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Kynseed Vale Mine Maps
So far in this game I’ve found that mines don’t really have maps… so I thought to make some basic maps to show what resources are inside these mines as well as how they create little shortcuts between areas. Knowing these little shortcuts can be helpful to travel around if you don’t have any special items or ran out of apples to give to the goddess statue during the winter. Also if your looking for some stone for builds.
The first mine we’ll look at is the one you can access through your farm.
This guide won’t include how to get all the mine keys, I don’t remember how I got all the keys , but I can tell you how to get the the one that unlocks the mine you can access from your farm.
Basically the pig has eaten it and there’s two ways you get it back (spoilers!)
- You kill the pig by feeding it a gassy apple and then popping it with your slingshot
- You feed the pig, such as cabbage, and it poops it out (btw this is how I got the key)
Mine 1: Crumblechalk Mine
Inside the mine it’s something like this (please enjoy my very basic map making).
- This mine has about 3 different exits and connects Willowdown Farm, Mosswhisper Ruin and the Crumblechalk Mine area
- This mine has 5 tin ore sites and 1 stone ore site
Mine 2: North Gate Mine
- Only has 3 tin ore sites
- A pretty straightforward path that connects the Cuckoo Woods and North Gate areas
Mine 3: Candlewych Village Mine
- Has about 5 tin ore sites, 3 stone ore site and 2 mushroom plants you can harvest from
- Connects Cowpat Farm, Candlewych Village and the Burial Grounds
Mine 4 & 5: More Crumblechalk Mine Area
Crumblechalk Mine Area has 2 more mines but these don’t connect to other parts of the Vale. Both of these mines are unlocked through progressing the story… so I consider this a little spoilery… you have been warned.
Red Key Mine
- This mine leads to a portal to Mr Fairweather
- Has 3 tin ore sites, 1 stone ore site and 2 mushrooms you can harvest
Worzel’s Grotto Mine
(This mine is more like an open area so I tried my best to covey that)
- This mine leads to a deep mine door (which you would need another key for)
- Has 3 tin ore sites and 1 stone ore site
Mine 6: Festival Green Mine
- This mine leads to a deep mine door
- 6 tin ore sites, 1 stone ore site and 2 mushroom harvestables
World Map View of Mine Connections
Here’s a look from the world map how these mines connect (line colours are not connected to mine key colours).


How to correctly use sand making machine
In Shanghai, the species of Shanghai sand making machine is very complete, including Shanghai counterattack type sand making machine is the most popular device. Mineral resources in Shanghai province is relatively rich, there are also many mining. In the ninety's of last century, the emergence of the Shanghai mining equipment manufacturers a lot of mine.Until today, more and more businesses to enter the mine equipment manufacturing industry, the increasingly fierce competition. Shanghai sand making machine equipment is a kind of mining equipment later.
The series equipment is improved based on the crusher's, is often used in artificial sand field. Shanghai counterattack type sand making machine is based on impact crusher, after a series of improvements made. Counterattack type sand making machine is divided into single rotor impact double rotor type sand making machine, counter type sand making machine and single segment hammer type impact sand making machine and composite plastic counterattack broken several categories.


At Malcolm Thompson Pumps, we have over 50 years’ experience delivering pumps and pumping solutions to underground and open pit mine sites across Australia.
We understand the importance of ensuring pumps remain operational and the pivotal role they play on mine sites. This is why we have dedicated sales, service and engineering teams across Australia that are highly accustomed to working with all major mining companies, mine sites and consultants.
We delivery pumping solutions for the most rugged and varied mining conditions, this includes underground mining, surface mining and dust suppression.
Our Mining Pump Capabilities
Extensive Mining Pump Range
We supply a wide range of pump types that are well suited to the conditions of Australian mine sites this includes submersible, underground dewatering, bore hole and dust suppression pumps as well as lay flat flexible hosing and pump spare parts.
Distributor of Major Pump Brands
Complete Mining Pump System Solutions
Our dedicated Engineering and Design team specialise in the delivery of complete pump packages including borehole and dewatering pump systems.
Onsite Service and Repair of Mining Pumps
We have Service and Repair teams across Australia that are well-equipped and experienced in being on-site at mine sites to diagnose and trouble shoot pump faults.
State of the Art Workshops
We have pump service workshops located at each of our branches that use advanced machinery applications for the service, repair and testing of mining pumps.
Australian Made Mining Pumps
We are the owner of Stalker Pumps, an Australian pump company that is well known for manufacturing rugged and dependable mining pumps at their Perth, WA foundry.


phosphate rock as the major raw material, is overall utilized by management of grading and categorizing as well as floating. Phosphate rock 33%P2O5 grade is used to manufacture TSP,28% P2O5 grade is used to manufacture high-quality concentrated purified phosphoric acid in hemi-hydrate acid production line, and 23% P2O5 grade is used to manufacture feed grade phosphates in di-hydrate acid production line.
as the core of the company's industrial chain, it ensures the most use of phosphoric acid to its best value. The by-product iron concentrate powder from sulfuric acid production is developed to be as iron element origin for iron phosphate applied in new energy materials, forming a complete iron phosphate industrial chain, enhancing outstanding competitive strength.
the by-products are mainly phosphogypsum and fluorine off-gas. Phosphogypsum is completely consumed by converting to cement coagulant taking advantage of Guangxi location, while fluorine off-gas is recycled and further processed to be fluoride ,making most use of resources.
by independently developed technology,after flotation process the medium and low grade phosphate rock could be upgraded from 20%-25% to 26%-35% while impurity substances including Magnesium oxide, iron, aluminium oxide is simultaneously and greatly reduced. The recycle rate of phosphorus is further improved and flotation cost is reduced by scavenging and other technologies in floating process.
over 98% of Phosphorus could be recycled effectively by application of hemi-hydrate and di-hydrate method in Fangcheng manufacturing base,Guangxi,reducing consumption of phosphate rock and Phosphorus level in phosphogypsum,benefiting the processing and application of phosphogypsum.
Chuan Jin Nuo is one of the few phosphorus chemical companies in China that owns phosphoric acid purification technology and production capacity with 100,000 mt/year in Fangchenggang manufacturing base, strongly in favor of developing for following new energy materials business.
taking advantages of achievement in phosphorus chemical industry, the company has accomplished verification on processing methods and technologies for three kinds of iron phosphates. processing methods and technologies could be flexibly adjusted according to raw materials price and demands afterwards, helping to reduce production cost while meet the product performance requirements.


The proposed HealthSouth project site in Birmingham, Alabama was under-lain by abandoned coal mines. The presence of these coal mines posed a signiﬁ cant technical challenge to the construction of deep foundations that had to penetrate voids left by the mining operations. The General Contractor, Brasﬁ eld & Gorrie, L.L.C., turned to BAUER Foundation Corporation to develop and implement means and me-thods to address these challenges. Speciﬁ c challenges included large voids up to 20 feet (6 m) below the top of rock and rock strengths of 20,000 - 25,000 PSI. Beginning in August 2016, Bauer executed a total of 126 shafts of varying diameters with depths up to 125 feet (38 m). In addition, Bauer also drilled and imaged 125 probe holes with a diameter of 6 inch (152 mm). Permanent, full depth casing was installed on all but a few of the drilled shafts to avoid loss of concrete in the voids and specialized tooling was utilized to drill and excavate the hard sandstone. Bauer also recommended and implemented an imaging program that allowed the geotechnical engineer to inspect the excavations without placing a person in the open excavation, a signiﬁ cant safety concern for the project.


