Highlights of 3/18 Board of Education special meeting
The Lincoln Board of Education met for a special meeting on Wednesday, March 18, at the Lincoln Public Schools District Office, 5905 O St.
The Board discussed and took action on an Emergency Response Resolution regarding the evolving Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. The resolution gives Superintendent Steve Joel the power to establish Pandemic District Closure Procedures.
Prior to the vote, Board of Education Legal Counsel James Gessford addressed the members.
“We believe it will continue to be necessary to react to this emerging situation and a lot of times it’s necessary to react almost immediately. That’s really the purpose of this emergency powers resolution,” Gessford said.
The Board unanimously approved the resolution. After the vote, Board members spoke about the resolution’s necessity.
Board Member Don Mayhew: “The world has changed a lot in a very short amount of time and we need to be able to give our superintendent the ability to act quickly and decisively in the best interest of our kids and our families...there will still be accountability, there will still be communication, but Dr. Joel has my full faith and confidence in being able to navigate this crisis and he needs to be able to have the ability to do that.”
Board Member Kathy Danek: “The community knows that we take this very seriously. The number one priority of this district has always been how it affects the education of our 42,000 students...for me, I think this resolution gives Dr. Joel and his staff the ability to act quickly.”
Board Member Annie Mumgaard: “From my experience in working with Dr. Joel and your entire executive team, I have seen nothing but decisions made with the highest regard for what is good for our students and what is good for our staff.”
Board Member Bob Rauner: “Two weeks ago, I think staff thought they were leaving for a much needed vacation but unfortunately didn’t get that. I know the last week or two weeks, a lot of them have been working seven days a week, nights, weekends, making really tough decisions...I thank you all for the work you’ve done.”
Board Vice President Connie Duncan: “As a school board member, I’ve never been through something like this that’s so tough and unpredictable...I just want to thank you (Dr. Joel) and your staff. It’s amazing and it’s a privilege to be behind you on everything.”
Board Member Barb Baier: “I’ve worked on this board for a very long time and this is a very fine team of elected officials here and we are led by a wonderful superintendent and he’s gathered together very competent professionals...We’re gonna get through this by pulling together and by uniting, we’ll get through this together. I have every confidence.”
Board President Lanny Boswell: “Dr. Joel, you will have many important decisions to make in the next few weeks. As you can tell by the comments of my colleagues, the Board knows that you will make those decisions with the best interest of our students, staff and the community in mind, so thank you for the work ahead.”
The Board held a hearing to discuss, consider and take action concerning the employment contract of Justin Holbein.
Published: March 18, 2020, Updated: March 18, 2020


The donor may wish to make gifts in a way that the donor (or the donor’s spouse) could retain some use of the assets in case needed as a “rainy day” fund. A popular way of using the increased gift exemption may be for a donor to make gifts to a “lifetime access trust” for the benefit of the donor’s spouse (and possibly children). The trust could be designed to give as much control and flexibility as possible to the surviving spouse without creating tax or creditor concerns.
If one spouse creates a lifetime trust for the other spouse, neither spouses’ creditors should be able to reach the assets in the trust. If both spouses create trusts that are not reciprocal of each other, both trusts may be protected from claims of the spouses’ creditors.
People establish irrevocable trusts that include spouses for many reasons:


CRS Adventures Ltd deny injury liability
Glennroy Blair-Ford was on a weeklong outing at an adventure camp in Devon in 2007 with pupils from the school where he was a teacher. During a welly-wanging contest, which involved teachers and pupils, organised by the centre operators, CRS Adventures Ltd, Mr Blair-Ford suffered an accident.
The teachers had to turn around and throw the welly backwards between their legs. However, Mr Blair-Ford lost his balance while throwing the welly, landing headfirst hard on the ground. The fall caused him serious injury and left him paralysed from the neck down. Now, he is confined to a wheelchair, on a ventilator 23 hours of the day, and is seeking compensation of £5m.
The Metro reports that personal injury compensation is being sought from CRS Adventures Ltd. At the High Court his legal team argued that this way of throwing a welly is unsafe, with the action of unusual swinging creating high risk of falling forward when the hands cannot offer support and break the fall.
CRS Adventures deny liability, claiming that this method of throwing is quite safe and does not pose a risk of injury.
If the case is successful, the money gained will cover the costs of his ongoing care for the duration of his life.


A sale of shares agreement is a legal contract that outlines the terms and conditions of the sale of shares from one party to another. This agreement is crucial for both the buyer and seller as it establishes the rights and obligations of each party in the transaction.
If you are looking to draft a sale of shares agreement, it is essential to have a well-written sample to guide you. A good sale of shares agreement sample should cover all the critical elements of the agreement, such as the parties involved, the shares being sold, the purchase price, and the terms of the sale.
Here are some key elements to consider when drafting a sale of shares agreement:
1. Parties Involved
The first section of the agreement should identify the parties involved in the transaction. This includes the buyer, seller, and any other relevant parties, such as shareholders or advisors.
2. Shares Being Sold
This section should detail the shares being sold, including the number of shares, the class of shares, and any restrictions or rights associated with the shares.
3. Purchase Price
The agreement should also specify the purchase price of the shares, including any adjustments or contingencies that may affect the final price.
4. Terms of Sale
This section should outline the terms of the sale, including any conditions precedent or subsequent, representations and warranties, and indemnification provisions.
Finally, the agreement should specify the date and location of the closing, as well as any additional requirements for completing the transaction.
In conclusion, a sale of shares agreement is a vital document for any transaction involving the sale of shares. By using a well-written sample as a guide, you can ensure that your agreement covers all the critical elements and provides a clear and comprehensive framework for the transaction.


