Search engine optimization dominates many discussions of how to make a law firm website the cornerstone of an internet marketing strategy. This stands to reason because people cannot even become potential clients unless they know a law firm exists. The discovery process starts with a search via Google, Bing, Yahoo, or some other search engine, so staying as visible as possible via keywords and phrases represents a key to web marketing success.
Too often overlooked in the lists of tips and best practices for lawyer SEO are considerations of ethics. Attorneys are held to high standards for honesty, professionalism, and client service. Those rules do not relax when it comes to advertising legal services and showcasing expertise.
When the Legal EFX web development and internet marketing team works with a law firm, we share the following five pieces of advice. Boosting SEO should never come at the cost of compromising ethics.
Use Only Actual Quotes From Real Clients in Testimonials
Nothing will ever outperform word-of-mouth from satisfied clients when it comes to attracting new cases and consultations. Putting the right words in the mouths of the wrong — or fictitious — people can never become an option, however. Misrepresenting the identities of clients or manufacturing quotes opens a law firm and its partners to charges of fraud.
Attorneys must also avoid pressuring clients to provide testimonials or post positive reviews on sites like Angie’s List, Yelp, Avvo.com, and Google. A request to appear in firm marketing materials can be included in end-of-case paperwork, but an attorney crosses a bright red line when he or she makes providing a testimonial seem mandatory.
Never Make False or Misleading Statements
Honesty and accuracy must be watchwords for every article, blog post, press release, testimonial, video, or other piece of content on a law firm’s website. Any misinformation or, worse, intentionally misleading statement represents a disservice to current and potential clients. Untrue or unsupportable information on a law firm’s website can also open its attorneys up to formal ethics charges and license suspensions or revocations.
Special attention must be paid to ensuring the factuality of attorney bios, case result summaries, and announcements of professional certifications and awards. Exaggerating accomplishments on a law firm website equates to falsifying a resume or CV.
Be Wary of Paying for Links
Search engines reward sites for earning incoming links. In English, this means that a website’s chances for appearing on the first page of Google results increase each time some other site connects to it.
At the same time, Google and the other search engines penalize sites that appear to draw links from unrelated websites. A law firm, according to the people who create search engine algorithms, should connect to other firms, social media accounts of attorneys, law publications, and general legal information sites like NOLO and Justia. When a majority of incoming links originate on nonlegal sites, a firm’s search score deceases. This does not apply to paid or pay-per-click ads, which can appear anywhere and do not count as incoming links.
Going through that explanation was necessary to explain this: Paying to generate links from non-industry related websites often backfires. The marketing tactic is not necessarily unethical, but it is usually counterproductive. Creating quality content that other lawyers and legal sites find useful to reference and quote avoids ethical gray areas and improves SEO.
Your state’s laws or professional code of conduct for lawyers may require you to include a statement like, “Previous case results are not guarantees of future outcomes,” or “Nothing on this website constitutes legal advice, nor should anything be read to imply or create an attorney-client relationship” somewhere on your website.
Even if doing so is not mandated, developing and posting such disclaimers can prevent ethics problems related to accusations of making false promises. Also, even if potential clients fail to see the disclaimers, making them available offers a first-line defense against breach of contract and legal malpractice lawsuits.
Make Sure People on Your Website Always Know How to Contact You
Providing an office phone number and online contact options on each page of the law firm’s website serves two essential purposes of web marketing. First, it increases the likelihood that a website visitor will convert him or herself into a law firm client.
Second, including contact information affirms ownership of, and faith in, the information presented. Potential clients will place greater trust in what they see and read when they understand the website creator is not trying hide.


Takeout Restaurants across the Big Apple will have to find an alternative to styrofoam cups and other single-use containers by Jan. 1,2019 when the city will start enforcing a ban that was upheld in court last week. The ban — which aims to reduce litter and save landfill space — includes plates, trays, clamshell containers as well as packing peanuts, which the city has determined can’t be recycled. Smaller businesses with annual revenues under $500,000 can apply for “hardship exemptions” if they can prove they would be unduly harmed financially.
The Restaurant Action Alliance filed a lawsuit against the city over the ban, which had earlier been passed by the City Council in September 2017, arguing that styrofoam and other polystyrene foam can be recycled. But the city’s Department of Sanitation said it was not economically feasible because there was no market for the recycled product. On Friday, civil court Judge Margaret Chan agreed with the city. The city will reach out to eateries to educate them about the ban and suggest environmentally friendly alternatives.
Customers outside of the metro-NYC market will not be effected and will have the ability to continue to purchase foam products. As the ban becomes closer to reality, expect your Victory sales representative to provide you with alternative solutions for your styro-foam takeout needs.


Public Launch of Uptown Eco-Innovation District Draws Hundreds
The public launch of Uptown's Eco-Innovation District invited residents and stakeholders to meet the consultant team, Interface Studios, to share their thoughts on a vision for an equitable and sustainable development plan for Uptown. For more information on the Eco District, please click here.
Councilman Lavelle Introduces Legislation Addressing Issue of Affordable Housing
Councilman Lavelle and Councilman Ricky Burgess introduced 2 pieces of legislation aimed at addressing the issue of affordable housing in Pittsburgh. The "Source of Income" bill would make it illegal for landlords to discriminate against tenants that use housing vouchers, and the "Affordable Housing Impact Statement" would require developers to submit a statement on the impact their proposed developments will have on affordable housing options.
Ceremonial Groundbreaking of Lower Hill 28 Acres Site
Councilman Lavelle, joined by political leaders from the State, County and City, participated in the groundbreaking for the first phase of infrastructure development of the Lower Hill District's 28 acre development site. Thanking residents and community activists for their work in advocating on behalf of the Hill and the City's best interests, the Councilman optimistically pointed to the transformative potential of the project.
Council Creates Affordable Housing Task Force
Councilman Lavelle introduced legislation to establish an Affordable Housing Task Force for the City of Pittsburgh. The goal of the task force is to identify the current state and projected needs of housing throughout the city to better inform its housing policy. The issue of affordability will be closely looked at to ensure a fair housing supply to all residents of Pittsburgh.
Lower Hill Development Agreement (CCIP) Available for Review
On September 9, 2014, the final draft of the Community Collaboration & Implementation Plan was officially signed and announced to the public. The plan describes specific goals, strategies and processes for maximizing the inclusion of the Greater Hill community in the redevelopment project. To access a copy of the CCIP, please click on the "Read More" link below.
Welcome to Council District 6!


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An open letter from Jim Warren, president of the Ontario Viticulture Association:
With NAFTA firmly entrenched in the Canadian economy and negotiations currently underway for a similar agreement with the European Union, youâ€™d think that free trade between provinces would be a given. Canadians from all provinces can order Quebec cheese or Saskatchewan cherries or Maritime seafood for delivery to their home province. But the same freedom does not apply to another Canadian product: wine.
You cannot order a bottle of wine from that nice little winery you visited in another province last summer and have it delivered to your door. If you try to, you will be running afoul of the law.
The Importation of Intoxicating Liquors Act of 1928 (IILA) is a Canadian law â€“ albeit an 82-year old one â€“ that was devised to ease the country out of prohibition. The law hands the privilege of importation over to the province, and in most provinces only your provincial government agent, in the form of a liquor board, can import liquor under this statute. And so, you are breaking the law when you cross any provincial boundary in possession of any alcoholic beverage, even if you are bringing it home in your own car or returning with a single bottle of wine on a flight between two provinces. In fact, you cannot legally pack a cooler with beer and wine and then cross a provincial border for a weekend get-away.
Sadly this post-prohibition but pre-depression law prevents most small and mid-size Canadian wineries from selling their wine to hard-won customers in other provinces. With few exceptions, the provincial liquor authorities only import domestic wines from the larger Canadian wineries. As a result, smaller wineries are essentially shut out of the market in all provinces except their own. It also means that Canadian wine consumers can rarely access wine from the dedicated small producers that comprise the heart of quality Canadian wine.
There are many legal opinions that state the IILA is in fact unconstitutional under the Constitution Act of 1867, the law that founded Canada. Section 121 [Freedom of Goods] of this all-powerful Canadian statute reads:
â€œAll Articles of the Growth, Produce, or Manufacture of any one of the Provinces shall, from and after the Union, be admitted free into each of the other Provinces.â€ (emphasis added)
This seems to be straightforward enough, so why is Canadian wine, which is clearly the product of one province, denied entry into another province?
Perhaps more to the point, the only entities that benefit from this law are the provincial liquor commissions, which already have a monopoly on liquor importation, a near-monopoly on liquor sales, and unrestricted power to tax, levy, mark-up, or otherwise relieve consumers of their money. And this from a public corporation!
OVA calls on the Government of Canada to put an end to this 82-year-old nonsense and repeal the IILA. Give Canadian consumers the right to purchase Canadian wines throughout Canada.
Further, OVA calls on all Provincial Governments in Canada to work together to support the interests of all Canadians and the entire Canadian wine industry by allowing interprovincial sales.
Note: OVA is a group of 104 Ontario winery members, with a further 67 wineries throughout Canada as associate
Jim Warren, President


