The Killhope Lead Mining Museum is located in the county of Durham, England, and holds a significant place in the history of lead mining in the region. This historical site provides a fascinating insight into the mining industry’s impact on the local community and its role in shaping the industrial landscape of County Durham. In this essay, we will explore the history of the Killhope Lead Mining Museum, tracing its origins, development, and the impact it has had on the region.
The story of the Killhope Lead Mining Museum begins in the mid-19th century when lead mining was at its peak in the North Pennines, an area rich in mineral resources. Lead was a highly sought-after material, used for a wide range of purposes, including construction, plumbing, and ammunition. The North Pennines quickly became one of the most important lead mining areas in Britain, attracting numerous mining ventures and workers from all over the country.
The lead mining operations in the North Pennines were not limited to extracting lead alone. They also involved the production of other minerals such as fluorspar and barytes, which were often found alongside lead deposits. These minerals had their own industrial uses and were valuable commodities in their own right.
The Killhope mine was one of the many lead mines operating in the region during this period. It was originally opened in the 1820s and underwent several ownership changes before being acquired by the London Lead Company in 1853. Under the company’s management, the mine underwent significant expansion and modernization. New mining shafts were sunk, and advanced machinery and equipment were introduced to improve efficiency and increase production.
The Killhope mine quickly became one of the largest and most productive lead mines in the area. It employed a substantial workforce, consisting of miners, engineers, and various other workers involved in the extraction and processing of lead ore. The mine’s success not only boosted the local economy but also had a profound impact on the surrounding community.
Life for the miners at Killhope was tough and dangerous. The work was physically demanding, and miners often faced hazardous conditions underground. They worked long hours in cramped spaces, with the constant risk of cave-ins, flooding, and exposure to toxic gases. Accidents were not uncommon, and many miners lost their lives or suffered serious injuries in the course of their work.
The mining community at Killhope developed its own distinct character and way of life. Miners and their families lived in close proximity to the mine, often in small villages or settlements known as "leadgate" communities. These communities provided essential services and amenities for the miners, including housing, schools, shops, and chapels.
The prosperity of the lead mining industry in the North Pennines began to decline towards the end of the 19th century. The discovery of new sources of lead in other parts of the world, coupled with changing market conditions, led to a gradual decline in demand for British lead. Many mines, including Killhope, began to struggle financially, and production gradually declined.
By the early 20th century, the Killhope mine was no longer economically viable, and it ceased operations in 1910. The closure of the mine had a profound impact on the local community, as many families depended on mining for their livelihood. The leadgate communities that had thrived during the height of the mining industry began to decline, and many residents were forced to seek employment elsewhere.
In the decades following the closure of the mine, the site fell into disrepair and was largely forgotten. However, in the 1970s, efforts were made to preserve and restore the site as a museum dedicated to the history of lead mining in the region. The Killhope Lead Mining Museum officially opened to the public in 1980, providing visitors with a unique opportunity to explore the site’s industrial heritage.
The museum offers a range of exhibits and interactive displays that give visitors an insight into the mining operations that once took place at Killhope. It features reconstructed mine workings, including a working waterwheel and a mine tour that takes visitors underground to experience the conditions faced by the miners. The museum also houses a collection of mining artifacts and documents that provide a valuable resource for researchers and historians interested in the history of lead mining.
Since its opening, the Killhope Lead Mining Museum has become a popular tourist attraction, drawing visitors from far and wide. It offers educational programs and workshops for schools and provides a valuable resource for local communities to connect with their industrial heritage. The museum’s presence has also had a positive impact on the local economy, bringing tourism revenue to the area and creating employment opportunities.
In conclusion, the Killhope Lead Mining Museum in County Durham, England, stands as a testament to the region’s rich mining history. It represents an era of industrial growth and hardship, where lead mining played a vital role in shaping the local community and economy. Through its exhibits and educational programs, the museum ensures that the legacy of lead mining at Killhope is preserved and shared with future generations.
Tagged: , killhope-lead-mining-museum , county-durham , england , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , UK , europe , european , eurasia , britain , great britain , british , british isles , english


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Technical and Operations
Location could be anywhere in the world.
The Geologist Associate is responsible for carrying out various geological functions as required for the project. The level of support required and background information will be provided by the company; therefore the level of effort may be scaled up or back as appropriate.
The Geologist Associate is expected to be honest, hold appropriate professional credentials, have good knowledge of coal and preferably have CBM experience, and be a good communicator. Specific responsibilities may include the following:
- Review and assimilate geological data provided by the company;
- Gather and refine initial knowledge of the geology so as to make recommendations;
- Develop geologic prognoses with core sampling and reservoir testing intervals identified;
- Directly oversee the wellsite geology and geophysical logging work in the field;
- Implement and help manage the core handling and core analysis operations;
- Develop improved geologic models of specific areas as required; and
- Prepare the geological technical reports as appropriate.


The Edinburgh Geologist
Ancient mining in Swaziland
by Bill Baird
Iron ore in its various forms is a major mineral resource in Southern Africa. When Europeans first visited the area around Postmasburg in the Northern Cape around 1800 they found various sites where mining of red ochre and specularite had taken place. Local people such as the Tswana and Hottentots were familiar with these workings but mostly they attributed the tunnels and shafts to the 'old people', the Khoisan. Some of these tunnels extended over 100 metres underground and into areas where specularite was available. This mineral was more highly prized than either ochre or haematite and could be widely traded with other people who were not fortunate enough to have a source in their area. The mining operations showed a high degree of skill, knowledge and daring.
When prospecting operations were carried out in 1957 in an area known as the Bomvu Ridge in the Ngwenya massif of Swaziland they estimated some 30,000,000 tons of iron with a mean value of 60% metallic iron content. The Swaziland Iron Ore Devolopment Corporation decided to mine the ore body and production started in 1964. The ore was taken by rail to the port of Maputo in Mozambique and from there shipped to Japan.
During the mining so many ancient stone tools were found that the news reached the archaeologist Professor Raymond Dart in South Africa. Dart sent a knowledgeable colleague called Adrien Boshier to investigate these finds and report back. What Boshier found was amazing, specialised stone tools made of dolerite, which is not a local stone, had been left behind by the early miners. These choppers, picks and hammerstones were not just on the surface but also deep underground. It seems that these early miners removed at least 1,200 tons of soft haematite ore rich in specularite from one particular mine, Lion Cavern, alone. The question was how old were these mines? Archaeologist Peter Beaumont was producing evidence which suggested that these mines had been operated in the Iron Age, Late Stone Age and possibly even Middle Stone Age. However, hard evidence was still required in order to put a more precise date on the ancient mines. Then in 1967 charcoal nodules from some of the more ancient adits were sent to Yale and Groningen universities for Carbon 14 testing. The results that came back were astounding, dates of around 41,000 to 43,000 were obtained. Later from another early mine complex the buried skeleton of a child was dated at over 50,000 years.
By 1980 over 20,000,000 tons of high grade haematite had been removed and shipped to Japan and the mining operation was closed down. The mining company had left over a million tons of ore which underlie the ancient mining adit at Lion Cavern. This site is now listed as a national monument and can be visited if one is accompanied by a game ranger from the local Malolotja nature reserve.
If you want to read further, there are many sources including:
Beaumont, P.B., 1973. The ancient pigment mines of Southern Africa, South African Journal of Science, Volume 69, pp. 140-146.
Beaumont, P.B. & Boshier A., 1974. Report on test excavation in a prehistoric pigment mine near Postmasburg, Northern Cape, South African Archaeological Bulletin, Volume 29, pp. 41-59.
Boshier, A., 1965. Ancient Mining of Bomvu Ridge, Scientific South Africa, Volume 2, pp. 317-320.
Boshier, A., 1969. Mining Genesis, Mining Survey, Volume 64, p. 21.
Boshier A. & Beaumont P.B., 1972. Mining in Southern Africa and the emergence of Modern Man, Optima, Johannesburg, 1972.
Boshier, A., 1978. The Earliest Miners, South African Journal of Africana, Volume 1, pp. 9-10.
Cairncross D. & Dixon R., 1995. Minerals of South Africa, The Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, S.A., 1995.
Zaslavsky, C., 1984. The Yoruba Number System in Sertina, I.V. (ed), Blacks in Science Ancient and Modern, New Brunswick, U.S.A., Transaction Books, p. 110.
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JKTech, the technology transfer company for the Sustainable Minerals Institute at the University of Queensland, has formed a strategic alliance with Quantitative Group, a leading resource consulting firm, to provide integrated geometallurgical solutions including data assessment, geometallurgical testing programs, and spatial modelling, risk assessment and valuation.QG is a leading mineral resource consulting group with expertise in geometallurgical modelling scenario-based project evaluation. It has a worldwide client base of major mining companies and has developed a reputation for sound technical skills combined with excellent communication of business implications of technical issues. QG is a team of 15 highly experienced consultants headed up by directors John Vann, Scott Jackson and Scott Dunham.JKTech has a multidisciplinary approach to geometallurgy, GeoMet®. This includes acquiring relevant parameters to spatially model the behaviour and variability of material types to extraction processes within a deposit.Both QG and JK Tech regard the objectives of geometallurgy as broad: manage risk, improve forecasts and maximise project and/or operational value. This applies at both the project and operation levels from advanced exploration, feasibility studies to operation execution. Both groups are research partners in the Cooperative Research Centre for Optimal Ore Extraction (CRC-ORE).The relationship between QG and JKTech will mean that the two organisations will provide expertise across all aspects of geometallurgy from small scale testing, spatial modelling, to optimisation including professional development. QG/JKTech will be offering integrated consulting services to the mining sector worldwide.In addition, both QG and JKTech are established leaders in minerals industry professional development and training. They are developing a full program of joint training programs in geometallurgy. The first of these will be two day senior technical leaders programs delivered in March 2011, in Santiago, Chile and Toronto, Canada. Further programs will be delivered in Australia, South Africa and Brazil during 2011.


The Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) of 1978 gave the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) the responsibility of stabilizing, disposing, and controlling uranium mill tailings and other contaminated material at twenty-four uranium mill processing sites located across ten states and at approximately 5,200 associated properties.
In the 1950s and 1960s, private firms processed most uranium ore mined in the United States. After uranium mining came under federal control, companies abandoned their mill operations, leaving behind materials with potential long-term health hazards. These mills contained low-level radioactive wastes and other hazardous substances that eventually migrated to surrounding soil, groundwater, surface water, and emitted radon gas.
Under the Act, the DOE established the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project to monitor the cleanup of uranium mill tailings. The UMTRCA gave the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulatory authority over the cleanup and licensing of mill tailing facilities at sites under NRC license. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had the task of developing cleanup strategies and recording standards for mills. The UMTRA used on-site disposal methods for eleven of the mills, while excavating and disposing of the wastes found at the remaining thirteen sites to remote off-site disposal locations owned by the DOE.
Introduction to Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Program Office (U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management)
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978, as Amended: Full Text (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)


Mining is defined as the process of obtaining minerals such as coal from the earth's surface. The process entails a lot of valuable equipment used to enable the miners to breach the robust ground surface. If you are new to the profession, you may be oblivious to the devices used in the minefields. To help you out, here is an analysis of some of the essential mining equipment groups.
Blasting Tools – Blasting tools are among the most commonly used accessories in the industry. Such devices are usually used to fracture or break down rocks through the use of an explosion. With this, the miners can easily liberate the minerals from the ground. The blasting process is also used to clear unwanted materials which prevent mining machines and personnel to access certain mineral deposits. After the earth and rocks have been blasted, an excavator is used to clear the unwanted debris. Blasting tools ensure that the process is quickly done and a less burden is placed on the miners. The equipment can either be operated underground or at mining pits. The explosives have to be well set to ensure that there is no collateral damage brought about by the mining activity.
Mining Drills – Contrary to the blasting tools used to access vast areas, mining drills are applied in cases where the minerals are at a fair distance below the ground. The devices come with drill bits made from sturdy materials such a diamond which break rocks surfaces easily. Drilling tools are also used to allow for the placement of blasting explosives during mineral liberation. With technological advancements, mining drills have progressed to use remote-controlled machinery which reduces the work done by the miners. Drills are also used to create holes which can be used during underground descending. Another typical application of the mining drills is in directional drilling. This is a mining technique which allows for the drilling of wells.
Crushing Tools – Just like the name proclaims, crushing tools are used to break rocks and stones. Such devices are engineered to deliver productivity as well as extraordinary reduction rates. The machines come in various distinctions depending on the type of application. The tools are well configured to efficiently break down both gravel and rock matter to sizes which can be easily managed during transportation or conveyance. One of the advantages of such tools is that they reduce the costs required in handling oversized minerals. They also cater for efficient element liberation during downstream processing.


FDEP Phosphate Mining
Article reference: Phosphate
Florida’s Phosphate Mines
There are 27 phosphate mines in Florida, covering more than 450,000 acres. Nine phosphate mines are currently active. Nine mines are 100 percent reclaimed and released from reclamation obligations. The remaining mines are either not started or are shut down. Phosphate mines typically range in size from approximately 5,000 to 100,000 acres. Phosphate mining disturbs between 3,000 to 6,000 acres annually in Florida. Approximately 25 to 30 percent of these lands are wetlands or other surface waters.
The Mining and Mitigation Program administers reclamation and stormwater management programs for mining operations in Florida, including phosphate. Reclamation standards for phosphate mining are detailed in Part II of Chapter 211, Part II of Chapter 378, Florida Statutes (F.S.), and Chapter 62C-16, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.). Phosphate mines require an ERP unless they are specifically grandfathered under Chapter 373.414(15), F.S. Projects associated with mining operations for phosphate on land that was included in a conceptual reclamation plan or modification submitted prior to July 1, 1996, are grandfathered from the ERP rules. Even if grandfathered from ERP, unless the activity is specifically exempted by statutes or rules, a Wetland Resource Permit (WRP) is required if the project involves dredging or filling conducted in, on or over wetlands or other surface waters of the state. For phosphate mines still qualified for a WRP, the applicable rule is Chapter 62-312, F.A.C., effective August 7, 1995.
Environmental resource permitting standards are detailed in Part IV of Chapter 373, F.S., and Chapter 62-330, F.A.C. Permits or authorizations from other local, state or federal agencies may also be required prior to mining.


The value of Utah's mineral production in 1996 is estimated to be $2.2 billion, a decrease of $197 million from 1995. This still makes 1996 the second-highest year in total mineral value output. Contributions from each of the major industry segments are: base metals, $960 million; coal, $500 million; industrial minerals, $433 million; and precious metals, $326 million.Michael O. Leavitt, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Kathleen Clarke, Executive Director UTAH ... Civil Engineering D. Cary Smith . ... Mineral Industry E.H. Deedee Oa#39;Brien . ... Mineral Industry Richard R. Kennedy . ... detailed studies of these resources including mining district and field studies; develops computerized resource data bases, to answer ... The GEOLOGIC EXTENSION SERVICE answers inquiries from the public and provides information about Utaha#39;sanbsp;...
|Title||:||1996 Summary of Mineral Activity in Utah|
|Author||:||Roger L. Bon, R. W. Gloyn, David E. Tabet|
|Publisher||:||Utah Geological Survey - 1997-01-01|


A new initiative has been undertaken by the Ministry of Planning and Development to improve productivity in mines and improve the mineral sector as well as enhance exports.
Cluster Development Based Mineral Transformation Plan costs Rs 62.21 million has been launched under Vision-2025. According to the ministry, this would help create jobs in the mineral sector.
According to the Annual Development Plan 2018-19, mines & mineral contribution towards GDP growth was 0.09 per cent in 2017-18.
Story first published: 16th May 2018


The central shaft will be used as the reception shaft for the west section TBM and as the launching shaft for the TBM boring the east section up to the existing shaft “Schacht 1 Oeynhausen”. After TBM reception, this 100 m deep shaft will be strengthened. The drainage tunnel will drain the mine through the segment lining into an invert precast channel, which transports the drained water towards the west, out of the mine into the sewage treatment plant Gravenhorst. The two drives will be bored partly with pea gravel sections, where mine water drainage is required, and partly with 2K-grout sections as segment lining backfill, where mine water drainage is not required.
A particular challenge arose due to the location of the construction site in an inner-city park, which meant that only a tightly dimensioned installation area was available. Considerable restrictions also had to be taken into account in the delivery of the jacking pipes with an outside diameter of 4,500 mm and an individual weight of approx. 32 tons.


