In the ongoing pursuit of a greener, more sustainable future, cities around the world are implementing a range of measures to reduce their environmental footprint. In New York City, one such initiative that stands out for its commitment to sustainability is Local Law 84 (LL84). The Cotocon Group, a company specializing in sustainability consulting services, plays a pivotal role in helping building owners and stakeholders navigate the complexities of LL84 compliance. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into what Local Law 84 entails, its significance in the context of New York City, and the environmental benefits it brings.
Understanding Local Law 84
Local Law 84, commonly referred to as LL84, is a part of New York City's ambitious sustainability plan known as PlaNYC. This groundbreaking law was enacted to track and report the energy and water consumption of large buildings within the city. Its primary goal is to increase transparency and encourage energy efficiency and sustainability among New York City's commercial and residential buildings.
Under LL84, building owners are required to annually benchmark and report their energy and water usage, which is then made publicly available through the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Energy Star Portfolio Manager. This data transparency allows stakeholders to compare the energy and water efficiency of different buildings, promoting a competitive spirit towards sustainability.
Local Law 84 NYC Building Compliance Consulting by The Cotocon Group
Compliance with Local Law 84 can be a complex process, involving data collection, analysis, and reporting. This is where The Cotocon Group comes into play. As a leading sustainability consulting firm, they specialize in helping building owners and managers navigate the intricate requirements of LL84. Their expertise ensures that clients not only meet the compliance standards but also leverage the process to achieve significant sustainability and environmental benefits.
The Cotocon Group offers a range of services, including:
- Data Collection and Analysis: Gathering accurate energy and water consumption data is the first step towards LL84 compliance. The Cotocon Group employs cutting-edge technology and methods to ensure precise data collection and analysis.
- Benchmarking: After data collection, the company assists building owners in benchmarking their properties. Benchmarking allows for a comparison of a building's energy and water usage with similar structures, highlighting areas where improvements can be made.
- Reporting: LL84 requires annual reporting to the city. The Cotocon Group ensures that all necessary documentation and reports are submitted accurately and on time, saving clients the hassle of navigating the bureaucratic intricacies.
- Energy Efficiency Recommendations: Beyond compliance, The Cotocon Group offers recommendations for energy-efficient upgrades and retrofits that can reduce energy and water consumption, lower utility costs, and decrease environmental impact.
Why Local Law 84 Matters
Transparency and Accountability
One of the key aspects of LL84 is the emphasis on transparency and accountability. By requiring building owners to report their energy and water consumption, the law fosters a sense of responsibility within the community. It allows tenants, prospective buyers, and the public to make informed decisions about where they live and work. This transparency puts pressure on building owners to improve their energy efficiency, knowing that their data is out in the public domain.
LL84 also plays a crucial role in resource conservation. New York City, like many other urban centers, faces challenges related to resource scarcity and environmental degradation. By monitoring energy and water consumption, the law promotes the responsible use of these vital resources. This not only reduces the strain on the city's infrastructure but also contributes to a more sustainable future.
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Buildings are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. In New York City, they are responsible for a substantial portion of the city's carbon footprint. LL84 aims to address this issue by encouraging building owners to adopt energy-efficient practices. By reducing energy consumption, the law indirectly lowers greenhouse gas emissions, which is vital for combating climate change.
Compliance with LL84 often leads to economic benefits for building owners. By identifying areas where energy and water efficiency can be improved, owners can reduce their utility bills. Additionally, energy-efficient buildings are more attractive to tenants and investors, potentially increasing property values and rental income.
Healthier Indoor Environments
Energy-efficient upgrades recommended as part of LL84 compliance can also lead to improved indoor air quality and comfort. Better insulation, more efficient HVAC systems, and enhanced ventilation can create healthier living and working environments, reducing occupant health issues related to poor air quality.
Supporting Local Green Jobs
The drive towards sustainability, as promoted by LL84, also supports the growth of green industries and jobs. Energy-efficient retrofits and renewable energy installations create employment opportunities in fields like construction, engineering, and renewable energy.
Local Law 84 in Action: A Case Study
To illustrate the tangible benefits of LL84 compliance, let's take a closer look at a hypothetical case study of a commercial building in New York City.
Local Law 84 (LL84) in New York City, overseen by The Cotocon Group, offers a compelling case study in the pursuit of sustainability and environmental responsibility. By mandating transparency, accountability, and resource conservation, LL84 contributes to a greener, healthier, and more economically vibrant city.
The Cotocon Group's expertise in LL84 compliance consulting not only helps building owners meet regulatory requirements but also transforms the compliance process into an opportunity for sustainable growth. Through energy efficiency upgrades, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and improved indoor environments, LL84 compliance provides lasting benefits for building owners, tenants, and the entire city of New York.
In a world where environmental consciousness is paramount, Local Law 84 stands as a beacon of hope, showing that even the largest and most complex urban environments can make meaningful strides towards a sustainable future. With companies like The Cotocon Group leading the way, LL84 compliance becomes a stepping stone towards a brighter and more sustainable tomorrow for New York City and beyond.


Welcome to RapidForm – Revolutionizing Construction!
RapidForm was founded with a clear vision: to transform the construction industry by introducing innovative and sustainable building solutions. Our mission is to provide our clients with a superior alternative to traditional construction methods, empowering them to create energy-efficient, durable, and environmentally friendly structures. We will explain why we set up ICF and RC divisions below.
Here are the key reasons why RapidForm ICF was established:
- Energy Efficiency: We recognized the urgent need to address the increasing energy consumption in the construction sector. RapidForm ICF offers Insulated Concrete Forms (ICFs) that significantly enhance a building’s energy efficiency by providing superior insulation, minimizing thermal bridging, and reducing energy costs. Our commitment to sustainability drives us to create buildings that are not only comfortable but also environmentally responsible.
- Durability and Safety: Traditional construction methods often fall short when it comes to durability and safety. RapidForm ICF aims to overcome these challenges by offering a robust and resilient building system. Our ICFs are engineered to withstand extreme weather conditions, seismic events, and fire hazards, providing enhanced structural integrity and peace of mind for homeowners and occupants.
- Speed and Ease of Construction: We understand the importance of efficient construction processes. RapidForm ICFs are designed to expedite construction timelines while maintaining uncompromising quality. Our system simplifies the building process, enabling faster and smoother construction, reducing labor costs, and delivering projects on time.
- Versatility and Design Flexibility: We believe that architectural creativity should not be limited by construction methods. RapidForm ICFs offer unparalleled design freedom, allowing builders and architects to create unique and visually stunning structures. With our customizable forms, curved walls, and various finishing options, the possibilities are endless.
- Environmental Stewardship: RapidForm ICF is committed to minimizing the environmental impact of the construction industry. By utilizing recycled materials, reducing waste, and promoting energy-efficient buildings, we contribute to a greener future. We strive to be at the forefront of sustainable building practices, aligning our goals with global efforts to combat climate change.
At RapidForm ICF, we are driven by innovation, sustainability, and a passion for transforming the way we build. Join us on our journey to revolutionize construction and create a better, more sustainable world.
Contact us today to learn more about our cutting-edge ICF solutions and how we can help you achieve your construction goals. Together, let’s build a brighter future!
Here are the key reasons why Rapidform RC was established:
At Rapidform, we are a leading provider of civil engineering construction solutions, specializing in reinforced concrete structures. Our dedicated reinforced concrete division is driven by several key reasons that set us apart in the industry:
1. Expertise and Specialisation: We have established a reinforced concrete division to focus on the unique demands of civil engineering construction. Our team consists of highly skilled professionals who possess extensive knowledge and expertise in reinforced concrete design, analysis, and construction. With our specialised division, we ensure that our clients receive the highest level of expertise and attention to detail in the field of reinforced concrete.
2. Comprehensive Solutions: Our reinforced concrete division offers comprehensive solutions tailored to the needs of civil engineering construction projects. From initial design and engineering to formwork construction, concrete pouring, and quality control, we provide end-to-end services. By encompassing the entire process, we ensure seamless coordination, efficiency, and superior results for our clients.
3. Quality Assurance: We are committed to delivering exceptional quality in all our projects. Within our reinforced concrete division, we have established robust quality assurance processes specifically designed for reinforced concrete construction. We adhere to stringent industry standards, conduct thorough material testing and inspections, and follow best practices to guarantee the durability, safety, and long-term performance of our structures.
4. Innovation and Research: At Rapidform, we believe in staying at the forefront of technological advancements in the civil engineering industry. Our reinforced concrete division allows us to focus on continuous innovation and research in this field. By exploring new technologies, materials, and construction techniques, we bring cutting-edge solutions to our clients, ensuring optimal efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.
5. Collaborative Approach: We value strong collaboration with our clients. Our reinforced concrete division is built on open communication and close collaboration with project stakeholders. We work closely with our clients to understand their project goals, requirements, and constraints. By fostering collaboration, we ensure that our solutions align with their vision and deliver successful outcomes.
6. Commitment to Client Satisfaction: Our reinforced concrete division is driven by our unwavering commitment to client satisfaction. We strive to exceed expectations by providing personalized attention, delivering projects on time and within budget, and maintaining the highest standards of quality. Our goal is to build long-lasting relationships with our clients, earning their trust as a reliable partner in civil engineering construction.
With our reinforced concrete division, Rapidform stands as a leader in the civil engineering construction industry. Our expertise, comprehensive solutions, quality assurance, innovation, collaborative approach, and commitment to client satisfaction set us apart.
Partner with Rapidform for reinforced concrete structures that meet the highest standards of excellence.
Our Core Beliefs
At RapidForm, we hold a set of core beliefs that guide our actions and define our company culture. These beliefs are deeply ingrained in our organization and shape the way we operate:
1. Innovation: We believe in the power of innovation to drive positive change. We constantly strive to push the boundaries of what is possible in construction by developing and implementing innovative solutions. We embrace new technologies, materials, and processes to deliver superior products and services to our customers.
2. Sustainability: We are committed to sustainability and environmental stewardship. We believe that responsible construction practices can contribute to a greener future. We prioritize energy efficiency, waste reduction, and the use of environmentally friendly materials. Our aim is to create buildings that are not only durable and efficient but also minimize their impact on the planet.
3. Quality: We are dedicated to delivering the highest quality products and services to our customers. We believe that quality is the cornerstone of customer satisfaction and long-term success. From the materials we use to the craftsmanship we employ, we strive for excellence in every aspect of our work.
4. Collaboration: We believe in the power of collaboration and teamwork. We foster an inclusive and supportive work environment where everyone’s contributions are valued. We actively seek partnerships with industry experts, builders, architects, and homeowners to collectively achieve our goals and drive innovation in the construction industry.
5. Customer Focus: Our customers are at the heart of everything we do. We listen to their needs, understand their challenges, and strive to exceed their expectations. We are committed to delivering exceptional customer service, providing timely support, and building long-lasting relationships based on trust.