This photograph was taken by Philippine councilor Reynaldo Dagsa on New Year’s day seconds before he was shot dead. The photo shows the victim’s family posing outside their home as the gunman on the left aims the gun at him. The photo was distributed to the media by the Dagsa family. Apparently, the guy on the right is also involved in this assassination plot. Days after, the suspects who had criminal records for robbery, were caught and mentioned they had a grudge on the councilor and were seeking revenge.


Running a Company in Vietnam
All entities including private Vietnamese companies and state-owned companies in Vietnam are to meet annual accounting requirements in Vietnam. The Vietnamese Accounting Standards and Systems (VAS) applies to all. Company financial statements must be prepared and audited annually and filed within 90 days after the financial year end.
Corporate Income Tax applies to entities of LLC, JSC and Branch offices as of 1 January 2016 in most industries. Currently, Value Added Tax (VAT) in Vietnam is at 10%, applying to most goods and services, and that all companies in Vietnam are expected to register for VAT upon receiving their business license. Vietnamese residents are taxed progressively on their employment income worldwide, from 5% to 35%, whereas non-residents are taxed only on Vietnamese sourced income at 20%.
For more information on Starting and Structuring your business in Vietnam, go the relevant pages of the Mybusiness in Asia website at http://mybusiness-asia.com/en/vietnam/