The NEW Terex® Finlay 684 is a highly versatile and adaptable machine engineered and built for working in quarrying, mining, construction and demolition debris, topsoil, recycling, sand, gravel, coal and aggregate applications.
The Terex® Finlay 684 is a compact easily transportable machine that offers operators rapid set up and tear down times. The new screenbox on the Finlay 684 features three full size 4.3m x 1.7m (14’x5’7”) inclined decks giving a large screening area of 21.9m2 (236ft2) to provide efficient screening and high capacity. The screenbox features quick wedge tensioning, access holes and bottom deck hydraulic tensioning system to reduce time required for mesh changes. All four discharge conveyors hydraulically fold for transport providing the operator with rapid set up and tear down times. The fourth product ‘oversize plus’ conveyor can work at varying angles to accurately discharge material for recirculation and stockpiling
A high performance 1050mm (42”)…
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Vibrating screen points equipment used by weight can be divided into: mining vibrating screen, light fine vibrating screen, vibration sieve machine experiment. Mining vibrating screen can be divided into: efficient heavy-duty screen, set the center of vibrating screen, elliptical vibrating screen, dehydration sieve, round vibration sieve, sieve, banana screen, linear vibrating screen, etc. Light fine vibrating screen can be divided into: spin vibration sieve, straight-line screen, straight row of sieve, ultrasonic vibrating screen, vibrating screen series filter sieve, etc can be reference. Vibrating screen is divided into single axis vibrating screen and biaxial vibrating screen. Single shaft vibrating screen is the use of single vibration makes the screen box is not balanced, the screen surface tilt, the trajectories of screen box is usually round or oval. Biaxial vibrating screen is the use of synchronous differential rotation of unbalanced dual heavy vibration and screen surface level or low pitch, the trajectories of screen box for a straight line. Vibrating screen with eccentric inertia vibrating screen, vibrating screen, since the fixed center shaker and type of electromagnetic vibrating screen, etc.


M/S.Technical Services & Rock Blasting Co. LLC (TECHROCK) is the drilling and blasting company wholly owned by M/S. Al Fajar Al Alamia Co. SAOG. It was established in April 1987 and since then has successfully implemented a number of drilling and blasting assignments covering major road projects, quarries, mines, port development, under water blasting, pipelines, tunneling, seismic prospecting and other infrastructure projects.
The company is well equipped with a team of qualified and internationally experienced drilling and blasting personnel holding valid Royal Oman Police blasting licenses. It has a fleet of equipment comprising of rigs, vehicles , delivery and service trucks etc. and is self sufficient in implementing drilling and blasting for major project assignments. It is duly supported by uninterrupted explosives supply by the Al Fajar group.
Techrock is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company and quality works is its key motto. It is accredited with valid certification from PDO and is a member of International Institute of Explosives Engineers. Techrock expanded its presence in the Middle East by establishing Technical Drilling & Blasting Co LLC (TDB) in U.A.E in March 1998. TDB like Techrock has similar capabilities and in a short span of time has established itself as the major sub-contractor for drilling and blasting in U.A.E.
Our vision is to be the most respected and recognized drilling and blasting operator in the Middle East by offering to our valued customers the optimum service while delivering projects that consistently meet international standards.
Our mission is to expand and continually improve utilizing safe and quality practices to manufacture and deal in commercial explosives for rock blasting and carry out drilling and blasting projects that consistently meet world standards.
We firmly believe in “think safety and act safely” and are steadfastly committed to safety in all fields of our operations. As a part of the world community, we shall act responsibly to protect our environment.


Geologic cross-section showing that where limestone is intruded by igneous rock, copper isotope values are highest near the intrusion. However, where non-calciferous rock is intruded by igneous rock, copper isotope values are lower near the intrusion.
Mathur, R. and Wang, D. Transition metal isotopes applied to exploration geochemistry: insights from Fe, Cu and Zn. Chapter in: Ore Deposits: Origin, Exploration and Exploitation. Eds Robb, L. and Decree, S., Wiley.


APS Physics, a Member society of the American Institute of Physics (AIP), worked with strategic materials producers, industry, and manufacturing organizations to draft a letter of support for critical minerals legislation. The letter, endorsed by the AIP and the American Geophysical Union, another AIP Member Society, along with 35 other organizations, was addressed to Chairman Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) and Ranking Member Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee.
The organizations that signed on to the letter did so to demonstrate support for an amendment to the Critical Minerals Policy bill. That amendment, which was originally agreed upon by Bingaman and Murkowski, strikes a balance between addressing issues in the critical minerals supply chain “from surveys and production to research and recycling” while also considering environmental concerns regarding the mining of minerals.
The letter emphasizes that “critical minerals are essential to the clean energy, defense, agricultural, academic, electronics, financial, and medical sectors, among others. Our organizations, like you, understand the strategic importance of these materials and are committed to addressing threats to the reliability and affordability of supplies.”
The Critical Minerals Policy bill serves to identify known mineral resources; provide quantitative and qualitative assessments of undiscovered critical mineral resources; and address exploration, development, and other uses of critical minerals. There was potential for concern about the original bill language due to its emphasis on mining critical minerals.
The Bingaman-Murkowski amendment addresses the need for research and recycling by focusing on analytical and forecasting capabilities and the use of market dynamics as a tool to avoid supply shortages. It also encourages environmentally responsible production of domestic resources to meet national critical materials needs while also balancing the costs of those minerals to the scientific community. In addition, the amendment bolsters international cooperation through technology transfer and promotes mineral recycling.
The text of the letter can be found here.


The iconic image associated with Canada’s oil sands development is that of a huge open pit mine, gargantuan dump trucks and enormous tailings ponds, but this production method is being outmoded as producers move to develop deeper bitumen deposits. Although it relies on a relatively young technology, in situ oil sands development is the wave of the future in Northern Alberta’s oil patch.
Commercial oil sands mining operations date back to the 1960’s and the technology that undergirds the process continues to evolve. Notably, some of the most interesting new technology is invisible, as companies are using horizontal drilling technology to recover oil from deposits located greater than 200 feet below ground. These deeper deposits account for 80 percent of total proven oil sands reserves and are expected to account for 80 percent of total oil sands production over the medium term, from about 50 percent mining and 50 percent in situ today. Keep reading →


