Terms & Conditions
- The person using this website to order tickets (and thereby nominated as leader of any group) ("the Purchaser").
- Any person attending the Ball that appears on the Committee's Guestlist ("the Guest").
- Any representation, physical or electronic, of a Guest's invitation to attend the Ball ("the Ticket").
- The event taking place at Peterhouse on 21st June 2019, otherwise known as the Peterhouse May Ball 2019 ("the Ball").
- Those individuals appointed to run and administer the Ball ("the Committee").
- The schedule of events and activities planned for the Ball ("the Programme").
- The reservation and purchase of a ticket to the Ball from this website in conjunction with the Fixr Platform (“the Online Booking Transaction”).
- The electronic mail sent to the Purchaser on completion of the Online Booking Transaction ("the Email").
- The details of any specific Online Booking Transaction (“the Order”).
- Various terms used in this Agreement are defined in bracketed quotes; each of the defined terms used in this Agreement begins with a capital letter
- By continuing with an Online Booking Transaction, the Purchaser agrees to be bound by all terms and conditions laid out below.
- The completion of the Online Booking Transaction represents final offer and acceptance thus an entire agreement (notified by the Email).
- The contract of sale is governed by these terms:
- On the completion of sale, provided full consideration is received, (as embodied in a successful Online Booking Transaction and receipt of the Email), the Committee agrees to supply the Ticket(s) specified in the Order, and notified by the Email to the Purchaser a reasonable time before the date of the Ball.
- All Guests must be over the age of 18. Proof of age will be required. The Tickets are only representative of each Guest's eligibility to attend the Ball and remain the property of the Committee.
- The Committee reserves the right to refuse to complete any Online Booking Transaction for Tickets.
- The Online Booking Transaction is completed on the basis that the Purchaser or any Guests named in the Order at the time of sale, or on the Ticket(s) later, are welcome to attend the Ball at the Committee’s discretion.
- Tickets are non-refundable and may be transferred up to 3 times. The first time a Ticket purchased during the Peterhouse members’ release period is transferred, the transferee must also be a matriculated member of Peterhouse. The transfer of Tickets must not be used in any attempt to bypass Ticket purchasing restrictions or any other terms or conditions. The Committee reserves the absolute right to cancel any Ticket without a refund if this is suspected.
- In the event of cancellation of the Ball, remuneration may not be available and the Purchaser assumes this risk absolutely. Refunds will be given only where the Committee believes them to be feasible.
- The Committee reserves the right to change any aspect of the Programme without prior notice.
- Tickets will only be issued to a Purchaser upon proof of identification.
- The Committee accepts no liability for loss, damage or injury sustained at the Ball.
- The Committee reserves the right to refuse any Guest admission to the Ball, and to arrange for the removal of any Guest at any time during the Ball according to its absolute discretion.
- The Committee will not tolerate drunken disorderliness or any other form of inappropriate behaviour.
- The Committee reserves the right to require the search of any person by a licensed security guard upon reasonable suspicion of possession of any weapon or illegal substance.
- The Committee will contact the police where it deems it necessary.
- Unauthorised access or use of this website is prohibited and constitutes an offence under the Computer Misuse Act 1990.
- Any attempt to obtain Tickets by deception or fraud will result in prosecution.
- All decisions of the Committee in all matters relating to the Ball are final.
- All terms, conditions, and contracts relating to Tickets are governed by the law of England & Wales.
- By attending the Ball, each Guest consents to the Committee (and future Committees) using photographs and/or video recordings from the Ball, including images of each Guest, both internally and externally. These images could be used in print and digital media formats including print publications, websites, e-marketing, posters, banners, advertising, film, social media, teaching and research purposes.
- Images taken by official photographers in attendance will be subject to their own terms, please contact the Committee for details.
- Images on websites can be viewed throughout the world and not just in the United Kingdom and some overseas countries may not provide the same level of protection to the rights of individuals as EU/UK legislation provides.
- Some images or recordings may be kept permanently once they are published and may be kept as an archive of past Balls.
- You have the right to request to see a copy of the information held about you by the Committee and to request corrections or deletions of the information that is no longer required.
- A complaint against the Ball regarding data protection issues may be lodged with the Information Commissioner’s Office.


The more than 10,000 disabled persons in The Bahamas are now becoming a major priority of The Bahamas government. Yesterday, the revolutionary Disabilities Bill was passed in the House of Assembly. The passing of the Persons with Disabilities -Equal Opportunities Bill has now set a monumental precedence in the country for a much needed support system for disabled persons. Minister of Social Services Melanie Griffin successfully led the charge for the legislation and commented that, ” the work will just begin”
This important piece of legislation is set to influence everything from equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities, to eliminating discrimination on the basis of disabilities, to providing rights, rehabilitation and habilitation of persons with disabilities and establishing a National Commission for Persons with Disabilities that will ensure that key components of the legislation are met.
“The passage of this Bill is indeed a dream come true for persons with disabilities, their parents, families, friends, caregivers and advocates because finally the light at the end of the tunnel does not seem far,” Mrs. Griffin said. Fines under the disability legislation cover issues like credit, insurance, concealment, adjustment orders and false information. This is truly a enormous step in the right direction for The Bahamas as members of a global economy. Hopefully, this progress continues and the entire country consciously buys into the evolution of our society and supports the efforts to empower persons with disabilities. For more on this story click here.


This personal data processing policy has been prepared by KOVINTRADE Praha spol. s r.o., with registered office at Radlická 714/113a, Jinonice, 158 00 Praha 5 Avenir Business Park – budova C, identification number 452 72 875, registered in the Commercial Register kept by the Municipal Court in Prague under file number C 9237 (“we”).
We operate a website for the presentation of our products and services located at https://www.kovintrade.cz/ (“Website”).
We process your personal data in accordance with Regulation (EU) No. 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) and Act No. 110/2019 Coll. processing of personal data, as amended.
If you have any questions or comments, you can contact us at our registered office, or by phone at +420 251 091 611 or by email at email@example.com.
Your personal data is processed and managed by us, i.e. the data controller. The controller is the one who decides how personal data is processed. We usually make such decisions ourselves, but we may involve other people in this process, but we will always inform you of this.
We obtain personal data directly from you when you provide it to us, either through the Website or through our communications with each other.
We may obtain your personal data from public registers and records, such as the commercial or trade register, mainly for the purpose of creating invoices and other accounting documents. We may also check the registers for the accuracy of the information and data you have provided to us.
We process the following categories of personal data:
In some cases, it is indeed necessary for you to provide us with your personal data. For example, if you want to contact us, we need your personal information to contact you.
We always process your personal data on the Website on the basis of a lawful reason and a relevant legal basis. Such legal basis may be:
We will process the personal data that we process when dealing with your requests for these purposes and retain it for a period of 1 year from the time you first disclose it to us.
Personal data processed for the purpose of defending our legal claims in judicial, extrajudicial and enforcement proceedings, we will process for a period of 15 years from the end of the relationship between us and you. This period corresponds to the longest possible limitation period provided for by law.
If you have given us your consent to process your personal data, we will process it for the duration of this consent. You can withdraw your consent at any time. However, we would like to point out that even if you withdraw your consent, we may not delete all your personal data – we may retain those where our legitimate interest allows us to do so or where we are required to do so by law.
Necessary cookies are needed for the Website to work at all so that you can use our services on Website and to be able to enter into a contract with you at all. Because they are necessary for the functioning of the Site and the provision of our services, you do not have to agree to them and you cannot refuse them.
Preference cookies allow us to tailor the content of the Site to meet your needs and interests. For example, your preferred language or the region where you are located. However, to do this we need your consent, which you can give us via the cookie bar. You can refuse them at any later time here: https://www.kovintrade.cz/en/cookie/.
Statistical cookies are used to help us compile statistics and reports. We use them to track traffic to the Website and where you have come to the Website from. We also need your consent to use these cookies, which you can give via the cookie bar. Again, you can refuse them at any time here https://www.kovintrade.cz/en/cookie/.
Marketing cookies allow us to tailor our service offering to your needs. Thanks to them for example, we can offer our services through targeted advertising, including third party advertising tools. However, for this we again need your consent in the cookie bar. You can refuse these cookies here https://www.kovintrade.cz/en/cookie/.
Unclassified cookies are those that we have in the process of classifying together with the providers individual cookies. We do not currently use any on the Website.
The cookies collected are processed by third parties:
We process the following cookies on the Website for the period of time indicated on the page: https://www.kovintrade.cz/cookie/.
In order to provide you with the best possible service, we involve other parties in the processing of your personal data. As part of such outsourcing, we may also process your personal data, we do not need your consent for such processing.
However, you don’t have to worry about your personal data or your privacy, because our suppliers become so-called processors personal data and can only handle your data in the context of the activities and services they provide to us. We will also still be the ones who decide what happens to your personal data.
For example, IT and marketing service providers are the people to whom we pass your personal data. Specifically, these processors are:
As we use advanced tools to improve our Website and services, some of your personal data may be transferred to third countries outside the European Union. However, we always transfer such personal data subject to compliance with all standards of due diligence and provided that the recipient of your personal data is bound by the EU standard contractual data protection clauses or has provided other appropriate data protection safeguards. In the case of the use of Google services (Google Analytics), all services are set up in such a way as to minimize the amount of personal data transmitted, in particular, the IP address of users is already anonymized on our servers and this personal data is not transmitted to third countries in this context.
We will not process your personal data by automated individual decision-making. This means that your rights and obligations (for example, whether we enter into a contract with you and provide you with our services) will not be decided automatically by any software that processes your personal data.
As a data controller, it is also our responsibility to ensure that the processing of your personal data is carried out properly and securely. We then guarantee you the rights described in this article. You can exercise these rights with us in writing, by email or by telephone at the contacts listed above.
These rights are:
In addition to the above rights, you also have the right to object if we process your personal data on the basis of our legitimate interest. This objection can be made by sending an email to our contact address or by e-mail. We will then evaluate the objection without delay, but at the latest within one month of receipt.
This data processing policy is valid as of 20 December 2022.