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Black Hawk County Jail, IA is a secure detention center located in Waterloo, Iowa. Operated by the Black Hawk County Sheriff’s Office, the facility houses both pre-trial detainees and convicted inmates serving sentences. The jail has robust protocols to maintain security and order, while ensuring the rights and welfare of inmates.
In order to search for an inmate in the detention center, several resources and steps can be followed:
Online Inmate Roster
The Black Hawk County Jail maintains an online inmate roster. This comprehensive list provides relevant information about current inmates, including their Booking Number, Last Name, First Name, Date of Birth, Release Date, and any Criminal Charges they might be facing. The roster is regularly updated to provide accurate data.
How to Use the Online Inmate Roster
To effectively use the online inmate roster, follow these steps:
- Visit the Black Hawk County Jail Inmate Roster.
- Use the search box to enter the inmate’s last name or first name. The search will yield results matching your entry.
- Click on the inmate’s name to view more details, including booking number, charges, and projected release date.
Tips for successful inmate search:
- Ensure correct spelling: Make sure you enter the correct spelling of the inmate’s name. Errors in spelling can lead to unsuccessful search results.
- Use full names: Using full names can help narrow down search results and lead to a more successful search.
- Be patient: It might take a while for newly incarcerated individuals to appear on the online roster.
Direct Contact With the Jail
If the online inmate roster does not provide the needed information, or if the inmate cannot be found, contact the Black Hawk County Jail directly. The detention facility can be reached at (319) 291-2587. They can provide additional details and confirm if the person is indeed incarcerated at the jail.
Information Available on the Jail Roster
The jail roster for the correction facility offers comprehensive information about each inmate. This includes:
- Booking Number: Unique identifier assigned to the inmate upon booking.
- Last Name and First Name: Full name of the inmate.
- Date of Birth: The inmate’s birthdate.
- Release Date: If available, the projected date the inmate will be released.
- Criminal Charges: The specific charges for which the inmate is being held.
This information can be instrumental in locating an inmate and understanding their incarceration status. Please note that while every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information provided, certain factors may cause slight discrepancies.
In searching for an inmate in the Black Hawk County Jail, the information provided by the prison roster is indispensable. Here, we delve deeper into the specific aspects of the roster and the inmate search process, providing more guidance on how to navigate this system.
Inmates List Details
While the online inmate roster is a comprehensive list of inmates, understanding the specifics of the information provided can help better navigate the search process.
- Booking Number: Every inmate is assigned a unique Booking Number upon their entry into the detention center. This number serves as a specific identifier for each individual, separate from their personal information. It can be used to track an inmate’s progress and status through the jail system.
- Name: The inmate’s First Name and Last Name are listed on the roster. It’s important to have the correct spelling when conducting a search.
- Date of Birth: This is a crucial piece of information for distinguishing between individuals who may share the same name.
- Release Date: The projected release date is listed for each inmate, if applicable. However, this can be subject to change based on court proceedings and other factors.
- Criminal Charges: The charges listed are those that the inmate is currently facing. These charges can give insight into the inmate’s legal situation.
Tips for Successful Inmate Search
When using the online roster, these additional tips can help make your search more successful:
- Partial names: If you’re unsure of the spelling of an inmate’s name, you can enter a portion of the name. The search engine will return all matches that include the entered string of characters.
- DOB Verification: If the search results yield multiple individuals with the same name, use the Date of Birth for verification.
- Check Frequently: If you cannot find the inmate you’re looking for, try checking back regularly. The online roster is updated frequently.
Once an inmate is located, you may want to establish contact. Contact can usually be established through mail, phone calls, or visitation. However, keep in mind that all communications are subject to rules and restrictions set by the detention center. The Black Hawk County Jail has specific guidelines for contacting inmates, which you should review and understand before making contact.
Privacy and Confidentiality
While the online roster offers a great deal of information about inmates, it’s important to remember that certain information is kept confidential for privacy reasons. This includes specific case details, health information, and other sensitive data. Always respect these boundaries when seeking information.
Direct Contact With the Jail for Clarification
If you face any difficulties in locating an inmate or need clarification regarding the information found on the roster, don’t hesitate to reach out to the detention facility directly. The Black Hawk County Jail’s administrative staff can be reached at (319) 291-2587 for any queries.
Visits to inmates at the Black Hawk County Jail are a privilege and are subject to strict rules and regulations to maintain the safety and security of the facility. Understanding these rules and following the correct procedures can help ensure a successful visit.
Procedure for Arranging a Visit
- All visitors must be on the inmate’s approved visitor list. The inmate is responsible for adding potential visitors to this list.
- Before visiting, you should contact the jail at (319) 291-2587 to confirm visitation times and the inmate’s eligibility for visits.
- All visitors must provide valid identification and will be subject to a background check.
- On arrival, visitors must sign in and follow all instructions given by jail staff.
Rules and Regulations for Visits
- All visitors and their belongings are subject to search.
- Visitors must be dressed appropriately as per the jail’s dress code.
- No contraband or illegal items are allowed in the facility.
- All visitors must behave in a respectful manner. Disruptive behavior can lead to termination of the visit.
- Children must be supervised at all times.
- The jail has the right to limit the number and duration of visits based on operational needs or disciplinary issues.
Detailed guidelines for visitation can be found on the Black Hawk County Jail’s visitation rules page.
Visitation hours are subject to change and may vary based on the unit in which the inmate is housed. Always confirm the hours by calling the facility before planning your visit.
Inmate communication in the Black Hawk County Jail is primarily facilitated through a monitored call system. Here’s what you need to know about this system and associated regulations.
Inmate Call System and Regulations
Inmates are allowed to make outgoing phone calls, but they cannot receive incoming calls. The phone system operates on a pre-paid basis, with funds added to the inmate’s account. Calls may be subject to recording and monitoring.
To ensure that inmates can reach their families and legal representatives, there are no restrictions on the number of calls that inmates can make, within reasonable limits. However, to ensure fair access for all inmates, calls may be limited in duration.
Jail Phone Number and Guidelines for Use
The general phone number for the Black Hawk County Jail is (319) 291-2587. This number should not be used to attempt to reach an inmate, but rather for general inquiries, to arrange visitations, or to add funds to an inmate’s phone account.
Remember that phone communication with inmates is monitored and recorded, so be mindful of what you discuss over the phone. Always be respectful and follow all rules and regulations set by the detention center. Any misuse of the phone system can result in loss of phone privileges for the inmate.
Communicating with inmates through mail can be an effective way to maintain contact. However, it’s crucial to follow the set guidelines to ensure your mail reaches the intended recipient without any issues.
Process of Sending Mail to an Inmate
- All mail sent to inmates should be properly addressed. The inmate’s full name and booking number must be clearly written on the envelope. The full address of the jail is: Black Hawk County Jail, 225 East 6th Street, Waterloo, IA 50703.
- All incoming mail is inspected for contraband. Mail found to contain contraband will be rejected and may be reported to law enforcement.
- Once cleared, the mail will be delivered to the inmate.
Guidelines for Sending Mail to Inmates
- Only letters, postcards, and certain approved documents (such as legal documents) are allowed.
- Letters should not contain any staples, paper clips, glitter, stickers, or any other items that can be used as contraband.
- Explicit or inappropriate content is not allowed.
- Mail should not discuss any illegal activities or plans to disrupt the order of the jail.
For a detailed list of mail restrictions, refer to the Black Hawk County Jail’s inmate mail page.
Sending Money to Inmates
Funds are an essential part of an inmate’s life in jail, allowing them to purchase items from the commissary, make phone calls, and cover other expenses. But it’s important to follow the approved methods and regulations when sending money to inmates.
Approved Methods for Sending Money
Money can be sent to inmates in Black Hawk County Jail via several methods:
- Online deposits: Money can be deposited into an inmate’s account using an online service. Check the jail’s official website for the approved service.
- Mail: Money orders can be mailed to the jail. Ensure that the inmate’s full name and booking number are written clearly on the money order.
- In-person deposits: Money can be deposited in person at the jail’s front office during business hours.
Regulations and Limitations for Sending Money
- The jail has a limit on the amount of money that an inmate can receive in a given week. Check with the jail for current limits.
- Funds must be sent using the approved methods. Cash, personal checks, or money sent in any other form will be rejected.
- Any attempt to send money in violation of the jail’s rules can lead to disciplinary action against the inmate and potential legal action against the sender.
- All transactions are subject to fees. Be sure to understand the fee structure of the method you choose.
For a detailed list of rules and procedures for sending money, refer to the Black Hawk County Jail’s inmate funds page.
The inmate commissary is a store within the detention center where inmates can purchase items that are not provided by the jail, but that may improve their quality of life during incarceration.
Definition and Purpose of the Commissary
A commissary in a jail context serves a similar function to a convenience store. It provides a variety of items for inmates to purchase, including toiletries, stationery, snack foods, and in some cases, clothing items. The commissary is intended to supplement the basic necessities provided by the jail and allow inmates access to additional comfort items.
How Inmates Can Use the Commissary
To use the commissary, inmates need to have funds in their personal jail account. These funds can come from money earned through jail jobs or funds sent by friends and family. Inmates can order items from the commissary on specified days, and the cost of these items is deducted from their account.
Restrictions on the Commissary Use
While the commissary provides a range of products, usage is subject to certain restrictions:
- There may be spending limits imposed on the commissary to prevent any one inmate from depleting the available stock.
- Not all items are available to all inmates. Certain items may be restricted based on the inmate’s behavior, their health needs, or their security level.
- The commissary is a privilege, not a right. Inmates who do not follow the rules of the jail may be restricted from using the commissary.
Incarceration Records and Mugshots
Incarceration records and mugshots are part of the public record and can typically be accessed through specific channels.
Process of Obtaining Incarceration Records
Incarceration records provide information about an inmate’s booking, charges, court dates, and release date. These records can be obtained through the Black Hawk County Sheriff’s Office or through the jail directly. In some cases, an online search portal may also provide access to these records. Please be aware that while most information is part of the public record, certain details may be withheld for privacy reasons.
Explanation of Mugshots and Their Availability
A mugshot is a photographic portrait taken after someone is arrested. It typically includes two angles – one frontal and one profile. Mugshots are used by authorities as a record-keeping tool to track inmates.
In Iowa, mugshots are considered public record and are often included in the online inmate roster. However, they may not be immediately available for newly booked inmates. Also, mugshots may be removed once an inmate is released. Always remember to respect the privacy and dignity of individuals when accessing these records.
The security level of a detention facility like Black Hawk County Jail refers to the extent of measures taken to ensure the safety and security of inmates, staff, and the community.
General Description of Security Measures
Security measures at the jail may include physical barriers such as fences and walls, electronic systems like surveillance cameras and alarms, and procedural controls including routine checks and inmate counts.
There is a strong emphasis on preventing escapes, maintaining order within the facility, and preventing the introduction of contraband. Security measures are also in place to protect inmates from self-harm and from potential harm caused by other inmates.
Categories of Offenders Housed
The jail typically houses individuals who are awaiting trial, serving short sentences, or waiting to be transferred to a state or federal prison to serve longer sentences.
Inmates can range from low-level offenders to those facing serious charges. The level of security measures applied often depends on the severity of the charges, the inmate’s behavior, and the risk they pose to themselves and others.
Role of Correctional Officers
Correctional officers are a key part of the jail’s security framework. They are responsible for maintaining order within the facility, supervising inmate activities, conducting security checks, and responding to incidents. They also play a role in inmate intake and release, transportation, and facilitating services like visitation and medical care.
Location and Contact Details
If you have further questions or need to get in touch with the Black Hawk County Jail, you can use the following official contact information:
Black Hawk County Jail, 225 East 6th Street, Waterloo, IA 50703
Frequently Asked Questions
- How can I find an inmate’s location or status? You can find an inmate’s location or status by using online inmate locators provided by various correctional departments. These often require the inmate’s name, ID number, or other identifying information. For example, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has an inmate locator for federal inmates.
- Are there any resources to conduct an arrest lookup? Yes, there are various online resources to conduct an arrest lookup. These include local law enforcement websites, county sheriff’s office websites, and state department of corrections websites. Some states and counties also have public online databases where arrest records can be searched.
- How accurate is the information provided in an inmate search? The accuracy of information in an inmate search can vary and is dependent on how regularly the data is updated by the respective correctional or law enforcement department. It’s advisable to cross-verify the information from multiple sources if possible.
- What should I do if I can’t find an inmate using the search function? If you can’t find an inmate using the search function, you can try checking other resources or contacting the correctional facility directly. It’s also possible that the inmate’s records are not yet updated, or that they are housed in a facility that doesn’t provide online lookup services.
- How do I find information on recent jail bookings? You can find information on recent jail bookings through the online databases of local law enforcement agencies, sheriff’s offices, or correctional facilities. Many of these organizations provide online access to booking information, though the availability of this information can vary by location and agency.
- How long does it take for booking information to become publicly available? The timeline for booking information to become publicly available varies by jurisdiction. In many cases, the information becomes available within 24 to 48 hours after the booking.
- What information is included in the jail booking records? Jail booking records often include the inmate’s name, booking number, the charges filed, the booking date, bail amount, court date, release date, and other relevant information.
- How can I make a call to an inmate? You can call an inmate by setting up a prepaid or collect call account with the phone service provider contracted by the correctional facility. Note that inmates typically can’t receive incoming calls, so they’ll have to call you.
- Are there any restrictions on when I can call an inmate? Yes, calling times are usually restricted to specific hours set by the correctional facility, and may be limited to certain days of the week. Additionally, calls may be limited in duration.
- Can the calls I make to an inmate be monitored or recorded? Yes, most calls to inmates can be and often are monitored or recorded. There are typically exceptions for privileged communications, such as those with legal counsel.
- How can I send mail to an inmate? You can send mail to an inmate by addressing it to the correct facility and including the inmate’s full name and identification number. The specific format may vary by institution, so it’s a good idea to check the correctional facility’s guidelines.
- Are there any restrictions on what can be included in mail to an inmate? Yes, there are often strict regulations on what can be sent to an inmate. Restrictions may cover types of items, content of letters, and more. For example, staples, paperclips, certain types of pictures, and contraband items are usually not allowed.
- What happensif an inmate receives mail that doesn’t follow the regulations? If an inmate receives mail that doesn’t follow the regulations, the mail will typically be returned to sender, destroyed, or in some cases, held as evidence for further disciplinary or legal action.
- How can I visit an inmate in jail? To visit an inmate in jail, you generally need to be on the inmate’s approved visitors list. The process usually involves filling out a visitation application and getting it approved by the correctional facility. Some facilities may require an appointment for visitation.
- Are there any rules or restrictions for inmate visitations? Yes, there are typically numerous rules and restrictions for inmate visitations. These may include rules about visitor attire, items that can be brought in, behavior during the visit, and more. Additionally, the facility may impose limitations on visiting hours and the duration of visits.
- How often can inmates receive visitors? How often inmates can receive visitors varies depending on the correctional facility’s policies and the inmate’s security level. Some institutions may allow weekly visits, while others may permit visits less frequently.
- How can I send money to an inmate? You can send money to an inmate through various methods including money orders, cashier’s checks, and electronic money transfer services. These services usually require you to know the inmate’s full name and identification number. Examples include JPay and Western Union.
- Are there limits on the amount of money I can send to an inmate? Yes, most correctional facilities have limits on the amount of money you can send to an inmate. These limits can vary widely depending on the facility and the inmate’s status.
- What can inmates use this money for? Inmates can use this money to purchase items from the commissary, which typically includes food, toiletries, stationery, and other approved items. In some facilities, they may also use the money for phone or email services.
- How can I post bond for an inmate? You can post bond for an inmate directly at the court or jail, through a bail bondsman, or in some cases, online. This requires paying a set amount of money to guarantee the inmate’s appearance at all future court dates.
- What happens if the bond is not posted? If the bond is not posted, the inmate will typically remain in custody until the conclusion of their court proceedings.
- Are there any restrictions or conditions associated with posting bond? Yes, posting bond usually comes with several conditions. The primary condition is that the defendant must appear at all court proceedings. If they fail to do so, the bond can be forfeited, and the full bail amount may become due.
- How can an inmate get legal assistance while in jail? Inmates can get legal assistance while in jail through public defenders, legal aid services, and private attorneys. Inmates also have the right to represent themselves, known as ‘pro se’ representation.
- Can I arrange for a lawyer to visit an inmate? Yes, you can arrange for a lawyer to visit an inmate. These visits are usually not limited like regular visits, and conversations between an inmate and their attorney are typically privileged and confidential.


