: a region rich in coal deposits.
Where are coal fields?
Coal is mainly found in three regions: the Appalachian coal region, the Interior coal region, and the Western coal region (includes the Powder River Basin). The two largest coal mines in the United States are the North Antelope Rochelle and Black Thunder mines in Wyoming.
What are coal fields used for?
Today, in addition to steel-making, coal is used in several ways. Utility power plants burn coal to produce electricity, and coal is used for heat and power in other industrial plants, residential and commercial heating, and specialty products such as activated charcoal for filtration.
What are the coal fields in India?
List of Coal Mines in India
|Coal Mines in India|
|Jharia, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Jayanti, Godda, Giridih (Karbhari Coal Field), Ramgarh, Karanpura, Daltonganj||Jharkhand|
|Raniganj Coalfield, Dalingkot (Darjeeling) Birbhum, Chinakuri||West Bengal|
|Korba, Bishrampur, Sonhat, Jhilmil, Hasdo-Arand||Chhattisgarh|
Which is the largest coal field in India?
Jharia coalfield Jharia coalfield is a large coal field located in the east of India in Jharia, Jharkhand. Jharia represents the largest coal reserves in India having estimated reserves of 19.4 billion tonnes of coking coal.
What is a coal miner called?
1. coal miner – someone who works in a coal mine. collier, pitman. miner, mineworker – laborer who works in a mine.
Do coal mines still exist?
In the US, coal mining is a shrinking industry. In 1923, there were about 883,000 coal miners; today there are about 53,000. Working in coal mines is dangerous miners have to deal with toxic gases, plus the threat of being crushed, drowned, or injured from fires and explosions.
What type of rock is coal?
Coal is a black sedimentary rock that can be burned for fuel and used to generate electricity. Coal is the leading source of energy in the United States. Coal is a black or brownish-black sedimentary rock that can be burned for fuel and used to generate electricity.
Is coal a mineral or a rock?
organic sedimentary rock What’s the deal with coal? It’s classified as an organic sedimentary rock, but rocks are combinations of minerals, and minerals are inorganic. Coal is made of decomposed plants, which are organic.
How much did coal miners get paid in the 1900s?
Before the strike of 1900 he was paid in this region $1.70 per day, or $10.20 a week. If the ten per cent raise had been given, as we expected, his wages would be $1.87 per day, or $11.22 per week, or an increase of $1.02 per week.
How long do coal miners live?
The average life expectancy in the coal mines for those starting work at 15 y was found to be 58.91 y and 49.23 y for surface and underground workers respectively.
How coal mining is done?
Surface coal mining generally involves the following sequence of unit operations: (1) clearing the land of trees and vegetation, (2) removing and storing the top layers of the unconsolidated soil (topsoil), (3) drilling the hard strata over the coal seam, (4) fragmenting or blasting the hard strata with explosives, (5) …
How many coal fields are in India?
Coal India Limited has 352 mines (as on 1st April, 2020) of which 158 are underground, 174 opencast and 20 mixed mines. CIL further operates 12 coal washeries, (10 coking coal and 2 non-coking coal) and also manages other establishments like workshops, hospitals, and so on.
Which state is rich in coal?
What is Tertiary coal field?
Tertiary coal is found in the rocks of the Oligocene period of the Tertiary Era. It is about 15 to 60 million years old. The Tertiary coal is also known as the ‘brown coal’. … It is an inferior type of coal in which the carbon varies between 30 per cent in Gujarat and Rajasthan to 50 per cent in Assam.
Which is the second largest coal field in India?
Raniganj Coalfield Raniganj Coalfield covers an area of 443.50 km2 (171.24 sq mi) and has total coal reserves of 49.17 billion tonnes, spread across Indian states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. That makes it the second largest coalfield in the country (in terms of reserves).
Which is the oldest coal field in India?
Raniganj coalfield The Raniganj coalfield was first mined in 1774, and is the oldest coal mine in India.
Which state is largest coal producer in India?
Jharkhand Jharkhand is the largest coal-producing state in India. The top coal-producing states are Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra.
How much does a coal miner make?
Underground Coal Miner Salary
|Annual Salary||Weekly Pay|
How do I become a miner?
You can become a miner with the following steps:
- Complete education. A minimum of a high school diploma is often a requirement to become a miner. …
- Sign up for an apprenticeship. …
- Study and apply for licensure. …
- Apply for mining positions.
What are 4 types of mining?
The American Geosciences web site defines four main mining methods: underground, open surface (pit), placer, and in-situ mining.
- Underground mines are more expensive and are often used to reach deeper deposits.
- Surface mines are typically used for more shallow and less valuable deposits.
How many years of coal is left?
Based on U.S. coal production in 2020, of about 0.535 billion short tons, the recoverable coal reserves would last about 470 years, and recoverable reserves at producing mines would last about 25 years.
How deep do coal miners go?
Undergrounds coal mines can drive 2,500 feet (750 meters) into the Earth and other types even deeper — uranium mines can reach 6,500 feet, or 2 kilometers. But those depths are extreme; most top (or bottom) out at about 1,000 feet (300 meters) [sources: Times Wire, ARMZ, Illinois Coal Association].
Do coal miners still get black lung?
In 2018, black lung disease in miners hit a 25-year high. In Appalachia, cases of black lung rose to levels unseen since the 1970s, when modern coal dust regulations were implemented.
Is coal igneous rock?
Coal was not derived from molten material, so is not igneous by definition. It was not transformed under temperature and pressure from a pre-existing rock into a metamorphic rock.
Does coal make diamonds?
Over the years it has been said that diamonds formed from the metamorphism of coal. According to Geology.com, we now know this is untrue. Coal has rarely played a role in the formation of diamonds. … The diamonds form from pure carbon in the mantle under extreme heat and pressure.
What is coal formed from?
Coal takes millions of years to form Coal contains the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swampy forests. Layers of dirt and rock covered the plants over millions of years. The resulting pressure and heat turned the plants into the substance we call coal.
Can coal be a mineral?
The Mineralogical Society of America defines a mineral as: a naturally-occurring, inorganic solid which possesses a characteristic internal atomic structure and a definite chemical composition. … While coal is naturally occurring, it is organic and thus does not meet the ASTM’s definition of mineral.
Why coal is not a mineral?
Minerals Mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. Coal is not a mineral because it does not qualify to be one. … Coal is non-living and made up of atoms of elements. Minerals are not formed from living things such as plants or animals.
How is coal made in nature?
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. … Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years.
Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with Sun’Agri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. I am currently continuing at Sun’Agri as an R&D engineer.


Cloud Peak Energy, the US’ fourth-largest coal mining company, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy late last week as the company missed an extension deadline to make a $1.8 million loan payment.
In a statement, Cloud Peak said it will continue to operate its three massive coal mines in Wyoming and Montana while it goes through the restructuring process. Colin Marshall, the president and CEO of the company, said that he believed a sale of the company’s assets “will provide the best opportunity to maximize value for Cloud Peak Energy.”
Cloud Peak was one of the few major coal producers who escaped the significant coal industry downturn between 2015 and 2016. That bought it a reputation for prudence and business acumen.
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Hub for creativity and cooperation fosters digitalization of South Africa’s mining industry
Johannesburg, South Africa. Mining is a critical sector of industry for South Africa with its rich mineral deposits. Despite this vital importance or maybe because of it, the country is faced with the challenge of modernizing its mining industry and also solving its mining engineering skills shortage. The Digital Mining Incubator (DMI) is an important platform for the qualification and recruitment of skilled labor. The initiative was launched by Siemens in close cooperation with Wits University and Tshimologong Precinct. Its aim is to engender enthusiasm for mining among young graduates, to advance the mining industry towards the digital transformation, and utilize the widespread possibilities opened up by digitalization. There is plenty of scope for optimization across the mining industry when it comes to digitalization and its benefits. South Africa, where mining looks back on a long tradition but also has a bright future, is embracing this challenge. Not only is it seeking to address the tangible skills shortage which is particularly prevalent in this sector, but its government and industry are also endeavoring to unleash the benefits of digitalization for the mining industry. The DMI platform is one way of addressing both these needs.
Sustainable advancement for mining
The Digital Mining Incubator is what is termed a Co-Creation space in which customers and partners are able to focus on the development of mining-related skills. The DMI is integrated in the Wits Tshimologong Digital Innovation Precinct, part of the University of Witwatersrand. Here, young people interested in mining are mentored by experts from the University and Siemens, with the aim of providing them with the tools and skills to effectively transform and develop the South African mining sector. The aim of the project is to utilize data in conjunction with machine learning, artificial intelligence and additive manufacturing as the basis for developing the “smart” mines of the future. Digitalization will bring about a sustainable, positive transformation of the value chain in the mining industry. Benefits will include a shorter time to market, increased flexibility in volatile global markets, optimized productivity and the creation of safer operations on site.
Professor Barry Dwolatzky, Director of the Joburg Centre for Software Engineering at Wits University and founder of the Tshimologong Precinct, summarized:
– Having Siemens open a digital incubator dedicated to promoting innovation in mining is a very significant landmark in bringing the benefits of 21st century digitalization to one of the most critical sectors in the South African economy. The DMI will provide a dedicated platform for developing innovative solutions to some of our mining industry’s greatest challenges including health and safety, environmental protection and improved productivity.


