Last Will and Testament of Jonathan Barrett of Broad Green, Croydon (National Probate Calendar: 31 July 1860, folio number 441)
The will of Jonathan Barrett of Broad Green, Croydon, was made on 3 March 1857, amended with a first (and later-revoked) codicil on some unknown date, amended with a second codicil (revoking the first) on 2 July 1859, and proved on 31 July 1860. The executors named in the will were his friend Ralph Caldwell Crafton and his nephews Henry Barrett and William Barrett; administration was granted to the first two of these, reserving power to also make a later grant to William.
According to the probate register copy, Jonathan left:
- All his household goods to his wife Ellen, aside from the oil portraits mentioned below. Any of these goods not disposed of by Ellen during her life or via her will were to go after her death to his residuary legatees (i.e. those people whom his will said would get the rest of his estate after all other legacies had been dealt with).
- Oil portraits of himself and his previous wife to his nephew William, though Ellen was permitted to keep possession of these during her lifetime if she wanted to.
- Up to £300 of the money in his bank account to Ellen.
- The use of his house and garden (185 London Road) to Ellen for the rest of her life.
- An annuity of £100/year to his executors on trust to pay it to his sister-in-law Elizabeth [surname unclear] during her life, and after that for it to form part of his residuary estate.
- £200 to each of his executors for their work.
- Twelve guineas each to:
- The wives and children of his six nephews and of Ralph Caldwell Crafton.
- The husband and children of his niece Rachel Hancock.
- Various amounts of money to his servants and other persons.
- Various amounts of money to various societies and institutions.
- His share of a farm in Sussex (that had formed part of his marriage settlement) to his eight nephews and nieces.
- £50 each to various relatives and friends.
- His shares in the Lambeth Water Works to his executors on trust to pay the income to Ellen’s sisters Maria and Caroline and his friend Benjamin Drabwell Bell during their lifetimes.
- Small sums of money to up to 200 “respectable persons” who were to be chosen by his executors, guided by Ellen, on the basis of certain listed stipulations.
- Any property for which he was the mortgagee or trustee to his executors subject to the existing agreements relating to that property.
- Everything else not already disposed of to his executors on trust to
sell them off at their discretion; use the money to pay his funeral expenses,
debts, legacies, and duty on legacies; and then invest the remainder.
The income from these investments, along with anything not sold, was to be
used as follows:
- To go to Ellen during her lifetime.
- After Ellen’s death, to go to any children that she and Jonathan might have had (implying that at the time of writing they had none) who reached the age of 21.
- If there were no such children, to be divided between his brother Jeremiah, his six nephews Henry, Richard, Joseph, William, John, and Jeremiah, and his niece Rachel Hancock. (Note however that this was changed by the codicil summarised below.)
He also gave some directions regarding the handling of any debt his brother Jeremiah might owe him when he died, and the procedures to be followed if new trustees needed to be appointed.
Jonathan’s first codicil is not included in the register, due to having been revoked, but his second codicil made some changes to the above:
- Additional monetary legacies were left to four more servants.
- His residuary estate after Ellen’s death was now not to be divided equally between Jeremiah, the nephews, and Rachel, but half was to go to Jeremiah’s four children in equal shares and the other half was to go to his other brother Richard’s three children in equal shares.
- Jeremiah was to receive £1000 in lieu of being included in this redistribution.
Below is my transcription of the probate register copy of the will. Bold and italic formatting reflect the different writing styles used in the document, and I have added paragraph breaks to make it easier to read.
This is the last Will and Testament of me Jonathan Barrett formerly of Kings Head Court Beech Street in the City of London but now of Broad Green Croydon in the County of Surrey
I give to my dear wife Ellen Barrett all my household furniture plate linen china books pictures glass shells and ornaments wearing apparel and other moveables (including ready money but not securities for money) that shall be in and about my dwelling house and premises at my decease but it is my desire that the portraits in oil of my late dear wife and myself shall after my said wifes death belong to my nephew William Barrett and be delivered to him at the decease of my wife who is to be at liberty to retain possession of them during her life without being accountable for any accidental damage to them while in her possession
But as to such part if any of my furniture and effects so given to my wife as she shall not dispose of in her life time or by her will I direct the same to be divided in a fair and equitable valuation amongst my residuary legatees hereinafter named in equal shares or as nearly as may be At the same time I wish it to be understood that the preceding directions are not to deprive my wife of the power of disposing of all such furniture and effects as her own property if she choose so to do
I also give to my said dear wife the balance which at my decease shall be at the Croydon Branch of the London and County Bank to the credit of my current Banking account but if such balance should exceed three hundred pounds the excess beyond that sum shall form part of my residuary estate
I also give to my said dear wife the use and enjoyment of my present dwelling house and premises with my separate garden during her life either for her own residence or otherwise she keeping the same in fair and reasonable tenantable repair
I give to my executors and trustees hereinafter named the annuity for terms of years of one hundred pounds which is payable to me till 1880 by the Commissioners for the reduction of the National Debt Upon trust to pay to my sister in law Elizabeth ?Jermyn? so much of the said annuity as shall accrue due after my decease and during her life And I declare that subject thereto so much of the said annuity as shall accrue due after her decease shall sink into and be disposed of as part of my residuary estate
I give to each of my three executors and trustees hereinafter named or to such one or more of them as shall undertake the trusts of my will a legacy of two hundred pounds sterling as an acknowledgement for the trouble they will have in executing the office of executors and trustees
I give as a token of remembrance a legacy of twelve guineas apiece to the wives and children of my six nephews and of my friend Ralph Caldwell Crafton of Croydon aforesaid Chemist and a similar legacy to the husband and children of my niece Rachel Hancock
I give to all or such one or more of my three servants (one male and two females) as shall be in my service at my decease and as shall have been in my service for not less than one year prior thereto a legacy of eighteen pounds apiece for mourning or otherwise at their option And to such one or more of them as shall have lived in my service less than one year a legacy of nine pounds a piece for mourning or otherwise at their option I also give to my old servant Ann Moor and to Mrs Willis who was for some time my nurse and to Charles Sturt of East Hoathley in the County of Sussex and to Peter Adams the Carpenter and Undertaker a legacy of ten pounds apiece And I direct the legacies to my servants and the said four legacies of ten pounds apiece to be paid within one month after my decease
I give a legacy of one hundred pounds to the Croydon British School for Boys the same to be paid to the Treasurer of that School for the time being I give to the Croydon Branch of the London City Mission a legacy of fifty pounds and to the British and Foreign Bible Society a legacy of one hundred pounds and to the London Missionary Society a legacy of one hundred pounds and to the Wesleyan Missionary Society legacy of one hundred pounds and to the Irish Society for Irish Scripture Readers in their native language a legacy of fifty pounds And I direct the last five legacies to be paid to the respective Treasurers for the time being of the last five mentioned Societies respectively or to the local Trustees respectively of their respective Auxiliary Societies if any for the District in which Croydon is situated
