This article was originally published on my WordPress blog – October 2015.
The site at Bursledon: to the left, the site of the Grace Dieu, to the right, the possible site of the Holy Ghost.
‘But how do we know that?’ is a good question for people to ask of historians and archaeologists, and one that they have every right to ask. On 12 October Historic England announced that it was going to investigate and assess a feature in the River Hamble in Hampshire that I had identified as the possible remains of Henry V’s great ship Holy Ghost. The media reaction has been intense and very positive, but it has made me think some more about the ‘how do we know?’ question. This blog aims to go some way towards answering it (1).
Back in 1982, when working in the (now sadly long-gone) Archaeological Research Centre of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, I was looking one day at an aerial photograph of the Burseldon stretch of the River Hamble in Hampshire. Near to the known wreck of Henry V’s great ship Grace Dieu I spotted a shape resembling one end of a large ship, marked in the mud. This led me to think that a sizeable and perhaps very old vessel might be buried there. Knowing that that there was documentary evidence that the Holy Ghost had been laid up at Bursledon, it made me think that there was a possibility that the ‘ship-shape’ might mark the location of the Holy Ghost. My then Head of Department, Dr (now Professor) Sean McGrail, looked at the evidence I had put together in a document entitled ‘Bursledon II?’ (Bursledon I being the Grace Dieu) and decided that ARC would investigate further. The fieldwork was decidedly low-tech – we probed the mud with long metal rods from a boat – but about six feet under the mud the rods started hitting something solid in the area of the ship-shape. I can still remember the sense of relief that we had not come on a wild-goose chase!
The presence of the solid object was also confirmed by sonar work carried out by a University of Southampton postgraduate student, Hanna Steyne, in 2001 (2). Historic England will be undertaking further work next year and it is hoped that this will tell us whether or not the Holy Ghost lies here (Historic England is also assessing the site for statutory protection under the Protection of Wrecks Act). I think that there is a real possibility that this is the Holy Ghost, but leaving aside the identity of the site for the moment, I wanted to write something about the documentary evidence for fates of the Holy Ghost and Henry’s three other great ships.
The four great ships were clearly intended as war-winning weapons. They were hugely expensive, absorbing about one-third of total spending on the royal ships between 1413 and 1422, but three of them seem to have justified the vast amounts spent on them. Their basic details were as follows (3):
Trinity Royal, 500-540 tons burden, built (rebuild) at Greenwich, Kent, entered service 1415
Holy Ghost, 740-760 tons burden, built (rebuild) at Southampton, entered service 1415
Jesus, 1,000 tons burden, built at Smallhythe, Kent, entered service 1417
Grace Dieu, 1,400 tons burden, built at Southampton, entered service 1420
The Trinity Royal and Holy Ghost took part in the two battles in 1416 and 1417 that broke French seapower and opened the way for Henry V’s second, much deadlier invasion of France in 1417. The Jesus very probably took part in the 1417 battle as well, though the Grace Dieu was completed too late to play a serious part in the sea war, and its one known voyage ended in fiasco (4).
The great ships were all moored in the River Hamble from the latter part of 1420. With a wooden fort called the Bulwerk at its mouth, and two heavy harbour defence chains, the Hamble provided a sheltered and well-defended anchorage for the king’s fleet (5).
Henry V died in 1422, and most of his remaining ships were sold off in the next few years. The great ships were kept, however – perhaps the royal government believed that they could form the core of a reborn royal fleet, if needed. A lot of money was spent on keeping them afloat – paying shipkeepers to live aboard as small maintenance crews, employing shipwrights and caulkers, and purchasing pitch, tar and other materials, along with extra pumps. Because they were mostly organic objects, Henry’s warships were wasting assets, subject to decay and sudden leaks. The leakiest of the lot seems to have been the Holy Ghost, which in 1423 received the attentions of a dyver named Davy Owyn, who worked under the hull to stop up cracks. This may be the earliest record of a diver being used for ship maintenance work (6).
Though Nelson’s HMS Victory lies in a Georgian stone dock, it is supported at the sides by shores, just as the Holy Ghost was
However, by the spring of 1426 the damage caused by natural decay, bad repair and storms left the Holy Ghost in a very poor condition. The authorities must have feared that it was close to sinking. The mast, rigging and much other gear and stores were removed, and taken to the king’s storehouse at Southampton for safekeeping. Meanwhile, a dock was dug for the ship. This was no mere hole in the riverbank, but a construction project that occupied 96 labourers for much of May and June 1426. Timber for the work was bought on land owned by Titchfield Abbey, and trundled to the site by cart. The timber consisted of a dozen large pieces of wood to go underneath the hull as stocks or keel blocks, and 100 shores to support the ship at the sides. The time, money, resources and care used in making the dock strongly suggests that at the time the aim was to preserve the ship for future repair or rebuilding.
As much water and sand as possible was emptied out of the ship before it was docked on 21 June 1426. The operation involved 80 sailors, as well as an unknown number of craftsmen, and they were kept fed and watered with supplies of bread, fish and local Hamble cider. Jordan Brownyng, the man who served as the ship’s only master from 1415 to 1422, went to live aboard as shipkeeper. He had already worked as shipkeeper on the Holy Ghost when it was afloat, but that was with a team of four other men. This time, he was alone, and according to the records of the king’s ships he spent the next 1,622 days, sometimes working day and night, pumping out water and baling out mud. This backbreaking and ultimately futile job finished about the end of November 1430. Brownyng left the ship, and this must mark the point at which the government gave up all hope of ever repairing the Holy Ghost, and left it to rot (7).
But where was the dock? The account for docking the ship is very detailed, but ironically is very vague as to location – ‘near Southampton’, is all it says, which is not much help. Though the government had given up on the Holy Ghost as a ship, it was still used intermittently over the next twenty years or so as a source of materials, and documents from this period tell us where the ship lay. The accounts for the king’s ships between 1439 and 1442 are explicit about the Holy Ghost’s location. When 254 boards were salvaged from the ship’s cabins, the accounts say that the boards came out of ‘the king’s ship Holigoste, being at Bruselden’ (Bursledon). This is backed up by the previous set of accounts, which records payments to workmen taking iron chains, probably shroud chains, out of (in this order) the Holy Ghost and Trinity Royal. The men took the ironwork in a boat to Southampton, the account noting that the boat went from ‘Brisselden (Bursledon) and Hamble where the said decayed ships in this way are…’. To my mind, the evidence of the accounts is incontrovertible: the Holy Ghost and its dock were at Bursledon. The last set of royal accounts to mention the ship, from 1447-52, describe it as ‘sunk in the sea (sic) and in this way broken’. As the Holy Ghost never went anywhere after 1426, this phrase most likely means that the ship and its supports had collapsed into the dock, and by 1452 the vessel was mostly underwater (8).
Bursledon was also the last resting-place of the biggest of the great ships, the Grace Dieu. The ship stayed afloat at least 14 years, moored in the Hamble from 1420 to 1434. Part of the ship’s giant mainmast was removed in 1432, probably to lighten the vessel, but it was finally laid up in a dock on the mud at Bursledon on 1 August 1434. The dock for the Grace Dieu does not seem to have been anywhere near as deep or elaborate as that for the Holy Ghost – there is no record of stocks or shores, for example – though it was surrounded with a security hedge (probably thorn bushes, natural barbed wire) and an enclosure designed to deflect the water current from the hull. Tellingly, no shipkeeper was left aboard. Just under five years later, on the night of 7 January 1439, the ship was hit by lightning. It caught fire and probably burned to the waterline. Large amounts of ironwork and timber were salvaged from the wreck, but then the derelict was left alone, to re-emerge in public consciousness in the 19th century (9).
The end for the other two great ships was less dramatic. At first, the Trinity Royalwas moored at Bursledon. At some point between 1 September 1429 and 31 August 1430 (8 Henry VI), its single great mast, shroud, top and various other items of gear were removed. Taking out the mast was a difficult job, and a man was sent from Southampton to Sandwich to recruit a team of 15 ‘discreet and wise’ foreign shipmasters, led by a man named Peter Johnson. These men carried out the work, assisted by a number of other mariners. The ship was then towed from Bursledon to Hamble. It was emptied of mud and ballast, and laid up in a ‘digging’ (fossura) in the mud (le Wose – ‘ooze’), because of its decay. It is probable that by ‘Hamble’, Hamble-le-Rice (modern Hamble) was meant rather than Hamble Hook on the other side, which was normally called either ‘Hook’ or ‘Hamble Hook’ (10).
The mention of a ‘digging’ rather than a dock, and the lack of any expenditure on wooden stocks and shores to support the hull, may mean that its deterioration was too far advanced to make it worth preservation. It looks as if the Trinity Royal was simply dumped.
The reference that it was towed from Bursledon to Hamble in order to be laid up is pretty conclusive evidence that the Trinity Royal was at Hamble. However, additional confirmation is offered by the 1437-39 payment (mentioned above) for taking iron chains out of this ship and the Holy Ghost. Likewise, a payment account for removing cabin boards from the Trinity Royal between 1439 and 1442, says that the ship was at Hamble (11).
The planned fate of the fourth great ship, the Jesus, was at first similar to that of the Holy Ghost. Like the Trinity Royal, the Jesus was initially moored at Bursledon. Its mast, shroud, top, yard, bowsprit and various other pieces of gear were taken out there in August 1432, and transported to the king’s storehouse in Southampton. The ship was subsequently towed by stages to Southampton, where it was docked. The dock was built between 1 September 1432 and 31 August 1433 by a group of labourers, and the ship was put on the stokkes within it for ‘remaking, repairing and renewing’. The intention of the king’s Council at the time was for the ship to be ‘made and repaired’ at some future date, which explains the care and no doubt expense lavished on the dock. However, there is no record of any refurbishment work being carried out on the Jesus, though it does not seem to have been mined for timber, boards and nails in the ways that the other great ships were (12).
On 3 December 1446 ‘one feeble and perished ship called the Jesus… lying at Southampton’ was granted to Christopher Barton and Richard Greneacres, servants of Cardinal Beaufort. The subsequent fate of the ship is unknown. The remains of a large ancient vessel were uncovered off American Wharf at Southampton in 1848, and it was suggested in 1971 that this might have been the hull of the Jesus, though some doubt has been cast on this identification (13).
Whether the ship-shape that I spotted on the aerial photograph in 1982 proves to be the remains of the Holy Ghost or not, it does not alter the fact that the official records of the king’s fleet show that the great ship was docked at Bursledon. Anyone travelling along the Hamble in the years between the summer of 1434 and early January 1439 would have been confronted by the spectacle of three enormous derelicts, the Trinity Royal at Hamble and the Holy Ghost and Grace Dieu at Bursledon. Even in their decay, the great ships must still have made most contemporary shipping look like minnows.
© Ian Friel 2015
(1) Historic England, 12 October 2015: http://historicengland.org.uk/news-and-features/news/historic-wreck-identified.
(2) H. Steyne 2003. An integrated investigation into Henry V’s warships the Holigost and Trinity Royal, and the Bursledon II wreck site in the River Hamble, Hampshire, University of Southampton: unpublished dissertation
(3) I. Friel, Henry V’s Navy – The Sea-Road to Agincourt and Conquest 1413-1422, The History Press Stroud, 2015, pp. 99-157 (passim) and 164-66.
(4) S Rose, ‘Henry V’s Grace Dieu and mutiny at sea: some new evidence’, Mariner’s Mirror Vol 63, 1977, pp. 3-6.
(5) Friel 2015, pp. 138-41.
(6) S. Rose (ed.), The Navy of the Lancastrian Kings. Accounts and Inventories of William Soper, Keeper of the King’s Ships 1422-1427, Navy Records Society Vol. 123, London 1982, pp. 122-24.
(7) 1426 docking: Rose 198, pp. 122-24; Titchfield Abbey was on the same side of the river Hamble as the ‘ship-shape’ site at Burseldon; Jordan Brownyng’s job to 1430: The National Archives, Kew (TNA) E364/69, S m 2r.
(8) 1439-42: TNA E364/76, C m 1r; 1437-39: TNA E364/73, N m1r; TNA E364/86, G m 1r.
(9) I. Friel, ‘Henry V’s Grace Dieu and the wreck in the R Hamble near Bursledon, Hampshire’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 1993, Vol 22, pp. 10-11.
(10) TNA E364/69, S m 2r.
(11) TNA E364/73, N m 1r; TNA E364/76, C m 1r; E101/53/7; E364/81, G mm 1r-2r.
(12) TNA E364/69, S m 2r; E364/81, G mm 1r; 30 iron chains from the Jesus, were sold off in December 1443, but these had probably been removed back in 1432 and taken to the storehouse.
(13) TNA E364/81, G m 2r; Rose 1982, pp. 55 and 247 and notes. 195 and 345; F.T. O’Brien, ‘Was this the Jesus?’, Mariner’s Mirror, Vol. 57, 1971, p. 325; reply by R.C. Anderson, Mariner’s Mirror, Vol. 59, 1973, p.48.