Characteristics of high efficiency dust removal and suppression system
1、 Fine: high pressure, small fog diameter particles, only 10-15 μ m, high dust removal efficiency;
Two, stable: large volume of spray, adjustable, long-term use and easy maintenance;
3、 Intelligent: equipped with automatic intelligent control system, can be divided into regional control, no need for personnel operation;
4、 Large: large use area, large dust removal area;
5、 Fine: the water mist particles are fine, and the weight gain ratio to material humidity is 0.02% - 0.05%, which can be ignored. Dense fog pool is formed at the dust suppression point, and there is no calorific value loss of material (coal);
Working principle of high efficiency dust removal and dust suppression
The initial theory of high efficiency dust removal and dust suppression is based on a joint study of the University of Waterloo in Canada and the Colorado Institute of mining in the United States. Its main content is: when the size of water mist particles is similar to that of dust particles, the probability of adsorption, filtration and condensation is high. As the theoretical basis of hydrodynamics, the ultra-high pressure micro fog dust suppression system was developed.
High efficiency dust removal and dust suppression device system directly pressurizes water (80 ~ 150kg / cm3) to produce water mist particles with a diameter of 1 ~ 10 μ m, which can adsorb and agglomerate the dust suspended in the air, especially the inhalable dust particles with the diameter of 5 ~ 10 μ m, and settle under the action of gravity, so as to achieve the dust suppression effect.
The high efficiency dust removal and dust suppression equipment is connected with infrared ray to realize automatic spray function. The infrared sensor is installed in the laneway on both sides of the spray site to form two infrared detection lines. When there is no personnel passing, the continuous spray or stage spray is set up (set at the stage of spraying, manually setting the time of spray operation and the duration of single spray operation). When a person passes, the spray can be stopped automatically. After a period of time, the personnel can start the spray operation again according to the actual needs. A manual control button is provided at the same time, and the power supply of the spray device can be completely cut off without spraying.
Experimental analysis of high efficiency dust removal and dust suppression
When the diameter of water droplet is larger than that of dust particle, the dust only follows the airflow around the water droplet, and the water droplet has little or no chance to contact with the dust particle, so the dust suppression effect can not be achieved. If the size of droplets and dust particles are close, the surface tension of water will be reduced, and dust particles and droplets will easily collide and bond together. As the droplet size becomes smaller and smaller, the probability of condensation is increasing, and the "filtering" effect of water mist on dust is formed.
High efficiency dust removal and dust suppression system directly pressurizes water to 80-150kg / cm3. Under the action of ultra-high pressure, water is ejected from the equipment in the form of micro mist (water mist particles with diameter < 10 μ m). When the size of water mist particles and dust particles are equal, the water mist particles and dust particles are easy to agglomerate and begin to settle under the action of gravity, and then fall to the ground.
When a large number of small water droplets form a fog group, completely covering the dust point, it will achieve a very good dust suppression effect. The micro fog dust suppression system uses ultra-high pressure to atomize water mist below 10 μ m, forming a fog mass above the dust starting point and completely covering the dust starting point. In this way, when the material is dusting, the dust completely enters into the fog mass, fully combines with the water mist, and gradually increases, falling to the ground under the action of gravity.


The mining industry, a vital pillar of global economic development, constantly seeks innovative solutions to address its unique challenges. One area that has shown immense potential is the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. In this article, we discuss how IoT is revolutionizing mining operations, with a specific focus on its game-changing role in mining truck monitoring. By addressing industry-specific pain points head-on, IoT and 5G are transforming the way mining companies ensure safety, optimize operations and achieve cost-effectiveness
Understanding the Mining Industry
The mining industry is characterized by vast and complex operations, often in remote and challenging environments. Two major challenges in mining truck operations are limited visibility and noise-related issues, which increase collision risks and pose threats to worker safety.
Limited Visibility and Noise Challenges
Operating mining trucks in rugged terrains with limited visibility presents significant safety concerns. The sheer size of the trucks, combined with complex terrains and adverse weather conditions, makes it difficult for drivers to have a clear line of sight. This increases the risk of accidents, collisions, and damage to equipment and infrastructure. Furthermore, high levels of noise generated by mining activities hinder effective communication and situational awareness, further exacerbating safety challenges.
Collision Risks and Worker Safety
The presence of multiple mining trucks, workers, and equipment within mining sites increases the potential for accidents and collisions. Blind spots created by the size and design of mining trucks pose significant risks, particularly when workers are in close proximity to moving vehicles. These blind spots can result in accidents, injuries, or even fatalities if proper safety measures are not in place. Ensuring worker safety in such environments is a critical priority for mining companies.
The Power of 5G and IoT in Mining Truck Monitoring
5G and IoT technology play a game-changer role in the mining industry, offering unprecedented capabilities in monitoring and managing mining truck operations in low latency. By leveraging a network of devices, cameras and sensors, interconnected by Robustel 5G IoT routers, the solution enables real-time data collection, analysis, and decision-making, while private 5G networks are being implemented to run autonomous machines 24/7. This data-driven approach empowers mining companies to enhance safety, optimize operations, and drive productivity.
1. Enhancing Safety through Real-time Monitoring
IoT enables real-time monitoring of mining trucks, providing valuable insights into their location, status, and performance. By equipping trucks with IoT sensors, companies can track their movements and receive instant alerts in the event of potential risks or hazardous situations. This proactive approach allows for timely intervention, minimizing the chances of accidents, collisions, and injuries. Furthermore, IoT can facilitate the implementation of geofencing mechanisms, ensuring that trucks adhere to designated safe zones within the mining site.
2. Optimizing Operations and Maintenance
IoT technology enables predictive maintenance, a key advantage for mining operations. By collecting real-time data on various parameters such as engine performance, fuel consumption, and tire wear, IoT systems can identify potential issues before they escalate into costly breakdowns. This allows mining companies to schedule maintenance activities proactively, minimizing downtime and optimizing the lifespan of mining truck assets. Additionally, IoT-driven data analytics can provide valuable insights into operational inefficiencies, helping companies make informed decisions to streamline their processes and improve productivity.
3. Improving Asset Utilization and Resource Allocation
IoT-enabled monitoring systems provide accurate and real-time information on the utilization of mining trucks. By analyzing data on factors such as idle time, route efficiency, and payload capacity, companies can identify opportunities to optimize asset utilization and allocate resources more effectively. This leads to significant cost savings and improved overall operational efficiency.
IoT technology is revolutionizing the mining industry, particularly in the domain of mining truck monitoring. By addressing the challenges of limited visibility, noise, collision risks, and worker safety, IoT solutions are transforming the way mining operations are conducted. From proactive risk mitigation to predictive maintenance and improved resource allocation, IoT is reshaping the industry, ensuring safer, more efficient, and sustainable mining practices. As mining companies continue to embrace IoT solutions, we can expect further advancements and transformative outcomes in mining operations, paving the way for a brighter future in the industry.