There has been a battle going on in Washington about how investment advice pertaining to your retirement savings will be delivered going forward. For those who don’t know about the upcoming changes – known as the Fiduciary Rule - you need to educate yourself so that you understand the kind of advice you are receiving. I don’t think most people want to be told they are getting unbiased advice when conflicts of interest exist. Let me explain: In the financial advice business there are two separate standards of client care. They are known as the Suitability Rule and the Fiduciary Standard. Let’s start by examining some differences between the Suitability Standard of Care and the Fiduciary Standard of Care.
The Suitability Rule only requires an adviser to make recommendations to his or her client that are suitable for that investor. There is no requirement under the Suitability Rule that requires the adviser to put the client’s best interest before that of the adviser or the investment firm. It just says that investment recommendations have to be suitable. So, let’s suppose an adviser operating under the Suitability Standard is evaluating two investments with similar characteristics to recommend to a client. Investment A has proven itself over time to be a superior and a lower cost option than investment B but investment B pays a higher commission to the adviser. Under the Suitability Rule the adviser can and more often than not does, recommend option B. In fact, variable annuity companies often run special bonuses in which they will, for a limited time, pay a higher commission to the financial salesperson (let’s call them what they are because they are not truly ‘advisers’) to sell their products. As a 26-year veteran of the financial services industry I have known people that actually switched the products they recommended as the special bonuses changed each month. But because they were only held to the Suitability Standard they were not actually breaking the law. But they sure were acting unethically, in my opinion.
Historically, financial salespeople have acted under the Suitability Rule. Under the North Carolina Investment Advisors Act (which does not apply to stock brokers and insurance sales people) registered investment advisers are required by law to act as a fiduciary in all advisory relationships. This means that by law, fiduciaries are required to put their clients’ best interests before their own. So, if we consider the example above with the only change being that the adviser is operating as a Fiduciary, then he or she must recommend option A unless there is an EXTREMELY good reason to do otherwise and the reason(s) for that recommendation must be well documented. I am proud to say that Emerald Asset Management has operated in a fiduciary capacity in all of our client relationships since our founding and well before the new Fiduciary Rule was on anybody’s radar.
So, when you are seeking financial advice, the first question you might want to ask the representative of the company that you are interviewing is, “Do you act as a fiduciary in ALL of your client relationships?” If the answer is “no” then you might want to consider other options. Next week's article: Who Would Fight The (Golden) Fiduciary Rule and Why?


Unless otherwise provided by law, all medical records and payment records, and the information contained in medical records and payment records, are privileged and confidential under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This information will only be disclosed as authorized by state or federal law or written authorization signed by the patient or the patient’s health care decision maker.
Exceptions to confidentiality are required by law and include:
- Essential information during an emergency.
- Information regarding a threat or danger to yourself.
- Information regarding a threat or danger to others.
- Information regarding abuse, neglect, or domestic violence.
- In the event a subpoena is filed requesting patient information.


Documentary film, 67 minutes www.circleupdoc.com
Janet Connors’ son Joel was murdered by four young men on a tragic winter night. She sat in the courtroom, a muted spectator, as the trials devolved into slander and theatre. Three of the men made a plea agreement but the main perpetrator – the man who stabbed an 18” knife into Joel’s heart – walked free on “reasonable doubt.”
Janet realized she needed to make her own justice.
She sought out two of the men who killed her son. But instead of seeking vengeance, she looked for humanity. She fought the bureaucracy to become the first person in Massachusetts to hold a victim-offender dialogue through the corrections system. When the murderers were released from prison, she called them to her son’s grave.
“The only way to make up for the life you have stolen is to live yours in a good way," she said.
They did what she asked. Janet now works with judges and prosecutors to divert young people from the criminal justice system and into restorative justice circles, where they are held accountable while being supported by the community. She draws support from other mothers of homicide victims who are struggling to turn tragedy into something positive. Learning from Native American elders, Janet begins to incorporate traditional peacemaking circle practices into her work.
Janet has even engaged one of her son’s murderers to counsel young people on how to improve their lives. Circle follows their shared commitment as this Boston community heals and “circles up” around other kids in trouble.