Air to water heat pump
Moreover, since heat pumps consume less energy than traditional heating systems,they also generate less co2 emissions. Air to water heat pumps use energy from a renewable source: the ambient air.
These energy sources are renewable and inexhaustible. Of course, heat pumps also need energy to function (mostly electricity), but increasingly this electricity can also be generated from renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, biomass).
It is no surprise that people are becoming aware of new heating technologies. In less than a decade practically all properly insulated buildings will be heated with heat pumps. Millions of heat pumps have already been installed in residential and commercial applications. So… why wait? 95% of our air conditioning equipment can heat and/or cool and thus are heat pumps.
Daikin ALTHERMA… Tomorrow’s solution today!
Air to water heat pump
Daikin Altherma is safe, reliable, highly efficient and a low carbon solution for home heating and hot water. Daikin Altherma heats up to 5 times more efficiently than a traditional heating system based on fossil fuels or electricity. By making use of the heat in the outside air it uses much less energy, whilst still providing year round comfort. Daikin Altherma low temperature split refrigerant system consists of an outdoor unit and an indoor hydro-box that can be connected to all standard low temperature radiators and underfloor heating systems. Daikin Altherma Monobloc has all hydraulic components in a single outdoor unit and no refrigerant handling qualification is required. Inverter technology means energy savings are even greater.
COP (Coefficient of Performance)
The COP is defined as the ratio of output energy in kilowatts (kW) and the input energy kilowatts (kW). The higher the COP, the more efficient the system. The Daikin Altherma
heat pump has a COP of 3 to 5, which means that the pump delivers 3 to 5 times more energy than it uses. From 1 kilowatt of electricity Daikin Altherma produces 3 to 5 kilowatts of available heat.
Minimal installation cost
Daikin Altherma takes heat from the air. No digging or excavation works are required. Both the outdoor and indoor units are compact. The outdoor unit can be located easily outside any building, including apartments. Without flames or fumes, there is no need for a flue or constant ventilation in the room, where Daikin Altherma’s indoor unit is installed.
Daikin Altherma can be configured for use in both new and refurbishment applications and connects to standard low temperature radiators, under floor heating or fan coil units.
If you already have a heating system, you don’t need to change everything.
Complete comfort for the family
Daikin Altherma not only satisfies heating and domestic hot water requirements, it also comes with a cooling option.
Daikin Altherma doesn’t need oil, gas or other hazardous substances. Moreover, you don’t need a gas connection or a fuel tank. No risk of intoxication, smell or pollution from
possible leaking tanks.


Goodway to Host Webinar on Cooling Tower Maintenance
Stamford, Conn. – May 16, 2018 – Goodway Technologies is to host a free webinar, " Preventative Maintenance for Cooling Tower Systems" on June 12, 2018 at 2pm EST. In this webinar, Goodway's Director of Liquid Solutions, Ray Field, BChE will discuss the importance of cooling tower maintenance for public health, overall system efficiency and operational costs. Participants will learn how to develop a plan for preventative maintenance and the proper maintenance steps to take.
Ray Field is Chemical Engineer and Certified Water Technologist with over 25 years of experience in water treatment and chemical product development. At Goodway, he specializes in developing diversified chemical technologies, product management and business development.
To sign up for the webinar use this link. For more information on cooling tower maintenance solutions visit https://www.goodway.com/products/cooling-tower-cleaning.


We are a diversified global producer of fabricated metal products and are a leading producer of steel and aluminum pole, tower and other structures in our Engineered Infrastructure Products (EIP) segment, steel and concrete pole structures in our Utilities Support Structures (Utility) segment and are a global producer of mechanized irrigation systems in our Irrigation segment. We also provide metal coating services, including galvanizing, painting and anodizing in our Coatings business.
sold through the (EIP) segment include outdoor lighting and traffic control structures, wireless communication structures and components and roadway safety and industrial access systems. Our pole structures sold through our Utility segment support electrical transmission and distribution lines and related power distribution equipment. Our irrigation segment produces mechanized irrigation equipment that delivers water, chemical fertilizers and pesticides to agricultural crops.
Customers and end-users of our products include state and federal governments, contractors, utility and telecommunications companies, manufacturers of commercial lighting fixtures and large farms as well as the general manufacturing sector.


Revit MEP is quickly becoming the global standard for design professionals. We offer Revit MEP Basic, Revit MEP Advanced and Revit MEP Families courses that are suitable for beginners who are just starting out with 3D modeling as well as for seasoned 3D CAD software users. The aim of the basic course is to teach beginners the core functionality tools of Revit MEP 2017, which are necessary for creating 3D modeling and design projects. The advanced course covers the advanced features of Revit MEP, allowing users to manage and control projects as well as advanced detailing and documentation techniques for the most complex projects. And, the course on Revit MEP Families is designed for users who wish to learn about the parametric family tools from simple to advanced objects.
Revit MEP has grown to become the industry-norm. Powerful, resilient and resourceful, Revit MEP has helped architects and MEP engineers to completely revamp the way buildings are designed, constructed and even demolished. It can handle everything from preliminary 2D layouts and project conception to final 3D renderings and ultimately destruction.With the recent resurgence in the construction industry, Revit MEP professionals are in huge demand all over the world.
- Start with MEP Projects
- Working with Annotations and Dimensions
- Planning Mechanical Systems
- Designing Mechanical Air Systems
- Designing a Mechanical Piping System
- Planning an Electrical System
- Planning a Plumbing System
- Designing a Plumbing System
- Planning a Fire Protection System
- Designing a Fire Protection System
- Creating Documentation Views


The Central Valley Flood Protection Board (CVFPB) is the State regulatory agency responsible for ensuring that appropriate standards are met for the construction, maintenance, and protection of the flood control system that protects life, property, and wildlife habitat in California’s vast and diverse Central Valley from the devastating effects of flooding. CVFPB issues encroachment permits and works with other agencies to improve the flood protection structures, enforces removal of problematic encroachments, and keeps watch over the Central Valley’s continually improving flood management system.
Do you need a permit from the CVFPB?
Central Valley Flood Protection Board (Board) Approval will be required for any proposed work that is located within a Board-Adopted Plan of Flood Control:
- between or in the vicinity of any Federal Project Levees within a State Plan of Flood Control;
- OR within 100-foot proximity of a non-leveed Regulated Stream listed in California Code of Regulations, Title 23, Waters, Division 1, Article 8, Table 8.1.;
- OR within a Designated Floodway that has been adopted by the Board;
- OR within a Sacramento San Joaquin Drainage District (SSJDD) Easement
These areas are defined by the California Code of Regulations Title 23 Waters (Title 23). Using the Best Available Map (BAM) Viewer is the best way to identify these areas. Please also check your location for SSJDD Easements using the ArcGIS Online Map Viewer.
Board Approval may be required for every proposal or plan of work which may impact these areas. This includes the placement, construction, reconstruction, removal, or abandonment of any landscaping, culvert, bridge, conduit, fence, projection, fill, embankment, building, structure, obstruction, encroachment or works of any kind; also including the planting, excavation, or removal of vegetation, as well as repairs or maintenance thereof.
For more information, please see their Frequently Asked Questions page.
When to Apply for a Permit
All encroachments must be approved by the Board prior to commencement of work. Please keep in mind that timelines for Review may vary widely depending on location and scope of work, and may range anywhere between a few months for minor alterations, to well over a year for very large-scale projects.
Approval may be required post-construction by the Board for existing structures that predate permitting, as well as emergency repair circumstances. This also applies to situations where responsibility for the encroachment has not been clearly established, or where ownership has changed. See Title 231 for additional information.
How to Apply for a Permit
Once you have determined the need for Board Approval, please proceed to their Permit Application Submittal Page. Note that all applications are subject to Fees. Please see their Fee Schedule for more information.
Not sure if your project needs a permit?
Please direct questions to their Permitting team; by phone to (916) 574-0609, e-mail at email@example.com, or letter to the mailing address below.
Please include your project address or coordinates in your request.
Central Valley Flood Protection Board
Attention: Permitting Section
3310 El Camino Avenue, Suite 170
Sacramento, California 95821


