Banks-Solander track highlights the important botanical value of Kamay Botany Bay National Park, near Kurnell.
Many of Australia’s plants were first collected and described in the area by Cook’s botanists, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, in 1770. The track features informative panels showcasing numerous plant types that fascinated Banks and Solander more than 240 years ago.
Starting at the Kurnell Visitor Centre, this well-maintained track offers an easy 700 metre walk past eucalypts, banksias and ferns.
Banks-Solander track is a self-guided walk, so you can take as long as you like to complete it. It branches off from Yena trail, so continue on if you prefer a longer walk.


(ABC News) – In a last-minute change of plans, Mitt Romney will head to visit storm-affected areas in New Orleans today, skipping a previously scheduled joint rally with running mate Paul Ryan in the battleground state of Virginia this afternoon.
A Romney aide told ABC News that Romney will â€œjoin Gov. Jindal and will meet with first responders, thank them for their work and see areas impacted by the storm in LaFitte, La.â€
Jindal cancelled his plans earlier this week to attend the Republican National Convention after Hurricane Isaac moved up the Gulf Coast and wreaked damage across Louisiana. Two deaths have been reported in Louisiana as a result of the storm and widespread damage and flooding. The storm hit on the seven-year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina.
The Romney campaign had been working to determine how they could visit the region throughout the week. The trip to New Orleans will be the maiden voyage of Romneyâ€™s new campaign plane.
The White House has not announced any plans to visit the storm area.


Ecology invites the public to comment on a proposal to removing the Winger Land Golden Homes voluntary cleanup site from the State's Hazardous Sites List. The cleanup removed petroleum contamination in soils.
The proposal to remove the site from the Hazardous Sites List is based on the Ecology's determination that this site cleanup has been completed and no further action is needed. This decision is described in the draft No Further Action letter.
Please note that this comment form is for the purpose of submitting a comment to the Washington State Department of Ecology. Contact information is necessary if you want to receive future notices or responses related to this topic.
Commenter Contact Information
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If you want to witness pure magic in nature, you must visit the Grand Tetons of Wyoming. It is one of the most striking mountain ranges on this planet. Beautiful, mesmerizing, dangerous and intoxicating. The skyline of mountains and glaciers act as the overlord of this part of the world, reminding us just how small we are when in the midst of grandeur. Once you experience the beauty and majesty of this part of the world, you will be forever changed.
The 40-mile-long Teton Range is the youngest range in the Rocky Mountains, in fact, they are some of the youngest mountains in the world. Still, the rocks in the park are some of the oldest in North America. The mountains of the Teton Range continue to grow even today.
Sleeping out under the stars and under the shadow of the Grand Tetons is an amazing experience. Watching the sun slowly set behind the behemoths, and experiencing the change of colors that play out from dusk to darkness is a remarkable sight. The sky vignettes from opaque blues and oranges to translucent yellows, pinks, and purples, followed by almost every other hue of the color spectrum until total darkness is realized. Even under darkness, the guardianship of the Tetons can be felt as one drifts off to sleep under their watch.
There are so many breath-taking vistas in the park. The Signal Mountain Summit road will leave you awe struck. You truly get a sense of the vastness of the area from this amazingly beautiful overlook. The views from Jenny Lake, Leigh Lake and Jackson Lake are stunning in their beauty. If you catch these on a day with no wind, you get a perfect reflection of the mountains reflected back onto the water. To get up close and personal with the mountains, I suggest hiring a fishing guide to take you out on of the lakes. Many of the guides have been fishing the area for decades and know of many hidden gems and off-the-radar locations that most people don’t ever get a chance to see. The magic of the park changes almost hourly with shifts in sunlight, cloud cover, dawn and dusk.
The highest peak in the Teton Mountain Range is Grand Teton at 13,770 feet above sea level, and many other peaks in this range are over 12,000 feet in height. Mt. Moran, Teewinot Mountain, Mt. Owen, Nez Perce and South Teton are some of the tallest.
I was inspired by the Mormon Row area of the park, and the T. A. Moulton Barn, specifically. The T. A. Moulton Barn is all that remains of the homestead built by Thomas Alma Moulton and his sons between about 1912 and 1945. It sits west of the road known as Mormon Row, in an area called Antelope Flats.
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Today, Arnika agro-industrial group has more than 20 thousand hectares of cultivated land and plans to become the largest organic holding in Ukraine. We are confident that agricultural production should be as natural as possible without the use of chemicals.
The company has its own processing plant which produces valuable feedstock of processed soya — organic toasted expanded full-fat soy.
Also, Arnika agro-industrial group has its own research centre for selection and seed production of soybeans and grain legumes. Its specialists carry out selection work and primary seed-breeding of soybeans and legumes varieties.
Organic production - is not just a global trend, it is a necessity today. We have inherited the earth from our ancestors, and should maintain its strength and health for our children. It is with such convictions in 2004 we founded agricultural holding Arnica, and actively develop organic production in Ukraine.
Arnika grows organic cereal and industrial crops, including wheat, corn, sunflower and soy. In addition, we are reviving the production of technical hemp and engaged in breeding of soybean seeds.
https://latifundist.com/rating/toporganic#197 Less than 1% of agricultural land in Ukraine is covered by organic farming. On the one hand, it is not enough, but at the same time it speaks about significant prospects for the development of this...Read more


Super soft waterproof sheet made from a breathable, 100% tencel jersey to create a dry and safe sleeping environment for baby. Perfect protection for your Shnuggle moses basket mattress.
As well as being much kinder to the environment, tencel has been carefully chosen for its super absorbent, breathable and soft qualities, making it perfect for baby. 100% waterproof, protecting both baby and mattress for a more restful and safe sleeping space.
Super soft to touch – non crinkly/crackle feel
Our waterproof sheets are made from a 100% Tencel jersey top, making them super softer.
Extra Absorbent and breathable
100% waterproof to keep baby clean and dry as well as protecting your mattress. Our waterproof sheets are also much more breathable and absorbent than cotton, helping to regulate baby’s temperature.
Oeko-Tex certified quality
Tencel is anti-bacterial due to it being naturally breathable and absorbing 50% more moisture than cotton.
Kinder to the environment
Tencel is a naturally derived fibre. Manufacturing Tencel requires less energy, up to 20 times less water than cotton and is less susceptible to bacterial growth. Its also 50% more absorbent than cotton and more breathable too.Read full description
By parents for parents
Member since 2010
All products rigorously tested to industry standards


Grow Arrow Lakes
Rooted in Heritage
Some say, ‘it will never be the way it was’ we tend to disagree. As time passes, the people who once called this region their home, have too, gone. What remains is the desire to build a self-sustaining lifestyle, one that gives back to the community and respects the land and its residents.
Dotted throughout the region are the stewards who work the land, plant the gardens, tend to the livestock, and create products that contribute to the economical wellness of the area. Life in the mountains has never been an easy one, but those who carved out their plots to grow and farm preserved and left their legacy.
Today, it is from those very deep roots and attachment to our heritage that the Grow Arrow Lakes’ brand emerges.