NorthWest Copper is exploring two additional mining operations in the area near Takla Landing
Demand for copper continues to grow as the world tries to wean itself off its dependence on fossil fuels in favor of renewable sources of electricity.
This global outflow of copper supplies and a sharp rise in market prices peaked the interest of a Vancouver mining company exploring the Central Interior region, where core samples revealed rich deposits of copper and gold.
A mineral resource estimate update released this week for the 56,000-hectare Lorraine project, 280 kilometers northwest of Prince George, is encouraging news for NorthWest Copper Corp., which has identified two additional areas or copper-gold deposits in the same area.
Based on historical drill samples obtained between 1949-2009, the Lorraine project revealed significant mineralization in shallow surface deposits 50 km northeast of Takla Landing. NorthWest plans to expand its drilling operations this summer to see if it is possible to combine Lorraine with its other operations, 40 km to the south, to build a permanent mine.
“It’s a project that’s been around for a long time, but it’s very close to our Kwanika-Stardust project, so the proximity of all these things together makes them more interesting,” said company president and CEO Peter Bell.
“When you build a mine, you need a combination of wealth, the amount of metal is in each ton of rock, and the more you make per ton, the more profitable the operation. But it has to be a certain size to pay to build it, you need that combination.
“In this case, because we have these other projects in our portfolio, we have enough scale to make it viable. And since the rock is very rich, once you get the operation going, it’s likely to be profitable.”
If it leads to a mining project, its development costs would be in the range of $500-600 million. The construction and operating costs of the mine would create hundreds of jobs in the region for many years. As a job creator, Bell said it would be similar in scale to Mount Milligan. As with any mining operation, the company would first have to have First Nations and provincial approval and then raise money to develop it, which he said would take years.
The Lorraine mineral deposit is roughly two-thirds copper and one-third gold. As the deposits are close to the surface, mining costs would be minimized and this increases development potential. The area is also close to the CN rail line and provides access to BC Hydro lines.
Another plus is that existing mines in the vicinity, such as Mount Milligan, already employ a skilled workforce, which could help speed up the development of the project. NorthWest Copper already has nearly 100 drillers, surveyors and geologists who started drilling at Kwanice on March 25.
The company is in the development stage of another exploration project – East Niv – a new copper and gold discovery in 2021 in the same corridor further to the northwest. East Niv is located near the Kemess underground project, which is being developed by Centerra Gold.
The global need for copper continues to grow as consumers switch to renewable sources such as electric vehicles, and green energy development depends on mining to create the materials needed to generate, transmit and store electricity.
The policy scenario of the UN forecast predicts a substantial increase in electricity generation from renewable sources – hydro, wind and solar – which will also increase demand for copper. Renewables are expected to become the largest global source of energy, providing 73 percent of the world’s electricity by 2050, up from 25 percent in 2020.
“This is a special time in the mining industry and copper is kind of at the heart of the electrification of the entire energy economy in the world,” Bell said. “If we’re going to plug in all these electric cars and all these things to reduce our use of fossil fuels, we need a lot of copper to do that, and BC is a great place to develop the project.”
“We’re in Canada, we’re in our own backyard. There’s a lot of good infrastructure and mining history and we’ve got a lot of hydropower, which is a great way to drive traffic.”
Chile and Peru are the two largest copper producers, but political unrest in both countries is putting pressure on miners. BC produces 54 percent of Canada’s copper and has more than 80 percent of the country’s copper reserves.
Copper market prices rose from $2.80 per pound in 2020 to $3.42 today, while the price of gold is about $2,218 per ounce.
Drilling at the Lorraine project will begin later this summer after the company upgrades a deactivated forest service road and creates a worker camp. NorthWest plans to spend $20 million this year to further explore the region.
The company, formerly known as Serengeti Resources Inc., merged with Sun Metals Corp. in March 2021. and became NorthWest Copper. Serengeti has been exploring the region since 2004. The merger combined Kwanika and Stardust into one project.
“The new value of NorthWest is that we’re bringing a lot of projects together and achieving more scale than we had when things were all in separate hands,” Bell said.
#coppergold #update #Lorraine #project #northwest #shows #rich #surface #deposits


The production of sulfate of potash (SOP) fertilizer involves several steps, including mining, mineral processing, and refining.
Here is a General Overview of the Process:
SOP is typically produced from potash ore, which is mined from underground deposits. The ore is extracted using traditional mining methods, such as shaft mining or solution mining.
The mined ore is then transported to a processing facility, where it is crushed and ground into a fine powder. This powder is then mixed with hot water to form a slurry.
The slurry is then sent to a flotation circuit, where a series of chemical reagents are added to separate the potassium-bearing minerals from the other minerals in the ore. The potassium-bearing minerals rise to the surface and are skimmed off, while the other minerals sink to the bottom.
Potassium chloride production
The potassium-bearing minerals are then sent to a crystallization circuit, where they are dissolved in hot water and then cooled. As the solution cools, potassium chloride (KCl) crystals begin to form and are collected.
Sulfuric acid addition
The KCl crystals are then dissolved in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form potassium sulfate (K2SO4). This is the basic product of SOP production.
Crystallization and drying
The K2SO4 solution is then cooled and sent to a crystallization circuit, where it forms small, white, crystalline particles of SOP. The crystals are then dried and cooled to remove any remaining moisture.
Quality control and packaging
The final product is screened and evaluated for quality, and any impurities or contaminants are removed. Once it is confirmed to be of good quality the SOP is packaged in bags or bulk containers and ready for shipment.
Granulation and Pelletization
To make application of SOP more convenient, the product can be processed further by granulation and Pelletization to become granular and then pelleted fertilizer, respectively. This can make it easier to spread in fields and allow for more accurate application rates.
Note that this is a general overview, and the specific process used by a particular company may vary depending on factors such as the location and quality of the ore, the available technology and equipment, and the company's own internal processes and protocols. Please contact your line manufacturer for more information.


A ball mill also known as pebble mill or tumbling mill is a milling machine that consists of a hallow cylinder containing balls; mounted on a metallic frame such that it can be rotated along its longitudinal.
MTW milling machine is the ideal prowder making equipment in electric power industry, metallurgy industry, chemical industry, building construction, coal industry, fireproofing materials.
PEW Jaw Crusher is equipped with the hydraulic oil station to ensure that the lubrication system supplies oil to the lubrication components, providing security for the safe operation of the machine.
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Bauxite processing plant. Bauxite mine is actually kind of ore minerals collectively formed mainly by gibbsite, a boehmite or a diaspore which can be used in the industry.
Copper ore beneficiation plant. Copper is one of valuable nonferrous metals, which is mainly extracted from sulfide ores and some oxidized ores
Natural gypsum mining and beneficiation is a large-scale industry in many countries which includeNatural gypsum mining crusher and grinding mill is a key equipment to process the gypsum after
River stones are mainly river red stones or materials, These river mixed aggregates are mined, and then transported for the stone quarry for crushing


On the 25th of June, 2018, a seminar was held at the Central Mining Institute, summarising project GASDRAIN: “Development of improved methane drainage technologies by stimulating coal seams for major risk prevention and increased coal output”. The main objective of the project was to develop drainage hole stimulation techniques and improved coal bed pre-mining methane drainage technologies.
Methane hazard constitutes one of the most dangerous natural hazards occurring in hard coal mines. An increase by approximately 63% in methane emission per one ton of extracted coal has been registered in recent years, which comes as a result of increased mining depth and coal extraction concentration. Increased methane emissions are not only a significant safety hazard, but also a reason for the limitation of coal extraction intensity. Soon they will also lead to high emission fees, similarly to carbon dioxide.
A specially designed hydroslotting system, which is a technique for coal bed destressing by cutting out discs in the body of coal using a high-pressure water stream, was constructed as part of the project. “Tests of the system were conducted at the Department of Underground Research and Surface Maintenance of Experimental Mine “Barbara”, which determined factors such as the operational safety of all system devices, mining nozzle efficiency and output, and the water jet cutting time necessary to perform drainage hole stimulation,” says Janusz Makówka, dr hab. Eng., prof. GIG, project director. “The device makes it possible to work in boreholes reaching up to 100 metres inside the rock mass and cut coal with a water jet with a pressure of 1000 bars.”
The hydroslotting system developed by the project fulfils its basic function and is adapted for operation under the conditions of underground coal mine workings. Studies utilising the device were conducted at the Zofiówka JSW mine.
The GASDRAIN international project was realised using funds from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel and coordinated by GIG, while its partners included Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa SA and the Oil and Gas Institute from Poland, the Hunosa Group and Aitemin Institute from Spain, Imperial College London from Great Britain, RWTH from Germany and the INERIS institute from France.