Sewer camera inspections are a proactive and cost-effective way to safeguard your plumbing system from potential issues
Here are the key benefits of opting for a sewer camera inspection:
- Accurate Diagnosis: With high-resolution cameras, technicians can precisely locate and diagnose problems within your sewer and drainage system.
- Minimized Disruption: Unlike traditional methods that may require digging and extensive exploratory work, sewer camera inspections are non-invasive.
- Preventative Maintenance: Regular inspections can help prevent future plumbing emergencies by addressing potential issues before they escalate.
- Cost Savings: Detecting problems early and addressing them promptly can significantly reduce repair costs.
- Environmentally Friendly: Sewer camera inspections help prevent sewage leaks and water wastage, making them an environmentally responsible choice.
Sewer camera inspections offer early detection, accurate diagnosis, and cost-effective solutions for plumbing issues. It is a wise investment to maintain the health of your plumbing system, prevent emergencies, and save money in the long run.
Terms & Conditions
- Cannot be combined with any other offer or discounts
- Residential service only
- Limit 1 offer per household
- Expires 12/31/2023
- Mention of promo must be provided when booking
- Subject to change and availability·
- DFW area only
Must purchase mainline unstop for free inspection


Elevating global apparel industry standards of operational efficiency and responsible manufacturing, Interloop is set to disrupt the denim industry with its increasingly ambitious sustainability targets, starting from the state of the art manufacturing plant to the end product. Interloop’s Denim Plant has received LEED® Platinum Certification, meeting the highest standards for any structure assigned by the US Green Building Council. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environment Design) Platinum status is another milestone in Interloop’s sustainable journey, building onto the success of Interloop’s Hosiery Plant 4, as the first socks facility in South Asia to receive LEED® Gold.
Interloop Denim was conceptualized, designed, built and equipped from the ground up to meet LEED® standards – a globally recognized symbol of sustainability, innovation, and efficiency. The Denim Plant is now one of the world’s largest apparel manufacturing facilities to attain LEED® v4 Platinum Certification, with a monthly production capacity of 1 million garments. The entire manufacturing process of this ~600,000 sq ft facility, from raw materials to finished goods store, is certified under v4; the most advanced and transparent version so far. With its considerable prowess in multi-category apparel and an integrated supply chain, Interloop has doubled down on its capability to deliver what the industry demands at speed, at scale, and more sustainably, and at minimum cost to the environment.
Water use and reuse is at the forefront of Interloop’s sustainability agenda. The Denim plant has been designed as one of the most environmentally conscious and resource efficient facilities, having water efficient systems and technologies, saving up to 50% water through careful planning and design. This also includes recharging ground water with specialized rainwater harvesting pits. In addition to the (water efficient) building design, the entire denim laundry operates on water saving and reuse technology, further adding to Interloop’s water conservation initiatives.
In terms of energy consumption, the highly advanced and energy efficient Denim plant saves over 53% energy through renewable sources, waste-heat recovery boilers, and a building design which utilizes innovative lighting solutions and equipment throughout the manufacturing process. The skylights alone help reduce 56% of its carbon emissions attributed to lighting, and combined with all other measures including the solar panels and rice husk boilers, the result is a 30% overall carbon footprint reduction, supporting Interloop’s commitment towards RACE TO ZERO – UN’s global emission reduction campaign.
In addition to the plant incorporating innovative measures to improve its water efficiency, reduce carbon emissions, save energy, and recycle waste, a core consideration underpinning Interloop Denim’s building design was to create a healthy and safe environment for its people. This includes continuous air quality and temperature regulation throughout the building, and a modern day care facility for all employees.
The architectural landscape of the plant extends far beyond its building design. It includes carefully designed green spaces in and around the facility that further enhance worker comfort and wellbeing. More than 30 percent of the lot area is dedicated to greenspaces including an urban forest planned to hold 5000 trees, to be planted over the course of 5 years.
Interloop Limited is a world leading, vertically integrated manufacturer of multi-category apparel goods including hosiery, denim, knitwear and seamless. Interloop’s commitment to leadership in sustainability has been recognized globally by US Green Building Council, Swiss Business School Lausanne, Fair Trade USA and UN Women, with social and environmental consciousness deeply embedded in company’s values. Interloop is focusing on integrating automation in its core processes and adopt industry 4.0 as it steps into a new decade. Interloop’s LEED® Platinum certified Denim Plant is a powerful demonstration of the company’s commitment to sustainability and is reflective of its core values – Integrity, Care, Accountability, Respect and Excellence, focused on People, Planet, and Prosperity. Passionate about the products it makes while being responsible stewards of the resources used, Interloop continues to create dynamic work environments that are innovative, resource efficient, and safe for its people.


What Are the Different Grades of Steel
What Are the Different Grades of Steel?
Steel is one of the most versatile and widely used materials in the world. It is a vital component in industries ranging from construction to automotive to manufacturing. However, not all steel is created equal. There are various grades of steel, each with its own unique properties and characteristics. In this article, we will explore the different grades of steel and their applications.
1. Carbon Steel:
Carbon steel is the most common type of steel and accounts for about 90% of global steel production. It is primarily composed of iron and carbon, with trace amounts of other elements. The carbon content in carbon steel ranges from 0.05% to 2%. This grade of steel is known for its strength, durability, and affordability. It is widely used in construction, infrastructure, and manufacturing.
2. Alloy Steel:
Alloy steel is a type of steel that contains additional alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, or vanadium. These elements enhance the properties of steel, making it stronger, more resistant to corrosion, and capable of withstanding higher temperatures. Alloy steel is commonly used in the production of high-strength components, tools, and machinery parts.
3. Stainless Steel:
Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant steel alloy that contains a minimum of 10.5% chromium. The addition of chromium forms a protective layer on the surface of the steel, preventing it from rusting or corroding. Stainless steel is widely used in applications where resistance to corrosion, heat, and chemicals is crucial. It is commonly found in kitchen utensils, appliances, medical equipment, and architectural structures.
4. Tool Steel:
Tool steel is a high-carbon steel alloy that is specifically designed for the production of tools. It is known for its exceptional hardness, wear resistance, and toughness. Tool steel is often used in the manufacturing of cutting tools, molds, dies, and machine components that are subjected to high stress and wear.
5. High-Speed Steel:
High-speed steel (HSS) is a type of tool steel that is specifically engineered to withstand high temperatures generated during cutting or machining processes. It contains additional alloying elements such as tungsten, molybdenum, or cobalt, which enhance its heat resistance and hardness. High-speed steel is commonly used in the production of cutting tools, drills, and milling cutters.
1. What determines the grade of steel?
The grade of steel is determined by its composition and properties. The addition of specific elements, such as carbon, chromium, or nickel, alters the steel’s characteristics, making it suitable for different applications.
2. How is steel graded?
Steel is graded based on a standardized system established by organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). The grading system encompasses various factors, including chemical composition, mechanical properties, and heat treatment.
3. What are the advantages of using higher-grade steel?
Higher-grade steel offers superior strength, durability, and resistance to wear, corrosion, and high temperatures. It allows for the production of more robust and reliable components, making it suitable for demanding applications.
4. Can different grades of steel be combined?
Yes, different grades of steel can be combined through techniques like welding or forging. This allows for the creation of hybrid materials with enhanced properties or the production of complex structures that require different grades of steel.
5. How can I identify the grade of steel?
The grade of steel can often be identified by markings or labels on the product, such as ASTM or SAE codes. Additionally, material testing and analysis can be performed to determine the exact composition and grade of steel.
In conclusion, steel comes in various grades, each with its own unique properties and applications. From carbon steel for general purposes to stainless steel for corrosion resistance, and from tool steel for high-stress environments to high-speed steel for cutting tools, the different grades of steel play a vital role in numerous industries. Understanding the characteristics and applications of these grades is crucial for selecting the appropriate steel for specific purposes.