I give a legacy of one hundred pounds to the London City Mission and a legacy of two hundred pounds to the Royal Free Hospital Grays Inn Road the same to be paid to the respective Treasurers for the time being of the said Societies or Institutions respectively I direct the foregoing legacies for religious and charitable purposes to be paid free of legacy duty out of such part of my property as may be legally devoted to such purposes And it is my wish that such legacies should not be invested or treated as principal but be applied and disposed of as interest or income
I give and bequeath to my six nephews Henry, Richard, Joseph, William, John and Jeremiah and to my two nieces Mary Ann the wife of William Barrett and Rachel the wife of George Hancock my moiety of the proceeds of Amberstone Farm near Hailsham in the County of Sussex which under the provisions of my late dear wifes Marriage Settlement is to be sold after my death and one moiety of the proceeds paid to the Sturge Family and the other moiety to my estate such farm having been purchased for eight thousand pounds half of which was paid by the Sturge Family as my late dear wifes fortune and the other half with expenses paid by me and the whole farm was settled on myself and my late wife for life and the life of the survivor of us
I give and bequeath a legacy of fifty pounds cash to the following four persons (that is to say) my first wifes relative Mary Ann Brown Ann Storrs Widow of my late cousin Joseph Storrs and her daughter Sarah Ann Storrs and my friend Benjamin Drabwell Bell of Camberwell in the County of Surrey but formerly of Doncaster in Yorkshire
I give and bequeath to my executors and trustees ten of my Old Shares in the Lambeth Water Works Upon trust to pay the income arising therefrom to my wifes sister Maria Keen during her life and on her decease to dispose of the same as a part of my residuary estate I give and bequeath to my executors and trustees ten of my Old Shares in the Lambeth Water Works Upon trust to pay the income arising therefrom to my wifes sister Caroline Keen (who was baptised at Kettering by the name of Caroline Amelia Susannah Keen) during her life and on her decease to dispose of the same as part of my residuary estate I give and bequeath to my executors and trustees ten of my New half Shares in the Lambeth Water Works Upon trust to pay the income arising therefrom to the said Benjamin Drabwell Bell during his life and on his decease to dispose of the same as part of my residuary estate
I direct my executors and trustees at such time as they shall think proper within two years after my decease to pay the sum of five pounds each to one hundred respectable persons and the sum of four pounds each to one hundred other respectable persons all such two hundred persons falling within the following description (namely each person must have been known or be by my executors and trustees believed to have been known to my dear wife or myself for one year at least, on the receipt of the five pounds each person must be not less than sixty years of age, on the receipt of the four pounds each person must be not less than fifty years of age, each person must uniformly or for many years have maintained a good character and never to the knowledge of my executors and trustees have received any parochial support or any charitable relief from any Society and must not (nor if married must his or her wife or husband) be possessed of property of any description (beyond household furniture and effects) of the value of one hundred pounds
And I declare that if within two years after my decease my executors and trustees shall not to their satisfaction have found two hundred respectable persons who shall in their judgment answer the above description then my executors and trustees shall within two years thereafter pay the sum of five pounds if only one or five pounds each if more than one and up to one hundred and then four pounds each up to another one hundred to one or more person or persons falling nearest in their judgment within the above descriptions until with those who shall have been discovered within the two years the total number of two hundred shall have been made up
And I declare that not only the selection of the two hundred individuals to take under the preceding bequest but also the mode of selection and discovery and the nature and amount of the evidence to be given and accepted as to their coming within the class of persons intended shall be in the uncontrolled power and discretion of my executors and trustees assisted in the selection as I wish them always to be by my said wife / who shall not be answerable to any person or persons for the mode in which they exercise the same And in particular I declare that nothing hereinbefore contained shall constitute my executors and trustees trustees for any person or persons who may conceive himself herself or themselves to be one or more of the persons hereby intended to be benefitted
I devise to my executors and trustees all real estates vested in me as mortgagee or trustee subject to the equities and trusts affecting the same
And as to all the residue and remainder of my real and personal estate not hereinbefore specifically or entirely disposed of I devise and bequeath the same to my executors and trustees for all my estate and interest therein upon the trusts following that is to say Upon trust to sell all and such part or parts thereof as in their discretion they shall think desirable and at such time or times as they shall approve either by public auction or in such other way as they shall think proper
And out of the proceeds thereof and out of all monies which shall come to their hands by means of the realization of other parts of my residuary estate to pay my funeral and testamentary expenses and all expenses incurred by them in carrying into effect the trusts of my will And also all debts which shall be to their satisfaction shewn whether by strictly legal proof or not to be owing by me. And also the legacies bequeathed by this will or any codicil thereto and the legacy duty thereon having regard nevertheless to the directions hereinbefore given as to the fund out of which the said charitable and religious bequests are to be paid
And after payment thereof to invest the surplus in the funds or in Railway Stock or Debentures or at interest on real securities with power to vary the same. And to pay to my dear wife all the income arising therefrom and from my unsold residuary estate during her life
And after her death I direct that my executors and trustees shall stand possessed of my said funds and securities and residuary real and personal estate In trust for any child or children and if more than one in equal shares whom I may have during my lifetime or who may be born to my dear wife in due time after my decease and who shall attain the age of twenty one years with power in the mean time after my wifes death to apply the whole or any part of the income in and about the maintenance and education of such child or children
But in the event of there being no such child who shall attain a vested interest as aforesaid then the whole or such part of the said funds and securities and of my residuary estate as shall not have been disposed of under the trusts aforesaid shall be In trust for such one or more of the following eight persons (and if more than one equally) as shall survive me videlicet my brother Jeremiah my six nephews Henry Richard Joseph William John and Jeremiah and my niece Rachel Hancock And I declare that the legacies and shares residue hereinbefore given and bequeathed shall as to the females to whom the same are given and bequeathed respectively be enjoyed and disposed of by them as separate property respectively and free from any marital control And that the receipt of married females shall be as good and effectual discharges to my executors and trustees as if they were unmarried