Largest Coal Reserves in The World – Top 10 List
Are you aware why your digital machine remains to be operating? It’s due to coal and Oil. You should be questioning what are the Largest Coal producing international locations and international locations with largest coal reserves.
Coal is the principle supply of electrical energy and warmth in the latest world. Whole quantity of estimated recoverable coal is 861 billion tonnes. Among the many international locations all over the world, 70 international locations are discovered to be economically workable.
Listed here are the listing of Top Ten International locations with Largest Coal Reserves
Greater than 80% of coal deposits/reserves are estimated to be discovered in simply the next ten international locations, with an ascending order. So let’s start the listing:
It’s in the tenth place having estimated quantity of coal 6.5 billion tonnes (as of 2012).
Canada: 6.582 Billion Tonnes zero.1% of world’s complete coal reserves
Estimated coal reserves in Colombia is 6.7 billion tonnes (as of 2012) rating in the ninth place. A lot of the coal deposits are positioned at Latin America. Greater portion of nation’s manufacturing is exported.
Colombia: 6.746 Billion Tonnes zero.eight% of world’s complete reserves
Kazakhstan holds about 33.6 billion tonnes (three.9% of world’s complete) of coal equating the eighth place. That is positioned at central Asia’s most recoverable coal zone. In 2012, it produced about 126 million tonnes of coal, making it the tenth largest producer of coal. Majority of coal produced (about 75%) is used in home function and electrical energy manufacturing. Bogatyr Coal mine (opencast) produces largest quantity of coal, holding four.5 billion tons of coal deposits.
Kazakhstan: 33.600 Billion Tonnes three.9% of complete world reserves
It’s in the seventh (seventh) place, with an estimated recoverable coal of 33.9 billion tonnes (three.9% of world’s complete). A lot of the nation’s manufacturing (greater than 90%) comes from Donets Basin area. In 2012, Ukraine produced 85.946 million tonnes of coal which is about 1.2% of world’s complete coal manufacturing. Mining is the principle business in jap Ukraine.
Ukraine: 33.873 Billion Tonnes three.9% of world’s complete reserves
Coal in Germany ranks the sixth largest (40.7 billion tonnes) in the world having four.7% of world’s complete coal reserves. Germany is the eighth largest coal producer as of 2012 statistics and largest brown coal (bituminous) in the world. About 50% of the whole coal manufacturing in this nation is used for electrical energy technology.
Germany: 40.699 Billion Tonnes four.7% of world’s complete reserves
India holds the fifth place in the listing of Top 10 International locations with largest coal reserves with an estimated coal reserve of 60.6 billion tonnes (7% of world’s complete). Thickest coal seam in India, and doubtless the second thickest coal seam in the world, is Jhingurda Coal Seam (140 m). India is the third largest coal producer in the world adopted by US and China. A lot of the coal deposits of India are located in the jap half overlaying the states West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa and Chattisgarh (greater than 70% of nation’s complete coal deposits).
India: 60.600 Billion Tonnes 7.zero% of world’s complete reserves
Australia stands in the fourth place, with an estimated coal reserves of 76.four billion tonnes (eight.9% of world’s complete coal deposits). Important coal producing states are Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. It’s the largest coal exporter in the world, Australia exports about 70% of the whole manufacturing of coal. Top quality black coal (bituminous coal) is mined in New South Wales and Queensland.
Australia: 76.400 Billion Tonnes eight.9% of world’s complete reserves
China is the biggest coal producer of coal (about 47.5%) in the world and it rank, and it’s the third largest nation with confirmed coal reserves. China consists of estimated 114.5 billion tonnes (about 13% of world’s complete) of confirmed coal reserves.
China: 114.500 Billion Tonnes 13.three% of world’s complete reserves
Russian Federation is second amongst Top 10 International locations with largest coal reserves with a confirmed coal reserve of 157.01 billion tonne (18% of the of world’s complete). Russia’s coal reserves are primarily in the basins of Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk. It’s the sixth largest producer of coal in the world (2012). Main producer of coal in Russia are Rosugol and Donugol. About 65% of complete coal manufacturing in Russia is used in home function.
Russian Federation: 157.zero10 Billion Tonnes 18.2% of world’s complete reserves
1. United States of America (USA)
United States of America ranks first in phrases of highest proved coal reserves. About 25% of the world’s complete coal reserve is in this nation. USA holds about 237.295 billion tonnes of coal (as of 2012) and it’s also the second largest coal producer in the world. World’s largest coal (coal reserves) mine, North Antelope Rochelle is located in this nation with an estimated recoverable reserves of two.three billion tonnes (as of 2012). United State’s thickest coal Seam in addition to world’s thickest coal seam, is Pittsburgh coal seam , extending over 11,000 mi2 overlaying 53 international locations in the world.
US: 237.295 Billion Tonnes 27.6% of world’s complete reserves
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Is your nation among the many Top Ten International locations with Largest Coal Reserves? Tell us in the remark part.


Our client, a leading environmentally- and socially-progressive heavy building materials company located in the eastern United States, is Business Unit Safety Manager to join our team. This position will have oversight and management responsibilities for compliance of all safety affairs as regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Mine Health and Safety Administration (MSHA) and the Department of Transportation (DOT), covering all Florida locations. This exempt position will report directly to the Safety Director and will be based in Deerfield Beach, Florida.
- Manage the performance, learning and development of safety professionals in the region.
- Manage compliance through OSHA/MSHA/DOT to include safety training and occupational exposure limitations.
- Implement and manage safety policies and procedures.
- Direct the prompt investigations of safety related incidents including root-cause analysis with a focus toward prevention.
- Report safety statistics and performance metrics results to business unit executives.
- Manage safety trend analysis, workers compensation and loss.
- Design, implement, manage, and continuously improve pro-active Behavior Based Safety Programs.


Cikotok which is a region in Bayah, Lebak, Banten South, it was the star because one of the largest gold mine in Indonesia. However, fame and glory of Cikotok era began to fade along with the reduction in gold reserves.
The mine is located in Cibeber district. In order to reach the gold mines can be used 4-wheel vehicles including the bus. Distance from the capital Prov. Banten counted approximately 135 Km. Or 120 Km from Rangkasbitung.
Mine is a relic of the period of Dutch colonial, when it first opened in 1836, with first production in 1839.


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- Sea crystal ore drop: 2 sea crystal fragments + 1 sea crystal crystal.
- Gunpowder ore drops: 1 Gunpowder.
- Flame ore drop: 1 flame powder.
- Secondary mine drop: 1 burst secondary fruit.
- Glowstone ore drop: 4 Glowstone mud.
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Management and Economics Society of CIM-COSMO Scholarship
We are pleased to launch the Management and Economics Society of CIM-COSMO Scholarship, which is intended to provide financial support for mining engineering students who are enrolled in Canadian universities, and have a focus on strategic mine planning optimization under uncertainty and related risk management.
The COSMO Mining Industry Consortium (“COSMO”) consists of: AngloGold Ashanti Ltd., Barrick Gold Corp., BHP Billiton Ltd., De Beers Group of Companies, Kinross Gold Corp., Newmont Mining Corp., Vale SA and the COSMO Stochastic Mine Planning Laboratory.
The Management and Economics Society (MES) of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) provides a forum for industry professionals to share experiences, insights and ideas on topics relating to the economic, management and financial aspects of the mining business. It also supports supplemental educational programs in Canadian universities on topics related to mineral economics.
The award is valued at CAD $3,000. Please refer to the MES-COSMO Scholarship webpage for the application form and additional information on the scholarship, including eligibility, selection process and supporting documents required. Dates and deadlines for 2018 applications will be updated soon.
We look forward to selecting the successful candidate in 2018.
“Beyond Boom and Bust: New Leadership Paradigm to Manage Risks of Commodity Prices” – CIM Seminar – January 24th, 2018Posted January 9, 2018
“Canadian Research Contributes Step Change to World Mining” – The Globe and Mail Article, October 2016.Posted June 1, 2017
“Better Together” – Mining Magazine Interviews Prof. DimitrakopoulosPosted February 15, 2017
“Simulated deposits, real profits Stochastic mine planning trial at Newmont’s Twin Creeks mine shows value generation potential” — CIM ArticlePosted February 15, 2017