Mold Remediation and Restoration
- 24-Hour Emergency Service
- Faster to Any Size Disaster
- Highly Trained Mold Remediation Technicians
- Specialized Mold Remediation Equipment
- A Trusted Leader in the Restoration Industry
- Locally Owned and Operated
Mold occurs in areas that offer the sources of fuel it needs. This is typically areas where there is some moisture & warmth. Here are some areas where you may find it & should be checked...
- Window sills – Be sure to look around the edges of the window & the glass itself.
- Refrigerator drip pans – There’s a small drip pan located under your refrigerator. Be sure to check for this. Pull it out & empty it routinely.
- Attics – It can be hard to pinpoint mold in the attic, but look for sources of moisture, such as a leak or an area where condensation is built up.
- Front-loading washing machines – This has become a common problem because the doors tend to remain closed, making it hard for these surfaces to dry out.
- Chimneys – Typically due to leaks, it is always a good idea to inspect your chimney for signs of mold damage.
- Air conditioners – Your air conditioner can be at risk both in the outdoor condensers and the indoor units.
- Under the sink – Look under each one of your sinks. Look for areas of discoloration on the cabinetry and the wall.
Do You Have Mold? Let Our Team Clean It Up
Mold is highly dangerous, even if it looks easy enough to clean up. It’s best to allow a professional handle it in order to minimize the risk of it becoming airborne. If you find mold in your home, call SERVPRO of Vigo County at 812-242-9611 for fast, reliable help.
If You See Signs of Mold,
Call Us Today – (812) 242-9611
Some restoration companies advertise “mold removal” and may even guarantee to remove all mold. This is a fallacy because removing all mold from a house or business is impossible; microscopic mold spores exist almost everywhere, both indoors and outdoors. Here are the facts:
- Mold is present almost everywhere, indoors and outdoors.
- Mold spores are microscopic and float along in the air and may enter your home through windows, doors, or AC/heating systems or even hitch a ride indoors on your clothing or a pet.
- Mold spores thrive on moisture. Mold spores can quickly grow into colonies when exposed to water. These colonies may produce allergens and irritants.
- Before mold remediation can begin, any sources of water or moisture must be addressed. Otherwise, the mold may return.
- Mold often produces a strong, musty odor and can lead you to possible mold problem areas.
- Even higher-than-normal indoor humidity can support mold growth. Keep indoor humidity below 45 percent.
Why Choose SERVPRO of Vigo County?
We’re Faster to Any Size Disaster
A minor mold problem can quickly become a major infestation if left untreated. We can start the remediation process immediately after you contact us. A faster response lessens the mold damage, limits additional damage, and reduces the remediation cost.
We’re Highly Trained Mold Remediation Specialists
We specialize in water and mold damage restoration, the cornerstone of our business. We have the training and expertise to safely handle any mold situation.
- Applied Microbial Remediation Specialist
- Water Damage Restoration Technician
- Applied Structural Drying Technician
We Use Advanced Mold Remediation Techniques and Equipment
Our advanced equipment helps to detect and stop the source of water feeding the mold. We then isolate the affected area using a negative air pressure chamber.
The Mold Remediation Process
Every mold infestation is different, from the amount of mold to the types of materials affected. Each scenario requires a unique solution, but the general process stays the same. The steps listed below illustrate our process for a “typical” mold remediation infestation:
- Emergency Contact - (812) 242-9611
- Inspection and Mold Damage Assessment
- Mold Containment
- Air Filtration
- Removing Mold and Mold-Infested Materials
- Cleaning Contents and Belongings
Common Mold Misconceptions
It’s easy to understand why many people struggle to grasp the facts and issues surrounding indoor mold because sensational news stories and advertising cloud and obscure the real issues. Educate yourself with the facts about mold and learn about the mold remediation process.
Locally Owned Company with National Resources
We live and work in this community too; we might even be neighbors. As a locally owned and operated business, SERVPRO of Vigo County is close by and ready to help with your mold-damaged property.
If a catastrophic storm or event occurs, we can call upon the resources of a national network of over 2230 SERVPRO Franchises and special Disaster Recovery Teams strategically located throughout the country to respond to large scale disasters.
We are proud to serve our local communities:


The MSC (=Marine Stewardship Council) seal stands for the use of environmentally friendly fishing methods and for the responsible use of stocks. The MSC is an independent and non-profit organization that operates worldwide and was founded jointly by the environmental organization WWF and the food company Unilever to offer a solution to the global problem of overfishing. By buying MSC-certified fish, consumers support sustainable and responsibly managed fisheries and send a clear message to the food trade. All WOJNAR'S fish products carry the MSC seal, so that only the best quality reaches our customers.
Free range chickens
In order to make a contribution to animal welfare, WOJNAR'S decided in April 2012 to convert all branded products that contain eggs or egg parts to free-range animal husbandry.
Egg assurance of origin: The consumer desire for egg products that are demonstrably NOT made with eggs from laying hens in cage farming is ensured by the certification system of agroVet GmbH.
Climate neutral company
For us, sustainability means thinking today about the day after tomorrow. As a company, we not only have the opportunity but also the obligation to strengthen sustainability in our operations. We rely on new solutions that conserve resources, from the purchase of raw materials to production and logistics. Because living sustainability has a positive effect on the environment, society, health and the economy. WOJNAR'S values climate-neutral work and the smallest possible CO2 footprint.
WOJNAR’S Wiener Leckerbissen Delikatessenerzeugung GmbH


Thursday, June 18, 2015
Canadian Wildlife Species - Arctic Fox
Arctic foxes have beautiful white (sometimes blue-gray) coats that act as very effective winter camouflage. The natural hues allow the animal to blend into the tundra's ubiquitous snow and ice. When the seasons change, the fox's coat turns as well, adopting a brown or gray appearance that provides cover among the summer tundra's rocks and plants.
Like a cat's, this fox's thick tail aids its balance. But for an arctic fox the tail (or "brush") is especially useful as warm cover in cold weather.


While growing up, we all read about photosynthesis and how plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food. Sunlight as we know consists of a number of colors of light together (as seen in a rainbow). It turns out that plants mostly require only two colors, blue and red for their growth.
Fun fact: Plants do not require green light, which is reflected. It’s the reason they appear green.
For the plants to properly grow, they need a certain period of light, known as photoperiod. During the seasonal changes, the length of day and the night(photoperiod) changes, which leads to decreased production. Mimicking the blue and red wavelength present in the sunlight, this problem can be briefly eliminated.
Wavelength between 430 and 460 nm makes up blue light and that between 650 and 700 nm makes up red light visible to the human eye. These are what are also called photosynthetically active radiations (PARs) where the rate of photosynthesis peaks. These wavelengths are provided by the grow lights.
Grow lights consist of electronic lighting systems, which are capable of producing PARs. Grow lights are used, especially indoors and in controlled environment agriculture. These kinds of equipment are used to either supplement or replace the sunlight required by plants. There are different kind of grow lights, mostly categorized into:
- Fluorescent Lamps
- High-Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID)
- Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Fluorescent Lamps are what we’ve been used to as CFLs(Compact Fluorescent Lights) and Fluorescent Tubes/Tubelights. These light choices are effective as low-cost solutions, and higher efficiencies. Fluorescent Lamps are more energy-efficient than older incandescent lamps. It means that heat production is lower. Grow lights of this category are often full-spectrum, i.e. the color of lights found in daylight.
As the heat production is low, they can be placed close to the plants for optimization of space. They are also cheap and are cost-effective for the short term and used by beginners.
High-Intensity Discharge Lamps are older technologies but are widely used as grow lights due to the balanced discharge of light spectrum. HIDs are of multiple types, but two of them are used as grow lights. These are Metal Halide(MH) and High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) bulbs.
MH produces a more blue spectrum of lights, along with other spectra of lights including yellow and UV, and lesser red wavelengths. On the other hand, HPS falls more to the side of the red/orange spectrum. UVs in low amounts are also found to induce the production of beneficial chemicals in plants.
The downside is that they’re expensive to set up and produce a lot of heat which can be difficult to manage.
Remember that Blue lights mainly induce vegetative growth in plants while Red lights are responsible to induce flowering and fruiting.
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs):
LEDs are one of the omnipresent technologies nowadays. Most electrical appliances use these components in different forms. In Controlled Environment Agriculture, LEDs are being widely used. These components are energy-efficient and consistent in terms of light production in nature.
LEDs are cost-efficient in the long run and are up to 75% more efficient than the previous fluorescent lamps. The amount of heat production by LEDs is also negligible. This means that these can be placed closer to the plants than other light sources without damaging the tissues.
These lights are also directional, it means that they throw lights in a specific direction rather than otherwise in previously mentioned lamps. This also reduces the cost of using reflectors to reflect the scattered lights to plants.
In indoor farming, blue and red LEDs are used in different combinations in different stages of plant growth to produce desirable results (known as light recipes). If you stumble upon the picture of LEDs used as grow lights, you might notice that the lights have a purplish hue. This is due to the combination of red and blue lights.
OLEDs: Although OLEDs are expensive at the moment, they’re more efficient than the LEDs and are thinner. OLEDs have rarely been brought into the perspective of agriculture but in the future, this technology might takeover the current industry of LEDs and other grow lights.
All of the above mentioned growing lights have their pros and cons. Fluorescent lamps are the cheapest solutions of all, and for a home grower, that should do it. I’ve come across many people over the internet who are successful home growers and use fluorescents as grow lights. HIDs are more cost-intensive and are HPS are widely used and are found to be beneficial in the flowering stages of plants. LEDs are cost-effective in the long run and can be used in different combinations of LEDs (More blue and less red LEDs for the vegetative stage and vice-versa for the flowering).
LEDs also have high flexibility as the spectrums of light can be fine-tuned according to the need of plants, and as desired. In the case of industrial food production, LEDs seem to be economically viable systems, with a high ratio of return of investment.