Magnus Minerals Ltd. is a private company registered in Finland.
Magnus Minerals Ltd. is not listed and it has about 30 shareholders.
- Shares: 114 503 shares
- Options & Warrants: No outstanding options or warrants
AUDITOR – KPMG
- Hämeenkatu 9
- FIN-33100 Tampere Finland
Finland in brief
- Mining friendly country
- Proven mineral wealth
- Strong mining heritage
- Favorable and clear mining, exploration, and environmental regulations
- Highly advanced, and politically stable, EU country
- World-class infrastructure and mining/exploration services
Favourable geological environment
Finland is one of the few areas in the world anomalously enriched in nickel. It is also well endowed with other base metals such as copper and zinc. It holds great potential in precious metals as well.
The large untapped potential has been proved by Anglo American’s recent Sakatti –discovery.
New era in exploration
Until 1994 mineral exploration was conducted mainly by government financed Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) and one state-owned company, Outokumpu. No entrepreneurial mineral exploration existed and the industry lacked and still lacks Finnish venture capital.
The Finnish mining sector opened to foreign competition in the mid 1990’s just when base metals prices were at their lowest and Outokumpu was exiting the exploration business.
These structural shifts have created a new dawn in mineral exploration in Finland and a great opportunity for those involved.
Large areas left to explore
Pre-1994 exploration, mainly conducted by Outokumpu and the Finnish Geological Survey, identified many areas of economic mineralization and several deposits with defined mineral resources at or near surface that remain undeveloped.
Past mining was typically shallow (less than 250m) and exploration for additional ore bodies around old mines was limited.
Mineral assets and potential have not been realized to their full extent.
- Magnus brings together a unique combination of Finnish and Canadian geological expertise and know-how.
- Magnus Minerals has experienced management team that has decades of experience in prospecting and consulting in mineral exploration in Finland.
- Magnus Minerals has an unparalleled land position in Finland with diversified holdings of properties and an excellent track record in claiming.
- Strategic exploration initiatives of Magnus Minerals utilizes the latest industry methods and in-house expertise to add value to properties.
Use of modern technology
- Magnus Minerals utilizes leading edge GIS computer mapping, data compilation, and 3D-modeling expertise.
- Magnus utiliez its resources effectively to capitalize on the excellent Finnish geo-scientific database.
- Magnus has an established management team with a proven track record as a business partner.


After being discovered last November, the world’s second-largest diamond now has a name:
Lesedi La Rona, reports Fin.
Canada’s Lucara Diamond Corporation found the 1,111-carat diamond in the Karowe mine in northern Gaborone in addition to an 813-carat stone and 374-carat stone.
On Tuesday, a naming competition, which garnered 11,000 e-mail and 1,000 SMS entries, took place at the Investing in African Mining Indaba Conference with Thembani Moitlhobogi winning a little more than $2,221 for the name “Lesedi La Rona” or “our light” in Setswana.
In his submission, Moitlhobogi said he chose the name because the diamond represents his nation’s pride and rich legacy.
The world’s largest diamond was found in South Africa.
The largest diamond ever found was in South Africa in 1905. The diamond was 3,106 carats and was cut into nine stones that are now a part of the British Crown jewels.
After the diamond goes on a road show, the diamond will be sold as-is around June.


Northwest Rock, Inc. supplies sand and gravel to the Olympic Peninsula. Located in Grays Harbor, Mason and Pacific counties we supply aggregate products to local private, county and government agencies. Our employees are committed to excellence in every aspect. This allows us to produce the highest quality of crushed rock, washed rock, sand, landscape rock and rip rap.
The Stafford Creek Landfill is owned and operated in Grays Harbor County. Just outside the City of Aberdeen. We accept wood waste, brush, dirt, shake roofing, composition roofing and demolition.
Northwest Rock, Inc. maintains the largest trucking fleet in the Grays Harbor area. This enables us to manufacture and deliver materials directly to your job site. We perform hauling and rock supply contracts with Washington State and local government entities, concrete/asphalt companies and companies within the timber industry.
Our portable crushing equipment allows Northwest Rock, Inc. to manufacture quality rock wherever it is needed most. Our crushing team works rain or shine to ensure a consistent rock supply in Grays Harbor, Pacific and Mason Counties.


MTV Environmental has direct experience providing project management services for rehabilitation and topsoil works, having delivered these services with Blackwater Mine whilst an employee of BHP.
We successfully coordinated topsoil stripping, reshaping and rehabilitation works at the mine. This included liaising with mine planning personnel and sub-contractors, and coordinating budgeting and scheduling for the project. The program of works was delivered within budget, safely and met the mine’s targets for Rehabilitated Land: Disturbed Land ratio.
We also coordinated and supervised the aerial seeding of approximately 1,000 hectares of rehabilitated mined land and oversaw the ongoing monitoring and repair of existing rehabilitated areas. This aerial seeding program far exceeded any other revegetation programs in the region.


Price of iron ore rallies as China's property market showed further sign of recovery. Surge in the price of iron ore also correlated with increase in steel futures.
The Zimbabwe government will now take control all of the mining fields in the country as the state is being robbed of its wealth. Billions of dollars have been stolen from the nation's treasure chest because of smuggling and swinding according to President Mugabe.
South African largest iron ore producer Kumba cuts as many as 3900 miners after prices plunged. Kumba decided to restructure the Sishen mines to become a low cost pit configuration and as a result, about 2,633 employees of Kumba and 1,300 contractors will be affected.
Anglo American's copper production and from retained operations rose 23 percent for the fourth quarter of 2015. The overall copper equivalent basis production for 2015 rose five percent when compared with 2014. Majority of metals including copper, coal, nickel and iron ore tumbled during the second half of 2015. The copper inventory of Anglo American was at 197,631 tons as on 2015.
Chinese iron ore imports rose to a record-high in December, suggesting that demand from the world’s largest consumer remains robust. The enormous increase coincided with signs of continued inventory restocking at chinese ports.
After crumbling down a year ago for suffering massive losses, Bloom Lake iron ore mine in Quebec finally has a buyer. The losses Bloom Lake incurred shows how the commodity meltdown has adversely affected the metals industry.
Australia's Fortescue Metals Group Ltd will change its roster to increase the time workers spend at mines, as the world's fourth largest iron ore producer rushes to reduce costs in the face of plunging prices for the steelmaking ingredient.
World shares tested record highs on Friday as hopes of more easy money from top central banks pushed Japan's Nikkei past 20,000 points for the first time in 15 years and European stocks reached similar heights.
Global stocks rose on Tuesday, as many European bourses re-opening after the Easter break took on the positive tone set by U.S. markets overnight, with sentiment boosted by a potential trans-Atlantic acquisition.
China will boost efforts this year to rid itself of a strong addiction to coal in a bid to reduce damaging pollution as well as cut the energy intensity of its economy, which is expected to grow at its lowest rate in 25 years.
Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton are amassing vast copper holdings in a push to capture a greater chunk of the $140 billion world market, apparently aiming to squeeze out high-cost producers just as they did in the global iron ore business.
A possible public listing of a stake in the base metals unit of Brazil's Vale SA (VALE5.SA) hinges on a rally in nickel prices of around 20 percent, its chief financial officer said on Friday.
Cliffs Natural Resources Inc (CLF.N) said it would write down the value of its coal and iron ore assets by $6 billion due to weak prices, putting it in breach of debt covenants and sending its shares down as much as 6.8 percent.
Rio Tinto (RIO.AX) rejected a merger approach from smaller rival Glencore Plc (GLEN.L) to create a $160 billion mining and trading giant in August just as the price of its most profitable product, iron ore, hit a five-year low.
Australian junior iron ore miner Western Desert Resources Ltd said it had called in administrators after failing to negotiate a deal with its bankers, due largely to plunging iron ore prices.