MineOro Explorations LLC is an exploration company with a current focus on advancing its high potential Don Chano gold and silver property in Chihuahua State, Mexico. Management and Directors have extensive business and mining experience. 4 bonanza-grade “veins” have been discovered by bedrock sampling to date by Mineoro at Don Chano.
The project has never been drilled, Mineoro is seeking an equity partner to advance the asset by drilling. Total of 456 bedrock samples on property, of which 134 samples returned Au-equivalent (only Au & Ag) values between 0.5 and 170 ppm, including 20 samples over 10 ppm Au-equiv.
Bay R. Woods -
Dr. Michael N. Feinstein -
- AuEquivalent_BubbleMap_Dec2016_Update (677 downloads)
- Don Chano Technical Report 4 May 2017 (1197 downloads)
- DonChano AuEquiv 11x17 May26 2017 (1227 downloads)
- DonChano_GeoChemistry_Sept2016 (1128 downloads)
- DonChano_PowerPoint_Jan2017 (1745 downloads)
- MineOro_Corporate_Profile_May_2017 (1162 downloads)
- Mineoro_PressRelease_Dec13_2016 (1123 downloads)


New Government Report: Preliminary Mineral Resource Assessment of Selected Mineral Deposit Types in Afghanistan (ISBN: 1437935060)
Preliminary Mineral Resource Assessment of Selected Mineral Deposit Types in Afghanistan (ISBN: 1437935060)
By Steve Ludington
(Paperback, 44 pages, 2010, $25)
Last week, U.S. officials announced the discovery of nearly $1 trillion worth of “previously unknown mineral wealth in Afghanistan,” reports Newsweek, especially in iron, copper, cobalt, gold and critical industrial metals like lithium.
But in Feb. 2002, a detailed proposal addressing natural resources issues critical to the reconstruction of Afghanistan was prepared. Afghanistan has abundant metallic and non-metallic resources, but the potential resources had never been assessed using modern methods.
This assessment, published in 2007, reviewed the geology of Afghanistan and selected appropriate deposit models. Then delineated permissive tracts for each type of deposit was prepared. Geologic maps and location maps showing the distribution and types of existing mineral deposits and occurrences were used in outlining these tracts. Geophysical and geochemical maps, as well as knowledge about the exploration history, were used in tract delineation and estimation. Illustrations.


As the mining industry – both surface and subsurface – becomes increasingly reliant on heavy-duty hydraulics for vehicle cleaning and maintenance, vehicle lift leader Stertil-Koni announced a five-step plan to ensure that lifts are properly installed and will function properly for years.
In a recent analysis of the mining industry, Peter Bowers, Technical Support Manager at Stertil-Koni, stated, “The mining industry is heavy by design and aggressive by environment. When dirt and debris adhere to large mining vehicles, they can overheat and breakdown much more quickly. Therefore, conducting routine maintenance and cleaning vehicles on schedule will improve not only their fuel efficiency but keep them operational for a longer period of time.”
Based on its industry experience, Stertil-Koni recommends the following five-step program when planning for the implementation and use of heavy duty lifts in the mining industry:
- Evaluate the fleet and determine how the vehicles are utilized in and around the mine. It is critical that maximum weight calculations are considered up front.
- Conduct site evaluations above and below ground in advance. For subsurface lift use, understand how the lift or lifts will need to travel through a shaft to be subsequently assembled inside the mine.
- Carefully inspect the location in which the lift will be installed. This ensures that the dimensions of the space are adequate. Pay particular attention to the ceiling height, thus permitting the lift to operate to full lifting height.
- Conduct load tests. Ensure lifts are tested at the manufacturer to 150% capacity for added safety margin.
- Ensure the lift machinery selected can safely withstand the rigors of the underground environment. Lifts with hot galvanized finish are recommended for use in mining operations to protect against corrosion.
Concluded Bowers, “To maintain a successful lift operation in both surface and subsurface mining there must be careful planning, close consultation with the mining operation and meticulous fabrication followed by routine maintenance of the heavy-duty lifting equipment.”


When air flows through the mine environment, its composition changes due to the addition of different kinds of impurities along its path. These impurities are Classification of impurities Nontoxic but explosive gases Examples Methane, Acetylene, Hydrogenate. Toxic gases Examples Carbon dioxide, Radon and its daughter products, etc. Acutely poisonous gases Examples Carbon monoxide, Nitrous fumes, Sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, Arsine, Phosphine, etc. Miscellaneous impurities like Vapours of water, Fuels and lubricants, Metals like mercury and lead etc. Solid impurities, like dust, Smoke, and organisms. Suspended fine liquid droplets, Such as fog due to condensed water- vapor or Mist of fine oil droplets from drills etc. In mines where cooling plants are used, the mine air also picks up Freon Some amount of water vapor is also present in the form of moisture in mine air. The management of mine ventilation is critical to the maintenance of a comfortable atmosphere for workers working in underground coal mines.


Goldrea Resources Corp. (TSX.V: GOR; FRANK: GOJ; PINKS: GORAF), based in Vancouver BC, Canada is a Junior Resource Company engaged in the acquisition, exploration and development of gold, copper/platinum/palladium and molybdenum resources in China, British Columbia and the U.S.A.
- Strong Fundamentals
- International Gold
- NI 43-101 Resources
- High Grade North American Molybdenum Opportunity
- North American Magnetite Opportunity
- Highly Experienced Management Group


Mining to Extreme Depths
Unearthing our Greatest Resources
- Nearly a century of innovation from Victaulic helps make critical mining processes safer, faster and more efficient
Modern mining practices have made it possible to explore vital resources deeper under the earth’s surface and in extremely challenging climates and operating conditions. Mine owners continue to push new frontiers, and as they do so, they rely on robust and dependable infrastructure to work quickly and safely.
Victaulic Enters Mining Market in 1920s
As early as the 1920s, mining companies were relying on Victaulic to address their needs in both surface and underground mines. In fact, pipe joining for the mining industry was one of the earliest applications for Victaulic. Mechanical pipe couplings were easy to assemble, disassemble, move and reuse and could be installed in tight spaces with far less labor and equipment than conventional joining methods.
Dependable operational infrastructure is critical to profitability and productivity; so the components used in cooling, fire protection, compressed air, water supply/removal, slurry, tailings, backfill, and dust suppression have to be reliable. Victaulic products have been proven to reduce downtime and related costs by as much as 50 percent. And in addition to delivering reliability and efficiency, they are safer than alternative pipe joining methods because no hot work is required for installation.


Universal Bio Mining is developing novel copper extraction technologies by shifting the chemistry of existing processes.
As much as ten percent of copper production is from biological process. Leaching is the lowest cost production method and is considered more environmentally friendly than pyrometallurgy, which sends concentrate to smelters. However, leaching is applicable to only some types of ores, and the most common ore type, chalcopyrite, has very poor recoveries when leached. As a result, low-grade chalcopyrite that cannot be sent to a smelter is generally treated as waste.
UBM is using cutting-edge microbiology to modify the bioleaching process and to make the leaching of chalcopyrite economic. Our objective is to enable the production of an additional billion pounds of copper with no increase in the ore mined from the ground.


Incumbent administers the Indian Mineral Program within the District. Works with designated representatives from the various Tribal groups as well as various governmental groups including but not limited to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Office of Natural Resources and Revenue (ONNR), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), etc. The incumbent reviews exploration or development operating plans for adequacy on mineral leases, sales and mining operations. Participates in or leads interdisciplinary team projects for minerals related actions, such as the development of environmental documents for the purpose of evaluating applications for free use permits, material sales, oil and gas leasing, geothermal resource leasing, exploration and development drilling, and mining plans of operations. Provides written and/or oral assistance to the public on questions concerning the laws, regulations, and policy governing all aspects of mineral resources on public lands.