Are you interested in a true carbon zero energy plant solution? The cost of carbon emissions is a serious consideration for any company currently burning fossil fuels to produce process heat. The cost of burning fossil fuels is trending toward well in excess of $100 NZD per tonne of CO2 in the near future. We are able to custom design geothermal clean steam generators. These use geothermal steam from the earth to generate clean steam on the secondary side of a specialised heat exchanger. If your business is serious about a sustainable process heat solution, and you want to move away from fossil fuels, we have a solution for you.
If you are interested in understanding more about our industry leading products and services, or you simply have a problem with your existing energy plant and you want us to make the pain go away, please make contact with us, we can help!


Channel Islands shipping forecast
For the area bounded by latitude 50°N, the French coast between Cap de la Hague and Ile de Brehat and longitude 3°W.
Issued by the Jersey Meteorological Department at 10am Thursday, 18 July 2019 for the period ending 1pm Saturday.
At 7a.m. low, 1008mb, mid Atlantic, expected to move east and deepen to be 999mb just west of county Kerry by noon Friday, with associated weather front affecting the Channel during Friday.
Forecast from 1pm Thursday to 1pm Friday.
Wind: West 4 occasionally 3, and 5 at times mid-Channel late afternoon and evening, locally northwesterly across far south of the area, backing southwest to south overnight, after dawn increasing 4 or 5 and occasionally 6 across the north and west of the area.
Sea state: Slight, occasionally moderate till midnight, mainly in the north of the area. During the morning across the north and northwest of the area increasing moderate.
Weather: Mist patches and drizzle clearing far southeast of the area by mid-afternoon. Fair, then patchy drizzle and mist in the west and north of the area after dawn, perhaps reaching some southeastern parts of the area by noon.
Visibility: Moderate or good, perhaps poor at times in the southeast of the area early this afternoon and also in the west and north after dawn.
Swell: 2 to 4 feet.
Outlook from 1pm Friday to 1pm Saturday.
Wind: Southwest to south 4 to 5, locally 3 across southeast of the area, occasionally 6 mid-Channel and northwest of the area. During the evening generally increasing 5 to 6 then veering southwest to west after dawn and decreasing 4 or 5 by mid-morning.
Sea state: Slight in the south to moderate in the north, then overnight increasing slight to moderate in the south and increasing moderate to rather rough in the north.
Weather: Occasional drizzle and mist with a risk of fog patches. Persistent and locally heavy rain from evening with extensive mist and patchy fog. Clearing to isolated showers by mid-morning.
Visibility: Moderate to good, locally poor, becoming generally moderate or poor during evening and locally very poor till around dawn, improving good during the morning.
Crown copyright. All rights reserved.
A personal consultation with the duty forecaster in Jersey is available 24 hours a day by phoning 0905 807 7777. Calls are charged at £1.50 per minute.


Nu-Wall’s manufacturing partner is McKechnie in New Plymouth, the company that pioneered aluminium extrusion in New Zealand. With a history reaching back to 1871, McKechnie is a time-tested producer of quality metal products for construction.
McKechnie also have anodising and powdercoating facilities, which means Nu-Wall products can be completed in one location.
There’s another reason why McKechnie is a great partner for Nu-Wall - they have their own aluminium recycling plant. All scrap generated during the manufacturing process is re-melted, along with scrap purchased from recycling merchants and other extrusion plants. Aluminium can be continually recycled with no loss of quality. What’s more, re-melting aluminium uses only 5% of the energy required to create virgin aluminium from bauxite ore.


Fjernvarme Fyn is one of Denmark’s largest district heating companies. We supply heating to more than 90,000 households through more than 2,100 km of district heating pipes.
The vast majority of the heat is produced at Fjernvarme Fyn’s three CHP plants on Havnegade, fuelled by waste, straw and coal.
Every day we work to develop production and supplies for tomorrow’s society. We have come a long way in the transition to sustainable, renewable energy production. Recently, we announced an agreement with Facebook to utilise surplus heat from their forthcoming data centre in Odense for district heating.
At the same time, we are converting Fjernvarme Fyn’s waste energy plant at a cost of DKK 250 million. Following the conversion, the plant’s capacity and the energy from waste will be utilised better and more efficiently.
That’s why the future’s green for Fjernvarme Fyn, and for generations to come.