As to any debt my brother Jeremiah may owe me at my decease it is my wish that if my said brother should be living and request it my executors and trustees should not press for the payment thereof till the expiration of three years after my decease unless they should consider it absolutely necessary to press for the earlier payment thereof or of any part thereof in order to avoid the total loss of such debt in which case I empower and desire them to require the earlier payment thereof or of such part thereof as they shall consider it requisite to have paid before the expiration of such three years
And I empower my executors and trustees to give receipts for all monies and effects paid or delivered to them by virtue of this my will and I declare that such receipts shall exonerate the persons taking the same from all liability to see to the application or disposition of the money or effects therein mentioned
I declare that if owing to death or disability the number of my trustees herein named competent to act shall be reduced to one before the trusts of my will are performed it shall be lawful for such one to appoint and I request that he will forthwith appoint with the consent of my said wife if living a fit person or two fit persons to supply the vacancy or vacancies occasioned by such death or disability And I should prefer that each person so appointed should be one of the several persons whose names are mentioned in this will And I declare that each person so appointed shall be considered as coming in under my will in the same manner as if he had been herein named instead of the deceased or disabled trustee whose place he shall be appointed to fill as it regards the authorities and directions hereby given And shall also be entitled to receive a legacy of fifty pounds out of the then undivided portion of my residuary estate for his trouble as trustee of my will but so long as there are two acting trustees of my will they shall have as full power to act as if the three trustees hereby appointed were living and acting in the trusts of my will
I declare that no trustee of my will shall be responsible for involuntary losses or for the acts or defaults of any co-trustee or co-trustees notwithstanding he may sign receipts or join in other acts for conformitys sake And I empower every trustee of my will to retain all expenses incurred by him in executing the trusts of my will
I appoint the said Ralph Caldwell Crafton and my said nephews Henry Barrett and William Barrett Executors and trustees of this my will And I revoke all former wills In witness whereof I have hereunto and to the four preceding sheets set my hand this third day of March one thousand eight hundred and fifty seven — Jon^n Barrett — Signed by the testator Jonathan Barrett in the presence of us who were present at the same time and who in his presence and in the presence of each other have hereunto subscribed our names as witnesses — J Satchell Sol^r 6 Queen St Cheapside — E Wheeler his Clerk
This is a Second Codicil to the within Will of me the within named Jonathan Barrett. Being desirous of restoring such of the provisions of my within Will as are altered by the preceding Codicil I hereby entirely revoke the whole of the preceding Codicil and declare that that the same shall not form any part of my testamentary disposition.
In addition to the several legacies bequeathed to my servants and others by my within Will I bequeath a legacy of fifty pounds sterling unto each of the four following persons all of whom either have been or now are in my service namely William Cooper Ann Moor Eliza Whiffen and Sarah Hunt (the same to be paid free of legacy duty)
And as to the final disposition of my real and personal estate after the decease of my wife (not thinking it quite fair to my nephews who have lost their father to whom I had in a former Will given a share of my residuary estate that one family should only receive three eighth parts thereof while the other family receives five eighth parts thereof I revoke the bequests which I have by my said will made of my residuary estate in favor of my brother Jeremiah and my nephews and niece therein named
And in lieu thereof I direct that all the residue of my real and personal estate which shall remain undisposed of after satisfying the trusts of my said will as hereby altered shall (after my wifes decease without issue by me attaining a vested interest under my will) be divided into two equal shares one whereof I give and bequeath unto the three children in equal shares of my late brother Richard Barrett and the other whereof I give and bequeath unto the four children in equal shares of my brother Jeremiah Barrett And the share of any one or more of such three children and four children respectively who shall die before me shall not lapse but shall be paid to the executors or administrators of such child or children respectively.
And in lieu of the share of my residuary estate which by my said will I have bequeathed to my said brother Jeremiah Barrett (but which bequest is hereby revoked) I give and bequeath unto him the sum of one thousand pounds which I direct to be paid to him or his legal personal representatives as soon after the decease of my said wife without issue as aforesaid as may be convenient unless he shall be indebted to me at my decease in which case I direct that the said legacy of one thousand pounds or so much thereof as shall be equal to the amount then due and owing to me from my said brother shall be retained by my executors and trustees for the time being in satisfaction or part satisfaction as the case may be of such debt and the sum so retained shall form part of my residuary estate and be applied and disposed of accordingly and the balance if any of said legacy shall be paid to my said brother or his legal personal representatives on the decease of my said wife without issue as aforesaid
I confirm my said will as hereby varied and declare that the same with this codicil contains my last will In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this second day of July one thousand eight hundred and fifty nine — Jon^n Barrett — Signed by the testator Jonathan Barrett in the presence of us who were present at the same time and who in his presence and in the presence of each other have hereunto subscribed our names as witnesses— J. Satchell — Theodore Satchell.
Proved at London with a Codicil 31st July 1860 by the affirmations of Ralph Caldwell Crafton & Henry Barrett the Nephew two of the Executors to whom Admon was granted Power reserved of making the like Grant to William Barrett the Nephew also the other Executor.


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Nigeria is gearing up for elections in 2019. What are the differences between the Nigerian elections and that of the US? Here are some of them:
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The US elections focuses on indirect voting, while Nigeria uses the direct voting method. How? While in Nigeria, voters come out and cast their votes state by state for the candidate or party of their choice, the votes are then collated and counted.
In the US, citizens who are registered to vote in one of the fifty states or Washington, D.C. cast ballots for members of the U.S. Electoral College, known as electors. These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, in their respective state capitals for President and Vice President.
So in essence, US elections are decided by states and not individuals. Each of the states casts as many electoral votes as the total number of Senators and House Representatives in Congress, while Washington, D.C. has three votes.
2. Exceptional cases
Despite the effort put into making the election process smooth, sometimes there are exceptional cases, these are handled differently depending on the country.
In the US, if no candidate receives an absolute majority of votes for President, the House of Representatives chooses the president; if no candidate receives a majority for vice president, then the senate chooses the vice president.
In Nigeria, if no candidate satisfies the requirement, a second election will be held between the two leading candidates within seven days from the pronouncement of the result.
In the US, the day a presidential inauguration occurs is known as “Inauguration Day” and occurs on January 20 or 21st if the 20th is a Sunday. Prior to the Twentieth Amendment, the inauguration date was March 4.