Women’s Rights and Health Project (WRAHP) is working to “Improve protection from SGBV for women and young girls through the VAPP law in Ebonyi and Edo State”. Specifically, the project intends to raise awareness on the provisions of the VAPP law for protection from rape, female genital mutilation, domestic violence and female trafficking among community members and strengthen reporting pathways, which will increase the chances of successful prosecution of perpetrators of violence against women. The project is expected to impact the relationship between community members, the police, and other government agencies that work in the field of SGBV.
WRAHP is working to empower community members with specific knowledge about the provisions of the VAPP law for protection from rape, female genital mutilation, domestic violence and female trafficking; significantly, raise awareness on the provisions of the VAPP law and engage communities to become more visible in reporting SGBV cases to the police and to work as agents of change in their communities.
WRAHP has conducted skills-building workshops for 120 representatives in identified community structures in 2 LGA of Ebonyi and Edo States , Conducted sustained advocacy with Area Police commands each in Ebonyi and Edo States.
This is to ensure that women and girls are more knowledgeable about the VAPP law and therefore feel more secure to report their cases to the police. It would also bring SGBV survivors one step closer to accessing justice under existing legislation in Ebonyi and Edo State.
The project is also working to simplify and disseminate 10,000 copies of the VAPP law in 2 LGA of Ebonyi and Edo States, conduct advocacy visits each to 5 relevant community stakeholders and gatekeepers in 2 LGA of Ebonyi and Edo State, Provide technical support for 200 community sensitization sessions each in Ebonyi and Edo States to reach 5000 persons, conduct sustained advocacy with 5 Government agencies each in Ebonyi and Edo States, conduct 2 sensitization meeting for 30 representatives of Media on effective documentation of reported SGBV cases in Ebonyi and Edo State