The Kansas City Kansan reported on June 21, 1906, that a provision was buried in a section of a 65-page Congressional appropriations bill, authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to sell a tract of land located in Kansas City, Kansas. That tract of land was the Huron Indian Cemetery and the bodies therein were to be removed to Quindaro Cemetery farther north. Kansas City officials proposed to sell the land to private investors once the bodies were relocated.
The Wyandot Nation in general and the Conley sisters in particular, were incensed. Although, it wasn’t the first time developers had tried to finagle a sale of the prime piece of Kansas City real estate, this time the met the immovable force of Lyda and her sisters. The women had dedicated their lives to this moment and were not about to be swayed from their goal of protecting their forebear’s final resting place.
"In this cemetery are buried one-hundred of our ancestors,” said Lyda Conley in the October 25, 1906 edition of the Kansas City Times, “...why should we not be proud of our ancestors and protect their graves? We shall do it, and woe be to the man that first attempts to steal a body. We are part owners of the ground and have the right under the law to keep off trespassers, the right a man has to shoot a burglar who enters his home."
Armed with their father’s Civil War musket and the support of their community, the sisters moved into a small shack they built over the graves of their parents. The Conley sisters established "Fort Conley" on cemetery grounds and led a successful resistance to this proposed action.
The women padlocked the front gate and hung a sign on it warning all persons to "Trespass at Your Peril”. They took potshots at workers with the old gun and tore down fences built by the city almost as fast as they were erected.
"Praying aloud to the Great Spirit by night and guarding the graves of their ancestors by day, the Conley sisters have kept a constant vigil at the old Indian burial ground,” reported the August 1, 1909, Kansas City Kansan, “Even in the coldest months of winter they did not desert their post; and when the warm and pleasant days and the summer nights arrived, they were found ever faithful in their watch.”
Lyda takes her case to the Supreme Court During the October 1909 term of the Supreme Court of the United States, Lyda Burton Conley made history. She became the first woman attorney of Native American descent admitted to argue a case before the United States Supreme Court. In a profession largely dominated by men and a society where women almost always played a supporting role, Lyda took the reins of purpose firmly in hand.
Although the case was on the docket that began in late fall, Lyda didn’t present her petition before the Court until the following January. In an age long before the invention of photocopiers, the ever-prepared Lyda came prepared. She stormed Washington, D.C. armed with photographed pages of law books supporting her cause.
On January 14, 1910 Ms. Conley argued the case dubbed Conley v. Ballinger before the chief justices of the United States. The outcome of the case was decided on January 31, 1910. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. delivered the opinion of the Court. Despite his decision to dismiss the suit, Holmes took into account a provision in a 1855 treaty that allowed that the “portion now enclosed and used as a public burying-ground [Huron Cemetery], shall be permanently reserved and appropriated for that purpose.”
However, Lyda Conley had based her suit on her Wyandot ancestry. Unfortunately, since the treaty took their lands and dissolved the tribal status of the Kansas Wyandots and made them United States citizens, Holmes had no choice but to deny her claim. The Kansas Wyandots were now made up of those formerly known as "absentee" or "citizen class" Wyandot Indians.
Holmes agreed with her in theory, but the Court refused to interfere with or change the decision that the United States Congress and the Interior Department had made to sell the land. Technically, Lyda lost her case, but through the notoriety of her actions she gained support for her cause and the Huron cemetery was not sold nor the bodies removed. Women’s, church, civic and other groups rallied around her cause offering support to the Conley sisters. Even the Supreme Court gave her a tacit nod of approval notwithstanding its dismissal of the case.
“What is said to be the most sympathetic decision in many years by the U.S. Supreme Court was given in the suit of Lyda B. Conley to prevent the disturbance of the Indian Burial Ground,” reported the February 4, 1910, Kansas City Star, “The bill was dismissed without costs.”
History of the Wyandots According to Janith K. English, principal chief of the Wyandot Nation of Kansas, on March 17, 1842, the tribe ceded all lands in Ohio and Michigan in exchange for 148,000 acres west of the Mississippi [Kansas]. The Government promised to pay the Wyandots $17,000 annually, forever, plus $500 per year for the support of the school and $100,000 for moving expenses.
“On July 12, 1843, 664 Wyandots started on their Journey to Kansas,” English writes, “but illness - possibly typhoid - struck while the Wyandots were still camped along the Missouri River. Between 60 and 100 of their number died. Their bodies were carried across the river to a high ridge, which overlooked the Kansas and Missouri Rivers. Huron cemetery is established.”
As so often was the case, the Wyandot Nation did not receive the land promised them by the government, so on December 14 an agreement was made between the Delaware and Wyandot Tribes. The Delawares granted three sections of land of 540 acres each at the junction of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers. They granted and quit claimed to the Wyandott Nation 36 additional sections of land for $46,080. But peace still eluded the Wyandots when in 1844; another epidemic resulted in over 100 burials in Huron Cemetery. The Wyandots struggled on.
The Conley Sisters Lyda, Lena and Ida Conley were born to Andrew and Eliza Zane Conley in the latter part of the 19th century. Eliza was a descendant of the Wyandot Nation and was just five-years-old when her people were removed from Ohio to Kansas in 1843. She died in 1879. Andrew, born in Connecticut, was of English descent. He died in 1885.
The girls were raised in the Wyandot community known as Quindaro in the northern part of Kansas City, Kansas. Friends of the family note the girls were raised in an idyllic household setting. They grew up both privileged and grateful.
As young women, Lyda and Lena chose to continue their education by rowing daily across the Missouri River to attend Park College in Parkville, Missouri. Both finished courses that allowed them to teach business classes, but Lyda also went onto study law. It was her singular goal to become an attorney and to take only those cases brought to her by descendants of the Wyandot tribe. She had found her purpose. She passed the bar and realized her dream to become a lawyer in 1902.
As adults, the sisters lived a modest life on north 3rd Street in the Armourdale district of Kansas City. Lyda and Lena often shared a home packed floor to ceiling with newspapers and books. When money was tight and the winters got cold, the women would often spend their time in the heated library near their home. They read everything they could get their hands on in an effort to stay abreast of current happenings and keep in touch with their past.
Lyda was the youngest. She was small, slightly built and attractive with an upturned nose and delicate features. She was a complementary combination of her mother’s stunning Native American ancestry and her father’s English mannerisms. She was always studious and spoke as one that was well educated. Reporters that met her often described her as demure but confident.
There was nothing demure about Lena. She was thin and wiry and often preferred the company of animals to that of people. An untiring and outspoken animal advocate, neighbors often sought her care for their sick pets and livestock. At one time, Lena went to the Wyandot Indian reservation in Oklahoma where she was an instructor and served as a matron for the girls.
Ida, the eldest, had a broad flat face and was shorter and heavier than the other two. She lived nearby and kept house for a railroad porter. Often referred to as the quiet sister, she supported her siblings in their efforts to advance and defend the Wyandot cause. She lived as anonymously as her famous sisters would allow her.
The women regularly attended the Seventh Street Methodist Church where they often taught Sunday school. On warm weather days, they would lead the children across the street to the jailhouse lawn and conduct their classes within in view and earshot of the prisoners housed in the basement of the building. The children would sing hymns for the men behind the barred windows. At the end of the class, the Conley sisters would take up the children’s offering and distribute it among the inmates – some of which were of Wyandot descent. It was the women’s hope that the money would help them get good start on a better life once they were released from jail.
The Conley sisters continued to battle the bureaucrats and developers in Kansas City until their deaths. Their names continued to grace the papers for more than 50 years, and still pop up occasionally today.
Lyda Conley died on May 28, 1946 under somewhat mysterious circumstances. According to her close friend, Wilma Kollman, after returning home from the library, a man jumped out of the bushes and hit Lyda in the back of the head with a brick. “He took her purse and ran,” Kollman said, “The purse had 20 cents in it. She was dead within 24 hours.”
Oddly, her obituary does not mention the incident.
At Lyda’s funeral the Rev. R. N. Burress said, “In every breeze that stirs these trees, in every flower that graces this lofty hilltop, the works of Miss Conley will long be recalled when important men are forgotten.”
Two years later, Ida died quietly in October 1948. She was laid to rest with very little fanfare. She would have wanted it that way.
On September 15, 1958, Lena Conley joined her sisters. She was buried in next to them in the cemetery they dedicated their lives to saving. Forever proud of her Native American ancestry, she had her Wyandot Indian name, Floating Voice, chiseled into her tombstone. None of the Conley sisters ever married.