In Nigeria, May 29 is Democracy Day and it is also the national inauguration day. This public holiday commemorates the restoration of democracy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria, when the newly elected Olusegun Obasanjo took office as the President of Nigeria in May 1999 ending multiple decades of military rule that began in 1966 and had been interrupted only by a brief period of democracy from 1979 to 1983.
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In Nigeria, the political parties are more numerous, some of them are:
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– All People’s Party (APP)
– African Renaissance Party [ARP]– Conscience People’s Congress [CPC]– Communist Party of Nigeria (CPN)
– Citizens Popular Party (CPP)
– Democratic Alternative (DA)
– Democratic Socialist Movement (DSM)
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In Nigeria, a person shall be qualified for election to the office of President if:
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Labor groups on Monday praised a forthcoming executive order
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American manufacturers, calling it a good start for the new administration.
Biden plans to sign an order that will put tougher rules on
government procurement with the purpose of boosting purchases of
made-in-the-U.S. products. The order is part of his “Buy American” campaign
pledge to bolster U.S. manufacturing.
“This executive order will close loopholes that allow
agencies to sidestep Buy American requirements and increase the thresholds for
domestic content,” said AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka in a statement. “This
order is a good first step in revitalizing U.S. manufacturing, which [President
Donald] Trump’s policies failed to do over the past four years,” Trumka said.
The order will modify the rules for the Buy American program, reports the Associated Press, making it harder for contractors to qualify for a waiver and sell foreign-made goods to federal agencies. And it changes rules so that more of a manufactured product’s components must originate from U.S. factories.
Scott Paul, president of the Alliance for American Manufacturing, said the group looks forward to working with the Biden administration and Congress “to quickly make real progress, without delay.”
“Stronger domestic content preference policies and a sizable
new investment in infrastructure and clean energy will spur factory job creation
and new investment in America,” said Paul, whose group is a partnership between
the United Steelworkers and U.S. manufacturers.
The new order is the latest in a slew of such directives issued by the new president, who says urgent action is needed even as he negotiates a bigger aid package with Congress.


Doctors are only one part of your brain injury recovery.
Your brain injury lawyer should be as knowledgeable, experienced, and caring as your brain injury rehabilitation team.
We are more than just trial lawyers. We are committed advocates and nationally recognized leaders in the field of traumatic brain injury law.
Just as the positive outcome of your brain injury rehabilitation depends upon the experience, knowledge, and dedication of your medical team, the successful outcome of your lawsuit depends on the experience, knowledge, and dedication of your attorneys.
For over 35 years, the brain injury attorneys at De Caro & Kaplen, LLP have been helping victims and their families deal with the legal and financial consequences of traumatic brain injury. Handling cases throughout New York State and the nation, we represent individuals with TBI caused by auto collisions, truck and bus wrecks, construction site accidents, unsafe buildings, medical malpractice, and more.
Shana De Caro, Esq.
Michael V. Kaplen, Esq.
Our unique knowledge, training, and experience, combined with our extensive network of experts, insures you have the most qualified New York lawyers on your side.
Our approach starts with an investigation into how and why your loved one’s brain trauma occurred as well as the true extent of his or her injuries. We then go to work to pursue a level of compensation that adequately reflects the loss and hardships your family has suffered and endured.
Dealing with the legal system is frustrating under the best of circumstances. Ease your emotional, physical, and financial stress with the assistance of New York brain injury lawyers with unique expertise in traumatic brain injury and the applicable law.
We are among the elite group of attorneys recognized by the Brain Injury Association of America as Preferred Attorneys.
Years of helping victims of brain injury have equipped us with a level of empathy other attorneys don’t possess.
You and your family member will never be “talked down to” or lost in the shuffle. You can expect to be treated with kindness, courtesy, and respect at every stage of your case. Our zealous and imaginative representation will help attain the best possible results for your family, whether by settlement or by aggressively litigating in court.“I just want to thank you from the bottom of my heart for all your help and also for believing in me. I have never been so impressed with anyone’s perseverance like I was with yours. I felt your support and commitment the whole time. I cannot thank you enough.” ~ Mira B.
Money can’t undo the brain injury you or your loved one sustained in a car accident, medical mishap, or other incident—but it can make life easier.
A financial award can help lighten the burden of medical bills, lost wages, future rehabilitation costs, and other expenses. Don’t face the stress and uncertainty of traumatic brain injury alone. Contact our New York brain injury attorneys today for a no-cost, no-obligation consultation. You don’t pay unless we win your case.
AS SEEN IN
De Caro & Kaplen, LLP
Counselors at Law
427 Bedford Road Suite 360
Pleasantville, NY 10570
Representing victims of brain trauma throughout New York State and nationally
NYC Local: 212.732.2262
Michael V. Kaplen, Esq.: email@example.com
Shana De Caro, Esq: firstname.lastname@example.org


De Facto Partner Visa Australia
Eligibility and Requirements:
- Those whose divorce is still pending or whose marriage has not been annulled yet can apply for Partner Visa if they are in a relationship for one year.
- De facto partner applies equally to the opposite and the same-sex couples.
- It allows a legally married person who is permanently living apart from the estranged partner to be considered in a de facto relationship, as long as it can be shown that the previous relationship has not ended.
- Partners should not be related by blood. Even their children are given the same recognition, benefits, and obligations with that of opposite-sex relationships.
- Both partners must be adults, at least 18 years old at the time the visa application is made.
- The couple must have a mutually exclusive relationship which is genuine and continuing. The length of time the partners have lived together is also an important consideration. Living together does not necessarily require cohabitation, which means residing together under the same roof. There are instances where, although the parties are not residing at the same address, they are considered living together and having an ongoing de facto relationship. It is accepted that partners maybe living together, even though living separately (but not apart on a permanent basis) for valid reasons that do not diminish the completeness and purity of the relationship.
- Partners in an ongoing de facto relationship may be temporarily separated for a number of reasons. Acceptable reasons are frequent travel for business purposes, employment abroad or employment outside commutable distance or an unexpected family emergency.
- Evidence of genuine and continuing relationship for at least one year immediately before lodging application consisting of record of regular communications during any period of separation, itemized phone accounts to show that contact was maintained, proof of financial support, joint bank account maintained for a reasonable length of time showing history of transactions, joint tenancy agreement, evidence as beneficiary of superannuation, joint membership to organization, utility bills under both names with same address, terms of your wills, joint travels are important to show.