Section 197-4.1 - Fundamental Rules
(a) Home inspectors shall exhibit honesty and integrity in furtherance of the honor of the home inspection profession. A home inspection has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all home buyers. In performing home inspection services, home inspectors shall adhere to the highest principles of ethical conduct.
(b) This Code of Ethics and Regulations reflects the current ethical standards for home inspectors. It is the department’s intention that this document be a living document and that changes and updates to this Code of Ethics and Regulations be made as deemed necessary by the department in consultation with the Home Inspection Council.
(c) Home inspectors shall fully adhere to and comply with the provisions of Article 12-B of the Real Property Law and all regulations promulgated thereunder including, but not limited to, this Code of Ethics and Regulations and the Standards of Practice.
(d) Home Inspectors shall be required to cooperate with investigations by the Department of State. Each applicant or licensee shall be obligated, on request of the Secretary of State, to supply such information as may be required concerning his, her or its business, business practices or business methods, or proposed business practices or methods.
Section 197-4.2 Written Contracts
(a) Prior to performing a home inspection, home inspectors shall provide a client with a written pre-inspection agreement that clearly and fully describes the scope of service to be provided and the cost associated with that service. All said contracts shall contain the following clauses which shall be printed in type size of not less than six point:
“Home inspectors are licensed by the NYS Department of State. Home Inspectors may only report on readily accessible and observed conditions as outlined in this pre-inspection agreement, Article 12 B of the Real Property Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder including, but not limited to, the Code of Ethics and Regulations and the Standards of Practice as provided in Title 19 NYCRR Subparts 197-4 and 197-5 et seq. Home inspectors are not permitted to provide engineering or architectural services.”; and
“If immediate threats to health or safety are observed during the course of the inspection, the client hereby consents to allow the home inspector to disclose such immediate threats to health or safety to the property owner and/or occupants of the property.”
(b) Home inspectors shall discuss the scope of the inspection with the client and only perform services which have been duly authorized by the client.
Section 197-4.3 Non-Disclosure
Home inspectors shall not disclose to a third party the contents of a home inspection report or any observations, deductions, opinions that pertain to a home inspection report without the prior consent of the client or the client’s representative.
Section 197-4.4 Unlicensed and Unlawful Activity
(a) Home inspectors shall not engage in, knowingly permit or aid and abet, unlicensed or activity that is prohibited by Article 12-B of the Real Property Law or the regulations promulgated thereunder.
(b) In the event that a client insists upon a home inspector engaging in unlawful and/or unethical conduct, the home inspector shall, after notice to the client that such conduct is unlawful or unethical, be permitted to immediately withdraw from the assignment or contract.
(c) Home inspectors shall not determine property boundary lines or encroachments, easements or any limitations of use of the property.
(d) Home inspectors shall not determine compliance with regulations, codes, laws or ordinances.
(e) Home inspectors shall not determine the market value of the property or its marketability.
Section 197-4.5 Competence
(a) Except as provided in section 197-4.6 and 197-5.2(c), home inspectors shall conduct home inspections in compliance with the Standards of Practice.
(b) Home inspectors shall not accept or perform services in which the home inspector knows or has reason to know that he or she is not competent to perform.
(c) Home inspectors shall not delegate responsibility to another when the home inspector delegating such responsibility knows or has reason to know that such person is not a duly licensed home inspector and/or qualified by training and experience to perform said task.
Section 197-4.6 Written Reports
(a) Home inspectors shall provide a written report containing the results of a home inspection.
(b) Home inspectors shall not willfully make a false report or false or misleading statements in the context of home inspection activities and/or a home inspection report.
(c) The home inspection report shall clearly identify the systems and components of the residential building that were observed. If a home inspector is providing a home inspection that does not meet the minimum requirements as set forth in the Standards of Practice, the home inspection report must describe the scope of work, the services provided, and the systems and components that were included in and excluded from the inspection.
Section 197-4.7 Conflicts of Interest
(a) The duty of every home inspector shall be to the client. Home inspectors shall avoid conflicts of interest or activities that compromise their professional objectivity, or have the potential of creating an appearance that their professional objectivity has been compromised.
(b) Prior to accepting any home inspection assignment, home inspectors shall disclose to the potential client all known or potential conflicts of interest that could influence or appear to influence the home inspector’s judgment or the quality of the home inspector’s services.
(c) Home inspectors shall not solicit or accept compensation, financial or otherwise, from more than one interested party for a home inspection unless the circumstances are fully disclosed to the client and agreed upon by all interested parties.
(d) Home inspectors shall not solicit or accept an assignment or contract from a
governmental body on which a principal or officer of the home inspector’s office
or organization serves as a member.
(e) Home inspectors shall not directly or indirectly compensate, in any way, real estate brokers, real estate salespersons, real estate brokerage companies, lending institutions or any other party or parties that expect to have a financial interest in closing the transaction, for future referrals of inspections or for inclusion on a list of recommended inspectors or preferred providers or any similar arrangement.
(f) Home inspectors shall not accept financial or other consideration, such as material or equipment, from suppliers for suggesting the use of, or promoting a specific product in the course of performing a home inspection.
(g) In connection with performing home inspections, home inspectors shall not accept commissions, fees or other consideration directly or indirectly from contractors or other persons or entities dealing with clients or employers of the home inspector in connection with work for which the inspector is responsible for, or has reported upon.
(h) Home inspectors shall not inspect any residential building in which said home inspector or relative thereof has a financial interest or any interest in the transfer thereof, including the receipt of any commission as an agent.
(i) Home inspectors shall not inspect a home if the home inspector’s compensation is contingent upon the sale of the home or if compensation is contingent upon the results of the home inspection.
Section 197-4.8 Fraud, Misrepresentation and Dishonesty
Home inspectors shall not engage in fraud, fraudulent activity, misrepresentation or dishonesty.
Section 197-4.9 Promotion and Advertising
(a) Home inspectors shall not advertise in a false, misleading or deceptive manner.
(b) Home inspectors shall not falsify or misrepresent their experience, education or qualifications or permit any such misrepresentation by their employees or associates.
(c) Home inspectors shall not advertise home inspection services as an engineer or architect or under the heading of engineers, engineering, architects or architecture in any form of print or electronic media unless the individual and/or firm is licensed to provide engineering or architectural services by the New York State Education Department.
(d) Home inspectors shall refrain from making any claim relating to the quality and effectiveness of services which cannot be substantiated by the home inspector.
(e) Home inspectors placing or authorizing advertisements shall maintain or cause to be maintained an exact copy of each advertisement for a period of one year following the advertisement’s last publication. This copy shall be made available for inspection, upon request, by the Department or an authorized representative of the Department.
(f) Nothing herein shall prohibit a home inspector from advertising his or her services or advertising for the purpose of recruiting employees provided that no such advertisements shall be misleading or deceptive.
SUBPART 197-5 STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR HOME INSPECTORS
Section 197-5. 1 Definitions
(a) Alarm Systems: means installed or freestanding warning devices including, but not limited to, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, flue gas and other spillage detectors and security equipment.
(b) Central Air Conditioning: means a system that uses either ducts to distribute cooled and/or dehumidified air to more than one room of a residential building or pipes to distribute chilled water to heat exchangers in more than one room in a residential building, and which is not plugged into an electrical convenience outlet.
(c) Component: means a readily accessible and observable aspect of a system such as a floor or a wall, but not individual pieces such as boards or nails where many similar pieces make up the component.
(d) Dangerous or Adverse Situations: means situations that pose a threat of injury to the home inspector including, but not limited to, those situations in which the home inspector is required to use special protective clothing or other safety equipment.
(e) Decorative: means a component or part thereof that is ornamental and not required for the proper operation of the essential systems and components of a home.
(f) Dismantle: means to take apart or remove any component, device, or piece of equipment that is bolted, screwed, or fastened and that a homeowner in the course of normal household maintenance would not dismantle.
(g) Engineering, Practice of: means as that term is defined in Education Law, title VIII, Article 145, Section 7201.
(h) Engineering Study: means a study requiring engineering services.
(i) Functional Drainage: means the operation of a drain whereby a drain empties in a reasonable amount of time and does not overflow when another fixture is drained simultaneously.
(j) Functional Flow: means a reasonable flow at the highest fixture in a dwelling when another fixture is operated simultaneously.
(k) Further Evaluation: means the examination and analysis by a qualified professional, tradesman, or service technician beyond that provided by the home inspection.
(l) Household Appliances: means kitchen and laundry appliances, room air conditioners, and similar appliances.
(m) Inspect: means to visually examine any system or component of a building in accordance with these Standards of Practice, using normal operating controls and opening readily operable access panels.
(n) Installed: means attached or connected such that the installed item requires tools for removal.
(o) Normal Operating Controls: means homeowner operated devices such as a thermostat, wall switch, or safety switch.
(p) Observable: means able to be observed at the time of the inspection without the removal of covering, fixed, finished and or stored materials.
(q) Observe: means the act of making a visual examination.
(r) On-site Water Supply Quantity: means the volume of water that is available for domestic use.
(s) Operate: means to cause systems or equipment to function.
(t) Primary Windows and Doors: means windows and exterior doors that are designed to remain in their respective openings year-round.
(u) Readily Accessible: means available for visual inspection without requiring the home inspector to remove or dismantle any personal property, use destructive measures, or take any action which will likely involve risk to persons or property.
(v) Readily Operable Access Panel: means a panel provided for homeowner inspection and maintenance, which has removable or operable fasteners or latch devices in order to be lifted, swung open, or otherwise removed by one person, and its edges and fasteners are not painted in place. The panel must be within normal reach and not blocked by stored items, furniture or building components.
(w) Recreational Facilities: means spas, saunas, steam baths, swimming pools, tennis courts, playground equipment, and other entertainment or athletic facilities.
(x) Report: means a written document setting forth findings of home inspection unless otherwise specified in these regulations.
(y) Representative Number: means for multiple identical components such as windows and electrical outlets, one such component per room. For multiple identical exterior components this term shall mean one such component on each side of the building.
(z) Roof Drainage Systems: means gutters, down spouts, leaders, splash blocks, and similar components used to carry water off a roof and away from a building.
(aa) Safe Access: means access free of any encumbrances, hazardous materials, health and safety hazards such as climbing and/or standing on other than the ground and/or floor which may jeopardize the inspector.
(bb) Safety Glazing: means tempered glass, laminated glass or rigid plastic.
(cc) Shut Down: means a piece of equipment or a system is shut down when the device or control cannot be operated in a manner that a homeowner would normally use to operate it. If the safety switch or circuit breaker is in the "off" position, or the fuse is missing or blown, the inspector is not required to reestablish the circuit for the purpose of operating the equipment or system.
(dd) Solid Fuel Heating Device: means any wood, coal, or other similar organic fuel burning device including, but not limited to, fireplaces whether masonry or factory built, fireplace inserts and stoves, wood stoves (room heaters), central furnaces, and any combination of these devices.
(ee) Structural Component: means a component that supports non-variable forces or weights (dead loads) and variable forces or weights (live loads).
(ff) System: means a combination of interacting or interdependent components, assembled to carry out one or more functions.
(gg) Technically Exhaustive: means an inspection is technically exhaustive when it involves the extensive use of measurements, instruments, testing, calculations, and other means to develop scientific or engineering findings, conclusions, and recommendations.
(hh) Under Floor Crawl Space: means the area within the confines of the foundation and between the ground and the underside of the lowest floor structural component.
(ii) Unsafe: means a condition in a readily accessible, installed system or component, which is judged by the Home Inspector to be of significant risk of personal injury during normal, day to day use. The risk may be due to damage, deterioration, improper installation or a change in the accepted residential construction standard.
(jj) Water Supply Quality: means the quality of a residential building's water supply based on the bacterial, chemical, mineral, and solids content of the water.
Section 197-5.2 Purpose and Scope
(a) These Standards of Practice establish a minimum and uniform standard for home inspectors. Home inspections shall be performed in compliance with these Standards of Practice and shall provide the client with objective information regarding the condition of the systems and components of the residential building as observed at the time of the home inspection.
(b) These Standards of Practice are not intended to limit home inspectors from including other inspection services or from observing and reporting upon systems and components not required by these Standards of Practice.
(c) The home inspection report shall clearly identify the systems and components of the residential building that were observed. If a home inspector is providing a home inspection that does not meet the minimum requirements as set forth in this Standards of Practice, the home inspection report must describe the scope of work, the services provided and the systems and components that are included and excluded in the inspection.
Section 197-5.3 Minimum Requirements
(a) Home inspectors shall observe and report on readily accessible, visually observable installed systems and components as set forth in these Standards of Practice.
(b) Home inspectors shall report on those systems and components observed that, in the professional opinion of the home inspector, are deficient, not functioning properly and/or unsafe.
(c) If a home inspector has not observed a particular system or major component, he or she shall list said item in the inspection report as an item that was not observed and shall set forth the reasons why said item was not observed.
Section 197-5.4 Site Conditions
(a) Home inspectors shall observe and report the following site conditions:
1. The building perimeter for land grade and water drainage directly adjacent to the foundation;
2. Trees and vegetation that adversely affect the residential building;
3. Walkways, steps, driveways, patios and retaining walls.
(b) Home inspectors are not required to observe and report on the following site conditions:
1. Fences and privacy walls;
2. The health and condition of trees, shrubs and other vegetation.
Section 197-5.5 Structural Systems
(a) Home inspectors shall observe and report on the following:
1. Any deteriorated and/or damaged structural component including the building foundation and framing;
2. The floor structure;
3. The wall structure;
4. The ceiling structure;
5. The roof structure.
Section 197-5.6 Exterior
(a) Home inspectors shall observe and report on:
1. All exterior walls and coverings, flashing and trim;
2. All exterior doors including garage doors and operators;
3. All attached or adjacent decks, balconies, stoops, steps, porches and railings;
4. All eaves, soffits and fascias where accessible from the ground level;
5. All adjacent walkways, patios and driveways on the subject property;
6. The condition of a representative number of windows.
(b) Home inspectors are not required to observe and report on the following:
1. Screening, shutters, awnings and other seasonal accessories;
3. Geological and/or soil conditions;
4. Recreational facilities;
5. Out-buildings other than garages and carports;
6. Tennis courts, jetted tubs, hot tubs, swimming pools, saunas and similar structures that would require specialized knowledge or test equipment;
7. Erosion control and earth stabilization measures;
8. The operation of security locks, devices or systems;