Asbestos Survey & Assessment Reports
TAILORED TO YOUR REQUIREMENTS
Our Field Technicians are experienced, skilled specialists in asbestos sampling. We offer a range of services from domestic sampling to full commercial assessments and surveys. Our clear, concise reports contain sample locations, maps and photographs, corresponding to the analysis.
EIAG offer a range of surveying and assessment services including:
Management surveys (Previously known as Type 1 and 2 surveys)
A management survey is a standard survey. Its purpose is to locate, as far as reasonably practicable, the presence and extent of any suspect ACM within the assessed area which could be damaged or disturbed during normal occupancy, including foreseeable maintenance and installation, and to assess their condition. This type of survey is essentially intrusive without being destructive and as such is intended for management of asbestos during normal building use and not for managing refurbishment or demolition projects. To achieve these objectives the survey involves taking samples of possible materials containing asbestos to identify possible ACM’s as per the client’s request. An asbestos register is included within this type of survey.
Demolition/ Refurbishment surveys (Previously known as Type 3 surveys)
Conducted prior to the commencement of demolition works or major refurbishment works and involves partially demolishing the structure to ensure ALL suspect materials are detected (e.g. wall cavities, blind service ducts, etc). This type of survey is used to locate and describe as far as practicable all ACMs in the building and may involve destructive inspection, as necessary, to gain access to all areas, including those that may be difficult to access. An asbestos register is included within this type of survey.
Are conducted when a building has been exposed to asbestos during refurbishment, demolition works or natural disasters. This type of survey is intrusive and involves partially demolishing the structure to ensure ALL suspect materials are detected, along with consulting any prior asbestos surveys of the building and conducting both bulk and filter sampling to establish the level of contamination within an area.
Are undertaken to determine the current condition of the asbestos containing materials and provide recommendations for future maintenance. The assessment concentrates on the likelihood of fibre release from ACMs. A material risk score is given for each ACM and considers four main parameters to determine the risk of fibre release:
- Product type
- Condition (Extent of damage or deterioration)
- Surface treatment
- Asbestos type
A risk assessment also involves assessing the airborne fibre contamination in surrounding areas of an asbestos product, as that is where the real health risk lies.
We are willing to share our knowledge, so if you have any queries regarding your property or business, or need advice on anything asbestos related, please call or email us at EIAG. We will work with you to provide the most appropriate solution.
Call us to speak with one of our friendly staff today.


John Laing Enters Solar Energy Market
August 2, 2012
John Laing has today signed contracts for the acquisition of two operational solar parks: Five Oaks based in Billingshurst, West Sussex and Fryingdown based near Basingstoke, Hampshire.
John Laing is 100% investor in the projects and the acquisition represents the company’s entry into the solar power sector.
Having been fully operational since December 2011, the combined peak energy capacity of the parks is 9.8MW, exporting to the grid the equivalent of around 3,000 home’s annual electricity consumption. Both parks will benefit from long term Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) payments, which are fixed for 25 years and have furthermore secured contracts for the exported renewable energy to one of the UK’s big six energy suppliers.
Andy Harmer, Head of Environmental Infrastructure for John Laing, said: “This has been an extremely exciting project, not only because of the unique nature of the deal but also because this is a significant milestone in the development of the John Laing business in the renewable energy sector.”
The Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor and operator for the parks is Wirsol Operations Ltd, who is supported by Stepnell Ltd. The financial and legal advisors for the project are WHEB Infrastructure and DLA Piper respectively.
Notes to Editors
About John Laing
John Laing plc is a specialist provider of infrastructure with a long-term perspective and approach. The company manages and delivers 73 projects from planning and funding through to design, construction and operation. It is actively involved in the management of a wide range of renewable energy, health, education, police, rail, roads and special purpose government facilities, both in the UK and overseas. This project is John Laing’s first project in the solar power sector.
The IPFA would like to thank John Laing for their kind permission to use this article. For futher information, please contact Jess Wood, Group Communications Manager, John Laing, tel. 020 7901 3200 or email: Jessica.email@example.com


Usually it’s lattice boom crawler cranes getting recognized when it comes to wind turbine installation, thanks to their boom lengths, considerable counterweight, and turbine strength. All of this power is needed to lift the many heavy components of a wind turbine. However, even before a lattice boom crawler crane can make it to the location where the turbine is to be assembled, heavier-duty, tougher machines are needed to haul the parts in place. That’s where the Terex RT 100US came in when IEA Constructors, Inc. needed it.
Constructing the Upstream Wind Energy Center
On rent from RTL Equipment, the Terex RT 100US was brought in to take on a project just north of Neligh, Nebraska. Eighty-one 2.5 megawatt (MW) General Electric wind turbines make up the Upstream Wind Energy Center and are in place to produce 202.5 MW of energy. That’s enough energy to supply every household in Neligh and several in the surrounding area with power.
Rough Terrain Cranes: Unsung Heroes of Wind Farms
First things first: ground preparation must take place before the turbines can get to work for the community. Rough terrain cranes were brought in to do the heaviest lifting, including laying the rebar and steel cages for the bases before concrete could be poured. This is incredibly important work and must be done correctly the first time, so that each turbine is able to withstand high winds and harsh weather, as well as the force generated by the blades themselves.
RT 100US Boasts Automatic and Manual Transmission
Crane Assembly/Disassembly Director, Roger Galloway was impressed with the RT 100’s ability to work in a tight space, while carrying out its heavy-lifting duties. “The RT 100US crane has a small footprint, which means less ground prep work and less money spent on site preparation.” Plus, manual drive is available as well as automatic, which allows the operator to have that much more control. When using automatic, the crane swiftly drives to and from tower sites. Craner operators appreciate the manual transmission when the terrain is especially difficult.
Timelines Respected with Terex
Not only did the RT 100US need to be strong enough to handle such a precise and important job, it had to do so within a strict timeline. Rebar installation mustn’t take longer than six hours and the crane had to place reinforcing rebar panels, which weighed up to 7,000 pounds each. Mike Hedrick, the crane operator on the job, said, “A typical base construction job requires roughly 25 to 30 picks to place the material. The Terex crane allows me to efficiently move the rebar panels into place and adjust the boom from 40 to 100 feet, depending on where they are needed.”
Integrating the Demag IC-1 Control System
An impressive 13,000-pound bolt cage filled with concrete sits in the middle of the rebar, creating a secure base. Thanks to the Demag IC-1 control system integration (new to the Terex RT 100US), the operator had full control. Hendrick could control the dial-down swing function and valve speeds.This allowed him to gain more accuracy, thus saving the entire project time. Galloway added that the RT 100US was actually the better choice over a 130US capacity class crane when it came time to place the cage.
A bonus of the IC-1 control system is that it allows multiple opeto choose their settings. This, again, cuts down on operating time. When a new operator arrives to relieve the previous operator, they can simply choose their pre-set preferences.
Saving Time with the RT 100US
On this particular job, there were four cranes on hand and many times, one crane needs to return to the site to complete a turbine tower base. That means taking the time to prep and load a crane, transport it back to the site, unload it, and prepare it for work. With the RT 100US, it’s tough enough to withstand transportation without issue, so it can get right back to work on the project, minimizing downtime.
Buying or Renting Rough Terrain Cranes from RTL Equipment
It goes without saying we were pleased with how well the Terex RT 100US handled the extensive job IEA Constructors needed. However, we aren’t surprised. Terex has been on the leading edge of crane innovations for years. That’s why they’re one of the brands we’re proud to offer both for sale and rent. Our professional sales staff is on hand and ready to discuss which machines would work best for you and your next job.