- If both partners are eligible, register relationship in the Births, Deaths, Marriages Registry Office in your area.
Back to Services


The 2009 CHIP reauthorization law (known as CHIPRA) included a number of changes that affect both Medicaid and CHIP. One of those changes was a new option, often referred to as “ICHIA,” that allows states to receive federal funds for providing Medicaid and CHIP coverage to lawfully residing immigrant children and pregnant women regardless of their date of entry.
Previously, states had been prohibited from using federal Medicaid or CHIP funds to cover legal immigrants who had been in the country less than five years, under restrictions enacted as part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA).
Currently, legally residing immigrant children are forced to wait 5 years before becoming eligible for Florida KidCare, our state’s subsidized health care program for children.These kids are 10 times more likely to have unmet medical needs, 5 times more likely to go two or more years without seeing a doctor, and 25% more likely to be absent from school.
The Florida KidCare Bill (House Bill 829 and Senate Bill 294) would eliminate the 5 year wait for approximately 25,000 lawfully residing children in Florida.
Related Links: CHIP Tips: ICHIA Explained
HB 829 was filed by Representative Mike Larosa (R – Orlando) in the House on February 18, 2015. The bill has not yet been scheduled for a hearing.
SB 294 was filed by Senator Rene Garcia (R – Miami) in the Senate on January 8, 2015. The bill was unanimously passed by the Senate Health Policy committee on February 17, 2015. SB 294 has been referred to the Appropriations Subcommittee on Health and Human Services. If approved there, it will make its final stop in the Senate Appropriations committee.


Family Dispute Resolution (Mediation)
A service to help separating families resolve their family law disputes.
The Family Dispute Resolution Service (formerly known as the Family Mediation Service) can provide information, counselling, dispute resolution and group programs to help couples who are separating to resolve their family law disputes. These disputes may include conflicts over child care, child support, financial arrangements and property settlement.
Learn more about the Family Dispute Resolution process.
Family Dispute Resolution aims to help separating couples reach agreements that are in the best interest of their children. It also encourages separating couples to parent cooperatively. Parenting Plans (pdf) or agreements are used to assist in this process.
For more information about the Family Dispute Resolution Service, contact your nearest Relationships Australia office.
Family Dispute Resolution Process
Family Dispute Resolution is a process by which people who are in conflict can be supported to communicate with each other about what is important for them and how to make decisions relevant to resolving their dispute.
Family Dispute Resolution (FDR) is now compulsory, meaning that people who wish to resolve disputes relevant to their children (parenting matters), are now required to attend Family Dispute Resolution and make a genuine effort to resolve issues, before they progress through the court system. Situations involving family violence, child abuse or extremely urgent matters are exempt from Family Dispute Resolution.
Family Dispute Resolution Certificates are required if you want to apply to the court for a parenting order. The certificate confirms that a genuine attempt at Family Dispute Resolution was made.
Family Dispute Resolution Practitioners provide clients with support to sort out issues and develop acceptable solutions, that potentially lead to mutually satisfactory agreements.
The family dispute resolution process involves:
- identifying the issues which need to be resolved
- both parties listening to each other’s point of view without interruption
- sharing relevant information
- exploring ideas and options
- testing possible solutions
- putting decisions and agreements in writing.
The role of family dispute resolution practitioners
Family Dispute Resolution practitioners are highly-skilled people from a variety of professional backgrounds, such as law and social sciences. They are trained in resolving disputes relating to families, children, finance or property matters.
Family Dispute Resolution practitioners can work alone or with another practitioner. They do not give legal advice but will explore general principles that apply to couples who are separating. They may give advice in relation to children and parenting matters, focusing on the best interests of the child.
Family Dispute Resolution practitioners are impartial and fair to both parties. The are focused on the future and on helping the parties resolve their dispute. The process is confidential, within the limits of the law.
What you can expect
Family Dispute Resolution is facilitated by an independent third party. The decisions made are not legally binding. Everyone gets the opportunity to express their point of view and are free to talk about issues of concern, with everyone present.
Participants must be willing to listen to the other party, be genuinely ready to compromise and committed to reaching a solution. Participants must also be prepared to follow the process.
Family dispute resolution has many benefits including:
- a saving in money and time as it is less costly and faster than the court process
- the promotion of co-operation and communication, which enhances the ongoing parenting relationship
- the provision of a structure in which future disputes can be resolved more readily
- the individual’s control in the decision-making process is maintained as there are no imposed decisions
- less stress or trauma than court proceedings
- a more effective means of conflict resolution and greater longevity as people are less likely to breach agreements that they have made themselves.
The alternatives to Family Dispute Resolution are to seek Arbitration (a less formal legal alternative than going to court), instruct lawyers to negotiate agreements on your behalf, commence court proceedings or resolve the issues directly yourselves.
Family Dispute Resolution Certificates
If you want to apply to the court for a parenting order, you will need a certificate from a registered Family Dispute Resolution practitioner to confirm that an attempt at Family Dispute Resolution was made.
All Relationships Australia Family Dispute Resolution practitioners are registered. To find your nearest Relationships Australia practitioner, see our list of office locations or phone us on 1300 364 277.
There are some exceptions to the requirement for a certificate, including cases involving family violence or child abuse. For more information visit the Australian Government’s Family Relationships Online website at www.familyrelationships.gov.au
A fair share: Negotiating your property settlement DVD
‘A Fair Share’ DVD is a training resource for family mediators engaged in property mediation.
The 90 minute DVD is a companion resource to the booklet of the same name.
The DVD and booklet provide:
- a snapshot of intake and assessment interviews with both parties
- an outline of mediation sessions
- an outline of legal interviews with both parties
- examples of private sessions with both parties; and
- commentary from a court registrar.
The DVD highlights the different approaches to property mediation currently used in Australia. The package includes a CD Rom including a facilitator’s guide and useful documents that can be used by mediators and their clients to support the development of property settlements and agreements.
COST: $220 per DVD + GST + postage & handling
A Fair Share is available for purchase online in our online bookshop.


|by jcr13||Monday, December 19, 2005 [5:22 pm]|
My trial was on December 15, 2005. Now that a few days have passed, I feel compelled to document my memory of it before I forget some of the finer details.