When you started your small business, you were so focused on taking your business live and growing it that you might have thought registering with the state tax authority completed your obligations. You may have had no idea that there were dozens of other business regulations pertaining to your venture. Then, the moment you hired your first employee you entered a whole other world of legal and compliance risk. Not knowing however, is not a successful defense for violations. Hopefully, you were able to work closely with a trusted advisor.
Here are several suggestions to help minimize and manage business risk:
- Get educated and get help. Sanctions, fines even criminal penalties can be assessed for violation of any number of laws and regulations governing small and medium sized businesses. Professional compliance support like that available through Insperity, will ensure you understand and remain compliant with these laws.
- Establish a strong foundation. As I have said so many times, “Good culture is the key to business success”. Establishing a strong and positive culture which values all people, especially employees, will prevent many problems. An emphasis on integrity and commitment to legal and ethical behavior will avert most legal complications.
- Develop and publish an Employee Handbook. Unheard complaints are at the root of most employee disputes. Your handbook should clearly explain your open door and retribution-free communications processes designed to calm mounting discontent and settle grievances. It should unmistakably define escalation channels and appeals.
- Require liability management training. Compliance failures often stem from ignorance of HR policies or regulations. Every leader, supervisor and employee should be regularly trained in and reminded of compliant and ethical behavior.
- Follow sound hiring practices. Avoiding bad hires is essential to creating high performing organizations and steering clear of legal jeopardy. Disrupters and non-performers are difficult to manage. They’re also most likely to file a wrongful termination suit when you have finally had enough. Careful and disciplined hiring methods help avoid this compounding risk.
Not every employment and business threat can be eliminated, but there are preemptive actions that can be taken. An annual risk assessment is an effective early warning system to identify issues, reduce risks, and minimize exposure.
For more information on managing compliance risks, get the book: Paul Sarvadi, (2019) Take Care of Your People, The Enlightened CEO’s Guide to Business Success, ForbesBooks.


After starting out pretty well with my blog endeavor, I have noticed I have been slipping. I will admit that after spending endless days blogging for others, my blog is not granted the priority it should deserve. After all, I don’t pay myself and, well, money is a scarce commodity lately. Compounding the problem is my perpetual writer’s block. I’m finding myself increasingly challenged by devising poetry topics for my current book which haven’t already been used in the previous five. And titles. With over 400 titled poems, I have to check back through previous books to see if I had already used one I have in mind. Being prolific is, indeed, rife with benefits; however, the flip side is that it is also fraught with shortcomings. And for those who know me, my default setting is pessimistic.
My other current literary endeavor is a scathing indictment of the American corrections system, particularly prison privatization and mandatory minimum sentencing policies. Having worked in a private prison for nearly three years (and studying, researching, and writing about the criminal justice system in its entirety for most of my adult life), I witnessed firsthand every reason privatization opponents assert: inmate abuse, poorly trained staff, inadequate staffing levels, an excessive focus on making a profit that overshadows the fundamental purpose of criminal punishment, myriad policy violations, unsafe conditions due to shoddy construction, insufficient rehabilitative programs administered by individuals unqualified to do so, and rampant corruption. Turning over a critical governmental function to private entities whose primary goal is making money turns human beings into commodities to be bought and sold with very little concern over correcting behavior and preparing them for reentry and reintegration as productive and law-abiding members of society.
I have talked to myriad people who believe that we should simply lock up offenders and throw away the key; however, these individuals fail to appreciate the fact that 90 percent of those incarcerated will eventually return to society and it is the correctional system’s fundamental goal to correct behavior (see what I did there?) Whereas courts punish, prisons are supposed to rehabilitate and reform. Instead, prison administrators—especially in private facilities— do everything in their power to ensure full capacity because that’s how they earn their $1.6 billion annual profits. They don’t care about rehabilitation, ethics, or their own accountability and this is, sadly, blatantly obvious and, ultimately, unacceptable. They would rather settle million dollar lawsuits or pay hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines for noncompliance than actually do the job they were hired to do. From fudging accreditation reports to lying on inmate misconduct reports to harassing and creating a hostile work environment for those few employees who actually care and who are trying their damnedest to make a difference, prison privatization is the catalyst behind the failure of the contemporary American corrections system. When I was employed in corrections, I was frequently “accused” of being “too pro-inmate.” If helping rehabilitate offenders to further their education, obtain vocational skills so they can find post-incarceration employment, embrace pro-social skills, address mental health and addiction issues, and, ultimately, not recidivate, then I will wear that label proudly and direct my passion for reform into my words. That is, until I am able to do so again through my actions.


As of June 21, 2007, covering a junk vehicle with a tarp will no longer suffice as shielding
it from view in a public place. An ordinance passed by the City Council declared all junked vehicles nuisances and a hazard to public
safety and prohibits the location of junked vehicles in drives,
rights-of-ways, or any place visible to the public regardless of whether
the vehicle is covered or uncovered.
Owners should move such vehicles
from public access and view to a secure and screened location as soon as
possible to avoid complaints and fines.


