponsah-Dacosta F. The application of the face-perpendicular preconditioning technique for de-stressing seismically active geological structures. Mining technology: transactions of the institute of mining and metallurgy, 2018, vol. 127, no 4, pp. 241—255.
5. Gridina E. B., Pasynkov A. V., Andreev R. E. Comprehensive approach to managing the safety of miners in coal mines. Innovation-based development of the mineral resources sector: challenges and prospects. 11th Conference of the Russian-German raw materials, 2018, pp. 85.
6. He M., Zhu G., Guo Z. Longwall mining «cutting cantilever beam theory» and 110 mining method in China-The third mining science innovation. Journal of rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering, 2015, vol. 7, no 5, pp. 483—492.
7. Kang H., Lv H., Zhang X., etc. Evaluation of the ground response of a pre-driven longwall recovery room supported by concrete cribs. Rock mechanics and rock engineering 49, 2016, no 3, pp. 1025—1040.
8. Liu C., Yang Z., Gong P., Wang K., Zhang X., Zhang J., Li Y. Accident analysis in relation to main roof structure when longwall face advances toward a roadway. A case study. Advances in civil engineering, 2018, vol. 2018.
9. Rutty Y., Payne D., Mackenzie A. The evolution of pre-driven recovery roadways at crinum mine. The 35th International conference on ground control in mining, 2016, pp. 80—87.
10. Basov V. V. Evaluation procedure of conformance between numerical modeling and in-situ measurement data on geomechanical parameters of rock mass near intersections in mines. MIAB. Mining Inf. Anal. Bull. 2019, no 3, pp. 51—62. DOI: 10.25018/0236-1493-2019-03-0-51-62. [In Russ].
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12. Kolikov K. S., Manevich A. I., Mazina I. E. Stress-strain analysis in coal and rock mass under traditional mining with full caving and in technology with backfilling. Eurasian mining, 2018, vol. 2018, no 2, pp. 15—17.
13. Pariseau W. G., McCarter M. K., Wempen J. M. Comparison of closure measurements with finite element model results in an underground coal mine in central Utah. International journal of mining science and technology, 2019, vol. 29, no 1, pp. 9—15.
14. Song G., Chugh Y. P., Wang J. A numerical modelling study of longwall face stability in mining thick coal seams in China. International journal of mining and mineral engineering, 2017, vol. 8, no 1, 2017, pp. 35—55.
15. Han C. L., Zhang N., Li B. Y. Control technology and application for surrounding rock deformation in T-junction area of gob-side entry retaining. 2nd Global conference on civil, structural and environmental engineering, GCCSEE 2013. Shenzhen, China, 28—29 September 2013.
16. Karpov G. N. Obosnovanie tekhnologii demontazha ochistnykh mekhanizirovannykh kompleksov pri vysokoy kontsentratsii gornykh rabot [Justification of longwall recovery technology in conditions of high performance mining], Candidate’s thesis, Saint-Petersburg, NMSU «Gornyy», 2013, 165 p.
17. Zhang P. Experience in ground control evaluation of longwall recovery using numerical modeling and in situ monitoring. Advances in Coal Mine Ground Control; 2017. pp. 409—437.
18. Zhang P., Van Dyke M., Su D., Esterhuizen E., Trackemas J. Roof failure in longwall headgates — Causes, risks, and prevention. 52nd U.S. Rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, Seattle, United States, 17—20 June 2018.
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As part of the escalating US-China trade war, China has threatened to withhold access to its supply of processed rare earth minerals. Rare earth minerals have become essential to the manufacture of high-technology products including everything from smartphones and vacuums to wind turbines and fighter jets. Considering their importance across the electronics, renewable energy and defence sectors, rare earth minerals have also become the ideal instruments for economic coercion.
With looming disruptions to the rare earth value chain, developed economies across the West are now rushing to secure alternative reliable sources of rare earth minerals. While China contains 40 per cent of the world’s rare earth reserves and controls 90 per cent of the market (including mining and processing), Australia could become an alternative provider of rare earth minerals.