First of all, it was an experience of a lifetime. The trial lasted over three hours (from 10:30am until after 1:30pm) and the arguments were somewhat subtle and complex.
I arrived at the court shortly after 8am to watch the trials that were scheduled before mine. Unfortunately, nothing all that interesting happened in the court before my trial. There were a few noise ordinance defendants waiting in the court when I got there, but the charges against them were dropped before they ever went to trial.
There was a trial scheduled at 10am for a fence that was constructed without a permit. That trial actually proceeded. However, the defendant was not at all familiar with court procedures, so it was not a very interesting show. He did not call a single witness nor present a single piece of evidence. He was even reluctant to testify himself, but finally took the stand after some coaxing from the judge.
After I was arraigned in August, I contacted the court and asked about upcoming trials. I had hoped to watch a few trials before going to trial myself so that I could observe some of the court customs and procedures. Watching one lame-duck trial one-half hour before my own trial was not exactly what I had in mind, though it was certainly better than nothing. At least I got to see where the prosecuting attorney stood and how he addressed the judge.
The judge was Thomas Wheeler, and elected official in our Village. Ironically, I ran for the position of Village Justice in the 2004 election against him. He won, of course, but now I was standing trial before my former opponent.
Right before my trial, the court room began filling up with spectators. Two news reporters (Robert Snow from the Potsdam-Massena Courier-Observer and Dave Winters of the Watertown Daily Times) were present for the entire 3-hour trial. Eight other spectators, all my friends or family, were also present (though some left before the end of the trial).
When it came time for my trial, the prosecution waived their right to an opening statement, so I gave my statement. I explained that the testimony and evidence would show that the mowing ordinance violated the equal protection and free speech clauses of the U.S. and New York constitutions. During my statement, I handed the judge a copy of my memorandum of law.
After my statement, the prosecution (lead by Peter Lekki, the Village attorney) called their first and only witness: Code Enforcement Officer John Hill. During direct examination, Officer Hill talked about how he noticed that our property was in violation of the mowing ordinance (on his own---he never received any complaints from our neighbors).
I then cross-examined Officer Hill and brought out some points about the law itself, as well as bits of Hill's history with other natural landscapes in our area. During this cross-examination, I had the original notice that Hill served us in 2004 admitted into evidence.
Since the prosecution called no further witnesses, it was my turn to present my defense.
I first called myself as a witness. I testified about our intentions of natural landscaping on our property, about the signs we posted, and about the statement that we were trying to make. One of our signs was admitted into evidence. I then prepared to present a 22-photograph survey that I had taken of nearby properties against which the Village was not enforcing the ordinance. The judge sent the court into recess while I set up my equipment.
I then presented my photographs along with my live testimony to narrate them. The photographs focused on four properties, all within a half mile from our house, and all in the Village limits, that had grass in violation of the mowing ordinance. I complained to Village officials about these properties in 2004 and 2005, but they never did anything about them.
When my "direct" testimony was finished, the prosecution got to cross-examine me. Mr. Lekki tried to show that my landscaping was not intentional cultivation. Once it became clear that I was actively cultivating my landscape, he tried to show that my activities were not very natural. He asked me if I was aware that some of the properties shown in my photo survey had been hayed off (harvested for hay) in the recent past. I told him that as far as I knew, this was not the case.
After I was cross-examined, I called Richard Grover as an expert witness. He was perhaps the strongest feature of my defense. His testimony established that landscaping was an art form, a form of expression, and that it could be used to communicate with others. He also testified about the environmental impacts of traditional landscaping and the environmental benefits of natural landscaping. He also indicated that the mowing ordinance was unreasonable to enforce against people who were trying to cultivate meadows.
During the cross-examination, Mr. Lekki tried to get Mr. Grover to agree that local laws should always be obeyed. Mr. Grover disagreed, saying that there were some laws on the books that were unreasonable, and sometimes alternatives (such as natural landscaping) need to be demonstrated to challenge the laws. There was also quite a bit of squabbling during Mr. Grover's cross-examination over the exact situations in which a 10-inch rule would be reasonable.
Toward the end of Mr. Grover's cross-examination, the prosecution tried to introduce a piece of surprise evidence: a complaint letter submitted of Officer Hill in September of 2005 about a possible visual obstruction created by our landscaping. I had never heard from any Village official that such a complaint had been received. Officer Hill was brought back to the stand by the prosecution to provide foundation testimony about the letter.
I objected to the letter because the prosecution never disclosed its existence to me before the trial (surprise evidence is forbidden by law) and because the letter was hearsay (out-of-court statements being accepted for their truth). Mr. Lekki argued that the letter was a business document (one of several exceptions to the hearsay rule). However, the judge still threw the letter out of evidence. This was a big triumph for me, especially since I am not a lawyer.
At that point, I ask the judge for permission to re-cross-examine Officer Hill in light of this new issue being raised. The judge told me that I could call Officer Hill, but that he would be my witness (direct examination). I asked Hill about the visual obstruction ordinance, which turned out to be a height limit of 3 feet for landscaping features near corners. I also asked him about a visual obstruction case concerning one of our neighbor's properties. Hill's testimony during this examination demonstrated that he never told me that there was a potential visual obstruction on our property, even after receiving a complaint.
After my second questioning of Officer Hill, the judge indicated that the trial was over and Mr. Lekki was given 30 days to file a response to my memorandum. There was also some discussion about summations, but I had never heard that term before. I asked about my chance for a closing statement, and the judge informed me that the summations would serve this purpose. I then understood that my closing argument was supposed to be submitted in writing.
After the trial, I was interviewed by the newspaper reporters. Stories appeared the next day in both papers, and one of the stories was even on the front page (above the fold).
|by Sergej M.||Sunday, January 15, 2006 [12:43 pm]|
Thank you for sharing your story.


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By registering a domain name under .mt, the Holder ("you") enter into a contract of registration with NIC(Malta) ("we" or "us") on the following Terms and Conditions.
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14 Amendments to these Terms and Conditions
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These terms and conditions contain all rights and obligations of School of Management Innovation (“SMI”) and the natural or legal person contracting with School of Management Innovation (“you” and “your”).
These terms apply to all trainings, courses, and sessions where SMI takes care of the program and trainer (each a “training”) and to all documents you use to purchase a training, including for instance a purchase order. SMI hereby explicitly reject the applicability of any other terms and conditions, including your general terms and conditions.