Senior Capital Markets Consultant
As part of the government’s homegrown economic reform program, the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) has been working, in collaboration with other government agencies, development partners, and private sector stakeholders, to develop capital markets in Ethiopia. Ongoing efforts include:
· Developing a legal and regulatory framework
· Developing market infrastructure
· Institutional and human development both at the public and private sectors
Following the ratification of the Capital Markets Proclamation by the House of Peoples Representatives of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia on June 10, 2021, the NBE has established a Capital Markets Project Implementation Team (CMPIT), which will steer the operationalization of the Proclamation. The responsibilities of the CMPIT include:
· Support the establishment of the Capital Markets Authority (CMA);
· Draft directives and regulations needed to operationalize the Proclamation for the CMA;
· Coordinate efforts to setup the Ethiopian Securities Exchange and develop required market infrastructure;
· Develop and begin implementing a business plan for the Authority to become self-funded and autonomous;
· Review tax policies and institutional investor regulations in light of capital market developments and propose needed adjustments
· Coordinate efforts to develop capacity within regulatory and oversight bodies, depository institutions and other parts of the market ecosystem;
· Develop a strategy for investor education.
The CMPIT is a transitional technical team with a lifetime of up to one year, with the aim to establish the Regulatory Authority and its revenue stream during this period. It is expected to deliver on its responsibilities with the support of Technical Advice from development partners. The CMPIT and its responsibilities will be folded into the Authority at the end of the program period.
With financial support from the Agence Française de Developpement, the NBE is seeking to recruit a senior capital markets consultant to support the establishment of the Capital Markets Authority and preparation of capital markets development strategy. The consultant will be a member of the CMPIT and will report to the team leader.
3. Scope of the Work
The consultant will be expected to:
· Provide advice to the setting up of the regulatory Authority and define its internal organization and processes.
· Prepare policy options to the development of capital markets in Ethiopia in line with the CMA’s mandate of developing capital markets.
· Develop the CMA’s near-term action plan and medium-term strategy.
· Develop a business plan which provides financial self-sufficiency of the CMA through fees and other revenue streams.
· Lead the development of capacity building and investor education strategies for the CMA.
· Contribute to the drafting of regulations and directives needed to operationalize the Proclamation.
· Provide strategic advice and support to the launching of the Ethiopian Securities Exchange and market infrastructure development.
· Supervise review the tax Law and investment regulations of institutional investor, with the aim to identify impediments to market development and propose needed amendments to the Ministry of Finance
· Provide support to other duties as assigned by the team leader.
In collaboration with the other CMPIT members and with technical assistance from development partners, the consultant is expected to have the following deliverables:
· Draft capital markets development strategy
· Set up the Capital Markets Authority
· Business plan and medium-term budget projection of the CMA
· Medium-term capacity building and investor education strategy for the CMA
· Draft directives needed to operationalize the Proclamation
The consultant is expected to meet the following criteria:
· Hold a minimum of a Master’s degree or its equivalent in Finance, Accounting, Financial Economics or a related discipline;
· At least ten (10) years of relevant professional experience, including at senior level, in capital markets, corporate finance, and/or private equity.
· Diverse international experience, especially in developing countries (ideally those at the early stage of their capital market developments).
· Demonstrated knowledge of capital markets products, market infrastructure, regulation and supervision to support financial system stability, integrity and development.
· Experience in providing strategic advice and technical assistance to regulators, policy makers, and/or market participants.
· Excellent understanding of international best practices and IOSCO principles of securities regulation.
· Excellent understanding of securities trading, company laws, and IPO issuance requirements.
· Experience in setting up and/or building capacity of capital market regulatory agencies would be a plus;
· Familiarity with the legal, social, political, and economic context of Ethiopia; ability to speak Amharic would be an advantage.
6. Duration of employment and compensation
The duration of the contract is one year, with the possibility of extension under the Capital Markets Authority depending on performance and availability of funding. A contract duration of less than one year, but no less than six months, could be considered if this works better for the suitable candidate.**
7. Evaluation Criteria/selection criteria
The following criteria shall be used to select candidates:
General qualification and relevant training of the candidates (25 points)
Relevant Specific experience of the candidates related to the assignment (45 points)
Understanding of international best practices, IOSCO principles of securities regulation; securities trading, company laws, and IPO issuance requirements (20 points)
Skills and competency: language (ability to speak Amharic would be an advantage), Familiarity with the legal, social, political, and economic context of Ethiopia (10)
How to apply:
Expertise France is supporting the Ministry of Finance of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in achieving it’s Home Grown Economic Reform Program.
We are therefore assisting in publishing the following vacancy.
Please click on the link below to apply for this position.


Andrew Hug, J.D., LL.M. – Senior Strategist
Andrew is a rare combination of number cruncher and strategic communicator.
His background in accounting and tax, which includes an accounting degree with honors from the prestigious McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas and a Master of Laws in International Tax from the University of London, enables him to advise clients on business plans and strategies with a laser focus on the bottom line.
He is also a skilled trial strategist, boiling complex cases down to simple, digestible stories that juries respond to and remember. He is especially gifted at cross-examination, able to zero in on witness deception or uncertainty and use cross to tell his client’s side of the story. Witnesses who survive his cross-examination prep find the in-court experience to be far less intimidating.
As a criminal defense attorney and former Assistant District Attorney for Dallas County, Andrew has tried more than 50 cases in less than 10 years and has consulted on dozens more. In addition to his Bachelors of Business Administration and his Master of Laws, Andrew holds a J.D. from the highly ranked University of Texas School of Law.


A Note for Preschool Parents
Hello Preschool Parents:
This is a reminder that state law requires all Preschool Students who were born on or after 1/1/2015 to have a flu shot by December 31, 2019. If you have not already done this please schedule an appointment with your child’s healthcare provider as soon as possible. Once your child has received the vaccine, please send the documentation to my attention.
If you have already submitted documentation or have a religious exemption on file, you may disregard this message.
Children without documentation or a religious exemption will not be allowed to return to school after Winter Break.
Thank you for your cooperation and as always please contact me with any questions.


At least 10 bills have been introduced in the U.S. Senate or House of Representatives during the 111th Congress encouraging further development of concurrent enrollment programs.
The version of the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2009 (SAFRA) that originally passed the U.S. House of Representatives in September 2009 included $630 million for American Graduation Initiative (AGI) competitive challenge grants to support community colleges in developing new strategies and implementing proven programs to support an additional 5 million community college graduates by 2020. Grantees would have been required to implement at least 2 of 10 identified activities, one of which was “Building or enhancing linkages, including the development of dual enrollment programs and early college high schools” [H.R. 3221 Sec. 503]. AGI was eliminated due to budget concerns in SAFRA’s ultimate passage as part of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.
In March 2010, the Obama administration proposed a new College Pathways and Accelerated Learning program in its Blueprint for reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)and FY2011 Budget Request, to provide competitive grants to school districts to better prepare students for high school graduation and college success through dual enrollment, Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate, and other accelerated learning opportunities. The President’s FY 2011 budget requested $100 million for the College Pathways program to “increase access to college-level, dual credit, and other accelerated courses in high-need high schools, and to support college-going strategies and models that will help students succeed.”
In April, NACEP’s Board of Directors passed a resolution supporting the passage of the College Pathways and Accelerated Learning program and encourages members to similarly support this legislation. While both the House and Senate held hearings on ESEA Reauthorization in the spring and summer of 2010, legislation has not yet been introduced. Prior to the start of the 2011 federal fiscal year on October 1, 2010, Congress had not passed the 2011 budget for federal education programs. Instead Congress passed a series of Continuing Resolutions temporarily funding all federal programs through March, based on fiscal year 2010 appropriations. The Continuing Resolutions does not make any statutory changes to the ESEA, which would be required to establish the College Pathways and Accelerating Learning initiative.
Other bills that have been introduced in the 111th Congress include the:
- Fast Track to College Act of 2009 [H.R. 1578 – Rep. Kildee and S. 627 – Sen. Kohl]
To authorize the Secretary of Education to make grants to support early college high schools and other dual enrollment programs.
- Secondary School Innovation Fund Act [H.R. 2239 – Reps. Loebsack and S. 968 – Sen. Reid]
To award competitive grants to eligible partnerships to enable the partnerships to implement innovative strategies at the secondary school level to improve student achievement and prepare at-risk students for postsecondary education and the workforce.
- Reengaging Americans in Serious Education by Uniting Programs Act [H.R. 3982 – Rep. Kildee and S. 1608 – Sen. Stabenow].
To prepare young people in disadvantaged situations for a competitive future.
- Graduation for All Act [H.R. 4122 – Rep. George Miller]
To support high-need middle and high schools in order to improve students’ academic achievement, graduation rates, postsecondary readiness, and preparation for citizenry.