Although vastly different in personality and appearance, the Conley sisters were united in their fight to preserve the dignity of their ancestors. The power of their purpose gave them the strength to fight City Hall against daunting odds. They were secure with that purpose and kept their eyes firmly on their goal. And thanks to their tireless efforts, the Huron Cemetery continues to rest peacefully to this day in the center of Kansas City.


This is a continuation of my previous article on the history of Swedish immigration and integration policy.
Until 13 December 1989, Sweden had a more liberal policy approach to asylum applications than the rest of Europe and extended grounds for asylum to ‘de-facto refugees’ (Ålund & Schierup 1991 p.22). These were refugees that did not suffer a personal threat, but whose home country was dangerous and thus felt it was not safe for them to remain in those conditions. This liberal policy also extended to army deserters and pacifists (Nordin 2005).
After that date, Sweden began to accept refugees strictly under the principles of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, otherwise known as the Geneva Convention. This move was in response to critics who felt the more liberal policy allowed those who were ‘not real refugees’ (Nordin 2005 p.42) to enter Sweden, and also in order to reduce the ever increasing number of asylum applications the nation received, and the economic and social pressures this resulted in.
Despite restrictions in asylum policy, in the 1990s over 100,000 Yugoslavs sought refuge in Sweden after the collapse of their nation (Migrations Verket 2009) and in 1994 alone, 83,598 refugees from around the word claimed asylum (The European Migration Network 2005). 1996 marked a period whereby the government sought to tighten long-term immigration by introducing measures in which refugees would be issued temporary residency permits, rather than permanent ones, with the intention of returning refugees to their home countries once it was safe to do so (Westin 1996).
In 1997 Swedish integration policy shifted to one that encouraged self-support and self-sufficiency by the immigrant and refugee population of Sweden and also resulted in the creation of a National Integration Office. This office was responsible for aiding integration in Sweden through the creation of programs to assist in the process as well as monitoring integration progress (Geddes 2003). This policy also sought to reduce xenophobia and discrimination in Sweden and create mutual respect for cultural differences, in part through municipality consultation with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that could assist in promoting integration and anti-discrimination measures. However, the municipalities displayed very limited interest in maintaining these NGOs, and even with government funding, they did not receive enough money to take any cases of discrimination to the courts.There are a number of larger independent NGOs in existence that assisted with the 1997 Integration Policy (Diakité 2006), but it is evident that by this time municipalities in Sweden were attempting to not comply with government policies and this integration policy was not as successful as it could have been.
A series of laws were passed in 1999 to ban direct or indirect discrimination of immigrants and refugees (Geddes 2003), however ‘… actual developments since the beginning of the 1990s suggests that Sweden is moving closer to the exclusiveness, selectivity and increasing brutality of fortress Europe’ (Ålund & Schierup 1991 p.8). This tightening of immigration and asylum policy coincided with Sweden’s entry into the European Union (EU) in 1995.
However, with the enlargement of the EU in 2004 to include ten new countries, Sweden was one of only three EU member states to allow the citizens of the new member states the right to work without first requesting a permit (Westin 2006). In 1996 Sweden signed the Schengen agreement, allowing the free movement of people between the other states who are party to the agreement.
Sweden continues to accept refugees from all over the world, and in per capita terms, is amongst the highest asylum-receiving nations in Europe. For the past 15 years, refugee migration and family reunification has amounted to between 60 and 80 percent of total migration to Sweden (Lemaître 2007) – although this number had fallen to 31 % by 2011. An important development in family reunification for parents and children occured on the 18th of January 2012 – The Migration Court of Appeal ruled that if family connection could not be proved due to lack of official documentation that DNA testing could be used instead.
In 2011, 29,670 Asylum Seekers came to Sweden – a decrease of 7% from 2010. Of this number, 2,657 were unaccompanied children, mostly from Somalia and Afghanistan (The European Migration Network 2011) – this is a substantial increase from 2005 where the number was 398 (Riksdagen). Currently, Municipalities can accept unaccompanied children on a voluntary basis and as such, there has been a shortage in placements for this group of asylum seekers. There has been debate in Sweden regarding whether or not Municipalities should be legally required to offer places for unaccompanied children (The European Migration Network 2011), and this remains unresolved to date.
In 2012, Sweden’s municipalities are responsible for assisting refugees with integration and receive a government grant per refugee – they offer Swedish for Immigrants classes (SFI), and contacts with job seeking services, schools and child care facilities – all of which are intended to allow refugees to enter the work force as quickly as possible. On December the 1st 2010 reforms were implemented to increase the speed of integration – this has been met with some challenges such as lack of housing in areas where work is available. Other attempts have been made to increase participation in the work force such as Step-in-jobs, which basically means that the government will pay a grant to cover up to 80% of the position in an attempt to encourage Swedish companies to hire more people of foreign background (participants are required to attend SFI at the same time). There also appears to be attempts to encourage a greater level of immigrant entrepreneurship.
In 2007, the Swedish Integration Board was discontinued by the Alliance for Sweden coalition as the government felt it had not achieved its targets. The tasks undertaken by this board were transferred to other government agencies, including the new Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality. On the 1st of January 2011 the Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality was closed and integration issues were taken up by the Ministry of Employment. The current Minister of integration is Erik Ullenhag, who appears to have an open policy towards immigration and speaks of encouraging more openness within Europe.
Sweden is currently working together with other EU member states to create a Common European Asylum System (CEAS) (theoretically) by 2012, according to the 2009 Stockholm Programme (which is itself a result of the 2004 Hague Programme). It remains to be seen whether or not the 2012 deadline will be met given it is already nearing the end of December – that said, the Cypriot Presidency of the EU seems to have made some positive steps forward as recently as the 25th of October.
On the 15th of December 2008 legislation was passed to make it easier for Swedish companies to hire workers from outside of the EU/EEA. From the 15th of April 2010, Sweden implemented a rule in which proof must be given that adequate support exists before a family member can be brought over – in other words the person already resident in Sweden must be able to financially support as well as providing housing for the family member before a residency permit can be granted – this rule does not apply to refugees. There has also been some restriction regarding those coming to Sweden to pick berries with companies needing to provide transportation, accommodation, food and guarantee salary even when berry harvests are low (The European Migration Network 2011) – this is in response to exploitation of these workers in the past, although how effective this has been is debatable as there have been plenty of reports in 2012 showing that this is still continuing.
On a related note, the introduction of tuition fees for University in autumn 2011 for students from outside of the EU/EEA/Switzerland saw a reduction of 79% in the number of foreign students enrolling at Swedish tertiary institutions (Högskoleverket). Since this initial drop in applications from students outside of the EU, applications from this group have risen by around 20% in 2012, but it will be interesting to see what percentage of this number actually transfers to enrolment.
Want to read more? Here are my references:
Diakité, A M 2006, ‘The Policy and Strategies Used in the Integration of Immigrants in Sweden’, The English International Association of Lund, Briefing Paper No. 2006:20
Geddes, A 2003, The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe, Sage Publications, London.
The European Migration Network, ‘Annual Policy Report 2007 – Sweden’ & ‘Annual Policy Report 2011 – Sweden’ – these are brilliant resources for those who want to know more about this topic.
Lemaître, G 2007, ‘The Integrations of Immigrants into the Labour Market: The Case of Sweden’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 48.
Mahama, T 2006, ‘Multiculturalism and Policymaking. A Comparative Study of Danish and Swedish Cultural Policies since 1969’, Masters Thesis, Dalarna University College, Sweden.
Malm, T 2005, ‘The Impact of Immigration on Europe’s Societies: Sweden’, The European Migration Network.
Migrations Verket, ‘History of The Swedish Migration,’ The Swedish Migration Board.
Riksdagen – The Swedish Government website.
Westin, C, 2006, ‘Sweden: Restrictive Immigration Policy and Multiculturalism’, Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, Stockholm University.
Ålund, A & Schierup C 1991, Paradoxes of Multiculturalism – Essays on Swedish Society, Avebury, Aldershot.
Other sources are linked to in the above article.