On March 18, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin made a historic speech about the reunification of Crimea and Russia. A referendum held in Crimea two days before in full compliance with standard democratic procedures and the rules of international law, shocked many by its results: there was an 82% turnout rate, with almost 97% of those casting their ballots in favor of reunification with Russia. These numbers were so astonishing that there still seem to be many people in the West who cannot bring themselves to believe how much the Crimeans truly longed to return home. And indeed, without an awareness of this land’s heroic history that has been so liberally washed in Russian blood, this public enthusiasm might seem irrational, or even artificial.
Understanding why they made this choice requires a careful look at what Russia has always meant to Crimea, as well as vice versa. This common history and pride emanates from literally every place and object in Crimea. The ancient Greek city of Chersonesus, where in 988 AD St. Grand Prince of Kiev Vladimir was baptized, was founded here. It would truly be difficult to overstate the significance this fabled region holds for Russia. The colony was established on the Crimean Peninsula by the ancient Greeks, 500 years before the birth of Christ. The footsteps of St. Andrew, one of Jesus’ original disciples, who is known as ‘the apostle to the southern, eastern, and northern shores of the Black Sea’, are found here. Crimea is the place where the blood of Apostle Peter’s disciple St. Clement was spilt for Christ, consecrating the soon-to-be-Christian Rus and here the Slovenian apostles, St. Cyril and Methodius, preached the Gospel. Prince Vladimir’s conversion to Christianity in the Crimean city of Chersonesus paved the way for the Russian civilization and made an invaluable contribution to world history and culture.
In the tenth century, Russian princes founded the Tmutarakan principality on the shores of the Black and Azov seas, which sat on the Crimean shore on the Kerch Peninsula, along with the city of Korchev (now known as Kerch). This was the historical period during which the Slavs of Kievan Rus gradually put down roots throughout Crimea. It was in Old Crimea, Sudak, Mangup, and Chersonesus that the Slavs comprised the most significant part of the population.
Tmutarakan quickly become the world’s second most important port, after Constantinople, through which passed almost all 11th-12th century trade routes that crossed the sea or steppe. The son of Grand Prince Vladimir, Mstislav, who ruled the principality until 1036, consolidated and expanded its borders. At the end of the tenth century, the remnants of the restored Byzantine Bosporan Kingdomwere incorporated into the principality. Much later, a marble slab was found on the Taman Peninsula with an inscription dating to 1068:
In the summer of 6576 [since the creation of the world, which corresponds to the year 1068 – OR] Prince Gleb measured across the frozen sea, from Tmutarakan to Korcheva, 14,000 sazhen [which is about 28 km – OR].
As the Cuman people increasingly intruded into Rus’ at the end of the 11th century, Tmutarakan was virtually cut off from Kievan Rus’ and lost its independence, by 1094 finding itself under the rule of the Cumans, Byzantium, the Golden Horde, Genoa, and Turkey.
At the end of 18th century, Empress Catherine the Great worked to see Crimea returned to Russia. It was the Russian Empire’s dominion over Crimea that rescued the ruins of Chersonesus, so sacred to Russian history, from complete oblivion. The Empress, with the willing assistance of Prince Grigory Potemkin, is remembered for founding a naval base, which was named Sevastopol, in Akhtiar harbor (now known as the Bay of Sevastopol). The history of Sevastopol tells the remarkable story of Russian military valor and fortitude.
Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kerch, Malakhov Hill, and Sapun Ridge are landmarks that embody Russian military glory and true valor. Each of them has been bathed in the blood of the soldiers who battled fearlessly there to defend a future of peace. The 349 days of the heroic defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War will forever be commemorated in the histories of Russia and of these two kindred peoples, as will the 250-day defense of the city during WWII.
The armies of Britain, France, Turkey, and Sardinia (Italy) invaded the Crimean Peninsula in 1854. On Sept. 13, this city, which had never before faced aggression from any direction but the sea, found itself under siege. Fortifications and gun batteries were constructed while under fire from enemies who held an overwhelming advantage in troops and cannons. The city’s defense was directed by the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Vladimir Kornilov, and his subordinate, Vice Admiral Pavel Nakhimov. Five battleships were sunk in order to prevent the enemy from gaining entry to Sevastopol Harbor, and naval guns and crews arrived to join the defenders. The tenacity and patriotic fervor of the Russian soldiers, sailors, and townspeople astonished the world. On Oct. 5 the invaders began the first bombardment of Sevastopol, during which the city’s defenses suffered no great losses, but Admiral Kornilov was mortally wounded. The hub of the defense then shifted to Malakhov Hill. On March 28, 1855 the invaders began a second assault. Although at the cost of a large number of casualties, they succeeded in pressing our positions. The third and fourth assault ended in the same way as the previous onslaughts, but on June 28 Vice Admiral Nakhimov was killed during an exchange of gunfire. The French General Jean-Jacques Pélissier, the commander of the allied forces, was ordered by Napoleon III to capture the fortress, regardless of the toll. After the fifth (!) and equally unsuccessful (!) attack, the allied forces began to prepare for a decisive strike on the half-destroyed Russian fortifications. The sixth and final assault on Sevastopol began on Aug. 27. The barrage involved eight French and five British divisions, plus one brigade from Sardinia – a total of 60,000 combatants – who fought against 40,000 Russians, most of whom had been diverted to the back line of the defense. The fortunes of the battle shifted back and forth. The French were able to capture and hold Malakhov Hill. At the order of the commanding general, Mikhail Gorchakov, the defenders retreated to the southern side of Sevastopol, blowing up the powder magazines and sinking the remaining ships. This outward defeat at Sevastopol sapped the strength of the invaders’ troops, and they were forced to agree to peace negotiations on conditions that were far different from those they had expected at the beginning of the war. The defense of Sevastopol – the most vivid page in the history of the Crimean War – demonstrated once again the indefatigable spirit of the Russian soldier and his ability to fight even under the most difficult conditions of siege, when there seemed no chance for deliverance.
After 87 years, a new siege, and again a heroic defense and indefatigable spirit, awaited Sevastopol. Nazi troops invaded Crimea on Oct. 20, 1941 and within 10 days had reached the outskirts of Sevastopol. The city was not prepared in advance to defend itself from an approach by land, but the attempt by the Germans and Romanians to take it forthwith did not succeed. A stubborn defense of Sevastopol began. Field fortifications were constructed as the fighting raged, and supplies, reinforcements, and evacuations of the wounded and civilians could only be carried out by sea, often under enemy air raids. On Nov. 4, all the Soviet forces banded together inside the city’s defensive zone. On Nov. 11, with significant superiority in troops and artillery, the enemy launched an offensive. After fierce battles and suffering heavy casualties, the Germans ceased their frontal attacks on Nov. 21 and proceeded to lay siege to the city. On Dec. 17, seven German infantry divisions and two Romanian brigades, far outnumbering the Russian forces, launched a new offensive with tank support. The attacks were rebuffed with the support of naval artillery fire, and any further incursion was foiled when Russian troops landed in Kerch and Feodosia. Moreover, by forcing the Germans to divert to Feodosia the 11th Wehrmacht Army that was besieging the city under the command of General Erich von Manstein, the Sevastopol regional defense battalions began a partial offensive and had improved their position by March 1942.
Beginning on May 27, Sevastopol was subjected to incessant shelling and air attacks. On the morning of June 7, the enemy launched a punishing attack around the entire perimeter of the defensive zone. After a fierce battle, the Russian troops abandoned Malakhov Hill on June 30. But resistance continued on the outskirts of the devastated city. The battle went on until July 4, and even as late as July 9 in some areas. Most of the city’s defenders were killed or taken prisoner, with only a few managing to make their way to the mountains to join the partisans. The 250-day defense of Sevastopol, despite its tragic end, showed the world that Russian soldiers and sailors were capable of incredible sacrifices.
In the hearts and minds of the public Crimea has always been an integral part of Russia. This belief, based on truth and justice, has been unwavering. It has been something passed down from generation to generation with no regard for either time or circumstances. Even the dramatic changes experienced by Russia during the twentieth century were powerless to alter this conviction. It would have been impossible for anyone to imagine how Ukraine and Russia could be two different states. But then the Soviet Union collapsed. Events progressed so quickly that few at the time grasped the full drama of the unfolding events or their consequences. And when Crimea suddenly became part of another country, Russia felt that she had not just been robbed, but plundered. Millions of Russians went to bed in one country and woke up in another, transformed overnight into minorities within the former Soviet republics. Thus the Russian nation became one of the biggest, if not the biggest, partitioned nation in the world. But the populace was unable to stomach this egregious historical injustice. During those years, both common people as well as many public figures often raised this issue, claiming that Crimea was native Russian soil and Sevastopol was a Russian city. For 23 years Crimea has retained its Russian soul and every Crimean has spent this time breathlessly waiting for the peninsula to return home to Russia. And now it has happened – to general elation, tears of happiness, and long-awaited joy – a triumph of historical justice!
Essay originally published at Oriental Review.