Generally, metals occur as compounds in the earth crust. The compounds of metals which occur in earth crust, along with the earthy impurities associated with them, are called minerals.
The mineral from which the metal can be extracted very easily and economically is known as an ore. All ores are minerals, but all minerals are not ores.
Metals generally occur as their oxides, carbonates, sulphides, chlorides, silicate minerals. The term metallurgy includes:
- Concentration of the ore
- Reduction of the ore
- Refining of metal
The removal of the gangue from the ore is called ore dressing or concentration of the ore. The separating of metal in crude form (impure form) from the ore is called reduction of the ore. The separation of a metal in pure state from the crude metal is called refining of metal.
Concentration of Ore
The concentration of the ore can be done by
- Hand picking
- Gravity method (washing with water)
- Froth floatation
- Magnetic separation
In washing method, ore is made into fine powder by using ball mills. Ores like cassiterite and alluvial sand (contains Gold) are concentrated by washing with water.
Gravity method is based on the difference between the densities of the ore particle and gangue. Gravity process is used for the concentration of denser ores from the water soluble and lighter impurities (Gangue). Oxide ores and carbonate ores are concentrated by this method.
Froth Floatation Process
This method is used for the concentration of Sulphide ores.
The mineral particles become wet by oils while the gangue particles by water. A rotating paddle agitates the mixture and draws air in it. As a result, froth is formed which carries the mineral particles. The froth is light and is skimmed off. It is then dried for recovery of the ore particles.
This method is used if the ore or gangue particles are magnetic in nature. For example, Haematite or Magnetite ore is magnetic. It contains silica as impurity. The silica is non magnetic.
Reduction of Ores
Generally oxide and halide ores are reduced.
The commonly used reducing agents in metallurgy are H2 gas, CO gas, water gas, Al, Mg, Ca metals, Coke.
Metal oxide ore on reduction with carbon or coke gives metal. This method is used for the extraction of metals like Zn and Sn.
The process of heating an ore alone (or) mixed with other substances in air below its melting point is known as roasting. The roasting process removes volatile impurities from the ore. The roasting process is used for sulphide ores.
The process of heating an ore in the absence of air below its melting point is known as Calcination. The calcination process removes volatile impurities from the ore. The calcination process is used for oxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ores.
The removal of impurities from crude metal is called refining of metal. The methods used for refining of metals are liquation, distillation, cupellation, poling electrolysis, zone refining.


There are lots of debates going on in different parts of the world regarding the ecological footprints of the mining industry. In the past, methods used in mining were not actually environmentally friendly but recently manufacturers of mining equipment make the effort to research and develop more eco-friendly machines.
Miners pull out millions of kilograms of minerals from underground resources every year. They rely on massive fleets of mining vehicles that are known as haul trucks. A German equipment company has introduced the massive ETF haul truck with the capability of pulling 4 times more minerals than the traditional monstrous Ultra Class mining vehicles.
The massive haul trucks boasts of more power than traditional dump trucks that are very conspicuous at construction sites. The behemoths have multiple axles for support and a frame for reinforcement to be able to haul 400 metric tons of material in one load. However, the enormous size of the truck that gives it the capability to haul heavy materials makes it rather difficult to handle. The truck driver must be well trained and experienced in travelling roads.
Because the massive trucks are usually extra wide, they are hindered by limitations on massive vehicles. A solution is provided by Germany-based European Truck Factory in the form of a new “smarter” truck that is more versatile with the capability to haul more materials. The ETF truck can haul as much as 400 metric tons in one load with the ability to distribute the weight over the seven axles that rest on 4 tires each.
The ETF truck is also more stable because of the Central Tyre Inflation System that actively monitors and adjusts the height of each wheel to counteract any bumps on the road. A standard truck will immediately stop operations at a mining site when it has a flat tyre but ETF can continue to work even with the same problem.
On the other hand, hammer mill manufacturer offers mining operators equipment that has the capability to shred and crush different materials into smaller pieces through repeated blows by hammers. Once the material has been impacted by a hammer, it is expelled through a screen with specific hole size.


Tytyri Mine Experience
Phone:: +358 (0) 44 369 1309
Tytyri Mine Experience is a unique and multi-faceted travel destination 110 metres below ground level, combining the Nordkalk mining industry, Kone’s world-class technological development, and the adventure and thrills of a travel destination.
The public has a wonderful opportunity to see this fascinating underground world, arranged by the Town of Lohja. Although the dark and humid museum area is filled with underground sounds, it is a very safe distance from the excavation work, which is much deeper down.
Now Finland’s fastest elevator is being built in the Tytyri mine. Welcome to the deeper regions of the Earth.


The Turkmen Exploration Expedition is currently conducting exploration and prospecting of mineral deposits in Turkmenistan for industrial exploration of mineral deposits and development of explored mineral resources; thus, conducting geo-economic assessment of them in market conditions.
The purpose of the work is to clarify the current state of the mineral base (base) of minerals and minerals, study the problems of its development and use in market conditions.
Address of the Turkmen geological exploration expedition:
744036, Aşgabat şäheri,
Magtymguly şaýoly, 102-nji jaý;
Tel: +99312-93-42-15; Faks: +99312-93-42-14


Image: Richard Krahenbuhl
What is Minerals Geophysics?
- Minerals Geophysics generates detailed, high-resolution images of the Earth’s interior to access critical minerals necessary to sustain society’s current and future technological and energy needs.
AI rendering created by Derrick Chambers with MidJourney.
Mining is probably the most important industry throughout human history. It lays the foundation of our daily life. From the clay pot cooking hot soup to the giant container vessels shipping cargo around the world, or even the mighty spaceships shuttling through galaxies, the mining industry provides all sorts of material to make them. Learning and developing geophysical techniques that aim to assist the mining industry brings me great joy and a sense of satisfaction, because I know that my work will benefit billions of people and make their lives better.
Explore the Work
Minerals Geophysicists map subsurface mineral deposits and support their characterization and efficient exploration. (Photo: SkyTem)
Minerals Geophysicists aid mineral exploration to reduce its environmental impact and facilitate sustainable resource development. (Image: Mira Geoscience)
Minerals Geophysicists identify space minerals in preparation for in-situ resource utilization and human habitation. (Image: NASA)
Minerals Geophysicists identify and map seabed minerals needed for technological development with a low environmental footprint. (Image: NOAA)
Components of the Track
- GPGN 411 Gravity and Magnetics Methods
- GPGN 420 Electrical and Electromagnetics Methods
- GPGN 461 Seismic Processing
- GPGN 470 Remote Sensing
- GPGN 547 Rock Physics
Geology and Geological Engineering
- GEOL 310 Earth Minerals
- GEOL 311 Mining Geology
- GEGN 401 Mineral Deposits
- GEGN 432 Geological Data Analysis
- MATH 432 Spatial Statistics
Economics and Business
- EBGN 201 Principles of Economics
- EBGN 310 Environmental and Resource Economics
- EBGN 340 Energy and Environmental Policy
Humanities, Arts, & Social Sciences
- HASS 360 Research, Values Communication
- MNGN 210 Introductory Mining
- PEGN 419 Well Log Analysis


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List of Associations Sites
Canadian Mining Suppliers
The Canadian Association of Mining Equipment and Services for Export.
National Mining Association
Resources Mining organizations and trade associations NMA Member Companies Mining Schools and Universities Government Others
Iron Mining Association of Minnesota
Gives details of the mining industry in Minnesota.
Ontario Prospectors Association
Objectives are to represent and further the interests of the mineral exploration industry and the individual prospector.
Surface Mining Association for Research and Technology
A forum for Canadian mining companies to discuss new technologies and techniques for sustainable mining operations, such as GPS, IT, engines, tires, and roads.
The Coal Association of Canada
Provides a forum to coordinate the views of its members on matters of common interest. Members include coal producers, coal-using electric utilities, railroads and ports which ship coal, and suppliers of goods and services.