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This position requires working as a key member of the RAVN development team. Specific responsibilities include:
Experience, Knowledge & Skills
For this position, we are considering candidates who have some experience in a development environment. We are also willing to consider exceptional graduates who can show that they have a high level of confidence working in a Java environment and can pick up new concepts quickly.
You should have knowledge of the following:
Personal skills and abilities required include:


Terms and Conditions (GTC)
1.1 These Terms and Conditions (hereinafter “Terms”) apply to all of MUSIC2BIZ (hereinafter “MUSIC2BIZ” or “Provider”) services offered on the website, especially the music streaming service “MUSIC2BIZ” (hereinafter “music service” ) that are provided to users on the MUSIC2BIZ website with the URL www.music2biz.com or made available by applications for mobile or stationary devices (hereinafter “apps”).
1.2 By using the music platform, at the latest by completion of his personal registration, the user acknowledges the validity of these Terms and Conditions.
1.3 These Terms and Conditions shall also apply to the use of the apps provided by MUSIC2BIZ, if their use is not regulated by an additional End User License Agreement (EULA).
2.1 MUSIC2BIZ provides background music for business customers via online streaming. The conditions for the use of music streams are as follows:
2.2 The main component of the MUSIC2BIZ music service is the provision of music recordings to be accessed over the Internet in the form of music channels. The selected channels for background music are transmitted continuously to the device of the user. A permanent storage (download) of the music for the purpose of their permanent possession is excluded. The music service is provided as a subscriptions model.
2.3 The subscription includes the music rights, the licenses and the MUSIC2BIZ player software. With a subscription, the subscriber gains access to music channels currently offered. All tracks are 100 % royalty free. A confirmation for the collecting societies you find here. MUSIC2BIZ maintains and updates the music channels constantly.
2.4 MUSIC2BIZ optionally sells streaming hardware to receive the MUSIC2BIZ music service.
2.4.1 Conclusion of the hardware contract
(a) The subject-matter of the contract is the selling of products. The key features of the goods can be found in the respective quote.
(b) Our offers on the website are non-binding and are not a binding offer to conclude a contract.
(c) You can submit a binding contractual offer (order) by telephone, Email, fax, post or via the online shopping basket system.
When purchasing via the online shopping cart system, the goods that you wish to purchase shall be placed in the “shopping cart”. You can access the “shopping cart” by clicking the relevant button in the navigation bar and can make changes to it at any time. After opening the “Pay Now” page and entering your personal data along with the payment and shipping terms, the order information shall be displayed once more time.
Before the order is sent, you can re-check all the data, change it (which can also be done via the internet browser’s ‘back’ function) or cancel the purchase transaction.
When you submit an order by clicking the relevant button, you submitt a binding offer to us.
You then receive an automatically-generated email regarding the receipt of your order. This email does not yet lead to the conclusion of a contract.
(d) The offer is accepted (and the contract therefore concluded) after ordering by telephone immediately or at the latest within 5 days by a confirmation in written form (e.g. email), which confirms implementation of the order or delivery of the goods (order confirmation).
If you do not receive a message to that effect during this period, the order shall no longer be binding. In such a case, any services rendered shall be refunded immediately.
(e) The execution of the order and the sending of all the details necessitated by the conclusion of the contract take place via e-mail, in a partially-automated manner. Consequently, you have to ensure that the e-mail address that you have deposited with us is the correct one, and that the receipt of the respective e-mails is guaranteed. In particular, you have to ensure that the respective e-mails are not blocked by a SPAM filter.
2.4.2 Prices, payment terms and shipping costs
(a) The prices stated in the respective offers are net prices. They do not include the statutory VAT.
(b) The dispatch expenses incurred are not included in the purchase price; they are separately accounted unless the delivery is promised to be free of cost. You can find more details under a correspondingly designated button on our Internet website or in the relevant offer.
(c) Payment options are displayed using a correspondingly designated button on our Internet website or in the relevant offer. If no other payment period is stated on the invoice or in case of individual payment types, the payment claims from the signed contract are immediately due for payment. Discount deduction is permissible only if it expressly stated in the relevant offer or in the invoice.
(d) SEPA debit note (base and/or corporate debit note)
If payment is to be made via an SEPA base debit note or an SEPA corporate debit note, you authorise us to collect the billing amount from the specified account by issuing a corresponding SEPA mandate. The deadline for the sending of the pre-notification has been shortened to 5 days before the due date. You are obligated to ensure that the account in question possesses sufficient covering funds on the due date. If a return debit note comes into play on account of a situation in which you defaulted on your obligation, you have to pay the incidental bank charge.
We reserve the right to prohibit the use of the payment methods associated with SEPA base debit notes and/or SEPA corporate debit notes in individual cases.
2.4.3 Delivery conditions
(a) The probable delivery date is stated in the respective offer. Delivery dates and terms of delivery are binding only if they have been confirmed by us in writing. With the prepayment method via transfer, the dispatch of the goods does not take place until after our receipt of the full purchase price and the dispatch costs.
(b) If a product ordered by you is not available, contrary to expectations despite a timely completion of the relevant covering transaction, for reasons for which we are not responsible, you shall be informed about the non-availability without delay and in case of a withdrawal, the payments that have already been made by you shall be reimbursed immediately.
(c) The shipping shall take place at your risk. If you wish, the goods shall be shipped with a suitable transport insurance and the costs arising from the same shall be borne by you.
(d) Part deliveries shall be permissible and can be independently specified by you, provided this does not incur additional shipping costs for you.
(a) The warranty period shall last for one year from the delivery of the goods. The reduction in time-limit does not apply:
– to damages culpably attributable to us arising from injury to life, limb or health and for other damages caused by wilful intent or gross negligence;
– insofar as we have wilfully concealed the defect or accepted a warranty for the quality of the goods;
– to goods which are used for a building in accordance with their normal use instructions and whose defects were caused by this;
– for statutory recourse claims, which you have against us in connection with warranty rights. (2) In terms of the quality of the goods, only our own information and the product description of the manufacturer shall be deemed to have been agreed, and not other advertising, public promotions and statements made by the manufacturer.
(b) In case of defects, we provide guarantee through repair or replacement at our own discretion. If the defect is not removed, you can demand a reduction in the price or withdraw from the contract at your discretion. The defect removal is applicable after a failed second attempt, unless the circumstances prove otherwise, in particular due to the nature of the object and/or defect or other conditions. In case of repair, we must not bear the additional costs, which arise from the transfer of the item to a place other than the place of fulfilment, as far as the transfer does not correspond to the intended use of the item.
2.4.5 Right of retention, retention of title
(a) You can exercise the right of retention only if it concerns claims from the same contract relationship.
(b) The goods shall remain our property until the full settlement of all claims from the ongoing business relation. Pledging or assigning the goods as security before the transfer of property of the reserved goods is not permitted.
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(d) In the event of connecting and blending goods that are subject to retention of title, we shall acquire co-ownership in the proportion of the goods’ invoice value in relation to other processed items at the time of processing.
(e) We shall be under obligation to release securities that are due to you if and when the feasible value of our securities exceeds the claims that are to be secured by more than 10%. The choice of the securities to be released shall reside with us.
2.4.6 Choice of law, place of fulfilment, jurisdiction
The German law shall apply with the exclusion of the UN purchasing law. The place of fulfilment as well the court of jurisdiction shall be our headquarters.
3 Offers and Service
3.1 With its music service MUSIC2BIZ provides access to an extensive repertoire. MUSIC2BIZ distinguishes between “test-user” and “subscriber”. MUSIC2BIZ reserves the right, if necessary, to design the access option and the services differently in different countries.
3.1.1 A “test users” of the music service is a user who has successfully completed the specified registration process by providing MUSIC2BIZ with current, complete, and accurate information as requested by the registration form. The use of MUSIC2BIZ is free during the test phase. The ability to access the MUSIC2BIZ music repertoire is limited. To use all the available access options permanently, a paid subscription is required.
3.1.2 “Subscriber” means any user of the music service, who decided to use the paid service or „upgraded“ from the „test user“ to a paid subscription, so that he can use all the services of MUSIC2BIZ without any operating restrictions in the long term. The various offers and service packages and their prices can be accessed via the MUSIC2BIZ tariff page.
3.2 MUSIC2BIZ offers each user the option, to use the music service for a, limited period of time (for example 30 days) to test for free (“trial” or “trial period”), the presently applicable „trial period“ is specified during the registration process. The test user can inform MUSIC2BIZ till 2 days before the test period ends, in case he wants to terminate the use of the service. This must be by in writing, such notification can be delivered by post or mail or via contact forms on the MUSIC2BIZ website. If the user does not terminate the use of the service, the trial automatically becomes a paid subscription and the regular conditions and termination options apply . Participation in the free trial requires that the user already specifies his payment method at the beginning of the trials of MUSIC2BIZ and agrees, that MUSIC2BIZ after the free trial period settles the agreed fees for the selected scope. The account begins on the day following the last day of the trial period.
3.3. The subscriber may use the music service only as background music in restaurants, shops, factories, studios, offices and other business spaces of the company. The use of the music streams for any other purpose is prohibited. The subscriber warrants that he will not sell the music, provide others with the music streams or provide others with copies of the music. The Subscriber agrees without the right of objection to pay a penalty in the amount of € 500 for every day or every case of violation of the above points.
3.4 MUSIC2BIZ gives its users a “licence-free guarantee”, i.e.: MUSIC2BIZ guarantees its customers that all titles used in the music flat rates are licence-free. The user is fully responsible for ensuring that only music sources from MUSIC2BIZ are used at the location(s) he/she has registered for the use of the M2B music service. MUSIC2BIZ is not liable for the use of music from other sources.
3.5 If MUSIC2BIZ is issuing vouchers for free use of its music service, users only redeeming this to a limited pre-defined time period to use the music service in the period specified in association with the voucher. MUSIC2BIZ reserves the right to change or terminate a free voucher period at any time and for any reason, without any announcement. For the free use of the music service through a voucher the registration of the user at MUSIC2BIZ is set as a prerequisite.
3.6 If MUSIC2BIZ will offer content and / or functions free of charge in addition to its chargeable services, these are subject to change at any time without notice and that these additional services can be made acceccible against payment of a separate charge only. Moreover MUSIC2BIZ assumes no responsibility for the completeness and / or accuracy for all content and / or services offered free of charge.
3.7 To use the music service, the user has to meet the technical requirements at their own cost. He has to bear the cost of access and use of the Internet . Should the technical standards on the Internet or those of the music service change, then the user must adapt to these changes at his own expense. The necessary system requirements for using the MUSIC2BIZ content and /or services are posted on the website and should be read and observed by the customer prior to the subscribing.