Above photo: By Orin Langelle.
Wildfires in Portugal have been called “the worst such disaster in recent history.” Dozens of people burnt to death in their cars while trying to escape the inferno.
But this horrific tragedy was human-made. One-quarter of Portugal’s forested landscape (more than 812,000 hectares or 2 million acres) has been replaced by non-native eucalyptus plantations. On top of that are expansive pine plantations.
Oliver Munnion, Co-Director of Biofuelwatch, lives in Portugal’s wildfire zone. “We spent last night in a local school after some 30 villages were evacuated in our area. News reports say that a quarter of the municipality has burned. We’ve been lucky so far and still have our home, but many others have lost so much.
“It’s time to face up to the reality that Portugal’s vast eucalyptus and pine plantations, and the corruption and profiteering that comes with them, are the main reason that the country burns, every year. Coupled with the impacts of climate change, bringing hotter temperatures and drought, our area stands little chance. And the summer has only just begun,” he added.
Just like wildfires that devastated parts of Chile in January—the worst in their history—the fires in Portugal were the result of a reckless and poorly regulated timber industry, as well as international policies that mislabel industrial tree plantations as “forests.”
“In the fires in both Chile and Portugal, the culprit was industry lobby for state subsidies for timber plantations,” stated Felipe Grez of OLCA in Chile. “Flammable, water-sucking eucalyptus plantations have been expanding all over the landscape thanks to these dangerous state subsidy schemes, which in Chile came about under Pinochet. Plantations reach right up to the edge of roads and towns making fire disaster unavoidable. We not only condemn this blatant disregard for life, but also industry’s future desire to use genetically engineered trees–which will make these problems even worse.”
The Campaign to STOP Genetically Engineered Trees  warns that a new threat is emerging from genetically engineered (GE) eucalyptus plantations. GE eucalyptus are being developed to grow faster, resist toxic herbicides and/or tolerate freezing temperatures. These traits would exacerbate the impacts of eucalyptus plantations and spread them to new regions currently too cold for eucalyptus to grow.
GE eucalyptus were approved in Brazil in 2015 and now the US Department of Agriculture is accepting public comments on a draft Environmental Impact Statement that recommends approval of the large-scale release of GE eucalyptus plantations across the U.S. South.
“Both of these tragedies in Chile and Portugal should sound the alarm regarding plans for genetically engineered eucalyptus plantations in the Southeast U.S.,” added Anne Petermann, Executive Director of U.S. based Global Justice Ecology Project and International Coordinator of the Campaign to STOP GE Trees. “This region already suffers from repeated droughts due to climate change. The proposed development of one million acres of flammable, invasive, water-draining GE eucalyptus plantations in this region is a clear recipe for wildfire disaster.”


Nancy’s assistants, Katelyn and Reid here. We can’t believe that it is almost May – this year has been flying by! That’s because even when Nancy is traveling, we are still busy here at our corporate headquarters in Nashville. As most of you know, Nancy recently went to El Salvador on a missions trip with Pastor Debbie Lindell of James River Assembly and a team of 45 others. They hosted three, one-day women’s conferences and one of the coolest things to us was that two Mercy graduates were also on the trip and were able to share their stories of hope and transformation with those in attendance. Women walked for miles to attend these conferences and there was standing room only! So cool to hear stories of women giving their lives to Christ and receiving His healing and freedom! Wanted to show you some pictures from Nancy’s time in El Salvador…
While Nancy was busy in El Salvador we had the awesome privilege of hosting Pastors Matt and Martha Fry of C3 Church in Raleigh, NC. Nancy and I (Katelyn) had the privilege of going to C3 Church a couple of years ago and absolutely loved it! We were so excited when Pastors Matt and Martha let us know they were going to be in Nashville and wanted to come see Mercy. So of course we asked them to share with our girls…and we are so glad we did! Martha shared her amazing testimony and really connected with our residents and staff. Pastors Matt and Martha even did some Q&A with the girls, and there were lots of questions!
Nancy flew back from El Salvador just in time to host Pastor L.H. Hardwick, founding pastor of Christ Church in Nashville, and his wife Carol. Nancy credits Pastor Hardwick for much of the development of the Nashville home. In the early 1990’s he cleared off three weeks of his calendar to personally introduce Nancy to pastors all over the Middle Tennessee area to share the vision for Mercy in Nashville. The Nashville residents recently attended Pastor Hardwick’s 80th birthday celebration, so needless to say, they were very excited to see him at Mercy just a few weeks later.
The very next day we had three couples and Mercy supporters from Florida in town to visit. One of the couples, Pastor Michael and Kathy Young from the Chapel at Rosemary Beach, spoke to our residents about how God sees us, hears us, and knows us! Later that afternoon our guests got to experience a Mercy graduation ceremony in the Nashville home. We had such a fun day hanging out with Pastor Michael and Kathy, Ted and Karen, and Lee and Carol!
While Nancy is back out traveling, we are staying busy and getting geared up for May. There are a lot of exciting things happening, and there’s never a dull moment!!!
Katelyn & Reid
|Nancy on stage with graduates Amanda and Elyse|
|Nancy with Elsie Moody (Pastor of The Open Door in El Salvador) and Debbie Lindell|
|The whole team!|
|Martha Fry speaking to our residents and staff|
|Pastors Matt and Martha Fry of C3 Church|
|Pastor Hardwick, his wife Carol, and Nancy|
|Ted and Karen, Nancy, Kathy and Michael, Carol and Lee|
|Katelyn, Ted, Reid, and Mercy Staff Jen|
Katelyn & Reid


We found that the organization hosting www.Voetbalkrant.be is Host Lincoln Limited in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom.
A more detailed IP address report for www.Voetbalkrant.be is below. At the time you pulled this report, the IP of www.Voetbalkrant.be is 18.104.22.168 and is located in the time zone of Europe/London. The context of www.Voetbalkrant.be is "Voetbalkrant" and could reflect the theme of the content available on the resource. More IP details of www.Voetbalkrant.be are shown below along with a map location.
|Host of this IP:||uk2-vps.ams-host.nl|
|ISP/Hosting:||Host Lincoln Limited|
|User Rating:||Rated / 5|
|Local Time:||08/21/2017 10:39 PM|
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Things to do
Our farm is nestled in the heart of the Pennine Yorkshire countryside with picturesque walks to enjoy with your Ice Cream.
We’re lucky to have 3 reservoirs on our doorstep. Ingbirchworth reservoir is less than half a mile away from our doorstep, with walks ranging from 40 minutes to 3 hours.
With sturdy paths and plenty of places to sit and admire the view, there’s something for everyone (even the most casual of ramblers!).
See the map above of a suggested route.