Advocates of biotechnology have consistently upheld the notion that the field contributes to human health care, environmental protection, and industrial-scale synthesis of complex chemicals. Despite the obvious importance of these areas, biotechnology also has much to offer to other fields. One of the oldest of these is the mining industry. The earliest use of microbial processes for mining occurred long before it was clear that microbes were responsible for the effects observed. At the Rio Tinto (Red River) mine in Seville, Spain, Roman era copper mine workings were rediscovered in 1556. Evidence suggests that the mine used water from the Rio Tinto – water containing a very high concentration of ferric iron owing to microbial activity in the area1. When the water from this river was irrigated onto copper containing deposits, the copper dissolved and later precipitated as smaller deposits that could be collected. Although the people at the time likely believed this process to be magic, we now know that it was the first recorded use of biomineralization.
Bacteria hard at work: Biomineralization
A number of genera of bacteria have been shown to be important in biomineralization, including: Acidothiobacillus (previously Thiobacillus), Leptospirillum, Acidiphilium, Sulfobacillus, Ferroplasma, Sulfolobus, Metallosphaera, and Acidianus. Interestingly, these microbes represent Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and Archaea, indicating that even within a superficially simple and inhospitable environment like a mine tailings pond, a remarkable diversity of life can be observed.
Bacteria involved in biomineralization are usually highly acid-tolerant, mesophilic (20-40°C temperature optimum) or thermophilic (40-70°C temperature optimum) chemolithoautotrophs. They are usually able to use reduced sulphur compounds and/or ferric (Fe2+) iron as electron sources. In most ore deposits both of these molecules are readily available in the form of iron pyrite (FeS2). Following exposure of buried pyrite to water and oxygen, a spontaneous oxidation takes place according to the following reaction:
This reaction begins to produce ferrous iron (Fe3+) – a powerful oxidant that is further capable of oxidizing mineral sulphides:
The most important product of these reactions is sulfuric acid (H2SO4). As a result, these reactions begin to alter the pH of the environment to favour the growth of acid-tolerant microbes that are important for biomineralization. The most common organism found is Acidothiobacillus ferroxidans (previously known as Thiobacillus ferroxidans). Once this bacteria begins to grow it uses the Fe2+ released in the second reaction as an electron source, thus regenerating Fe3+, the ion capable of oxidizing even more of the mineral sulphides. This process will continue until the pH of the water in the pile approaches 1 . The entire process described above is known as acid mine drainage, and can be very environmentally destructive. The acid mine runoff is highly acidic and contains dissolved iron concentrations. If the runoff from the mining operation enters the surrounding environment, it can render entire streams, rivers, and lakes completely devoid of any eukaryotic life.
Consequently, when there is a risk of acid mine drainage in traditional mining operations, special care must be taken to prevent it. These preventative measures can include a number of techniques. These are designed to prevent either the initial oxidation from occurring, or the subsequent acidification of the water. Acidification can be interrupted by combining the sulphide-containing ores with material, such as limestone, that is capable of neutralizing the acid produced by the oxidation. This prevents the positive feedback loop generated by the bacteria.
How to Extract Ore Without Anaesthetic: Bioleaching
Despite the remarkably destructive potential of acid mine drainage, there is a silver lining to this industrial dark cloud. Many minerals are capable of forming sulphidic deposits, including copper, uranium, nickel, and cobalt. If large quantities of these metal sulphides are found, they can be commercially extracted using the principle of acid mine drainage. There are two approaches to tackling this type of operation. The first is called irrigation style bioleaching, one example of in situ bioleaching (Figure 1). In order to be considered feasible, the deposit itself must be relatively permeable to water, while the entire site is contained in geological structures that are impermeable to water, so that the mine drainage cannot enter any waterways. Artificial piles can also be created from crushed low-grade ore that is piled onto impermeable liners up to heights of 350 m.
Regardless of whether the pile is artificial or carried out in situ, sulfuric acid, water, and air are then pumped into the deposit over a period of weeks to months. The reactions involved are similar to those above, except that the metal sulphide partially replaces the FeS2 represented. Following an incubation period, the liquid is then removed by pumping. This runoff is very acidic, and contains a high concentration of the metal of interest. The metal can then be isolated by a number of conventional techniques, including precipitation or electroplating. Approximately 20% of the world’s copper is produced by bioleaching, and that number is expected to rise in the years ahead [2, 3]. Within Canada, this type of process has been used to extract uranium from the Elliott Lake district in northern Ontario. For in situ piles, fresh water and an acid neutralizer can then be pumped into the deposit until standards within the runoff are below a minimally acceptable threshold.
Special Treatment for Special Ores: Stirred Tank Processes
The other major form of bioleaching is known as stirred tank processes. The name is fairly self-explanatory, as the process requires constructing large aerated tanks that are generally arranged in a series, so that runoff from one tank serves as raw material for the next (Figure 2). In this way, the reactor can operate in continuous flow mode, with fresh ore being added to the first tank while the runoff from the final tank is removed and treated. The ore to be processed is generally crushed to a very small particle size, to ensure that the solids remain suspended in the liquid medium. Mineral nutrients in the form of (NH4)2SO4 and KH2PO4 are also added to the tanks to ensure maximal microbial density is maintained.
Due to the extremely high cost of stirred tank reactors, they are only used for highly valuable materials. For gold extraction for example, this technique is usually used when the ore body contains high concentrations of arsenopyrite (AsFeS). This compound is extremely recalcitrant to chemical reactions and effectively shields the gold from the cyanide that is used to dissolve it. Thus, unlike irrigation-style bioleaching, where the liquid contains the material of interest, stirred tank processes are used as a pretreatment to remove low value sulphide material from higher value minerals, such as gold. The solid particles leaving the last aeration tank are then moved to a facility for chemical processing. This pretreatment can increase the yield of gold-bearing ore by twenty times over traditional crushing and immediate chemical extraction. These reactors can be truly enormous, with one such facility consisting of a series of 24 tanks, each holding 1 000 000 litres of crushed ore and liquid .
Even Bacteria Have to Deal with Waste Management…
Yet another example of biotechnology in mining involves a process called metal precipitation. This process is used to treat wastewater from mining operations, which, as described above, contains high concentrations of dissolved SO42- and Fe2+, as well as excess acid. This material cannot be released directly into the environment as it is extremely hazardous to stream and river ecology. In what is essentially a reversal of the procedure described that leads to acid mine drainage, sulphate-reducing bacteria like Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum oxidize organic matter or H2 by using sulphate as an electron acceptor according to the following reactions:
The sulphide present then immediately reacts with any dissolved metal, producing an insoluble metal sulphide:
The metal sulphide is very inert and can be disposed of, provided it is not exposed to oxygen, lest the process begin again.
In many mining operations, this process is carried out in engineered anaerobic swamps. A large enclosure is first lined to make it impermeable. The wastewater is then allowed to enter the area where the pH is adjusted with limestone. As the pH increases, some iron precipitates and the rest of the material is passed into an area containing organic waste material. The degradation of the organic waste maintains the anoxic state of the containment pond. Microbial action reduces the sulphate present to metal sulphides that are then permanently precipitated within the passive reactor. The top of the reactor can be covered with topsoil and planted to restore the aesthetic potential of the area.
Biotechnology has played a pivotal role in the mining industry for hundreds of years. The use of bacteria has enabled for more efficient ore extraction, and purification of ore compounds. In more recent years, research has been devoted to developing more environmentally sound and efficient extraction processes and microbial remediation of mining sites. Future developments will likely include increasing the temperature at which stirred tank reactions can be carried out, by identifying or developing bacterial strains that have higher optimal temperatures. Higher temperatures translate into elevated reaction rates and evading the necessary cooling of these systems – an extremely energy intensive step. In addition, bacteria that are better able to resist the abrasion from the stirred tank process will also be very useful. These initiatives may also be much less environmentally destructive than conventional technologies – what we can hope to be the beginnings of a new generation of mining technologies.
1) Davis Jr., R.A., Welty, A.T., Borrego, J., Morales, J.A., Pendon, J.G. and J.G. Ryan. 2000. Rio Tinto estuary (Spain): 5000 years of pollution. Environmental Geology. 39: 1107-1116.
2) Brierley, C.L. and J.A. Brierley. 1997. Microbiology for the Metal Mining Industry. in Manual of Environmental Microbiology. (Ed.) C.J. Hurst. ASM Press, Washington D.C.
3) Brierley, C.L. 1995. Bacterial oxidation. Engineering and Mining Journal. 196:42-44.
4) Acevedo, F. 2000. The use of reactors in biomining processes. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 3: online.
Rawlings, D.E. 2002. Heavy metal mining using microbes. Annual Review of Microbiology. 56:65-91.
(Art by Jane Wang – note that high res versions of image files available here)


Northern Conveyors can custom design and build a conveyor belt for your application. Our assembly line, roller bearing equipment is used in all states of Australia and in several overseas locations, including Sarawak, Thailand and China. Previously supplied conveyors include:
Belt Feeders for coal, copper/uranium ore, mineral sands, fertilizers, crushed rock, frozen potato chips and grain.
Belt Conveyors for Mining for a range of mining applications such as mineral sands, crushed rock, talc, copper ore, copper concentrates, limestone, glass sands and opals.
Northern Conveyors also design and supply a stainless steel belt conveyor and roller conveyor model for wineries and food manufacturing plants, plus associated chutes and supports.
We draw on major manufacturers stocks for a wide range of belting, from food grade PVC and polyurethane to heavy duty rubber for mining. Cleated belts can be manufactured for special needs as well as guided belts for controlled tracking situations.