Refund and cancellation policy
If you cancel participation, you will receive full refund from SMI if notice of cancellation is given by email (email@example.com) up to 4 weeks before the course starts. After this date, there will be no refund.
Invoice will be sent upon reservation. SMI charges 21% VAT. Payment terms are 14 days from receipt of invoice.
Cancellation by SMI
SMI reserves the right to cancel or change any session and course up to 14 days prior the start date of the event. If this happens, SMI will give you a full refund or the option to attend another course session.
Money back guarantee
If you are not satisfied with the training in which you fully participated, a refund will be made if you gave notice of your dissatisfaction and your intention to ask your money back to the trainer in person at the location during the period that the training took place and also by email (firstname.lastname@example.org) on the same day of the training.
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Except for SMI’s intentional or gross negligence, SMI’s liability for damages concerning SMI’s performance or non- performance of SMI’s obligations under the agreement between you and SMI is limited to the price of the training from which such liability results. SMI is not liable for damages resulting from an interruption, re-scheduling and/or cancellation of a training. SMI is in no event liable for any other damages, including without limitation indirect damages, consequential damages, or damages resulting from mutilation, delay, unclarity, or other defaults in the communication between you and SMI.
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Many Arizona individuals are removed or “deported” from the United States on a regular basis. Whether they are lawful permanent residents, visa-holders or undocumented individuals, the removal process can be equally frightening and stressful. The Tucson Deportation Lawyers of AZ Criminal Defense Group, PLLC have a thorough understanding of how Immigration Court works and what is likely to happen in any given removal proceeding. It is unfortunate that so many people are required to leave their loved ones. It is even more unfortunate if a removed individual could have avoided removal if only he or she had the assistance of a qualified and skilled Arizona Immigration Attorney.
Common Reasons for Removal
There are a number of reasons why an individual may face removal from the United States, and those reasons typically fall into the categories of criminal conduct and violations of United States immigration laws and regulations. Individuals who are residing illegally in the United States likely understand the reason why they may be removed from the United States. However, individuals who are lawfully residing in the United States, but have a criminal track record, are subject to possible removal depending on the nature and severity of the crime. Even what may seem like a minor crime can be grounds for removal.
Potential Options for Avoiding Removal from the United States
Whatever the reason may be for why United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has initiated removal proceedings against an individual, there are a number of ways to avoid removal, including, but not necessarily limited to, the following:
- Becoming a citizen through the naturalization process – In limited circumstances, a qualifying individual may be eligible to seek citizenship during removal proceedings, and this could prevent removal entirely.
- Cancellation of removal – You have the option to file a petition challenging the decision to initiate removal proceedings against you. In order to qualify for cancellation of removal, stringent requirements must be met.
- Asylum-based release from removal – If you are a refugee or asylee, you may be able to avoid removal if you are able to prove that leaving the United States would result in greater harm to you.
- Voluntary Departure – If removal seems inevitable, you may have the option of voluntarily departing from the United States. This may provide you with the opportunity to lawfully reenter the United States in the future, after going through an application process.
Immigration judges have wide discretion when determining whether or not an individual should be removed from the United States. While quite a few individuals are ultimately removed from the United States, it is essential to fight removal if at all possible alongside a Tucson Immigration Attorney highly familiar with the removal process. Don’t take the risk of tackling a removal proceeding on your own.
Contact the Tucson Immigration Attorneys of AZ Criminal Defense Group, PLLC Today
Facing removal proceedings is a frightening experience both for the individual facing removal or deportation, and that individual’s loved ones. There are ways to fight removal, but in order to increase your chances of success, you will need the assistance of a highly skilled Tucson Immigration Attorney. The Arizona Immigration Lawyers of AZ Criminal Defense Group, PLLC have the devotion and experience to help you fight removal. Our attorneys will investigate every possible way to help you remain in the United States lawfully. If you or a loved one is facing removal, it is essential to act quickly as time is of the essence. To speak with one of our Tucson Immigration Lawyers, contact AZ Criminal Defense Group, PLLC today by calling (520) 448-4940 to schedule your initial consultation. When calling our office, you will be immediately directed to an attorney. We are available 24/7 to answer your questions and alleviate your concerns.


Updated: Jan 16, 2022
In my spare time, I like to watch serial killer documentaries and two weeks ago, I watched “Crime scene: The Time Square Killer.” The documentary detailed the life story of Richard Cottingham, a computer operator by day, a decapitator of sex workers by night. In the 1970s and 80s, Time Square was not the entertainment mecca it is known for today; instead, it was the habitation of sex, crime, and violence.
In the documentary, investigators and police officials detailed the timeline, motive, and background of Richard Cottingham. While scholars like Dr. Melinda Chateauvert described the history and vulnerabilities sex workers face when “walking the blade.” Her perspective, though informed, diluted the realities of sex work. Accentuating the importance of political correctness, Dr. Chateauvert cared more about utilizing the term “sex worker” than calling attention to sex work as a survival strategy for vulnerable groups. To her, sex work was a choice, but nothing explained the parameters influencing that choice. As feminists and sex workers advocate for the decriminalization of sex work, I wanted to listen and understand why.
For three days, I listened to TED talks, group discussions, and news debates advocating for or against the decriminalization of sex work. I also spent an extra day reading New Zealand’s Prostitution Reform Act of 2003. I could have done more research, but I believe I have a comprehensive basis for understanding the main arguments of both sides. If I did not, it is your purpose as the reader to inform me. This blog was not created to discredit but to inform and inquire.
To begin, let us learn about the current governance structures of the sex work industry:
Criminalization: The prohibition of sexual solicitation, brothel-keeping, the purchase of sexual services, and living off the earnings of sexual labor (Open Society Foundation, para. 1).
Partial Decriminalization: Governmental authorities control the legalities of specific laws, codes, and regulations associated with the sex industry. In the United Kingdom, The Policing and Crime Act of 2009 legalizes in-house prostitution and outcall escort services. However, brothel-keeping, street solicitation, and working in a group of two or more is illegal (Parliament of the United Kingdom, part 2).
The Nordic Model of Sex Work: Reduces the demand of sex trafficking through the prosecution of sexual consumers and arbitrators and the augmentation of worker support services (Nordic Model Now, para.1).
Legalization: A set of laws, codes, and regulations specific to the sex industry; anyone who buys or sells sex outside of these rules will be subject to arrest (Decriminalize Sex Work, para. 1).