The Barroso lithium project in Portugal was given the green light on 14 July after securing £6.1 million, which is the equivalent of $8 million through stock.
The project, which is being partaken by Savannah Resources plc, a European lithium development company, is expected to be the biggest mine for the battery metal in Western Europe
The company raised £2.4 million (before expenses) through the Placing of 51,151,711 Placing Shares at an Issue Price of 4.67 pence per Placing Share and £3.7 million through the Subscription for 79,203,932 Subscription Shares at the Issue Price.1
According to Dale Ferguson, the Chief Executive Officer, the funds will put Savannah Resources now on track to completing the DFS drilling program, upgrading the mineral resource estimate, designing the processing plant, and infrastructure, among others.
“Following the Placing and Subscription, Savannah now has approximately £11 million in cash, which means we can move forward with great confidence, knowing that we have the monetary reserves available to complete the DFS drilling program, the Mineral Resource Estimate upgrade, the RECAPE submission, the processing plant and infrastructure design, plus team expansion and community relations development,” said Ferguson.
Savannah Resources received an environmental impact assessment (EIA) from the Portuguese government in May after a successful acquisition of 75% of the lithium project but faced red tape and missed a deadline due to Portugal’s parliamentary elections, despite hoping for a successful permit.
Hence, the newly acquired funds will be useful in progressing on the permits front for Savannah Resources.
Savannah Resources Plan for the Barroso Lithium Project
The primary aim for Savannah in the Barroso project is to provide Portugal with a long-term, locally sourced lithium raw material supply.
The project estimates 27 million tonnes of lithium, with 285,900 tonnes of Li2O, to meet Europe’s lithium demand in the coming decades.
This will help to reduce Europe’s dependence on fossil fuels and speed up its “green transition” by expanding Europe’s growing lithium battery value chain.
The company’s plan is to reduce direct emissions to zero and indirect emissions by 54% from the 2019 forecast, focusing on miner-purchased inputs.
This is achieved through a potential reduction in the plant’s power requirement.
The company is also expected to expand its revenue stream through the sale of the mine’s by-products feldspar and quartz, to clients in Spain and the surrounding area in the ceramics industry.
Europe’s top lithium producer, Portugal, accounts for 11% of the global market.
Still, its output is primarily used for ceramics and glassware, so Europe relies on imports from Latin America’s Lithium Triangle, Australia, and China.
Savannah aims to make itself and Portugal the largest producers of lithium for Europe’s battery value chain.
- Savannah Resources, ‘Result of £6.1 million Placing & Subscription’, 14 July 2023, https://www.savannahresources.com/investors/rns-feed/rns-announcements/?rid=4353500


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1、Rock cotton：inorganci fiber board made of basalt as the king raw material and processed by high temperature melting .
2、mine board：taking maineral cotton as the main raw material,starch as the main binder,adding appropriate amount of auxiliaries and additives,through batching,molding ,dehydration,gelatinization and dring,cutting,planing,finishing,spraying,packaging and son on,a ceiling decoration material which integrates the functions of heat preservation,heat insulation,sound absorption,fire prevention,decoration and so on.
1、Rock cotton holding point：
The raw material of external wall rock cotton board is natural volcanic rock,which is a non-combutible fire prevention material for building materials.
The outer rock cotton board has slender and flexible fiber and low slag ball content.Therefore,the therml conductivity is low and the heat preservation effect is good.
（3）sound absorption and noise reduction
2、Characteristcis of mineral cotton board：
1）the decoration effect is excellent.The mine cotton board has rich and colorful plane pattern,relief.
2）good heat insulation performance.The thermal conductivity of ore cotton board is very low.It's a good insulation material It can make indoor warm in winter and cool in summer,and save energy effectively for users.
3）Sound absorption and noise reduction,The main raw material of mineral cotton board is ultra-fine mineral cotton fiber,its density is between 200×450kg/㎡，so it has rich through holes,can effectively absorb sound waves,reduce acoustic reflection,so as to improve indoor sound quality and reduce noise.
4）Safety and fire prevention,Because the mineral cotton is an inorgnic material,can not burn,the organic content of the mine cotton board is very low,so the mineral cotton board can meet the requirements of non-flammable B1class and our products meet the requirements of non-combusible A class
2、Mine cotton board application:the mine cotton sound absorptionboard has the superior perfomance of sound absorption,non-combustion,heat insulation,decoration and so on,It is widely used in all kinds of building ceiling and wall interior decoration,such as hotels,resraurants,theatres,shopping malls,and public places,broadcasting rooms,studio,computer room and industrial buildings,etc.The product can control air humidity and adjust reverberation time,improve indoor sound quality,reduce noise ,improve living environment and working conditions,at the same time, the non-flammability of the product can meet the fire prevention requirements of architectural design.


|Series||Report of investigations (United States. Bureau of Mines) -- 4807|
|Contributions||Dowd, J., Turnbull, L., Toenges, A.|
Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines regarding an investigation of the reserves of coking coal in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. The report includes tables and maps representing different coal beds within Somerset : Joseph J. Wallace, James J. Dowd, John A. Bowsher, R. F. Abernethy, D. A. Reynolds. Estimate of known recoverable reserves of coking coal in Harlan County, Ky (Report of investigations / United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines) [Wallace, Joseph J] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Estimate of known recoverable reserves of coking coal in Harlan County, Ky (Report of investigations / United States Department of the Author: Joseph J Wallace. nia’s great reserves of high-quality coal, including coking coal, were di-rectly responsible for the presence of our iron and steel, chemical, glass, and metal-fabricating industries. Much of the railroad network in Penn-sylvania was specifically constructed to transport coal. The Pennsylvania coal industry saw its greatest year in , when. Estimate of known recoverable reserves of coking coal in Brooke County, / ([Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, ), by James J. Dowd and United States. Bureau of Mines (page images at HathiTrust) On the Warrior coal field. (Montgomery.
Pennsylvania Total 10, 21, 4, 1, 11, 26, Recoverable coal reserves at producing mines represent the quantity of coal that can be recovered (i.e. mined) from existing coal reserves at reporting mines. EIA's estimated recoverable reserves include the coal in the demonstrated reserve base considered. Notes: Recoverable reserves represent the quantity of coal that can be recovered (i.e. mined) from existing coal reserves at reporting mines. Excludes refuse recovery and mines producing less t short tons, which are not required to provide data. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Coal Suppliers in Uniontown on See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for the best Stoves-Wood, Coal, Pellet, Etc-Retail in Uniontown, PA. Fayette County and Surrounding County Coal Mines By Ken O'Neal During the s and till the mid s, coal mining and the making of coke for the Pittsburgh steel mills, was the largest industry, next to farming, in Southwestern Pennsylvania.
Measured Drawing(s): 13 | Data Page(s): Photo, Print, Drawing Machine Coking Process - Connellsville Coal & Coke Region, Connellsville, Fayette County, PA . Fayette County is a county of the U.S. state of e County is located in southwestern Pennsylvania, adjacent to Maryland and West of the census, the population was , Its county seat is Uniontown. The county was created on Septem , from part of Westmoreland County and named after the Marquis de Lafayette. Congressional district: 14th. Coal and Coke in Pennsylvania by Carmen Diciccio (Author) out of 5 stars 1 rating. ISBN ISBN Why is ISBN important? ISBN. This bar-code number lets you verify that you're getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. The digit and digit formats both work. 5/5(1). (Photo courtesy of the Coal & Coke Heritage Center, Penn State University Fayette Campus, Uniontown, PA, and Evelyn A. Hovanec's book, "Common Lives of Uncommon Strength:".) Susan Holmes PA scenes Virtual Museum Coal Mining Ovens Coke Pennsylvania Something To Do It Works Industrial Coca Cola.


- Maricunga Definitive
Feasibility Study (DFS)
Bearing Lithium Corp.’s primary asset is a free-carried 17.7% interest in the Maricunga lithium brine project in Chile. The Maricunga project represents one of the highest-grade lithium brine salars globally and the only pre-production project in Chile. Over US$30 million has been invested in the project to date and all expenditures through 2018, including the delivery of a Pre-Feasibility Study in Q4/17 and a Definitive Feasibility Study in H1/18, are fully-funded by their earn-in joint-venture partner.
Bearing holds an interest in the Fish Lake Valley lithium project located in Esmerelda Country, Nevada. The property is comprised of 1,620 acres and are wholly-owned and unencumbered by royalties or property payments. The Fish Lake Valley project is currently under option to First Division Ventures Inc.