The Responsible Mining Foundation was established in November 2012 as a non-profit organization based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. It has subsequently moved its domicile to Switzerland.
Name: Responsible Mining Foundation
Address: Rue Saint-Jean 4, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
Registre du Commerce du Canton de Vaud: CHE-232.974.628
Tax-exempt status: acknowledged as tax exempt for the common good by the Administration Cantonale des Impôts, Canton de Vaud
Goal: The Responsible Mining Foundation encourages continuous improvement in responsible mining in the minerals and metals industry by highlighting leading practice and transparently assessing the policies and procedures of mining companies on economic, environmental, social and governance issues.


National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET)
2022 OCT 27
Economic Development > Indian Economy and Issues > Government agencies
Why in news?
- Ministry of Mines issues General Instructions to Notified Exploration Agencies for submission of project proposals to National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET).
About National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET):
- The Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 as amended in 2015, has introduced transparent & competitive auction process for grant of mineral concessions.
- It also provided for establishment of National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) to give impetus to the mineral exploration activities.
- The composition and functions of the Trust is prescribed by the Central Government.
- Now, as per the recent amendment in the MMDR Act in 2021 >> NMET has to be established as a “non-profit Autonomous Body”.
- Since its inception NMET has been funding various Notified Exploration Agencies to carry out exploration projects across the country.
Where do NMET get fund?
- NMET Fund receives money from holders of mining lease or a prospecting license –cum-mining lease, an equivalent amount equivalent to two percent of royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule of MMDR Act.
Objective of the trust
- Taking up regional and detailed exploration, for coal and non-coal minerals, by giving priority to strategic and critical minerals
- Facilitate geophysical, ground and aerial survey and geochemical survey of Obvious Geological Potential areas and rest of India
- Organizing capacity building programmes to raise technical capability of personnel engaged in exploration
- Using Trust Fund for purposes necessary or expedient in the interest of conservation, development and exploitation of mineral resources of India
Consider the following statements regarding ‘National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET)’:
1. It has been established under Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015
2. The composition and functions of the Trust is prescribed by the Central Government.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2


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Mining, a vital industry that truly functions on reliable power. This sector of the industry, on a world-wide scope, depends on power to harness natural resources such as aggregates, precious metals, iron ore, oil, gas and coal. All the machinery involved in this process uses power, in vast amounts from start to finish. Both surface and underground mining operations use power to extract minerals and load trucks. This industry uses a tremendous amount of power to get the job done.
The role of a transformer in the mining industry is at the heart of operation, converting distribution voltage into utilization voltage for operations at the load center. Since the transformer is one of the most critical elements of operation, it must meet many requirements in safety, reliability and efficiency. The mining industry works on power, and the transformer is the source of that power for many different areas.
Load losses are never good for business and we pride ourselves in designing a more efficient transformer to reduce losses and costs. In addition, this industry exists in very harsh environments surrounded by dust, dirt, chemicals, moisture and airborne contaminants. This not only (potentially) effects the performance of the transformer internally, but external protection is a major consideration as well. We offer paint systems made to protect a unit based on its environment.
After all, Virginia Transformer got its start providing power for the underground mining industry over 45 years ago.
There are different uses for transformers in the mining industry, so both liquid-filled and dry type are used. Depending on the application, there are some performance advantages that have been utalized. Liquid-filled units have a greater overload capacity, are better at reducing hot-spot coil temperatures, and because of their thermal dissipation, have lower losses.
Dry type transformers are typically used for lower ratings and they are typically used indoors. They are generally enclosed with louvers or are sealed, they use almost no flammable materials, so pose no fire hazard when used in coal and other mines. Virginia Transformer also offers TENV (Totally Enclosed, Non-Ventilated) transformers, and for indoor operation supplies dry type up to 5000 kV.
Virginia Transformer and Georgia Transformer Corporation has the engineering expertise and refined manufacturing processes to build some of the most dependable, long lasting units available. For the mining industry, we offer transformers for drag lines, blast hole drilling and shovels (mil 167).
We customize our transformers to client specifications.


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Apr 4, 1999 . New York State has several thousand process servers, including 3,060 . of the signatures purporting to be mine on the affidavits of service in.Más información
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Mineral Process Services (MPS) was established: 1. To provide cost effective services to the start-up mining and processing sector assisting exploration and.Más información
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Following extensive engagement with First Nations leadership and industry representatives, the Manitoba government has released a protocol to define how Crown–Indigenous consultations will occur during all phases of mineral development, create certainty in order to advance projects in a timely way and ensure First Nations can be actively involved in all phases of development projects within their traditional territories, Growth, Enterprise and Trade Minister Blaine Pedersen announced today.
“There is tremendous potential for wealth and job creation in mineral development in Manitoba, and we are working together with First Nation communities to ensure they can help create and share in the benefits of growth in this sector,” said Pedersen. “While the template will be consistent for First Nations who choose to take part, it can include customized aspects to reflect the unique governance, administrative and communication protocols of each community.”
The protocol includes a process guide and matrix for Crown-Indigenous consultation. The province will encourage its use in discussions with First Nations as a way to facilitate a mutually agreed-to consultation process for all phases of the mineral development cycle, from grassroots exploration to mine development.
The minister confirmed $500,000 in funding has been set aside to support First Nations in the development and implementation of protocol agreements.
This funding will enable the establishment of shared mineral management boards, with a focus on traditional land-use planning in areas of high volume of active mineral interests and demonstrated mineral potential. It will help to enhance First Nations’ knowledge and understanding of the mining cycle, and the potential economic growth opportunities arising from exploration and development. A key goal is ensuring First Nations can participate effectively in project-specific regulatory processes, including review of proposed mineral dispositions, permits and licence applications, the minister noted.
“Through the Look North strategy and Manitoba’s Economic Growth Action Plan, mineral development has been identified as a key opportunity for the long-term economic prosperity of our province and we are taking action to build on this potential,” said Indigenous and Northern Relations Minister Eileen Clarke. “We have already engaged with the federal government to advance key capacity development initiatives that will increase Indigenous participation in the mining sector.
“We will continue to work collaboratively with the federal government to better prepare Indigenous communities to be actively involved in all phases of mineral development, and advance reconciliation by fostering a mutually respectful relationship between the Crown and Indigenous peoples.”
Clarke also noted Manitoba will continue to engage with the federal government and First Nations to facilitate trilateral discussions with respect to resource revenue sharing, including increasing First Nations’ fiscal powers to support direct financial benefits to First Nations on mineral development projects within their traditional territories.
To support the establishment of protocol agreements and advise the government on priority issues concerning mining and mineral exploration in Manitoba, the province is establishing a Liaison Committee on Mining and Exploration. The committee will provide expertise on land-use planning and regulatory matters, relationship building with communities, orphaned and abandoned mines, and exploration challenges and solutions.
The Look North Report and Action Plan for Manitoba’s Northern Economy highlights mining as a long-time net contributor to Manitoba’s economic prosperity and a top priority in the north.