Agriculture has come a long way from its humble beginnings, evolving into a sophisticated industry that blends tradition with cutting-edge technology. One of the crucial elements in modern agriculture is the design and construction of innovative agricultural buildings. These structures not only provide shelter for crops, livestock, and equipment but also play a vital role in optimizing efficiency, sustainability, and productivity within the agricultural landscape.
Introduction: The Role of Agricultural Buildings
Agricultural buildings serve as the backbone of farming operations, providing essential spaces for various activities. From storing machinery and harvested crops to housing livestock and facilitating food processing, these structures are essential components of a successful agricultural enterprise. In recent years, advancements in design, materials, and technology have transformed the way agricultural buildings are conceived and constructed.
Innovative Designs for Maximum Efficiency
One of the key considerations in agricultural building design is maximizing efficiency. Modern structures are designed with careful consideration of layout, accessibility, and workflow. From barns equipped with automated feeding and milking systems to greenhouses optimized for controlled environments, innovation drives the creation of spaces that streamline operations and boost productivity.
Sustainability and Environmental Consciousness
Agricultural buildings are increasingly designed with sustainability in mind. Concepts such as passive solar design, natural ventilation, and rainwater harvesting are integrated into building plans to reduce energy consumption and minimize environmental impact. Additionally, the use of eco-friendly materials and construction techniques aligns with the industry’s commitment to responsible stewardship of natural resources.
Technology Integration: Smart Agricultural Buildings
The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about a new era of “smart” agricultural buildings. These structures are equipped with sensors, data analytics, and automation systems that allow for real-time monitoring and control. Farmers can remotely manage ventilation, lighting, temperature, and humidity, optimizing conditions for crops and livestock.
Versatility and Adaptability
Agricultural buildings are designed to accommodate the evolving needs of the industry. Flexibility is a key feature, allowing spaces to be repurposed or reconfigured as requirements change. This adaptability is crucial in an industry where shifts in market demand, climate conditions, and technological advancements can influence farming practices.
Challenges and Considerations
While the innovations in agricultural building design offer numerous benefits, challenges exist. Zoning regulations, environmental regulations, and economic constraints can impact the feasibility of certain designs. Additionally, ensuring the safety and well-being of workers, animals, and crops remains a paramount concern.
Building a Sustainable Future
Agricultural buildings are more than just structures; they are integral components of a thriving and sustainable agricultural sector. Through innovation, design, and a commitment to environmental stewardship, the industry is shaping the future of farming. As technology continues to advance and our understanding of sustainable practices deepens, the evolution of agricultural buildings will play a pivotal role in feeding a growing global population while preserving our planet’s resources.
In the dynamic world of agriculture, the design of buildings is a tangible representation of the industry’s resilience and adaptability. From traditional barns to state-of-the-art smart structures, agricultural buildings embody the spirit of progress, ensuring that farming remains a cornerstone of our society while embracing the challenges and opportunities of the future.


Middle Village, Queens
With a great location, this very high end luxury private residence is a Pre-Certified Passive House. Just 30 minutes from Manhattan with easy access to the Long Island Expressway, Middle Village is centrally located between Brooklyn, Williamsburg and Jamaica. Juniper Valley Park and Middle Village Playground provide residence with plenty of green space to enjoy the walk-able and family friendly neighborhood.
The project site has an unusual irregular triangle shape resulting in limited zoning and limiting height for the house. We resolved this by doing a mansard type faux roof to cap on the building instead of using a straight parapet. Geo-technically, the site had poor bearing capacity, but resolution was issued by drilling 60 helical piles.
The home was constructed using super insulated ICF construction. The exterior has insulated concrete forms with 6 inch energy insets giving an overall thickness of 8.5 inches of continuous insulation. One foot insulation on the roof was set to improve additional thermal properties within the home, and it added towards the super insulation of the building envelope. The home has large opening lift and slide glass patio doors with triple insulated glazing. Triple insulated air tight high performance windows and doors are positioned strategically to utilize the sun's southern exposure from the balconies while providing shade from the roof overhang. Additionally, solar orientation was taken into consideration when placing solar panels on the rooftop to provide clean energy for the entire home. All of these components add to Passive House standards for superior indoor thermal comfort and sustainable energy use.
Interior superior air quality using a high end Zender energy recovery ventilation system is utilized throughout the entire 6,300 square foot home. Separated into two units, the first floor includes a living room, dining room, kitchen and master bedroom with bathroom, while the second floor consists of a living room, kitchen and three bedrooms and bathrooms. With two separate entrances the home can be divided or can be utilized for extended family living. Other features include multi-functional cellar with bathroom, home office, laundry room, gym and yoga room. Using all Passive House principles, we were able to achieve our clients goals for high end luxury and energy saving sustainable living.


Leeds-based property development and investment company, Eshton, has sold its 10-acre development site in Wakefield for an undisclosed sum to local civil engineering, utility and construction company, Peter Duffy Limited.
Eshton acquired the brownfield site in July 2016 and undertook a comprehensive demolition and enabling package to bring the site back into use. The developer also secured a new planning consent which vastly improved the flexibility and deliverability of the site.
Located half a mile from the M1 junction 40, the development site at Flanshaw Way in Wakefield will house the new head office for Peter Duffy Limited and its business operations, including civil engineering, rail, and plant hire together with DrainsAid and Baile Developments.
Rob Hudson, commercial director at Peter Duffy Limited, says: “Having a growing business with a diverse service offering meant that our current location could no longer accommodate our requirements and we had to look for a new site that could house our operations and 250 employees.
“We’ve been in Wakefield for 20 years and as a local employer were keen to keep our roots in the area. When Eshton completed its works and made Flanshaw Way available, it was too good an opportunity to miss. The site suits us both as an employer of local people and logistically with its excellent motorway links.
“Eshton worked hard at delivering the site with the benefit of the new planning consent which works well for us and flexibility it gives to tailor the premises to meet our exact needs is great for future growth.”
David Singleton, director at Eshton, added: “We are delighted to have attracted a local occupier to our site and to help a Wakefield business expand whilst keeping its operations and jobs in the community.”
The Leeds office of GVA and Carter Towler acted for Eshton in the sale of the site.


Water is a valuable resource that needs to be managed effectively. Especially in the real estate industry, proper water management can lead to significant cost savings, energy efficiency and sustainable development. With advancements in technology, smart water management solutions powered by Internet of Things (IoT) have become increasingly popular. These systems use real-time data from sensors to monitor and control water consumption, providing property developers with an efficient way to manage water resources.
The real estate sector is a significant consumer of water resources. Properties, whether residential or commercial, use water for various purposes from drinking to sanitation, cooling, heating, and landscaping. Thus, effective water management is crucial in this industry.
Incorporating smart water management solutions in real estate helps developers and property managers to monitor water usage in real-time, detect leaks and wastage, and control water consumption. This leads to lower utility bills, reduced operational costs, and improved sustainability. Moreover, it contributes to the responsible stewardship of an important resource.
The role of technology, particularly the IoT-based systems, is vital in smart water management. IoT technology enables the monitoring, collection, and analysis of real-time data from various water points within a property. It improves visibility into water consumption patterns and helps in making informed decisions.
The advent of IoT technology has revolutionized numerous sectors, including real estate. In the context of water management, IoT involves the installation of sensors at strategic points within a property’s water system. These sensors collect real-time data on water flow, pressure, and quality.
The data is then transmitted to a central system where it’s analyzed to identify anomalies such as leaks, unusual consumption patterns, or opportunities for efficiency improvement. This technology enables immediate corrective action when issues are detected, thus preventing water wastage and property damage.
IoT-based systems also aid in predictive maintenance by identifying potential problems before they escalate. This can save property developers considerable time and resources in repairs and replacements.
The development of smart water management systems involves several key steps. The first is understanding the water usage patterns in the property. This will help in deciding where to place the sensors and what data to collect.
The next step is the installation of the IoT sensors and the necessary network infrastructure for data transmission. This should be done by a professional to ensure accuracy and reliability of the data collected.
Once the sensors are installed and the system is operational, regular monitoring and analysis of the data is crucial. This data can be used to create a baseline for normal water usage, which can then be compared with real-time data to identify any anomalies.
Smart water management not only reduces water consumption but also contributes to energy efficiency. Many properties use energy-intensive systems for water heating, cooling, and transportation. By optimizing water usage, these energy requirements can be significantly reduced.
For instance, smart irrigation systems can reduce water consumption in landscaping by adjusting the watering schedule based on weather forecasts, soil moisture levels, and plant water requirements. This not only saves water but also reduces energy consumption by reducing the need for pumping and treating water.
Furthermore, smart water management contributes to sustainability by preserving water resources and reducing carbon emissions associated with water treatment and distribution. For real estate developers, this can improve the property’s environmental profile and appeal to environmentally conscious tenants or buyers.
The integration of smart water management solutions in real estate requires a comprehensive understanding of the property’s water usage patterns, the installation of appropriate IoT sensors, and the regular analysis of real-time data. While the initial cost may be substantial, the long-term benefits in terms of cost savings, energy efficiency, and sustainability make it a worthwhile investment.
Remember, smart water management is not just about saving money, it’s about making a positive impact on the environment and contributing to sustainable development. So, take the first step towards smart water management today, and make a difference for the future!
As the world moves towards a more sustainable future, the importance of smart water management in real estate continues to grow. This is not just a trend, but rather an imperative for responsible and sustainable property management. Leveraging technology like IoT in water management systems is no longer an option, but a necessity.
Emerging technologies in the field, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, are expected to further enhance the capabilities of smart water management systems in the future. These tech advancements will streamline the process of data analysis, making it possible to forecast water usage, identify potential issues, and make informed decisions faster and more accurately.
Moreover, the data collected from these systems could also be utilized in planning new real estate developments. For instance, historical water usage data can guide the design of water systems in new properties, ensuring maximum efficiency from the outset.
Lastly, as smart water management becomes more prevalent, we can also expect to see an increase in governmental support and regulation. Governments around the world are already advocating for more efficient use of water resources, and it’s likely that there will be more incentives for real estate developers to incorporate smart water management solutions. Indeed, with global water scarcity being a pressing issue, it’s clear that smart water management is the way forward for the real estate industry.
In conclusion, incorporating smart water management solutions in real estate is an investment worth making. Not only does it lead to significant cost savings and energy efficiency, but it also plays a key role in promoting sustainability. With the help of IoT-based systems, real-time data can be used to make informed decisions about water consumption, leading to responsible use of this precious resource.
As a property developer or manager, it’s essential to adopt a proactive approach to water management. Familiarize yourself with the latest smart water management technologies, understand your property’s water usage patterns, and invest in an IoT-enabled system that can help you monitor and control water consumption effectively.
With the advancement of technology and the ever-increasing awareness of the importance of sustainability, the real estate industry has a responsibility to be a frontrunner in the use of smart water management systems. By taking action now, you can play a part in ensuring a sustainable future, while also improving your property’s environmental profile and attracting environmentally conscious tenants or buyers.
As smart water management becomes the standard, it’s time to embrace this technology. Remember, the change begins with you. So let’s make a difference, one drop at a time!