This morning, the Greensboro News & Record reported on a conversation elevated by the president of a local restaurant chain and a distributorship who also serves as the Chairman of the Guilford County Board of Health. The article in today’s paper highlights two different concerns including – a personal complaint about taxation and county and state health inspection systems.
To break it down, we will react separately:
Health Department’s Role in Inspecting Trucks
“Trucks must be licensed, but once they’re inspected they may move freely across county lines because a license from one county health department is good across the state, Shepherd said. Operators still face potential local check-up inspections though, and are supposed to let health departments know when and where they’ll be open in that department’s jurisdiction, Shepherd said. They also must be associated with a brick-and-mortar restaurant, where they’re expected to go for cleanings and to dump things such as used sink water. They face a number of other requirements on par with the ones traditional restaurants must meet, such as having commercial-grade kitchen equipment, Shepherd said.”
Exactly. It’s a health department’s role to inspect both mobile food trucks and brick and mortar restaurants. They are a valuable player in this conversation and it is their responsibility to create systems that work for maintaining inspections — not to discourage a free market. Additionally, section 26-234 #5 in the City of Greensboro Ordinance on Pushcarts, requires “a copy of any approval required by the Guilford County Health Department pursuant to the rules governing the sanitation of restaurants and other food handling establishments and any other approval required by a governmental unit for the preparation and service of food.”
Personal concerns, by the president of a restaurant chain and a distributorship, about food trucks, complaining last week that some trucks are registered in other counties, so their owners pay property and sales taxes there instead of in Guilford.
Trucks registered in other counties are still required to pay a permitting fee to the City of Greensboro to operate. And, not all restaurants pay property taxes – they pay rent to property owners – as do food trucks. In the case of our focus on downtown Greensboro, we are reviewing appropriate Center City permitting fees that would pay into the Business Improvement District.
We have already addressed speculations that food trucks don’t pay sales tax to the county of purchase. According to the NC DOR, “A mobile vendor should collect and remit sales tax in the location where the customer receives the good or product.”
We refer back to the specificity of our request. We are requesting the City of Greensboro implement a one year pilot program allowing food trucks to operate, with specific procedures and regulations, in predetermined geographic areas or “zones” within Downtown Greensboro. This program will include metrics to measure impact.
We believe downtown should be inclusive, encourage new business and find mutually beneficial solutions to an environment where both food trucks and brick and mortar restaurants thrive. Food trucks have the potential to attract more visitors, residents, patrons and revitalize underutilized sections of our Center City. Other cities across the country have done it – let’s step it up.
We hope that the Guilford County Department of Health will serve their role in inspecting the trucks part of the downtown pilot program. We have addressed concerns about taxation and believe that we can create adequate regulations to maintain fairness.


Real Estate is Our FocusReal estate law includes the right to possess, use, and enjoy land and the permanent man-made additions attached to it. Real estate law directly or indirectly impacts most of us on a daily basis, affecting homeowners, renters, landlords, home buyers and home sellers.
The practice area of real estate law, as well as property law, deals with a variety of related issues including the rights and interests in real estate and property. Vaughn Law Firm is here to help you with the sales, purchases and other transfers of real estate and property, as well as the legal aspects of rental property and landlord issues. We can assist tenants, renters and homeowners learn their rights. Vaughn Law Firm helps clients with real estate titles, settlement of claims against property rights, property development, zoning and land use, home loans and foreclosures, and various other real estate issues.
Real estate law is a complex practice area, further complicated by the significant inconsistency in the laws throughout different cities and states. Vaughn Law is versed in many different activities, from the mundane drafting of deeds and filing of liens, to handling boundary and zoning disputes, and even assisting families in court when threatened with foreclosure. Vaughn Law Firm is ready to help you with any type of real estate matter.


Chris Pratt, the Principal Consultant at Planning Resolutions, formed Planning Resolutions in late 2004. Planning Resolutions provides a range of services to Government, Councils and developers including:
• Preparation of development applications
• Site feasibility/ highest and best use studies
• Community and stakeholder liaison
• Expert evidence in the Land and Environment Court
• Expert evidence in the Supreme Court
• Pre-purchase development compliance audits
• Mediation services
• Facilitation of the resolution of disputes
• Preparation of rezoning proposals
• Urban Concept Planning
• Locum planning to Government and industry
• Drafting of planning instruments
The services provided by Planning Resolutions combine with an integrated network of local and metropolitan land use sub-consultants to provide specialist comprehensive advice for your project. Planning Resolutions can link you to this affiliated network of consultants to provide professional, cost effective and timely advice for all aspects of your project (civil engineering, flora and fauna assessments, bushfire risk assessments, landscape architecture, contaminated land assessments, traffic analysis).
Planning Resolutions act in accordance with the Australian Planning Institute of Australia Code of Ethics. Planning Resolutions exercise skills and care in providing professional services.
Planning Resolutions maintains Public Liability Insurance cover of $10m and Professional Indemnification Insurance cover of $5m. Copies of insurance policies can be provided on request.
Chris Pratt - Principal Consultant
Chris has over 30 years experience in land use planning in NSW. Chris has a wealth of knowledge and experience in both strategic planning and development control with particular expertise in coastal and rural planning.
Chris has a detailed knowledge of the special land use planning requirements for Council’s on the North Coast having been the Director of Planning at Bellingen Shire Council for eight years, Byron Shire Council for six years and a planning consultant in the Northern Rivers region of NSW for the past ten years.
Chris has extensive experience with the planning values set by the Courts. He has given evidence in Court for both Councils and private clients in a wide range of matters. Chris has been appointed as the sole planning expert for cases. Recently Chris has provided land use planning evidence to both the Queensland and NSW Supreme Courts for large property litigation matters.
While working for Local Government Chris managed over 150 Land and Environment Court cases. Many of these cases were settled by use of alternative dispute resolution methods; negotiation and formal mediation.
Chris has a particular interest in alternative dispute resolution. As such he has gained an Accreditation Certificate in Environmental Mediation (1996) and a Certificate of Accreditation Intermediate-Level Local Government Mediation (2004) both from the Australian Commercial Disputes Centre.
Chris is the immediate past Chair of the Northern NSW Branch of Planning Institute of Australia. Chris was a Committee Member of the NSW Division of the Planning Institute of Australia for nine years and remains active in the activities of the institute.
Chris is a Certified Practising Planner. Certified Practising Planners are recognised by employers, other professionals, governments and the community as identifying leading planning professionals who have the highest professional standards, planning experience and a commitment to keeping pace with community and industry expectations.


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In January 2017 a Kidderminster resident contacted us about a hedge dispute. Mr Macartney explained that his neighbour had damaged his conifer hedge and refused to cooperate with him. Consequently, he took his case to small claims court. Because the court had requested an arboricultural assessment of the damage to the hedge, Mr Macartney found that he needed some expert advice.
Inspecting The Damage
We promptly visited our client’s property to undertake our assessment. This involved looking at a number of factors, such as:
- whether trespass had occurred.
- whether the damage could be attributed to his neighbour’s actions.
- if the damage could be remedied.
We sent our findings to Mr Macartney in the form of a detailed report. We produced the report in accordance with Part 35 of the Civil Procedure Rules. This meant it was admissible in court.
Our findings were presented during the hearing. As a result, Mr Macartney was delighted to learn that he had won his case. His neighbour was ordered to meet the cost of replacing the hedge. He was also ordered to meet all costs incurred in bringing the case to court.


I understand that, under the Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), I have certain rights to privacy regarding my protected health information. I understand that this information can and will be used to:
Conduct, plan, and direct my child’s treatment and follow-up among the multiple healthcare providers who may be involved in that treatment directly and indirectly (i.e., orthodontists or oral surgeons)
Obtain payment from your insurance company.
Conduct normal healthcare operations such as quality assessments and physician certifications.
Remind you of upcoming appointments, treatment options, or alternatives
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF RECEIPT OF PRIVACY PRACTICES NOTICE
By checking the box below I acknowledge that I have received a Notice of Privacy Practices from the office of North Shore Dentistry for Children.