Beside wulfenite there are other nice formed crystals from the Mt. Peca underworld. Calcite crystals are becoming more and more important in the last years. Cerussite, anglesite, gypsum, hydrozincite, hemimorphite and some other minerals are worthy of notice
In 1987 Slovene government decided to close Lead and Zinc Mine Mežica step by step by the end of 2002. Some parts of mine are under water; the others cannot be reached any more. So the chances of exceptional findings of nice formed crystals are becoming more and more seldom. The part of the mine has been rearranged as an tourist site, so visitors can go into the old mine and become miners for some time, they go in by train for miners into the Mt. Peca underground. They could find out the miner’s work and see a lot of specimens of Slovene technical heritage. Besides the tourist mine they have arranged the Museum, where tourists could see the ores, fossils and minerals from Mt. Peca underground, miner’s maps and a lot of other interesting things.
Our collection of minerals from Mt. Peca underground was limited, so we are very proud of this new acquirement that we have got with co-operation with Ministry of Culture (Department of Cultural Heritage) and collector Franc Marzel. Collection of minerals of Mt. Peca underground is significant in many ways. First of all it is now possible to see these minerals in central museum, that cares about this kind of natural heritage in Slovenia. Mineral admirers, amateurs, our visitors and experts could examine minerals from Mt. Peca underground now - and we hope soon also in our proposed new building. It is to be mentioned, that this collection has also scientific meaning because a lot of things are to be studied and not all of minerals of Mt. Peca underground were analysed by experts.
Slovenian Museum of Natural History is in close co-operation with Lead and Zinc Mine Mežica, with some other institutions in Slovenia and abroad, and with amateur collectors. We are sure we are able to prepare a great exhibition of minerals from Mt. Peca underground together – complete, perfect and all in one place. And we hope it will happen because the beauty of Mt. Peca mineral heritage has taken the name of our country throughout the world and nevertheless it is a significant part of our natural heritage.


Azerbaiajn, Baku, June 28 / Trend E. Kosolapova/
Metso Corporation company has sold world's biggest mobile crushing plant to Kazakhstan, the company reported on Friday.
"Metso will supply world's biggest fully mobile, track-mounted crushing plant to Altay Polimetally LLP copper mine in Kazakhstan," the company said.
The giant mobile jaw plant will be used at primary crushing stage at Altay Polimetally's new open pit mine, situated in the Karagandy region. Metso's mobile crushing equipment to Kazakhstan will be delivered within the last quarter of 2013. The order is included in Mining and Construction's second quarter 2012 orders received.
The contract also includes large mobile feeding and conveying systems to move the crushed copper ore for further processing, and installation supervision and training. The complete value of the order exceeds 11 million euros.
The giant jaw plant saves environment and costs by decreasing dump truck traffic at an open pit copper mine.
"Today, open pit mines are studying globally the possibility to save costs and environment at primary crushing and conveying stages by decreasing on-site ore trucking. With Metso's large scale, fully mobile equipment, we can well meet this customer demand," Business manager, In-pit crushing solutions from Metso Jorma Kempas said.
Metso is Finnish company focusing on mining and construction, automation and pulp, paper and power.
Do you have any feedback? Contact our journalist at firstname.lastname@example.org


Three Sudanese miners useless, 10 trapped in collapsed gold mine: company
KHARTOUM (Reuters) – Three miners have been killed and 10 have been trapped underground when a gold mine they have been running at in northern Sudan collapsed, the state’s Sudanese Mineral Resources Company (SMRC) stated in a commentary on Friday.
It stated 3 others have been injured in the coincidence, which took place on Thursday evening in Qabqaba, a chief gold mining house in the Nile River state the place each approved corporations and folks dig for the dear steel.
Gold mining is likely one of the major resources of foreign exchange in the impoverished nation, and maximum of it’s accomplished the use of conventional strategies, steadily with few protection measures.
The nation produced round 100 tonnes of gold in 2017, in keeping with professional Sudanese figures.
SMRC, which supervises the rustic’s mining sector, stated rescue groups have been in touch with the trapped miners, who were running on their very own.
“As of the writing of this statement, there are 10 (miners) who are trapped inside the mine and they are alive,” the commentary stated, including that rescue groups from the company and the Nile River state have been running to get them out alive.
It stated the 3 injured miners have been in just right situation.
“The company asserts its concern for the safety of all workers in mining and urged those working in mining in the country to make sure they follow safety regulations to ensure their safety,” it stated.
Reporting by means of Khalid Abdelaziz; Writing by means of Sami Aboudi; Editing by means of Alison Williams


We are a producer of tantalum- and niobium-based metallurgical products in China. Tantalum- and niobium-based metallurgical products are essential in the downstream manufacture of many products used in high-tech industries, such as special alloy, chemical, electronic ceramics, aeronautics, aerospace, high-end electronics, defence and hard alloy. Our principal products are tantalum pentoxide, niobium pentoxide and potassium heptafluorotantalate. We process our products into varying purity levels and specifications in order to meet the requirements for different end products. In addition, we sell processed products such as tantalum bars, tantalum carbide, niobium bars and niobium powder, which are produced by engaging third-party metallurgy companies to process the pentoxide products and potassium heptafluorotantalate we produce, or purchased from third-party metallurgy companies. Moreover, we provide processing services for processing tantalum ores and niobium ores supplied by our customers into pentoxide products and potassium heptafluorotantalate.


Driverless trucks move all iron ore at Rio Tinto’s Pilbara mines, in world first
Mining giant Rio Tinto is running pits at its Yandicoogina and Nammuldi mine sites, with workers controlling the driverless trucks largely from an operations centre in Perth, 1,200 kilometres away.
Josh Bennett manages the mining operations at Yandicoogina mine north west of Newman and is closely involved with running 22 driverless trucks on the site.
Mr Bennett said the two pits are the largest of their kind in the world.
“To the naked eye it looks like conventional mining methods. I guess the key change for us is the work that employees and our team members are doing now,” he said.
“What we have done is map out our entire mine and put that into a system and the system then works out how to manoeuvre the trucks through the mine.”
The company is now operating 69 driverless trucks across its mines at Yandicoogina, Nammuldi and Hope Downs 4.
The trucks can run 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, without a driver who needs bathroom or lunch breaks, which has industry insiders estimating each truck can save around 500 work hours a year.
Mr Bennett said the technology takes away dangerous jobs while also slashing operating costs.
“We have taken away a very high risk role, where employees are exposed to fatigue,” he said.
“It is quite challenging to get repeatability out of a human, one of the advantages we have had with autonomous haulage particularly in the truck fleet we notice we are getting consistency in terms of the way the machines are operating.
“One of the biggest costs we have got it maintaining mobile assets, so we spend a lot of time on our operator training, education.
“So, there is obvious capital savings, in terms of setting up camps, flying people to site, there is less people so there is less operating costs, but there are some costs that come into running the system and maintenance of the system as well.”
Rio’s plans do not stop at trucks. It is also trialling unmanned trains and mining with robot drills with the aim of rolling out the machines across as many of its mine sites as possible.
Eventually most of the company’s supply chain from the pit to the port will be remote controlled from Perth.
Mr Bennett said that involves the creation of new, highly skilled positions.
“We have a whole dedicated team based in Perth that is looking at how to optimise the system, looking at maintenance, productivity…those are jobs that did not exist five years ago,” he said.
“We have got roles which are being created such as a central controller and a pit controller which are essential to running the autonomous system.”
Rio rivals trialling similar technology
Rivals, BHP Billiton and Fortescue Metals Group are hot on Rio’s heels; both have launched into the new world of automated mining, trialling similar technology at their Pilbara mines.
With the decade-long mining boom pushing up wages and costs to unrealistic heights and ongoing scrutiny of safety in mines, it is a shift market commentator Giuliano Sala Tenna from Bell Potter Securities said was necessary for Australian producers to remain ahead of other global producers.
“The benefit of technology is the one to many relationship, so you can just have one individual or one full time equivalent doing the job of many people,” Mr Sala Tenna said.
“What they are really looking at is what is going to be required for the next decade to stay profitable and this is one of the things they need to do in order to stay profitable through the entire cycle.”
With the move away from manual jobs, there is a greater need to train up a workforce with a different skill set.
Read more here.