DESBOROUGH BOWLING CLUB, MAIDENHEAD
CLIENT | DESBOROUGH BOWLING CLUB / SORBON ESTATES
CONTRACT | Design & Build
SECTOR | Commercial
TIMESCALE | 50 weeks
VALUE | £ 5,000,000
OUTSTANDING BOWLS CLUB BUILT TO SPORTS ENGLAND STANDARDS.
Wren have built a new, state of the art bowls club for Desborough Bowling Club in Maidenhead. The 30,000 sq ft facility has been constructed to Sports England Standard and provides both indoor and outdoor bowling facilities together with changing rooms, toilets, offices, reception area, events bar and restaurant facilities.
Wren carried out all aspects of the design and build project including all associated m&e works, the installation of new statutory services to the facility, construction of a new pedestrian bridge over the river, and a new members car park.


Geotechnical Hazard Awareness for Mine Workers & Supervisors
Strata failure is a principal hazard in surface mining including open cut coal mines. Four videos were produced by UNSW Sydney, ACARP and Mark Coombe Productions to assist with the education of mine operators, mine supervisors and mine planning engineers to provide an overview of: (i) what to look for so the likelihood and impact of slope failure can be reduced; and (ii) describe the function of a geotechnical engineer within the technical services department. These new videos follow on the production of Unearthing Black Gold which was developed by the Australian Centre of Geomechanics in 2004. The new videos were developed to capture the technological advancements over the last 15 years and include a new technical section for mine planning.
Full credit and congratulations to Dr Alison McQuillan, Professor Ismet Canbulat and Mr Mark Coombe for developing and sharing these.
Video 1: Geotech Hazard Awareness for Mine Operators
The contents of video 1 describe the setup of an open cut mine environment. Flyovers of an active mining operation delineate key aspects of an open cut mine such as geometry, mine progression and typical equipment used to mine coal and overburden in a surface environment. This detail provides an excellent overview of a mine setup for personnel new to industry and not necessarily familiar with specific terminology to describe different operating areas of the pit.
Commonly used terms to describe geological features is also provided in the overview section.
Warning signs of slope instability are then displayed. Warning signs are divided into geological, hydrogeological and mining conditions. A verbal description is provided for each warning sign, and then accompanied by either video or still footage so visuals of warning signs are also provided.
Video 1 is approximately 14 minutes in duration.
Video 2: Geotech Hazard Awareness for Mine Supervisors
Video 2 is an extension of video 1, with new sections added describing Types of Failures and Typical Controls.
Type of failures are described by slope category, i.e. failure in excavated or dumped slope. Types of failures described include planar, wedge, toppling and composite failures in excavated slopes. Active-passive wedge failures in dumped slopes. And circular and isolated rock falls in both excavated and dumped slopes.
Typical controls are then listed to provide guidance on how to effectively manage a geotechnical hazard. Controls are described using the hierarchy system of elimination, engineering, separation and administration.
Slope monitoring techniques are also discussed in detail.
Video 2 also describes typical processes and systems open cut mines have in place to identify and control geotechnical risk. These include descriptions of Standard Work Procedures, Standard Operating Procedures, Principal Hazard Management Plans and Trigger Action Response Plans that outline the minimum actions and responses for normal and elevated risk states relating to geotechnical hazards.
Video 2 is approximately 21 minutes in duration.
Video 3: Types of Failures and Typical Controls
Video 3 is made of the sections describing Types of Failures and Typical Controls that are added included in Video 2. These can be viewed as a standalone video, which is approximately 8 minutes in duration.
Video 4: Geotech Hazard Awareness for Mine Planning
Video 4 focuses on the function of a geotechnical engineer within the Mine Planning (or Technical Services) Department.
Legislation requires slope designs to meet appropriate standards to protect the safety of personnel working in and around coal mine slopes. On an open cut mine, geotechnical engineers are responsible for ensuring mine designs meet industry standards.
This video describes how a geotechnical engineer applies and analyses survey, geology, groundwater and mine designs into the geotechnical process. And further details what geological, structural, hydrogeological, geomechanical and spatial data is required to provide exploration geologists a sound understanding of why certain data is being requested and what detail is required when this data is first being collected in the field.
An overview of the four main types of geotechnical assessment completed by a geotechnical engineer is also given. These include empirical, kinematic, analytical (limit equilibrium) and numerical analysis.
Video 4 describes how important it is for the geotechnical engineer to receive the technical information they require in a timely manner to ensure there is adequate time to review, change or optimise slope designs to comply with safety, economic and equipment constraints.
Video 4 is approximately 16 minutes in duration.
Four new videos are presented to the coal mining industry as a practical resource to increase the awareness of geotechnical hazards in an open cut coal mining environment.
The new videos and their content have different target audiences. These include videos 1, 2 and 3 which have primarily produced for mine operators and supervisors to identify and manage geotechnical risk. Video 4 has been produced primarily for technical personnel in Mine Planning Departments to describe the function of a geotechnical engineer and geotechnical data requirements in the mine design process. And all four videos are suitable for universities as teaching material to encourage undergraduate engineering students to pursue a career in mining.
The video format provides industry a consistent training experience. It is further cost-effective and flexible in that videos can be paused, rewound or replayed on demand.
Where serious injury, fatalities and extensive production delays can result from unplanned slope failure and/or rockfall events, hazard awareness training can substantially reduce the likelihood and consequence of slope failure.
A great safety initiative – congratulations to Dr Alison McQuillan, Professor Ismet Canbulat and Mr Mark Coombe!


The standard systems used by MANGRA, S.A. in order to maintain the optimum temperature levels for transferring and dosing the different liquids used in animal nutrition are the bi-tubular system for pipelines (jacketed pipes) and chambers or coils for storage tanks.
In both systems it is necessary to circulate hot water through the pipes, chambers and coils.
At MANGRA, S.A. for heating the water several heating systems are used and manufactured, among them:
- GASOIL BOILERS
- ELECTRICAL INTERCHANGERS
- TUBULAR HEAT INTERCHANGERS (STEAM/WATER)
The ELECTRICAL INTERCHANGERS are recipients or water accumulators that have a diameter and dimensions adapted to the quantity of water to be warmed up. The water is heated by means of a certain number of electrical resistances (watts) placed inside the recipient which warm up the water circulating in it.
The TUBULAR HEAT INTERCHANGERS (STEAM/WATER) use the steam exceeding from the steam boilers existing in the majority of feed-mills. In this case like in the electrical interchangers we take advantage of the circulation of steam through the coil and the water is warmed up to the indicated temperature by means of a certain number of thermostatic valves.
On the other hand it must be highlighted that as important is the heating system as the insulation of the pipelines and the storage tanks in order to avoid losses of heat and in consequence save energy. In order to obtain this result fibre glass blankets fixed by means of semi-hard aluminium plate are used and in this way an optimal insulation is granted.


powder processing equipment & systems for building materials
We understand that all building materials have unique properties that help determine their quality and capacity for varied applications. We specialize in materials that are abrasive, hygroscopic, hazardous, and typically have an unstable flow. We design equipment that reduces downtime, minimizes dust hazards, and prevents all types of cross-contamination.
the nol-tec advantage
We go beyond immediate project needs to understand your business, products, and stakeholders. We share your commitment to product performance, sustainable practices, and innovative solutions. We understand the significant impact the building materials industry has on our economy, environment, and society. We have the technical expertise, industry experience, and proven technology to help your company make a positive impact for generations to come.
What Our Clients Are Saying
“Nol-Tec was responsive to our toughest applications and problems. The services provided have been excellent and much appreciated.”
– Supervisor, Multinational Construction Material Producer
How can we help?
Maybe you need a new system, an upgrade to an existing system, or a retrofit. Regardless of size, industry, or material, we are here to help you get your project and product moving.Get in touch