- U. Karhumaki, Turkish undergraduate students on trial, The De Morgan Gazette 11 no. 1 (2019), 1-8. bit.ly/2UmtVmu
Abstract: Last year in Turkey, 32 undergraduate students from the Bogazici University faced prosecution for taking part in an antiwar demonstration on the campus of their university. Among them, there were two mathematics undergraduates. This attracted my attention to the case, and I attended, as an independent international observer, the second court hearing of their trial. In this paper, I describe in detail the procedure and the outcome of this court hearing.
- A. Deloro, Justice Spring and the Caglayan College (On some hearings of October 15, 2019 before the 32nd Court, The De Morgan Gazette 11 no. 2 (2019), 9-14. bit.ly/2PJsZtl
Abstract: On October 15, 2019, I attended as an observer one of the hearings in the trial against thirty Turkish students from Bogazici University charged with terrorist propaganda after a spontaneous counter-demonstration on their campus (March 2018), a crime punished with one to five years in prison. They are judged by the 32nd Court in Istanbul. One of their previous hearings was observed and reported on by Ulla Karhumaki [see above].The trial should end on January 31st, 2020.


FFCR Hosts Its First Advanced Training Institute
FFCR is proud of our 73 active volunteers, each of whom is committed to serving on a Citizen Review Panel (CRP) at least one day per month. Some of our volunteers are also involved with our Permanency Roundtable Program (PRT). Before serving, every volunteer must engage in 25 hours of pre-service training and to remain active, they are each required to complete ten hours of ongoing training annually.
On September 13th more than 30 FFCR staff members and volunteers gathered for the day in the United Way’s Ryder Room to participate in FFCR’s first annual Advanced Training Institute, specifically tailored for our volunteers. Robert Latham, Esq., Associate Director of the University of Miami’s School of Law Children & Youth Law Clinic, kicked off the Institute with an informative presentation about recent changes to Florida and federal child welfare law. Abel Delgado, Esq., Our Kids, Inc.’s Youth Services Legal Specialist, provided an extensive review of policies and statutes affecting young adults in the Extended Foster Care Program. To conclude the training, Bree Bofill, Our Kids, Inc.’s Adoption Supervisor, engaged in a heartfelt and in-depth discussion about the adoption timeline and the intricacies of the adoption process. FFCR staff facilitated a discussion with participants and presenters to connect the information provided to their work during CRP hearings and PRT sessions. We are grateful to Robert, Abel, and Bree for sharing their time and expertise with FFCR and to all the volunteers who were able to participate in this important training.


NASA OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL
The NASA Office of Inspector General (OIG) conducts audits, reviews, and investigations of NASA programs and operations to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement and to assist NASA management in promoting economy, efficiency, and effectiveness. The OIG consists of auditors, analysts, specialists, investigators, attorneys, and support staff at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC and NASA Centers throughout the United States.
The OIG is comprised of four offices - Audits, Investigations, Counsel, and Management and Planning (along with our Advanced Data Analytics Program) - which implement the OIG mission as described below:
The Office of Audits (OA) conducts independent and objective audits and reviews to improve economy, efficiency, and effectiveness and to identify waste and mismanagement in NASA programs, projects, operations, and contractor activities. In addition, OA oversees the work of the independent public accountant in its audit of NASA's financial statements.
The Office of Investigations (OI) investigates allegations of crime, cyber-crime, fraud, abuse, and misconduct having an impact on NASA programs, personnel, and resources. OI refers its findings either to the Department of Justice for prosecution or to NASA management for action. Through its investigations, OI identifies crime indicators and recommends measures for NASA management to reduce NASA's vulnerability to criminal activity.
The Office of Counsel provides advice and assistance on a variety of legal issues relating to OIG review of NASA programs and operations. The legal staff reviews legislation, regulations, Freedom of Information Act requests, and other matters that require OIG attention. Additionally, the Office of Counsel provides legal advice to OIG senior management, auditors, and investigators and serves as counsel in administrative litigation in which the OIG is a party.
The Office of Management and Planning (OMP) provides financial, procurement, human resources, administrative, and information technology (IT) services support to the OIG staff. The OMP ensures state-of-the-art IT systems capabilities for the OIG, advises the Inspector General and OIG senior management on budget issues and human resources staffing matters, directs OIG internal management and support operations, and oversees development of and adherence to management policies and procedures.
The Advanced Data Analytics Program (ADAP) provides sophisticated data analytic support to the OIG. ADAP leverages data analytic techniques using a myriad of NASA, other agency, and non-government data sets to assist OA and OI with accomplishing their missions.
NASA Office of Inspector General
Room 119, Building 3101
Stennis Space Center, MS 39529


Dr. Tim Worral
- Tim Worrall focuses on providing sophisticated and comprehensive patent strategies that are designed to achieve the business goals of his clients throughout the United States and internationally.Dr. Worrall helps clients protect innovation by developing and prosecuting sophisticated patent portfolios, assessing patent portfolios from both an investor-side and company-side due diligence perspective, and providing freedom to practice, non-infringement, and invalidity analysis. He focuses on developing patent portfolios that can be leveraged defensively to protect a client’s existing innovation, and offensively to protect intellectual property in a broader commercial space. In the due diligence context, he assesses the strength and weakness of patent portfolios with an emphasis on providing strategic recommendations to address weakness and increase the portfolio’s value. Dr. Worrall’s opinion practice focuses on creating value from intellectual property by developing strategies related to freedom to practice reviews, non-infringement and invalidity analysis, to identify and address threats from third-party patents.Dr. Worrall is the winner of the Client Choice Award, Lexology and International Law Office for Intellectual Property in Colorado in 2015, and was selected for inclusion in the IAM Patent 1000 in 2015. Prior to attending law school, Dr. Worrall was a patent examiner at the United States Patent and Trademark Office.


A good image, reliability and trust are important prerequisites for a professional and successful Bitcoin sector. The Dutch Association of Bitcoin Companies (known in the Netherlands as ‘Verenigde Bitcoinbedrijven Nederland’) therefore attaches great importance to maintaining and strengthening the reputation and integrity of its affiliated companies. The goal of the Dutch Association of Bitcoin Companies is to assure the quality of the affiliated Bitcoin companies in the Netherlands by promoting self-regulation and preventing and fighting Bitcoin-related fraud. The association has been active since 2014 and offers authorities and institutions a point of contact. We have close contact with Team High Tech Crime of the National Police Corps, the Public Prosecution Service and the Dutch Payment Association.


Providers now able to transmit controlled substances prescriptions electronically
Wichita, KS, June 17, 2015 – Pulse Systems, Inc., an industry-leading provider of Electronic Health Record (EHR), Practice Management, e-prescribing, Billing and Collections, and other Revenue Cycle Management (RCM) solutions, recently received the DEA Audit Certificate outlined in CFR1311 which now enables prescribers to write and submit prescriptions for controlled substances electronically through PulseRx 5.0. This new capability improves practice workflow, increases productivity and ensures the safe use and distribution of sensitive medications.“Our products and services are designed with the sole purpose of making life easier for our clients and their practices to deliver quality health care to their patients” said Jeff Burton, CEO and President of Pulse Systems. “This new certification streamlines the prescription process for our providers, while ensuring the right checks and balances are in place and all legal requirements have been met so potentially harmful substances do not end up in the wrong hands.”In addition to federal regulations, 49 states have laws that govern the prescription of controlled substances to reduce fraud and abuse. This new functionality supports federal and state level DEA schedules based on both prescriber and pharmacy locations.
Pulse users can:
- Write and electronically submit prescriptions for controlled substances in accordance with all federal and state laws;
- Run and view audit logs and reports for controlled substance prescriptions in accordance with federal and state regulations; and
- View archived patient prescription history.
PulseRx 5.0, which recently received the Surescripts 2014 White Coat of Quality Award, is a complete medication management solution within the Pulse Complete EHR designed to simplify medication management and increase productivity. Through PulseRx, providers can quickly and easily generate prescriptions, manage a patient’s medication records and allergies, review benefits and formulary information, and process refill requests easily and accurately.