The TOMS Research and Design Institute (Russia) will develop a project for a new factory, which is scheduled to be launched by 2022, according to AMMC.
The new factory will use rational schemes for enrichment of minerals, which, among other things, will make it possible to increase the output of marketable products - copper, molybdenum and gold.
The Russian side should provide for the possibility of processing oxidized ores, slags and old tailings tailings, which will also provide an opportunity to increase the production of copper and gold.
The TOMS Research and Design Institute will be involved in the modernization of two operating copper enrichment plants. Here the work will begin next year.
These factories are now processing sulphide copper-molybdenum ores from the Kalmakyr and Sary-Chek deposits, from which, in addition to non-ferrous metals, precious and rare metals are extracted.
Equipment of factories are outdated and need to be updated, AMMC notes. The modernization will improve the technological performance and introduce modern technological solutions for the enrichment of copper-molybdenum ores.
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DELTA Mining & Geochemistry Handheld XRF Analyzers provide immediate results to help determine the next course of action for the entire process – exploration, ore grade/process control, environmental sustainability. On-site detection of metals, minerals & contaminants. GPS-GIS-XRF for instant metal mapping, time, cost savings
Mineral Exploration and Mining Applications
Field experience has shown that there are several very important considerations for the successful implementation of any portable XRF program: 1. initial orientation survey; 2. testing times; 3. sample representativeness, homogeneity, and sample prep; 4. site/sample specific calibrations; and 5. a solid QA/QC program which includes the testing of blanks, certified reference materials, and performing confirmatory lab analysis.
- Base metals: Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mo
- Gold, including pathfinders and litho-geochemistry
- Uranium +/- rare earth elements; pathfinders
- Nickel Sulfide and Laterite deposits
- Iron Ore and Bauxites
- Rare Earth Element (REEs) such as La, Ce, Pr, and Nd
- REE pathfinders including Y, Th, and Nb
- Phosphates and potash
- Epithermal Sn, W, Mo, Bi, Sb deposits
- Mineral sands- Ti, Zr
- Coal, oil and gas
— Mud logging and trace element chemistry
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Innov-X analyzers enable:
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- Increasing sample density in the most prospective areas
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Mining and Metallurgical Processing
Portable XRF can provide productivity increases through on-site, immediate geochemical analysis results. Make decisions on the spot.
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- Underground grade control can be improved in certain settings by establishing sampling and analysis methodologies that involve DELTA portable XRF. Innov-X XRF’s aid the decision making process at the underground face in many underground mines around the world on a daily basis
- Sample and matrix specific calibrations are usually required for mine-site applications. The DELTA is designed to be very easy to set up and use with multiple calibration models to ensure optimal performance – even for challenging light element (Mg, Al, Si) analysis
DELTA for Grade Control
The DELTA Handheld XRF for Mining and Exploration
Olympus is the specialist manufacturer of portable geochemical analyzers for the global exploration and mining industry. Our comprehensive in-house expertise in utilizing technology for field geological scenarios sets us apart from the rest. The advanced analytical performance and broad element suite of the DELTA Mining and Exploration Handheld XRF means there is an Olympus field portable XRF for nearly any geological situation.
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The International Mining Group
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The Xplorer Package
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Pioneered by the International Mining Group geologists, the DELTA XRF-GPS-GIS Xplorer configuration provides seamless connectivity between XRF and GIS for rapid targeting and real time decision making.
The outcome for the exploration geologists is time an cost savings, improved data integrity, and an integrated, automated data management and validation process. The ability to map, visualize, assess, and follow up on targets immediately has genuinely changed surface soil/sediment geochemical exploration methodologies for the better.
Field Portable XRF data is transferred wirelessly, and spatially registered in real time using industry-standard Mobile GIS and State of the Art Trimble GPS Hardware, in addition to GIS Software (ArcPAD or Discover Mobile).
- The result is live geochemical mapping in the field for visualization, gridding, and contouring in GIS, leading to rapid, informed decision making
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(ioGAS/ ioHUB/ ArcGIS/ ENCOM Discover/ MAPINFO)


10 major mining companies produced over 900 tons of gold in 2022
the ability of the firms to sustain production will be determined by factors such as the economic outlook and overall market demand
As global economic uncertainty continues to rise, the demand for gold as a safe haven investment and commodity has also increased, driving up its value and demand. As a result, leading gold production companies are looking to fulfill the demand by recording significant production of the precious metal.
In this line, data acquired by Finbold indicates that the world’s leading 10 gold mining companies cumulatively produced 902.66 tons of the precious metal in 2022. Newmont led the way, which produced 186.13 tons, accounting for approximately 20% of the total gold produced by the 10 firms.
Barrick Gold ranked second, producing 129.41 tons, followed by Agnico Eagle at 97.97 tons. AngloGold Ashanti claimed the fourth spot with 85.69 tons, while Polyus accounted for the fifth-highest production at 79.41 tons.
Other companies leading in gold production include Gold Fields (74.9 tons), Kinross Gold (68.75 tons), Newcrest Mining (67.59 tons), Freeport-McMoran (56.59 tons) and Zijin Mining (56.16 tons).
Elsewhere, prices of the precious metal have recorded steady growth in recent months, with gold value as of May 11, 2023, standing at $2,021 per ounce. The value represents a 6.55% increase from January’s $1,897.
Gold production shows resilience
The research highlighted the implication of the produced gold by the companies amid an environment of challenges stemming from different factors. According to the research report: “The cumulative production by the highlighted companies shows the resilience of the gold mining sector, which is still attempting to recover from the effects of the pandemic. At the same time, despite significant gold production by the major companies, the industry experienced rising costs in 2022 due to the extended effects of the pandemic and geopolitical events such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.”
The world’s leading gold mining companies are seeing their produced gold hit a market that is currently experiencing a resurge, driven by various factors. In addition, the consumption of gold in the form of products such as jewelry is also on the rise, further driving demand for the commodity.
Indeed, the ability of the firms to sustain production will be determined by factors such as the economic outlook and overall market demand.
Read the full story with statistics here: https://finbold.com/gold-


On 10 April, local people organized a prayer service to ask the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) to stop all rare earth mining projects in KIO-controlled territory in Bhamo District, Kachin State.
A total of 45 Baptist pastors, who are serving in Bhamo District, and some Catholic monks joined the prayer service activity around 10 a.m. The prayer service was part of wider activities voicing opposition to rare earth mining in the area.
“We organized this prayer service because we want the KIO government to stop all rare earth extraction projects in our area. We oppose rare earth extraction in our region. Local people want the KIO government to listen to the voice of the people. This is the reason why we are having this prayer service,” a member of the Dingsing Pa Anti-Rare Earth Committee told KNG.
Opposition to rare earth mining projects in Kachin State has been gaining momentum recently. On 21 March, local people staged a protest against rare earth mining at Kyein Lap Pa in the Dingsing Pa region of Mansi Township. During the protest some structures on the Chinese company’s mining site were destroyed.
Following this protest against the rare earth extraction project, five Christian pastors representing local people met with General N’ban La, the Chair of the KIO, at the KIO headquarters to discuss rare earth extraction projects in KIO-controlled territory.
Local people said that they haven’t heard about any KIO government decisions regarding stopping rare earth extraction projects in Mansi Township.
Local people said that they will continue their campaign against rare earth extraction projects in the Dingsing Pa and N’ba Pa regions of Bhamo District in Kachin State until all rare earth extraction projects are stopped.


Part of the mining operation at the Thunder Ridge surface mine operated by International Coal Group in Leslie County, Ky. (By Arza Barnett, The Courier-Journal)
- Filed Under
The International Coal Group and two environmental organizations have settled a 2-year-old legal dispute over the expansion of a large surface mine in Eastern Kentucky.
The West Virginia-based coal company has agreed not to fill one mountain hollow with waste rock. The company had originally planned to fill in five hollows as part of a 1.5-square-mile expansion of its nearly-7-square-mile Thunder Ridge mine in Leslie County.
The expansion has been under review by the Army Corps of Engineers, which reissued a permit to the company in March allowing it to fill the streams. The corps had ...


Mine workers at 'rock bottom' over job wait
WORKERS at a Neath Valley mine are still waiting for news on potential jobs losses.
Wayne Thomas, general secretary of the South Wales National Union of Mineworkers, said morale is "rock bottom" at Unity mine in Cwmgwrach.
It was in August when it was revealed that there may be jobs losses at the mine.
Management said they only had work for 66 out of the 220 employees.
Following negotiations a rota system which involved miners sharing shifts was introduced as a short term fix.
But Mr Thomas claims this has not been the case.
"They agreed everyone would be on a rota basis but that has not been done," he said. "Some are doing five days but there are 22 apprentices which are not being considered for work at all.
"It is appalling — moral is rock bottom."
He said that 40 per cent of the workforce would not qualify for redundancy because they have not been there long enough.
"Some of these guys have been offered work elsewhere," he said.
"But they don't want to work elsewhere."
Mr Thomas said meetings were held with unions and the directors on Thursday.
"There was no news," he said.
"They would not give us any information.
"But they have assured the NUM representatives that the company will be making a formal announcement next Friday."
Blaengwrach councillor Alf Siddley said he would have expected for some news by now.
"Christmas is coming up and people want to know what position they are going to be in," he said.
A mine spokesman said discussions were still ongoing and confirmed that there will be an announcement next week.
Neath AM Gwenda Thomas and Neath MP Peter Hain have been involved with negotiations.