|Newsletter Volume 9 (September 2004)|
This is the second time I am trying this & I want to thank those of you who wrote me back or called me about the first one. I had some nice feedback.
This time I would like to address a VERY big tax issue for some people (more than you think) as well as some more privacy/fraud issues.
The first topic is Estate Taxes (specifically for those of us in Washington for you clients who live out of state, it might be an interesting read, too.) The following is reprinted with the kind permission of the writer Cynthia Flash, a freelance journalist & The Seattle Times. This article appeared in the August 8, 2004 issue of the paper. The entire article is reprinted here in blue & a different font so you know it is not my work.
What you need to know about Washington state's estate tax
By Cynthia Flash
When Barbara Sauerbrey's 91-year-old mother died in February 2002, her estate was worth less than $1 million an amount low enough that the estate would owe no federal estate taxes .
What Sauerbrey didn't realize was that even though Congress had raised the federal estate -tax limit to $1 million, the state of Washington did not follow suit. Its estate tax no longer mirrored the federal estate tax.
As a result, Washington 's estate -tax limits are lower than the federal limits, forcing Sauerbrey's mother's estate to pay roughly $33,000 to the state of Washington .
Many Washington residents like Sauerbrey of Bellevue are unaware that a state of Washington estate tax even exists. There has been so much publicity about the federal government raising the federal estate -tax limits that many assume the state has done the same thing. That did happen in some states, but not in Washington .
"Every state is a little different and there are eccentricities in every state," said Tom Culbertson, a Spokane lawyer who chairs the Washington State Bar Association Estate and Gift Tax Committee.
Large Washington estates are actually paying more in estate taxes now than they did before Congress raised the federal estate -tax limit in 2001.
And all taxable estates are paying more in Washington state than they would in states such as California that have raised the state estate -tax limit to mirror the federal law.
"I am troubled by the fact that Washington has backed into an overall increase in estate -tax rates, at least for larger estates," said Mike Carrico, an estate -planning lawyer with Riddell Williams in Seattle and president of the Estate Planning Council of Seattle.
For example, someone who died in Washington or California in 2001 before the federal estate laws changed would have paid the same estate taxes . However, because Washington 's laws no longer mirror the federal laws and California 's do, there are now vast differences.
On a $5 million estate , a Washington resident who dies this year will have to pay about $1.96 million in estate taxes , compared with $1.66 million if they lived in California a difference of about $300,000.
Estate planning in Washington is different from elsewhere in the country in several other areas including requirements for witnessing wills, setting up health-care powers of attorney and health-care directives, going through probate, setting up charitable gift annuities, and using revocable trusts.
While much hoopla has surrounded the federal government's move to abolish the federal estate tax which is set to completely go away in 2010, but to then come back to 2001 levels in 2011 most people continue to live without a will.
Only about 42 percent of adults currently have a will, 5 percent less than in 2000, according to Martindale-Hubbell, the New Jersey-based legal resource firm. Reasons include procrastination, fewer assets and uncertainty about the estate tax.
In Washington state, the estates of residents who die without a will generally are distributed according to state law to the closest family members.
That means anyone who wants to name a guardian for their minor children, give money to charities or exclude certain relatives from their estate plan must have a will to ensure their wishes are fulfilled.
Washington 's estate tax
Unless the Legislature acts, Washington 's tax is frozen in time, forever governed by Washington and federal laws that were in effect on Jan. 1, 2001, Carrico said.
Its rules now differ substantially from the federal tax laws. In most states, the local estate -tax exemptions have changed to conform to the other federal exemptions.
But in Washington , residents with estates of $850,000 or more must pay a Washington tax, even though they can have $1.5 million before owing federal estate taxes . In 2006, the Washington exemption rises to $1 million, which will be $1 million less than the $2 million federal tax exemption. A resident with a $2 million estate in 2006 would owe no federal estate taxes , but would owe the state of Washington $99,600.
In addition, Washington 's tax will continue even if the federal tax is ultimately repealed. Thousands of Washington residents including Sauerbrey are included in a class-action lawsuit against the state challenging the state estate tax. A Thurston County Superior Court judge in December ruled that the state estate tax was legal and the state Supreme Court has agreed to hear the case this fall.
Cindy Evans, an estate -tax specialist with the state Department of Revenue, said that when taxpayers call her department after receiving a letter from their lawyers that they should update their wills, she advises them to at least look into it.
"We tell them there were some big changes made in 2001 that could result in a potential tax of $66,400 [this year]," she said.
There are some ways to avoid the state tax at least temporarily. Couples in Washington state can write their wills to avoid state estate taxes after the first spouse dies.
However, taxes still will have to be paid when the second spouse dies. Carrico advises residents to check with their lawyers to make sure their wills and estate plans are up to date to make sure they reflect differences between Washington state and federal estate -tax laws.
He and other lawyers say they've also seen some Washington residents move out of state to avoid paying state estate laws. Some move to out-of-state vacation homes. One elderly man who knew he was dying even moved to California shortly before his death to save his family from paying estate taxes .
While many people like to go online to fill out a simple will or even buy a form from the office-supply store, it is imperative that wills of Washington state residents be signed before two witnesses.
Handwritten or computer-generated wills are useless unless they are signed before witnesses. That includes changes to wills, which also must be signed before two witnesses. The only exception is a separate sheet of paper that lists where personal possessions legally called "tangible personal property" goes as long as there is a reference to that list in the will.
Washington state offers individuals a specific "health care directive" form they can sign to tell a doctor or the hospital not to intervene medically if they become terminally ill or permanently unconscious.
However, Washington does not have a form to designate a legal representative under a "health care power of attorney" a person who would make health-care decisions if you are unable to.
Such forms can be obtained from lawyers who are familiar with them.
The state attorney general in March filed a lawsuit against a company that sold overpriced living trusts to Washington residents. The lawsuit was filed because the firm was being deceptive and overcharged its customers, most of whom didn't need living trusts.
Living trusts often are sold to people who want to avoid probate the legal process required to settle an estate .
Living trusts are popular in some states like California where there are mandatory attorney fees that push up the cost of probate. But they are largely unnecessary in Washington state, where "we have a very simple, consumer-friendly probate system," Carrico said.
"In Washington , the lawyer gets what the lawyer earns and the family can have those fees reviewed by the judge." Some people who should consider living trusts, however, include those who are in a domestic partnership, individuals who own property outside of Washington , or those who want to keep the details of their wills secret.
Planning without a will
As another alternative to a will, Washington state also offers a "community property agreement." With this one-page agreement that can replace a will, a couple simply records that they own property together and that when one spouse dies, the other receives all of the property and vice versa.
With this agreement, individuals can avoid probate altogether. This approach can work well for couples with estates under the state's current estate -tax limit of $850,000 because they don't have to worry about estate -tax planning.
In addition, people can do without a will by designating their assets as "payable on death" or "transferable on death" to named individuals or by setting up securities or bank accounts under a joint tenancy or joint with right of survivorship designation.
For real estate , a special "future interest deed" can be used to transfer property to the beneficiary upon death. If all of an individual's property is covered by such arrangements, his or her estate might not need a will and would not need to go through probate.
The state estate tax may prompt individuals to consider giving to charities through a will or other estate -planning arrangement to cut down on the state tax, said Bill Zook, executive vice president of Planned Giving Services, a Seattle firm that advises charities on estate gifts.
"Because there's a lower threshold that applies to the state estate tax, it offers the ability to someone whose estate wouldn't be subject to federal taxes to save on state taxes by putting a charitable bequest in their will," he said.
In addition, he cautions that in Washington state, charities (excluding certain public universities) must be certified by the state Office of the Insurance Commissioner to offer charitable gift annuities a philanthropic instrument that allows donors to give money or assets to a charity and receive fixed payments from that charity until they die.
The bottom line, say those in the estate -planning community, is to take charge and know the laws in Washington state so you are not surprised. "Get with it, go see your planner, think about it," Carrico said. "It's unpleasant, but you have to do it."
Copyright © 2004 The Seattle Times Company
My next topic is Consumer Fraud two types
I would also like to address credit card fraud. Last month I opened my visa bill and found a $2995 charge from an avionics company in Texas . I happen to know that avionics are the electronic devices used in airplanes & could not remember ever owning a plane! I checked with my wife (maybe she was buying me one) & with Alaska Airlines (maybe they are charging their frequent fliers to maintain the fleet?). Nope to both. It turns out some guy in Singapore had faxed to the company MY visa number (with a wrong expiration date) & ordered some parts. Luckily for the company, they had not shipped the parts yet so they were not out the cost of the equipment & I had visa cancel the transaction. The upshot of this is please verify ALL charges on your account every month (this goes hand in hand with balancing your bank account monthly we won't go there though).
E-mail fraud is getting more sophisticated. I KNOW we have all received tons of spam (if you can weigh the stuff that is). I had a fishing' spam yesterday from a bank I do not deal with. It was about the bank's changing of various systems & needed me to verify ready for it my social security number, date of birth, mother's maiden name, account numbers (if any), address & phone number. The nerve of some people! The message & the link (I tried it) were very realistic & the logo was authentic. The real giveaway was that I do not deal with this bank & I never have.
Business Opportunity !
If any of you need to relocate your business or know of someone who does (or opening a new business), I have a commercial building available for rent. The address is 515 Main St , Edmonds . It is about 800 sq ft & the rent is $1600 per month. It is in the heart of Downtown Edmonds about 75 feet from the fountain. Please call me with any questions.
Remember to contact me if you have questions about any of these issues or ANY tax questions. I prefer you call now than surprise me next year when it is too late for me to fix any problems that you did not want to bother Chris' with.
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Copyright 2002 © Chris Fleck - Puget Sound Tax Services