PaperKrane Pty Ltd ACN 613 421 168 (“we”, “our” or us”) will do everything we can to maintain the trust that you place in us in all of our dealings. Under law, your rights to privacy are also protected. Privacy laws place strict requirements on us to treat certain information collected as confidential, to store your information securely and to allow you easy access to check and correct your information.
The following information may be collected from you:
In our dealings with our customers we are required to collect personal information as part of providing our services. These services include but are not limited to:
Also, we make use of “cookies” on our websites. A cookie is a small software message sent to your web browser by our web server. Your browser stores the message in a file and the message is then sent back to our servers each time your browser requests a page from our servers.
Most Internet browsers are set up to accept cookies. If you do not wish to receive cookies, you will need to adjust the settings of your browser to refuse all cookies or to notify you each time a cookie is sent to your computer.
When you click on links and banners on our sites that take you to third-party websites, you will be subject to that third-party's privacy policies. While we support the protection of privacy on the internet, we cannot be held responsible for the actions of any third-party websites.
We use information to customise our services and plan product development so that we can provide you with relevant consumer information and notify you of products and special offers that may be of interest to you. It is also collected so that we may provide value-added services and marketing and remarketing across our brand through our websites or other social media channels. If you are a candidate for employment, we collect information to assist us during the ordinary course of the recruitment process.
We may disclose information to third party service providers or contractors.
Sometimes we use third party platforms and services to process sales, store and analyse data and information, provide web support, send marketing messages, deliver products or otherwise deliver information. These services are hosted and managed by organisations other than ourselves, and some of these services are hosted overseas.
Your personal information may be stored in a secure and encrypted form overseas (e.g. in data storage and cloud computing facilities operated by us (or by third parties on our behalf).
We will take reasonable steps to ensure recipients of this information do not breach Australiann Privacy laws in relation to the personal information we disclose.
Where applicable information is shared with these third parties, they are obliged to observe the confidential nature of such information and are prohibited from using any or all of this information other than for the purpose for which it was provided. We will also disclose information to a law enforcement agency if we are requested to do so by that agency in relation to suspected unlawful activity.
We will not sell or trade your personal information.
From time to time we will communicate promotional material to you. Should you prefer not to receive promotional material please let us know by selecting the ‘unsubsribe’ link at the bottom of our communications.
We always endeavour to provide a secure, safe platform from which to conduct online transactions. We use the industry standard Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, which encrypts information as it is transmitted over the internet. This encryption scrambles details such as credit card numbers, billing details and delivery addresses so that other computers are unable to decipher the information, ensuring privacy and security.
We will respond to your complaint within 5 business days and carefully and impartially assess ass aspects of your complaint. We will endeavour to provide a practical and satisfactory solution in line with our legal obligations.


Greetings, this is Isaac Ruiz. I’m a trial lawyer and partner with Keller Rohrback L.L.P. As you can probably see, I care deeply about insurance law and policyholder rights. If you have suggestions about the website, or if you would like to discuss a case with me, I’d love to hear from you. Shoot me an email by clicking here. Just remember that sending me a message does not by itself create an attorney-client relationship between us. If you need legal assistance on a matter of policyholder rights or consumer protection, I encourage you to call my firm, Keller Rohrback L.L.P., at 206-428-0565.
Check me out here:


David R. Lipson
Our firm handles legal matters in the following practice areas: general business litigation, business contracts, employment law, wrongful discharge, discrimination, harassment, civil rights, constitutional law, personal injury, real estate, insurance bad faith, unfair competition, alternative dispute resolution.
We are able to provide legal representation of high quality in a variety of areas because we focus on subjects of interest, and we do not try to be "all things to all people." For example, in the general field of employment law David Lipson concentrates specifically on certain types of claims:
- Retaliation and whistle-blower claims;
- Claims of employer's violation of public policy;
- Employment discrimination based on race, sex, national origin, religion, and disability;
- Sexual and racial harassment;
- Claims of unfair competition, misappropriation of trade secrets or other confidential information, and breach of loyalty or fiduciary duty;
- Counseling and drafting of employment and separation agreements.
David Lipson's approach to legal fees is different from that of many law firms. He handles plaintiffs' cases on a contingent fee basis where success in litigation appears reasonably probable. He may represent plaintiffs in other cases on the basis of a "blended" rate (a combination of a reduced contingency percentage and a reduced hourly rate). Where he defends cases, or does contractual or transactional work, he bills on an hourly basis, but excludes time that does not provide value to the client. In other words, if a case, or a contract, suggests several legal theories or issues, but research on only one or two proves to be relevant, we bill only for the relevant time.
Since David Lipson has represented both plaintiffs and defendants in his areas of practice, and has legal experience both inside a major corporation and as outside counsel, he is also able to be more effective and efficient by anticipating the other side's perspective. Whatever the billing arrangement, our consistent approach to litigation, transactions, and counseling is to constantly ask the fundamental question: What result will best serve the client's interests, and what is the most cost-effective way to achieve it?
David Lipson was educated at Harvard Law School and Stanford University, where he received a B.A. with Great Distinction. He was a law clerk for Justice Raymond Sullivan of the Supreme Court of California and for Judge Stanley Weigel of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. As to his experience, David Lipson is well versed in the courtroom, both at the trial level and on appeal, but at the same time he has a substantial background in alternative dispute resolution techniques, such as mediation, to obtain cost-effective outcomes. In all these respects, whether in the courtroom, in case negotiations, or in transactions, David Lipson brings the highest standards of professional ethics to his role as attorney and counselor at law.
Areas of Practice
- Business & Commercial Law
- Civil Rights
- General Business Litigation
- Business Contracts
- Employment Law
- Wrongful Discharge
- Constitutional Law
- Personal Injury
- Real Estate
- Insurance Bad Faith
- Unfair Competition
- Alternative Dispute Resolution
- California, 1972
- U.S. Court of Appeals 9th Circuit, 1972
- U.S. Supreme Court, 1981
- Harvard University Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- J.D. - 1971
- Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
- B.A. - 1967
- Honors: With Great Distinction
Professional Associations and Memberships
- Bar Association of San Francisco, Member, Labor and Employment Law Section
- Bar Association of San Francisco, Member, Business Law and Litigation Section
- State Bar of California, Member, Litigation Section
- San Francisco Trial Lawyers Association, Member