4.1 To use the music service the user’s registration with a valid email address, a personal password and agreement to these Terms and Conditions and Privacy Statement of MUSIC2BIZ is required. In addition to this the first and last name, address, company name and a valid payment method must be specified. MUSIC2BIZ stores the data given by the user during the registration process and will sent a confirmation after the successful completion of the registration to the specified email address.
4.2 MUSIC2BIZ reserves the right to reject any registrations from users without giving reasons.
4.3 By registering, the user agrees that MUSIC2BIZ might send informations to him on service upgrades or service changes by email or by post.
5 User Account
5.1 After the successful completion of the registration by the user an individual user account (hereinafter “Account”) is made available.
5.2 Under “My Account” the user can manage all personal data. All information s of the user, which go beyond the requested registration data are voluntary, but must be truthful. 5.3 In addition, subscribers have the possibility to view their account history for the payable services ordered by them in their backoffice.
5.4 The personal account of the user is protected by the user’s chosen password from access by others. The user is obliged to treat his or her password confidential and to ensure the necessary care to ensure that third parties do not obtain access thereto. A passing of access to third parties and / or their authorization to use the user’s account is explicitly prohibited to the user. The user is solely responsible for ensuring that his credentials are not used unlawfully by third parties for access to MUSIC2BIZ. Once the user suspects that his credentials are lost, stolen or is otherwise under the impression that the personal account of the user is used by third parties, he shall immediately notify MUSIC2BIZ and change the password on his account.
5.5 The user can basically achieve his account from every internet device. The use of the music service is, however, possible only from one device at a time. A simultaneous use with multiple devices violates this User Agreement and is therefore not possible. Every currently played music stream is terminated on the used decice, when the user logs in simultaneously on another.
6 Subscription based service
6.1 The “premium area” of the music service is accessable for paying subscribers only.
6.2 The premium area of music service is offered exclusively to corporate clients.
6.3 Registration for the premium service of MUSIC2BIZ assumes that the user states the personal and corporate data, including its name, address, company name and the required payment data.
6.4 The registering of the user is a binding offer, which conclude a contract fee on the use of the services offered by MUSIC2BIZ. The Subscription Contract between MUSIC2BIZ becomes effective through MUSIC2BIZ´ sending of a confirmation e-mail to he user.
6.5 All details concerning the nature and extent of services, the details on the functions available and their availability are available on the MUSIC2BIZ site.
6.6 In order to continuously improve the quality of its services, MUSIC2BIZ occasionally carries out customer satisfaction surveys. The request to participate in these surveys is sent to subscribers by email to the email address stored in the customer account. The participation is voluntary.
6.7 After completion of the trial period, new customers will receive a subscriber welcome email. This email also contains a request for a customer evaluation of the MUSIC2BIZ services. The submission of a customer rating is voluntary. The subscriber welcome email is sent to the email address stored in the customer account.
7 Prices, payment processing and accounting
7.1 The prices stated on the website for MUSIC2BIZ subscriptions are mandatory net prices and do not include the legally applicable VAT always. MUSIC2BIZ reserves the right to change the subscription fees indicated for use of the music service at any time. Any price change and its effect is communicated to all subscribers in time in text form. If a subscriber won´t accept the changed prices, he is entitled to terminate the license agreement with the expiration of his current utilization period.
7.2 The payment for the selected subscription period is due immediately after the transmission of the confirmation e-mail and will be charged to the subscribers on chosen payment method in advance. The payment methods offered by MUSIC2BIZ are displayed to the subscribers during the registration process. Currently, the payment can be made either by direct debit, PayPal or credit card. MUSIC2BIZ reserves the right to change the payment methods offered at any time and / or exclude certain payment methods in individual cases.
7.3 Payments made by the subscriber are documented in his account back office. The invoice is analogous to the above payment periods. The invoice will be sent by email to the specified email address.
7.4 In the event that a payment of the subscriber could not be fullfilled, MUSIC2BIZ will inform the subscribers immediately by e-mail. The subscriber has the obligation to pay the total amount due as set out in the reminder email within five (5) business days to the account specified by MUSIC2BIZ. In case of a not successfully completed or undone payment MUSIC2BIZ is entitled to terminate the premium access for the user temporarily or the user account itself. However, the Subscriber will remain liable to settle the due.
7.5 Any additional costs that arise MUSIC2BIZ, because the payments could not be collected for a reason the subscriber is responsible for, eg due to an unauthorized chargeback or an insufficiently funded account, the subscriber has to reimburse these costs to MUSIC2BIZ.
8 Terms and notice
8.1 Test Users may terminate their free account at any time without notice for any reason with immediate effect against MUSIC2BIZ by deleting their account on the website. This hast he consequence of the irrevocable deletion of all personal data of the user, including his profile image, its playlists and other functions individually set up for him.
8.2 MUSIC2BIZ can cancel the free accounts at any time without giving reasons. If lawful, such notice is given by MUSIC2BIZ with a period of one (1) week in advance to users by e-mail.
8.3 The various terms of the rental or lease agreements for the premium ranges apply for a period of 3 or 12 months, depending on the chosen payment cycle and monthly price. Deviating agreements must be in writing. The subscription starts with the date of ordering online. Testing stages or special conditions can make a lead time required. When the notice is not in writing or by e-mail two (2) weeks before the end of the subscription period, the subscription is renewed for the chosen pay period (3 or 12 months). The right to immediate termination for cause remains unaffected.
8.4 After an effective termination of the premium accounts MUSIC2BIZ will delete all user data at the end of the contract. According to the new regulation of § 309 Nr. 13 BGB of AGB-Law for an effective termination a declaration in writing is sufficient.
8.5 The right to extraordinary termination without notice for good cause exists for the user as well as for MUSIC2BIZ.
8.6 For all test users the present terms and conditions apply including all resultant rights and obligations accordingly, with the exception of pay duty.
9 Cancellation policy – Consumers have the following right of cancellation
9.1 Cancellation policy – Consumers have the following right of cancellation: The user may revoke his contractual declaration within 14 days in writing (eg letter, fax, e-mail) without giving reasons. Dispatch within the applicable notification period is sufficient. The revocation must be sent to: MUSIC2BIZ, Tannenstrasse 1A, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany or by email: firstname.lastname@example.org
9.2 Consequences In case of an effective withdrawal, the mutually received benefits are to be returned. If the user can only return them in a deteriorated condition, he must pay reasonable compensation to MUSIC2BIZ. This may mean that the user has to fulfill the contractual payment obligations for the period until the revocation. The deadline begins for the User with the dispatch of the cancellation notice, for MUSIC2BIZ with their reception.
9.3 Special Notes The user’s right of cancellation expires prematurely if the contract is completely fulfilled by both parties before the user has exercised his right of withdrawal. End of cancellation policy
10 Customer Support
10.1 The customer support of MUSIC2BIZ is available for all users in case of questions and / or problems related to the music services. You can reach the MUSIC2BIZ-Customer Service through the website.
10.2 Answers to the most common questions and / or problems can be found under MUSIC2BIZ FAQ, which are available at the website.
11 User Guidelines
11.1 The MUSIC2BIZ user account access is made available to each user for the duration of the subscription. It is not transferable.It may therefore be used only by those user who registered under his their names for the MUSIC2BIZ services. The user has to store his password securely and to protect against any misuse. The user is aware that he is liable for any damages by an unauthorized person.
11.2 The User agrees not to misuse the music service. An abuse of MUSIC2BIZ is ahead especially when the user attempts to gain unauthorized access to the system, to modify, delete, suppress or data or when he willfully violates in any way these terms and conditions.
11.3 For all users of MUSIC2BIZ the following actions are specifically prohibited: 11.3.1 The disclosure of their own access to MUSIC2BIZ and / or the use of other user accounts of MUSIC2BIZ;
11.3.2 The use of software, scripts, or mechanisms other technical resources that are likely to affect the operation of the Music Service or its applications;
11.3.3 Decompile the music service or its underlying software programs, disassemble or convert to using the Reverse-engineering to readable source code; 11.3.4 Any commercial use of the functions and / or content of the music service; 11.3.5 Any copyright relevant action as the reproduction, renting of content or login data etc;
11.3.6 the use of the music service to undertake a paid or unpaid public presentation of the available content on here; 11.3.7 The permanent storage and / or transmission of the content provided here about; 11.3.8 any act which is likely to affect the functioning of the Music Service or its infrastructure;
11.3.9 to remove any evidence of copyright, trademark or other intellectual property rights and / or to modify them 11.3.10 For each case of a violation of one or several Users of one or several provisions of these AGB the MUSIC2BIZ shall be entitled to exclude the User with immediate effect and without giving any reason and without the right for a claim for damages from MUSIC2BIZ.
12 Availability and liability
12.1 The user understands and hereby acknowledges explicitly that for technical reasons, no total availability of the music service can be guaranteed. In particular, regular and necessary maintenance and safety work that serve to maintain and improve the services of MUSIC2BIZ, and unforeseen events that are beyond the range of MUSIC2BIZ, occasionally requiring a separation of the systems from the Internet, so it may be time-limited downtime. 12.2 MUSIC2BIZ is liable for other damage only if the damage is due to gross negligence or willful misconduct of MUSIC2BIZ or one of its contractors. The liability is limited here to the time of concluding the contract reasonably foreseeable damage. This limitation of liability applies to both contractual and non-contractual claims
12.3 The liability due to mandatory statutory regulations remains unaffected in any case.
13 Amendment of Terms
13.1 MUSIC2BIZ has the right to change these Terms and Conditions any time. 13.2 In the event of a change in the Terms MUSIC2BIZ will notify the user of this in writing or by e-mail. The agreement of the user to the corresponding changes will be given as granted, if the user does not contradict the change in the Terms and Conditions within four (4) weeks after information.
13.3 The latest version of these Terms and Conditions may be accessed by the user at any time at the URL: https://music2biz.com/gtc/?lang=en
14 Final Provisions
14.1 MUSIC2BIZ is entitled to transfer all contracts falling within the scope of these terms with the user – in whole or in part –, with releasing effect to a third party. The user agrees to such transfer of contract hereby already now. In the event that MUSIC2BIZ will make use of the transfer option, the user has the right to terminate his contract extraordinarily without notice.
14.2 To all legal relationships between the user and MUSIC2BIZ the laws of the Federal Republic of Germany under exclusion of the CISG shall apply exclusively.
14.3 The exclusive place of jurisdiction is Munich.
14.4 A registration for MUSIC2BIZ can be made through the MUSIC2BIZ website only in German or English.
Online Dispute Resolution
The European Commission offers a platform for online dispute resolution. To visit the online dispute resolution platform use this link: https://ec.europa.eu/consumers/odr/main/?event=main.home.show
II. Customer information
1. Identity of the seller
co / Bernd Awaloff
2. Information regarding the conclusion of the contract
The technical steps for forming the contract and the formation of the contract, as well as the scope for correction are carried out as per the stipulation of § 2 of our General Terms and Conditions (part 1).
3. Contractual language, saving the text of the contract
3.1 Contract language shall be English.
3.2 The entire contract wording shall not be saved by us. Before the order or request is submitted the contract information can be printed using the print function on the browser or saved electronically.
Last updated: 14.11.2019