Chevron Ultra-Duty Grease EP NLGI #2
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Chevron Ultra-Duty Greases EP are recommended for use in automotive and industrial equipment operating under most conditions except where very high operating temperatures are encountered. Typical applications are: mining equipment, construction equipment, material handling equipment, marine deck equipment, marine deck cranes, oil field equipment, offshore drilling equipment, paper machines, dredging equipment, logging equipment, rock quarry equipment, etc., operating in water, mud, or dusty conditions.
- Shock load protection
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- Water resistant
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Choose a shipping option to best fit your needs, including local delivery, ground shipping, and next day air. Most items will ship within 24 hours of order placement.


Rio Tinto have been leaders in integrating autonomous vehicles into their mine site operations. They are increasingly exploring new opportunities for further expansion of their automation program including more complex environments such as the public interface with their operations of railway level crossings, light vehicles operations. James will share many of the lessons they have obtained and explore what this could mean to wider application of these autonomous vehicle technology to the public road network.
This webinar will be delivered by James Petty, the General Manager – Mine Fleet Management & Technology within Rio Tinto Iron Ore, based in Perth Western Australia. He was appointed to this role in June 2013 after 2 years as General Manager – Mine of the Future™. Within Rio Tinto Iron Ore he is accountable for Mine of the Future™, Fleet Planning & Delivery, Mine Fleet and Fixed Plant Asset Management, and Cranes & Transport within the Pilbara Operations – 1,400km North of Perth.


Canada is a global leader in mining, producing many kinds of minerals like gold, nickel, copper and zinc. Mining is also a big source of income and employment for many Canadians. But where are the best Canadian provinces for mining jobs?
Let’s look at three provinces that offer great opportunities for miners: Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia.
Quebec: A Large and Diverse Mining Province
Quebec is Canada’s biggest province and has a long history of mining that goes back to the 17th century. Today, it produces one-fifth of Canada’s minerals and has many active mines and surface mining sites. Some of the minerals that Quebec mines are niobium, titanium dioxide, zinc, cobalt, platinum, iron concentrate and gold.
If you are looking for mining jobs in Canada, Quebec has a lot to offer. You can find mining activities all over the province, from Montreal to the remote northern regions. You can also choose from different cities that have a lot of mining activity, such as Rouyn-Noranda, Val-d’Or, Chibougamau and Sept-Îles. Quebec is also a welcoming place for skilled foreign workers who want to work in technical and engineering roles.
Ontario: A Leading and Green Mining Province
Ontario is another province that has a lot of mining jobs in Canada. It is the top producer of minerals in Canada and has some of the largest mining companies in the world. In 2018, it had a value of CAD 10.1 billion in mining output.
Ontario’s mining industry has changed a lot since the mid-1800s when gold was discovered there. Now, it mines a variety of minerals, such as nickel, copper, cobalt, platinum, diamonds and gold. Ontario’s mining industry is also environmentally friendly and safe. It spends a lot of money on land rehabilitation, environmental engineering and environmental technologies. It also has one of the lowest accident rates in the world. Ontario’s mining industry also attracts many skilled foreign workers who have in-demand skills.
British Columbia: A Mining Province with Innovation and Diversity
British Columbia is another province that has a lot of mining jobs in Canada. It has a culture of innovation and a lot of venture capital that attracts many mining companies to the region. The main center of mining activity in British Columbia is Vancouver, which has the most mining companies.
British Columbia’s mining industry also mines different minerals than Quebec and Ontario. It produces copper, gold, silver, coal and molybdenum. Most of the mining happens in the northern and central parts of the province.
The mining industry in British Columbia employs over 10,000 people directly and indirectly and supports another 33,000 jobs. It also had a value of CAD 11.7 billion in mineral production in 2019.
What makes British Columbia different is its commitment to responsible mining practices. It has a strong regulatory framework that makes sure mining companies follow high environmental and social standards. It also invests a lot in technologies and innovations that reduce environmental impact and improve safety.
British Columbia is also a good place for skilled foreign workers who want to work in the mining industry. It also has an inclusive and diverse work culture that encourages more women, indigenous people and other underrepresented groups to work in mining.
How to Find Mining Jobs in Canada
Canada has a strong mining industry that offers many opportunities for both Canadian and foreign workers. If you want to work in mining in Canada, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia are the best three provinces to look for jobs.
They have different mineral resources, a rich mining history and a focus on responsible mining practices. But you can also explore other provinces in Canada that have mining industries and see what they have to offer.
For example, you can check out Saskatchewan, which has a lot of potash and uranium mining, or Newfoundland and Labrador, which has iron ore and nickel mining. No matter where you choose to work, you will find that Canada’s mining industry is dynamic, diverse and rewarding.


ILKEMINING is one of the largest producer in Silica Sand and Calcite product varieties in its area including mediterranean and eastern lands. Unique silica ore and the production site has the one and only sand processing unit in near region.
With its wide variety of Silica Sand and Micronised Calcite product groups, ILKEMINING serves to market leader construction, chemical, paper and plastics industries and as a ballast material for sport fields.
As of now, approximately 70% of the products are exported to over thirty countries abroad. Aside from being located in the most strategic region of Turkey from a logistic standpoint, our facilities can respond to both national and international demands in a quick and dependable way due to its proximity to Mersin International Port.


Quartz is the name given to very pure silicon dioxide crystals. Quartz grains with a specific gravity of 2.65 g / cm³ and hardness of 7 are very common. The quartz crystallized in the hexagonal system can be found in crystalline or amorphous state in nature.The formula for Quartz is SiO2, and in pure form % Si 46.5% and 53.3 contains O2. The Mohs scale hardness 7 specific gravity 2.65 g / cm3, melting temperature of 1785 °C and is one of the fairly common minerals in the Earth's crust. The main elements in solid solution in natural quartz
The world's largest quartz deposits in Brazil are located. Known, of course, ultra-pure quartz reserves in Brazil, USA, Namibia, Angola, Madagascar, China, and India are located in. Either the primary or secondary formations, and these reserves do not show continuity. Such quartz is well qualified to be used in electronic industries. Also in Brazil, the world's best and largest amethysts are available. Amorphous or cryptocrystalline Quartz ore, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Hungary, South Africa, Spain and Norway are located. Quartz related to to reliable sources of World reserves could not be reached. Pure quartz is used as an ornamental stone and crystals, optical and electronic industries.
In the chemical industry, the metal is consumed in the production of crystalline silicon and the Crucible. Ultra-pure quartz optical, electronic and electrical industries. Besides grinding quartz, glass, detergent, paint, ceramic, sand, fill, and metallurgical industries consumed. Quartz is generally produced by open pit method. After detonated using a an explosive device is almost negligible, which cover over quartz is subjected to triage. Clean and high quality ones are gathered by hand. Grinding mineral processing methods with the tenor at the end of Fe2O3 is reduced. Quartz is sometimes broken and extracted, washed with water to make it cleaner. Quartz crystals are used in optical and electronic industries % 99.99% SiO2 are required to contain.
Quartz, usually in Turkey the fault zones, cracks, as a gangue mineral in ore deposits and is found in silos. Research and studies for the determination of quartz reserves of Turkey are insufficient. Quartz glass, ceramics, detergents, fillers, filter industry is an important entry. Manual collection of the production is in the form of quartz crystals, while the quartz of the fleet is carried out with the method of operating the open pit production. Broken quartz, are washed with water if necessary. Requested the quality and the size is brought by applying the methods of grinding and mineral processing.
Quartz sand, Quartz We rich igneous, and metamorphic rocks as a result of the weathering of less than 2 mm Quartz (SiO2) particles. The sand is white quartz
The main usage of quartz sand, glass and foundry industries and areas in the construction industry, abrasives production, metallurgy, detergent, paint, plastic, rubber, ceramic industry and oil production are used. Click 250.510.000.000 of quartz sand HS is. Quartz sand reserve of billion tons of Earth in a healthy way can not be calculated, although it is known that at a level. Quartz sand reserves
To constitute the raw material for glass production quartz sand with a minimum of 98% SiO2, a maximum of 0.1% Fe2O3, and contain 0.106 to 0.5 mm grain size range should be.
Fire resistance of quartz sand used in the manufacture of silica brick, a minimum of 1700 °C should be. Also the ratio of SiO2 % 95-99, the rate of Fe2O3 0.3% -1.3, AI2O3 content % 0.1-2.8, the CAO content % 0.2-2.4, na2o and K2O, the content of which is 0.2% to 1.5 should be. Low quality of silica brick production 87% -96% SiO2 containing quartz sand is made from.
Quartz sand SiO2 ratio of dross to be used as the minimum 90%, AI2O3, and Fe2O3 in the ratio of maximum 1.5%, maximum MgO and Cao content of 0.2% should be.
Silicon and ferro silicon to be used in the production of quartz sand SiO2 ratio is minimum % 96-98, AI2O3, and Fe2O3 ratio is a maximum of 0.2% should be.
In the production of aerated concrete (ytong type) quartz and quartzite sand ratio of SiO2 to be used at least % 75.5 construction sand, at least 95% of brick-making, at the very least, must be collected.
Quartz sand is used in pottery clay that the SiO2 content of 90% -92, AI2O3 content of 6-8%, Fe2O3 content of 0.5%, the rate of TiO2 must be 0.45. Frits and glazes to be used in the production of quartz sand SiO2 content minimum % 99.4, ai2o3 % 0.01, Fe2O3, TiO2, Cao, MGO, and na2o content is 0.03%, and the ratio K2O % 0.06 should be. The quartz sand to be used for this purpose