What is the maximum permitted temperature in an office?
There is no statutory limit to the upper temperature in workplaces. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (Statutory Instrument 1992 No, 3004) require only that: 'During working hours, the temperature in all workplaces inside the building shall be reasonable.' Section 1 (Environmental criteria for design) of CIBSE Guide A: Environmental design, suggests for offices that the temperature range for comfort should be 21-23ºC in winter and 22-24 ºC in summer. The latter range applies to air conditioned buildings. Higher temperatures may be acceptable in non-air conditioned buildings.
Is 'category 2' lighting a legal requirement in offices?
No. The Schedule to the Workplace (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 (Statutory Instrument 1992 No. 2792) requires that: 'Any room lighting or task lighting provided shall ensure satisfactory lighting conditions and an appropriate contrast between the screen and the background environment, taking into account the type of work and the vision requirements of the operator or user.' The term 'category 2' is no longer used by the CIBSE. It was used to describe a particular design of luminaire (light fitting) that could be employed to prevent reflections of the luminaire on the display screen. Unfortunately, in doing so, these luminaires can produce a gloomy environment if used on their own without consideration of surface reflectances. In most offices, particularly where modern computers with bright screens are used, such reflections are not likely to occur and therefore it is not necessary to specify this type of luminaire. CIBSE Lighting Guide LG3: The visual environment for display screen use and its 2001 addendum gives detailed guidance on the design of lighting schemes that will satisfy the legal requirements while providing a pleasing visual environment. For more information go to the Society of Light and Lighting's Free Downloads. It should be noted that the provisions of the Regulations cover many other aspects of computer equipment and workstations, including the screen, keyboard, desk and operator's chair. The schedule to the Regulations may be found on the HMSO website
What is the legal status of CIBSE publications?
CIBSE publications are intended as guidance only. They have no legal standing in themselves. However, there may be a contractual obligation to follow CIBSE publications if cited within project contracts. Also, as the published guidance of an authoritative body, CIBSE publications are often used as evidence in litigation.
What is the recommended lighting level for offices?
The CIBSE Code for Lighting recommends a maintained illuminance of 500 lux for general offices (e.g. writing, typing, reading, data processing, etc.) and for CAD work stations and conference/meetings rooms. Where the main task is less demanding, e.g. filing, a lower level of 300 lux is recommended.
What is the 'safe' water storage temperature to avoid Legionnaires' disease?
For hot water storage, CIBSE TM13: Minimising the risk of Legionnaires' disease offers the following guidance: 'the storage temperature, controlled from a thermostat, should be 60 °C. The distribution pipework design should enable water to reach all outlets at 50 °C within 1 minute of turning on the tap. The risk of scalding is small for most persons at 50 °C but rises rapidly above 55 °C. Caution is needed to prevent higher temperatures at the tap, and warning notices should be posted at known problem areas.'
Where can I find Approved Document L2?
Building Regulations Approved Documents can be downloaded free-of-charge from the Planning Portal website at http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/. The http://gov.uk website contains deatils of consultations of proposed revisions to approved documents. Printed copies may be purchased from The Stationery Office, now known as 'TSO'. Their main office is TSO, PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN (fax orders: 0870 600 5533; telephone orders/enquiries: 0870 600 5522; e-mail orders: firstname.lastname@example.org). TSO also has an excellent website at www.tso.co.uk/bookshop
Why have the tables for simultaneous demand calculations disappeared from the CIBSE Guide?
Prior to publication of CIBSE Guide G: Public health engineering, there were (at least) three different methods for simultaneous demand calculations. These were published in CIBSE Guide B4 (1986), the Institute of Plumbing's (Plumbing engineering services design guide) and BS 6700: Specification for design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages. Since the three methods gave different results, the decision was taken to withdraw the 'CIBSE method' and recommend the use of BS 6700 for simultaneous demand calculations.
What is the latest version of BS xxxx?
The best way of checking the currency of a particular British Standard is through the BSI's excellent website at bsonline.techindex.co.uk
What is a 'SAP' rating?
'SAP' stands for 'Standard Assessment Procedure'. The SAP is the Government's recommended system for energy rating of dwellings. The Standard Assessment Procedure is used for calculating the SAP rating, on a scale from 1 to 120, based on the annual energy costs for space and water heating and for calculating the Carbon Index, on a scale of 0.0 to 10.0, based on the annual CO2emissions associated with space and water heating. The SAP rating is used to fulfil requirements of the Building Regulations to notify and display an energy rating in new dwellings. Full details are given in the SAP manual, which may be downloaded free-of-charge from projects.bre.co.uk/sap2001/
What is the recommended ventilation rate for offices?
For offices where there is no smoking, CIBSE Guides A: "Environmental Design" (2006) recommends an outdoor air supply rate of 10 litres/second per person. Spaces in which smoking is permitted should be regarded as 'smoking rooms' and an outdoor air supply rate of 45 litres/s per person is suggested for such rooms. However, it should be noted that this recommendation aims only to reduce discomfort and does not ensure health protection.
What is the status of CIBSE recommendations on hospital lighting?
CIBSE Lighting Guide 2: Hospitals and health care buildings is available to buy in print or pdf format from the Knowledge Portal website (click here). A revised edition is in preparation; the timescale for publication will depend on the refereeing process. The general guidance in Lighting Guide 2 is still valid, but the illuminance and certain other recommendations have been superseded by information in BSEN 12464-1 Light and lighting. Lighting of work places. Part 1: Indoor work places (2002).
What are the legal requirements for office lighting? Is there a legal requirement for daylight?
The only legal requirements are 'sufficient and suitable' and similar wording in health and safety legislation. There is no absolute legal requirement for daylight, but it is a requirement that it be provided if practicable. Various HSE guidance documents suggest good practice, but are not themselves mandatory.
Where can I obtain degree-day data?
Degree-day data for the UK used to be published in the CIBSE journal and other magazines. This ended when the Department of Energy was wound-up some years ago. Some sources of degree-day data, though, may be found at:
For further reading, there is also a CIBSE publication TM41: Degree-Days Theory and Applicationwhich gives guidance on the use of degree-days and additional background theory.


Elliott Levitas has served as a government official and acted as an international spokesperson for over fifty years. His practice during this time span includes creating and passing historical legislation, as well as fighting and winning landmark cases.
Prior to joining the firm in 1985, Mr. Levitas was a Representative from Dekalb County in the Georgia General Assembly from 1966 to 1975 and represented Georgia’s 4th Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985.
Mr. Levitas spent five consecutive terms in the Georgia General Assembly and at the end of each term was named "One of the Ten Most Effective Members" by his colleagues. He was on the Judiciary, Education and Banking Committees and was Chairman of the Committee on State Planning and Community Affairs and of the Joint Committee on Mass Transit.
In March 1999, Mr. Levitas joined the plaintiffs’ litigation team in the historic class action of Cobell v. Norton. Throughout these years, he along with several colleagues represented more than 300,000 Native Americans suing the United States government for breach of trust and for an accounting in connection with the lands and billions of dollars of Indian trust funds held by the United States since the 1880’s.
In October 2007, it was determined that the Department of the Interior has not -- and cannot -- remedy the breach of its fiduciary duty to account for the IIM trust. Following the Court of Appeals remand of the case to the District Court, the District Court Judge Robertson ordered settlement negations between high level officials in the government and the plaintiffs.
Mr. Levitas received the Thomas B. Murphy Lifetime Achievement Award from the Democratic Party of Georgia in 2008. Mr. Levitas is a 2012 recipient of the prestigious Emory Medal, the highest University honor presented exclusively to alumni by the Emory Alumni Association, “for his commitment to civic service and his unrelenting defense of justice for our nation's underserved populations.” He was recognized in The Best Lawyers in America® for Government Relations Law in 2016 and the nine years immediately preceding and has been recognized as one of Georgia's "Legal Elite" for Governmental Affairs in Georgia Trend Magazine. Mr. Levitas is AV® rated by Martindale-Hubbell.*
*CV, BV, and AV are registered certification marks of Reed Elsevier Properties Inc., used in accordance with the Martindale-Hubbell certification procedure's standards and policies.
Professional & Community Activities
Atlanta Bar Association, Member
Atlanta Commerce Club, Member
American Bar Association, Member
Anti-Defamation League, South East Region, Board Member
DeKalb Bar Association, Member
Georgia Bar Association, Member
Georgia Conservancy, Board of Trustees
Emory Law School, Adjunct Professor
Emory Law School Council
Environmental Law Institute, Board of Trustees
Lawyer's Club of Atlanta, Member
Southern Environmental Law Center, Board of Trustees
8th Air Force, Strategic Air Command
Air Force Reserve, Captain
Civil Rights Commission, South East Region, ADL, Former Chairman
Emory Law Alumni Association, Past President
National Building Museum, Former Chairman of the Board of Trustees
The U.S. Chatham House Foundation, Inc., Former Board Member