I was told that the City of Albuquerque offers free downloads of legal documents, such as Wills. Is this true? Where can I download a Will?
Yes! If you have an Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Library card, you download a variety of legal forms, including wills, from our Legal Forms database.
To find this link (and our many other resources) in the future, choose LibGuides, under Research Assistance in the left hand navigation menu on our home page.
If you have any problems accessing this resource, please let us know.


Judge Johnny Villarreal was appointed by the City Council as the presiding judge of the Municipal Court for the City of Floresville in January 2023.
Municipal Court accepts the following forms of payment:
- Cash or money order by mail, drop box, or in person
- Cashier’s check by mail, drop box, or in person
- Credit or debit card online
- Credit or debit card by phone: call (855) 812-5183
Cashier’s checks and money orders must be payable to Floresville Municipal Court. No personal checks. In-person payments are accepted Monday through Friday between the hours of 8:00 am and 5:00 pm.
For your convenience, there is a drop box located on the opposite side of the Veterans Memorial. You may place payments or documents in the drop box. Please be sure to provide your name, date of birth, contact number and citation number on any documents or correspondence, place in a sealed envelope, and write Municipal Court on the envelope.
8 am–5 pm
Court Docket & Hearings
- The Floresville Municipal Court does not give legal advice
- Please allow five business days to allow the court to process your citation
- A telephone call does not constitute a court appearance
You may make you appearance in person or by mail. Please reference the Forms section for more information.
Attorneys must submit a letter of representation before information may be released.
Defendants must answer for their own citation: we do not release information on cases in which defendants have not entered a plea.
Courtroom Rules of Contact
Weapons and Consent to Search
Pursuant to section 46.03 of the Texas penal code the possession of any firearm, illegal knife, club or any prohibited weapon set forth in section 45.05(a), Texas penal code in the Municipal Court/City Hall building, any courtroom, or any office utilized by the Municipal Court is strictly prohibited. A violation of the law is a third degree felony. All persons who enter the Municipal Court/City Hall Building, any courtroom, or any office utilized by the Municipal Court of the City of Floresville are subject to search of their person and their belongings. All persons who enter said premises consent to the search of their person and their belongings for prohibited weapons. Commissioned peace officers may bring weapons into the courtroom. The judge shall have the discretion to have any object removed from the courtroom.
All cell phones, beepers, pagers, and all other communicative devices must be turned off before entering the courtroom. No cameras, recording devices, tablets or any other electronic equipment are allowed in the courtroom.
Dress appropriately for court. No tank tops, halter tops, muscle shirts or t-shirts with indecent, obscene or profane words, language, graphics or illustrations. No shorts, revealing clothing, extremely baggy clothing or gang related clothing. No caps, hats, bandanas or sunglasses.
Order shall be maintained at all times. Violation of this rule can result in a reprimand by the judge, expulsion from the courtroom or a contempt citation.
Pro se parties (individuals representing themselves without an attorney) should be prepared to present their cases in a proper manner. It is not the court’s duty or responsibility to protect or represent you, nor instruct you on court procedure, evidence, rules, or how to present and prove your case.
Attorneys representing defendants will be called separately.
- Be on time, check in with the bailiff, and be prepared to wait your turn.
- No food, chewing gum, or drinks are allowed in the courtroom.
- Rise when the judge enters or exits the courtroom
- Address the court as “Judge” or “Your Honor”
- Address opposing parties, counsel, witnesses, and court officers as “Mr.”, “Mrs.”, “Miss”, “Officer”, etc.
- Do not talk at the same time as the court, opposing counsel, or witnesses.
- Racist, sexist, obscene, or profane language or gestures are prohibited unless it is pertinent to a case and is elicited and quoting from facts in the case.
- Do not enter and depart the courtroom without the bailiff’s authorization.
- Do not approach the judge’s bench or clerk’s station without permission.
- Do not read newspapers, magazines, books, etc. in the courtroom during proceedings.
- Children must not create a disturbance in the courtroom or they must be kept outside of the courtroom.
Juveniles under the age of 17 at the time of the offense are required by law to appear in person with a parent or legal guardian before the court. Juvenile cases are set for docket and notice will be sent to the address on file. Notify the court to all changes of address.
Consumption, possession, purchase, misrepresentation of age. If you are under 21 years of age and received a citation for an alcohol offense except for the offense of driving under the influence and this is your first offense, you are required to:
- Attend an alcohol awareness class within 90 days
- Complete 8-12 hours of community service within the same 90 days
- Submit proof of alcohol awareness class attendance within 90 days
- Submit proof of community service within the same 90-day period
These violations require a mandatory court appearance. If you fail to attend the alcohol awareness class or complete the required community service hours, your driver’s license will be suspended. These requirements are in addition to payment of a fine and court costs.
Information on Your Rights
A trial in Municipal Court is a fair, impartial and public trial as in any other court. Under Texas law, you may be brought to trial only after a sworn complaint is filed against you. A complaint is a document that charges you with the offense that you are alleged to have committed. You may be tried only for what is alleged in the complaint. You have the following rights in court:
- The right to have a notice of the complaint not later than the day before any proceedings
- The right to inspect the complaint before trial, and have it read to you at trial
- The right to have your case tried before a jury, if you so desire
- The right to hear all testimony introduced against you
- The right to cross-examine witnesses who testify against you
- The right to testify in your behalf
- The right not to testify, if you so desire. If you choose not to testify, your refusal to do so may not be held against you in determining your innocence or guilt
- You may call witnesses to testify in your behalf at trial, and have the court issue a subpoena (a court order) to any witness to ensure his or her appearance at trial. The request for a subpoena must be in writing, directed to the clerk of the court at least three weeks prior to your trial date, and you must give the name, current address, and telephone number of each witness that you want subpoenaed.
If you choose to have the case tried before a jury, you have the right to question jurors about their qualifications to hear your case. If you think that a juror will not be fair, impartial or unbiased, you may ask the judge for a challenge for cause to excuse the juror. The judge will decide whether to grant your request. In each jury trial, you are also permitted to strike three members of the jury panel for any reason you choose, except an illegal reason (such as based solely upon a person’s race or gender). This is referred to as a peremptory strike and each side has three peremptory strikes. Most jurors are selected from the first twelve members of the jury panel, as a Municipal Court jury is composed of six jurors.
Under our American system of justice, all persons are presumed to be innocent until proven guilty. On a plea of not guilty, a trial is held. As in all criminal trials, the State must prove the guilt of a defendant “beyond a reasonable doubt” of the offense charged in the complaint before the defendant can be found guilty by a judge or jury.
Your decision concerning which plea to enter is very important. You should read the following explanation of all three types of pleas and think carefully before making your decision. If you plead guilty or nolo contendere you should be prepared to pay the fine.
Plea of Guilty
By a plea of guilty, you admit that the act is prohibited by law and that you committed the act charged. Before entering your plea of guilty, however, you should understand the following:
- The State has the burden of proving you violated the law (the law does not require that you prove you did not violate the law)
- You have the right to hear the State’s evidence and require the state to prove you violated the law
- A plea of guilty may be used against you later in a civil suit if there was a traffic accident (another party can say you were at fault or responsible for the accident because you plead guilty to the traffic charge)
Plea of Nolo Contendere (No Contest)
A plea of nolo contendere means that you do not contest the State’s charge against you. You will almost certainly be found guilty, unless you are eligible and successfully complete a driving safety course and/or deferred disposition. Also, a plea of nolo contendere may not be used against you in a subsequent civil suit for damages.
Plea of Not Guilty
A plea of not guilty means that you deny guilt and that the State must prove the charge that is filed against you. If you plead not guilty, you need to decide whether to hire an attorney to represent you. If you plead not guilty, you will be set for a pre-trial conference with the prosecutor to discuss your case.
You may request deferred disposition to prevent DPS from assessing points to your driving record. Deferred disposition is commonly referred to as “probation.” Basically it means that you will pay the fines and fees assessed by the judge and he will agree to “defer” his finding of guilt for a period of up to 180 days. With this request, you will enter into an agreement with the court that you will not receive any tickets in your deferral period. If you completed the deferral period without incident, the violation will not affect your driving record. If you get another ticket or do not pay the fees assessed by the judge, you will have a show cause hearing to determine the result of your case. If you are under the age of 25 you will be required to take a driver’s safety course as a condition of the deferred disposition. CDL holders are not eligible for deferred disposition on moving violations.
Driver’s Safety Course
You may wish to take a driver’s safety course to prevent DPS from accessing points to your driving record. In order to qualify for the driver’s safety course, you must:
- Have a valid Texas driver’s license (military or military dependents are not required to have a Texas driver’s license to qualify)
- Liability insurance listing you as a covered driver
- Must not have taken the course in the last 12 months for the purpose of dismissing a ticket
- Must submit the request form, payment, and a copy of your insurance on or before your initial appearance date (the date on your citation)
The amount of $144.00 ($169.00 for school zone violations) must be paid to the Municipal Court at the time of the request.
After the request has been submitted and accepted by the court, you will be required to obtain a certified copy of your driving record (certified version of #3) from the Texas Department of Public Safety. The court will provide you with the proper application.
Upon approval to take the driver’s safety course, you will have 90 days to complete the class and return the required documents to the court. Once the court receives the documents, we will notify DPS of the course completion and the citation will not affect your driving record.
DRIVER’S SAFETY COURSES ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR DEFENDANTS WITH A COMMERCIAL DRIVER’S LICENSE (CDL); VIOLATIONS INVOLVING PASSING A SCHOOL BUS; VIOLATIONS THAT OCCUR IN A CONSTRUCTION ZONE; OR VIOLATIONS OF 25 MILES OVER THE POSTED SPEED LIMIT.
The court is not allowed to recommend a driving school. Please refer to the yellow pages of the telephone directory, under Driving Instruction and/or Driving Schools and call a number listed. You need only ask if their school is an approved course for the dismissal of a traffic citation. You can take the course anywhere within the State of Texas so long as the six-hour course is Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR)-approved. You also may take the course online or by renting the video. You can visit the TDLR website for locations of a driving school near you or for approved online courses.
Request for Compliance Dismissal. Some violations allow a dismissal of the charge with a processing fee. If you were charged with one of the following you may be eligible:
- Expired vehicle registration
- Expired driver’s license
- Defective equipment (e.g., headlights, taillights)
YOU MUST PROVIDE THE COURT WITH PROOF OF RENEWAL OR RECEIPT OF REPAIR.
- Appearance on or before initial appearance date
- Dismissal fee paid at time of submission
- Receipt of payment for fees and penalty for renewal
- Remedy defect corrected within compliance period allowed by statue
Proof of Insurance for Failure to Maintain Financial Responsibility
If you were charged for failure to maintain financial responsibility, you MUST SUBMIT your insurance card showing coverage on the date and time of your violation. All insurance presented to the court is verified by phone with the issuing agency in accordance with the law.
WARNING: A MATERIAL FALSE STATEMENT UNDER OATH MADE IN CONNECTION WITH A COURT PROCEEDING IS A FELONY OF THE THIRD DEGREE.
If you DID NOT have insurance at the date and time of the violation, but subsequently obtained insurance, you may be eligible for a Deferred Disposition.
DPS Surcharge Information
See the Texas Department of Public Safety’s website for more information. You may be assessed surcharges for convictions. Some violations accrue points, once you obtain a certain number of points you will be assessed surcharges. Some violations are automatic surcharges upon conviction. Please carefully review the above information, and make an informed decision regarding your case.


We assist with drafting and filing necessary documentation for the Court. We meet with parties (either virtually or in person) to mediate any issues related to divorce, separation, parenting schedules, child support, alimony, property division, the family’s budget, etc.
In a confidential setting, the mediator helps each party to communicate what is important to him or her and to hear what is important to the other party. With help from the mediator, the parties:
• identify the issues that need to be resolved;
• prioritize the issues and focus on one at a time;
• discuss possible solutions;
• come to agreement about parenting plans and/or financial or other issues;
• have a draft prepared of their emerging agreement; and
• review, revise, and prepare the agreement for signing.
Often, mediation works anyway. Mediators find ways to help the parties move forward, even though they might appear to be at an impasse. For most people, face-to-face or virtual meetings are most efficient and effective, but for some clients, separate meetings (caucusing) work better. In such situations, the mediator meets with each party separately, asks questions, and carries relevant information and proposals back and forth between the parties. There is the additional option of having review counsel assist with such situations, where a party could consult with an attorney for himself/ herself, on a much more limited bases.
Mediation is still available. Most of the negotiation occurs between the parties and mediator. The attorney can review the information and documentation and give you advice related to the same on a more limited bases, resulting in lower costs.
You will make the decisions. You will minimize conflict and costs. You, the individuals involved, are the ones who know your children and family best. You don’t have to leave it to a stranger in a courtroom to tell you how your family will work or how you will be raising your children.
• Mediation is much less expensive than fighting in court.
• Mediation is much less distressing than fighting in court.
• Mediation is much faster than working your way through the many complex steps of litigation.