Distancing themselves from the expensive and highly-polluting process of refining and processing rare-earth minerals, developed nations have hitherto been content with sending them offshore. But doubts over the reliability of China’s rare earth supply chain now have buyers and manufacturers nervous, and Australian miners are hoping to capitalise on the increased value of their product.
Indeed, Australia has the potential to be a driving force in the global rare earth supply diversification. Australia is currently the second-largest oxide producer, accounting for 15 per cent of global output. Lynas Corporation, the world’s most prominent rare earth minerals mining company outside China, is also based in Western Australia.
In June 2019, Australian mining company Miner Northern Minerals announced that it would be piloting facilities at their Browns Range mine in Western Australia, where it plans to separate dysprosium (one such rare-earth mineral) from other ores. The development of a local rare-earth mining sector could then catalyse the growth of high-tech manufacturing in Australia, allowing for the production of consumer goods, energy infrastructure and defence materiel to occur locally.
However, invulnerability to rare earth coercion is no easy feat. Not only is the mining and refinement of rare earth minerals immensely complicated, but the prerequisite infrastructure to mine and separate rare earth minerals takes years to design, build and install. Additionally, creating reliable industrial chains outside China with the scalability to absorb global demand will be a medium-term effort, exposing global markets to coercion in the interim. Emerging competition from global rare earth providers and a challenge to its monopoly may also prompt China to adopt coercive policies sooner, thereby curtailing the development of a local rare earth industry.
Even if Australia was able to extract and process its rare earth deposits, it desperately lacks the infrastructure to process them for further uses. Currently, the majority of extracted rare earth minerals are shipped to China for further processing before it can be used in final products - with little alternative for processing elsewhere.
Any effort to diversify the rare earth value chain must be holistic in its approach and application. While the need for new and diverse suppliers is clear, without an integrated value chain that combines extraction, processing and use in final products, Australia is not yet a viable alternative to China.
Heath Sloane is the China Fellow for Young Australians in International Affairs.


Germany found enough lithium reserves for millions of batteries
For the production of batteries for electric cars to be possible, one of the essential components is lithium. In addition to the problems related to its exploitation, it gathers concerns about its end of life. In this sense, Germany wanted to develop a process that would allow the sustainable extraction of the component in a giant deposit found.
Apparently, in the deposits found it is estimated that there is enough lithium to manufacture batteries for about 400 million electric cars.
Germany finds huge source of lithium
A few months ago, Germany confirmed that it was developing a process that would allow economical and sustainable extraction of lithium from thermal water deposits under the Rhine. For the purpose, the authorities studied the reserves that exist on the site and realized that they were much larger than expected.
As they put it, the deposits found under the river could contain enough lithium to make batteries for about 400 million electric cars.
Namely, lithium is melted and retained within underground sources of boiling water thousands of meters deep. If the German authorities' estimates of the size of the deposit are correct, this would be one of the largest in the world.
In this sense, although it is facing many 'ifs', if the extraction of lithium were done successfully, Germany would decrease its dependence and that of Europe on imports of the component.
Company to explore one of the (supposed) largest deposits
In addition to the efficient extraction of lithium, two of the major problems lie in the environmental impact and in the opposition of local people to the process. If, until now, the large deposits were located in remote areas, exploration in inhabited areas of Germany may provoke a different conversation.
Even so, the company Vulcan Energy wasted no time and has already confirmed the project for the construction of geothermal plants. These will be responsible for the extraction of lithium and the investment will be, in the first phase, around two billion euros.
The company forecasts that it will be possible to extract 15,000 tons of lithium hydroxide per year, in two installations, until 2024. In turn, the second phase will start in 2025 and will involve the construction of a third installation, as well as an increase in the capacity to 40,000 tons.
If the expectations of Vulcan Energy are matched, only the Rhine deposit will be able to extract more lithium than most deposits in the world.