Bodi International LLC is implementing the Tavantolgoi Coal Terminal Stock project starting in 2022.
Based on advanced technology, this coal terminal stock can crush and load 20 million/tons of Tavantolgoi open-pit coal into wagons per year. The equipment of the crushing station consists of an Apron feeder and primary Sizer. Coal with a particle size of -1000 mm from the open pit will be stored in a bunker /ROM Bin/, feed with an apron feeder, and crushed in 1 stage to a particle size of -300 mm and transported to the stockpile site.
As part of this project, a contract has been signed with the world’s leading American company McLanahan Corporation Limited for the purchase, and test of sizer and apron feeder in 2022.
According to the agreement, the relevant engineers of Bodi International LLC, and the controller team of the customer of the TCTS project conducted the “Factory Acceptance Test” for 5 days at the branch factory of the McLanahan Corporation Limited company located in New Castle, Australia.
Also, the “Factory Acceptance Test” of Apron Feeder was successfully organized by online at the branch factory of McLanahan Corporation Limited in Shanghai, China, and the equipment was received.
The following activities were carried out as part of the FAT test of the crusher.
• Checking the design of DDC Sizer parts;
• Checking the power on/off mode of the crusher’s electrical and automation system, turning the crusher on for 2-3 hours under workshop conditions, and personally conducting the FAT test;
• Check and confirm the design, integrity, and manufacturing defects of the crusher, and repair and accept in case of defects;
• Inspection and testing of crusher manufacturing quality;
• Check and confirm the composition of the documents according to the provisions of the contract;
• Checking and verifying the composition of transport documents;
• Participate in crusher repair and technology training;
• Explore open pit and underground mining operations where McClanahan Corporation crushers are installed;
About McLanahan Corporation Pty Limited, a global supplier of mineral processing equipment, systems, and solutions, founded in 1835 in the United States, has over the years produced more than 500 apron feeders and about 200 direct drive crushers (DDC sizers).
Mineral processing, mechanical design engineering, and manufacturing capabilities are delivered to our markets through engineering teams in Newcastle, Perth, Shanghai, Santiago, and Pennsylvania.
The advantage of choosing to work with McLanahan is that the company maintains a close relationship with its clients and offers a higher level of customization. It is unique in that it allows the equipment of customers to be tightly integrated with their specific applications and environment.


Sodium sulphide, with a chemical formula of Na2S, is a vital industrial chemical that finds extensive applications in various industries. In particular, the 60% industrial grade sodium sulphide plays a crucial role in the field of ore flotation.
During the flotation process, sodium sulfide is added as a depressant to selectively inhibit the flotation of certain minerals. It reacts with metal ions, forming metal sulfides that are less floatable, thus improving the selectivity of the flotation process. By controlling the dosage of sodium sulfide, the desired minerals can be effectively separated from the gangue minerals.
In the hydrometallurgical extraction of metals, sodium sulfide is used as a lixiviant or leaching agent. It helps to dissolve the target metal from the ore or concentrate, facilitating its subsequent extraction and purification. Sodium sulfide reacts with metal ions, forming soluble metal sulfides that can be easily separated from the solid residue.
Furthermore, sodium sulfide is also employed in the production of certain chemicals used in mineral processing. It can be used as a reducing agent in the production of metallic powders or as a sulfur source in the synthesis of various compounds.
The application of 60% industrial sodium sulphide in the field of ore flotation is of paramount importance. Its role as a sulphidizing agent and pH regulator significantly improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the separation process. Furthermore, it offers advantages in terms of environmental sustainability. With its wide availability and various benefits, 60% industrial sodium sulphide continues to be a crucial component in the mining industry’s pursuit of efficient and sustainable mineral processing.


SDTH drilling (Down-the-Hole drilling) and DTH hammer drilling are modern drilling techniques that have revolutionized various industries, including mining, construction, geothermal exploration, and quarrying. The utilization of powerful tools, such as DTH hammers and DTH drilling bits, has significantly enhanced drilling efficiency, making it possible to penetrate various rock formations more effectively. In this article, we will delve into the world of DTH drilling, with a special focus on SVE Drilling Tools, a leading provider of cutting-edge solutions in the field.
1. Understanding DTH Drilling
DTH drilling is a percussive drilling technique that involves driving a hammer bit down into the rock through the use of high-pressure air. The compressed air serves as the driving force, propelling the DTH hammer bit's impacts onto the rock, effectively breaking it. Unlike traditional drilling methods, DTH drilling offers several advantages, including higher penetration rates, reduced deviation, and enhanced drilling speed.
2. The Significance of DTH Hammers
At the core of DTH drilling lies the DTH hammer, a pivotal component that plays a crucial role in delivering powerful and precise impacts to the DTH hammer bit. SVE DTH hammers are engineered with innovation and excellence, ensuring optimal energy transmission and driving force.
3. Key Features of SVE DTH Hammers
- a. Advanced Air Control System: SVE DTH hammers incorporate advanced air control systems, allowing for optimized air distribution and improved energy transfer to the hammer bit.
- b. Multi-Stage Design: The multi-stage design of SVE DTH hammers facilitates higher impact frequencies, resulting in faster drilling progress.
- c. Efficient Air Cushioning: SVE hammers are designed with efficient air cushioning to reduce wear and tear on the hammer bit, prolonging its lifespan.
- d. Robust Construction: The hammers are crafted with high-quality materials to withstand the most challenging drilling conditions, ensuring durability and reliability.
4. Exploring DTH Hammer Drilling Bits
Complementing the DTH drifter bits , DTH hammer drilling bits are instrumental in determining the drilling performance and the final borehole quality. SVE Drilling Tools offers a wide range of high-performance DTH hammer bits tailored to various rock formations.
- a. Convex Bits: Ideal for inclined or deviated boreholes, convex bits ensure efficient drilling in complex geological settings.
- b. Chisel Bits: Specially designed for drilling through hard and abrasive rock formations, chisel bits offer exceptional cutting performance.
- c. Button Bits: Perfect for soft to medium-hard rock formations, button bits are equipped with durable tungsten carbide inserts to withstand wear.
- d. Cross Bits: Suitable for fractured or fissured rocks, cross bits maintain stability and direction during drilling.
5. SVE Drilling Tools: Delivering Excellence
SVE Drilling Tools has emerged as a leading provider of DTH drilling solutions, offering state-of-the-art equipment that ensures efficiency, precision, and cost-effectiveness.
- a. Research and Development: SVE invests significantly in research and development, constantly innovating and improving their DTH drilling products
- b. Quality Assurance: SVE's commitment to quality is reflected in their rigorous testing procedures and adherence to international standards.
- c. Customization Options: SVE understands that each drilling project is unique, offering tailored solutions to meet specific drilling requirements.
- d. Technical Support: The company provides excellent technical support, assisting customers in optimizing their drilling processes.
6. Advantages of SVE DTH Drilling & DTH Hammer Drilling
- a. Increased Productivity: SVE DTH drilling tools enhance drilling speed and efficiency, resulting in higher productivity for drilling projects.
- b. Cost-Efficiency: The combination of fast drilling and extended tool lifespan reduces overall project costs.
- c. Precision and Accuracy: SVE tools ensure accurate borehole dimensions and minimized deviation, critical for successful drilling operations.
DTH drilling and DTH hammer drilling have transformed the drilling industry, providing efficient and precise solutions for various applications. SVE Drilling Tools' cutting-edge DTH hammers and hammer bits are testament to the advancements in the field, delivering superior performance and durability. For companies seeking to elevate their drilling capabilities, investing in SVE DTH drilling solutions is a strategic choice that promises increased productivity and success in their drilling endeavors.