Official information issued by tropical cyclone warning centers describing all tropical cyclone watches and warnings in effect along with details concerning tropical cyclone locations, intensity and movement, and precautions that should be taken. Advisories are also issued to describe: (a)tropical cyclones prior to issuance of watches and warnings and (b) subtropical cyclones.
A subjectively-smoothed representation of a tropical cyclone’s location and intensity over its lifetime. The best track contains the cyclone’s latitude, longitude, maximum sustained surface winds, and minimum sea-level pressure at 6-hourly intervals. Best track positions and intensities, which are based on a post-storm assessment of all available data, may differ from values contained in storm advisories. They also generally will not reflect the erratic motion implied by connecting individual center fix positions.
Generally speaking, the vertical axis of a tropical cyclone, usually defined by the location of minimum wind or minimum pressure. The cyclone center position can vary with altitude. In advisory products, refers to the center position at the surface.
Center / Vortex Fix:
The location of the center of a tropical or subtropical cyclone obtained by reconnaissance aircraft penetration, satellite, radar, or synoptic data.
An atmospheric closed circulation rotating counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
A close approach of a tropical cyclone to a particular location. For locations on the left-hand side of a tropical cyclone’s track (looking in the direction of motion), a direct hit occurs when the cyclone passes to within a distance equal to the cyclone’s radius of maximum wind. For locations on the right-hand side of the track, a direct hit occurs when the cyclone passes to within a distance equal to twice the radius of maximum wind. Compare indirect hit, strike.
The roughly circular area of comparatively light winds that encompasses the center of a severe tropical cyclone. The eye is either completely or partially surrounded by the eyewall cloud.
Eyewall / Wall Cloud:
An organized band or ring of cumulonimbus clouds that surround the eye, or light-wind center of a tropical cyclone. Eyewall and wall cloud are used synonymously.
A decrease in the minimum sea-level pressure of a tropical cyclone of 2.5 mb/hr for at least 12 hours or 5 mb/hr for at least six hours.
A term used in advisories and tropical summaries to indicate that a cyclone has lost its “tropical” characteristics. The term implies both poleward displacement of the cyclone and the conversion of the cyclone’s primary energy source from the release of latent heat of condensation to baroclinic (the temperature contrast between warm and cold air masses) processes. It is important to note that cyclones can become extratropical and still retain winds of hurricane or tropical storm force.
A cyclone of any intensity for which the primary energy source is baroclinic, that is, results from the temperature contrast between warm and cold air masses.
The tendency of two nearby tropical cyclones to rotate cyclonically about each other.
Hurricane / Typhoon:
A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 64 kt (74 mph or 119 km/hr) or more. The term hurricane is used for Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones east of the International Dateline to the Greenwich Meridian. The term typhoon is used for Pacific tropical cyclones north of the Equator west of the International Dateline.
Hurricane Local Statement:
A public release prepared by local National Weather Service offices in or near a threatened area giving specific details for its county/parish warning area on (1) weather conditions, (2) evacuation decisions made by local officials, and (3) other precautions necessary to protect life and property.
The portion of the year having a relatively high incidence of hurricanes. The hurricane season in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico runs from June 1 to November 30. The hurricane season in the Eastern Pacific basin runs from May 15 to November 30. The hurricane season in the Central Pacific basin runs from June 1 to November 30.
An announcement that hurricane conditions (sustained winds of 74 mph or higher) are expected somewhere within the specified coastal area. Because hurricane preparedness activities become difficult once winds reach tropical storm force, the hurricane warning is issued 36 hours in advance of the anticipated onset of tropical-storm-force winds.
An announcement that hurricane conditions (sustained winds of 74 mph or higher) are possible within the specified coastal area. Because hurricane preparedness activities become difficult once winds reach tropical storm force, the hurricane watch is issued 48 hours in advance of the anticipated onset of tropical-storm-force winds.
Generally refers to locations that do not experience a direct hit from a tropical cyclone, but do experience hurricane force winds (either sustained or gusts) or tides of at least 4 feet above normal.
A weather system for which a tropical cyclone forecast center (NHC, CPHC, or JTWC) is interested in collecting specialized data sets (e.g., microwave imagery) and/or running model guidance. Once a system has been designated as an invest, data collection and processing is initiated on a number of government and academic web sites, including the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (UW-CIMSS). The designation of a system as an invest does not correspond to any particular likelihood of development of the system into a tropical cyclone; operational products such as the Tropical Weather Outlook or the JTWC/TCFA should be consulted for this purpose.
The intersection of the surface center of a tropical cyclone with a coastline. Because the strongest winds in a tropical cyclone are not located precisely at the center, it is possible for a cyclone’s strongest winds to be experienced over land even if landfall does not occur. Similarly, it is possible for a tropical cyclone to make landfall and have its strongest winds remain over the water. Compare direct hit, indirect hit, and strike.
A hurricane that is classified as Category 3 or higher.
A report issued by a local National Weather Service office summarizing the impact of a tropical cyclone on its forecast area. These reports include information on observed winds, pressures, storm surges, rainfall, tornadoes, damage and casualties.
A former tropical cyclone. This generic term describes a cyclone that no longer possesses sufficient tropical characteristics to be considered a tropical cyclone. Post-tropical cyclones can continue carrying heavy rains and high winds. Note that former tropical cyclones that have become fully extratropical…as well as remnant lows…are two classes of post-tropical cyclones.
Now known as the “Tropical Cyclone Report”. A report summarizing the life history and effects of an Atlantic or eastern Pacific tropical cyclone. It contains a summary of the cyclone life cycle and pertinent meteorological data, including the post-analysis best track (six-hourly positions and intensities) and other meteorological statistics. It also contains a description of damage and casualties the system produced, as well as information on forecasts and warnings associated with the cyclone. NHC writes a report on every tropical cyclone in its area of responsibility.
The best estimate of the movement of the center of a tropical cyclone at a given time and given position. This estimate does not reflect the short-period, small scale oscillations of the cyclone center.
Radius of Maximum Winds:
The distance from the center of a tropical cyclone to the location of the cyclone’s maximum winds. In well-developed hurricanes, the radius of maximum winds is generally found at the inner edge of the eyewall.
A decrease in the minimum sea-level pressure of a tropical cyclone of 1.75 mb/hr or 42 mb for 24 hours.
A term used in an advisory to indicate that a vector drawn from the preceding advisory position to the latest known position is not necessarily a reasonable representation of the cyclone’s movement.
A post-tropical cyclone that no longer possesses the convective organization required of a tropical cyclone…and has maximum sustained winds of less than 34 knots. The term is most commonly applied to the nearly deep-convection-free swirls of stratocumulus in the eastern North Pacific.
An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other intense storm, and whose height is the difference between the observed level of the sea surface and the level that would have occurred in the absence of the cyclone. Storm surge is usually estimated by subtracting the normal or astronomic high tide from the observed storm tide.
The actual level of sea water resulting from the astronomic tide combined with the storm surge.
A warning of 1-minute sustained surface winds of 48 kt (55 mph or 88 km/hr) or greater, either predicted or occurring, not directly associated with tropical cyclones.
For any particular location, a hurricane strike occurs if that location passes within the hurricane’s strike circle, a circle of 125 n mi diameter, centered 12.5 n mi to the right of the hurricane center (looking in the direction of motion). This circle is meant to depict the typical extent of hurricane force winds, which are approximately 75 n mi to the right of the center and 50 n mi to the left.
A non-frontal low pressure system that has characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones. This system is typically an upper-level cold low with circulation extending to the surface layer and maximum sustained winds generally occurring at a radius of about 100 miles or more from the center. In comparison to tropical cyclones, such systems have a relatively broad zone of maximum winds that is located farther from the center, and typically have a less symmetric wind field and distribution of convection.
A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 33 kt (38 mph or 62 km/hr) or less.
A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 34 kt (39 mph or 63 km/hr) or more.
Weather reconnaissance mission flown to provide vital meteorological information in data sparse ocean areas as a supplement to existing surface, radar, and satellite data. Synoptic flights better define the upper atmosphere and aid in the prediction of tropical cyclone development and movement.
A warm-core non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone, originating over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized deep convection and a closed surface wind circulation about a well-defined center. Once formed, a tropical cyclone is maintained by the extraction of heat energy from the ocean at high temperature and heat export at the low temperatures of the upper troposphere. In this they differ from extratropical cyclones, which derive their energy from horizontal temperature contrasts in the atmosphere (baroclinic effects).
A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 33 kt (38 mph or 62 km/hr) or less.
A discrete tropical weather system of apparently organized convection — generally 100 to 300 nmi in diameter — originating in the tropics or subtropics, having a non-frontal migratory character, and maintaining its identity for 24 hours or more. It may or may not be associated with a detectable perturbation of the wind field.
A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) ranges from 34 kt (39 mph or 63 km/hr) to 63 kt (73 mph or 118 km/hr).
Tropical Storm Warning:
An announcement that tropical storm conditions (sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph) are expected somewhere within the specified coastal area within 36 hours.
Tropical Storm Watch:
An announcement that tropical storm conditions (sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph) are possible within the specified coastal area within 48 hours.
A trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the trade-wind easterlies. The wave may reach maximum amplitude in the lower middle troposphere.


In the dynamic landscape of urban logistics, the demand for sustainable and efficient delivery solutions has never been greater. As cities continue to grapple with congestion and environmental concerns, innovative technologies such as electric cargo bikes are emerging as transformative tools for last-mile delivery. In this comprehensive guide, we explore the evolution of electric cargo bikes, their benefits, and how Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi is leading the way in integrating these eco-friendly vehicles into their operations.
The Rise of Electric Cargo Bikes
A Sustainable Alternative to Traditional Vehicles
Electric cargo bikes, equipped with electric motors and spacious cargo compartments, offer a sustainable alternative to traditional delivery vans and trucks. With zero emissions and minimal environmental impact, these bikes address the dual challenges of urban congestion and pollution, making them ideal for navigating densely populated city centers.
Technological Advancements and Design Innovation
In recent years, significant advancements in battery technology and design innovation have propelled electric cargo bikes into the spotlight. Modern models boast impressive range and load capacity, enabling businesses to transport goods efficiently while reducing their carbon footprint.
The Benefits of Electric Cargo Bikes
One of the most significant advantages of electric cargo bikes is their environmental sustainability. By eliminating tailpipe emissions and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, these vehicles play a crucial role in mitigating air pollution and combating climate change. With cities worldwide implementing stricter emissions regulations, electric cargo bikes offer a practical solution for businesses seeking to minimize their environmental impact.
In addition to their environmental benefits, electric cargo bikes offer compelling cost advantages for businesses. Compared to traditional delivery vehicles, electric bikes have lower operational costs, including reduced fuel expenses and maintenance requirements. Over time, these cost savings can translate into significant financial benefits for companies like Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi, enhancing their competitiveness in the market.
Enhanced Maneuverability and Accessibility
Electric cargo bikes excel in navigating congested urban environments, thanks to their compact size and agile handling. Couriers can weave through traffic, access narrow alleyways, and reach destinations that are off-limits to larger vehicles. This enhanced maneuverability not only reduces delivery times but also improves customer satisfaction by ensuring timely and reliable service.
Health and Wellness Benefits
Integrating electric cargo bikes into delivery operations promotes the health and wellness of couriers. Unlike traditional delivery vehicles that require sedentary driving, cycling offers a form of exercise that contributes to improved cardiovascular health and overall well-being. By prioritizing the health of their employees, companies like Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi foster a positive work environment and build loyalty among their workforce.
Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi: Leading the Charge in Sustainable Logistics
A Vision for Sustainable Urban Transport
At the forefront of sustainable logistics in Abu Dhabi, Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi is committed to leveraging innovative technologies to meet the evolving needs of urban delivery. Recognizing the potential of electric cargo bikes to revolutionize last-mile logistics, the company has embraced these vehicles as part of its fleet, paving the way for a greener and more efficient future.
Investment in Electric Cargo Bike Infrastructure
Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi’s investment in electric cargo bike infrastructure underscores its dedication to sustainability and customer service excellence. By procuring a fleet of state-of-the-art electric bikes and implementing charging stations across key delivery routes, the company ensures seamless operations while reducing its environmental footprint.
Collaboration with Urban Planners and Policymakers
To further promote the adoption of electric cargo bikes, Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi actively collaborates with urban planners and policymakers to create an enabling regulatory environment. By advocating for policies that incentivize the use of electric vehicles and improve cycling infrastructure, the company seeks to accelerate the transition to sustainable urban transport solutions.
Central to Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi’s success is its unwavering commitment to customer satisfaction. By offering reliable, efficient, and eco-friendly delivery services, the company has earned the trust and loyalty of its clientele. With electric cargo bikes playing a pivotal role in enhancing service quality, Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi remains dedicated to exceeding customer expectations while driving positive environmental change.
Shaping the Future of Urban Logistics
As cities continue to evolve and adapt to the challenges of the 21st century, the role of electric cargo bikes in urban logistics will only become more pronounced. With their unmatched combination of sustainability, efficiency, and agility, these vehicles are poised to redefine the way goods are transported in urban environments. By embracing this technology, companies like Pinas Cargo Abu Dhabi are not only optimizing their operations but also contributing to the creation of cleaner, healthier, and more livable cities for future generations. As we look ahead, the widespread adoption of electric cargo bikes holds the promise of a more sustainable and prosperous urban future.