We found that the organization hosting Avlasning.se is Varnamo Energi AB in Värnamo, Jonkopings Lan, Sweden.
A more detailed IP address report for Avlasning.se is below. At the time you pulled this report, the IP of Avlasning.se is 22.214.171.124 and is located in the time zone of Europe/Stockholm. The context of Avlasning.se is "Avlasning" and could reflect the theme of the content available on the resource. More IP details of Avlasning.se are shown below along with a map location.
|Host of this IP:||212-37-100-47.static.varnamo.net|
|Organization:||Varnamo Energi AB|
|ISP/Hosting:||Varnamo Energi AB|
|Postal Code:||331 02|
|Local Time:||04/27/2017 08:39 PM|


Vintage and historic photos, posters and maps look great in any home – from old villas to new builds. They also add style, character and personality to offices and work reception areas – particularly where there is either a geographic or industry-specific context to the print on display. How about a 19th century British Admiralty chart of part of New Zealand, Captain Cook’s 1770 map of the country, a Gallipoli trench map, an historic photo of the Whangarei waterfront or even one of the famous Pink Terraces before Mt Tararewa erupted in 1886. Or perhaps, an iconic early-to-mid 1900s poster?
Many can be printed to quite large sizes. Bespoke sizes are also possible, depending on the specific print chosen and its aspect ratio (width in relation to height). With all older material, particularly photos, there would have been some ageing and deterioration to the original over the years, so an image taken in 1900 will never print as clean and sharp as a modern digital photo. In any event, these imperfections are what makes old images unique and gives them them their charm.
All images below are low-resolution web quality for previewing online only. High resolution files are used for printing. Depending on the size required, images can be printed on lustre photo paper, hi-res matte stock, synthetic canvas or hi-res matte self adhesive vinyl. What’s more, your print done on canvas can be stretched on a frame ready to hang.
Historic Charts and Maps
Historic Photos and Posters
* The minimum print size for vintage posters and historic photos is A4, however the aspect ratio of the file will determine at what proportion of the A4 size it will print. For example, a square photo will not print to fill an A4 unless the photo is cropped. The minimum size for map printing is A2, again subject to the aspect ratio of the specific map.


Salesforce Maps Update: New Territory Planning Innovations for Sales
After strengthening the Sales Cloud with new features in the Spring ’22 release, Salesforce has recently announced new Salesforce Maps Territory planning innovations for sales teams.
Aimed for empowering the sales operations leader to drive maximum revenue, these new innovations will provide flexibility to plan territories across the field, digital, and hybrid selling models, keeping in account the expertise of reps, seniority, and other factors that constrain capacity.
Most companies assign territories to the sales team who live and work there.
The process of territory assignment is quite tedious and, with hybrid working models taking precedence over in-person selling in the last two years, designing effective territory planning has become very complicated for sales leaders.
Therefore, the global CRM leader has expanded Salesforce Maps with innovations to enable sales leaders to access territory mapping needs, revamp their selling models and assign coverage based on role, expertise, and location.
Let us get hindsight to the new features of Salesforce maps in the subsequent sections. Read on!
New innovations of Salesforce Maps
To begin with, Salesforce Maps enables local data visualization for better route optimization and live tracking, along with the addition of new territory planning capability.
Sales Cloud Implementation and accessing new innovations in Salesforce Maps will surely help the sales team increase revenue with enhanced flexibility and efficiency. The innovations for territory planning includes-
• Territory planning for selling on digital platforms
This plan offers the flexibility to create territory planning models across the field, digital and hybrid workspaces, and quickly design territories that reflect their sales process.
• Workload Variation
The territory planning For workload variation enables sales leaders to weigh the skill set of reps, seniority, and other constraining factors while balancing territories. This plan also benefits new hires to get up to speed confidently, when assigned territories with a reduced scope.
• Territory planning for team selling
This feature fosters collaboration and communication across different teams by enabling the teams to plan related territories.
Instead of designing territories from scratch, leaders can align an existing relevant territory with the new one to improve collaboration and sales effectiveness.
The territory planning innovations in Salesforce maps are globally available now.
So, Gear up to utilize the capabilities in Maps and Sales Cloud to increase your sales revenue.
And, in case you need guidance with Sales Cloud Implementation, our Salesforce experts at Outsource Salesforce can help. Reach out to our Salesforce experts for a demo today!


Sunday, June 19, 8:30 AM-12 PM
Bates Ferry Trailhead Parking Lot
Congaree National Park
Leader: Dr. John Nelson
In appreciation of the Park’s summer vegetation and any flora-loving fathers out there, Friends of Congaree Swamp will organize a hike at Little Buckhead along the US 601 causeway on the eastern end of the park. Some of the time will likely be spent along the transmission line easement inspecting the abundance of vegetation in that area, though we will also duck into the woods to escape the sun and inspect river levee vegetation along Bates Old River. Professor John Nelson, Chief Curator of USC’s A.C. Moore Herbarium, will lead the botany tour. This area also hosts an abundance of butterflies, dragonflies and other insects.
This hike will be mostly off-trail or on old hunt club trails. Participants should be in moderate physical shape. Bring water and insect repellant; long pants are recommended. Jogging shoes or light hiking boots are appropriate. We will meet at the parking lot for the Bates Ferry Trail off US 601 at the east end of the park.
Contact: John Grego
(803) 331-3366 (cell)