Apple CEO Tim Cook is calling for the U.S. and countries around the world to enhance their privacy protections for consumers, warning that failing to do so could prove destructive.
“Today [the private information] trade has exploded into a data industrial complex. Our own information, from the everyday to the deeply personal, is being weaponized against us with military efficiency,” Cook said at a conference in Brussels on data privacy Wednesday.
While lauding countries such as those in the European Union for implementing stricter privacy regulation throughout recent years – including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – Cook specifically called out the U.S. for not doing enough. He said Apple supports the implementation of comprehensive federal privacy laws across the globe that minimize data collection, let users know what data is being collected, allow users to access that data and keep all of their information secure.
Cook went on to say that opposing privacy regulation “isn’t just wrong, it is destructive.”
As companies collect more and more data, he warns, businesses may have a fuller profile of an individual than the individual even has of herself.
“We shouldn’t sugarcoat the consequences. This is surveillance,” he said. “This should make us very uncomfortable. It should unsettle us.”
This year, technology companies have come under scrutiny for failing to safeguard users. Earlier this year, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg and Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey were called to testify on Capitol Hill regarding ways they planned to secure their platforms against rogue actors attempting to unduly influence users – particularly ahead of the midterm elections. It was revealed that a collection of Russian hackers gained access to Facebook’s platforms in an attempt to interfere in the U.S. presidential election.
Further, more than 80 million Facebook users were notified earlier this year that their data was wrongly accessed by Cambridge Analytica.
While Cook did not mention any of his Silicon Valley rivals by name, he noted many in the tech world would say stricter privacy regulation would prevent businesses from reaching their true potential.
In California, lawmakers are looking to advance data regulations similar to the GDPR in the European Union by 2020. The GDPR is an effort to transfer more control over personal data, like addresses and phone numbers, from large companies back to individuals, affecting how companies obtain, use, store and secure data.
Executives from Google and Facebook were set to address the same conference in Brussels later on Wednesday. When contacted by FOX Business, Google pointed to a blog post on privacy published last month.
Facebook Chief Privacy Officer Erin Egan said at the conference she would also support legislation similar to the GDPR, as reported by The FInancial Times. A spokesperson for the company reiterated Egan's sentiments that she supports "strong and effective privacy legislation."


Malcolm Turnbull says he would welcome John Howard’s help in drafting legislation for same-sex marriage should the ‘yes’ vote win the postal survey.
The former prime minister is concerned the government has yet to detail protections for parental rights, freedom of speech, and religious freedom.
“If a ‘Yes’ vote is recorded there will be overwhelming pressure to ‘move on’, legislate as quickly as possible, and then put the issue behind parliament,” Mr Howard said.
“There will be scant opportunity for serious consideration of protections in the areas I have cited.”
Mr Turnbull noted Mr Howard did not make a submission to a parliamentary committee looking into the process, but would like to draw on his experience.
“We will welcome John Howard’s contribution to the fine-tuning of that exposure draft bill and its improvement,” he told Sky News on Friday.
Mr Turnbull said the private member’s bill will have religious protections included.
“But of course it then has to go through the parliament.”
Cabinet minister Christpher Pyne said “of course” the government wasn’t washing it hands of its responsibility, as Mr Howard has asserted.
“We will protect the freedom of speech of people and of course the rights of people to choose whether they do or don’t marry couples,” he told the Nine Network.
Mr Pyne said Mr Howard is allowed to campaign in the debate as much as anybody else.
“It is not a question of John Howard v Malcolm Turnbull, or anybody else quite frankly, it is whether people believe that two people who love each other should be able to get married,” he said.
Labor frontbencher Anthony Albanese said opponents of same-sex marriage are raising every issue except for the one being asked of Australians.
“Whether two people who love each other can give that commitment in front of friends and family,” he said.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics is aiming to get the survey forms out to 16 million voters by September 25, with the first arriving in mailboxes earlier in the week.


The San Joaquin County Sheriff's Office civil file status system provides online access to information about active civil cases filed with the Sheriff’s Civil Division. Parties may query their case to determine the status of services, wage garnishments, bank levies, payouts, interest and amount to satisfy.
Users are advised that information on this website does not constitute an official record. Because transcription or other errors may arise when compiling the information provided on this website, users should verify the accuracy of information by consulting their original court records or legal sources.
The San Joaquin County Sheriff's Office is not responsible for consequential use of website errors or information. Unauthorized use or attempted unauthorized use of this system may subject you to appropriate criminal and/or civil penalties.
If you are having difficulty accessing information or have questions regarding this information, please email us at email@example.com or call (209) 468-4475.


Students from EU countries do not need a passport, nor a visa/residence permit to study in France. A valid identity card is sufficient.
Students from other nationalities must have valid passports for the entire period of the stay in France and should consult the French Consulate in their home country for visa requirements.
The visa wizard will help you determine, depending on your situation, the visa requirements to which you are subject as well as the submission fee and required supporting documents.
In some countries, the process of applying for a student visa is now web-based. You must follow Campus France’s online EEF-Studies in France procedure (“Etudes en France”) if you live in one of the following countries:
More information about Campus France’s online procedure at www.campusfrance.org/en
Efrei has established a partnership with the Sous-Préfecture de Police de l’Haÿ-les-Roses in order to facilitate the procedures related to the renewal of the residence permit for international students.
International students can contact Efrei students Registrar’s Office for more information.


.08 DUI Legislation
Act 24, which lowered Pennsylvania’s legal limit of alcohol from .10 to .08, was signed into law on September 30, 2003. The new Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Law creates a tiered approach toward DUI enforcement and treatment, and includes many changes to the penalties, terms of suspension, fines and other requirements. The combination of an individual’s Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) level, and prior offenses, determines the licensing requirements and penalties. The new law focuses on treatment for first-time DUI offenders, rather than strictly punishment and suspension.
There are now three levels of DUI:
- General Impairment (.08 to .099% BAC)
- High BAC (.10 to .159% BAC)
- Highest BAC (.16% and higher)
Under the new DUI law minors, commercial drivers, school vehicle or bus drivers, and offenders involved in an accident that injures someone or causes property damage may be subject to the high BAC penalties even if their BAC is not in the high category. Offenders who refuse breath or chemical testing may be subject to the highest BAC penalties.
All information on this page is pulled directly from and attributed to the Pennsylvania Department of Motor Vehicles: http://bit.ly/paduilaw