The Benefits Of Using A Solar Battery Charger 12 Volt
If you’re a regular camper or hiker, then you’ll understand the importance of having a reliable source of energy for your devices. Batteries can go flat quickly, and replacing them can be costly. A solar battery charger 12 volt can be a great alternative.
In this article, we’ll cover the benefits of using a solar battery charger 12 volt and how it can help you in your outdoor adventures.
1. Environmentally friendly: One of the primary benefits of using a solar battery charger 12 volt is that it’s an eco-friendly solution. By using the sun’s energy to charge your devices, you’re not only saving money on batteries but also reducing your carbon footprint.
2. Cost-effective: Instead of buying batteries every time they run out, you can invest in a solar battery charger 12 volt. It’s a one-time investment that can last for years, and you can charge it up for free each day using the sun’s energy.
3. Portable: Most solar battery chargers 12 volt are small, lightweight, and portable. They can be easily carried in a backpack or even a pocket. This makes it easy to take them wherever you go, and charge your devices as needed.
4. Easy to use: Solar battery chargers 12 volt are easy to use. All you’ll need to do is place it in direct sunlight and connect your device to it. Some models even come with USB ports, allowing you to charge multiple devices at once.
5. Reliable: Finally, solar battery chargers 12 volt are reliable. As long as you have sunlight, you’ll have power for your devices. This is particularly important in emergency situations where you may need to contact someone or use your GPS.
A solar battery charger 12 volt is a great investment for anyone who enjoys outdoor activities where they don’t have access to traditional power sources. Not only is it cost-effective, but it’s also environmentally friendly, easy to use, and reliable.
So, if you’re planning a camping or hiking trip soon, consider investing in a solar battery charger 12 volt. It may just be the difference between having a successful and enjoyable trip or not.


The Black Palm Cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus), renowned for its striking appearance and charismatic personality, is an iconic bird species native to the rainforests of New Guinea and nearby islands. With its majestic black plumage, imposing size, and distinctive red cheek patches, the Black Palm Cockatoo captivates the hearts of bird enthusiasts worldwide. However, despite its undeniable allure, this magnificent species faces numerous threats to its survival, placing it on the brink of endangerment. In response to these challenges, a range of conservation initiatives has been implemented to safeguard the future of the Black Palm Cockatoo. This article explores the various efforts and obstacles encountered in conserving this enigmatic bird species.
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: One of the most pressing issues confronting the Black Palm Cockatoos is habitat loss and fragmentation. As forests are cleared for agricultural expansion, logging, and infrastructure development, the vital habitats of these birds are increasingly diminished. Fragmentation further exacerbates the problem, isolating populations and disrupting crucial ecological processes. The loss of nesting sites and foraging grounds directly impacts the Black Palm Cockatoo’s ability to find food, breed successfully, and maintain healthy populations.
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Conservation Initiatives: To address the challenges posed by habitat loss and fragmentation, numerous conservation initiatives have been established. These efforts focus on habitat restoration, protected area management, and community engagement. One notable example is the establishment of conservation reserves and national parks to safeguard key Black Palm Cockatoos habitats. These protected areas provide vital refuges where the birds can thrive free from human disturbance.
Furthermore, collaborative projects involving government agencies, non-profit organizations, and local communities are instrumental in implementing conservation measures. These initiatives often employ a multi-faceted approach, incorporating habitat restoration, species monitoring, and community education. By engaging stakeholders at all levels, these projects strive to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility for the conservation of the Black Palm Cockatoo and its habitat.
Challenges and Obstacles: Despite the dedication and efforts of conservationists, numerous challenges persist in the quest to protect the Black Palm Cockatoos. Funding constraints often limit the scope and effectiveness of conservation initiatives, hindering efforts to address critical issues such as habitat loss and illegal logging. Additionally, political instability and lack of enforcement exacerbate the challenges faced by conservationists, allowing illegal activities to continue unchecked.
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Furthermore, the illegal pet trade poses a significant threat to the Black Palm Cockatoo. Demand for these birds as pets, both domestically and internationally, fuels the illegal capture and trafficking of wild individuals. Despite legal protections in place, enforcement remains inadequate, allowing poachers to exploit vulnerable populations for financial gain. The high value placed on Black Palm Cockatoos in the illegal pet trade perpetuates their exploitation and undermines conservation efforts aimed at their protection.
Another challenge is the limited understanding of the Black Palm Cockatoo’s ecology and behavior. Research efforts to study these birds in their natural habitat are often hampered by logistical constraints and remote field locations. As a result, gaps in knowledge persist regarding their habitat requirements, population dynamics, and interactions with other species. This lack of comprehensive data hinders the development of effective conservation strategies tailored to the specific needs of the Black Palm Cockatoo.
Community Engagement and Education: Community engagement and education play a vital role in conservation efforts for the Black Palm Cockatoo. Collaborating with local communities living near Black Palm Cockatoo habitats is essential for promoting sustainable land-use practices and reducing human-wildlife conflicts. Educational programs aimed at raising awareness about the importance of protecting the species and its habitat can help foster a sense of stewardship among community members. Empowering local communities to actively participate in conservation initiatives not only benefits the Black Palm Cockatoo but also contributes to the overall well-being of the ecosystems in which they reside.
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Technological Innovations in Conservation: Advancements in technology offer promising opportunities for enhancing conservation efforts for the Black Palm Cockatoo. Remote sensing techniques such as satellite imagery and drones provide valuable tools for monitoring habitat loss and fragmentation over large spatial scales. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable conservationists to analyze spatial data and identify priority areas for habitat protection and restoration. Additionally, telemetry and tracking devices allow researchers to study the movement patterns and behavior of Black Palm Cockatoos in real-time, providing valuable insights into their ecology and resource needs.
Climate Change Resilience: Climate change poses a growing threat to the survival of the Black Palm Cockatoo and other wildlife species worldwide. Rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events can disrupt ecosystems and threaten the availability of food and nesting sites for these birds. Conservation efforts must take into account the impacts of climate change and incorporate strategies to enhance the resilience of Black Palm Cockatoo populations. This may include habitat restoration projects aimed at creating climate-resilient landscapes and implementing adaptive management practices to mitigate the effects of climate change on the species.
International Collaboration and Policy Advocacy: Given the transboundary nature of the Black Palm Cockatoo’s range, international collaboration is essential for its conservation. Cooperation between countries sharing the bird’s habitat is crucial for implementing coordinated conservation strategies and addressing common threats. Furthermore, advocacy at the policy level is necessary to strengthen legal protections for the species and enforce regulations against activities such as illegal logging and wildlife trafficking. By advocating for stronger environmental policies and international agreements, conservation organizations can help secure a brighter future for the Black Palm Cockatoo and its habitat.


The Milesian landscape
Miletus owed its great significance in antiquity to its unique location. It had been established on a peninsula protruding into the Latmian Gulf, also known as the Gulf of Miletus. This peninsula was only formed in the Archaic period (around 700–490/80 BCE), when the spaces between various islands silted up. These areas are still known as “hills” to this day: Humeitepe in the northeast, Kaletepe (often called the “theatre hill”) in the later city centre, and Kalabaktepe in the southwest of the city’s territory. This made Miletus very defensible. At the same time, it offered good connections to the Agaean Sea and, via the Büyük Menderes River, to Anatolia. These geographical advantages allowed Miletus to develop into a significant commercial port.
Today, little is left of the former peninsula on which Miletus stood. The Latmian Gulf and, with it, the harbors of Miletus began silting up in the third and fourth century BCE, and from the Middle Ages onwards, the city no longer had direct access to the sea. Lake Bafa to the east of the ancient site of Miletus is a remnant of the gulf that used to surround the city. It disappeared due to erosion processes and the accumulation of sediments swept in by the Büyük Menderes. Today, the Büyük Menderes runs through the former Latmian Gulf and around the ancient site of Miletus before flowing into the nearby Aegean Sea. In winter, this estuary is prone to flooding due to heavy rains, and parts of the ancient city Miletus are often underwater.
The Menderes Delta has been a nature reserve since 1994, as it offers ideal breeding conditions for around 70 species of birds. It is home to around 250 bird species, including rare ones such as the Dalmatian pelican. Many of these birds feed on the fish of the delta, which enjoy perfect spawning conditions in its waters. Herons, ducks, frogs, and turtles can also be found in ponds around the site of the old city. During the floods, algae and other aquatic plants grow in the submerged ancient center. There are many monk’s pepper bushes (Vitex agnus-castus), also called chaste trees, and they can grow up to a height of four meters. According to a myth, the goddess Hera was born under a monk's pepper bush on the Island of Samos near Miletus. To the east of the Menderes Delta lies the largest cotton-growing area in the Aegean region.
Text: Mark Ohlrogge


Bird Feeding Area
There is a bird feeding area at Grants Picnic Ground.
Visitors must purchase a token from ‘Grants on Sherbrooke’ kiosk to enable them to enter the fenced Bird Feeding area and obtain a measured amount of seed to be offered to the wild birds. Visitors are not permitted to bring in their own seed nor offer seed or other food items to birds outside of the Bird Feeding Area.
There are no other areas within the Dandenong Ranges National Park where seed can be offered to native birds.