This trip has been designed to watch three iconic species of Patagonian wildlife. We will explore the magnificent landscapes of southern Chile’ Torres del Paine National Park to look for Puma, the ‘Lion of the Andes’. Afterwards, we will continue our quest by exploring the mythic island of Tierra del Fuego to reach the recently established and world’s most accessible colony of the stunning King Penguin. As a grand finale of this unique wildlife expedition, we will explore the Straits of Magellan to visit Carlos III Island and its summer visitors, the gentle and sociable Humpback Whales. This small-group journey has a maximum of 8 participants accompanied by one of our naturalist guides.
Wildlife Icons of Patagonia
Special 10% off on our April 4-14, 2018 departure!
11-day trip from Punta Arenas, Chile • Next departure: April 4-14, 2018
Frequently praised by visitors as one of the most beautiful and majestic wild places in the Planet, Torres del Paine National Park is a remote refuge where wildlife is normally quite tame and it’s not rare to see relaxed and inquisitive guanacos, foxes and other animals at close quarters; seeing the lone hunter that dwells in the vast and barren hills, the mighty Puma, is something else. This first section of our three-prong quest has been geared to seek out and contemplate this big and elegant cat in one the wildest places throughout its entire range in the Continent. The King Penguin is the second largest species of penguin after the Emperor and certainly one of the most colourful and attractive members of the group. The second part of our journey takes us to see these magnificent seabirds in their natural habitat. Few places in the world offer good access and chances to see them in the wild like Useless Bay in Tierra del Fuego, making this, the only continental American breeding colony, a very special one indeed. The third and final part of our trip takes us to Carlos III Island, located at the heart of the recently established Francisco Coloane Marine Park in the mythic Straits of Magellan, to find some of its most charismatic and usually elusive inhabitants, Humpback Whales. We will see these imposing creatures and other marine mammals of the sub-Antarctic region at close quarters, as well as a good diversity of seabirds. Also, we will visit remote penguin colonies as well as other seabirds’ rookeries. We will be based two nights at the domes of the research facilities at Carlos III Island, the perfect location to see the Humpbacks and marvel at their social behaviour and feeding techniques.
Itinerary in Brief (11 days, 10 nights)
Day 1 • Punta Arenas – Transfer to Torres del Paine National Park (4 nights)
Days 2-4 • Exploring Torres del Paine NP – Puma searches
Day 5 • Torres del Paine NP – Transfer to Punta Arenas (1 night)
Day 6 • Ferry to Tierra del Fuego – Useless Bay for King penguins (1 night)
Day 7 • Tierra del Fuego – Straits of Magellan – Punta Arenas (1 night)
Day 8 • Boat trip to Carlos III Island – Afternoon looking for Humpback Whales (2 nights)
Day 9 • Carlos III Island – Whale Sound
Day 10 • Carlos III Island – Punta Arenas (1 night)
Day 11 • End of the trip
• 4-day exploration in Torres del Paine National Park searching for Puma and other wildlife such as Guanaco, Southern Huemul Deer, Andean Condors and many other birds.
• Visit the world’s most accessible and only continental King Penguin Colony in Tierra del Fuego.
• Explore Francisco Coloane Marine Park and enjoy watching its gentle visitors, the Humpback whales.
• Great opportunities to spot other cetaceans and marine mammals such as Peale’s, Commerson’s and Chilean dolphins, plus sea lions, fur seals, Magellanic penguins and other seabirds.
• Great photographic opportunities on the rich natural history of the southernmost portion of the American continent.
Detailed Itinerary and Activities
(*) We recommend arriving in Punta Arenas one day before the trip, in order to have an early start towards Torres del Paine National Park on Day 1.
Day 1 • Punta Arenas, Chile – Transfer to Torres del Paine National Park
After meeting your guide at your hotel or at the airport, you will be transferred in a private vehicle to Torres del Paine National Park. During our journey to the park, we will try to find guanacos, southern grey foxes, and Patagonian skunks while enjoying our first contact with southern beech (Nothofagus) forests. While visiting the valleys we will be given a geological interpretation of the origins of the dramatic backdrop of Torres del Paine, one of the finest natural spectacles in Patagonia.
Overnight at Hotel Las Torres or similar, Torres del Paine (Lunch, Dinner) (Guide).
Days 2-4 • Exploring Torres del Paine National Park – Puma searches
We have organized a busy schedule of day and night searches for pumas in the area. We will inspect the immediate surroundings of our hotel at night as well as the puma hunting grounds located in the eastern flank of the park. The area comprised by the northern coast of Sarmiento Lake, Laguna Amarga and Laguna Azul is well known by holding one of the largest concentrations of pumas in the wild. February through April is a particularly good period as the females are actively hunting to provide food to their growing cubs; at this time they are not active just by night but also during the twilight hours. To see a female puma and its large-sized cubs against this magnificent mountain backdrop and glorious skies is one of the most impressive wildlife spectacles. In company of our guide and puma tracker we will attempt seeing puma family groups at a prudent distance with the help of binoculars and spotting scopes. If we have time, we will also take the opportunity to look for other mammal species including the ubiquitous guanaco, the local Andean Deer or Huemul, Patagonian Hog-nosed Skunk and the two canine species present in the park, Chilla and Culpeo foxes.
Overnight at Hotel Las Torres or similar, Torres del Paine (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner) (Guide).
Day 5 • Torres del Paine NP – Transfer to Punta Arenas
During the morning we will continue our exploration in different areas of the park. A sensational vista from Laguna Azul, on the eastern side of the park, will be a superb grand finale to this part of our exciting journey of discovery. Later, we will be transferred to Punta Arenas.
Overnight at Hotel Diego de Almagro or similar, Punta Arenas (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner) (Guide).
Day 6 • Ferry to Porvenir, Tierra del Fuego – Useless Bay for King penguins
We will start our journey with a private transfer from your hotel to the ferry docks located at the northern end of Punta Arenas. At approximately 9 am, we will begin our 2.5-hour crossing through the mythic waters of the Straits of Magellan; these world-famous seaways are very rich in terms of history of exploration. Magellan, Drake, Cavendish, Bougainville, Fitz Roy and Darwin, among several other sailors and explorers, surveyed this region, most of the times, in really harsh and dangerous conditions. You will see an interesting array of seabirds, including Black-browed Albatross, Southern Giant Petrel, Southern Fulmar, Imperial Cormorant, Dolphin Gull and South American Tern. It is very likely to see interesting marine mammals such as pods of Peale’s Dolphin and inquisitive South American Sea Lion. As soon as we land you will realize that the vegetation of this part of Tierra del Fuego is dominated by flat windswept steppes and rolling hills, with tussock grass and low shrubs. After meeting your local guide and driver, we will stop at the town of Porvenir, visiting a pioneer home, our lovely and cozy hotel, Hosteria Yendegaia; here we will have coffee or tea, snacks, and will have the opportunity to relax for a short while. Immediately we will be driving for approximately two hours along the shores of Bahia Inutil (Useless Bay), where we expect to see a great array of wildlife including Guanaco, Southern Grey Fox, the ubiquitous Upland Goose, Chilean Flamingo and a diversity of waterfowl. At sea we may see albatrosses, petrels, gulls and skuas patrolling the turbulent waters of the bay. Parque Pingüino Rey is a private nature reserve that aims to preserve the only known continental King Penguin colony. We will have ample opportunities to observe and photograph the penguins from a reasonable distance (maximum approach distance will be given by the guide and must be respected at all times during your visit).
Overnight at Hosteria Yendegaia House or similar, Porvenir (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner) (Guide).
Day 7 • Ferry to Punta Arenas
We will enjoy a leisure morning while exploring the surroundings of Porvenir to photograph and learn about the particular wildlife and history of this remote corner of Patagonia. We will visit its alkaline pools where there are large aggregations of migratory birds such as sandpipers and plovers, but the goal will be to photograph Chilean Flamingos. Later we will explore the coast to see some of the many shipwrecks that have occurred in these seas over the years. After lunch we will be heading back to Punta Arenas by ferry. By taking the short ferry at Punta Delgada we will have great chances of seeing the striking Commerson’s Dolphin plus other interesting wildlife.
Overnight at Hotel Diego de Almagro or similar, Punta Arenas (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner) (Guide).
Day 8 • Boat trip to Carlos III Island – Afternoon looking for Humpback Whale
Early in the morning we will board the motor yacht “Esturion” and start our navigation towards “Francisco Coloane Marine Park”, which protects the marine biodiversity of the western branch of the Straits of Magellan. This magnificent area encloses Carlos III Island, which possesses a vast and unique biological diversity due, in part, to the mixing of the two oceans (Pacific and Atlantic), productive upwelling, the strong winds, the presence of glaciers and the dismembered coastline. This park hold a summer population of humpback whales (and occasionally Sei Whale and Orca), which use these waters as feeding grounds. We will spend this night in the biological station, at very comfortable twin-bedded domes. We will have shared bathroom facilities at this location.
Overnight at Eco-camp Carlos III, Carlos III Island (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner) (Guide).
Day 9 • Carlos III Island
This morning we will have another whale-watching session aboard the zodiac boats and if we are lucky, we may see the endemic and scarce Chilean Dolphin while sailing these waters. We will also visit large breeding colonies of sea lions, fur seals and Magellanic Penguin. We will have a lecture by the scientist working on long-term population studies on these whales, and we will learn about several tagging and identification techniques. We will have the whole afternoon to see these whales at close quarters and with no other visitors. This intimate experience will be enhanced by the sight of the beautiful mountains, glaciers and pristine forests all around.
Overnight at Eco-camp Carlos III, Carlos III Island (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner) (Guide).
Day 10 • Back to Punta Arenas
After enjoying the diversity of marine mammals and seabirds of this park, we will make our journey back to San Isidro Lodge. Along the route we will discover the rich seabird diversity of these seaways; we will see Black-browed Albatross, Southern Giant Petrel, Chilean Skua and cormorants as well as pods of Peale’s Dolphin and the ubiquitous South American Sea Lion. If time permits, we will have a field trip, equipped with hand glasses, to discover the lichen- and moss-rich biodiversity of the sub-Antarctic forests. During the afternoon we will be transferred back to Punta Arenas for overnight.
Overnight at Hotel Diego de Almagro or similar, Punta Arenas (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner)(Guide)
Day 11 • End of the trip
Transfer to the airport after breakfast. (Breakfast)
Dates & Rates
|Pumas, Penguins & Whales|
|Trip Code||PAT10 • PAT007|
|Trip Length||11 days, 10 nights|
|Price per person (USD)||$5,498|
|Single Supplement (USD)||Ask*|
|Trips are guaranteed with a minimum of 4 participants. Maximum group size 8 participants.|
What the trip includes/excludes
The above prices are per person in US$, based on double occupancy. All payments are in US Dollars.
Single supplement will be added if single accommodations are requested.
Single accommodation not available at Carlos III EcoCamp(*).
The trip price includes: All accommodations, meals and guide services as stated in the itinerary, private ground transportation during the tour, boat trips to Francisco Coloane Marine Park, two ferry rides, and park entrance fees. A daily bottle of mineral water is also included.
The trip price excludes: Domestic flights, tipping for restaurants and guides, travel insurance, entrance tax to Chile, excess baggage charges, à la carte dishes, snacks, drinks, laundry, telephone calls and anything else of a purely personal nature.
Potential birds and mammals to be seen during this trip.
Family Dasypodidae [Armadillos]
Patagonian Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus villosus
Piche Zaedyus pichyi
Family Leporidae [Rabbits & Hares]
Old World Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus
Brown Hare Lepus capensis
Family Myocastoridae [Nutrias]
Nutria Myocastor coypus
Family Camelidae [Camels]
Guanaco Lama guanicoe
Family Cervidae [Deer]
Southern Huemul or Andean Deer Hippocamelus bisulcus
Family Balaenopteridae [Whales]
Humpback Whale Megaptera novaengliae
Family Delphinidae [Dolphins]
Commerson’s Dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii
Chilean Dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia
Peale’s Dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis
Dusky Dolphin Lagenorhynchus obscurus
Orca Orcinus orca
Family Felidae [Cats]
Geoffroy’s Cat Leopardus geoffroyi
Puma Puma concolor
Family Canidae [Dogs]
Culpeo Fox Lycalopex culpaeus
South American Gray Fox Lycalopex griseus
Family Otariidae [Eared Seals]
South American Sea Lion Otaria flavescens
Southern Fur Seal Arctocephalus australis
Family Phocidae [True Seals]
Southern Elephant Seal Mirounga leonina
Family Mustelidae [Weasels and Relatives]
Marine Otter Lontra felina
Patagonian Hog-nosed Armadillo Conepatus humboldti
Family Rheidae [Rheas]
Lesser Rhea Rhea pennata
Family Anatidae [Swans, Geese and Ducks]
Black-necked Swan Cygnus melancoryphus
Coscoroba Swan Coscoroba coscoroba