crusher product, normally 7.5 to 30 centimeters (3 to 12 inches) in diameter, and the grizzly ... absolute mass water content and the size of the rock product. Typically, wet material contains >1.5 percent water. A variety of material, equipment, and operating factors can …
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(Bloomberg) — China is about to upend the $160 billion iron ore trade with the biggest change in years as Beijing expands efforts to increase control over the natural resources needed to feed its economy.
Most Read from Bloomberg
A new state-owned company called China Mineral Resources Group is poised to become the world’s biggest iron ore buyer as soon as next year, when it will begin consolidating purchases on behalf of about 20 of the largest Chinese steelmakers including leader China Baowu Steel Group Corp., according to people familiar with the situation.
CMRG has already begun discussing supply contracts with top producers Rio Tinto Group, Vale SA and BHP Group, said the people, who asked not to be identified discussing private information.
The move to consolidate buying for China’s massive steel industry will give CMRG unprecedented negotiating power in iron ore, and the new company plans to seek discounts to prevailing market prices. It’s the latest in a number of attempts by China, the No. 1 buyer of almost every major commodity, to increase its influence over global markets and pricing.
Representatives from the major iron ore miners were informed of the changes by Chinese officials in recent meetings. The current structure for “term” supply contracts — in which steelmakers place orders on a quarterly basis and use a spot index for pricing — is expected to continue, with CMRG taking over responsibility for certain contracts to begin with, said the people.
Iron ore futures slumped as much as 3.9% in Singapore on Friday, the biggest drop this month.
Multiple attempts to seek comment from CMRG were unsuccessful. Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., the listed unit of Baowu, did not respond to an emailed query. BHP and Rio declined to comment. Vale has been working closely with CMRG and sees an opportunity to strengthen its relationship with China in this new context, the company wrote in an emailed response. “We see ourselves as China’s long-term partner and a reliable supplier to the Chinese steel industry of the future.”
China, which accounts for about three-quarters of the world’s iron ore imports, has long complained the mega miners hold too much power because supply is so concentrated — the top three producers control more than half of global exports.
CMRG was established in July to buy raw materials for the giant domestic steel industry, but it has been unclear how quickly it would begin operating, or how much of the industry’s purchasing would end up being centralized.
If implemented, the move to buy through CMRG will be the biggest change to the iron ore market since 2010, when producers led by BHP took advantage of a scramble for supplies to break a 40-year system of selling iron ore at a set annual price, arguing that prices should be driven by market fundamentals.
Now, the power balance has switched. Demand is stagnating, weakening the miners’ position, and the world’s biggest steelmaker is flexing its muscles. Chinese iron ore demand has fallen from a peak in 2020, and Macquarie Group Ltd. forecasts it will not return to that level within the next five years.
Read: China Wants to Rewire Its Billion-Ton Iron Ore Trade: QuickTake
The recent discussions have spooked senior executives at the biggest miners, who are worried about the potential for China to increase its control over prices in their most profitable commodity.
China’s current plan is to move all term supply contracts for the leading steelmakers over time to CMRG, the people said, although the negotiations are still ongoing and the situation could change. The company will act as an agent for the steelmakers and has hired leaders and key traders from Chinese metals firms.
“The miners don’t have a choice – they have to sign up to this China-based price-setting agency, because there’s no one else out there to buy these tons,” said Tom Price, head of commodities strategy at Liberum Capital. Over time the move could push the big miners to work more closely, given that supply is so concentrated among a few producers, he said.
“Given this market’s structure, if China decides to dictate pricing terms then we should expect the miners to respond by behaving less competitively, and more strategically.”
Tensions between the top iron ore producers and their biggest buyer are nothing new.
For most of the industry’s recent history, iron ore was sold based on the annual “benchmark” price, set through lengthy negotiations between the Australian miners and Japan’s Nippon Steel Corp. and China’s Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., which the rest of the industry would use as a reference.
In 2010, under pugnacious Chief Executive Officer Marius Kloppers, BHP decided to break the system. Negotiations had become increasingly difficult and ugly, and the biggest miner was convinced it was leaving too much money on the table.
Read: Rio, BHP Vow to Cooperate With China’s Iron Ore Firm
With Chinese demand roaring and supply at the time increasingly tight, the miners were able to move pricing onto a spot market, where prices jumped from about $60 a ton to $150 a ton in little more than a year. Strong iron ore prices since then — with the exception of the commodity collapse in 2015 — have helped produce eye-watering profit margins at the biggest miners.
Beijing has long pointed to a power imbalance between the clutch of global mining giants on the one hand and China’s vast but fragmented steel industry on the other. The country imports 1.1 billion tons of iron ore annually to help supply about 500 steel mills, of which the top 10 companies only contribute 40% of the national output.
There was no fanfare when CMRG was established in July, but people familiar with the matter told Bloomberg at the time that its creation was encouraged and closely monitored by top leaders in Beijing. They see a consolidated platform for buying resources as a way to strengthen the country’s negotiating position in an unfriendly international environment.
Despite that, CMRG received little global attention so far. BHP, Vale and Rio’s executives have made few public comments about the company, mostly restricted to recent posts on Chinese social media pledging to work with the new venture. Analysts and investors haven’t seemed overly interested either — it didn’t come up at all in questions during a Rio Tinto investor day last month.
The fact that iron ore supply is so concentrated may limit CMRG’s negotiating power for now, said David Lennox, a resource analyst at Sydney-based Fat Prophets.
“It will only work when there are significant supply sources available for the single buyer to play off against each other, and that is well down the track.”
–With assistance from Mariana Durao and Liz Ng.
(Updates with comments from analysts.)
Most Read from Bloomberg Businessweek
©2022 Bloomberg L.P.