Trees make a house look more appealing and give the house a favorable climate. In order to take pleasure in all the advantages of having trees in your house, it is necessary to keep them well. One of the methods of keeping trees is by trimming them to guarantee they are in the right size and more enticing. Tree cutting is an activity that must be brought out routinely with appropriate tools and proficiency. Below are the benefits of cutting tree in the house.
Promote the Health of the Tree
Similar to humans, trees are living and require to be maintained in order to live longer. Cutting can make your tree last for a longer time due to the fact that the dead, weak, infected and pest plagued parts are eliminated in the procedure. It is worth keeping in mind that failure to get rid of those parts makes them rot and affect the overall health of the tree. Regular trimming likewise improves the general look or look of the trees, hence making your home look more appealing. By eliminating the undesirable branches that draw energy from the trunk, the other tree parts can grow. Removal of the excess limbs can also enhance the production of more flowers, leaves and fruits.
Provide Defense for your house and Residential or commercial property
If they break off or fall onto a house during a strong wind or rain, hanging tree branches at home can be a cause of terrific cause of damage. In the long run, additional destruction can occur due to the fact that tree branches burrow their way under shingles resulting in roof leaks. Because of the failure to trim trees at house is diversion of power, another issue that might arise. This is due to the fact that the trees can turn into power lines, thus increasing the threat of loss of power and more damages to the line that can be very costly to fix. Most utility business cut trees in public places, but require property owners to cut the trees in their homes to avoid damage to the power lines failure to which a fine is enforced if the trees result in damage of the power lines.
Protect your household
Cutting trees regularly assistance keep people on the home from being injured. If they happen to come down on somebody, the reality is that low hanging limbs and branches that are broken can cause extreme injury or even turn into a deadly mishap. For this reason, having the trees trimmed is a good safety procedure, because it minimizes the tree’s weight, and minimizes the possibility of stray branches falling on any of your enjoyed ones.
Enhance the appearance of your home
Tree trimming aid enhance the look of trees in your house. In addition, to making your home look more elegant, it also increases the value of your house if you choose to offer it. When they give the worth at which they can purchase it making the routine cutting of the trees crucial, purchasers constantly look for a well maintained home.


Since the dawn of time, natural forces have worked powerfully and mysteriously, and in rare circumstances have aligned to collectively create earthly wonders, such as exquisite gems that are singular in all the world.
One of those gems remained hidden in plain view, waiting patiently for thousands of years until such time certain adventurous, wine loving souls, would have the wisdom and foresight to reveal it to the world. This is the story of Red Mountain’s “terroir”.
The small geographic region that comprises the Red Mountain AVA was formed by the repeated ice-age flooding of Glacial Lake Missoula over 10,000 years ago. The flood waters redesigned the landscape, configuring the soft mountain slopes and depositing nutrient rich top soils over sand, silt and gravel – as if to anticipate the introduction of wine grapes to the region.
The high alkalinity and calcium carbonate content of the soil, along with its granular consistency, allows for each vine to form a well established root system. In soils with this composition, root systems are able to reach deep to obtain the necessary nutrients and moisture.
The southwest slope of the Red Mountain AVA provides the vineyards in the region with a directional aspect to the sun that is ideal for prolonged sunlight exposure and warmth. These highly desirable conditions allow for a ripeness in tannins that is recognized as a primary characteristic of Red Mountain fruit.
The Cascade Mountain rain shadow has its greatest effect in Red Mountain, where the desert climate experiences an average annual rainfall of seven inches, and almost no precipitation during the growing season. The result is dramatically lower mold and mildew pressure compared to most vineyard regions.
The high latitude (N 46*) and topography contribute temperature swings experienced during the growing season, with daytime temperatures averaging 90 °F (32 °C) and night time temperatures dropping below 50 °F (10 °C). In the evenings, the AVA experiences a notable drop in temperatures with the Yakima River playing a moderate role in the providing a cooling effect to Red Mountain’s gentle slopes. The cooler evenings help to retain acidity levels which allows for the exceptional balance and structure found in Red Mountain grapes, and the wines crafted from them.
The prevailing winds come out of the Southwest and are notable for their frequency and velocity. The regular gusts of warm air flow through the AVA’s vineyards during the growing season, keeping the grape clusters small and concentrating the flavors of the fruit - which contributes to their richness and intensity.
In the autumn, the cooler air from the north flows down the slope of the mountain, toward the river. This natural air drainage provides continual air movement which helps prevent frost from settling in the vineyards and damaging the grapes.
Wines made from Red Mountain fruit express this unique terroir with exceptional color, strength and richness, while demonstrating remarkable balance of fruit, acidity, and tannin.


Gravel and sand are mainly needed in the construction industry. Due to increasing demands on the purity of building materials, it is necessary to wash and recycle gravel, sand, grit and other building materials. In their natural state, they are contaminated with contaminants such as loams, silts, fine particles, wood and coal. Therefore, water is used, which is soiled during the washing process. To be able to reuse it, the water has to be cleaned.
In the conventional solution the soiled water flows into a tailing pond where coarse particles sediment. The roughly cleaned water is reused for washing, the rest is effluent which needs to be disposed. Furthermore, the tailing pond has to be dredged regularly with great effort.
The lamella separator or lamella clarifier of Leiblein is reasonable, space-saving and efficient alternative solution for washing water treatment. The solids settle down onto the lamella packs and slide down into the sludge funnel. The clear water is led back into the washing process. To even raise the amount of clear water it’s possible to dewater the sedimented solids using the Leiblein vacuum belt filter. The vacuum belt filter is a reasonable and space-saving alternative to the frequently used chamber filter presses.
Our products are available to rent for pilot tests. Due to our extensive rental park, we can put together complete test systems individually for your task.
A modern treatment system for the processing of gravel and sand has been installed for Zwisler in Tettnang only a few kilometres away from the Bodensee. As products of high quality are manufactured by the company, a multi-stage wet processing plant had to be installed.
The natural water resources are very low and a treatment pond is not available. Therefore a wet processing technology, which reaches good washing results using small amounts of water, has been chosen. The treatment plant had to be compact, reliable, economical and inexpensive at once. For these reasons it was decided to install a water-treatment-plant from Leiblein GmbH.
The washing water of the wet processing system flows via a static mixing drain into a lamella separator. A flocculant is dosed previously.
The flocculated water flows evenly into the middle channel of the lamella separator and reaches the funnel region. During the subsequent upward flow the effluent passes the lamellas through which the flocks are separated. The purified water leaves the lamella separator of remarkably clear quality. The water flows into a floor tank and is reused for the wet processing.
The polymer is mixed by an automatic three-chamber-mixer and a batcher, which are installed in a 24 feet standard container. In order to export well dried sediment out of the lamella separator, the sludge exporter is controlled by an automatic sludge-level-measurement-device. The water which is released during post-thickening of the sediment can be reused as well.
This plant shows how high grade wet processing can be carried out using only small amounts of water.
Washing water of a railway treatment plant (System Knape GSG). The formation rehabilitation plant with a ballast treatment and washing system was fitted with a washing water treatment plant. The ballast is excavated, treated and washed and re-laid to the route at the end of the train.
During the ballast treatment method using a washing screen, the washing water is soiled with fine dirt particles as for example gravel abrasion, dust, soil and so on. The washing water treatment plant should separate those soilings from the water to allow a circuitry of the medium.
The effluent is pumped into the treatment plant, where flocculant is added to allow a better separation of fine particles before the water enters the lamella separator.
In the lamella separator the medium is led to the bottom and distributes below the lamellas over the entire lamella area. The medium flows through the lamellas to the top; the dirt particles settle onto the lamellas and slide into the sludge chamber. The purified water flows to the outlet on top of the lamellas. The separated sludge is exported by a scraper.The sludge is pumped into a sludge tank and disposed. The clear water is collected in a water tank and pumped by a slush pump to the gravel washing plant.
As the treatment plant had to be installed into a existing mobile track machine the individual constructional conditions had to be considered for the construction. Due to their great experience in the field of special plant construction Leiblein GmbH successfully concluded this project.
The surface water occurring at a stone quarry is polluted with fine mineral particles and is to be treated before discharge.
Functional descriptionThe surface water is transported to a pump sump through existing chutes. A pump with a capacity of 72 m³/h constantly pumps the water to the lamella separator. Excess water, resulting from heavy rainfall is led directly into the river via an emergency overflow.
The mineral particles are separated as sludge in the Leiblein lamella separator. The purified water flows via the existing settling basin to the discharge system. The sludge from the lamella separator is exported from time to time and removed with a wheel loader.
The lamella separator as an example for ideal recovering of fine sand. Rinsing water is used for the wet-treatment of sand. The water contains large amounts of residual fine sand. The sand extraction offers the following advantages:
The washing water which is polluted with fine sand and other dirt particles is pumped into the lamella separator. The clarifying area load was chosen so that only particles larger than a certain size a separated. Fine particles as for example clay leave the separator with the treated water.
The separated sand is collected in the sludge funnel and dewatered by a sieving plant.
Washing water circulation without flocculant in a gravel mill with a lamella separator. For the production of high quality concrete chipping large amounts of washing water is needed. The washing water can be recirculated when continuously treated. A particularly suitable appliance is the lamella separator.
The washing water, polluted with fine particles and mineral parts, is led into the lamella separator and the particles are separated by the inclined honeycomb lamellas. The clarified water is led back into the water circle.
The separated sludge particles form a sediment in the sludge funnel and can be exported by a pump. A supporting stirrer which prevents the sludge from caking can be fitted.
Remarkably, an addition of flocculant is not necessary and therefore the water is not subject to chemical modifications. For further drying Leiblein can recommend additional processes if required.
In this case a good separation result was reached with a clarifying area load of less then 0,7 m/h.
|Clarifying area lamella separator
|ca. 6,5 m3/h
At a throughput of 100 m³/h and a clarifying area of 150 m² results a clarifying area load of ca. 0,67 m/h. The sediment consists of approx. 30% of fine grit and 70% of mineral parts. The solids content of the separated sludge is around 30%.