Upland Goose Chloephaga picta
Kelp Goose Chloephaga hybrida
Ashy-headed Goose Chloephaga poliocephala
Ruddy-headed Goose Chloephaga rubidiceps
Torrent Duck Merganetta armata
Flying Steamer Duck Tachyeres patachonicus
Flightless Steamer Duck Tachyeres pteneres
Crested Duck Lophonetta specularioides
Spectacled Duck Speculanas specularis
Chiloe Wigeon Anas sibilatrix
Yellow-billed Teal Anas flavirostris
Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica
Silver Teal Anas versicolor
Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis
Lake Duck Oxyura vittata
Family Podicipedidae [Grebes]
White-tufted Grebe Rollandia rolland
Great Grebe Podiceps major
Silvery Grebe Podiceps occipitalis
Family Phoenicopteridae [Flamingos]
Chilean Flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis
Family Spheniscidae [Penguins]
King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus
Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome
Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus
Family Diomedeidae [Albatrosses]
Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris
Gray-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma
Family Procellariidae [Petrels and Shearwaters]
Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus
Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli
Southern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides
Cape Petrel Daption capense
Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus
Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis
Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus
Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus
Family Hydrobatidae [Storm-Petrels]
Wilson’s Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus
Family Phalacrocoracidae [Cormorants]
Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Magellanic Cormorant Phalacrocorax magellanicus
Imperial Cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps
Family Ardeidae [Herons]
Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis
Family Threskiornithidae [Ibises]
Black-faced Ibis Theristicus melanopis
Family Cathartidae [New World Vultures]
Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura
Andean Condor Vultur gryphus
Family Accipitridae [Hawks and Eagles]
Cinereous Harrier Circus cinereus
Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor
Variable Hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma
Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle Geranoaetus melanoleucus
Rufous-tailed Hawk Buteo ventralis
Family Rallidae [Rails and Coots]
Austral Rail Rallus antarcticus
Plumbeous Rail Pardirallus sanguinolentus
Spot-flanked Gallinule Gallinula melanops
Red-gartered Coot Fulica armillata
White-winged Coot Fulica leucoptera
Family Charadriidae [Lapwings and Plovers]
Tawny-throated Dotterel Oreopholus ruficollis
Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis
Two-banded Plover Charadrius falklandicus
Rufous-chested Dotterel Charadrius modestus
Family Haematopodidae [Oystercatchers]
American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus
Blackish Oystercatcher Haematopus ater
Magellanic Oystercatcher Haematopus leucopodus
Family Chionidae [Sheathbills]
Snowy Sheathbill Chionis albus
Family Pluvianellidae [Magellanic Plover]
Magellanic Plover Pluvianellus socialis
Family Scolopacidae [Sandpipers]
South American Snipe Gallinago paraguaiae
Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus
Red Knot Calidris canutus
White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis
Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris bairdii
Family Thinocoridae [Seedsnipes]
White-bellied Seedsnipe Attagis malouinus
Grey-breasted Seedsnipe Thinocorus orbignyianus
Least Seedsnipe Thinocorus rumicivorus
Family Stercorariidae [Skuas]
Chilean Skua Stercorarius chilensis
Family Laridae [Gulls and Terns]
Brown-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus maculipennis
Dolphin Gull Leucophaeus scoresbii
Franklin’s Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan
Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus
South American Tern Sterna hirundinacea
Family Rynchopidae [Skimmers]
Black Skimmer Rynchops niger
Family Columbidae [Pigeons]
Rock Pigeon Columba livia
Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata
Family Tytonidae [Barn Owls]
Barn Owl Tyto alba
Family Strigidae [Owls]
Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus
Rufous-legged Owl Strix rufipes
Austral Pygmy Owl Glaucidium nana
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus
Family Trochilidae [Hummingbirds]
Green-backed Firecrown Sephanoides sephaniodes
Family Alcedinidae [Kingfishers]
Ringed Kingfisher Megaceryle torquata
Family Picidae [Woodpeckers]
Striped Woodpecker Veniliornis lignarius
Chilean Flicker Colaptes pitius
Magellanic Woodpecker Campephilus magellanicus
Family Falconidae [Falcons]
Southern Caracara Caracara plancus
White-throated Caracara Phalcoboenus albogularis
Chimango Caracara Milvago chimango
American Kestrel Falco sparverius
Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
Family Psittacidae [Parrots]
Austral Parakeet Enicognathus ferrugineus
SUBORDER TYRANNI [Suboscines]
Family Rhinocryptidae [Tapaculos]
Magellanic Tapaculo Scytalopus magellanicus
Family Furnariidae [Ovenbirds]
Common Miner Geositta cunicularia
Short-billed Miner Geositta antarctica
Rufous-banded Miner Geositta rufipennis
White-throated Treerunner Pygarrhichas albogularis
Band-tailed Earthcreeper Ochetorhynchus phoenicurus
Wren-like Rushbird Phleocryptes melanops
Patagonian Forest Earthcreeper Upucerthia saturatior
Scale-throated Earthcreeper Upucerthia dumetaria
Buff-winged Cinclodes Cinclodes fuscus
Gray-flanked Cinclodes Cinclodes oustaleti
Dark-bellied Cinclodes Cinclodes patagonicus
Thorn-tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda
Plain-mantled Tit-Spinetail Leptasthenura aegithaloides
Austral Canastero Asthenes anthoides
Sharp-billed Canastero Asthenes pyrrholeuca
Family Tyrannidae [Tyrant Flycatchers]
White-crested Elaenia Elaenia albiceps
Tufted Tit-Tyrant Anairetes parulus
Austral Negrito Lessonia rufa
Dark-faced Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola maclovianus
Cinnamon-bellied Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola capistratus
Black-billed Shrike Tyrant Agriornis montanus
Grey-bellied Shrike Tyrant Agriornis micropterus
Fire-eyed Diucon Xolmis pyrope
Chocolate-vented Tyrant Neoxolmis rufiventris
Patagonian Tyrant Colorhamphus parvirostris
SUBORDER PASSERES [Oscines]
Family Hirundinidae [Swallows]
Blue-and-white Swallow Pygochelidon cyanoleuca
Chilean Swallow Tachycineta meyeni
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
Family Troglodytidae [Wrens]
House Wren Troglodytes aedon
Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis
Family Turdidae [Thrushes]
Austral Thrush Turdus falcklandii
Family Mimidae [Mockingbirds]
Patagonian Mockingbird Mimus patagonicus
Family Motacillidae [Pipits and Wagtails]
Correndera Pipit Anthus correndera
Family Thraupidae [Tanagers]
Grey-hooded Sierra Finch Phrygilus gayi
Patagonian Sierra Finch Phrygilus patagonicus
Plumbeous Sierra Finch Phrygilus unicolor
Common Diuca Finch Diuca diuca
White-bridled Finch Melanodera melanodera
Yellow-bridled Finch Melanodera xanthogramma
Patagonian Yellow Finch Sicalis lebruni
Family Emberizidae [Sparrows]
Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis
Family Icteridae [New World Blackbirds]
Austral Blackbird Curaeus curaeus
Long-tailed Meadowlark Sturnella loyca
Family Fringillidae [Finches]
Black-chinned Siskin Sporagra barbata
Family Passeridae [Old World Sparrows]
House Sparrow Passer domesticus
To book this tour, please complete our online registration form. We will process your booking form and will send you (within 24 hours) a note with space confirmation and a deposit invoice with payment instructions. The deposit amount is US$ 500 per person. Full payment of the tour fee is due 90 days prior to tour departure.
NOTE: Inquires received on Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays will be replied during the following working day.
Notice of cancellation can only be accepted IN WRITING from the person who signed the booking form and takes effect on the day such noticed is received by us.
Refunds are made according to the following schedule:
• If cancellation is made 120 days or more before departure date, the deposit less US$ 200 is refundable.
• If cancellation is made between 120 and 60 days before departure, the deposit is not refundable, but any payments covering the balance of the fee will be refunded.
• If cancellation is made fewer than 60 days before departure date, no refund is available.
This policy and fee schedule also applies to pre-trip and post trip extensions, as well as any transfers from one tour to another. We strongly recommend the purchase of trip cancellation insurance to protect yourself.
Write or call for availability:
+56 61 261-5793
Far South Exp on Instagram
What our Guest Say!
“Dallas and I have just got back to New Zealand after a most enjoyable holiday and a wonderful introduction to the wildlife of Chile. Many thanks for all your help in arranging this trip. All the transport arrangements worked well and we were most appreciative of your prompt and helpful replies to our emails. Ana Maria and Rodrigo were both great hosts as well as having an in depth knowledge of Chilean birds. We must not forget the drivers Rodolfo and Christian – they were much more than just drivers. They certainly added to the enjoyment of our time in Chile. We would not hesitate in recommending Far South Expeditions to those wanting to see Chilean wildlife”. Geoff & Dallas B. (NZ), October 2017
“Custom photographic tour to Patagonia. My husband and I & our friend traveled with photographer and guide Claudio, exploring and photographing Patagonia. It was a wonderful trip. Claudio and Ruben were amiable and accommodating companions and guides, even in the dark of early morning as we rose before sunrise to position ourselves for the best light. We would love to travel with them again!” – M. Tartar, USA
“Among all my trips to South America the travel to Patagonia was undoubtedly the most exciting one. The staff is exceptional but most of all, we were impressed by the intellect and human qualities of our guide Jaime who accompanied us during our specially designed trip to Tierra del Fuego. Since that time I harbor hopes that I can make another trip to Patagonia with Far South Expeditions!” – A. Fedorchenko, Russia
“We just finished the 8-day tour of Patagonia, and it was an amazing experience. Far South Expeditions handled everything smoothly and efficiently, we literally just showed up and they took care of the rest. The lodging provided with the tour was great for the whole trip, and our guide, Rodrigo Tapia is a true expert. He was able to spot wildlife that we could not see – including a Puma, and was great at accomodating the needs of our group. Far South Expeditions was great in handling all the details. I would definitely use them again.” – B. Funai, USA
“Many thank’s to Far South Expeditions for my recent birding tour of Punta Arenas, especially to Cecilia Faundez and excellent birder/naturalist Sebastian Saiter for helping me find Magellanic Plover.” – B. Nixon, UK
“Just a note of thanks to say that we enjoyed our trip to Torres del Paine on the botanical tour. We appreciated his friendly company. The accommodation and food was excellent, and we learnt a great deal about Patagonian natural history from Sebastian. The locations and walks selected for the tour were all interesting and different. We appreciated the flexibility of the schedule.” – D. & B. Keith, Australia
“Just a quick note to say that we thoroughly enjoyed our Patagonian adventure. Sebastian was an excellent guide and found us so many things; he was a great companion and always pleasant.” – D. & D. Stannard, UK
“We enjoyed the trip very much and have many beautiful photos of the scenery and wildlife in this region.” – D. James, UK
“David was an excellent guide for our King Penguin Day Trip. As a whole, Far South is running a very efficient tour company.” – P. Leslie, USA
“The highlight of our whole cruise around the Cape from Buenos Aires to Valparaiso was the half day excursion to see the incredible condors of Patagonia. The condors were most amazing. About 100 gather on the ranch at a cliff and we were privileged to see them roosting, stretching and flying en mass. This was a really authentic wildlife encounter.” – D. King, USA
“I asked Far South Expeditions to put a trip together to Patagonia for our small group of six, four of us being serious amateur photographers. Once I contacted Far South I knew that we were in good hands. Cecilia (who answered my endless questions) and Claudio put together the perfect trip. I can not recommend Far South Expeditions highly enough. It is a first rate, professional organization with vast personal knowledge of Patagonia.” – R. Badger, USA
“Far South Expeditions organised and booked a three-week tour with an outstanding expert guide, driver and minibus for two couples with interests in bird-watching, wildlife, history and culture. The tour was fantastic. Our guide, Rodrigo, was excellent. His English was flawless and as a Chilean Spanish speaker his help was essential. He is at the very forefront of southern South American ornithologists, with an encyclopaedic knowledge of the local and world-wide avian fauna, and also of other animals, plants and natural and cultural attractions of Chile and Argentina. He is an interesting, friendly, amiable and amazing person and an outstanding photographer. The places Far South Expeditions booked for us were all good quality, with some of them being outstanding, and Rodrigo’s local knowledge meant that we saw many fascinating animals and places that we would not have known about or found for ourselves. We loved this tour with its wildlife (penguins, flamingos, guanacos, vicunas, llamas) and contrasts from the Punta Arenas area, to Ushuaia on the southern end of Tierra del Fuego, to the Andean peaks, glacial lakes and old growth southern beech forests and glaciers of El Chalten, El Calafate, Torres del Paine and finally to the starkly beautiful, high altitude, desperately dry altiplano, active volcanoes, salt lakes and peaks of the Atacama desert. Throughout, our guide and drivers were terrific: patient, helpful, friendly and knowledgeable. It was an unforgettable trip and we highly recommend this tour company and its staff.” Don Gartside, Australia