Here is a link to our design proposal: MDProposalPCER
Without Greg’s bag we have not been able to start sieving sand for the biosand filter, but we have still been keeping busy. Our days 6/20-6/24 have been filled with a wide variety of activities related to the building of the school and the water systems in particular. For the building we have been digging holes and trenches, mixing concrete and laying bricks. The worksite is coming along nicely. Our water systems work during the day has included constructing a ceramic water filter to use until the biosand filter is functional, creating a temporary wastewater system to be used for the existing house until it can be integrated with the school’s system, and cleaning up the old waste system, which is located on the site of one of the buildings. Other work done at night has included calculating flowrates, and updating designs for the well, storage tank, and wastewater system. Hopefully Greg’s bags will come soon so we can get going on the biosand filter. Here are some pictures of our work so far. More pictures documenting the progress of building the school can be found on the PCER blog (link on the left).
Over the past few weeks we have made progress on the waste water system. Recently, in cooperation with the architects, we have changed the designs to better fit the need and simplicity of the waste water design. The changes include making the path to the respective septic tanks (one for each phase,) as short and as straight as possible. This involves locating the toilets on a direct route to the septic, whereas the grey water from the showers and sinks will have elbows and junctions (the necessity for these exits to be straight isn’t as pressing.) Each septic will have somewhere around 15-20 people using it, so we originally specified the septic to be 10 feet long 4.5 feet wide and 6 feet deep. This was done, and ready for brick laying, but the Pedreiro (construction manager) came and made a circular motion- so our design changed to a circle. Now our septic holes are close to 3 meters in diameter and about 2 meters deep – a gross overestimation of the demand on either system. Regardless, we will be finishing them. The interesting thing about the design of the septic tanks in the region is that they act both as a septic and leach field in one. After the Pedreiro told us of the circle, he also showed us the brick layout for the walls. How they do it here is they stagger the bricks so that the liquid can leach into the soil after the solid particulates have settled to the bottom. This seems like a rather ingenious method of treating their waste because of the composition of the soil. The layers of earth before the groundwater consist of sand and clay – which act as a natural filter and purifier before the liquids reach the aquifer in the ground below. We will be implementing this local methodology. An area for future research is the effectiveness of this design compared to the more standard separation of the two.
After a week without the baggage which had our designs and tools for the slow sand filter, that part of our design is a week behind schedule. Sadly, we may be hard pressed to fully implement our initial design. Today we will be looking for materials – of which include more sieves and fine sand – that will hopefully speed up the completion of the filter.
Positives within the past week is that we have put in our hand pump, and have been pumping away, clearing out the stagnant water from the well and seeing if the well will hold enough water for our demand levels and if it has clean water. The most likely long term source of water will be tapping into the jaguar lodge across the street – which is also servicing a house already on site. Or another option is to drill a new, more modern well.
More to come on the design system when we return to the U.S.


(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organisation and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other Rule.
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane;
(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;
(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.
(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
(i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zones when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 m in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zones.
(ii) Notwithstanding subparagraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.
(e) A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:
(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger;
(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.
(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its terminations.
(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.
(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.
(j) A vessel of less than 20 m in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane.
(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the laying, servicing or picking up of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.


Description of funicular and services:
The funicular has started to work in the year 1975 and its length is 1950 m. Lower station is situated in Špindlerův Mlýn 864 m above the sea level and upper station under the top of mountain Medvědín. The funicular overcomes the difference in elevation 440m. It works every 30 minutes. Possibility to go with bike.


Driveways Gardens & Landscaping Woody's Group
You need a driveway paver that will not only complement the look of your property, for it will be a feature, but also one that is durable and can stand the test of time. Get free shipping on qualified Driveway Concrete Pavers or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the Outdoors Department. Our high-quality driveway pavers not only look great, but are also designed to withstand the heavy wear and tear of cars, trucks, RVs, motor homes, and more. Did you know that Driveway Pavers are 3 times stronger then standard concrete driveways and don't have the risks of cracking or needing resurfacing.
It’s going to be the first thing everyone sees when entering this driveway. The design really encourages your sense of art to get in harmony with the whole exterior design of this house. Brick pavers are baked at extremely high temperatures and concrete or interlocking pavers are formed and dried in a controlled climate settings. However, while brick pavers, interlocking pavers and concrete pavers provide a solid driveway surface that mainly shed water off of the driveway, permeable pavers allow water to penetrate into the soil or sub-grade beneath the pavers allowing much less water runoff. Se hela listan på thespruce.com Marshalls is proud to offer the UK’s largest range of driveway pavers. It means we can provide an unrivalled choice of stones, slabs, setts and cobbles – depending on the style or look you want.
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Many of our pavers can also be used for driveways. We also have several lines of thinner pavers that can be used to overlay concrete , which will completely transform an existing patio or driveway without the … Paving - Driveway Pavers. Paved driveways have many advantages over other driveways and add a unique, premium look to your home!
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pool decks, brick, entrance ways, walkways and outdoor kitchens for your residence or business. Driveway Pavers in Orlando Florida. Are you considering getting a new driveway or patio? What’s the condition of your driveway pavers? Have they see better days, but you haven’t even noticed them? Are your pavers at the point where they’ve just “Always looked that way?” Our traditional range of clay pavers, are specifically manufactured as driveway pavers.
Pavers vs. Concrete Cost Per Square Foot. The cost to install a concrete patio or driveway ranges between $6 and $10 per square foot.Meanwhile, the price for paver installation ranges between $10 and $20 per square foot. Our traditional range of clay pavers, are specifically manufactured as driveway pavers.
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As mentioned earlier, pavers are a great choice for driveways. They are not just well known for being durable and for their cost-benefit but also for requiring low maintenance. Pavers give your house an instant curb appeal boost and … Bella Design Pavers & Turf is the leading Installer of Driveway Pavers San Diego and has won awards as the Best of San Diego pavers Company. If your looking for pavers for sale san diego call us for free Paver Driveway design and if your looking to buy pavers San Diego or … Like our other concrete pavers, driveway pavers are available in 10 sizes up to 3' x 3' and come in a variety of shapes. Our driveway pavers come in six colors — Buff, Dolphin Grey, Champagne, Rice White, Oyster, and Slate. Custom colors are also available (minimum order 7000 SF). StoneHardscapes is one of the leading natural stone driveway pavers company. With us, you can easily find driveway pavers that fit your needs and expectations.
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Obtain terrific ideas on "patio pavers on a budget". They are available for you on our website. Scabos Travertine pavers make for a natural and durable driveway at this Jersey Shore home. Frontyard Driveway Pavers Installation using Angelus Castle Cobble Pavers.
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What Kind of Pavers Do You Want? The first thing to consider when contemplating the best pavers …
Beautiful Driveway Pavers We work well within your budget and in the timeframe that has been decided for the project.
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Remove old driveway material. Clear the area until there is nothing left but the dirt foundation. … Why choose pavers for a driveway? As mentioned earlier, pavers are a great choice for driveways.
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When it comes to choosing your driveway pavers, you want to make sure the chosen material can handle the constant load of vehicular traffic. You need a driveway paver that will not only complement the look of your property, for it will be a feature, but also one that is durable and can stand the test of time. Pavers are the next best thing in terms of driveway paving, but with so many different types and styles to choose from, it can be downright intimidating to even begin looking.
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Driveways. Block Paving: 200MM X 100MM X 50MM BRINDLE BLOCK PAVER: 200MM X 100MM X 50MM CHARCOAL BLOCK PAVER: 200MM X 100MM X Brick Driveway - via Vignette Design: Brick House Brick Driveway, Brick Paving, Herringbone Brick Driveway | Landscaping & Garden Design Projects DIY Mörkgrå Granit Pavers Outdoor Driveway Mörkgrå Granit är ett av de mest populära material som används i byggprojekt. Den populära färdiga är polerad, Dalei Stone säljer ett stort utbud av Driveway Cobblestone Landscape Pavers. Bläddra \u0026 shoppa vårt urval här. Dalei Stone säljer ett stort utbud av Paving Tiles For Driveway.