Decriminalization: The removal of laws and policies penalizing sex work; laws protecting the rights of sexual consumers, producers, and related third parties. Sexual solicitation, brothel-keeping, the purchase of sexual services, and living off the earnings of sexual labor are permitted (Amnesty International, question 4).
Arguments for the decriminalization of sex work
Advocates for the decriminalization of sex work believe decriminalization promotes the autonomy, safety, protection, and freedom of the sex worker. Sex workers could dictate hours of operation, cost of service, and clientele without punishment. Laws would focus on sexual health, workers’ rights, and legal protections. The lack of criminality would reduce interpersonal violence, crime, and recidivism; sex work would genuinely become an option.
In the opinions of sex workers and allies, the criminality of sex work results from systemic oppression. The sex worker is always prosecuted, not the consumer or arbitrator of sexual services. Prohibitionist laws criminalizing sex work jeopardize the safety of the sex worker. The criminalization of the sex industry is what produces the vices of sex trafficking, not the act of sex itself. Legislators are advised to create laws against the evils of sex, not the entire sex industry. The conservative values of prohibitionist laws detract from the harsh reality that sex work is the only survival strategy for many vulnerable groups.
The ones who did it first: The Prostitute Reform Act 2003
In 2003, parliament member Tim Barnett and the New Zealand Prostitute Collective proposed the Prostitute Reform Act to remove laws punitively targeting the sex industry. The act's proponents ensured collective working groups, protected workers’ rights, and the accountability of managers, operators, and consumers of commercialized sexual services. The specifics of the act can be read in your spare time. From the surface, the law is receptive to the needs and protection of sex workers... so long as the sex workers are citizens of New Zealand.
Referencing the immigration restrictions of the act contradicts the argument for decriminalization. Sex work is a survival strategy for disenfranchised groups; therefore, exploitation will occur if decriminalization criminalizes the vulnerable. According to Part 2, section 19 of the act, visas are not granted to immigrant sex workers, prostitute business operators, or prostitute business investors. Temporary entry visas or residential visa holders cannot provide, operate, or invest in commercial sexual services and will be deported on reasonable grounds (Prostitute Reform Act, 2003).
Bennachie and associates (2021) researched the impact of section 19 on migrant sex workers. Because of the Immigration Act of 2009, migrant sex workers are targeted by sexual humanitarian antitrafficking law enforcement initiatives, immigration patrol, and the local police (Bennachie et al., 2021). Intimidated by these local entities, migrant sex workers are apprehensive about reporting sexual crimes or health complications due to the fear of deportation (Bennachie et al., 2021). This not only results in an elevation of health risks, but citizens can repeatedly commit violent crimes without fear of the law.
According to the United States 2021 Trafficking in Person Report, New Zealand lacks an understanding of the different forms of trafficking (para.1). The government does not report adult victims of sex trafficking, nor has prosecutions been made for labor trafficking for the second consecutive year (US Department of State et al., 2021). Convictions of child sex traffickers have increased, but many traffickers are sentenced to home detention (US Department of State et al., 2021). The government’s inability to recognize trafficking trends and adjudicate appropriately weakens the survivor’s protection, undercuts the effort to hold traffickers accountable, and inadequately addresses the nature of a crime(US Department of State et al., 2021).
I would not support the decriminalization of sex work. Advocation for the movement lacks consistency and the inability to define the meaning of sex work. The commodification of sex dilutes the emotional, spiritual, and social implications. The idea of engaging in sex as a job requirement has greater influences than personal choice. Making a choice does not determine confident and secure thought. Age, gender, trauma history are the few but salient determinants that can negatively influence the freedom of choice. Even if one decides to become a sex worker conscientiously, their decisions directly and indirectly impact the environment.
Personal feelings aside, in comparing the United State's governance structure with other countries, decriminalization did not decrease or eradicate violence against sex workers. A new group or industry is criminalized, perpetuating oppression differently. This comes as no surprise because advocates have yet to address whether there will be enough willing participants to meet the demands of sex?
Amnesty International. (2021, June 30). Q&A: Policy to protect the human rights of sex workers. https://www.amnesty.org/en/qa-policy-to-protect-the-human-rights-of-sex-workers/
Bennachie, C., Pickering, A., Lee, J., Macioti, P. G., Mai, N., Fehrenbacher, A. E., & Musto, J. (2021). Unfinished decriminalization: The impact of section 19 of the prostitution reform act 2003 on migrant sex workers’ rights and lives in Aotearoa New Zealand. Social Sciences, 10(5), 179.
Decriminalize Sex Work. (2021, October 31). What about Legalization? https://decriminalizesex.work/why-decriminalization/briefing-papers/decriminalization-is-the-only-solution/
Nordic Model Now. (2021, October 16). What is the Nordic Model?https://nordicmodelnow.org/what-is-the-nordic-model/
Open Society Foundation. (n.d.). Ten reasons to decriminalize sex work. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/ten-reasons-decriminalize-sex-work
Parliament of the United Kingdom. (2009, November 12). The Policing and Crime Act 2009. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/26/part/2
U.S. Department of State. (2021, August 5). 2021 trafficking in persons report: New Zealand. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/new-zealand/


During the 2023 Legislative Session in South Dakota, Senate Bill 118 (SB 118), an act to expand eligibility for certain teachers who receive reduced tuition at Board of Regents institutions was introduced. Currently in South Dakota, K-12 teachers are eligible to receive up to six credit hours per year at half the standard tuition rate. Before SB 118, Head Start teachers were not afforded this same tuition reduction even though, in some instances, the head start teachers were in the same building as K-12 teachers.
SB118, introduced by Senator Erin Tobin (District 21 – Winner) and Representative Rebecca Reimer (District 26B – Chamberlain), added Head Start teachers to the list of those qualifying for the reduced tuition. Senator Tobin discussed the idea with a constituent and Head Start employee and decided to move forward with the proposal, stating this was good for those who want to stay in their community and teach as well as the teacher workforce in general.
The South Dakota Head Start Association (SDHSA) was excited to work on the idea with Senator Tobin and Representative Reimer. “This proposal was exciting to work on during the legislative session,” stated Katie Sieverding, Executive Director of SDHSA. “The way the idea came to fruition is an excellent example of the legislative process and creating needed change for our teachers.”
SB 118 was signed by the Governor on March 23, 2023, and is in effect as of July 1st. SDHSA applauds the Legislature and Governor Noem in their support for Head Start educators in the state.


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