Hyatt House Boulder/Broomfield
13351 W. Midway Blvd.
Broomfield, Colorado, USA, 80020
Tel: +1 720 890 4811
The Hyatt House Boulder/Broomfield is a hotel that not only knows you, it knows what you want. Located halfway between Boulder and Denver, its central location brings the best of Colorado within reach, while providing all the things that make you feel right at home. Here you’re free to be yourself in an environment that’s designed to anticipate your every need, from arrival to the moment you leave.
- Central to Denver and Boulder, near Louisville, Westminster, Lafayette and Arvada, Colorado
- Moments from Elitch Gardens, the FlatIron Crossing shopping complex, and University of Colorado Boulder
- Endless activities onsite and nearby, within moments of the best spots in and around Boulder and Broomfield
- For the outdoor enthusiast, Broomfield offers extensive trails connecting various lakes and parks
- A beautiful drive to Rocky Mountain National Park, the South Platte and the Indian Peaks Wilderness
- If traveling for business, the Interlocken Office Park is nearby as well as other local companies
- View our Hyatt Destinations Denver city guide, for insider information on local culture, restaurants, and more
All Hyatt House hotels are smoke-free.


Fashion Forward Cities: Exploring Gen Z's Favorite Fashion Destinations
Join us on a journey through the fashion-forward cities that capture the hearts of Gen Z. From vibrant street styles to emerging fashion scenes, discover the top destinations that inspire Gen Z's fashion choices and define their unique sense of style.
Welcome to the world of Gen Z fashion enthusiasts! This vibrant blog post takes you on a journey to some of the most fashion-forward cities that capture the hearts of Gen Z. These urban havens are not only renowned for their architectural marvels and cultural vibrancy but also serve as epicenters of style, trends, and fashion innovation. Join us as we explore Gen Z's favorite fashion destinations and uncover the unique fashion scenes that make these cities so appealing to the fashion-forward generation.
New York City: The Fashion Capital
No list of fashion-forward cities would be complete without mentioning the iconic New York City. Known as the fashion capital of the world, NYC serves as a breeding ground for creativity, experimentation, and style. From the glamorous runways of Fashion Week to the trendy streets of SoHo and Williamsburg, Gen Z finds inspiration in the city's eclectic fashion scene. With its diverse neighborhoods, designer boutiques, vintage stores, and street style that oozes individuality, New York City is a must-visit destination for any fashion enthusiast.
Tokyo: Where Tradition Meets Avant-Garde
Tokyo is a fashion lover's paradise and a favorite destination for Gen Z. This vibrant city effortlessly blends traditional Japanese aesthetics with avant-garde fashion trends. From the trendy streets of Harajuku to the upscale boutiques of Omotesando, Tokyo showcases a unique fashion landscape where street style reigns supreme. Gen Z is drawn to Tokyo's fearless fashion experimentation, quirky accessories, and cutting-edge designs. Whether it's exploring the vibrant thrift stores, attending fashion exhibitions, or immersing in the city's lively fashion districts, Tokyo offers an unforgettable fashion experience.
London: Where Creativity Knows No Bounds
London is a melting pot of fashion, art, and culture, making it a hot spot for Gen Z fashion enthusiasts. This cosmopolitan city fosters a sense of innovation, individuality, and boundary-pushing fashion. From the vibrant street style of Shoreditch to the upscale boutiques of Mayfair, London offers a diverse range of fashion experiences. Gen Z is captivated by London's unique blend of high fashion and streetwear, where established luxury brands coexist with emerging designers and independent boutiques. With its vibrant markets, fashion events, and art installations, London never fails to inspire and captivate the fashion-forward generation.
Seoul: The Epicenter of K-Fashion
Seoul, the bustling capital of South Korea, has become a fashion powerhouse and a global trendsetter, especially with the rise of K-Fashion. Gen Z is enamored with Seoul's vibrant street style, where K-Pop influences merge with innovative fashion trends. From the upscale fashion districts of Gangnam to the indie boutiques of Hongdae, Seoul offers a diverse and dynamic fashion scene. Gen Z is drawn to Seoul's fusion of traditional Korean elements with contemporary designs, creating a unique and captivating fashion landscape.
Gen Z is a generation that thrives on creativity, self-expression, and individuality, and their fashion choices reflect these qualities. From the iconic streets of New York City to the avant-garde fashion scenes of Tokyo, the boundary-pushing fashion of London, and the K-Fashion revolution in Seoul, these fashion-forward cities serve as playgrounds for Gen Z's style exploration. These cities not only inspire and influence Gen Z's fashion choices but also foster a sense of community and innovation within the fashion industry. So, whether you're a Gen Z fashion enthusiast or simply looking to immerse yourself in the world of fashion, these cities should be at the top of your travel list. Prepare to be inspired, captivated, and dazzled as you embark on a fashion adventure in these fashion-forward destinations.