INDIAN VISA FOR PARAGUAYAN CITIZENS and INDIAN VISA FOR PERUVIAN CITIZENS. A comprehensive guide on obtaining Indian visas for Paraguayan and Peruvian citizens. Find out the requirements, application process, and other essential information.
Welcome to a comprehensive guide that will help Paraguayan and INDIAN VISA FOR PERUVIAN CITIZENS navigate the process of obtaining an Indian visa. Traveling to India is an exciting adventure, but the visa application process can sometimes be daunting. In this article, we will provide you with all the essential information and step-by-step guidance to make your visa application smooth and hassle-free.
Understanding Indian Visas
Before we delve into the specifics of obtaining an INDIAN VISA FOR PARAGUAYAN CITIZENS, let’s understand the various types of visas available. India offers different visa categories, including tourist, business, employment, student, and more. Depending on the purpose of your visit, you need to apply for the relevant visa type.
Tourist Visa for Paraguayan Citizens
Paraguayan citizens planning a leisure trip to India can apply for a tourist visa. This visa allows them to explore the rich cultural heritage, historical landmarks, and breathtaking landscapes that India has to offer. The tourist visa is usually granted for a specific duration and allows single or multiple entries.
Business Visa for Paraguayan Citizens
For Paraguayan citizens traveling to India for business purposes, the business visa is the appropriate choice. Whether it’s attending conferences, meetings, or exploring business opportunities, this visa facilitates their entry into the country for professional reasons.
Student Visa for Paraguayan Citizens
Indian universities and educational institutions attract international students, and Paraguayan citizens aspiring to pursue their education in India can apply for a student visa. This visa category allows them to enroll in accredited educational programs in India.
Requirements for Paraguayan Citizens
To apply for an Indian visa, Paraguayan citizens need to meet certain requirements. The following are the general prerequisites:
- Passport: Paraguayan citizens must have a valid passport with a minimum validity of six months beyond their intended stay in India.
- Visa Application Form: The visa application form should be filled accurately and without any errors.
- Photographs: Recent passport-sized photographs that meet the specifications must be submitted along with the application.
- Proof of Travel: Paraguayan citizens need to provide their travel itinerary, which includes their flight details and hotel reservations.
- Financial Proof: Demonstrating sufficient funds to cover their expenses during the stay in India is essential.
- Letter of Invitation: For business or student visas, a letter of invitation from the relevant organization or educational institution in India is required.
- Supporting Documents: Additional documents, depending on the visa type, may include business letters, enrollment letters, and travel insurance.
The Visa Application Process for Paraguayan Citizens
- Online Application: Paraguayan citizens can apply for an Indian visa through the online visa application portal.
- Select Visa Category: Choose the appropriate visa category based on the purpose of your visit.
- Complete the Form: Fill in all the required details accurately and upload the necessary documents.
- Pay the Fees: Pay the visa application fee online through the secure payment gateway.
- Book an Appointment: After completing the application, schedule an appointment at the nearest Indian embassy or consulate.
- Visit the Center: Visit the designated center on the appointed date with all the original documents for biometric verification.
- Wait for Processing: The processing time for an Indian visa varies, so it’s essential to apply well in advance of your travel date.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for Paraguayan Citizens
- Q: How long does it take to process an Indian visa for Paraguayan citizens? A: The processing time may vary, but it typically takes around 5 to 10 working days. However, during peak seasons, it might take longer.
- Q: Can I extend my tourist visa while I’m in India? A: In some cases, tourist visas can be extended, but it is subject to approval by the relevant authorities. It’s advisable to apply for an extension before your visa expires.
- Q: Are there any restrictions on the number of entries with a tourist visa? A: Yes, tourist visas come in single and multiple entry options. Single entry visas allow one-time entry, while multiple entry visas permit multiple entries within a specified period.
- Q: Can I apply for an Indian visa if my passport is about to expire? A: No, your passport must have a minimum validity of six months beyond your intended stay in India to be eligible for a visa.
- Q: Is travel insurance mandatory for an Indian visa application? A: While travel insurance is not mandatory, having it provides added security during your travel.
- Q: Can I apply for an Indian visa without an invitation letter for a business or student visa? A: An invitation letter is usually required for business and student visas. However, if you can provide substantial proof of your purpose, it may not be mandatory.
In conclusion, obtaining an Indian visa for Paraguayan citizens is a straightforward process if you meet the requirements and follow the application guidelines. India offers a rich and diverse experience for travelers, and with the right visa, Paraguayan citizens can explore its wonders without any hindrance.
Understanding Indian Visas
Peruvian citizens looking to travel to India need to be familiar with the different visa options available. India provides various types of visas, each catering to specific purposes such as tourism, business, education, and more.
Tourist Visa for Peruvian Citizens
Peruvian citizens planning a vacation to India can apply for a tourist visa. This visa allows them to explore India’s historical sites, cultural treasures, and natural beauty. The tourist visa comes with a specific validity period and can be issued for single or multiple entries.
Business Visa for Peruvian Citizens
For Peruvian citizens with business-related travel to India, the business visa is the ideal choice. Whether attending meetings, conferences, or exploring investment opportunities, this visa allows them to conduct business activities within the country.
Student Visa for Peruvian Citizens
Indian educational institutions attract students from all over the world, including Peru. INDIAN VISA FOR PERUVIAN CITIZENS who wish to pursue academic courses in India can apply for a student visa, which permits them to enroll in recognized educational programs.
Requirements for Peruvian Citizens
Peruvian citizens applying for an Indian visa need to fulfill certain prerequisites:
- Valid Passport: Peruvian citizens must possess a passport with a minimum validity of six months beyond their intended stay in India.
- Visa Application Form: The visa application form should be completed accurately


I am the first person in my family to graduate college, and I’m the only person to earn her law license. I did that more than two decades ago.
I played collegiate golf at the University of Nebraska, and after graduating I moved to the warmer climate of Bella Vista, where my parents eventually retired.
My father built his own heat and air conditioning company. Investing long hours in the service industry, he taught me the importance of working hard to make sure customers are completely satisfied.
Mom retired from Arvest as a branch manager after many years. From my mother, I learned the importance of investing in our community.
Today, I am proud to use my law license to help my clients and community.
My husband Paul is also a tireless attorney, and we feel blessed to be part of this thriving place we call home.
Lady Justice depicts the strong moral force of our American Justice System. She carries a scale to judge the strength of a case, she is blindfolded to remain impartial and fair, and she wields a sword because justice must be decisive. I agree.
In my domestic law practice, I offer my clients hope for a better tomorrow, one that has less conflict and turmoil. I believe using children as pawns in a divorce case is intolerable, and as Judge, I will strictly prohibit it.
Some of my best days are when I help families adopt children, transforming everybody's lives. I love that our legal process can build families and provide stability to children.
My clients are hardworking people who deserve a fair opportunity to be heard from an impartial judge. And that's what I will strive to be every single day.
I would appreciate your vote.