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Whitehaven Coal Limited : Annual Report 2013
Dear shareholder, It has been an extremely eventful and challenging year for Whitehaven Coal and our team. As the leading, independent, listed coal business, we are uniquely positioned in the Australian coal mining industry. Our underlying open cut business is performing well; our modern, world-class Narrabri underground operation is approaching its full production rates; and our Tier 1 Maules Creek asset has received all approvals required to commence construction. Our growth trajectory is ambitious, but very achievable, and we have assembled a serious team of the most highly-skilled and experienced professionals in the industry to ensure we deliver these coal resources to our customers in the most sustainable, e cient and cost- e ective way possible. The development of our major green eld projects is not without its challenges. Our team is methodically nding innovative solutions to these challenges, while ensuring the broader perspective remains in sight. Coal markets and their impact on our business Global coal markets continue to su er. Low prices, combined with a generally high Australian dollar have forced us to review all aspects of our business. Given both prices and currency are beyond our control, we are left with no option but to reduce costs, improve e ciency and optimise our operations. Notwithstanding the Australian dollar is now moving in the right direction for our business, the focus on costs is being maintained. There is no doubt that external factors have seriously impacted our nancial performance for the year. Our overall nancial result of a loss of $82.2 million was disappointing, although in line with expectations. Notwithstanding the recent pressure on coal prices, we believe coal has an important long-term role in the global energy mix, and that Whitehaven will remain a competitive participant in the industry. Our semi- soft coking coal is increasingly being sought after as a viable alternative to hard coking coal in the steel making process. Coal is not only one of Australia's largest export industries, but one of the world's most reliable sources of cost-e ective energy -- underpinning economic growth and increased standards of living in many countries around the globe. Our coal is relatively clean and high in energy with low trace elements, low ash, low sulphur and low phosphorous. As the world moves towards cleaner sources of coal it actually bene ts both Whitehaven and Australian coal producers more broadly. Our management team has responded well to these challenges, making a number of di cult decisions. We have placed our Sunnyside operation on care and maintenance and increased production at Werris Creek, revised mine plans at our Tarrawonga and Rocglen mines have reduced strip ratios and a shared services facility has been developed to reduce corporate costs. Maules Creek Securing government approval for our Maules Creek project was a key milestone in the Company's development. It will see us more than double in size, and will lower our overall cost of production. One of the best things we can do to future proof our business in these di cult times is to bring on stream the lowest cost production we can. Maules Creek achieves this objective. As has been widely reported there was a legal challenge to the Federal Minister's approval decision. The challenge does not prevent work commencing on the project. We are working vigorously to have rst coal by the rst quarter of CY2015. Our Maules Creek team remains extremely focused on putting the appropriate planning in place to facilitate an on-time and on-budget construction process. Our underlying open cut business is performing well; our modern, world-class Narrabri underground operation is approaching its full production rates; and our Tier 1 Maules Creek asset has received all approvals required to commence construction. 4 Whitehaven Coal Limited Annual Report 2013 Chairman's Letter
Annual Report 2012


Ashanti Sankofa Inc. has been operating in Ghana since 1996 and has several advanced gold concessions on the Ashanti Gold Belt.
Outside of South Africa, Ghana is the second largest gold producer on the African continent with production of approx. 2.5 millions ounces gold in 2007.
Major mines producing in excess of 500,000 oz per year are operated by Newmont Mining and Anglo Ashanti.
- Republic of Ghana
- Population: 24 million
- Capital: Accra
- Area: 238,533 sq km (slightly smaller than Oregon)
- Major languages: English, African languages: Akan, Twi, Ewe
- Major Relegions: Christianity 68.8%, Protestants 18.6%
- Monetary Unit: Cedi
- Independence: March 6, 1957 (from UK)
- Government: Democratically elected President


Learn About the Business Viability of Mining
There are billions of dollars one can gain by digging things out the earth’s ground, thus making it as a big business. Our planet contains outrageously expensive and extremely useful minerals, and the amount of time and effort spent extracting the earth’s rocks and soil is remarkable. Mining refers to getting ores and minerals, whereas extraction is the collection of oil and gas from the earth’s ground. Gathering involves accumulation of gas and oil in preparation for processing and refinery. We won’t be reaching the modern world we enjoy today if our forefathers have not discovered the art and science of mining, extracting and gathering geological resources and materials. If people are not engaged in mining then electricity would fail, anything that uses fuel is gone, and transportation would become redundant, because mining, extracting and gathering are the main reasons why we enjoy the modernization we have today.
People have been mining since the pre-historic times by chipping away at stone, metals and other useful substances, and mining is considered an old business. Before reclamation of the land, the process of mining involves getting prospects for ore, and once it is assessed and the deposit is large enough in order to generate revenue, then heavy machinery such as mining conveyors are used to scoop all ore and minerals. For gas and oil deposits, they are usually found between non-porous rock like limestone and porous sandstone wherein the process is more complicated like drilling in between these layers to hit the perfect spot. If you are planning to enter the mining business you have to be prepared to hire a strong manpower of miners, site managers, engineers and technicians who are experts in this area of utilities and energy industry. In order to begin your mining business, you need to hunt the perfect location where you can find ore body, big oil deposits or coal seam. Once you found the perfect spot on your map, then the serious work begins and be ready to earn billions and billions of dollars.
Mining techniques come in two types which are the subsurface mining and the surface mining, and 80% of yield come from surface mining. At this point, the two categories of products are lode and placer deposits, wherein placer deposits are minerals and ore found in river gravels or beach sands, and lode deposits are found inside masses or rock or in “veins”. Subsurface mining involves the building of shafts and tunnels just to reach the ore and minerals, and drilling is a straightforward approach in order to get further into the ground. If you plan to do mining, be ready to hire a mudlogger, minerals surveyors, quarry manager and well site geologist among others.
Supporting reference: see here now


Besides being one of the major oil producing nations in the world, Nigeria can also boast of the abundance of other mineral deposits such as Talc,Coal, Bitumen, Rock salt, Iron ore, Gold and so forth. Most of these minerals have fortunately not being utilized to full capacity, owing to the dependence on oil revenue. However, there are indications that the recent fall in the price of oil in the international market has awakened the will to the do the needful and stabilize the economy. As a measure to achieve this, Dangote Group and six other firms are slated to commence the mining of key solid minerals in the country this year. This was disclosed by the Nigerian Mining Cadastre Office on Monday said six foreign mining companies and Dangote Group of Companies would commence mining of gold, iron ore, coal, lead and zinc in 2015.
The Director-General of the Office, Mr. Mohammed Amate, who spoke interview with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Abuja, listed the companies as Kogi Mines, an Australian Mining Company based in Kogi, which had concluded its four-year exploration exploration programmes and would commence the mining of iron ore in Agbaja in the state this year. The company had also delineated more than 500 million tonnes of iron ore. Segilola Nig. Ltd would also begin the mining of gold in Iperindo area of the IIesha Schist belt of Osun State. Amate said that so far, the companies had carried out the same exercise and delineated more than one million ounces of gold in the area.
Mines Geotechniques Nig. Ltd and Northern Numero Resources Ltd, both Australian companies, would begin the mining of gold this year in Kebbi. Dangote Group was also to conclude its coal exploration in 2015 and to immediately commence mining of coal in Kogi and Benue States. The company which had been working towards commencing coal mining in both states, held mining titles covering limestone, coal and gypsum. West African Polaris Investment Ltd, a Chinese company, would commence mining of tin and columbite in Nasarawa State while Tongyi Allied and Mineral Services Ltd, another Chinese company, would begin mining of lead/zinc in Wasa, Plateau State. The two companies would commence major mining operation in various locations in the two states as they have delineated their reserves.
He further added 169 Small Scale Mining Companies had already begun mining gemstone, gold, lead/zinc, columbite/Tantalite among others across the country. Amate advised the miners to carry out their operations legally, pay their fees promptly to the government as well as reclaim mines sites after activities as provided by the law. He went on to sound a note of warning to the miners against discharging harmful materials into the environment that could pose danger to lives. He reiterated the government’s commitment to undertake these projects and regretted that so much money had been lost to illegal mining activities.


Gold panning and gold mining in the ... Silver Creek and Sultan districts make a territory 20 miles long ... which consisted of 7 claims for lode gold and silver.
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The Location Notices for the Silverado #1 - #2 placer mining claims have been recorded at the Plumas County Recorder's Office ... Gold recovery from Silver Creek.
The Silver Creek Mine is located in the Cle Elum Mining District of Kittitas County WA. Most of the development work was done in the 1930's by W.A. Hoage of Tacoma ...
Washington Prospectors Mining Association Claims. 1665 acres of claims available for members use as of September 1, ... Silver Star, Slate Creek Tom Thumb, ...
Conconully-Salmon Creek area ... Index map showing location of Conconully mining district ... claims on deposits rich in lead and silver.
Our Washington Gold Maps Reveal Over 3K Active Gold Claims And ... Those clusters represent areas where you'll find high concentrations of active gold mining claims.
The Silver Creek Claim is historically named for its location on Silver Creek. ... Nevada Silver Claim for Sale Silver Creek Mining Claim Mine Details.