The United States Department of Transportation awarded the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) $477 million in airport infrastructure grants Tuesday.
Department of Transportation Secretary Elaine L. Chao said the grant is part of the $3.18 billion in Airport Improvement Program (AIP) funding for airports across the U.S. which also includes $1,019,655 in grants to Atlantic City International in New Jersey.
In total, there will be 276 grants issued to 264 airports in 44 states, the Pacific Islands and the District of Columbia. The money will be used on various infrastructure projects, including runway reconstruction and rehabilitation; construction of firefighting facilities; and the maintenance of taxiways, aprons and terminals.
“This significant investment in airport improvements in New Jersey will fund construction and rehabilitation projects that will help maintain high levels of safety in U.S. aviation,” Secretary Chao said in a statement.
According to the FAA, civil aviation in the U.S. accounts for $1.6 trillion in total economic activity and supports nearly 11 million jobs. Under Secretary Chao’s leadership, the Department is delivering AIP investments for the American people, who depend on reliable infrastructure.
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Man and machine make a great team and this is no more evident than when man is faced with a larger-than-life task where a crane is his best friend. Depending upon the nature of your job, there are many types of cranes to meet your needs. One frequently used type is the overhead bridge crane.
This crane is available in two standard styles: namely, single girder bridge crane and double girder bridge crane. When headroom is of no concern, the most money-friendly option is the single girder. Providing the most economical service of electric cranes, there are two choices in this style- Top Running and Underhung.
A Top Running single girder’s bridge beam rests on the end truck and features an underhung hoist: whereas the Underhung crane also features an underhung hoist but is different with its construction of hanging from an end truck. The Underhung crane’s end truck is located below the runway beam where it is housed along with the underhung hoist. Of the two choices, Underhung is the most popular.
To determine the right one for you, consider your required capacity. With a capacity of 1 ton and up to 20 tons, the single girder features wide flange girders of up to 75 feet and spans of 60 feet. For a smaller capacity job, consider the 5 to 10 ton with 25 feet lift and spans up to 60 feet. This smaller model entices buyers with its quick ship guarantee offered by ProservCrane to be delivered within 3 weeks.
On the other hand, the double girder has a lot to offer. With an increased capacity at more than 15 tons and spans of over 60 feet, this crane is available in a four-wheel or eight-wheel bogie configuration. As with the single model, A4 dual drive is standard with a tubular steel frame and end plates that provide rail sweeps and are enhanced with shock-absorbing bumpers. Depending upon the demands of your job, the double girder can be ordered with up to Class “E” service. This enables a capacity as high as 250 tons, reaching lengths of 180 feet.
Some additional features include the enclosed or open cab option with or without heating and air conditioning. Line and load reactors, radio control, bridge alarm and a rotating beacon are available as well.
Again, the right overhead bridge cranes depends on your job’s needs. If CMAA Class “C” and “D” will do the job, then check out the single girder crane. When Class “E” is necessary, look into the double girder.


What is Hydro Excavation?
Hydro Excavation is a non-mechanical and non-destructive process that allows pressurized water or a high flow of pressurized air to simultaneously excavate native soils at a controlled rate. This process allows for clean, efficient and accurate excavations which require less backfill, manpower, restoration, and environmental impact than conventional digging methods. A restricted water flow or pressurized air allows for flawless accuracy. When compared to the conventional backhoe or large excavator, a hydro excavator will remove only the material needed for the repair or inspection while reducing the amount of debris.


This large patio space is constructed to be as environmentally friendly as possible.
Large slabs of Tennessee Crab Orchard flagstone are set on a deep gravel base to create a permeable patio. The spaces between the slabs are filled with small rounded stones which blend nicely with the color of the stone and allow rainwater to flow between them to the gravel bed beneath the patio.
Planting beds surrounding the patio space are densely planted with a mix of perennials, flowering shrubs and evergreens. The plantings were carefully chosen so their colors also echo and complement the stone colors.


Per the U.S. DoD, * Indicates a "small business" classification and ** indicates a "small disadvantaged business". NOTE: the U.S. DoD only publicly reports contracts valued at $6.5 million USD or greater. The contract language is EXACTLY as it appears on the official U.S. DoD website (http://www.defense.gov/contracts/) unless otherwise noted.
Principle Contractor: AECOM Technical Services, Incorporated
Date Reported: 4/2/2012
Contract Details: AECOM Technical Services, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif., was awarded a $7,424,946 firm-fixed-price and cost-plus-fixed-fee contract. The award will provide for the remediation services of sites at Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, Karnack, Texas. Work will be performed in Karnack, with an estimated completion date of Sept. 30, 2017. Eight bids were solicited, with two bids received. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Okla., is the contracting activity (W912DY-09-D-0059).
Total Contract Value: $7,424,946
View More Contracts by AECOM Technical Services, Incorporated


Lund University was founded in 1666 and is repeatedly ranked among the world’s top 100 universities. The University has 40 000 students and 7 400 staff based in Lund, Helsingborg and Malmö. We are united in our efforts to understand, explain and improve our world and the human condition.
LTH forms the Faculty of Engineering at Lund University, with approximately 9 000 students. The research carried out at LTH is of a high international standard and we are continuously developing our teaching methods and adapting our courses to current needs.
Structural engineering deals with the principles and methods for the design and detailing of load-bearing structures. The objective in design is to create structures with adequate safety and serviceability under the influence of relevant loads and actions during the intended service life of the structure. The core of the subject considers the performance and design of concrete, masonry, steel and timber structures. Another important aspect is structural reliability; a systematic approach for considering risks and uncertainties in design to ensure structural components and systems perform as intended with a sufficient degree of safety against failure, damage or loss of functionality. A primary aim for research activities is that they should be driven by the development of rational and competitive systems for practical construction practices. Research areas currently focussed on include:
- Risk/reliability based methods for engineered structures and systems
- Timber and concrete structures subjected to climate loads and deterioration
- Renovation and climate adaptation of buildings.
The aim of the PhD project is to develop new knowledge for assessing the required level of maintenance and renovation of clay brick facades in a rational way, with focus on repointing of the mortar joints. The project’s main objectives include:
- Investigating the influence of the material properties (of bricks and mortar) as well as craftsmanship on the long term durability of masonry.
- Assessing the effect of bond between bricks and mortar and its importance for moisture uptake as well as water penetration from wind driven rain.
- Evaluating the extent to which erosion and cracking in the mortar joints and clay bricks may induce increased uptake of water/moisture in masonry.
The knowledge generated by the project will be used to develop recommendations concerning the design and choice of masonry components, including craftsmanship methods, for repointing as well as to evaluate the residual service life of masonry from a durability perspective.
Furthermore, the project should contribute to the evaluation and development of practical investigation methods to assess the technical condition and durability of masonry with focus on aspects such as the strength of mortar joints, the bond between bricks and mortar joints as well as the influence of cracks and mortar joint erosion for uptake of water.
In addition, the project should contribute to the evaluation and dissemination of improved repointing methods with respect to building technology, craftsmanship and working environment issues. The project will also provide input to the building materials industry to develop repointing mortars with more limited environmental (CO2) footprint.
The objectives of the project must be addressed from a materials technology, environmental, economics and craftsmanship point of view. This requires an interdisciplinary approach involving expertise from structural engineering, materials science, as well as practical construction and preservation of masonry buildings. The work in the project will combine modelling with extensive experimental verification.
Supervision of the PhD project will be provided by the Division of Structural Engineering at Lund University in collaboration with project partners from the Division of Building Materials, the Swedish National Heritage Board as well as industry representatives.
The main duties of doctoral students are to devote themselves to their research studies which includes participating in research projects and third cycle courses. The work duties will also include teaching and other departmental duties (no more than 20%). Exemples of courses where the doctoral student might be expected to be involved as a teaching assistant are Structural Engineering VBKF15, Building Systems VBKF01, Concrete Structures VBKN05, Steel Structures VBKN15.
A person meets the general admission requirements for third-cycle courses and study programmes if he or she has:
- been awarded a second-cycle qualification, or
- satisfied the requirements for courses comprising at least 240 credits of which at least 60 credits were awarded in the second cycle, or
- acquired substantially equivalent knowledge in some other way in Sweden or abroad.
A person meets the specific admission requirements if he or she has:
- at least 90 credits in subjects of relevance to the field of structural engineering including at least 60 second-cycle credits and a second-cycle degree project of at least 30 credits in the field of structural engineering, or
- a second-cycle degree in a relevant field.
Excellent oral and written proficiency in English.
Selection for third-cycle studies is based on the student’s potential to profit from such studies. The assessment of potential is made primarily on the basis of academic results from the first and second cycle. Special attention is paid to the following:
- Knowledge and skills relevant to the thesis project and the subject of study; the following are highlighted as being especially relevant: a. Design of concrete and/or masonry structures, b. Moisture transport in materials, c. Durability of building materials, d. Assessment of existing Buildings
- An assessment of ability to work independently and to formulate and tackle research problems.
- Written and oral communication skills.
- Other experience relevant to the third-cycle studies, e.g. professional experience.
As the project involves experimental work, is experience from laboratory work, practical model construction or handicraft seen as a merit.
Other assessment criteria:
A basic understanding of Swedish is preferable. If lacking, the candidate is expected to learn Swedish during the first two years.
Consideration will also be given to good collaborative skills, drive and independence, and how the applicant, through his or her experience and skills, is deemed to have the abilities necessary for successfully completing the third cycle programme.
Terms of employment
Only those admitted to third cycle studies may be appointed to a doctoral studentship. Third cycle studies at LTH consist of full-time studies for 4 years. A doctoral studentship is a fixed-term employment of a maximum of 5 years (including 20% departmental duties). Doctoral studentships are regulated in the Higher Education Ordinance (1993:100), chapter 5, 1-7 §§.
Instructions on how to apply
Applications shall be written in English and include a cover letter stating the reasons why you are interested in the position and in what way the research project corresponds to your interests and educational background. The application must also contain a CV, degree certificate or equivalent, and other documents you wish to be considered (grade transcripts, contact information for your references, letters of recommendation, etc.).