Birmingham, Britain's second city
Birmingham, Britain's second city lies at the heart of the United Kingdom and is easily accessible by train, plane or car. Birmingham International airport is only 10 minutes by train from the city centre and as the second city Birmingham is at the centre of the rail network and only an hour and 25 minutes from London by train.
Birmingham is a dynamic international and cosmopolitan centre of business, culture and education following the renovation of the historic areas of the city and exciting and visionary large-scale modern developments.
A city of cultural excellence and diversity Birmingham boasts: 6 city centre theatres, the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, with an internationally renowned collection of Pre-Raphaelite art, The Barber Institute of Fine Art, the Ikon Gallery of Modern Art, Symphony Hall, home to the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and one of the world’s outstanding conductors, Andris Nelsons, the National Exhibition Centre, the National Indoor Arena, the International Convention Centre, The Birmingham Royal Ballet, a world renown ballet company, Thinktank- the Birmingham Museum of Science and Discovery and many city centre multi - screen complexes.
Birmingham is also a centre of sporting achievement and activity and was the first city to be awarded National City of Sport status and in recent years has staged more world, European and national sporting championships than any other UK city. Birmingham also boasts Premier League football action from Birmingham City and Aston Villa, international cricket at Edgbaston and world athletics.
Shopping is a pleasure in Birmingham with a mixture of restored arcades, the world famous Jewellery Quarter, modern malls and old-fashioned markets. The Bullring complex, a state of the art shopping centre, houses the largest Selfridges outside of London and many other designer and high street stores in an indoor setting.
Birmingham also has a vast array of restaurants that reflect the cosmopolitan mix of the city's population. Whatever your taste a choice of cuisines is on offer, from Chinese, Latin American, Thai, Indian and Mongolian to the finest French cuisines and the world renowned Indian Balti. One of the jewels in Birmingham's crown is the canal side area in the heart of the city, a wonderful place to relax and watch the world go by. Just off the main canal side is Brindley Place with a wide variety of bars and restaurants. This area gained international recognition with the 'Excellence on the Waterfront' award.


Catskills Live! Trails & Wilderness Association issues a challenge to all — venture forth and seek all 15 Quadricentennial Challenge geocaches. Go to many great places throughout Ulster County — visit the shores of the Hudson, feel the cool air in an historic cement mine, enjoy our small parks, ride on our rail trails, summit two Catskill peaks, and savor the breath-taking view from Gertrude's Nose in Minnewaska State Park Preserve. Bask in our county's treasures with family and friends, exercise your body, and build lasting memories. Specially minted commemorative Quadricentennial geocoins are being released from Challenge geocaches in celebration of the 400th anniversary of the exploration of New York State by Henry Hudson. All 15 Challenge caches will be available this summer. Funding for the Challenge was provided by Ulster County and the Hudson River Valley Greenway.
Historic Cement Mines and Mining
With Henry Hudson's opening of what is now New York State to commercial ventures, one of the major industries that developed was that of cement manufacture. Early entrepreneurs hired laborers to mine Upper Silurian Rondout Formation dolostones and fossiliferous limestones from the earth. This rock unit is largely comprised of the shells of calcareous organisms that lived in a shallow, warm-water, ocean some 400 million years ago. This Rosendale bedrock came to be recognized as the highest quality natural cement in North America. It was known as an hydraulic cement because it hardened well under water. The cement industry was founded in 1819 in central New York, but soon shifted to the Rosendale-Kingston region in 1827, where it flourished for over 150 years — during much of that time the region was known as the "Cement Capitol" of the world. Natural cement production peaked in 1899 with an estimated annual production of almost ten million barrels of cement. Records of the Century House Historical Society document that the Century Cement Plant in Rosendale was the last cement works to manufacture natural cement in North America.The Rosendale region maintained its competitive edge because of its ready market transportation access via the Delaware and Hudson Canal, the Rondout Creek, and the Hudson River. The natural cement was used in many well-known landmarks, including the U.S. Capitol building, the Brooklyn Bridge, the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, the Washington Monument, and the Delaware and Hudson Canal. Production of the natural cement required a labor-intensive refining process involving firing in kilns, cracking, and grinding prior to packaging in cement powder-filled 300-pound wooden barrels.
Miners excavated two narrow (10 to 26 foot thick) members of the Rondout Formation, faithfully following them along complexly folded and faulted bedrock layers — often deeply below the water table. Today we see the results of their efforts in mines that are nearly level, at shallow and steep angles, vertical, and even stacked one on top of another. As they removed the bedrock using sledgehammers, star drills, black powder, and much later pneumatic drills, they would essentially create large rooms. For safety, they left large pillars to support the overlying bedrock ceiling or adjacent wall rock. Thus, these mines are referred to as room-and-pillar mines.
The accompanying map depicts a local room-and-pillar mine with its numerous support columns.
Once groundwater was encountered, pumps were run around the clock to allow mining to continue. Interestingly, trained expert cave divers have penetrated to depths greater than 300 feet in a vertically-bedded Kingston cement mine — a depth far below the level of the Hudson River. Divers observed old company offices and artifacts deep underwater, standing in quiet testimony of bygone glory days.
Since then, mines have been used for mushroom and trout farms, bomb shelters, records storage, water supply, and at the Widow Jane Mine - for special events. Today, water-filled portions of many of these mines represent vast untapped reservoirs.
The Widow Jane Mine
The Widow Jane Mine on the Snyder Estate in Rosendale, New York is a shining and safe example of the many room-and-pillar mines present throughout the Rosendale-Kingston region. It was mined along gently sloping geologic beds. The underground lake in it is fed by a combination of a nearby surface stream that sinks into its bed, groundwater, and water infiltrating through fractures in the ceiling. It is the only historic cement mine in Ulster County open to the public.
The Century House Historical Society Museum and Archives
The museum and collections of the Century House Historical Society at this cache site are dedicated to the industrial history of the Rosendale natural cement region. They provide a resource visited and used by scholars worldwide. The Snyder Estate Museum is open to the public from May to October on Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm or by appointment (see http://www.centuryhouse.org/). During your visit, be sure to view the special Hudson-Fulton Exhibit and the1909 Tricentennial commemorative coin in the museum.
The Cache, Site Access and the Widow Jane MineAccess to the cache is through the lovely, groomed, Snyder Estate off Rt. 213 in Rosendale, New York. Proceed past the Museum House, alongside a pond, and up to the Widow Jane Mine. The cache is a 2-liter cylindrical poly bottle hidden outside the mine where access does not necessitate damaging vegetation. The cache is filled with kid-friendly items and, initially, three NYS Quadricentennial Challenge geocoins designed to travel throughout the world. This geocache was approved by The Century House Historical Society.
This geocache is available throughout the week from dawn to dusk. After finding the geocache, be sure to take a look inside the Widow Jane Mine. While the entry area is safe and is easily seen with natural lighting, be sure to bring a flashlight if you wish to look more closely at the mine, its pillars, and the underground lake. Please respect this private property, thus keeping it open for others. Thank you.
Should you see Dietrich Warner or Gayle Grunwald of the Century House Historical Society be sure to thank them for making the Snyder Estate property, the Widow Jane Mine, and the nature trail available for visitation.
An unpaved parking area is located near the Century House Historical Society Museum at the coordinates listed below. Please do not drive any further than this parking lot. From the parking area, proceed along established mown pathways toward the cache coordinates listed. No bushwhacking is required.
Please Cache In and Trash Out!


Greenways are corridors of land that are intentionally designed to connect people and places. Within the study area, there may be multiple opportunities to create greenways. The Goat Path, an abandoned PennDOT project, has tremendous potential to be a greenway that provides not only passive recreation, but active recreation, cultural resources, and connectivity throughout East Lampeter and Upper Leacock. This 5 mile stretch will become the backbone for arterial greenways and trails connecting recreational, cultural, and community resources.
The Goat Path
The Goat path holds the potential to bring ecosystem services, community connectivity, as well as recreational and cultural services to the Conestoga Valley Region. As you can see above, this option provides paths for bikes and pedestrians while establishing meadows and connections to the greater community. The idea for the Goat Path, which will eventually become part of the Greater Lancaster Heritage Pathway, was proposed by the Alta Planning + Design team on the Lancaster Active Transportation Plan. This abandoned stretch of highway will become a backbone for the proposed trail network throughout the study area.
The images above are examples of the types of spaces that could be created along the Goat Path. If you have ideas of what you would like to see along the Goat Path, please follow this link to our online survey.
In this section on the Goat Path, the existing pasture is maintained while allowing access to the park via a trailhead. The trailhead provides parking and amenities while establishing a clear entrance to the park.


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Glenmore Estate is a large country estate with a rich heritage dating back to the late 1700s. The estate is home to the McElhinney family, who run a carbon neutral working farm and fishery.
Using the original crest of the McElhinney family as a base to begin with, we created the Glenmore Estates identity.
They provide all their own wind, hydro and anaerobic energy power sources onsite. The farm is home to stud and racing horses and prime and rare breed cattle, as well as an array of protected wildlife.