Curtin University scientists have developed a gold and copper extraction process using an amino acid–hydrogen peroxide system, which could provide an environmentally friendly and cheaper alternative to conventional methods.
Professor Jacques Eksteen says this process should make many low-grade copper-gold leases throughout WA commercially viable.
Using the amino acid glycine to extract gold, he says, has many advantages over the traditional cyanide and sulphuric acid treatments.
"It's a bulk chemical, it's affordable and it's benign," Prof Eksteen says.
"It forms a stable soluble complex with gold, which is soluble in water."
He says technical-grade glycine is cheaper than cyanide and available in roughly the same quantities.
It can also be used in a similar manner to existing gold refining processes such as carbon-in-leach and carbon-in-pulp.
"In normal gold leaching you would leach with cyanide and then absorb the gold cyanide on to a carbonate leach carbon-in-pulp.
"You do something similar with glycine, it forms a gold-glycinate complex and then absorbs onto carbon and then it lends itself to a similar way of thinking."
He says it also eliminates toxic waste-disposal problems.
"It offers that opportunity to recover and the net cost is fairly low because you can actually reuse it to re-leach if you recover it," he says.
He says it can be used to more easily extract gold from poly-metallic ores, such as copper-gold ores, by staging the extractions.
Amino acids dissolve copper at room temperature, but need to be heated to 40-50 degrees to dissolve gold.
Prof Eksteen says in sufficiently warm underground environments the process would be applicable to solution mining, where solvents are injected into an ore body and recovered along with the gold from a central bore.
He also recommends it for future in-situ heap leach extraction projects, a process that is expected to make mining low-grade deposits in remote locations more viable.
Being an alkaline compound, he says it is well suited to extracting gold in alkaline ores such as dolomite, unlike sulphuric acid.
Ores treated in this way require no milling, a major energy consumer.
Prof Eksteen says glycine is manufactured from by-products of the natural gas industry.
"You have other amino acids which are even more selective and more powerful dissolvers of gold compared to glycine, but they are much more expensive, much more exotic," he says.
Many countries produce it, lessening the risk of any political interference with commercial supply.
It will be at least three years before the process could be used on a commercial scale.
Author: Geoff Vivian


Cave calcite, or Mexican aragonite, forms underground due to groundwater deposition. While it often forms stalactites and stalagmites it can also form unique, branching, tree-like structures. The massive Potosi Mine at Santa Eulalia produces some really fascinating cave calcite formations. In 1912 miners broke into the first underground cavern containing amazing cave calcite formations. Additional caverns have been discovered over the decades during mining operations. Luckily collectors have been able to recover some of this material before some of the caverns were subsequently destroyed by the mining operations.
This is a Mexican aragonite with honey calcite base that weighs 2lbs and measures 7” wide.


Mining in Australia 2015 – 2030
Report Published: November 2015
MID YEAR UPDATED FORECASTS NOW AVAILABLE!
It has been a tough year. Low demand, reduced prices and oversupply across most commodities is currently driving a brutal downturn in mining investment in Australia, which still has several years to run. New resources developments will be scarce initially although significant opportunities to slash costs have been identified in operations, production and maintenance. Meanwhile the timing of new mining investment cycles will continue to vary by commodity and region.
Mining in Australia is the only source of consistent market information and forecasts for mineral commodity markets and activities undertaken at each stage of the mine life cycle (from exploration, to investment/construction, to mining operations/contract mining and asset maintenance), by mineral commodity along with mining construction cost pressure outlooks.
Commodities include: oil and gas, coal, iron ore, copper, gold, silver-lead-zinc, mineral sands, other metal ores (nickel, uranium and bauxite), and other mining (construction materials quarrying, diamonds and salt).
MINING IN AUSTRALIA 2015 – 2030 REPORT VOLUMES:
Overview of Mining in Australia
A powerful and concise overview of the entire mining sector, covering market size, composition and outlook by commodity for all activities in the mine life cycle, from exploration through to investment, production and maintenance. Available to full report subscribers only.
1. Global Commodity Market Overview
We provide data and forecasts of global demand, supply and prices for each commodity. We cover the outlook for world economic growth by region, industrial production, global mineral production, consumption, stocks and commodity prices... with discussion of the implications for the outlook.
2. Mining Exploration in Australia
We provide historical data and forecasts for mining and petroleum exploration by commodity and state, along with a written rationale of the key drivers and the outlook.
3. Mining Investment/Construction in Australia
We provide historical data and thoroughly researched ‘bottom up’ forecasts for fixed capital investment by mineral commodity, split into buildings and structures v plant and equipment, based on our extensive major project lists and macroeconomic outlook. Supplemented with detailed Mining Project Lists (refer below for detail).
4. & 5. Mining Operations and Contracting in Australia
These volumes contain data and forecasts by commodity for mining activities undertaken by both contractors and owner operators, including production volumes by state and the value of contract mining, by mineral commodity. This is a unique volume servicing the contract mining industry in Australia. Supplemented with Contract Mining Database (refer below for detail).
6. Mining Maintenance in Australia - Expanded in-depth primary research for 2015ed
This volume contains data, forecasts and commentary on maintenance activities in the mining sector, by mineral commodity, by who performs the work (in-house v contractor splits), by type of contract and activity. This year we are conducting NEW 'Deep Dive' interview surveys across mining companies (with GM's, Middle Managers, Superintendents) on their Mining Contract Maintenance requirements across iron ore, coal and oil and gas. The research aims to better understand the outlook for maintenance spend, breakdown by type of asset, type of maintenance activity, when major contracts are likely to be coming up, how maintenance contracts are being engaged/bundled and what panels to be on - to be more likely to win future work.
7. Mine Development Costs
This volume provides detailed analysis of the cost pressures expected within the mining industry, ranging from materials and wages to labour productivity.
MINING IN AUSTRALIA 2015 – 2030 REPORT FEATURES:
Detailed Industry Databases and Thoroughly Researched Forecasts
This report compiles comprehensive historical data and annual forecasts for the next five years (to 2020) followed by two five-year averages (to 2030) covering mining-related activity, broken down:
- By type of activity:
- investment (including construction, plant and equipment, and exploration)
- mining operations (including production and value of contract mining)
- maintenance (including owner and contractor splits)
- By mineral commodity
- By in-house/owner-operator versus contract work
These forecasts derive from our long established and respected forecasting methodologies.
Commentary on Market Developments and Outlook
The forecasts are backed up by extensive written rationale covering all of the major influences on levels of activity, in each activity category and mineral sector.
Mining Major Project Lists
Mining projects over $100m by sponsor, mine type, status, capacity, expected commencement, project size, and EC work - year by year for the next 5 years.
Contract Mining Database
Searchable database by contractor, mine type, resource, type of service, value, start/end date.
Update - May 2016
As part of the Mining in Australia full subscription service, BIS Shrapnel also offers a half-year forecast update which covers mining investment and production. These updates will be produced in Excel format and will be available from May 2016.
Organisations can choose to subscribe either to the full report or:
- Specific Report Chapters - global commodity market overview; exploration and investment; operations and contract mining; maintenance; and mine development costs or
- Individual Commodity Market Outlooks as per below,which provide a full range of information from all volumes for that commodity.
COMMODITY MARKET OUTLOOKS
BIS Shrapnel can also supply information and forecasts across all Mining in Australia report volumes for specific commodities. Each Commodity Market Outlook is self contained and includes data and forecasts for global demand, supply, and prices, and the outlook in Australia for exploration, investment, production and maintenance for that commodity as well as supporting information and project lists. Individual outlooks are available for iron ore, coal, oil and gas.
Please download the Mining in Australia 2015 – 2030 brochure on this page for more details, and various pricing options.
*Please note all prices include GST.
UPDATE, MAY 2016 - 2015 EDITION
Adobe PDF & Excel document files for download by subscribers.
MINING IN AUSTRALIA_UPDATE MAY 2016 (pdf, 1.01 MB)
MINING OVERVIEW_UPDATE (xls, 128 KB)
REPORT – 2015 EDITION
Adobe PDF document files for download by subscribers.
FULL REPORT: MINING IN AUSTRALIA 2015 – 2030 (pdf, 4.66 MB)
OVERVIEW (pdf, 670 KB)
CH.1 - COMMODITY MARKET OUTLOOK (pdf, 641 KB)
CH.2 - EXPLORATION (pdf, 478 KB)
CH.3 - INVESTMENT (pdf, 493 KB)
CH.4 - PRODUCTION (pdf, 464 KB)
CH.5 - CONTRACT MINING (pdf, 473 KB)
CH.6 - MAINTENANCE (pdf, 698 KB)
CH.7 - MINE DEVELOPMENT COSTS (pdf, 522 KB)
EXCEL DATABASE – 2015 EDITION
Excel document files for download by subscribers.
OVERVIEW.XLS (xls, 128 KB)
CH.1 - COMMODITY MARKET OUTLOOK (xls, 200 KB)
CH.2 - EXPLORATION (xls, 155 KB)
CH.3 - INVESTMENT (xls, 253 KB)
CH.4 - PRODUCTION (xls, 196 KB)
CH.5 - CONTRACT MINING (xls, 124 KB)
CH.6 - MINING MAINTENANCE (xls, 274 KB)
CH.7 - MINE DEVELOPMENT COSTS (xls, 176 KB)
MINING INVESTMENT PROJECT LISTS (xls, 102 KB)
MINING CONTRACTORS DATABASE (xls, 40 KB)
CHARTS – 2015 EDITION
PowerPoint document files for download by subscribers.
2015 POWERPOINT CHARTS (ppt, 2.77 MB)