By Boyang Yu and Radhika Ahuja
Every city has an interesting relationship with crime, and so does Los Angeles with its list of street gangs and instances of under-reporting of crimes as “minor offenses.” Despite this, there is a lot of data to understand the underpinnings of criminal trends throughout the years to help us better understand and visualize crime in the city. We will walk through some general trends and suggest a hypothesis for why they each emerge.
We worked with a dataset from Kaggle that describes arrests made for different criminal activities in Los Angeles, based on time, age, gender, ethnicity, and location. We cleaned the dataset to add any missing values and then selected only the instances that occurred in 2019 for our analysis. It is a robust dataset for us to work with, as an official authority provides it. The only things that add bias to the data are:
- Under-reporting of certain crimes by the police
- Crimes that go unreported
The Top 5 Crimes in Los Angeles in 2019
We created a word cloud to give you a broad view of the most common crimes that happened in Los Angeles in the past few months. A word cloud is a collection of different words used in a document (for us, charge group description) with the size of the word corresponding to its frequency, i.e., the bigger the word, the more likely that crime happened in Los Angeles during January 1st, 2019 to May 4th, 2019.
Based on the word cloud, we can deduce the top 5 crimes (in order) in LA as:
- Aggravated assaults
- Drive under influence (DUI)
According to a 2017 study from PolicyLink and the USC Program for Environment and Regional Equity, with support from the Weingart Foundation, Los Angeles comes seventh in income inequality out of the largest of 150 metro regions. This fact, coupled with our proximity to the southern border and a healthcare system that is not fully equipped to deal and educate the general public about addiction perhaps contributes to drugs and DUIs being in the top 5.
Larcenies and assaults are also probably common due to similar reasons. We see a concentration of wealth in some regions of Los Angeles (like Bel Air and Beverly Hills) and a vast wealth gap. A more significant wealth gap in a high-earning economy means there is a higher number of people who fall in the edges of the income distribution. With a large low-income population who have an incentive to steal and a high-income population who are not just wealthy but considerably affluent, there would be a higher number of people who would commit larceny. Assaults may happen for a similar reason as cities with a considerable wealth gap also often have larger homeless populations, and Los Angeles is no different.
Los Angeles is a populous city and a buzzing economy and without the best public transport to support it. As inhabitants are forced to turn towards cars, Los Angeles sees around upwards of 7 million vehicles registered in her county. Traffic making the top 5 is no longer that surprising, and with the sheer volume of drivers on the road at any time, DUIs will tend to increase as well.
Crime By Age
Criminal activities center around the ages between 20 and 40 and peak between the years of 35 and 35. While this is to be expected, we still see a considerable amount of crime occurring even after the age of 40, right up to the age of 65 and a relatively low number between the ages of 15 and 20, perhaps saying something about the teenage criminal stereotype.
To better analyze the relationship between crime and age, we factor the ages into different groups and examine which crimes are more common for specific age groups. Here, we used the following age groups
- teenager (10–18)
- young adult (19–35)
- middle age (36–55)
- elderly (56 above)
We can still find that people between the ages of 19 and 35 commit much more crimes than other age groups. Miscellaneous offenses include public intoxication, disorderly conduct, etc. are the most common for all the age groups. However, compared to other age groups, young adults and middle-aged people are most likely to drive under the influence (of alcohol or other drugs) and violate narcotic drug laws. Middle age and older adults are more likely to be involved in drunkenness and violate the liquor laws while teenagers and young adults do not.
Crime By Gender
If we visualize the frequency of crime based on gender, we find that men commit more crimes than women do.
We can then examine the types of crimes by gender.
Since in general crime is associated with men, it is standard for women to have a smaller proportion of the crime share as opposed to men. However, we can see three notable disparities:
- Most traffic violations are committed by men
- Most weapons are carried by men
- Most prostitution is committed by women.
While #2 and #3 may not be very surprising, #1 points against the stereotype that women are not good drivers.
Crime By Day
Another pertinent question about crime is about its frequency given a certain period. When is a crime most likely to happen?
We can see above that there is a noticeable peak in April and the number of instances inch higher than the months earlier in the year (the sharp drop in May represents the current date, with no data on recorded cases available yet). The trend of crime rate increasing as summer approaches is quite common. People tend to go out more in the summer, and there is an influx of tourists and people who travel during the summer, both resulting in higher instances of crime.
Crime By Area
We can also visualize the frequency of crime according to the different areas of Los Angeles. We see very high instances of offenses in Central LA and a significantly lower number in West LA. It might have something to do with income distribution in the areas.
We also map the crime. In this section, we will just focus on the top crimes “Narcotic Drug Laws violation”, “aggravated assaults”, and “drive under influence (DUI)”.
From this geo plot, Narcotic Drug Law violations are more likely to happen in Downtown Los Angeles.
Drive under influence (DUI) violations are most likely to happen in USC, downtown LA, and southern LA.
Aggravated Assault violations are more likely to happen in downtown LA and MacArthur Park.
It is reasonable to find that most crimes happen in downtown Los Angeles, which is why the downtown area has been recognized as one of the most dangerous places in Los Angeles for a long time. College students are more likely to get involved in driving under the influence (DUI) instances as that is a tendency supported by a college lifestyle of partying and drinking. MacArthur Park (west of downtown Los Angeles), once a gem of the city’s park system, has changed a lot since the early 1970s. Nowadays, it is one of the city’s most densely populated areas and consists mostly of low-income families. With poverty comes crime. Thus, it is also reasonable to find that aggravated assault is more likely to happen in both downtown LA and MacArthur Park areas.
For the most part, crime in Los Angeles tends to be related to substance abuse (drugs, alcohol), traffic (general violations and DUIs), assault, and larceny. Factors that influence this crime are typical to urban metropolises with a large population and an enormous wealth gap. An element unique to Los Angeles is its proximity to the southern border, and criminal activities tend to increase during the summer months.
In general, the issue of crime can be better tackled in LA by having a better public transportation system and having a better healthcare system that provides education and remedial care.


The CIRA Saskatoon Chapter is Seeking Nominations for the 2020
Labour Relations Person of the Year Award
The award is presented once a year to a labour relations practitioner who has been recognized by the professional community to exemplify the qualities of leadership, knowledge, integrity, and effectiveness. The recipient will be a Saskatchewan based Chapter member and may be a management or union representative, counsel, a government employee or a neutral.
The 2020 call for nomination is now open. The award will be presented at the final event of the 2019/2020 program (February 2020).
To make a nomination for the 2020 award, please send an email to email@example.com. When making a nomination, please provide a brief justification for your support, and where possible, describe accomplishments and behaviours that exemplify the qualities of a labour relations professional (leadership, knowledge, integrity and effectiveness). Nominations that attract support from both management and union are especially welcome. The CIRA/SK Chapter Advisory Committee will serve as the adjudication body. Nominations are considered confidential.
2019 Award: Congratulations to Kristin Anderson and Maria Fortugno.
For their work outside of the traditional mediation services, Maria Fortugno (Senior Labour Relations Officer) and Kristin Anderson (Manager and Senior Labour Relations Officer) from the Saskatoon office of the Labour Relations & Mediation Division, Ministry of Labour Relations and Workplace Safety, have been selected as the recipients of the 2019 award. Several years ago, the group started going into troubled workplaces and training for better conflict management. Many workplaces have reported a measurable reduction in conflict. Their clients are largely in the public sector and hence, their efforts have saved the Government of Saskatchewan money by avoiding future grievances, reducing turn-over, absenteeism and leaves, and work stoppages. The award was presented by Pete Suderman, Executive Director, Labour Relations and Mediation, Ministry of Labour Relations and Workplace Safety.
2018 Award: Congratulations to Dan Ish.
Daniel Ish had been a Professor at the University of Saskatchewan for 32
years. He was Dean of the College of Law from 1982-1988, as well as acting
Dean in 1996-1997 and again from 2002-2004. He was previously Assistant
Professor at McGill University, Visiting Professor in Auckland, NZ. He has taught law in Australia and New Zealand as a visiting professor and n 1995-1996 he was a visiting professor at Stanford University as a Fulbright Scholar. In 1991 he was appointed a Queen’s Counsel. In 2013 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada and in 2017 was appointed to the Advisory Committee to the Governor General for appointments to the Order of Canada.
He is an active mediator and arbitrator. He has arbitrated or mediated more than 400 cases in labour, commercial and contractual matters. His public service positions include chairperson of Sask Treaty Land Entitlement Arbitration Board (1994-ongoing), Joint Committee of Labour and Management to review the Trade Union Act of Sask. (1992-1993), Chairperson and Federal Government Advisory Committee on the Evaluation of the Saskatchewan Legal Aid System (1998) and numerous other past and ongoing boards. He currently is Chair of the Board of the Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation of Saskatchewan and a member of the Advisory Committee to the Governor General for appointments to the Order of Canada.
Mr. Ish first was involved with Indian Residential Schools claims in a pilot project in 2001. In 2003 he became a Senior Adjudicator with Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat in the Alternative Dispute resolution project. In 2007 Mr. Ish was appointed Chief Adjudicator of the Independent Assessment Process for Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat. In July 2013 he completed his term as Chief Adjudicator.
Mr. Ish has also worked as a consultant to co-operatives, law firms and governments in numerous countries including Canada, the U.S., the Caribbean, Taiwan, Nepal, Indonesia, China, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Sierra Leone and, most recently, Ukraine. The work with third world co-operatives was primarily through the auspices of the Canadian Co-operative Association; it involved advising co-operatives and co-operative federations on policy, legislation and government relations. He was also the Director of the Centre for the Study of Co-operatives at the University of Saskatchewan from 1989 to 1995.
Dan Ish has published more than 60 articles, books and reports, including Canada’s leading textbook titled, “The Law of Canadian Co-operatives”. In 2013 he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada for his “commitment to social justice” based primarily on his work with reparation and compensation flowing from Canada’s unfortunate Indian Residential Schools legacy.