An Initial Assessment of the Health of Our Democratic Institutions in the Trump Era
American democracy is a bundle of laws, cultural norms, values, tradition and history all operating under a framework established by the Constitution. It is a rich mixture of “hard law” and “soft law.” What have we learned over the past four years about this mixture? How effective is it at defining the role and place of the presidency in our system of government?
This article is a condensed version of the author’s Charles Evans Hughes Lecture, delivered for the New York County Lawyers Association on Feb. 9, 2021. The full text of the lecture can be found on the NYCLA website. The Fordham Law School website also contains the full text and the audio recording of the lecture.
Charles Evans Hughes is a towering figure in American Law. Born in Glens Falls, N.Y. in 1862 to a Welsh immigrant preacher, he started his legal career at Chamberlain, Carter & Hornblower, becoming a named partner four years later in 1884. The firm, now known as Hughes, Hubbard and Reed, remains one of our nation’s leading law firms and has sponsored NYCLA’s Hughes lecture since its inception in 1948.
Hughes’ career in both private practice and public service was built on a reputation for independence and integrity. He was elected Governor of New York in 1906 and then appointed to the Supreme Court. After serving as an associate justice for six years, he resigned to run for President. While he never made it to the White House, he did become the eighth president of NYCLA—a post he left when returned to public service as Secretary of State. After another stint in private practice, he returned to government, first as Solicitor General, and then from 1930 to 1941 as Chief Justice of the United States.
From start to finish, Hughes’ career was based on a few bedrock values—as the child of a pastor, service was an imperative to him. This commitment was married to a firm foundation in integrity and fair dealing. He was outspoken in decrying racial injustice—he was the keynote speaker at the National Conference Against Lynching in 1919 and as Chief Justice, he ended segregation in the Supreme Court cafeteria. He personified the great citizen-lawyer who spent his life working to build and sustain our profession, our legal institutions and our American democracy.
This is an important moment to think about Hughes and the values that he stood for and fought for. It is important because these values are being challenged on a daily basis and much of what we have assumed to be foundational principles of American democracy are now at risk. Hughes’ values appear today not as stodgy appeals to rectitude, but as a call to action. What would he say, looking at the present state of the nation?
We are at an inflection point—a new administration has just taken office, drawing to a close the four years of a presidential administration unlike any before. It is far too early to draw definitive conclusions about the Trump experience—historians will do so for years to come—and let’s face it, we all have a lot to process. But I want to offer a number of observations about what we have learned about American democracy at this point in our history. I will focus on the daily erosion of our norms and institutions over the past four years that paved the way for the insurrection.
American democracy is a bundle of laws, cultural norms, values, tradition and history all operating under a framework established by the Constitution. It is a rich mixture of “hard law” and “soft law.” What have we learned over the past four years about this mixture? How effective is it at defining the role and place of the presidency in our system of government? We learned a lot. Donald Trump is our first President who from start to finish of his presidency broadcast contempt for the norms and traditions of the office.
I will touch on a few aspects that made clear that a President who wished to do so, could abuse power with impunity. These may not be the things that strike many people as the most egregious aspects of the Trump era, but they are important in their corrosive effect on the laws, norms and values that define the office of the president. I will focus on four features intended to prevent a powerful president from subverting our processes and institutions: First, the separation of prosecution from politics; second, the web of laws and traditions intended to prevent corruption; third, the requirement of senate confirmation for officers of the United States; fourth, and finally, the performance of the judiciary in constraining a lawless administration.
First, the separation of politics from prosecution is a core principle in our democracy—political leaders abuse their power when they manipulate the authority to excuse or accuse individuals of crimes to further their own personal ends. This kind abuse would be included in any primer on despotism—it is Tyranny 101.
Our means of ensuring the separation of politics from criminal prosecution is largely based on culture and tradition—constraints that proved inadequate. President Trump was able to protect allies and supporters from the full weight of prosecution. President Trump also worked hard to harness the power of political prosecution to punish and neutralize his adversaries. Here, the President’s efforts were less successful, and our system proved resilient. The threat to prosecute political enemies, however, is a powerful weapon in itself, even if indictments never issue. President Trump could meddle with the machinery of criminal prosecution because we have no firm constraints in place that prevent a president from doing so.
Second, many of the laws intended to ensure ethical conduct by public officials were exposed to be ineffective in constraining a president who did not share the norms and values that the laws reflect—including rules intended to protect the use of public office for private financial or political ends and the system of watchdogs established by placement of inspectors general distributed throughout federal agencies.
For example, senior officials in the Trump administration disregarded both the letter and spirit of the Hatch Act with impunity. With the exception of the President and Vice President, the Hatch Act prohibits federal employees from using their positions for partisan political purposes. Clearly, there are gray areas, as many steps taken by officials have some element of political calculation, but the administration behaved generally as if the Act did not exist.
The Ethics in Government Act, one of the cornerstones of the post-Watergate reforms, also proved not up to the task of constraining the President. Most glaringly, the Act exempts the President from its proscription on conflicts of interest. However, for 40 years, presidents have complied voluntarily—establishing a tradition that has become part of our democratic safeguards. Indeed, as a candidate, Donald Trump vowed to build a “firewall” between his presidency and his businesses. The reality was far different. He placed his assets in a revocable trust run by his sons for his own benefit—as one law professor put it, “the illusory window dressing of a trust.” In sum, the Trump administration made no distinction between legitimate advantages that come with incumbency and illegitimate and even illegal ones. It suffered no consequences for this disregard.
Hand in hand with this disregard for laws and traditions designed to prevent corruption, mechanisms for self-policing within the executive branch were weakened and disregarded. Whistleblowers were outed and punished, inspectors general were purged. Civil servants’ careers were ruined.
I understand that many of these legal and cultural restrictions may appear to some as bureaucratic red tape. Some might argue that they are illegitimate shackles on the presidency. However, they are properly understood as key parts of the web of laws, traditions and understandings that enable us to hold presidents accountable and protect against corruption and self-dealing.
Third, the President eroded the constitutional requirement of Senate confirmation for officers of the United States by evading the Federal Vacancies Reform Act, which limits who can serve without confirmation as the temporary occupant of a position that requires Senate confirmation and for how long. In 2019 he stated that he “sort of like[d]” having acting officials because it gave him “more flexibility”—meaning they would be more beholden to him rather than allies in Congress.
Fourth, the past four years revealed major flaws in the ability or willingness of the Article III courts to check abuse of executive power. To be clear, the courts carried out their role in thousands of cases seeking judicial review of policies and actions of the Trump Administration. And for that, I am grateful. But they also failed to resolve key issues where their oversight was critical. On key issues the courts declined to rule or were so slow in reaching final resolutions that the administration was able to run out the clock. Most saliently, the courts failed to resolve litigation over funding for the border wall, the cases claiming that the President was in violation of the emoluments clause and the litigation over congressional subpoenas. The courts failure to resolve these key issues enabled the Administration to evade judicial review on critically important constitutional issues.
In sum, too many of our safeguards were unenforceable—because they were based in custom and tradition, or were rooted in laws with weak, ineffectual enforcement mechanisms, or because judicial remedies were simply not forthcoming in a timely way. The willingness of our society to tolerate these transgressions of laws was damaging in important ways—it undermined the notion that the president is bound by law and by the norms established through tradition. Even those who called the President out on these transgressions were worn down by a constant barrage of wrongdoing. This normalization of the abnormal, built up to the President’s refusal to acknowledge his defeat even after states had certified electors and of course, to the seizure of the Capitol on January 6th, as his supporters felt free to violate laws in the pursuit of their cause.
I want to offer two takeaways from this discussion. First, we need to do a better job building our traditions and norms into concrete obligations. This, of course, was a major project coming out of Watergate when laws like the Ethics in Government Act were passed. We know now that this system of checks is simply not up to the task. I commend the series of reports by Fordham Law School’s Democracy Clinic, led by Dean John Feerick and John Rogan as a starting place. Important work has also been done by the Brennan Center for Justice’s Taskforce for the Rule of Law and Democracy and CREW—The Center for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington. I cannot go through all of the recommendations in this lecture and each of the areas addressed deserves careful study, but I will mention a few. The Fordham Democracy Clinic recommends enactment of legislation prohibiting presidential interference in individual investigations and prosecutions, except when core presidential functions are implicated. Other recommendations offered by these reports focus on strengthening protections against the use of the presidency for private gain, including making the president, vice president and White House staff subject to proscriptions on conflicts of interest, requiring disclosure of tax returns, modernization of financial disclosures and reform of the Office of Government Ethics to add enforcement and investigatory powers. Inspector generals should be given more security, as some have proposed.
The second larger take away from the Trump experience is that it takes more than law to preserve our democracy. It takes an understanding and appreciation of the tradition, norms and culture of democracy and a commitment by each of us to play our part in its operation—a commitment that Charles Evans Hughes stood for and lived. The only way to really check an abusive president is through the actions of good people in key roles—people who look to the shared understandings of their public duties and the values that lie behind them.
Our culture of democracy is clearly in danger. When the rioters broke through the doors and pillaged the Capitol, our society recoiled in a visceral way. That point, however, should never have been reached. Americans should have been repelled by the self-dealing and corruption of the administration, by the evasion and disregard for laws and traditions. Leaders of both political parties should have made it clear from the start that it was unacceptable. Had they done so, the past two months would have been very different. The fact that as a society we failed to expect, demand and require these standards is itself a major warning sign. Our tolerance of the Administration’s transgressions was corrosive—it sent a message to President Trump’s supporters that the administration was not bound by our regular set of rules, and that they were not either.
The task then, is to sustain and nurture our culture of democracy. In this project, the legal profession can and must play a critical role. As lawyers, we have a special relationship with the tradition and culture of American democracy. We benefit from it and earn our livelihood from it. Our privileged position comes with responsibilities—to educate and communicate the importance of this richer and fuller notion of our democratic system. As my colleague Russ Pearce has succinctly put it, lawyers have a duty to democracy.
The events of the past four years reveal that we have not done enough, and we have not been effective. We must look within and ask hard questions about how we in the legal profession can better educate attorneys who will work to uphold and improve democratic institutions, rather than tear them down.
In addition to looking hard within the legal profession, we also need to reach beyond ourselves. Projects like the Second Circuit’s initiative Justice for All: Courts and the Community—which opens up our courthouses so children can learn—are a superb starting point. This does not simply mean teaching about the three branches of government. It means helping others cultivate habits of discourse that foster critical thinking and reasoned discussion—qualities that are essential to democratic governance.
And as a law school dean, I know that we in the academy have a mission to explain our system to the public, to use our expertise to improve it and to convey to the next generation of lawyers an understanding of their own role upholding the values and culture of democracy.
Finally, nurturing the culture of our democracy does not mean accepting things as they are. Our democracy is incomplete, flawed—a work in progress. We have a responsibility to rid our institutions of injustice, so that they are worthy of trust and respect. Racial inequality is inconsistent with the fundamental premises of democracy and undermines the legitimacy of our institutions. We fall far short in access to our justice system. The goal is not a return to a mythical past, but rather a way forward which addresses the injustices in our society and draws on the capacity of our collective will—acting through our public institutions—to correct these injustices and accomplish our common ends.
I have striven to emphasize today that our system depends not simply on the “big stuff” like checks and balances or Marbury v. Madison, but on a web of smaller pieces that are vital to the texture of our democracy. The wanton disregard of statutes like the Ethics in Government Act, the Hatch Act, the Federal Vacancies Reform Act and so much more, coupled with disregard for informal traditions and understandings around what it means to be President proved to be dangerous warning signs that should have spurred greater response. I think that if Charles Evans Hughes were with us today, he would not shrink from the task ahead—he lived through a pandemic, the great depression, the rise of fascism and two world wars. He would recognize our ability to work together on the great project of American democracy.
Matthew Diller is the Dean and the Paul Fuller Professor of Law at Fordham Law School. He is grateful to Fordham Law students Eden Lichaw and Daniel Lutfy for their insights and research, and to colleagues John Feerick, Joseph Landau, Russell Pearce and Jed Shugerman for their suggestions and comments on drafts of the lecture.
* Reprinted with permission from the “2.26.21 Newspaper edition of the “New York Law Journal”© 2022 ALM Media Properties, LLC. All rights reserved. Further duplication without permission is prohibited, contact 877-257-3382 or email@example.com.