28/10/2015 – The SHFE approved the Good Delivery listings of Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co. Ltd’s Zinc brands:- ‘EMC-K’ and ‘HSC-SHG’.
‘EMC-K’ zinc ingots are produced by Kamioka Mining & Smelting Co. Ltd., located at Gifu, Japan.
‘HSC-SHG’ zinc ingots are produced by Hachinohe Smelting Co. Ltd., Aomori, Japan.
Both brands are produced to a miniumum of 99.995% zinc purity. For more information, please go to:- http://www.shfe.com.cn


Financial Benefit-Sharing Issues for Critical Minerals: Challenges and opportunities for producing countries
Do policy-makers need to rethink fiscal policies to ensure the financial benefits from critical minerals are shared fairly?
Are current fiscal approaches and policies aligned with national strategies, including ensuring that mineral-rich developing countries collect an appropriate share of the financial benefits from critical minerals value chains? If not, what needs to change?
This report seeks to answer these fundamental questions about financial benefit sharing in relation to critical and strategic minerals for the energy and digital transition.
While the financial benefit-sharing challenges and opportunities in extracting and processing critical minerals are not fundamentally different from the commonly known challenges facing mining revenue collection in general, some nuances require further investigation. This report seeks to identify these nuances in the key features of critical minerals and the new challenges and opportunities they present to fiscal regulation.
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Andy Wallace, Columbus Gold (U.S.) Corporation, c/o Cordex Exploration Co., 573 E. Second Street, Reno, NV, 89502
The seminal event leading to the late twentieth century boom in Nevada gold exploration was the discovery of the original Carlin deposit in 1961 and 1962, by Livermore and Coope of Newmont. Other Carlin-type deposits, such as Getchell and Standard, had been mined prior to that discovery, but the original Carlin was most impressive due to its size, grade, and metallurgy, and it yielded low-cost gold from the start. A small flurry of unsuccessful exploration followed the Carlin discovery, much of it misdirected toward gold in the Roberts Mountains Thrust Fault proper. Eventually the Cortez deposit was discovered, and placed in production in 1969. Exploration geologists began to recognize that gold in Carlin deposits did not report to the gold pan (and thus was passed over by early prospectors), and that the deposits could be stratiform, good grade, and presented large drill targets. Low gold prices through most of the 1970’s limited gold exploration, but a few deposits of the Carlin-type were discovered nevertheless at Pinson/Preble, Alligator Ridge, Sterling, and Jerritt Canyon.
The major increase in the price of gold in the late 1970’s, combined with the good potential to find minable gold deposits, led to one of the biggest exploration booms in history-in Nevada in the 1980’s. The culmination was the opening of twelve new gold mines in Nevada in the single year of 1987. Exploration and mining technology improved with new developments in recovery methods, drilling techniques, geochemistry, and in geophysics. Exploration on the covered pediments began in earnest, leading to discoveries at Sleeper, Marigold, Rabbit Creek, Stonehouse/Lone Tree, and Pipeline. Deep Carlin-type deposits, minable underground, became viable targets.
Exploration for new deposits in Nevada slowed during the 1990’s due to a stagnant gold price, inflation, and the increasing emphasis and spending on “head-frame” exploration by the producers. The gold price had collapsed by the end of the 1990’s, and exploration dwindled to nothing, except in the immediate vicinity of known deposits.
The improving gold price after 2002 has given new life to Nevada exploration, but it has not nearly reached the levels of the 1980’s. Exploration by the few producers left (post-merger) is still largely inside the mine fences. Currently no mid-sized producers or explorers are working in Nevada. New exploration is mostly left to the junior companies, and the more viable ones are having trouble staying funded long enough to succeed. A dampening factor for junior explorers is the narrow focus of the investment community on “trends” and their stubborn insistence that only multi-million ounce discoveries have any importance. The sudden, and extreme, increase in the real cost of drilling has also had a negative effect on the number of exploratory holes drilled.
In the near term, the head frame exploration programs of the producers will likely draw most of the exploration dollars, and remain successful (e.g. the massive Cortez Hills, and Deep Cortez Hills deposits). Although there is currently little exploration for new deposits, potentially significant Carlin-type mineralization has been drilled by AuEx, at Long Canyon in the Pequop Mountains, and by Cordex at Bolo in the Hot Creek Range. In the future, it seems inevitable that exploration in Nevada will be more difficult and costly as it becomes focused on deeper deposits.