Based out of Vancouver British Columbia, Terra CO2 Technologies Ltd., (Terra) is a private Canadian company currently undergoing research and development in the innovative cleantech sector.
Terra is developing processes and equipment to address two major environmental problems: excess atmospheric CO2 and acid rock drainage (ARD). Terra’s technology is focusing on conversion and long-term storage of CO2 by reacting it with metal sulphide minerals to produce stable metal carbonate compounds and saleable sulphur by-products.
Terra is conducting advanced bench-top research that is testing the patented process to further prove its economic and environmental viability. Terra expects to construct a pilot plant by July 2017.
Acid Rock Drainage (ARD)
By converting reactive mine wastes to stable compounds, Terra’s technology can reduce or eliminate ARD runoff from mine operations. Terra’s preliminary target is the Canadian mining industry, but scaling globally to target multiple industries is a core goal.
Terra's technology reacts CO2 gas with metal sulphides to precipitate stable metal carbonates, thereby sequestering CO2 and neutralizing ARD potential.


Lebedinsky Mine is one of the largest Russian producers of iron ore. It is located in Gubkin, Belgorod Region. Lebedinsky Mine is part of Metalloinvest, a leading supplier of iron ore and metallized iron products.
Lebedinsky Mine was twice listed in the Guinness Book of Records. Firstly, as the operator of the unique iron ore reserves of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. Secondly, as the operator of the world’s largest open-pit non-fuel minerals mine with a depth of 450 m and a diameter of 5 km.
To support the smooth operation of all its facilities and infrastructure, the mine consumes impressive amounts of energy. An important role in supplying the site with the energy it needs is played by the mine’s largest substation Lebedi-330.
The substation is equipped with the latest technology and features a 200-megavolt ampere transformer complete with grid systems and connections. Lebedi-330 has four such units. The center of the facility is a microprocessor-based automation system, which allows maintenance of the equipment, monitoring, and if necessary, troubleshooting of any malfunction.
Special focus at the electrical substation Lebedi-330 is on fire safety. The facility is equipped with a modern fire extinguishing system, consisting of two tanks of 200 cubic meters of water each.
The outdoor fire tanks store the water supplies necessary in the event of emergency for the safety of the substantion’s personnel, equipment, tangible assets, buildings, and structures. To prevent the water in the tanks from freezing, the engineering company SST Energomontazh (part of SST Group) supplied and installed in the tanks 626 meters of the self-regulating cable HTP with a combined power of 15.8 kW.
The HTP cable is especially designed for explosion-proof industrial facilities, as evidenced by the international certificates ATEX, IECEx, and VDE. Its self-regulating properties improve the system’s efficiency, safety, and reliability. The amount of heat generated by the cable varies in response to changes in ambient temperature, preventing overheating and improving the system’s overall energy efficiency.
SST Group, founded in 1991, is the largest in Russia and one of the world’s largest manufacturers of heating cables and electric heating systems. Products and solutions offered by SST Group are available throughout Russia and are exported to 60 countries worldwide. The engineering company SST Energomontazh, part of SST Group, offers a full range ofsolutions and services in the area of industrial heat tracing — from design and installation to warranty maintenance and after-sales service.


Five working iron and manganese ore mines in Odisha have been forced out of operations as they failed to pay the Supreme Court ordered penalties by December 31 last year.
Mining industry sources said two mines in Koira and three in Joda circle faced closure. The mines being shut down are the ones held by Mesco Steel, Sirajuddin & Company, government owned IDCOL and National Enterprises.
After the Supreme Court verdict dated August 2 this year, the Odisha government had slapped demand notices on 131 mines to pay compensation amounting to Rs 17,576.17 crore for environment violations. The miners were bound to pay the compensation for overproduction of iron ore and manganese ore latest by December 31 to save their leases.
Out of 131 mines being served with penalty demand notices, 45 were in a working condition. While 40 leaseholders will still continue operations, five others will be shut for not paying fines within the deadline. Among the non-working lessees, Sarda Mines was the biggest defaulter with a pending fine of Rs 1938 crore. There are scores of other non-working mines that did not pay penalties- Orissa Minerals Development Company (OMDC), Patnaik Minerals Pvt Ltd, RP Sao, RB Das, SC Padhi, SD Sharma, TB Lal & Company, BD Patnaik, Arjun Ladha, BC Dev and Bhanja Minerals and others to name a few.
Odisha government officials said the state government managed to collect Rs 8250 crore of penalty by the stipulated deadline.
Most of the key miners with huge penalty burdens have paid their share of compensation. Tata Steel, Essel Mining, Rungta, state run Odisha Mining Corporation (OMC), Jindal Steel & Power Ltd (JSPL), Indrani Patnaik, Kaypee Enterprises, Aryan Mining & Trading Corporation and Tarini Minerals and K N Ram have made payments (as on December 29), the official said. All these companies were slapped with demand notices where the payable amount exceeded Rs 100 crore.
OMC faced the biggest penalty burden at Rs 2177.97 crore. There were other leaseholders saddled with significant penalties- Sarda Mines (Rs 1983.86 crore), Essel Mining (Rs 1102 crore), Mesco Steel (Rs 924.75 crore), Orissa Minerals Development Corporation (Rs 642 crore) and Tata Steel (Rs 614 crore).
The central empowered committee CEC, an apex court appointed panel to probe illegal mining in Odisha, had calculated the figure for excess mining beyond the limits approved under EC), at Rs 17576.17 crore. Its report says miners illegally extracted 215.5 million tonnes of iron and manganese ore between 2000-01 and 2010-11.


Multinational oil and gas listed companies have launched lithium projects and plan to supply over 1 million electric vehicles by 2030
On November 13th, ExxonMobil, an international energy and petrochemical listed company, announced that the company plans to become a major producer of lithium. The first phase of lithium production in North America, located in southwestern Arkansas, USA, has begun. This is a region known to have a large amount of lithium mines, and the products will be based on the rich history of ExxonMobil's deep technological partnership with the automotive industry and labeled as Mobil's brand.
It is reported that ExxonMobil uses traditional oil and gas drilling methods to extract lithium rich brine from a 10000 foot underground reservoir, and then uses direct lithium extraction technology to separate lithium from the brine. Then, lithium will be converted into battery grade materials on site. The remaining saline water will be injected back into the underground reservoir. The carbon emissions generated by the DL process are lower than those of hard rock mining, and the land required is much less.
This is a three win project, "said Dan Aman, President of Low Carbon Solutions at ExxonMobil. This is a perfect example of how ExxonMobil can improve North American energy security, expand the supply of critical industrial materials, and continue to reduce emissions related to transportation, which is crucial for achieving the zero net social goal
Lithium is crucial for the production of lithium-ion batteries, which can be used in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, energy storage systems, and other clean energy technologies. By 2030, the demand for lithium is expected to quadruple, and almost all lithium is now produced outside of North America.
It is worth mentioning that ExxonMobil has stated that its first lithium production target is 2027 and is evaluating global growth opportunities. By 2030, ExxonMobil plans to produce enough lithium to meet the production demand of over 1 million electric vehicles annually. We are currently in discussions with potential customers, including electric vehicle and battery manufacturers.


Southern Copper Corp (SCCO)
Southern Copper Corporation engages in mining, exploring, smelting, and refining copper ores in Peru, Mexico, and Chile. It involves the production of copper and molybdenum concentrates; smelting of copper concentrates to produce anode copper; and refining of anode copper to produce copper cathodes, as well as refined silver and copper. The company operates the Toquepala and Cuajone mines in the Andes Mountains located southeast of the city of Lima, Peru, as well as a smelter and refinery in the coastal city of Ilo, Peru.
Much has been written on copper and companies that deal with copper lately. Some have written about copper falling more while others insist that the recent drop in price is a good point of entry. SCCO looks to be at a point where it could turn bullish and break out very soon. So for those who are interested in copper, here is one to look at. But we would suggest caution regardless.