Worldwide, there is a disastrous situation in the field of wastewater collection and treatment: About 2.4 billion people have no access to adequate sanitation, 2.8 billion people use simple pit latrines and many countries, the conventional wastewater treatment works insufficiently. Many surface waters are polluted with raw wastewater and untreated faeces which present a big danger for the population. This situation contributes highly to the 5 Million people who die every year due to water borne diseases.
Additionally water scarcity increases more and more as well as soil degradation.
Also for the Eastern European countries, these issues are of crucial importance and alternatives are urgently required. For rural and peri urban areas, alternative, innovative solutions have been developed, applied and are available today (Ecological Sanitation).
The principles of these Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) concepts are source control and hygienisation of the wastewaters followed by water and nutrient reuse in agriculture.
The mayor objective for sanitation is minimizing hygienic risks. New systems should be better than conventional sanitation systems which have a good hygienic standard for inside the houses but in most cases not for receiving waters. But also in terms of costs and benefits, the new systems must show advantages as the conventional sanitation and wastewater system (flush and discharge principle) requires high costs for investment, particularly for the sewerage, but also for operation, mainly the technical aeration, which cannot be covered by the citizens without high subsidies.
Thus, a closer look at the wastewater itself can help finding the right solution.
Wastewater from different sources has different distinctive characteristics. Thus, household wastewaters are described by colors: grey for little polluted water from kitchen, washing, etc., black for toilet wastewater, which can be divided further into brown (faeces) and yellow (urine) [Otterpohl 2001]. The most important parameters are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of the main components of household wastewater
Table 1 leads to the following conclusions (Tettenborn & Otterpohl 2004):
Most of the soluble nutrients (N, P, K) of domestic wastewater are contained in the comparably small volume flow of "yellow water". Separately collected urine, converted for agricultural usage, is the biggest step towards nutrient reuse, highly efficient water protection, and improved wastewater treatment. Moreover, urine contains trace metals required for plant growth. Thus, yellow water has to be taken into consideration as fertilizer. It is related to the nutrient cycle rather than to the water cycle.
The increasing focus on residual organic pollutants like pharmaceuticals, which are distributed by human wastewater in the surface waters, is supporting the installation of the source separation. With separation of the urine the widely spreading of these components in the natural environment can be avoided.
The hygienic danger of wastewater comes almost exclusively from pathogens contained in faecal matter. - Faeces suspended in the huge volume flow of greywater means spreading the pathogens in a large volume of water, making the reclamation for reuse more expensive. Separation and low or no dilution opens the way to excellent hygienisation. - "Brown water" contributes greatly to the phosphorus load of domestic wastewater and thus can also be considered as fertilizer. The organic solids make brown water an excellent soil conditioner after suitable treatment. Therefore, also brown water belongs to the nutrient cycle which should not be mixed with the water cycle.
Wastewater that is not mixed with human ’waste’ (faeces and urine) -so called "grey- water"- is the biggest volume part of all. Because of its low contribution to the mass flow of the nutrients, greywater represents a splendid source for high quality reuse. Greywater contains nearly half of the organic load of domestic wastewater. Removing these pollutants before eventual reuse of greywater is far less expensive than additional removal of nutrients, as it is realized in modern wastewater treatment plants. Bio-sandfilters and membrane technology open cost-efficient ways of production of secondary water - on-site, local, or regional scale can be appropriate.
Rainwater runoff is one of the reasons for building sewerage systems. Local infiltration or trenches to surface waters for relatively unpolluted rainwater is often feasible and can be combined with usage.
Any sanitation system aims to a hygienically sound situation as efficient as possible. In sustainable/ecological sanitation concepts this is achieved by separating the water cycle from the nutrient cycle, and closing both loops.
Two Examples of Sustainable/ecological sanitation
Many examples worldwide, as well in industrialized as in developing parts, prove not only the feasibility, but show how beneficial these concepts are [GTZ 2003]. Here are presented two EcoSan systems, one in Germany and one in Ukraine.
An advantageous low-cost and low maintenance system with a potential of full resources recovery for smaller villages and single houses is based on urine sorting flush toilets (no-mix-toilets). Yellow water is collected without dilution and is used after storage directly in agriculture. Brownwater is treated in a two-chamber separation unit (Rottebehaelter) where each chamber is used for half a year and left without further charge the other half. The produced compost can be used for improvement of long term soil fertility. The filtrate from the separation unit is low in nutrients due to the previous separation of urine. Therefore, the filtrate can be treated together with the greywater (except if high quality reuse of greywater is planned).
A pilot project of this system is operated in an ancient water-mill museum ’Lambertsmühle’ in Germany. In connection with the restoration of the building, this sanitation solution has been developed. The urine sorting toilets collect the urine undiluted (Roediger) or little diluted (Gustavsberg) (see Figure 1). The faeces are flushed with an appropriate volume of water (2 - 6 l per flush).
Figure 1. Urine sorting toilets, left German company Roediger,
Greywater from the kitchen, bathroom etc. is treated in a constructed wetland and then discharged to the receiving water.
A scheme of the sanitation concept regarding to the water and the nutrient cycle is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Scheme of EsoSan concept Lambertsmühle [Otterpohl 2001a]
An sanitation system which is particularly reasonable in regions with no central water supply and no proper sanitation system is the application of dry urine diverting toilets.
The principle and use of these urine diverting toilets (or variations) has been established for many years in countries like Mexico, China and Vietnam. This kind of toilet consists of a toilet room with a seat riser or slab for urine diversion. For each toilet there are two (double vault) easily accessible faeces-chambers with a sealed floor made from concrete. The vaults are designed such that one vault is in use for minimum 1 year, then allowed to rest for one year while the other chamber is used. Ventilation pipes are installed from the faeces-chambers to above the roof to supply the vault with oxygen and avoid odour and flies.
The urine from the toilets and the waterless urinals is collected in two urine tanks and can be applied in agriculture.
In Stepanovka, Ukraine, it could be shown that the installation of double vault urine diverting toilets is a low cost, very fast, and easy to realise solution to protect the groundwater and to improve health conditions [Deegener & Wendland 2009].


Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius)
(=Coptosoma cribraria (Fabricius))
Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea: Plataspididae
Lablab bug, bean plataspid, globular stink bug
Habitat / Crop(s) damaged
Pigeonpea, cowpea, field bean, soybean, and other legumes.
Damage symptoms include feeding punctures appearing as black or brown spots and presence of a large number of shiny, olive-green near circular bugs on the plants.
A common and often serious pest of pigeonpea and other legumes in India.
It has been recently recorded as an invasive pest of kudzu in the US.


Trees are a top cause of electricity outages. Did you know that one tree can affect a power line serving an entire neighborhood? When branches grow into distribution lines, they may cause problems during the next wind, ice or electrical storm.
Part of Oncor's job is to deliver electricity safely and reliably. That's why Oncor performs maintenance pruning regularly throughout its service area. Certified arborists and degreed foresters work with experienced line-clearance qualified crews to prune trees, balancing the health of trees with electrical safety. For tree maintenance near power lines, Oncor has received the National Arbor Day Foundation's Tree Line USA award since 2001.
To help keep trees away from lines:
- Plan ahead before landscaping. Don't plant below power lines, unless choosing approved native plants recommended by Oncor's Know Before You Grow program.
- Keep an eye out. If trees are near power lines (closer than 10 feet), don't try to prune them. Stay away from the lines and keep all ladders and tools away. Instead, call 1.888.313.6862 to schedule an inspection.
Visit the Tree Pruning section for more information on trees and power outages.


After 2 long years of printing in Grand Rapids, I have repeatedly encountered 2 aspects of the business that I did not like at all: job related stress, and environmental impact.
In 2017 Bad Mojo Design will print in water based inks. This will drastically reduce the environmental impact (and save money) associated with the plastisol inks and necessary solvents I had previously been using. Water consumption will be reduced by at least 75% annually. The need for expensive and toxic solvents will be gone. The amount of trash going to the landfill will be reduced by at least 75%.
I believe that these changes in 2017 will be the catalyst for many good things to come for quite a long time. I hope your 2017 provides the good things you’ve been needing in your life too!
-Scott/Bad Mojo Design


The Northern and Central California SunShot Alliance today announced plans to construct and interconnect rooftop solar systems in one day or less, an unprecedented goal given the industry’s current average of 30 days. In a contest sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy SunShot Initiative, teams made up of local governments, solar and technology companies, and electric utilities will compete for a total of $10 million in cash prizes that will go back into local communities.
The alliance, which includes Pacific Gas and Electric Company, SolarCity, Qado Energy, Accela and the City of Livermore, will compete in the small systems category (1 – 100 kW) for a first-place prize of $3 million and second-place prize of $1 million. The potential winnings would be split between the City of Livermore and possibly other jurisdictions that will use the funds to enhance the solar experience in their communities. The alliance is also eligible for the Change Prize Award of $100,000, which will be used to develop necessary technologies and recruit additional jurisdictions to join the team.
Despite exceptional cost reductions for solar hardware over recent years, the “going solar” experience in many parts of the country can be long and arduous due to inefficient processes and complex administrative obstacles. Sponsored by the SunShot Initiative, the “SunShot Prize: Race to 7-Day Solar” competition aims to spur innovation and improvements in the solar implementation process. Teams will be judged on their ability to improve process certainty and reduce the “permit-to-plug-in” time from the current duration to a swift seven days for small systems.
Members of the Northern and Central California SunShot Alliance have excellent track records in efficient solar installation and software innovation, making the collective group a strong contender for the national prize. PG&E interconnects more than 5,000 rooftop solar systems per month with an average cycle time of less than five days. SolarCity crews are repeatedly able to install rooftop solar systems in less than one day. Accela is the leading provider of permitting and inspection technology and has helped local governments decrease solar permit processing time by 75 percent. And Qado Energy’s integrated platform helps streamline solar interconnection while ensuring process transparency and efficient fulfillment.
The performance period for the competition begins on Sept. 22, 2015, and concludes on March 17, 2017. The winning teams will be announced on June 26, 2017.
“With more than 180,000 solar rooftops in our service area, PG&E understands that solar power is a vital part of our country’s energy future. We’ve worked hard to become the nation’s leading utility for customers using solar systems. Through close coordination with our partners, our goal for this competition is to dramatically improve the ‘going solar’ process so that more Americans can take advantage of this valuable resource,” said Laurie Giammona, senior vice president and chief customer officer, PG&E
“Rooftop solar can grow even faster across America if we can improve local permitting and interconnection. Regardless of who wins, we believe this contest will demonstrate that compliance with permit streamlining requirements in AB 2188, approved by the Legislature last year and effective on September 30, 2015, is achievable and that means making it even easier and less expensive to go solar,” said Nick Armstrong, a regional vice president at SolarCity.
“This is a unique opportunity to work closely with government and industry partners to greatly improve the solar experience—from permitting to installation. Accela’s technology has a proven track record of dramatically reducing the solar permitting and inspection timeline. This saves solar companies and their customers time and money. We’re excited to work with motivated local governments and our team of industry leaders to further revolutionize the end-to-end process and cycle times for rooftop solar installations,” said Maury Blackman, president and CEO, Accela.
“Qado Energy is excited to bring its software platform, GridUnityTM, and expert team to this extraordinary alliance of industry innovators and leaders. We see this effort aligning with our company’s goal of supplying utilities the advanced technology they need to provide highly responsive customer service along with the next generation distribution system analytics software necessary to streamline, automate and reduce the cost of interconnecting distributed energy resources across our nation’s grids,” said Brian Fitzsimons, CEO, Qado Energy.
“Livermore is already one of the leading jurisdictions in Northern California in per capita rooftop solar installations and timely, effective processes for plan approval and project inspection. The SunShot Prize competition will allow our staff and partners to collaboratively leap forward to new levels in solar installation speed and efficiency in order to improve the customer experience and save resources,” said Marc Roberts, city manager, City of Livermore.
About the SunShot Initiative
The U.S. Department of Energy SunShot Initiative is a collaborative national effort that aggressively drives innovation to make solar energy fully cost-competitive with traditional energy sources before the end of the decade. Through SunShot, the Energy Department supports efforts by private companies, universities, and national laboratories to drive down the cost of solar electricity to $0.06 per kilowatt-hour. Learn more at energy.gov/sunshot.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company, a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation (NYSE:PCG), is one of the largest combined natural gas and electric utilities in the United States with one in four U.S. rooftop solar customers in its service area. Based in San Francisco, with more than 20,000 employees, the company delivers some of the nation’s cleanest energy to nearly 16 million people in Northern and Central California. For more information, visit www.pge.com/ and www.pge.com/en/about/newsroom/index.page.
SolarCity (NASDAQ: SCTY) provides clean energy. The company has disrupted the century-old energy industry by providing renewable electricity directly to homeowners, businesses and government organizations for less than they spend on utility bills. SolarCity gives customers control of their energy costs to protect them from rising rates. The company makes solar energy easy by taking care of everything from design and permitting to monitoring and maintenance. SolarCity currently serves 19 states. Visit the company online at www.solarcity.com and follow the company on Facebook & Twitter.
About Qado Energy
Qado Energy is the utility industry innovator in highly responsive customer service and predictive distribution system analytics. Qado Energy’s GridUnityTM automates and streamlines utilities’ responsiveness through a unique two-way portal, accelerating fulfillment of a host of customer services — interconnection requests are answered and DER placement information is provided in just seconds. GridUnity is revolutionizing the utility industry by enabling real-time decision making from the customer to the executive suite. For more information, visit www.qadoenergy.com. The company is headquartered in Summit, New Jersey, with offices in Boston and Portland.
About the City of Livermore
Incorporated in 1876, the City of Livermore (www.cityoflivermore.net) is the easternmost city in the San Francisco Bay Area. With just over 85,000 residents, Livermore’s heritage is an eclectic blend of wine-making, cattle ranching and agriculture, cultural arts, and cutting edge technology. The city’s renowned reputation in science, technology and innovation is showcased at Sandia National Laboratories and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory which has been internationally recognized for its work in discovering Element 116 on the Periodic Table – Livermorium. The San Francisco Premium Outlets on Interstate-580 and the city’s award-winning downtown provide a wide range of shopping, dining, and entertainment opportunities for residents and visitors alike.