Corex gas , Corex process , Dome , DRI , export gas , Hot metal , Iron ore lump , Melter-Gasifier , non coking coal , pellets , Reduction furnace , Corex Process for Production of Iron During the late twentieth century, several new initiatives have been taken for the development of the smelting reduction technology which can become alternative route for the production of liquid iron hot metal since the conventional blast furnace BF ironmaking depends on metallurgical coal, which is required for producing BF coke needed for the production of hot metal in the blast furnace. Metallurgical coal is not only costly but is associated with environmental issues during its conversion to BF coke in the coke oven batteries. Smelting reduction process is that process which is based on smelting reduction technology and hence in this process the production of hot metal is carried out without the use of metallurgical coke. Corex process is one of these initiatives.
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The reason for such interest stems from the fact that the conventional blast furnace ironmaking depends on metallurgical coal, which is required for producing BF grade coke. Continued supply of metallurgical coal at a competitive price is becoming increasingly difficult with the depletion of coking coal reserves. Besides, the coke oven batteries are among the most environmentally hazardous reactors so far. COREX is the first and the only commercially established smelting-reduction process, as an alternative route to blast furnace, based on non-coking coal.
The COREX process offers high smelting intensity and hence higher productivity, ability to use various types of non-coking coals, use of iron ore fines to an extent, low net operating cost, possible generation of power or other alternative use of export gas generated from the ironmaking unit, besides being eco-friendly.
The world class performance of COREX plant so far has justified the vision and concept of such large investment in a cluster of industries co-existing. This conglomerate concept is the most adaptable in developing countries where there exists significant growing market for steel, power, cement, industrial gases, mining and mineral processing.
The reduction shaft is placed above the melter-gasifier and reduced iron bearing material descends by gravity. The volume of the reduction shaft and the melter-gasifier is about m3 and m3 respectively. Schematic diagram of a COREX plant Reduction Shaft: Iron ore, pellets and additives limestone and dolomite are continuously charged into the reduction shaft via lock hopper system located on the top of the shaft. Subsequently, six screws discharge the DRI from the reduction shaft into the melter-gasifier.
The DRI down pipes are uniformly distributed along the circumference near the top of the melter-gasifier so as to ensure uniform distribution of material over the char bed. Additionally non-coking coal, quartzite and required quantity of coke are continuously charged by means of lock hopper system. The operating pressure, in the melter-gasifier is in excess of 3 bars.
It is injected through the tuyeres, which gasifies the coal char generates CO. The hot gases ascend upward through the char bed. The sensible heat of the gases is transferred to the char bed, which is utilized for melting iron and slag and other metallurgical reactions.
The hot metal and slag are collected in the hearth. The efficiency of the furnace depends largely on the distribution of this gas in the char bed and utilization of the sensible heat of the gas.
The gas generated inside the melter-gasifier contains fine dust particles, which are separated in hot gas cyclones. The dust collected in the cyclones is recycled back to the melter-gasifier through the dust burners, where the dust is combusted with additional oxygen injected through the burners. There are four such dust burners located around the circumference of the melter-gasifier above the char bed.
A major part of this gas is subsequently fed to the reduction shaft. The excess gas is used to control the plant pressure. This excess gas and the reduction shaft top gas are mixed prior to the take over point and is termed as COREX export gas.
This gas is suitable for use for a wide range of applications like power generation etc. The production of export gas is around On the basis of these data, the Specific energy consumption SEC of the C plant can be calculated to be The blast furnace concept has been used, virtually splitting it into two at the cohesive zone interface. Accordingly a Corex plant has shaft unit, where iron ore pellets with or without some closely sized lump ore is reduced by gases emanating from the second unit to make hot sponge iron first stage.
This is mechanically transferred to the second unit or Melter-Gasifier where it is melted and carburised second stage by injection of both coal and oxygen. Since there is practically no CO2 or H2O in the gas leaving the Melter-Gasifier, we say that the degree of post combustion of Corex gas is zero, resulting in a gas rich in chemical energy. On the other hand, reduction of iron oxide by CO gas and carbon deposition reactions are exothermic in nature.
Maintaining dome temperature between oC to oC ensures the same. Burning of the coal char takes place near the tuyeres. The maximum temperature inside the melter-gasifier exists in front of the tuyeres. The following carbon gasification reactions takes place in the tuyeres area. Limitations include: i It has the limitation in distributing the coal and DRI in the optimised manner in the melter-gasifier.
This results in more peripheral flow of hot gases. There are three gas cleaning streams for cleaning the total gas generated in the process. This results in jamming of dust recycling systems as well as gas cleaning systems thereby resulting in more downtime of the plant.
Inferior quality of inputs result in frequent jamming of screws, DRI downpipes and DRS lines, affecting furnace availability.
The plant had various problems due to inexperience after the start-up in December After reconstruction and de-bugging, the plant has been successfully in operation since and was given over to ISCOR capacity , ktpa. Reconstruction of some parts and new operation conditions improved the performance greatly, leading to production of high quality iron, and high productivity and availability.
The clean excess fuel gas is used on site in furnaces and coke ovens. The COREX process proved to be very flexible with respect to the fuel rate, and additives addition , insensitive to high alkali content of the ore and burden , and easy to operate. This decision also seems to be based on the environmental performance of the COREX process, as the site is located near a nature preserve.
This plant, which includes a thin slab caster, began operation in January For Short Pudong steel at Luojing, near Shanghai started up a Corex C plant in early November , with a nominal production capacity of 1. The project was completed under the management of Siemens Metals Technologies within a period of 29 months.
It can replace the blast furnace, or can be used as a source of virgin iron for minimills. The economics of the Corex plant already provide an answer to future scrap and coke shortages, and the continually increasing demands placed on steel quality. The JVSL project is conceived as the one of the most modern, technologically efficient Greenfield plant with a capacity of 1. It is planned that the COREX export gas will be used for electrical power generation and for heating purposes within the steel complex.
The slag produced by the COREX plant is processed in the granulation plant and will be sold to cement industry. The quality slab produced will be suitable for hot strip mill which has been engineered by Daniel United of USA, incorporating the latest technology of coil box and a T walking beam furnace from Stein Heurty. A third generation mill is equipped with state of art electrical automation from Cegelac, USA and has all modern control features and equipment, to produce internationally competitive quality strips of 1.
The JVSL project is visualised on co-generation concept and the unique feature of the project is its technology-cum-management model. Environment friendly process.
Gojic and S.
The reason for such interest stems from the fact that the conventional blast furnace ironmaking depends on metallurgical coal, which is required for producing BF grade coke. Continued supply of metallurgical coal at a competitive price is becoming increasingly difficult with the depletion of coking coal reserves. Besides, the coke oven batteries are among the most environmentally hazardous reactors so far. COREX is the first and the only commercially established smelting-reduction process, as an alternative route to blast furnace, based on non-coking coal. The COREX process offers high smelting intensity and hence higher productivity, ability to use various types of non-coking coals, use of iron ore fines to an extent, low net operating cost, possible generation of power or other alternative use of export gas generated from the ironmaking unit, besides being eco-friendly.
The main reagents for the Corex process are iron ore , noncoking coal , and oxygen. The Melter gasifier has three main sections, the gaseous free board zone, the Char bed, and the hearth zone, and it has an effect on several stages in the process. First it serves to create the reduction gas by gasifying the coal with oxygen and then cooling it. After being reduced, the DRI is redirected to the char bed where the iron and slag are melted and then directed to the hearth zone.
Zolodal Corex Process for Production of Iron Advantages of the Corex process include i reduction in the specific investment cost compared with conventional blast furnace route of production, ii lower production cost, iii better environmental performance because of lower irpn and discharges, iv higher calorific value of export gas makes it suitable for use in a wide range of applications, v flexible with regards to the raw material uses since a wide variety of iron ores and coals can be used, vi good operational flexibility with respect to production capacity, production stops and raw material changes. Retrieved October 27, Nevertheless, it helped to overcome the critical demonstration stage for this smelting reduction technology. Compared with the traditional iron making process via the blast furnace route, the COREX process differs since non coking coal can be directly used for ore reduction and melting work, eliminating the need for coking plants. Views Read Edit View history. In the two-stage operation of the process DRI produced from prrocess shaft furnace is charged into a melter-gasifier for smelting. Because of many peripheral requirements, the total cost of a Corex project can be relatively high. Iron ore lump ore, pellets, or a mixture thereof is charged into the reduction shaft, where it is reduced to direct reduced iron DRI by the reduction gas in counter flow.


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Agnico Eagle is a senior Canadian gold mining company that has produced precious metals since 1957. Its eight mines are located in Canada, Finland and Mexico, with exploration and development activities in each of these countries as well as in the United States and Sweden.
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Kolubara Metal Vreoci in Serbia was established in 1953 as a part of Kolubara-a large industrial mining conglomerate. Kolubara Metal is a manufacturing and engineering company specializing in mining equipment, equipment maintenance, repairs, and other engineering machinery used in the mining industry.
To facilitate the assembly and maintenance of mining machines, an improved method needed to be found for weighing the superstructures of mining machines.
Weighing was the procedure of choice for determining the weight and location of the center of gravity on mining machine superstructures. It can be performed on different types of mining machines (bucket-wheel excavators, spreaders, mobile transfer conveyors, etc.) and can also be used on various steel structures in other industrial applications.
Weighing has been carried out at Kolubara Metal since 1988. The measurement laboratory and research service was established in 2002. It was accredited in accordance with SRPS ISO/IEC 17025:2006 in 2009.
Weighing of mining machines needs to be performed after a factory is built, or after major reconstruction, at periodical intervals. The overall assessment of stability of mining machines is based on weighing results (several mining machines in Serbia had previously crashed due to the center of gravity being unknown).